The Coins of Ancient Italy — 1885

T.LVr. or. 6. UMBRIA

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T.LVIO. 7 UMBRIA

T.LII UMBRIA

T.LI. 3. &. UMBRIA PICENUM

T.LII. PICENUM

T.LII. 3. 6: 8. PICENUM-VESTINI

T. LXI. APULIA

T.Lll. APULIA

T.in. The. APU LIA

T. LFl H. II). /;'. j,) i6. J7. jS. 19 LUCANIA CAMPANIA ETRURIA

the. APPENDIX T. LIVI ANCARANO AR_DEA

SVPPLTLXTOI 2. 7. CESENA -^ LANDOLFO BRIDGE. J.BELONA .^.ROME

SVPPL.TLXIX /. 7. NEAR MONTE FORTINO ^. NAPLES MUSEUM

SVPPL.TLXX_ i. TARQUINIA M.

THE COINS OF THE ITAIIA AUnCA EACeOlTA (lENERAl DEL R Raphael Garrucgi D. c. D. e. PART SECOND COINS CON NI AT E ^G)Cg)(a- ROME WITH THE GUYS OF THE CAV. V. SALVIUCCI 1885

INDEX OF CITIES AND PEOPLES OF ITALY WHO HAVE MINTED MONEY /; first arabic numeral indicates the prolegomenon, the Roman the chipmunk with the number of the coin, the last one the page that declares it. Aesemia 99 XC 17-24 99. Dawn LXXXIII 17-19 73. Aletium V. Balethium. AUpha LXXXYin 20, 21 91. Alliba 93 LXXXIX 37-42 95, 96. Aminei 144, 145 CTII 36-38 145. Ancona LXXXII 27 76. Aquilonia 99, 100 XC 25 101. Aquinam 77 LXXXII 30-32 77. Ariminam LXXXH 26 76. Arpi IH XCm 1-23 112. Asculum Apalum HO XCII 32-36 111. Atella LXXXVIII 1-8 90. Atìnum attr. wrong. CXXV 7 186. Atiniom attr. wrong. CXXV 11. 186 v. Valentia. Aurunca 78 LXXXHI 2-4 79. Azetium 116 XCV 2-4 116. Balethlnm sen Falethium 122 XCVII 1-3 122. Baibarorum plagia LXXX 18 80. — LXXVII 27-30 51. — LXXVIII 1-13 61,62. Baryons 116 XCV 8-14 116. Social Bellum 102, 103, 104 XCI 1-32 106-107. Welcome to the XC 16 99. Blera (Sit), aurum rude LXXI 2, 3 47. Brettii 183 CXXIV 7-31. Brundisium 121 XCVI 27-39 121,122. Bytonnm sea Bytnntum XCV 5-7 116. C, Head of Apollo or of Pallas R. Owl LXXVI 6, 7 59. > , yes , W , /V\ , Dark brown. R. Elephant LXXV 11-15 58. 5 , yes , V, Enota, R Bipenne LXXVI 11-19 59. D, W1, M, Lare's Head. R. Dog LXXVI 8-10 59. D , Enota. R. Again LXXVI 20, 21 59. Gielinm 117 XCV 15-32 117, 118. Caiatia LXXXVni 15, 16 90-91. CalatiaLXXXVini9-21 89.— LXXXIX 1-3 89. Cales 79 LXXXIII 13-18 79. Campania 86-87 LXXXVI 13-19 87, 88. Can LXXVI 3 59 Ca vel Ka, Eoma v. Eoma. Camars LXXIV 10 56. — anmm mde LXXI 1 47. Cannsium 114 XCIV 1-7 114. Capna LXXXVI 22-35 88.— LXXXVII 1-18 89. Casarium 153 CXI 1-4 153, 154. Canlunia 155,156 CXI U-30 156,157. — CXXV 16-17. 1S6. Clnsium T. Camars. Complery v. Cubalteria. Consa-Populonia LXXII 18 51. Allow 170 CXVII 33-36 170. Copy 144 CVII 27-35 144. Korah LXXXII 22 74. Cortona LXXIII 11 53. What Volcientinm LXXXII 23-25 74-76. Croton 147, 148 CVIH 26-37 149, 150. — CIX 1-39 150, 151. — ex 1-44 152, 153. — CXXV 15 185, 186. Croton, attr. err. CXXV 8. Croto-VeUa false CXXV 2 47. 188. Ct»a LXXIV 14 57. Cubulteria LXXXVHI 13, 14 90. Cumae 80 LXXXIII 20-13 81. Echethia LXXIII 34, 35 55. Etruria 13-47. ^ Euota. R. Bipenne LXXVI 22 39. Patluna = Vetulonia LXXIV 15-9 57. Feinat v. Venafrnm. Felzna, Felsnna LXXI 12-14 47, 48. — CXXV 13. 185. Fensernia vel Sensernia 93 LXXXIX 1-13 93. Fercna LXXIV 13 58. Fetalu = Vetulonia LXXIV 10 56. Fistelia 93, 94 LXXXIX 14-36 94, 95. Frentrum 101 XC 26 101. Fuflnna LXXIV 10. v. Pnpluna Cisalpine Gauls v. Barbaroram plagiarizes. Graxa 119 XCVI 1-12 119-120. Gry = Grumbestiui XCV 39-41 119. Heraclea 131, 132 CI 16-40 132, 133. — CU 1-19 133.134. llipponium, sive Iponium 166 CXVI 9-19 167. Hydruntnm 122 XCVII 4, 5 123. Hyria, Hyrina 92 LXXXIX 1-8 92, 93. Hyrinm Apuliae 109 XCII 21, 22 109. Incertae sedis Etmriae aes incnsum LXXV 1-10 57, 58. — non incusum LXXI 21-30 49, 50. —LXXIII 7-10, 12-28 53. — CXXV 12 185. Imum 97 XC 6-9 98. U Eoma See Eoma Larinum 101, 102 XC 27-37 102. Latinm aes a latinis magistratibus cnsum LXX^'I 1-3 59. Laus 170 CXVII 1-19. Locri 15S, 159 CXII 16-32 159, 160. —CXIII 1-22 160,161. Locri (AO) attr. err. CXXV 12 186, 187. Lucani 182 CXXm 26-33. —CXXIV 1-6. Lucerla 109 XCII 23-31 110. W LXXIV 11, 12 56. Malies 98 XC 13-15 98, 99. Marsicum bellum v. Bellam social. Matiolum XCV 43-45 119. Mesma 165, 166 CXVI 1-8 166. Metapontum 134-136 CU 20-35 136, 137. — WHO 1-28 137,138.— CIVl-34 138,139.— CV 1-41 139, 140. — and 1-6 140. Metlia LXXIII 6 53. Neapolis82,83 LXXIV 18-38 83,84.— LXXXV 1-19 81-86. — LXXXVI 1-14 86. Neapolis ApnUae 118 XCV 33-38 118. Nola 91 LXXXVin 22-30 91. Nethu aur. LXXI 1-6 47. — arg. LXXI 15-17 48. Nuceria Alfaterna 96 XC 1-5 97. Nncria Brattiorum 168 CXVI 28-33 168. Orsentum CXVII 20, 21. Now 120 XCVI 14-26 120. attr. err. CXXV, 9 187. Oxentam 123 XCVII 6-13 123. Paestnm 179 CXXI 41-44. — CXXII 1-41. — CXXIII 1-23 179-182. Pai Mol CXVII 22. false CXXV 10, 11 187. Pallanum LXXXII 28, 29 77. —CXXV 14 IS-'i. Pandosia 154 CXI 5-8 154. Peithesa LXXVI 1-5 59. Pete Ua 157 CXII 1-19 157. Pisae V. Teutha. Pitanatae Peripoli 98 XC 11, 12 98. Populonia LXXI 1-11 47. — LXXIV 10 56.— CXXV 1-11 184, 185. Populonia-Consa LXXn 18 51. Pnpluna = Populonia LXXII 1-32.— LXXIII 1-5 50-53. — LXXIV 1-9 55, 56. —CXXV 1-11 51. Posidonia 175, 176 CXX 1-22.CXXI 1-40 177, 178. Pnpluna v. Populonia CXXI ​​1-40. Kegium 161, 162 CXIV 1-38 163, 164. — 163 CXVl-28 164, 165.— attr.err.CXXVS 186 Eoma, nummi cusi extra urbem 62-65 LXXX 1-22 67, 68. Eoma, nummi cusi intra urbem 62-65 LXXIX 1-16 65.66. Eomanor. nominations cusi a sociis LXXVII 4-26 60, 61. Eoma KA , CA LXXXI17-25.—LXXXn 1-4 71. Eoma L CXXX 24-34. —LXXXI 1-13 68, 69. Eoma P LXXXI 14, 15 70.

Koma S LXXXI 16 70. Eoma SP LXXXI 23. Soma Quirit. false CXXV 10 187 EomaD. Family. numbers LXXIX 17-24 66, 67. Entastini 115 XCIV 23-33 115, 116. —XCV 1 116. Eab, C- Eub LXXVII 1, 2 59. S Eoma T. Eoma. SaUpia 113 XCIII 24-38. Samnites 98 XC 10 98. Scylaciam 161 CXm 23-27 161. Sidinm XLV 42 119. Signia LXXXni 20, 21 73. Siris 145 CVIIIl-3 145. Ser CXI 9, 10 154. S P Koma T. Eoma. Sty XCVI 13 120. Suessa LXXXII 33-39. — LXXin 1 77, 78. Sybaris 145, 146 CVIII 4-25 146, 147. Tarentum 123-125 XCVH 14-34 125, 126. — XCVIII 1-28 126, 127.— XCIX 1-53 127- 129. — C 1-68 129-131. — CI 1-15 121. Tarentum, attr. err. CXXV 1 186. Telesia LXXXVHI 19 91. Temesa 167 CXVI 27 168. Terina 168 CXVH 1-32 168, 169. Teutha = Pisae LXXI 18, 19 49. Thezi, Tliezle LXXm 29-37 54, 55. Thurium 140, 141 CVI 7-32 140-147. — 142 CVII 1-26 143, 144. Tianum Sidicinum 79 LXXXIII 5-12 79. Thiate Apnlum 107 XCII 1-20 lOS, 109. Tla (Telemon) false CXXV 1 ISS. Trebula mutuesca LXXI 35. Tuder LXXV 16-18 58. Vrsentnm v. Orsentum. Vxentum v. Oxentum. Valantea, false, CXXV 11 187. Valentia 166 CXVI 20-26 167. — XXV 11. Velecba 90 LXXXVIII 9-12 90. Velia-Croton, false, CXXV 3 188. Velia CXVIII 23-49. —CXIX 1-39. Venafrum LXXXVIII 17, 18 91. Vennsia 114 XCIV 8-22 114, 115. A.WTSO The give a general collection of coins minted of Italy it was of per itself a business so vast, that it couldn't have been done lead to an end without the aid and favor of many, or directors of museums, private owners, when they did not want to reproduce lead le prints others, but begin of everything from scratch a make new drawings on originals, that is on theirs footprints. He won't have to do it therefore marvel the know each other that they are past several lustrous in travel, in research, in exams of collections public and private, outside and inside Italy. The fruit that gives these travel e investigations yes captures, God's mercy, it is intended a your profit, or scholarly reader, and you will find him if you go with me looking in these sheets the best and newest I could discover and make a profit of science. Passing now to the method set out in the Description and Declaration ration of coins, I'll say, that the numismatists describing le coins they usually notice the metal, the form, the weight, I state of conservation, the rarity of each. All of them these not things I am believed narrow, publishing of each coin the drawing, from which it turns out what the module is and the state of con- servitude. The quality of the metal was iniìiSttaT on the tables with le figures au. ar. ae. How much to rarity, it if it is distinguished only notable turns out and easily it is deduced from the description: but in general we know today that the value depends from various causes. The weight is then taken into account, when it seems useful, contrasting anyway, it is necessary to do so ; of everyone the pieces, it is not possible, when not yes about where I am him originals, or not yes is had the ease of know him. On the other hand it seems that too much yes dia today ai weights : ed I I believe that doesn't this is rarely too much nut confidence. Imhoof-Blumer's consideration of the fine pieces is excellent coins coming out of the same workshop sometimes differ bro them by 10 at 15 Vo per the little care post of sure in prepare the rods {The systems euboique, Paris 1882 5, notes). Yes ago case of like this called biography of each coin, in the which one yes they count one after the other him publishers: e in this let's go so far as to assign blame if one citation for occurrence ture was omitted. This is a yoke that those who have it must bear imposed : I don't think that other law there is, if not of quote if there is some of which one you want to give news useful to whom writes a who reads. Del I stay whenever they want quote touch, often not even you could or out of ignorance of the language in which I am written him articles of numismatics, or for the ignorance of books and periodicals in which ones they are read, or why those books e those periodicals never reached news or at hand of who writes. For the statement gods non-types I can do unless of clearly explain the reasons for one's own and others' sentence, always looking of avoid that the reader yes defrauded, that it is act of perfect justice, and not out of human concern praising and blaming who who yes. Live happy iv Kvqìoì 'Ir^aov. Finally that remains I return to everyone those how little or a lot they have me helped le thanks due. page in text 62 rXTKA VEBEM add EXTEA 70 sannica correct Samnite 71 Oralion » Crotone 72 WVITRIT » mVITNIlT 73.74 Lxxxni » LXXXII 74 Jlarsiliam » Maximilian 108 n. 5 VMs j) GO 113 n. 23 » 24 Errata-Corrise page 119 125 123 158 Narvegna correct Nervegna n. 22 Phalanto » Taranto n. 24-26 instead of the same type in the recess, yes reforms like this: The n. 24 repeats in recess the types of n. 23 - i a.

25, 26 they repeat the type of the obverse - then instead of all three these didramas kggi: 1 two specimens 23, 26. the n. 8 e the n. 9 must be exchanged n. 28 Phalanto correct Taranto n. 198 » 158

PAETE SECOND COINS MINTED ETRUEIA In publishing the number silver of Museum Borgiano not well bed from Sextini e attributed to a confederation of Vescia and Minturnae in Campania I benefited from two other specimens plari, discovered of then, yet they brats in legend, as the first e with theirs I could help re-establish the legend well gular in language Etruscan, that it was : Ì3A : m\l•\^\l^ : \W\. The news it was from me disclosed in the V Annuaire numismalique : but cM he could then predict that yes it would be found a exemplary after one hundred e more years since Borgiano had appeared and reported brawls whole the legend and what he did to me happy to have it a lot first guess? Use this example to prove that this is true to coinage Etruscan yes a lot of work has been done and yet work is being done in collect it and yet we are again too much sparsely provided. But it's due I warn readers not to expect vat if not few and poor considerations le which ones I am well limgi from correspond at the top e right idea that yes it has of this nation and they don't try much trade that though yes he did from the Greeks and the Penicians, from Asia and Africa in its ports. n more ancient silver ed gold by the Etruscans coined ha types foreigners : the Gorgon e the lion. The Gorgon it is represents nanny from his head of prospectus with the language protruding le lips open e the cheeks contracted ; the reverse it is smooth but piii it starts late to carry some symbol or sign, and then also the name of the mint that it is fll1V>I'1V'l; the his weight from principle passed him eight grams, then it lowers to eight grams e of below. His division it is in half e fourth. These conditions fully agree with Solon's Attic-Euboean didrama and but not being able to report to a case, you can believe that the Ate- nothing they would take by the Etruscans, that how we have said not they had their own currency, which is why the Etruscans did taken from them. So he can't give them an antiquity major of 160 of Eoma. V is alone this of just that the Athenians they divide their didrama in eight parts that say obols e him Etruscans instead in ten e so the drama ne contains five e the fourth part two and a half that they notice hill figures A, e IK, le which ones sometimes together unite with im stretch a. transverse; or they use the Greek letter § dinotant of the same that the <, half a unit. This form of figure assuming the sigma of four lines and no more than three Yes as it was written in times piti remote serves us as a good argument to deduce that these pieces they lasted a long time at least until the shape of the letter § had origin and use , I that it was certainly happened before of 276 of Koma. We will deduce of more than when the figure of- the silver was duplicated so that in place of the X the unit superior carried with the same weight the double figure XX, the lower fractions riori no longer retained the same type. This it proves not alone from figure X, which they bring the pieces of weight of gr. 4 e with others types, but from very valid argument which results from the examination of the Sovana depot, where they were found together with the units a head of gorgon of value of XX and weight of about 8 grams, e their halves with heads of profile youth graduates, and mulie- bri diademate in good numbers. To this one series must so bring yourself back the silvers with the digit A and HA e finally those which they bring the n. 1 and they have yet they are like the human head of profile. All of it this one coinage emanates from workshop of Pu- pluna, how proves the legend that vi is found on the reverse. In this era yes it is changed also the type of major unit replacing to the Gorgon the head of Pallas galeata placed in front with side one dolphin symbol of city maritime, e the n. XX. To the system of figure vicenaria are to be joined with those him golds that bear human heads of profile with le holiday notes lore X e of weight of beyond at 0.50 gr. e with le notes of AXX of weight of gr. 1.30 to 1 and 40: from which we reasonably deduce here's what however, we lack the gold with the note 1^ e with every probability le fractions inferior 3I1X, A, •! Now I have to think about one series of gold and silver that he has nothing in common with those who we have consider so far. These consist of gold each of lion e reverse smooth of which yes they are found so far three carrying le notes of value 1^, AXX, 5IIX. E first yes he asks a qual city 6

44 BTEUEIA of Etruria belong. They I am states attributed so far a Populonia but not you would know say for what serious reason. Pe- because it has certainly not appeared on Populonia coins so far the type of head leonine. The type of lion whole in silver with tongue equally protruding e of weight of gr. beyond at 16 waits his destination : but this certainly won't be Popu- lonia, although that such city of which one yes law the name usual carve yourself into these times on field smooth of reverse. It is alone it for how much I know gods four examples known to me you bring a legend and you made it known the oh. Poole (A Catal. of the greek coins, p. 7 n. 1). Given its importance, it is necessary give a cast ed it's from this that fo depend the mine lesson quite different from that of the publisher. I agree with the tra- three-letter writing, but mi department only from that one who al Poole it seemed im h e in my opinion must be a 3 with them appendices crossbars not succeed in coinage, which he also left a tassel of metal. The voice therefore not can be that ìOm that is =I03I1 non-integer entry which is similar to the name ^HV03h. This one city where if not it is who I can say: but It's not surprising because neither yes knows where was AJBOB'I, where A+3W, where 3>JI30, where EYE®, where 011513=1, names everyone that they are revealed to us by the coins Etruscan, however keep quiet about the known ones for the only initials A, V, /V\, !). A this major unit with the epigraph 303t1 parmi match that coin that door by type the head of the lion and weighs g. 1.07 bidding with weight of be the tithe part, e with the X note that ha below of himself ten parts inferior. The type of lion it is very well known for the coins of the Fiery of Velia, which they founded Alalia in Corsica. It can so settle down with foundation oh this Nethu be one their colony while an ancient tradition attributed ai Courses the foundation of Popu- lonia (Servius ad Aen. 172). Also this type evident- mind fiery proves that the coinage of gold began at most soon towards the 160 in which era the Pocesi transplanted the them living room in Corsica. The Etruscans still invented a coin golden smooth from both i sides and for I more than globular shape crushed just marking the smallest unit of the note! between two points, del weight of gr. 0.06. The series of these coins comes from ancient Blera, today Bieda : the largest piece of gr. 5.24 ce he missed it- given Closed. Very notable it is the art of Bolsena, today Orvieto, in the three pieces that we have them with the legend Il1flm

It is own of dia- Cretan bed of muta Movaa in Móvaa, vnà^xovaa in vTiaQ- ypvtìa. It is so clear that the Katsa and Eóoaa it could have been called Kóvcta, changed alone Vco in or in manuscript of Plu- tarco. The type of the reverse remember the Qvvvoaxónstov that al re- hurt of Strabene it was manufactured at of What for fishing gods tuna.. No less obvious it is the number of the Museum of Fi- renze beaten by the Cortonesi. They are like Etruscans whose alpha- beto reject the vowel or they appeal Curt... I types are straight one head youthful a d. e at the back of the neck note A of value: al cowgirl two octopus tentacles e a d. TQV) with the upper half rior exit of coinage, but that easily Curtuna is fulfilled. Less easy it will be the way that it will have to be kept for divi- nare which one city yes you have minted the coin that carries by type an inkwell said loligo from the Latins, and an X underneath : of this nummo yes it is found also the duplicate with I same type and of below the XX: the weight of the X is gr. 11.5 and that of the XX of gr. 10.55pm. We will already know to which city they can probably attribute those numbers which weigh eleven grams: but what im- door it is the origin: because we know that the twentieth double exemplary it is state brought to the Marquis Strozzi from Pisa. Now try- cando which one analogy passes bro the type of the inkwell and Pisa there we will find in the story of Pliny that at I serve [ad Virq. X, 179) yes attributes a Cato, be been Pisa first founded by the Greek Teutons, also called Teutones and Teutae, which the them city they said Teuta, which name then the new settlers they changed in Pisa. So it doesn't seem so unlikely that the Pisans alluding to the primitive their name yes are given as type a cala- may that the Greeks actually call Tsvdog in their language, e TsvOig. Thus the cuttlefish, (Xì^nid gave the name arjnovg to the city clie i Latins say Sipontum. A coin silver of weight of gr. 10.55pm of the value

ETRUEIA 45 of XX units the which half weighs grams 11.5 of value by X not yes knows elsewhere liattuta in Italy; not come on Greeks, neither by the Latins. We will attribute anyway to trade with the Phoenicians of Africa e of Asia i various systems followed e introduced in city Etruscan. B this opinion will seem piti plausible if vi add- let's go in confirmation a second fact that there turns out from the exam of other series Etruscan, which brings for type the hippocampus. The pieces found so far they are gold A gr. 2.75 (plate CXXV, 13). silver C gr. 2.02 (plate LXXI, 28). ce gr. 4,18, 4 (ibid. 27). L gr. 5.35 (ib. 30). It is clear that the gold represents half of a larger unit joy, that must have had of weight gr. 5.50, the whose duplicate which we suppose, why the five represents one fraction, you know state of gr. 11.00. Likewise if we set the minor one it imitates of gold at the rate of 16 of silver, we will have 1 : 16 = gr. 8.30, and since the piece of silver with the note CC weighs gr. 4.18, i.e there half, we will deduce that the piece of gr. 8.30 carried the value of etc i.e. XXXX e progressing: the piece of gr. 16.60 = tXXX e that of gr. 20.90 = DEC. Let's move on per piece of silver col Cerberus al reverse of weight of gr. 5.35. This brings the note of the middle < , therefore it makes you a piece of gr. 10.70 of value of X, and a piece of gr. 9.40pm of value of XX. Le which ones divisions e multiple there they bring evidently to the tridrama (see Eeggio) or to the pu- no coinage of gold e of silver in Sicily. Among the cities of name and unknown site can take the first place those that we find written Thezi e Thezle. The comparison of the double e threefold way to write one city Felzna e Felsw, Pupluna and Furlana, Fati, Fatalu and Fetlunfa can in certain guise justify the hypothesis that how the before e the second coin they carry written 0EII like this also the third on which one yes OEIUE law belong to a sol people. However, it must be noted that the weights of the first gr. 11.12 gr. 11.30 not they match col weight of second gr. 8.23 nor with those of the third gr. 9.91 : also i types appeal to eras different. It can give yourself that i systems siansi change : there is for- so much from do great case gods types of second coin: they I am al straight the diademed head of a man in gloomy guise e face of third year left from which part I am times two o'clock snakes that they dart around her : then backwards there is the sphinx that sits a right: in which ones representations seems too much to me avoid- tooth that you have Theban sphinx also the head of Oedipus, which one it was said that yes rose from the ground near the altar of furies to which the serpents allude, to curse again his children. How then the Theban fable has become a type of Thezi coin Etruscan in many ways darkness of emigrations and I don't believe in history easy the be able to know. Add yourself in the currency by Thezle the protome of the ox which not without plausibility one would say to- play Boeotia, while the sea monster of reverse easy- mind he alludes to the sea. The fury of the before coin although more vaguely it can still it allude to the myth itself. The same ones Etruscan lands they then put the city before us called Echethia in the coin he carries i types of one mu-head happy graduate with pendants in the ears turned to. and reverse an owl with legend 3 EtE® < . Leaving aside the unusual symbol of the baleful bird that perhaps stands there as sacred to the nymph Orphne his mother and wife of Acheron, let's say probably of this one Echethia speak Stephen of Byzantium in a place that the Meineke with Cluver ha believed corrupt arguing that yes should read "Ex^^qa known city and named only three lines later give it same grammarian geographer. But he they should too argue that the derivative 'Exénaróg is wrong, which they do not nor can they do so when they are against authority of the Halicarnasseum Dionysius. Therefore nothing you earn around to the site of this Echethia Etruscan. Finally, Metl.Ai-BWi remains placed in front of a head youthful graduated in coin that he has the reverse smooth. What yes Melelia or Metilia e conjecture, but we do not have the site where it was nothing from say. I don't have to here omit one singularity that helps to for- marsi a high concept of the Etruscan maritime trade with the people of East. This it is deduced from the need that they mo- strange to use on the coin, in addition to its own express figures lies the value, also the Greek and Persian numerals. This system that now it embarrasses us e uncertainty not he had to bring it one time when le series they were complete e le city distinct. But he can't say equally of coins of Pupluna where it doesn't seem like it that yes never coined a piece of XXX of which the AX i.e the A in another form expressed half of the whole.

Let's now talk about the new numbers, and let's start with the Greek § that yes it is seen in the sestertius Etruscan exchange glue digit A of another specimen. A second example I got it for a dime representative bronze al straight the head of Mercury below to which one a is noted C, in the reverse there is the owl with the epi- graphe A^BOn-l e a left of the owl the digit ^ , dinotant half equally of figure Etruscan C imprinted in straight. In a coin of which there are two examples the one in the Museum British, but so broken e covered from the oxide in that part where we try to search the note of value that al eh. Poole is not successful decipher: but the other specimen that it's in Museum of Florence it is so clear that it makes us know upstairs of- the hippocampus next to a dolphin the CC note of which one is needed that here we deal with it. It weighs gr. 4.18. A number with the bad guys desimi of weight of one half, i.e of gr. 2.02 of which one as well you have two specimens with this variety , which is in the first for digit an X and below the hippocampus a C ; in the second example Plare introduced to us by Bompois the hippocampus faces to the left and it has of above the alone figure D, omitted every other. But here's a golden seize themselves types from the Strozzi collection where the lower figure toposta to the hippocampus it's an A. Its weight it is of gr. 2.75. Comparing these precious coins we deduce that the CC digit contains double value of what he has the digit D also corresponding to it the weight which is half: but at the same time we have to conclude that i C is worth X, not only for this con- front, but because we see the plare. Let's also learn from the Strozzi example that five it is also meaning from digit A, that is, that the C of the second example

46 ETRUKIA please ha the value generic of half, e particular of ten : that confirm the observation done of above relative to double manner to mean the number or in itself as X or rela- tively to unit major like A that is C, i.e half. There yes could from someone ask, how yes can explain this double meaning of digit C that now note that half now the number ten. Me indeed us I would know explain if not me yes offered in writing oriental a good comparison. This there comes from Phoenicia, which uses the D bezel to express the ten e this for multiples doubles write- selling two three or as many as needed (Gesen. Script, lin- guaeq. phoenio. inononum. page 87: cf. Pihan, Exposé goddess ùgnes of numbering, p. 165) : le which ones figures the Penicii they have them co- muni with the Persians e seize Assyrians who in the cuneiform alphabet express the daca with the angled bezel <, and the visali « i.e the ten e the twentieth (Pihan, op. oit. pages 45,46). That's it yes can say for now a fin to explain this new one e unknown but- niera of numerical digits used by the Etruscans, in which I use vulgar Etruscan the digit D it's a variant of A, that yes writes also lying now on one side or on the other >, < and mouthful r\ . The observation that I am for doing confirms me in the feeling tendency that a explain these numbers you need turn to the Penicii. In those coins that first a reverse smooth then double relief it reads noted the number XX which the Etruscans usually divide by interposing or four globes ". • , or two : what about frequent they close between two lines parallel 1:1 they are still seen externally a right e a left two small circles, which call we will sleep zeros, because identical to this figure. Uncertain it is however that a we have it communicated the Arabs; I use it though that no let's do it that it is to multiply for ten the number after of which one we put it, not can be recalled here, as is clear. Bi- so dream turn to a writing in which the number, is preceded or it is followed by a zero, therefore it does not change from time to time lore. And this it is Phoenicia where le numeral digits that denote the ten with a straight horizontal line, or with a curve 5, they accompany each other indifferently a right or left with a zero (Gesen., op. cit. p. 87; Pihan, op. cit. p. 185). The Etruscans they use to separate one word from the other with two vertical points mind places: the principle e the end of the epigraph adorn with once lunette in opposite a right and others left: pose sometimes two stars or do the empty if the epigraph is circular placing yourself the signs of sun and the moon. Which things are necessary also warn why him stars a four spokes not yes take they give by numbers like it is happened to P. Eckhel in the public dear Etruscan coin from the Museum of Florence {Numi vel. page 10 tab. I n. 9). The oldest bronze series minted in Etruria it is that that he has the camp_o of the convex obverse with the type in relief, to which is conjoined a reverse plan with types incussi. It was not read there none so far epigraph; e le divisions e the weight does not depend for nothing from Roman system of the currency minted of bronze. 1 pieces that we have they go from five of gr. 3.07 al cheers- how much e since fifty of gr. 8.40pm one hundred of gr. 40, 80. They constantly carry on straight for type the head of one of- vinity e on reverse the image of an animal a her sacred, to whom in the piece of five yes it is surrogate a symbol. The hippocampus that it is on reverse of the greater unity seems to report this series a that silver which it has as its type the same one fanta- stic animal. Alla class of coins merged seem to have to be assigned those small bronzes which I am marked by the two faces with types incusi. Three so far I no I know, everyone though found in places different. That of Belona in the Orvieto area which is merged into the brackets, the other of Ankaran, e the third, that it is came in Rome to Mr. Stettiner from Perugia. They bring these on one side a kind of equilateral cross e the first has from the reverse an anchor, the others two a half moon; the their weight not is greater of the ounce. To a third system we will report back those elegant coins with the note of initials 5, yes, \M, AA jokes probably ai times of Pyrrhus, when also Todi and Peithesa bat the them coin, and those three cities that are disguised in the letters 5, ]M, N\. Give her which ones yes they must distinguish for precedence and for sin- gularity of like that it is wheel al straight e accepts double-headed al re- verse that series which is made singular for the initials 5, 1, V, which bronzes consist of the note and the weight they were worth, the unity, half of it e the fourth part. The weight of the major units not soles arrive ai twelve grams. The coins of Pupluna e of Patluua do not seem to me to be riori to Roman domination.

The higher weight that they have not is greater about half an ounce. The note of value was- At the beginning there were two little globes which signify for the Latins the sextant; but well tough i there were four globes e there are examples of coin with two globes struck for four. Of this number col type of Pallas al straight e the flying owl al I pour with four globes we know one series composed of three pieces, which we will call to Latin, Triente, dial (now found and possessed from Mr. Bouquets) e sextant. These two broken not minors yes they are found reiterated, ed however, it is probable bile than not there was in origin that the sextant only, re-minted for trient, when yes created with same types e him they gave themselves i minor broken pieces aforementioned. Populonia coined then sextants with these types. Head of Volcano e al reverse hammer e pincer: Head of Mercury e al reverse the caduceus. These bronzes they usually be reiterated on sextants col Pallas type; e the reason seems to me to have been, because it was changed the note of value, from two globes a four, e vi yes he added a second note which was an dino- tarsi so that i four globes they were equivalent to one unit that in the manner of the offering attic contained ten smaller units. We have separately from all these two bronze weights same but with the note of the sextant. I types of the first are head of Vulcan. R. Tenaglia e hammer with the epigraph certifying an alliance with Camars e Felalu (ib. n. 3 Plate LXXIII n. 10): those of the second are diademed head of young Hercules and with the club near his neck, whose reverse I am the bow, the arrow, the club e the legend MNMV^ with two globes. This one Fetalu it is certainly Vetwlonia, which separately beats small bronzes with the note of sextant, e half of it but without note of value. The constant type yes it's one head game vanile blanket from bare of boar e on the reverse the iron of

T. LXXI ETEUEIA 47 trident between two dolphins in act to submerge in waves of sea. The name of cittii and +Aì, that is >lAì. Yetulonia there lia recently given two bronze specimens that door with two faces the dial note, and on the obverse one juvenile head covered of bare how much you can judge of a dolphin, you have an anchor, where, meeting the three glo- betti an epigraph appears fl at +3 of three letters; bro le which ones is the little globe of equal size ai three dinotants the value. New it still is the bronze that bears for like a galley female head a left e al half a sea monster a legs neck e head fantastic: the name of the city is ^f)H^Q3ì. They were finally known the two specimens of a bronze which poses for initial of its mint a W, and for like ima head youthful a d. e al re- towards a field ornate of half moons e stars. This that's it yes it is discovered so far and known of bronze coined by the Etruscans. BLERA, CAMAES Plate LXXI. 1. Museum of Florence. Opens the series of Etruscan gold coins a tileA round without type and detect it as a gem on the plane of the circle that encloses it. It was found in Chiusi e weighs grams 5.24. G-Amurrini who published it (Period. of march. Stro-zì, an. VI page 64 Table Ili n. 10) opine a page 14 that this piece can represent the hundred litre very poor Etruscan. He then places a gram of gold same to XX litre of silver, i.e the coins of gr. 16 equal to XX litre, and yet the Gorgons of the value of X litre will equal a half gram of gold. DaUe mede lands how they come the following pieces of Strozzi collection: 1. Gold rod without type or flattened globular shape hello, but big, of weight of gr. 0.120. 2. Small plate of equally globular shape crushed of gr. 0.090. 3. Rod of the same shape. You too on the floor smooth detect the number -l- between two small globes. It weighs gr. 0.060. Now Bieda also sent pieces of gold without a type that con- they are equally useful in the rich collection of the brand. Strozzi, to whose courtesy I owe also the following instructions : 1. flattened globular shape but very thick: weighs gr. 0.760, 2. unflattened globular shape: heavy gr. 0.530, 8. unflattened globular shape: heavy gr. 0.380, 4. unflattened globular shape: heavy gr. 0.180. 2, 3. By all these pieces are engraved on my table G- a lot i.e the n. 4 by Bieda (Tab. n. 2), e the n. 3 of Closed (Table no. 3). NETHV 4-6. Coli. Strozzi. Head of lion mass of profile a d. with protruding tongue. Downstairs of head there is the note 1^ of value, which means fifty, its weight is gr. 4.24. Nella same distinguished collection there are two fractions lower- riori with this type, varying alone boredom that in n. 5 is AXX, i.e twenty-five : the whose weight it is of gr. 1.43, and in n. 6 it is Xll> i.e twelve and a half; the weight it is of gr. 0.72. Now I the discovery of a second specimen is announced with head of Leo and the AXX number found near Popu- lonia, its weight it is of gr. 1.50. I have declared in mine Sylloge the origin of numerical digits: there I said that the fifty '^ is born of half the figure denoting one hundred >K, e like this the five A from the X. In short, they are the Etruscans the in- tero e I they divide in two parts using of one of them for express the half. The line vertical multiply for ten. Now I add that five A is expressed with half lower or lateral of the X and therefore lying up of one gods sides on the right < of what we have here is an example, i.e. a left, >, which we will see later. These two lunettes or lines angular outside times they do >!< one hundred, times inwards CD they do the thousand. The line vertical locked up in the figure has the value of multiply by ten. 7. Museum of -Florence. Head of woman with necklace time to d. Alla nape it is the note AXX. It comes from Eoselle and it weighs gr. 1.30. A second example of this type comes from lands of Populonia ed it is in the coli. Strozzi: weighs gr. 1.40. A third of coli, the same comes from the lands of Buon- convent: weighs gr. 1.38. A fourth is possessed from count Left-handed in city of Castle and it weighs gr. 1.36 (See Ga- murrini, op. cit. Table Ili, 4, 5, 6). A fifth is in the col- Mazzolini lesson in Campiglia. 8-11. Coli. Lovatti ('). Nude youthful head with hair short, time a d. has in front of him the note X of the value is behind the neck a half moon >. weighs gr. 0.53. In the specimen place al n. 9 that it is in the Eircherian the head looks the right and the sign of value is in front taking the shape of a for- cheep: weighs gr. 0.52. The Migliarini me no described one belonging to one of his friend, in which one he says the head naked it was inside a circle time a left and had in front of him an X: the weight it was of gr. 0.525. The no.

10 of our table it is similar to n. 8, he misses it alone the half moon at the back of the neck, the n. 11 that he has the head turned to d. does not wear number X front like the no. 10, but at the back of the neck. These aurei are not like this rare as him others: the Gamm-rini ne describes ten e of he also gives three the drawings (Tab. cit. u. 7, 8, 9), the them weight goes from gr. 0.52 per g. 0.60. From the duke by Luynes I had described that of his collection like this: Tete beardbe à gauche: devant gr. 0.53. PELZNA 12. British Museum. Juvenile head with frizzy hair chorus- born of myrtle time on the left Value XX notes are divided the uua in front, the other at the back of the neck. B. Running bull a left flying a bird over him with crown on the rostrum : in the field a left it's one star e in the exergue yes law \y\(\y\1-\3^. Its weight it is of gr. 4.67. Friedlaender published it: but vi it is the crown was omitted {Beitr. pi. V n. 3), e the his lesson it is was Felzpapi. That's it should be read Fel- {') This collection now is missing: but I here and later I indicate where they were i pieces when there I did draw.

ETEUEIA T. LXXr znani and otherwise Felzpapi I have it said the second time in the Civ. Cat. series XI vol. 11 a.m. 1880 quad. 720 weaving will wash history of this coin, seen by me and like this read in the Museum of London August of 1857; where also I said in my opinion have to be attributed a that Felsina, that the Komani they said Volsinium. Deecke found the subject from reject- tare this coin bro le false, e this is that the bull door the tail as high as if was in attitude to invest while walking of step. The it could however be noted, that properly not go, no runs , but yes arrest. Then how much at the tail him yes you can do observe that him ancient they didn't ask this queue raised among the attitudes of bull that gets excited: Pliny wrote of the bulls that (H. N. VIII, 70) tota commminatio prioribus in pedibus: stay anger glisoente alternates repUcans spargensque in alvum arenam. Even- mind EHand if you noticed of the lion (as well as does Pli- nio H. N. VIII, 19, 2) who flagellates his sides with his tail for get excited to fight {H. Anim. VI, 1) : 6 le'cov ly àXxaia èavxòv èjisydQsi fiagTi^oxr, what elephants do with the trunk; but of the bull observe nothing other than how much Pliny said about it. We see of fact that not always i bulls butting on coins have tails raised, but sometimes modest as in one of my didrachms of Thurio, and in a bronze of Salpi (T. xeni, 13), but they pin their horns and feet they litter the arena (see Table CXXI, 31, 82). For I with- trario let's see those bulls who do not invest lead no- less sometimes raised the tail, of which I have for examples on eyes two melted coins (Plate XXXII, 4, 5), and im didramma of Naples with the Androprosopus bull, and a tetrobolus of Turio (Table CVII, 1). Not it was then still nothing noticed by Deecke regards at queues gods bulls that they stop suddenly in course, that fold le knees to lie down on the field like androprosopus of Reggio (T. CXIV, 1). 13, 14. The first golden state already of Eegiua Christina , then in Museum of the Duke of Bracciano, then to the Vatican, where he points it out the Eckhel {add. ad Doctr. p. 16) , then in the Museum Wicza]' (Caronni, Travel p. 144, Steimbuchel in note. in Eckhelii add.), now it is in the Gotha Museum. The second it's in the Parisian Gab. of medals. Head of a woman time on the right diademed with pendants to ears; in front it is the note A. R. Dog pomeranian that runs to right, taken for lion from Bestini. In the exergue of the first one reads i-Q^ and above the dog A ; in the exergue of the second V^>l3ì; and is without the A post note in the first one above of dog, which is also missing its head due to minting defect. That A that in the first coin put a comparison with the second one it might seem like the last one letter of the legend There

LXXII, 12, 15, 16, 17, 30, 31, 32; CXXV, 1, 2, 8, 9), this one not it will be coin of Populonia, but from an unknown city called Nethu (na), alla which one they will have to so also attribute the aurei 4, 5, 6 and silver no. 22 which bear as a type the head of the lion, of qual type is not found in the coins of Populonia ('). It weighs gr. 16,653. 16. Museum of Florence. Similar al previous, but a reverse smooth. He had it the Millingen that he published it in Supplé- ments ause considerations, (1, 11): the its weight it is of gr. 4.46pm. There is a third example that was in the collection by Gen. Fox [Engraving of inpublished, or rare grcek coins, 1862 pi. 1. 4) ed it is now in the Museum of Berlin. A quarter is now near Mr. Alessandro Mazzolini in Campiglia. 17. Vatican Museum. Cignale going right walking over flounces : weighs gr. 15.8. Mionnet narrates (Supplement 1 page 200 n. 17) to have had an example that it was the first ed it is now in the toilet of medals: weighs gr. 16,117. A third exemplary found recently in Pullonica is in collection Strozzi. Others three specimens if they have any the one in Museum of Pirenze of weight of gr. 16.67, the other in that of Grosseto, the third in the British Weight Museum of gr. 4.42pm. (') Be careful to Millingen's opinion, to which it seems that Populonia let it be an Umbrian name, or Roman, not gods Pelasgians-Tirrenians.

T. LXXI ETRUEIA 49 TEUTHA-PISAE 18. Coli. Strozzi. Fish called loligo by the Latins and by us cala- maio, however made of a strange shape like a large-bellied vase from neck of which one how if was head, they stick out him eight tentacles having a bulb in the middle, which it will be maybe the cob of one of his arms retreat in the sack intestinal ; then ends at the bottom in a button and brings as of ordinary lateral fins. Downstairs there is the note XX; weighs gr. 10.55pm. It was came from Pisa together with another specimen that it's in the collection predicted e yes find published from Bompois [Revue archéol. 1879 pi. XVIII). This weighs gr. 9.40pm. 19. Volterra Museum. The same type of inkwell that previously tooth, but the fins and arms are not expressed: below the note is X and it weighs gr. 11.5. I don't I had a cast from which I dug mine out drawing : it was known to Micali who gave it in the ancient monuments, 1840, Plate LIX, 4. It was betray- tion remembered by Pliny (III, VIII, 1) and by Cato (at I serve ad Virgil. Aen. X, 169 f.) that Pisa was in first place founded by Croci sayings Teulani, Teutones e Teutae and that they called the city col them name Teuta, what then from the Lydians who vi yes they established, yes he said Pisa : Alii incolas eius oppicU Teutas fuisse et ipsum oppidum Teutam no- minatum, quod postea Pisas Lydia his language lunarem portum mean dixerunt. Now these coins col type they come from the inkwell from Pisa, ed it is remarkable that the cala- may from the Crosses yes say TsvOig e Ttvtog. I remember that the name IYesjTiovg that is ^luoìg, to city of Siponto I give it- I dero le cuttlefish, of which that sea it was full of fish. 20. Volterra Museum (Micali, op. cit. Table LIX, 7 : Bompois, Revue arch. 1879 pi. XVIII, 11). Dog crouched like on the melted coin of Todi (Plate LV, 2) : the reverse is smooth. SEDIS INCEETAE 21. British Museum (Bompois, location oit. n. 6). Monster with head legs e body of lion, language protruding tailed of more- strica ending in dragon's head in Mr.'s example Maz- zoUni, that I have in front, but, second the Bompois, in head of rooster. The specimen of the British weighs gr. 10.15, the second condo of Mazzolini it is of gr. 10.60. We learned that this stater yes divides into third parties of gr. 3.85, a first of which example is by Mazzolini and has for type the head, neck e chest of lion with tongue protruding time a left 22. Kircherian, then passed into the British Museum (CaJaLp. 8 n. 6} : weighs gr. 1.67. Style lion head barbaric time a left. In the field of above yes it has the note of value e of below to head almost a line straight line horizon- so. A similar one line we'll see later the number X but oblique in bronze of Populonia (Plate LXXIV n. 9). 23. Vatican Museum. Hare facing right and lying : it weighs gr. 4. In the British Museum ve there is one another specimen e weighs gr. 4.21 {Catal. page 7, 3). 24. Museum Vatican. Owl post almost in front: it's weight of gr. 2.10. Nella coli. Strozzi see there is one other exemplary. 25. Coli. Strozzi. Ram's head turned to the left. There are two of them both exemplary faults from the oxide: the them weight it is of gr. 0.91; 0.72. 26. Museum of Florence. Youthful head on the right: the note X at the nape of the neck: around to the field it's a circle of large pearls. R. Lightning between two half moons. It's a kind of balustrade that I call ful- mines. Such it is of sure the lightning in a bronze from Crotone (Tab. ex, 33). 27. Museum of Florence. Hippocampus facing right: top left there is a dolphin and at of him the note CC of value: the reverse it is smooth : weighs gr. 4.18. Ve he is an example of it in British Museum [Catal. 7, 2), where the numerical note e the dolphin for flaw of coinage are not distinct, but they do one mass alone. It weighs gr. 4.53. We'll see now that the note numerical must be worth the twentieth. 28. Coli. Luynes. The types are the same as in the previous piece, alone the note varies here it's X post of above of the hippo field: e underneath it you can see a half moon C. The weight it is of gr. 2.02. 29. Museum British. Hippocampus facing left: underneath it is the dolphin and above the numerical note D. It weighs gr. 2.55 (Bompois, Revue, 1879 pi. XVIII n. 9). 30. British Museum. You can see the face of the hippocampus a right in half to four dolphins : he has in front of him the note A of the va- lore. R. Dog Cerberus a three heads standing a right in a square field. It weighs gr. 5.35 (Bompois, Revue cit. p. 28). There's no doubt about it that le figures of these coins I am numeric e how much to the shape they don't they are new: but it's true that the two CCs of the first vi I am used in way new. If the digit C is valid in half Etruscan of ten : therefore two CC will be worth ten. Therefore instead of digit C you see an X on the coin of no. 28 whose weight is the half that of number 27.

So the two CC digits not they are worth it five and five i.e ten, but ten e ten, that is twenty. E this deduction is confirmed by comparing between them le two coins 28, 29 where, being the same the weight, we find the digit X changed in 3, which necessarily must explain yourself for ten. So the figure 5 is equal to X, e le two CCs are equal to XX, while the digit D in other coins Etruscan is worth five e the X it's worth it ten. It could so be that this was the med case simo noticed in those coins with the Gorgon type, in the which although the weight yes I same, nonetheless you can see it the number X changed in XX (Plate LXXII no. 1, 2) e so- time in A e to AX (ib. nn. 5, 6). But there is again e unusual the use of digits what time yes- means five e ten like in everyone the monuments Etruscan hello to us known, now instead the ten and the twenty. Of waves this? I think that from trade with the people of the East i.e with Penicii and for their means with the Persians e seize Assyrians. Pe- because we know that i Penicii beyond to the line straight horiz- zontal — , they use the figure ) to express the ten that for multiples they double (Gesen. Script. Hnguaeq. phoenic. monum. p. 87: Pihan, Exposé des signes de numération, Paris, 1860 p. 165). Likewise the ancient Persians and Assyrians

50 ETRUEIA T. LXXII that yes they are needed of the cuneiform alphabet do the them daca, which is our decem in this way < , e for their wines that it is ours police raddoi)piano le figures << (Pihan, op. eit. pages 45, 46) ; of what not there is something more similar to CC digit of money (Plate LXXI n. 27), while the daca < of a lot is approaching to < (ib. n. 30), which of rest not yes distinguishes from figure that expresses in Etruscan the five, that yes writes lying now to the right < , now to left >, now morsel A. POPULONIA Plate LXXII. 1. Kircherian. Head of Gorgon diademed , with language protruding, e i hair discriminated against e loose post of pro- I look: of below there is the note of the X value bro two dolphins: weighs gr. 8.18. The example in the Vatican Museum is gr. 8.15am. The first example was known to Micali (op. cit. table LIV, 1) who he saw him at Messrs. Della Gherardesca. I know others examples in Rome, in Florence, in Milan, in Paris, coU.Luynes, in London in coli. Blacas {H.de la monn.T.IVpag.21n.7), in the British Museum (Catal. p. 6, 30). Not it is therefore from do case of Mommsen, that the just example from if seen in the Berlin Museum he ruled that he had to be held for a son of the engraver. 2-4, 5. Lovatti collection to which all three of these pieces belonged together go from collection Fanelli of Sarteano. I types I am here in the n. 2 similar al n. 1, if not that they are missing i two dolphins around to the X. It weighs gr. 8.10. In n. 3 the Gor- gone it is private of the tiara and has no discrimination in the skins: the note of value it's a A, and weighs g. 4.10. In n. 4 i hair of Gorgon I am discriminated against, the diadem it is omitted, the value note is HC: the weight is gr. 1.85. It was so once, and this had not been known until now, that ticks of Etruria they issued with the type of the Gorgon the denarius, the here- nario e the sestertius. But these broken men are inferior today a lot rare, ed I of five years I don't know that there is more that that of Mr. Bouquets in Campiglia, and weighs gr. 4. Del sestertius ve is a second example in the collection Luynes with notices them 1 1 § engraved by me here al n. 5 : and now there was a third which is preserved in the British Museum {Catal. page 396, 2), whose note of value not it should have in the original the shape of three straight lines, like ce the represents the press of catalogue, e that in this it is also discordant with the text, which places a straight line between two lunettes opposite C 5 ; them they must be two straight with the third curve once though a left, like ce the art makes him guess tista that he has it almost expressed in the engraving. 6. In the my collection. The type it is the same, if not that the diadem is omitted : the weight is gr. 8.00; but here it is the numeric figure it is im A. It's similar though in this to digit < post in place of the two tens XX, or of CC bezels in the currency declared above Plate LXXI n. 30. 7. Museum However, it is also located in Vienna elsewhere ed I I saw it- duto in Florence and Paris in the Luynes collection : furthermore three new examples I am reached me col closet of Sovana, two gods which weigh gr. 8.30am; 8.00. The third missing specimen a right for flaw of metal it is of gr. 6.60. The type it is the head of the Gorgon without tiara: of below they see each other these figures oA::Xo, come on which ones yes collects the AX number divided by four points e lateral- mind closed by two zeros: gods which will be said in the number following. 8. Museum Vatican. The guy it is the same as in the previous one: but the note of value it is this or X : : X or, the number XX divided in four points it's finished a right and left from two zeros. It weighs gr. 8.10. Four of my specimens coming from deposit of Sovana similar in every way a this Vatican they show though the head of the Gorgon belt of the diadem e in the middle they have numerical notes only two points cally arranged e between two straight lines 1 : j . Their weight it is of gr. 8.15, no more, no less. That circle if I I say zero, I don't mean therefore of put it a comparison of our numerical figure, which put forward the numbers do not increase value and post later it is a sign of multiple. This modern figure, whatever it may be its origins are either Arabic or Boethian (Vénoent, Revue arch.lV 601 ff.: Journal de mathémat. de Liouville, t. IV p. 261) it has nothing to do with our Etruscan code, which does not give no removes the value ai numbers: it me it seems mailed in- nazi and then how in the Phoenician numbering, where it precedes the note of ten is written as —O, i.e. it follows O^ , without that therefore those figures have a new value (Gesenius, op. cit. p. 87; Pihan, op. cit. page 165). E will have to say I same when the digit X or XX it is written inside to co- texts zeros (see Table LX-XII nos. 24, 25).

The storage room of So- vana also provided me with a exemplary, in which at two lines and two points out of the way you can see it replaced the digit O in this way: oXOXo. The question of the numbers A,AX,XX of coins that doesn't they differ in weight, if it didn't previously seem possible to re- solve yourself, today yes solves compared to the coinage of Phoenicians of Africa, the which system is to always retain the right same weight e to change alone le notes of value (Miiller, Numism. de Vane. Africa,I'g. 120, II page 134). The ro- vescio of this one coin so far smooth is starting to show ornate of signs, of legends e of types in prominence, of which come on below him examples, and in the table of supple- ment CXXV. 9-11. Museum of Florence. The specialty of these three pieces with- system in lines of relief e decussate that yes they have in reverse. The first two clearly express four decussi; the third instead has a list crossed by two similar lists parallel to each other. Father Bckhel had already given an example of this in the Sylloge, tab. 1, 10: I have seen similar ones in museums of Rome, of Parma, of Milan, and see there is none even someone at the march. Strozzi. Poole describes one in the Museum British (Catal. 2, 6). Four new examples me he has them provided the closet of Sovana. 12. Coli. Lovatti. The mask gorgonian not ha the diadem how le previous three: the note of value it's XX, but vi

T. LXXII ETKUKIA 51 you can see between two vertically placed points. The reverse poorly imprinted can now be interpreted for the optimal comparison of EU second exemplary of mine collection coming from Sovana. These are there letters V>I0 (see Table CXXV n. 2) i.e Phlu, le which they consider part of the legend what do- it had to be (fll1)V'J0(V({)), Populonia. This name is found variously written, as I will say, but always with Etruscan letters sclie : here though it is the first and last time al A you can see it replaced the letter 0, and the first syllable is omitted, non however, a how much it seems, though flaw of minting or of metal. Us we have others notable example of syllables or letters suppressed a principle of the legend in the manner of the Pre- nests of Lazio that they write METiO for PROMETHIUS, (Sijll. 539), of the Fistelini of Campania who write §TAIilN for (l)l$TAinN (Plate LXXXIX, 22) and of the Posidoniati, which set 0/V\E for POME (Plate CXXI, 6, 20). The specimen of mine collection weighs grams 8.00. the. Museum of Pii-enze. Spectrum gorgonio without diadem : of under XX. R. Two caduceus lying opposite each other to the ai-- tro. Ve it has example in museums of Parma e of Paris and I still have some I imo found in closet of So- vain, where though imo of the two caduceus he came out of coinage : furthermore vi they see each other of below clear tracks of the legend AVA (Plate CXXV n. 7). 14. From the Vatican Museum. Gorgonian larva. R. Octopus with seven ten- tacoli. There are examples of this in the museums of Paris and Vienna. Poole printed that of the Museum British {Catal. 2, 4). In closet I have Sovana found ten example- plari, in which it dominates the octopus that occupies everything the field (see CXXV, 3), but sometimes vi they see each other also others octopus heads born go swimming: in two copies it is not take a iron of trident cool two times in the field, where also they relax the tentacles of the octopus (Plate CXXV n. 4). n Micali publishes a specimen in whose reverse they are represented four small octopuses (Tab. LIV n. 3: cf. Ca- relli, T. VII, 6). The Sambon ne quote one of the British Museum tannic, in which they see each other, said he, two octopuses {Recher- ches, page 55 n. 35) ; but this coin in Catalogne of Poole doesn't it is indicated. 15. Museum of Florence. Larva gorgonian: of below the note XX. A. Waxing moon and above it the iron of a trident : around yes law flUfl^l IV'I e in the intervalG two stars a four rays divided by two points. It weighs gr. 7.50. P. Bckhel he printed it [Numi Speed p. 10 Tab. 1 n. 9) e again I described in the I). N.V.I page 95 noticing the singularity of Puplana: where though al reverse placed two XX instead of the two stars (cf. CareUi.Tab. VII, 8). But Millingen {Consid. page 166) followed by Cavedoni {in Char. Tab. p. 2) condemned this Puplana of error, supporting that yes was taken for an R the V mal figurative. Therefore the Eckhel he's right not just for the sample of Florence, but more for a second of the Medal Cabinet, and for four new than the storage room of Sovana sent to my col- lesson, in which the first N of flIIflvI'IV'l has a very clear form carved (see Table CXXV n. 1). 16. Museum of Munich. I have expressed the alone reverse, why the straight door the gorgonian larva similar to that of n. if- guents. In center it is figurative a star around to whom he should have turned the epigraph that came out of minting, except the first letter A e the last one Pi: in the interval of these two letters it's a half moon e next to a globe inside a ring. 17. Museum of Florence. Head of the Gorgon and underneath the note XX. R. Astro in the middle bro globes extras le stars e in- I'll be back fll1V

To the old form of the name Kovaa happened the most recent Kuiaa and Kóaaai, in the which for compensation of V it substitutes a « instead of the oi', that is yes shave- double the consonant, oaa. Plutarch, however, must have written Kovaa (see Flamin. I, 6), whose vestiges we find in Kuvaa lesson, anything wrong, preserved for us in the hand- written and retained in prints. This one city so it was of Greek origin and was then occupied by the Etruscans of Vulci, of what it's topic seeing her called Cossa Volcientium. The sign of tuna that it is on the reverse remember fishing that if not he did in this sea, al which one effect vi it was manufactured on the promontory one observatory said by Strabene OvvvoaxÓTvsiov (L. V, 225 Casaub.), specola gods tuna. POPDLONIA 19. Museum of Paris (Luynes, Revue nuinism. 1859 pi. XV n. 2). Head of a bearded man and crowned of laurel three hours dines of leaves time to d. : the letter h, that it is seen in others specimens, missing because exit of coinage. 20. Museum of Paris. Head of man bearded with long mu- stay there time a left: at the back of the neck the letter h. It weighs gr. 11. Not there is so far feedback of this h lonely in the mo- 7

52 ETEUEIA T. LXXIl nete who are certainly from Populonia: instead we find it in those that they bring i types e the name stretched out Peithesa. 21. Museum of Paris (Luyues, Rcvue numism. XV, 3). Head bearded with long mustaches e belt of a tiara time a left: at the back of the neck h. It weighs gr. 11.13. 22. Vatican Museum. Head youthful crowned of laurel e time a d. : at the back of the neck h. 23. Museum of Florence. Head youthful graduated with hint of sideburns to the cheeks time to d. : at the back of the neck h. 24. Vatican Museum. Juvenile head graduated with flower of the- nugine to the cheek time a d. : at the back of the neck letter h. R. The X number in relief e next door the same figure I go in two circles concentric. It weighs gr. 11.25. 25. Museum of Paris. Similar graduated youthful head turned to the right. : the back of the neck is missing the letter h by default of minting. R.V is the number inside two concentric circles. This coin e the previous one, 24, I am replied above two specimens similar a that of n. 19, appearing there in one the profile of the bearded face looking to the right. and in the other everything the ver- tice. From these two pieces we can deduce that yes wanted make a numerical note, e that such a sense it suits us give aache at verse notes in no. 9, 10, 11, but not we know a qual end. What the X number yes posed so- time inside a circle or zero me V ha confirmed the Migliarini describing me the golden one of a his friend similar a those of Plate LXXI n. 8-11. 26. Museum of Paris. Head of Hercules young covered from skin of lion time a left. It weighs gr. 8.33. 27. Museum of Paris. Head of Hercules covered from the strip of lion post of prospectus. In three of mine specimens that pro- they come from Sovana yes they see clear i lace of the wool gine on the cheeks e so too in other of the origin same of recent entered in the Marquis's collection Strozzi. The specimen of Blacas weighs gr. 7.20 (H. de the monri. pi. XVIII, 5 page 21): that of the British Museum it is of gr. 8.78 {Catal. n. 1): those of mine collection they have of weight gr. 7.50; 8.20; 8.30. 28. Museum of Paris. Head of Young Hercules mass of pro- I wait with the lion skin knotted around the neck : from two sides vi you see the note XX of value. R. Clava on a smooth field. Its weight it is of gr. 8.20. The Eckhel in that of the Museum Witzay estimated that it represented a woman's face and thought ad Owls {D. n. v. I, 93). But him specimens come here from storage room of Sovana remove any doubt that it is Hercules, having expressed it to him the first fluff on cheeks. 29. In the Museum Vatican. Head of Pallas put almost pro- I wait e covered of three-faced, i.e. helmet a three plumes. Ha i hair scattered and a necklace al neck : the note go- lore it is XX dividedly written. The reverse it is smooth. The two My specimens from Sovana weigh 100 g. 7.50; 8.60. 30. iSTel Museum Borgiano of Propaganda. Head of Pallas co- open of the helmet triphale almost say prospectus, but not good imprinted on the coinage. /?. In the middle the crescent moon and inside of it a star composed of five little globes : around it's one legend out in part out of minted, but not deformed by repercussion of minting as he writes the Millingen (Consid. p. 206), of which it remains ^ : V E5 : NVI : . From Bestini onwards not I know that others have seen and examined this coin : I took some the cast and ne I did draw a drawing in 1846. The Sextini that the he saw the first no say la description e the drawing in the Descr. number vet. (1796, Tab. I, 6). Hey vi read VES : NVI e he attributed it ad one confederation of two city of Campania, Vescia and Minturnae. But then in Class, general, (page 12 ed. 2) held that the number was of Populonia. The Lanzi the say ai Dresses (Wise, T. II p. 641) in which lands, the fragments of grave aes are found that they bring the VES legend : but we persuaded to the Eckhel (D.n. D. I, 99), nor it was worth it a clear out i doubts at Millin- gen {Consid. p. 206), that yes he pulled over to the second opinion of Sixts, but how much to the legend he doesn't the he explained, instead he spoke {Considered. page 206) that the coin was retorted e the legend entirely distorted. Sestini does not gave rise to the design who published it on this foothold and though Cavedoni shouldn't have write {ad Cavell. Tab. XXX, 1), that the epigraph e the type they were likewise there- aunts for reason of be state the metal more e several times reiterated for the mouetiere's fault: bis pluriesque monetarii culpa percussum. Pece though note that it had to be attributed in Populonia pel comparison of another specimen published by Micali e reproduced from Carelli in the Table VII n. 1, in which reverse it is almost whole the epigraph of Populonia, V>i'1V^, with in half the moon growing e the star. But if this comparison it's worth it ad point us out the homeland of coin not it helps then to explain e make up for the epigraph of the specimen Borgiano of Propaganda.

It is therefore up to us to realize this of H : l-ES : NVI : Sul what argument why it should not perish the fruit of mine studies of several years back I me I hurried of ask them in light by means of àelVAnnwaire de nu- mismatic. Ibid I noticed that to lesson of Sextini it was necessary to add that leftover of letter, that I have here expressed and has always been given to me A, then that's what it is for me a U that letter that the Sextini expressed for V. The inscription tion goes from left to right and in my opinion starts from NVI. I say that it begins, why I learn it from a nice comparison offered to us by a exemplary of Cabinet of medals expressed here in the Table al n. 32. 31, 32. The epigraph that it is a broken law NVI ... . NA, where beyond at the two points that distinguish the words there is a star e wants say that the legend ends here. This supplement there it is confirmed from the confirmation of another specimen that already existed in the Wigan collection and is now in the British Museum (Poole, Catal. 396, 1) where yes Jegge V^J'l e next door in a other circle . . . . M that it will be state (AM)V>I'1(V') :l)W II Poole he doesn't have any given if not the first two lines and a hint of third and fourth. The \\M, how consists give them more ancient registrations Etruscan had in that language the sense of Greek l/V\3, which formula they also use the Tarentines in some their currency, writing TAPANTINilN H/V\(l). (Minervini, Bull, ardi- n. s. 1860, p. 26). Maybe it could quote the coin of bar. Behr described by Pr. Lenormant

T. LSXIII ETEURIA 53 (Descr. des medals of the baron Behr, Paris, 1857) in the which one al reverse of head of Pallas covered of helmet laiu'sato with owl on the left. it was read • • ANO$ above the bull androvosopo on the left. and in the exergue: N\\ AKIAAOY. Il'Lenormant replaces (KAAAP)ANOS It seems certain to me that it is from Hyrium e you have to replace YPIANOS , e the reason yes it is, why i Campania never have place the owl on Pal's helmet lade, how they do it the Nolans e him Irians. It is though singular the formula MI 'JxMoif used by the craftsman of coinage. For the last UES entry of the specimen borgiano i feedback so far they are missing. We will propose in a way of conjecture, which with they have this word wanted the Etruscans translate the Greek ró,uo^, since the NO/V\Og it's UES, or yes the UEX, the qual letter X is exchanged in 5, why the Etruscans did not they admitted the letter double in them alphabet. If this opinion yes accept you can say to have found the word used by this one nation for meant the number e the Etruscans they will appear to us again here a sales contact cial with the Latins, with the Greeks of Italy e of Sicily. All this reasoning had been done by me many times years, and now there it has proven to be very true, having us the land of Sovana sent the deposit, of which one I have of above said, where specimens are found col type on the obverse of Pallas e on the reverse the entire legend. A fourth example from the repository same style it is passed to enrich the collection of Marquis Strozzi. I must however warn that the legend of coins 31, 32 you can only attach for the IW\,non entry but for the UES entry, which cannot be written there. Le read- people therefore on the side of Pallas, they are three. By the way ha in center the half moon with a star, yes law alone AIIVnI'IV'I, ed offers a second example to coin of Micali ; in the other two, in which ones the star is represented by six points around a small globe central, the legend goes from left to right and says: NVI : hVhUVNA : UES (Table CXXV no. 1, 2), how exactly in the trunk exemplary borgiano : in the third yes it has only flhV>l'1V'1 : WM. Plate LXXni. 1. Head of a woman time a d. with pendants e necklace, crowned of ears: there is from left the note of the value a right a pentagon. Collection Strozzi. It weighs gr. 4.00. 2. Kirch. Youthful head on the left. with hints of hair on the cheek crowned of laurel : behind a d. the note X. Ve they have it more examples: this it is of the Kircherian and weighs g. 4.36. 3. In the Kircherian. Head of a woman belt of large diadem with hanging from the ears and loose hair: behind left. the note X. It weighs gr. 4.20. In the Sovana warehouse of. these coins of n. Fourteen of them were found in 2, four of those in n. 3. The their weight it is generally of gr. 4.00. I am therefore to be kept for half of those that lead by type the head of the Gorgon, o of Pallas, or of Hercules, all found together in same deposit. 4. Kii'ch. Male head with hints of sideburns crowned with degrees and with a cord around his neck. Behind right the note X. It weighs 4.10 g. 5. Eirch. Head youthful time a d. with hair short e curly: the X note it's on the left. : its weight is gr. 2.15, but an example plare pili stored weighs gr. 3.10. METLIA 6. Coli. Strozzi. Head of a youth with a degree belt turned to the right. : to nape there is a surplus of note X : a d. the epigraph At3VV\. The last one letter that it is in part exit of coinage it's prob- bly a A. Gamurrini reported it in the App. to the C. inscr. ital. by Pabretti page 10 no. 54 where he plays metallum, and it seems to him that the city be called Metallia MeduUia or otherwise similar. From the letter A in place of -J we have examples in the epigraphs, among which enough the tomb vulcente from me illustrated, where I have Larnai bed like this written: \m\(\K. SEDIS mCERTAE 7. Coli. Strozzi. Female head belt of wide tiara like that of n. 3: in reverse rotate a eight rays. Sul face you can see it carved almost counter-brand a X. 8. Museum of Florence. Head of a woman crowned of ears with pendants e necklace how that of n. 1 e time a left : on the reverse rm monster to the human body with head and tail of horse. 9. In the Vatican Museum. Head youth aimed at d. : at the back of the neck note A. The weight it is of gr. 2.45, that is, half of those coins that are here ai no. 1-8. 10. Kirch. Head youthful with hair curly time to left : to nape has the note A of half the predicted money. It weighs gr. 2.40. CORTONA COURTENT 11. In the Museum Florentine. Head youthful, how the 9 previous- tooth time to d. with the note '\ at the back of the neck. In the reverse they are imprinted two own tentacles of the octopus of qual particular- I have good feedback in one of the coins of Sovana that he has on straight the gorgonian larva, e on reverse only two gods tentacles that they relax for everything the field.

On the brink of this reverse a straight they are read from right internally i remains of some letters go out of coinage, le which, as they take place, seem to be readable IQVD and I would give one half of the name of Cortona or of Cortuosa (Lev. VI, 4), i what two names in Etruscan they had to write Curtvtisa e Curtuna. I didn't mention it Corythus, why not ago mention the history. SEDIS INCERTAE 12. Head of a bearded man e girded of tapeworm time to d. : behind the note A. IS in mine collection and it weighs gr. 2.00. If not they have examples in museums of Parma, of Milan, of Paris, in the Kircherian and at the marquis Strozzi. 13, 14. Head youthful with short hair and curls covered with pileus winged time a left That one of n. 13 it's near of me and it weighs gr. 3.90, the second that it is in the Museum of Florence has of weight gr. 3.92. 15. Similar head a that of n. 14 Tues turning to the right: the hem of

54 ETEURIA T. LXXIir petasus not it is perished, e behind the nape there is the note 5 : the weight of this number that it is in the Museum of Florence it is of gr. 0.90, i.e the fourth part of the previous two. Not therefore the figure of value it is the one that note half D, how the A of numbers 13, 14. V is furthermore same there a another number col type of a bare beardless head turned a d. that he has at the back of the neck an A and weighs one gram. 16-19. Head youthful time a d. sometimes a left eolla note of variously figured value I; HA; Ali, where the A is not already the note of five, but is worth as sign by half : e but it expresses col two lines the two and a half come on Eomani noted with two unit and a S{einis). One of these gods it is in my community : weighs gr. 0.80 and door the figure $11 . Hence I deduce, that this one yes the minor unity in series which leads to type the head of the Gorgon etc. of Table 1 e the head of a woman or man of the mi. 2-5 of this Table. 20. In the Museum of Florence. Head similar to those of the nos. pre- originators and is also marked by the note HA, but it shows of be retorted seeing each other on the reverse a head similar that it is in part exit of coinage. , Come on of this reverse yes they see imprinted a relief lines geometric decussate e framezzo ad they are an S and an O. The coins of Gaul they give examples of similar types (see la lightue archéologique of 1881 a page 209). It seems like it though that this number yes state retorted in the Gaul e then have received in Etruria on the part smooth the impression I described with glue note of two and a half. 21. Coli. Lovatti. Head youthful with hair short time a d.: in front has as a sign of the unit a vertical line. The weight it is of gr. 0.90. The Gamurrini publishing it a exemplary in Period. nitmism. of the brand. Strozzi (an. VI Table Ili n. 11) of weight of gr. 0.90 ha given a weight list of similar coins, le which ones not they bring the note that you can see it in these two (op. cit. p. 68 note) : in the Coli. Strozzi gr. 0.72; 0.74; 0.76; 0.82; 0.90: in the Museum of Florence gr. 0.80; 0.85. 22. In the Museum of Florence. Etruscan euota of singoiar form that has two rays semicircles opposites between them on the side convex with one crossbar that passes them in center e vi receives the hub with the end of the axis or hall up which the wheel turn. In the field of reverse which is smooth it is expressed the single note of the unit. Its weight is gr. 0.82 (Gamur- rini, Period. cit. T. III n. 12). 23. Other similar nummo deprived however of the value note. It's in the Museum of Florence and it weighs gr. 0.85. 24. We have two examples of this coin, one found by me at a second-hand dealer in Perugia ed it is in my collection; the other it was of Lovatti that he got it from Corneto, both of weight just beyond the gr. 0.80. And they represent from one face the frog, on the other the fly both of very fine work. 25. Comic mask of forehead, e on the reverse one beetle, glue his bullet that encloses the egg. It came to my collection tion from Chiangiano. The his weight it is of gr. 0.95. 26. Repeated comic mask on the two faces: I have it from a cast (Fox, Greek coins, pi. I, 1). 27. In Museum British (Poole, Catal. 8, n. 7). Mask tragic in prospect: the reverse it is smooth. It weighs gr. 0.51. 28. Ibid (Poole, Catal. 8, n. 9). Head of prospectus with hair discriminated against e swaying, of weight of gr. 0.38. THEZI, THEZLE 29. Museum British. And it represents a fury that quickly goes to left and look in prospect squeezing in each one hand snake, fl. Euota Etruscan of ancient shape a which two semicircles act as rays fixtures in two-tone wood, big in center, where receives the head of the axis attract- paid from toggle. Bro i two semicircles yes law 06II: its weight it is of gr. 11.11. It was found in the necro- poles of Vulci e brought in Rome al Capranesi, who publishes glue in the Ann. dcWInst. (1840, XII tab. P 1 page 208); then he sold it at the Museum British. Together with this a second was found exemplary that it was purchased for Kircherian ed it is here expressed al n. 31. It was it covered of oxide but cleaned it up for Tessieri industry appeared it is still written and that is it that you see it printed in new articles serious to class III, suppl. n. 9 : its weight is gr. 9.13. By none of these coins exist is found so far a Fiesole, and nevertheless Capranesi (loc. cit.), the authors of the grave aes (p. 37), the Duke by Luynes {Ckoix, 1840, pi. 1 n. 5), the Eochette (Journ. des Sav. 18-41 p. 263), Cavedoni (Bull. Inst. 1842 p. 156) attribute it to Fiesole. But not the epigraph is (DEIV nor ®EIU as has been presumed, but ©Eli, i.e Thezi. Luynes changed then of opinion {Revue nu- mism. 1859 pi. XV n. 4 ed. sep. page

47, 48), e held that- the coin was of See, the that he achieved by giving to two of letters a Latin value, for which the O became an O and r I a F, considering the wheel like allusive to the name of See. The Mr. Hennin he took it away from Faesulae for attribute it to Telamon {Manuel de numism. t. The p. 70), as if the epigraph OEII should not worth nothing. 30. Coli. Luynes. I types are the same as in the two examples previous plates, the epigraph is omitted. It weighs gr. 11.30. Similar to this it is the specimen that the Ecthel [D. n. v. 1,269), taken from Schachmann's Catalog raisonné, 1774, p. 57, from which one we learn that he was found in Malta and it was fo- derated. For I that is born the doubt is not what it is today it is found in the Gotha Museum of gr. 11.35, anepigraph and lined it too. The woman winged in long tunic expressed here, which I believe to be a fury, was judged by Eckhel (loc. cit.) one Nemesis, certainly not because of the wheel, because he esteemed it that it was such a sort of clypeus and therefore inclined to assign it in Camarina. A Gorgon he saw you the Creuzer {Symbol, t. II p. 664), but he recognized it on the reverse side a wheel strangely con- figuratively, where he also stated, no one knows how, that many examples plari of then they came from Cere and from Vulci, on which ones yes read OESV. Gorgon the he also said the Luynes followed by De Witte (//. de the mon. IV p. 18), Fury the Hennin, Faturn, aiaa, Cavedoni, attributing to her the fangs, which she does not have, e sometimes even the language protruding, of which particularity you can't see it in better no specimens clue. Me, for

T . L XXIV ETRURIA. 55 me, I keep it out of fury and I'm convinced by the tale of Oedipus expressed in broken lower, where they appear the two serpents around the head of Oedipus, that emerges from the ground to ma- harm his two children. These western beaches of Italy they were much more than not it is believed to have been frequented by Greek colonies that. Tarcone, Evandro and Damarato are mentioned and known conductors of Pelasgians maybe Thessalians, of Pelasgians Arcadi, of Corinthians. Justin writes (XX, 1): Midtae urbes adhuc post tamtam ancient vestigia graeci moris ostentant. . in Tuscis Tar- quiii a Thessalis (see the Halicarnasseum. The geographer Dionysius (De situ orbis v. 347 following) sing in verses: TvQ^rjvol ,(tìi' TTQMz' ijiì òé aqiiBi (pvXa IlsXaayiàv ^ O'ì TCOTS Kvi.hjvrj^£ f s'cp éaTCSQi'ijv aXu (iavzsg AvTÓ^ivtj^cai'To aì'v àvÓQaOi TvQQip'oTai. Hesiod he preserved us the ancient tradition that Agrio said and Latin children of Cii'ce e of Ulysses ('). In- the same era that the Fiery yes they established in Cimo, in Populonia and in Marseille in the year 104, a Greek colony founded gave Cessation, Damarato landed in Tarquinia (Paus. X, 8). Behind everything this is not it will be reprehensible recognizing one city founded by the G-reci and called by them Thessala, on the beaches later occupied by the Etruscans, who they minted money there with the epigraph 0EII and OEIUE. 31. Coli. Luynes. Another specimen of the same number found together with that of n. 29 in Vulci deprived of legend. It weighs gr. 11.30. 32. Coli. Luynes. He was taken to Rome from Btruria trastiberina e for my hand passed to the duke by Luynes. Head of third belt from diadem e in attitude feeble placed between two snakes with the legend OEII around them : on the reverse is the sphinx sitting and turning to the right. It weighs gr. 8.23. A second example plare if there is any now in Museum of Florence. The Gamurrini (op. cit. p. 55, t) opines that yes the head of Aesculapius with above a snake, but i snakes are two, and I estimate that vi is represented the head of Oedipus that from earth yes elevate near the macaw of Erinni, mean come on snakes, for repeat le curses ai children. The sphinx Theban who it is on reverse a such interpretation there it is driving. 33. British Museum. Protome of ox turn to the right: around inter- nally OEIl-E bed: from left to right, as in OEII. In reverse horse marine face a d. The its weight it is of gr. 9.33 (Bompois, Revue, pi. XVI, 8, Poole, Catal. p. 397, 1). This name ThezLe parmi the same Thezi with the ad- giimla of the last one syllable. ECHETHIA 34. In the Museum British. Head wifely with pendants to ears e crowned of degree, time to d. In I pour a owl e al side right almost in I exegete the legend, EfE®, (') II Mr. Helbig wanted recently replace to "Jyqiov the name T«p;fmv (Bull. Imtil. 18S4) : but not yes it came elle Lycophrone has given Tarcone and Tirreno for sons in Telephos Phrygian (Lycoph. v. 1248f.) : Tuqyuìif xtà Tvoaìivòg, tudliìveg Xvxoi Tiay Hop.x'/.slùìv iy.yeyiìireg Ki^uttov. bro two lunettes opposite. It weighs gr. 3.80. He has it published the Bompois {Revue arch. 1879 pi. XVI, 8). In Stefano di Byzantium is nominated one city 'Exsti'a nohg 'hah'ag, e three lines later it reads : 'Exexqa. nohg 'IraXt'ag. The Mei- neke notes 'Egeria ex 'ExérQce corruplum vidit Cluverus. But it may well be that doesn't yes like this: and of facts the grammarian pursue that from 'Exixqa derives 'Exsxqaróg voice used by Dionysius of Halicarnosso, but from 'Ex^iCa he says that 'Exsnce- derives j'óg, as Kaqdiavòg derives from Kagdia. The ^Ex^tia is found glue 'Ex^D of Etruria, if change alone in tenuous the aspi- installment 0. 35. Coli. mine. Female head time a left adorned of pendants e of a crown of laurel with countermark of shape pira- midale: the reverse it is smooth. It weighs gr. 2.20. Mi was brought from the countryside of Monteleone in Sabina, the ancient Trebula Mutitesca. PUPLUNA Plate LXXIV. 1. Kircherian Museum. Head of Pallas time a -d.: of below it is the sign of the value .... : In the reverse the owl that flies e vi repeats itself the value note: two stars each in the field a d. the other a left of the noctule. Although this trient not ports inscribed no name of city, nevertheless it it already was calculated per coin Etruscan: now then it's proof- layer of Populonia Come on, quite a few specimens that come from that riviera as I learned from the march. Strozzi. Nella Mazzolini collection there is a dial of this series came now to the light, where i types are the same as those of the sextant, the nocturnal it is in rest, but i three little globes that they are on straight, on reverse are not visible for flaw of coinage. 2. Coli. Strozzi. Head a lot vanished of Pallas galeata time a d. R. Nocturnal raised a flight, in perspective e of above one waning half moon between two globes. On the right e a s. of On the latch there are two wheels imprinted as countermarks.

This sextant is found retorted e without countermarks: I saw an example of it in the Mazzolini collection, where i types they are of trient n. 1, but behind the neck of the Pallas remains the waning moon between the two little globes of the se- given that it was the first guy, e backwards down at night tola that flies we read the letters •'IV'1. The sextant then it is front or contemporary al trient and both appar- they hold in Pupluna. 3. In the Kii-cherian. It weighs gr. 12.20. Beardless head of Hercules belted with a diadem and a club placed around the neck : in the reverse vi you can see it the arch, the club, arrow, the two small globules sign of the value e the name of city fll1V>l'1V"l. Carelli gives it (Plate VIII, 30), but omits the club in straight, that there is was then expressed from Poole (Catal. 5, 24). 4. In the Kircherian of weight of gr. 9.70. The coli. Strozzi ne owns an example with four counter-branded globules, I types they are : head of Minerva and note of the value .. R. Not- tola standing above two similar small globes: a half on the left moon between two stars, below the epigraph flMV>l')V'l. We have

56 ETRUKIA T. LXXIV. so another example of sextant repeated for triente, and we'll see others in no. 5-9. 5. In the Eircherian. Head of Vulcan a d.': behind the note X. B. The pincer e the hammer with the note of trient ....; around the flap fll1V^J'lV'1. It weighs gr. 8.12. An example shows Tomi recently from Campiglia weighs gr. 7.50. Below the hammer the half moon between two stars of the previous coinage remains. (3. In the Museum of Parma. Coin with the types of n. 4 countered with those of n. 5. They belong in reverse of the first type a few letters of the AVA epigraph, and the faint shadow on the obverse of head of Minerva. 7. In Paris in the Cabinet of medals. Given by the Bckhel {N. vet. tab. II n. 1.5). This bronze has i types of n. 4 and it is countered with those of n. 5. Remains of the first minting i two globules on face of the volcano and one of the two stars : in the reverse it is survivor the helmet of Minerva. One of co- nummi reiterated texts it must be said that it was that figurative from G-uarnaeci (Table XII, 8) e repeated from Carelli (Tab. Vni, 28). In the bronzes 5, 6 are together join two fate of numeric figures e disagree in their representation the value : because at the back of the neck of the Volcano it's a X, ten, e between tea- naglia e the hammer a . . . . , four. There are therefore two i values of these bronzes in the gearbox e le ten unit deb- good equal in four-unit accounts. We saw in coins of silver change the figure of the value re- manando the same weight and we explained it with good comparison of coinage Carthaginian, e of others large city of trade in which the magistrate had minted together coins of different systems (Miiller, Ancien Afrique, you. The p. 120, The page. 134). We will see later also in Rome money with the figure XVI, e in Puglia ai sextants with- the figure S has arrived, and in the Brindisi currency the united note S with four globes. 8. In the Parma Museum. Head of Mercury : behind which one half moon: bottom two belonging globules al coinage front that had i types of n. 4. A. Two caduceus faces on the contrary, both decorated with lemniscus, in the middle the epi- graphe flMV>llV^ e the note ^X of the value, where a appears line obliquely placed next to it to the number X. We have of above we had an example of this line although it does not contain joined but separated from the X (Plate LXXI, 22). His lie down- ture singular can be clue that not you wanted with it indicate the unit. So it will be it must be concluded that not had numerical value, but he worked for figure of signifi- cated analogous to the circle O after the tens (T. LXXII, 7,8). 9. In the Eircherian. It is retorted as the previous one; of what I am clue sure the two surviving globules and the star. In the bottom of the reverse it's a caduceus lemniscate but in high in instead of the known form of the caduceus if there is one composed of three rings with folded ends out. Again as above n. 8, e in a similar number of the Museum of Paris edited from the Bckhel (IV. vel. II p. 1) the note of the value X has after of itself one line oblique, which as I have said of above vi it will be like the digit O a mean the numerical value of X. Of a similar oblique line they serve themselves the Greeks a fin to determine le numeric letters to which you want to give the millennial value (Franz, El. epigr. gr. page 349). PUPLUNA-VETULONIA-CAMARS 10. In the Museum of Parma. A similar number it was printed from Caronni {Mus. Vitzai/, part. I p. 16 n. 325), but he vi he read badly Vlfl+3ì very well imprinted, flHV>J8V8 on the right, and written externally at the top we read (\-V. In other specimens these two names are very vague- nite. Such seemed to me the two owned by the march.

Strozzi, in one of which we read ^ISV-I only, and in another AHV>i8V't ed V>)A+3, which Gamurrini reports in the ipp. to the C. inscr. it. by Pabretti page 10 nos. 55, 56 (Tab. III n. 56). It's a mo- neta of confederation gods three peoples the Vetulonians, the Pu- plunese e the Camarts. In the name of Pupluna it is singular it exchange that vi yes is two times of the EP in Pi. 11. Museum of Florence. Nude youthful head turned to the right. oh it seems look in high. A. Two stars and two half moons and in low a third star al which was probably joint its half moon, and yet yes you can opine that yes exit of minting: in the hem superior is read there \N\. It was engraved by Carelli T. VIII n. 32, that doesn't he noticed the letter W, nor others later of him. 12. Museum of Munich. Another example of the number same found by me in the aforementioned Museum, and it had been yet it engraved from Carelli (Plate VIII n. 38) I FERCNA 13. Museum of Florence. By this coin there are two examples plari both discovered from Gamurrini e the first too printed from the same. In the first the legend was con- served for half \(W> , e it was reasonably supplied if)l/l>(

T. LXXV ETEURIA 57 CT«A 14. Museum British. Aucor of this one coin yes they have two specimens the first in the Museum British given to us by Poole Calai, p. 14 n. II) of weight of gr. 2.19pm: the other of re- cent discovered from Mr. Hawks that the owns ed it is of gr. 13,(300. Ha per type ima youthful head turned to the right. which wear it on your head properly dolphin facing left straight towards the back of the neck. In the field above is the note of the qua- drant or to • . R. Anchor with the ring to whose left you re- fart i three giobelti, and on the right it reads fl»+). In this context name of city there is of singular the globe crushed that vi holds place of letter alphabetical. A case that can say yes similar a this was noticed from Eiccio in a semisse of Kiibria where the epigraph it is written like this D«Yes, that is, he says the Bourgeois writing about it al D'Ailly (25 March_ 1840 Oeuvers, VII page 369), which what looks like the letter O is rather a kind of round shield without decorations and smooth. Who knows dun- what will it be? but DOS is not certain. So he. And we say that the O has been seen several times in the form of a round tile, for art or for flaw of coinage. Here then the globe • or is worth a Q, that is it is truly a sign of value worth mentioning compare yourself to someone similar little globe equally followed by a letter alphabetical »Yes, that yes ha in a bronze of Venosa. The strange insertion of a globe in the epigraph he did believe at Poole, that the coin was retorted. The Gra- murrini that gives news in /l/)/!. to the Corpus inscrib. ital. of Pabretti page 73 n. 848 leave uncertain if this ton- dino it's a little globe or a hole. I can ensure that in two specimens the rod it is in equal relief at letters and others flat surface; though the legend does not it is Cati, how the yes you see transcribed from Poole e in Gamurrini is right. So it remains that read it Ct or a. The head covered by the bare of dolphin he alludes certainly to the Tyrrhenians changed into dolphins from son of semolina. PATU (Vetulonia) 15. Cabinet of medals (Monfaucou, Supfl. Ili, XLVIII, 9). Juvenile head covered of the strip of boar. B. Iron of trident between two dolphins. The note of value » • , here it is bratty, but it can be seen whole in the specimen of the Kircherian e in the Viennese. The hero that is seen covered in the remains of cignale probably remembers Elpenor one of companions of Ulysses transformed by Circe in shape of boar ; the if- polcher of him yedevasi on Circeio girded around of beautiful mii-to plants (Theopkrast. H. V, 9; Plin.//. N. 1. XV e. 86). The Mommsen that changes this strip in skin of lion, he therefore mistakenly considers Hercules to be the hero dress {H. de the mon. vol I pages. 388). 16-18. We learn from this series that the legend, when it is full, count four letters •^i-f\^. They are sextants and bring it They note the note repeatedly on the obverse and reverse ; the weight no it is various : the Strozzi collection has many gr. 13,750 e yeah. up to gr. 5,350. H Mr. Hawks in a big number of these bronzes (Research of Vetulonia, Prato 1881) one he has some of gr. 5,050, which has like ours of the no. 16 i globes below the neck of juvenile head. 19. In the Kircherian. It weighs gr. 3.18 : but there is another example of gr. 5.00. The epigraph it is below the neck and you can't see it no sign of value. AES INCUSUM SEDIS INCEETAE Plate LXXV. 1. Vatican Museum. Capranesi published an example (Dia- thousand, Mem. numism. tab. I n. 1 page 9), but strangely counterfeit, e it wasn't either clear if had the reverse in- cuso. Not to 1860 was known that wa. only bronze a re- verse included, ed it was that given by Micali [Ant. mon. pi. CXV): we will therefore give a whole series of them for the first time. Head bearded e belt by lawo time to right; behind the nape it is the value note 3IC. R. Horse marine included. It weighs gr. 40.80. The specimen of Capranesi not well with- served weighed gr. 32.00. From I learned this and did it known to my friends, who disclosed it, the shape and the value of DIC figure among the Etruscans. Now from Campiglia the Mr. Mazzolini has me brought a third exemplary, but pink in the surface of straight, and blinded by rust in the reverse. It is of weight of gr. 30.80. 2. Turin Museum (Sambon, Recherches, pi. IV, 26). On the obverse head bearded covered from the strip probably of a dolphin, behind the neck is the note '^. R. Eagle turns to the right e room on the left, where there is a snake that seems to be straightening up against. It weighs gr. 9.25pm. 3. Vatican Museum. Bearded head facing right. blanket of the spoil similar a that of the number previous , behind T exit by half of minting. R. Grifo going to the right. It weighs gr. 19,100. An example that is from the brand. Strozzi found in Val d'Orcia weighs gr. 7.30pm Tues it's quite a bit worn out. 4. In the Vatican Museum. Bearded head turned towards d.

and covered with bare probably of a pomeranian dog. Pluto in a painting Etruscan it covers itself with skin of dog (Conesta- bile, PUt. mur. tab. XI); from behind it is note XXX. R. Head of donkey. It weighs gr. 1.43pm. There was an example in the collection lesson Lovatti. Bro the cards Kircheriane by hand of Doors you have a drawing of this bronze and in the Museum of Florence if keeps one other by hand of Sestini, where yes you see addition the epigraph flHV>l')V1 halved in obverse and entire in the reverse. It didn't happen to me to see no feedback : I think that le Unee of circle of ornate have been transcribed in letters. Carelli gives in the table. Vili n. 31 un bronze similar in straight to ours; but he vi he represented on the reverse a gorgonian larva of relief. The Gamurrini (op. cit. p. 62) estimates that there is in the obverse the head of Hercules and on the reverse side a dove and a snake pro- probably due to misunderstanding with the other coin referred to above. 5. In the collection Strozzi. Head of a covered woman say elmo a right ; in front the note AXX. R. Gallo that sings face a left It weighs gr. 11.20. Ve there is an example of this in the Vatican Museum dog weighing 1000 g 10.72 ; a third is preserved in the Parisian Cabinet of medals of weight of gr. 11.60. The Arigoni

58 ETEDRIA, UMBRIA T. LXXVI he gave it in T. Ili, VIII, 9 bro the uncertain, but not lia in- divined the gure of the river. 6. In the Museum Vatican. Bearded head e belt of crown time on the right: behind ba the note XX. R. Eagle revolt a left repellent a d. with le wings open and double-headed, but for overhang of minting. It weighs gr. 11.4. 7. In the Vatican Museum (Micali, Ant. mon. Pir. 1832 tab. CXV no. 9, 10). Similar to the previous one, but not in the eagle there is overhang of coinage. It weighs gr. 9.3. An example cbe if you don't in the Cabinet of medals weighs gr. 10.70 (cf. H. de la mon. IV pi. XVIII, 9). 8. In the Museum of Florence. Head like a woman with hair called back e deemed from tapeworm, with necklace to neck. Sta inside a periated and one degree ed ha behind the back of the neck the note X, of below al neck the note ID. It weighs gr. 6.40. R. Serpe with skin mottled or more truly dotted. The G-a- murrini (op. cit. p. 63) believes that the head is that of Bsculapius. 9. In the Strozzi collection. Bearded male head facing right; behind the X note inside a pear and a laurel wreath. R. Fish similar to capriscusYolio on the right. inside a degree. Weight 2.49. The Gamurrini (loc. cit.) quotes from the table. CXV n. 13 of Mi- declines {Ant. monwn.) a bronze in which it's a bar head bata e behind X. R. Quadrate incuse. In another similar bronze a lot debris has he bed the V number : but it is clear that must to be X, why if were V not yes it would be written like this in Etruscan. 10. Paris, Cabinet of medals. Head probably of woman covered with a Phrygian helmet time to d.; behind > note del five, or half of a everything. A. Four similar flowers ai yeah- giiacei with them glasses aimed at a center. He has it anyway published the Sestini {Fontana Museum, III, XI, 1). The Mr. Mazzolini owns an example of weight of gr. 3.07. >, yes, M, /V\ SEDIS INCEETAB 11-14. Kircherian Museum. Head dark with ring to the ear who time a d. R. Asian elephant with the rings in the neck standing, face a right. The bronzes that they bring these types yes distinguish each other by four different alphabetic letters, that vi yes they see al reverse e I am >, yes, 141, /V\: three of them > HI /V\ they repeat themselves sometimes even on straight. 15. In the Strozzi collection. This dime has i predicted types . and for letter distinctive one /V\ on the obverse and reverse ; but in straight side at WV there are two others letters. The Gamurrini he believes that the letters on the obverse are Latin and say C • PISO: I instead, confessing the difficulty, I must also say that it is so reading I think impossible: I I find you instead C^\^A. e I see this third letter N\ halved on the reverse where the Gamurrini read a 5. The letter M marks the minting as per reverse. The Cr\ seems to me to be well known the two and a half. The bronzes with these types are usually found in Val di Chiana and their weight it is gr. 2.40; 2.80. The image of the elephant not there reports per century sixth almost that was of race African, knowing each other that at the time of the war Punic such elephants they were seen in Italy; but instead they are him Asians of Pyrrhus shown in Rome by the censor Sulpicius Saverrione after the day in Ascoli. Nor should it be an obstacle the sight portrayed here the dark-haired guardian of the beast: because these Moors they were also in Asia, e the Indians together with the Africans worked towards singleness expertise in train him elephants, of way that a ra- gione Lelio treating of these puts together him Indians e him Africans from seen in Africa in time that it was tied of Scipio (Cic. De you consider. II, 40) : Not et tibi {Scipioni) cum essem legatus {bello Punico tertio) saepe I saw. Ergo ille indus aut poenus unam coercet belluam et eam docilem et humanis moribus adsuetam. Pirro to testify- niance of Dionysius of Halicarnassus {Fragm. LXIX e. 14 page 134 ed. medium!.) yes it was useful of Indians, who will be there states sent by Ptolemy of Egypt his father-in-law, of which he had also helped himself to recover Epirus. TUDEE (in Umbria) 16. In the Museum Kircherian. Head youthful covered of pileus a double eaves. R. Scrofa with three little pigs, 'two gods which ones turned towards the mother, the third goes in step : vi it reads above 3<13+V+ (Brands e Tessieri, U aes serious, Suppl. there. II, 2 ; Poole, Calai, page. 397, 1). It weighs gr. 9.25. 17. Kirch. Head of Silenus crowned with ivy with a corymb on forehead poorly expressed so far in prints like a lump (Ca- relli, tab. XXI, 42). R. Aquila standing on the left in the act of taking flight and 3"^3tV+ It weighs 3.80 g. The specimen I collect lesson weighs gr. 4.20. 18. In the Kircherian. Head of a faun with long ears e aff- sides and horns of goat in front. R. Cornucopia with ear of wheat, bunch of grapes, and a shell or pod of legume which looks like a broad bean or pea and legend 3'^3+V+. It weighs gr. 1.75.

It is It was noted by Cavedoni that the faun's horns were omitted by the designer of Carelli (Plate XXI, 44). So he had Todi the first coin minted of gr. 9, how the mite Greek, the half of it e the fourth. The type of the offering represents a swineherd covered of a similar pileus a what's in his head Eaustulus about money of Sesto Pompeo. Both girded by double eaves. At Millingen it seems {Consid. p. 169) whatever a petasus in shape singular scope perhaps from a Mercury. PEITHESA C, W\, M, 5 Plate LXXVI. 1. In the Kircherian. Head of Mercury covered by pileus winged time to d. R. Civetta e almost in front and on the right. fli30l3'1. The Mr. Hennin, writes of Peithesa {Manuel de numism. The p. 70) : Les pieces attributed to cette villas ont it is returned à Veientum of Etruria. Well therefore reason the Millingen to note that this number inscribed provided a broad field of conjectures, having it the Lanzi given in Perugia {Wise, II, t. I fig. II), the Cramer in Pisa {Anc. Itahj, vol.I page 173), the Mionnet at Veientum or Vei {Suppl. 1. 1 p. 204), attribution also supported from mentioned Hennin. But these small bronzes yes they usually find in Val di Chiana, and perfect there it must be been once the searched Peithesa. 2. Kirch. I same types, but the legend fliSOB'l is on the obverse:

T. LXXVII ETRUEIA, LATIUM 59 in reverse instead a right of owl vi yes find the se- gno g in part worn out. 3. Coli. my. I types they are him same, but below the neck of the Mer- curio al straight there is a C : in reverse vi it reads ftGOGA e furthermore a left at the wing of owl uu g . Here we therefore have new proof that demonstrates use yes- multaneo of two signs you two alphabets different the a Greek the other Etruscan. The them weight it is of gr. approximately 3. 4. Kirch. I types I am the same ones, only the epigraph it's here expressed for the alone letter initial To what yes he repeats on straight e on reverse. 5. Kirch. Head of Apollo belt of degree with a quiver around his neck turned to desti'a: in front of you the letter h. R. Civetta almost of elevation: on the right vi repeats itself the letter h e above it a a little worn the g sign . It is sure that the $ yet here note the half how in n. 3 ; the other sign lying that you can see it on di-it e a right it seems yes the initial of Peithesa. (3. Coli. mia. Testa of Pallas galeata time a d. e of above a C. R. Civetta almost in prospect e a right C. 7. Kirch. I types I am him themselves, only on the obverse the letter C not it's placed of above of the helmet, but in front of Pal- lade a right. Here C seems like an initial letter to me. These two coins 6, 7 weigh gr. 2.00. 8-10. In Kirch. Head youthful covered of skin of dog pomeranian, the which figure it is represented al reverse in progress of run a left, of underneath between the legs you can read ima. of three letters 5, \M, M. The Eckhel {D. n. v. I, 95) e ilEochette {Journal des Sav. 1841 p. 24) they say it is wrong- mind head of Hercules skin blanket lion. 3, Yes, V 11-13. In Kirch. Euota a six spokes and ounce note. R. Ferro of double-headed e the note same, furthermore one on the right of three letters D, yes, V. * 14-16. In Kirch. I types are the same and so are the letters, it just varies the weight whence it turns out that these are worth the half of the ounce, or larger unit. 5-7pm. In Kirch. The type of straight it is the same as the previous ones no. 11am-4pm: on the reverse le letters are equally D, 1, V but the bipemie is here equipped with a handle. Here's what it is the weight of the nine pieces: no. 10 11 12 gr. 10.70 11.00 8.70 no. 13 14 15 gr. 3.70 2.70 6.70 no. 16 17 - 18 gr. 2.20 1.70 3.40 20, 21. In the Kirch. Kuota a seven rays e a left the sign of- the ounce. A. Again, a left the same sign, a right in n. 20 un D in n. 21 un 1; the letter V is missing so far. Their weight it is gr. 8.00; 8.80. 22. Museum of Turin, and no I have seen ' a other exemplary in Paris near the expert Mr. Hoffmann. Eight spoke wheel. R. Ferro of the double-headed man in the middle a four dino globes many one triente: of above a yes. It weighs gr. 25.00. LATIUM AES A LATINIS MAGISTKATIBUS CUSUM Plate, LXXVII. 1, 2. In the Kircherian. Head of bearded Hercules wearing a diadem with club al neck time to d. R. Dog Cerberus a three heads facing right. in the exergue C-RVB. 11 Mr. Imhooff-Blumer [Monn. qraecq. 13) places an S instead of the club and the graduated head, where I I see im diadem. The epigraph of this coin it was read from Sixt AARVB [Class, general. page 12) and yet at- tribute the bronze in Marrubium, capital of the Marsi. He rose up against the Millingen, that in the sample from him possessed, and it is the same one that I publish here, n. 1, saw a point to- thanks to RVB, and a vestige letter forward at that point not anyway his soul was enough to ascertain the value: nevertheless he proposed that vi it should probably be recognized mind the name of the magistrate of the Rubria family [Con- you will side, p. 233). 11 opinion of Millingen it is confirmed from a similar number seen from me in the Luynes collection where though the first name is omitted and clearly reads RVB in the field smooth [Sylloge, page. 139) which particularity it did not escape Imhooflì-Blumer who gives us an example of it col RVB only in the op. cit. page 13. Also there describes uu trient of Mr. Waddington with types different from these e r epigraph RVB. Head of Cybele turreted e the note of triente ® ® © a . R. Grouped lion lifting his foot nistro and it has behind a star ad eight rays and in the exergue yes also reads RVB. 3. In the Museum of Parma. Female head crowned with ivy on the right. R. Panther that glue paw left holds the auction of one spear supported on shoulder: in the exergue CA/. Come on specimens beds so far yes it is said that vi was written CAP e the Mazzocchi followed from Daniel (Nuin. cap. n. 9 page 33), e Combe attributed it to Capua. 11 Capranesi denies that there ever was written CAP and having where he instead of then read CAI estimates with Priedlaender that should be attributed to Caiazzo, which he calls Calatia latina [Ann. of the Institute 1843 T. XII page. 214 table. of adj. Pnn. 5, 6). Ibid note that similar coins but without legend are frequently found quents in Roman lands.

One in fact it is been found or now near Albano. The Piorelli thought it must belong to keep in Sardes of Lydia having seemed to him that vi yes read in Greek letters CAP [Obs. numism. 1843 p. 80). In the example I express here I read in monogram CA/ that gives the CAN legend. With these types and epigraph is of a coin was recently found in the countryside of Orvieto, the ancient Bolsena, whence others 9 without legend yes they are in at the same time collected and I saw them nearby the march. Strozzi in Florence. A bronze with same types he is in the Museum British door the epigraph S (Poole, Catat. pag. 84 n. 22). For le which ones observations it is necessary to agree that the name noticed in the exergue not it's name of city, but of a magistrate ; which however the currency does not she is Latin of Capua nor of Caiazzo nor of Caieta, Greek of 2àgóig, and it can only probably as- sign up to mint of the Roman Bolsena, if you want to keep it s

60 LATIUM, EOMA T. LXXVII account of lands whence she came out of it the most copy. ! Furthermore, it is not from a very remote era from the social war, having noticed Mr. Imhooff-Blumer (Mon. graecq.iì. 36 n. 84) that if there is none found a specimen beaten over a bronze police station of Sicily bearing on the obverse the bearded two-faced, and on the reverse within a laurel wreath the name OP-PI. We say it- oar of uncertain era of the Eepublic, but probably front at 664. But we don't know who yes this Opium how be nominated (Klein, ,Die VerwaUungsbeamten etc. Bonn, 1878 page 161). NDMMI CUSI NOMINE ROMANORUM A SOCIIS 4. In Kircherian. Head of Apollo crowned of laurel. R. Ca- free valley that runs to the left; upstairs ROME. It weighs gr. 6.77. 5. In the Kirch. I types I am the same ones that in the previous one : it but no it is half, and it weighs gr. 3.28. 6. In the Kirch. Bronze with same types that in money and here- previous years : but the horse is restrained, the epigraph ROMA it is in low. It weighs gr. 3.70. 7. In the Kirch. Head of Mars with hint of cheek hair: behind club. R. Free horse on the right, above the club, below ROMA. It weighs gr. 6.77. One of mine specimen weighs gr. 6.40. 8. In the Kirch. Bronze with same types as the previous money. It weighs gr. 3.70. 9. In the Kirch. Head of Mars with griffin decoration on the nock. B. Protome of horse braked, behind sickle, under ROME. Of the weight of gr. 6.77. 10. In Kirch. Quinary with same types as the peso denarius of gr. 3.28. An example of mine it is of gr. 3.00 approximately. 11. In the Kirch. Bronze with same types of the two pre-numbers assignors of weight of gr. 3.20. 12. In the Kirch. Head of Hercules young with the club al neck. R. Pegasus: above club, under ROME. It weighs gr. 6.80. 13. In the Museum British. Head of Minerva, time a left. R. Eagle in prospect time to d. standing with a lightning in the claws, from near a left a dagger, around al tour ROMANO- I saw it three examples one here in Koma in the coli. Lovattr, one in the Museum of Vienna e I know you see there is one in Berlin. I types of this bronze are those that they can be seen on a bronze from Locri, where the eagle is looking a left (Plate CXIII, n. 9, 10). Sambon describes one exemplary {Racherches, p. 131) of weight of gr. 5.00pm. The form, the weight, e i types they agree a let us argue that this bronze yes he is beaten for the Romans in Brezzia probably in the Locrian mint. 14. In the Kirch. Head of a woman covered with the Phrygian pileus beaked of griffin with laces to tie to the chin. R. Dog that go a right: in the ROME exergue. It weighs gr. 1.10. 15. In the Kirch. Head of Hercules young belt of tiara with the bare of lion e the club al neck. R. The she-wolf has to the sterns the two twins, in the ROMAN exergue. It weighs gr. 7.29. One of mine exemplary it is of gr. 6.71. 16. In Kirch. Head of a woman covered with a griffin-beaked helmet: behind it has the insignia of a wing. R. Victory covered halfway by pallium in act to hang a crown to the branch of palm which he has in his left hand, e it does this by taking advantage of the area or lemniscus al which one the crown it is knotted. In field a d. they usually be inscribed one or two letters ; here it is a ; on the left ROMAN. It weighs gr. 6.07, Of my two specimens that which has in straight to teaches monetary a iron of tri- tooth e al reverse K weighs gr. 6.40 : the other that he has in on the right side a cornucopia and on the reverse side T weighs equally gr. 6.40. 17. In the Kirch. Bearded head of Mars a left behind a branch- scello of oak. R. Head of horse braked placed above a plinth which brings the ROMAN legend ; behind ear of wheat. It weighs grams 7.29. Two of mine specimens they weigh gr. 7.10, 7.35. 18. Edit from Piorelli (.4nn. of numism. 1846 tab. I, 9). Head of bearded Mars time to d. R. Protome of a braked horse \olta a d.; in field a d. ROME, of behind a left it is one ear of wheat. Me I estimate that to legend miss you the last one syllable NO exit of minting and that this is the unit minor of stater n. 16, which brings the same ones types: the its weight can only be of gr. Approximately 0.65, part two- tithe of the eldest unit or if you want to be divided in sixths a hemiect, rifiCsxTov. 19. In the Kirch. Head of Apollo belt by lauro once a left from- boast ROMANO. R. Horse braked that runs a right, of above it's a star. It weighs gr. 7.2. 20. 21. In the Kirch. Head wifely time a right, sometimes a left, covered with a helmet, around ROMANO or ONAMOJI. /(. Protome of horse braked time on the right or a left glue same epigraph around Retrograde ol/lAMOJl. Nei two ways 916 were found in the waters of Vicarello. 22. It was near jil Depoletti. I types I am i same of those gods no. 20, 21, though both I am addressed to left, e the epigraph vi it is only al reverse OHAMOfl.

Also below to the protome of horse I read you SVES a lot low ; waves could opinion that this name be one track remained of other previous minting. But observe, that the coins of Sessa they read always SVESANO, e here not vi is placed for le seven letters. The similarity of these coins with those of What proves that one o'clock the other can believe yourself copy : the large number, oh if there is none found in the waters of Vicarello ne ago certain, that the Eomani 1' have coined in Sabatini mint. The SVES epigraph is proof that a coin with this type was also minted by alliance in the mint of Maybe not before of 441. 23. In coli. my. Diademed youthful head. /?. Lion face a right that bites the iron gripped glue paw sini- stra. In the exergue ROMAN. It weighs gr. 2.00pm. One second example of equal weight it is the same at of me. Not it is state so far observed by anyone that they were beat one time gods dioboli or gods dilitres. No we'll see a example also in Neapolitan bronze (pl. LXXXV 29), whose fabrication cation must be contemporary. 24. In the Kirch. from the waters of Vicarello. The bronze is countered up of a type that however vi yes distinguishes : Head of Net- tuno on the obverse, dolphin on the reverse, and below U, tipi known in the lucerina series; but in these types^ the epigraph is entire EGGS,

T. LXXVIII LATIUM, EOMA 61 here it is the alone initial L- below al dolphin. Lucerà had uua colony Latin in 440. The epigraph it is not from the second mintage readable, but by comparison it is deduced that it must be written there ROMAN. It weighs gr. 6.80. 25, 26. In the Kirch. Do these two examples, one similar to the pre- transferor no. 23, where though you can see it clearly the paw of lion ; the alti-o of coinage different. The legend it is in both ROMAN ; of these coins have been collected from the waters of Vicarello 1156 specimens, e if not they would have more again, if i fans of those waters they were were well look- cati. Kagione wants, that even these bronzes they are exited from the mint of peoples Saturdays, of what it's good confirm also the head of Apollo Sorano. XUMMI CUSI A PLAGIANIIS GALLIS CISALPINIS 27, 28. Head of a woman covered of helmet time to left R. Pro- toma of a braked horse : behind it is written in the first ROMAAC in the second R M M C. 29. In the coli. Lovatti. Head of a covered woman of helmet aulo- pide decorated on the nock of a griffin. R. Protome of ca- braked wall once a left, behind 30MA05I. The epigraph varies mind written however, it is uniform in the last letter and in the the alphabet Latin it's a C; but that whatever people that he wrote Raomoc, Rommoc, Rommc, he certainly didn't want to write true the Roman of the bronzes who carry the same type. Not there is analogy bro the ending in or gen. plural and that in oc; he had rather in mind Rome{i)os. Look for yourself therefore in which part of Italy yes could use the Greek C in place of the E Latin, that is, a mixed literature of elements Greeks and Latins, e I would find, if I'm not mistaken, the nation of the Gauls Celts, that in their coins they write AOVKOTIKNOC, Pl- TANTIKOC, VENEXTOC, AEIOVIGIAGOC, BIATEC. This one confusion of two alphabets e the Greek C equivalent to the S Latin Parmi is demonstrated by a Gallic name that can be read doubly written on the coins of the Seguanosi and the Bl- vezii. Because where the Followers they write in Greek alphabet KCOlOC the Helvetii they have in Latin COIOS {Revue ar- cheol. 1868 p. 138). We will therefore bind it straight al north of Italy these coins. I Oalli who imitates tavano i types Romans e those gods G-reci of Marseille, ne they introduced furthermore gods own. Ai types of Marseille can refer the golden one found in Vercelli in which the head can be seen laureate of Apollo with DIKO reverse above the lion (Bruzza, Registration years. Vercelli pref. p. CVII), to which it must be compared the drama cited by Robert [Ann. numisin. 1879 p. 272) with the head of Diana e DIKO on the reverse side and the lion on the starboard side, which is printed in Dici, archéol. de \la Caule, fig. 48. They have own types the two coins golden edit from Promis (Research than above some coins found in Vercellese, 1865), e reported in Bull, of the List. 1866 page 187. 30. In the British Museum. Head of a woman turn right and open of helmet ; he has a meandi'O in front of him. R. Horse head braked facing right; has a star in front, >IOMA VIII behind il below T. It is too much obvious that this number is out come on oiEcine Celtic cisalpine, le which ones they copied i types of Greek and Latin coins (V. la tab. LXXII, 12, 13, 15). The number Vili ne let it be a proof of the Gallic workshop, es- sending Gallic the costume to put these digits numbers- that in place gods little globes indicating the value. Furthermore the entry >IOMA if not wants to hold on to ROME by changing how erroneous the >l in 51, will have a response between the proper names of the gods leaders Galli, up of other Gallic counterfeits, between which ones, following Robert (1. e), I will name BRIC, COMA, Vili D COMA. Plate LXXVIII. 1, 2. In the Kircherian. Head of woman with hair do your hair e ornamented of laminae so as to figure a helmet with crest and lateral plumes. He wears earrings and a spear al side left: behind vi you can see it the note of trient. R. Centauro reached at shoulders from the young man Hercules who he took it pei hair e threatens him glue club raised. The centaur expresses his pain with the hand that yes it is le- vata to front. Go ahead a d. it is the note from trient; in- the exergue ROME. It weighs gr. 49.50. See also n. 2 the head of the woman taken from an example of collection mine, where the hairstyle of hair it is more determined. The weight of bronze it is of gr. 49.95. 3, 4. In the Kirch. Head youthful son hair short e curly co- lost from bare of a boar : on the left it is the note of the dranting. R. Taurus that runs a right having between the feet a snake equipped of crest that crawling on land yes rushes towards the right itself. By above vi it is the sign of dial, in the ROME exergue. The first (no. 3) weighs gr. 42.00; the second (No. 4) it is of gr. 41.00. An example of mine plare weighs gr. 39.60. The Eckhel (D. n. v. 1.

138) believe what difficult explain this type otherwise that with the fable of Jupiter transformed in bull, where Ceres had Per- sephone, and, changed in snake, from which Persephone had a tauriform son, according to the well-known verse: Tavqog Sqccxovtoq aal Squ/Uov xavgov TrdrrjQ. 5. In the Kirch. The she-wolf who breastfeed the two twins, in the exergue it is the sextant note. R. Eagle carrying a flower in its beak open: a left vi it is the note from sextant, a right ROME. Three copies of this bronze yes they had come on aeque of Vicarello. It weighs gr. 29.70 : one of my specimens is of weight of gr. 24.20. None yes it is so far aware of sob tail that door the she-wolf in the Roman coin of this era, which it is so much similar to the leonine also pel bow of long hair he has at the tip. An equally long, bare tail of hair, e panicked at the tip I have noticed on coins of silver (see tab. LXXVII, 19): e not it's because in Koma yes brattasse so, oh indeed the coins of Pompeia (plate LXXIX, 19, 20) include the she-wolf as he described her Pliny with tail more short of that of sheep, but al even velvety (//. N. XI, 411): (Caudae caulis) vulpihiis et lupis villosus, ut ovibus, quihus procerior. 6. In the Kirch. Head of beaming sun placed in perspective with hint of chlamys buttoned on the chest: a left it is the note of the ounce. R. Crescent moon with two stars and the sign

62 LATIUM, KOMA T. LXXVIIl of the oucia in center ; below ROME. There were four specimens from the waters of Vicarello. Its weight is gr. 35.20. 7. In Kirch. I types I am those of the dial (a. 3, 4), alone- mind vi yes Tede added an ear of corn of wheat al reverse. It weighs gr. 13 approximately. It demonstrates an initial decrease. A coin with these types it was retorted with types on the obverse of head of Ceres e al I pour Hercules what an achievement the deer took it for le horns : but its value is noted al straight with an S that is worth semis or be half. 8, 9. The n. 8 it was already at Depoletti. Dial types of se- with the second decrease similar of everything to those of decrease tion before, how appears from n. 9, because in n. 8 the snake of reverse not it is seen being the bronze retorted everything on top of a coin of Hiero II, whose name remains gono le letters lEPIl. This prince reigned in Sicily from 478 : it is therefore sure that to this second decrease not yes he came ahead at the aforementioned time. Its weight is gr. 7.80. 10. In the Kirch. Head of a woman surrounded by a turreted crown with pen- teeth to ears e with flap of tunic around al neck. there. Jockey a horse oh runs a right e it explodes the riding crop exciting the horse to racing : downstairs ROME. The its weight it is of gr. 8.20. By these specimens if any they had from the waters of Vicarello no less of 31. 11, 12. In the Kirch. Sextant with types Romans. The sextant weighs gr. 19.80, the semoncia gr. 5.43. The sample is given as proof of the tri-entral axis. 13. In the Kirch. Triente with Roman types beaten on a bronze front, of which almost remains the entire legend of ROME behind the head of Minerva. It weighs gr. 28.00. He's a wise man that yes on trial of the axis quadrantal. ROME NUMMI INTRA CUBES URBEII The experience teaches us that money was heavy at the time of Varro three scruples. Now he attests that he was said to have Servius Tullio coined the money and that this one had of weight four scruples above that gods times his (ap. Charis. Inst. (Iramm. I p. 103 ed. Keil): Nwinmum argenteum flatum frimum to Servius Tullio clicunt: is Ili l scrupulis major fuit quam iiunc. Covenant therefore I scruple same a gr. 1.12 it follows that the seven scruples are equal to gr. 7.84. I have noticed another time the serious mistake by Borghesi (Oeuvr. II page 287) followed by Mommsen [H:de la m. II p. 26th ed. Bl.) that they did of four snipoli the money of Servius, almost as if Varro had written: js 11 1 1 scrupulis (constans) major fuit quam nunc est, cum I confirmed Iribus. Varro he says clear that that number it was worth it four scruples of more than the money of the times his, that no it was worth it three; e four more three they do seven. The Duke of Luynes saw the true meaning {Le nummus de Ser. Tullius, 1859 p. 6th ed. sep.), in which he was then followed by Mom- msen (op. cit. I page 243 note), but he was not happy with his choice of the nummus of Servius. The Mommsen (loc. cit.) instead with- he damned Varro for having confused the Greek silver nummvs whose tenth part it is the silver pamphlet with the nummus de- Roman narius who it was worth it ten aces of bronze. The Duke by Luynes from for its part not feeling well with count, why the two numbers chosen they didn't weigh seven scruples, yes eleven, yes turned to coins of Alba e of Signs that he took with Mommsen for le Hbellae and sem- lieiiae of silver, whose weight of gr. 1,100; 1,115 ; 1,283 etc. deduced that the Servian nummo must have weighed 11.99 (ed. cit. p. 12, 13), which is the predicted weight of his two mo- net believed to be Servian. But if it is true that these coins val- gono the mite e the diobolo tarantino, how in other place he claims the Mommsen, how they will be able to keep for the tithe and twentieth part of major unit? Varro speaks again of the ancient nummus argenteus in book V of L. L. (§ 173, ed. Muller) and says, that its major unit was worth ten aces of bronze and therefore it was called denarius, his half ne it was worth it five e it was called quinarius, to the fourth part which was worth two and a half aces gave himself a name of sestertius : the tenth part yes he called pamphlet, why it was worth a pound of bronze, e like this half of libella it had a name scmbella e the fourth he replied to the teruncius (issis, why it was worth it three ounces of bronze. The Mommsen he says impossible the demonstrate that these coins they never really are existed: the est impossible de démontrer qu^elles aient jamais léellemént exist ; not therefore recognizes that the Populonians had the three divisions of silver, the money X, the quinary A, e the sestertio HA. But he didn't could prove it that uniting together types different. Not it was I still know that there was once a series of these three divisions, X, A, HA, with the same guy, that it is that of the Gorgon (see T. LXXII un. 2-4).

II Mommsen he believed oh the number instead of the XX it had nothing else example that in one only coin of the Museum of Berlin, e However, I declare it a mistake on the part of the engraver. He didn't know the half, oh it shows itself today too in the Museum of London, and at the Mazzolini in Campiglia; he didn't know about the sestertius and oh these three divisions exactly they match of weight. Furthermore that they rose up, how I demonstrated other time, against the feeling tence of he doesn't few specimens that if they have any in public collections e private e I am of cones different. No le fractions inferior they would have reason to exist, if it's about- taxes of I'm wrong of the engraver, the which one had carved X in place of XX. Vi it was therefore once a nummus ar- genteus hill divisions by half e of the fourth : the series it is anonymous, nor so far has you feedback of numbers denarii col kind of Gorgon they have follow or reverse types, like they have them the numbers of the two Xs. We will say that let it be this the coin minted by Servius? If any if he said he didn't know- we pressed to oppose. I demonstrated the Etruscan origins some time ago of king I serve Tullio, put out of controversy by the discovery open of paintings vulcenti. I glories triumphal and they teach that he it was frequently in Etruria e he fought against it, and no he got no less of three triumphs in the years 182, 186, 190. Cicero he could therefore truthfully write that Servius avenged

T. LXXYIII LATIUM, EOMA 63 with war the injuries of the Btrusclri: Eltuscoriim iniurias Mine est V'Itus (de rep. II e. 21), and Livy narrates that Servius moves war ai Veienti and he put some iu broken uu army exterminated (Lev. I, 42), cast large hostium exercitu. It can so well be that for le expenses of war has in Etruria defeated the silver that antiquity attributes to him. Eoma meanwhile not it had its own mint e Livy he could I asserted that the year 350 does not yes it was still in this one city beaten silver (L. IV, 60): nonchim argcntum signalum erof. in which we fully subscribe to the opinion of the baron d'Ailly (Beclìcrches sur la monnaie romaine, T. Ip. 160), with whom also we agree to concede to Rome its own coinage of silver and gold before the time indicated by Pliny. The d'Ailly I was right to the PPs. Brands and Weavers arguing, also supported to the authority of the Bor- ghesi, that the series of coins silver e of bronze glue epigraph ROME and ROMAN, le which ones they want each other from others jokes in bell ticks, they are instead been issued from ticks of Lazio : he too yes pertains to the opinion already from others issued, which i two-faced silver with Jupiter in qua- driga and fulminating on the reverse they were issued by the mint of Koma first of the time pointed out by Livy (Epit. 15) e followed by Pliny (loc. eit.). Le reasons from him attached there they seem solid e especially we note that, that drifts come on refunds of Trajan. Because it is clear that Tra- ian he returned the coins of the republic beaten in Rome : e he wouldn't have with them reproduced the two-faced col Griove fulminating al reverse, e alone it, if not it had been certain that that coin equally of others he reproduced were minted in Rome. The weight primitive of its main unit giore it is of . you are scruples that yes divides the scru- poles 3 each (Plate LXXVIII, 18, 22). CoU'argeiito it is necessary say that yes also beat the gold: but we know of this metal only gold, whose types they were then played give it mint You. Veturius in early years of seventh century of Rome. We have too its half in gold e in electro, e we deduce it from the weight, not carrying signs of value. The greater unit weighs eight scruples e half of it weighs four. It is though came out a exemplary, that al weight of scruples four e ai types aforementioned congiimge individually the note of value : this it is the number XXX. From the first possessor that was it the shop- ziante Hiss if he gave quick report to Borghesi, the which seeing that that number weighed one sextula or yes the sixth part of an ounce he opined that in number XXX yes they should recognize thirty sesterces! But he didn't he noticed that doing the value of four scruples of gold equal to thirty sesterces silver it lowered of too much H value of gold, a scruple of which was thus equalized to seven scruples and a half, being known that few years later one scruple golden it was worth twenty sesterces of silver, while he did it I evaluate before seven sesterces and a half. The Mommsen he went iu other sentence: because whereas the sestertius it did not precede the time of the new division of the money in- troduced by law of 485, he estimated that the number thirty should be worth thirty aces of weight libral. But he doesn't yes he warned, which thus admitted an incredible relationship between gold e the bronze, establishing that one scruple golden themselves in proportion with 1800 bronze scruples that are obtained from sum of seven aces books and a half, after to have place, although mistakenly, that the weight effective of the axis it was of gr. 240 ('). A dissolve the knot it was as necessary suppose that 1' gold was state beaten when the Roman axis had decreased up a almost an ounce. But in such a time erasi already issued the sestertius e reason dictates that the notes of value of the gold they refer to silver when this is there not to bronze. If you want it then consider the high one age of the gold and met- terlo al even of the silver he carries the type same, yes will have to say that the XXX concerns the smallest unit of silver, that it is half of the nummus with two faces e the lightning Jupiter ' nante in quadriga, not being in that beaten age rune fraction lower. Thus a scruple of gold will be worth seven smaller units and a half, that is, gold will stand as one to silver scruple to twenty-two and a half, each being a smaller unit of weight of two scruples ; or assuming decreased by little the weight of the nummus, as in fact is found by experiment rienza, it will stay as one a twenty. It is therefore deduced that the number XXX marked on the gold it's not valid thirty sesterces how he thinks the Bourgeois, e not it's worth it not even thirty aces books, but yes thirty minors unit of the nummus argenteus decreased (see below), which I am equal to thirty quinarii primitive of Roman coinage.

In the opinion of the lauded Baron d'Ailly the denarius and the gold coins Romans with their own broken were issued together with time of the new coinage assigned by Pliny at 485; but he estimates that this began to emit when yes they created the monetary triumvirs, that he said of Sixth PM- ponio they were established together with the triumvirs capitals (de orig. juris. leg. The) : constituti sunt eodem tempore et trium- viri monctales aeris argenti auri flatores et triumviri ca- pitales, qui amministraziones custodiam haberent; and you know from Epi- trtmeXl of Livy that these were created in 465: Triumviri capitals tunc primum created sunt. But Pomponius assigning them 465 commits to trial by Mommsen (page 47) a manifest error. And which one? He he didn't say it, but one can conjecture that he assumed place the triumvirs monetales before the mint on Capitoline Hill in temple of Griunone Coin whence they drew the denomination of monetales, being that temple built when erasi declared the war a Pirro and the Tarantini : ir you rtoòi lliSgov xcà TaoavTtrovg (') n Mommsen supposes that the Roman axis weighed then ten ounces e the ounce was of grams 20 J- But the experiment taken from Baron d'Ailly proves that him aces of then they generally reach 312 grams equal to ounces 11 gr. 24. Such a sum of facts is gathered from 288 scruples. Furthermore warns that the majority gods sextants e of ounces they are reported to the axis of 12 ounces effective. Tarrone also said that the coin is older than the first Punic gnerra weighed 288 scruples {D. r. Tust. L.I e. 10): Jugermn habel scripula 288, quantum as antlquus our ante bdium Punicum pendebai.

64 LATIUM, KOMA T. LXXVIII noXs'fKii (Snid. v. ,itoi');T«). It doesn't seem strange to us that Pom- ponio may have named these triumvirs monetales col name become then solemn, e nothing stop, that yes state created a college of three, with the ancient name of collegium aerarioruin fabrum of number not defined by law. No the Mommsen finds it unlikely that yes beat in Koma silver first of the Plinian era at the time of the war of Pyrrhus (p. 30): « Rien ne prove que the établissement de the coin atelier of the Romains in the temples of Junon mo- neta neta coincides pas avec l'epoque of the war of Pyrrhus et par consequent with the release of the silver cleaver » . He is certain that before the new creation the money silver e of bronze had decreased of value effective, the axis semissal it was dropped quadrantary , the two-faced come on you are scruples had dropped to four. We have them the prows as to the decrease of bronze : one ounce retorted on top of a coin of Hiero II (Pl. LXXIX, 35; d'Ailly op. cit. i. II p. 135) of weight of gr. 5, 61, 22, which cannot precede 478, when G-Heron began to re- gnare, nor can it be after 485, when the axis it was descended to weight of two ounces e it was said sextantary. From the big I am well-known moles museums him weight axes of a semisse e of a dial; of that they make full and authentic tenth testimony le very diligent searches for the eh. ba- rone d'Ailly (see you. I pages 47, 48 e 155). In how much to the nummus argenteus with the two-faced and the Jupiter fulminating in a quadriga here it is the result of the factual studies by the pre-praised d'Ailly (op. cit. page 159). Its maximum weight yes, though excessive due to the exuberance of metal (page 180), it is of gr. 8.03, the minimum is gr. 4.27. He weighed 99 with the legend ROME ineusa, 56 with the legend in relief ed he noticed that the former vary in weight from gr. 6.77 per g. 5.70: e that i seconds they are between i gr. 6.82 e 4.27. The mine private collection includes twelve and of these you are with law- useless thing e as many with legend in relief. The scan- give it stoned confirm i data of d'Ailly, in how much that yes each other like him others do not go above gr. 6.60: there is also rmo with epigraph iuousa (Plate LXXVIII, 21) that weighs gr. 4.30 a little more of that of gr. 4.27 with leg- genda in weighted relief from d'Ailly. From what experience can be deduced that already included or not they have precedence of time as it has opinionated d'Ailly, on the inscriptions in relief, that is, that not yes it is ceased of coin it even when the weight had decreased ; which proves true for other things too topic. In little treasure of Mas era there is a denarius col type of the Dioscori e the sign of the horizontal anchor (Plate LXXVIII, 25) retorted above a two-faced with the legend useless ; it is well preserved e good style ; its weight it is of gr. 4.90. I denarii with Dioscori and without symbols of this storage unit do not exceed weight the gr. 4.40 : of the 75 they have symbols, none exceeds the predicted weight of 4.40. With the law of 485 it was determined that by one lb of silver yes they cut 72 money and yet that the money the which one it turned out of weight of 4 scruples yes divided into here- narii e sesterces! : naming so by the correspondent go- lore of bronze the largest unit of silver, his half it is the fourth part. The gold it was equally divided into three fractions from three scruples to one, of way that the eldest unit weighed alone three scruples, the two thirds 2 e the one third 1, go- I lend every scruple 20 sesterces of silver. These portions of silver e those they brought some gold the same type of the major one; i numerical signs for silver were the X, the V, e the US ; for the gold the LX, on XXXX, the twentieth. But as for the proportion of silver to bronze, this, as yes it is noted above, it would be incredible if you didn't have to suppose, this that moreover we know, to be with this one law lowered the real value of the axis, hence it happened that the sestertius not themselves at two and a half pounds of actual weight fective, i.e a gr. 830, place the axis of gr. 336 pound effective, but a gr. 224 of the quadrant axis or rather a gr. 280 of the axis triental. And we can add, that when the value of the number mus he lowered himself to 4 scruples him one was added minor unit, of which we have two examples the one in the col- Priedlaender lesson of weight unknown, the other in Museum- of Naples in the Santangelo collection of weight of gr. 0.96: the his type it is the two-faced on one side and a wild horse from- the other glue epigraph ROME. Whence also it is deduced that existence was impossible of sestertius first of 465 or of 485.

Us we have of facts seen that the silver, the bronze e the gold otherwise yes they corresponded, when a nummo was coined of art- people weighing six scruples e his half of scruples three. If gold was was beaten for the first time 62 years later of silver, as he says Pliny, not they would correspond to him that yes aces reduced to weight effective of an ounce. Now we we have golds that they carry as a symbol the iron of spear the knotted stick, the pentagon, the anchor, and yet yes run- they respond seize aces sextantarii imprinted with symbols pre- sayings. So gold not it began to beat from 547, e vice versa afterwards the 537 era of the uncial axis not they had piti aurei, not finding any that repeat i symbols imprinted up those aces uncial, or 84 denarii per pound. For everything what we are certain oh i Roman magistrates who they beat coin not they begin ad imprint i symbols around the year 553 i.e verse the end of second war Punic, as it has established the Mommsen p. 43; indeed it is of- show it that e symbols and names in monogram yes they have in the era of the axis sextantary. Let us be an example the money with the monogram A/ e the one with A'E and with PX , and those oh they bring one of the letters Q, V, l- acute, to omit others of weight not again ascertained. We also know that Pliny confused the primitive type of the nummus denarius with the mo- netation started at 485, if he wrote that note silvers outside bigae atque quadrigae. Le quadrilles on these money it was- they were imprinted towards the end of VI century e the chariots with Diana even later. I Roman denarii from 485 onwards eb- drink for guy, up to a certain constant time, the diocors, e like this i quinarii, e i sesterzii. Because the first denarii yes they cut to 72 per pound.

T. LXXIX LATIUM, ROME 65 how yes it is said, and therefore they weighed gr. 4.50; which will then be decreased to gr. 3.86 let's try it from done, concluding that they broke therefore 84 from each pound. This one decrease occurred in all probability in 537 when the axis was reduced to an ounce (d'Ailly, T. Il parte I p. 114). Yes it has begun to doubt of origin of victorious established by Borghesi to 527 later the triumph on Illyricum. This region beat the drama; not otherwise than Mar- siglia: so that the victorious corresponds in weight to the drama must be slato advised by the need of trade with neighboring peoples of the two seas the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, the two stores that of Eiccia e the most recent of Masera they showed us, how many yes was introduced by Eomani with the victorious the money e le its fractions, nonetheless it was preferred in those places the convenient use of the victorious, so that the there was little or no money in it. The coins of the first 100 weapons they are been found in these treasures or preserved or bulldozers while i victorious they are worn out for the most part sign. In Spain e maybe even in Italy yes he coined a double food- riato which weighs 6 scruples, how much i.e the primitive num- ìiìus argenlcus of Rome. The victorious it is state imprinted a Corfii conquered by the Eomans in the year 525, and fought there everything too the quinary. Apparently of course the "firsts emissions of victorious they were made for purpose to provide in a way special and abundant fearfully of this currency those who traded immediately diately with the people of the two seas, near i which he was in vogue the drama. E is confirmed by considering that with co- texts victorious not I am states found quinarii nor sesterzii, but I am states found alone, how in Taranto, or in- together with alone denarii. 14. In the Marseille Museum. Beardless two-faced man crowned with a degree. /?. Two men armed of spear e of the sword the one without beard and in armour, the other bearded e in short wound tunic with the tips of their daggers they hold a little pig arms from a minister who has bent one knee and looks the man that is on the right, meaning by what it is he who speak: in the ROME exergue. I chose this example among those found in museums in memory of my friend 1854 in which I began from Marseille the examination of the numismatic museums- tics of France. Its weight is gr. 6.72 i.e. of 6 scruples. 15. In Kireh. I types are the same ones that in the golden precedent tooth. It weighs gr. 3.36 i.e. 3 scruples. 16. In the Museum Vatican. I types they are him themselves gods two am-hey previous ones, if not that under the neck of the two-faced man it is marked the note of the value XXX. It weighs gr. 4.46 i.e. 4 scruples less two centigr. 17. In the Kirch. Two-faced as in previous issues. B. Jupiter ful- undermining in rapid quadriga. Electro weighing gr. 2.60 to 3.20. 18-23. I types of this one series up al n. 23 I am him same as in the electrum of n. 17. Two-faced beardless. R. Jupiter lightning- nante in a guided quadriga from Victoria. In n. 18 only yes you see add one ear of wheat with the reverse type; the epi- graphe ROME it's in the groove in the nos. 19, 21. In n. 22 that represents the quinary or half a penny primitive the here- Driga faces left: the one in my collection weighs 100 g. 3.20. 11 n. 23 it is a silvered bronze. This metal is gone they find in certain number and also without a trace of silver, of such that yes it is believed that yes was beaten a coin of copper with these types. 24. Coli. Santangelo. Two-faced. there. Galloping horse right: under ROME of weight of gr. 0.96. It is so one hecte la which greater unit would have from unite to the guy of two-faced (nos. 14-23) that of free horse, which is found in the numbers of Table LXXVII, 4-8. 25. In mine coli, from deposit of Masera now past in Museum of Naples. Head of Eoma with helmet winged and head of griffin, with pendants e necklace: behind the note X. R. The two Dioscori with the spears challenged currents on horseback verse right : of under you anchor, in the ROAAA exergue. Coin re- joke over a number he had the type of the two-faced, of which remains a safe vestige in the cut e outline of neck on reverse, e al straight stay half of epi- graphe ROME engraved in mixed socket e retrograde. The weight of this money is of gr. 4.90. Baron d'Ailly weighed in 29 examples with the legend in the recess and noted that the major weight it is of gr. 6, 77, the minor of gr. 5.70. Ha also weighed 56 specimens with the legend embossed and writes ranging from gr. 6.82 at 4.27 (Research you. I p. 159, 160). A mine exemplary (u. 21) with legend in recess weighs gr. 4.30, as I have already noted in the previous dissertation mass, which it will be beneficial of read a clarification of coins I have distributed e described in this Table e I will describe in the following.

In which I can't find the dissertation nothing from change after to have read the new one distribution that resulted post from the De Petra. Some mild difference in the sums partial of the specimens, if there is, it can explain yourself for the you- additional fee of that money and victories that came remitted by Maserà when yes he wanted it was the little treasure materially whole. Ta^'. LXXIX. 1-4. l no. 1, 3, 4 are from Kircherian; the n. 2 it is from Blacas (H. de the mon. IV pi. XXIII, 11). The weight of these golds it is of two e of a scruple, i.e. \^X of gr. 3.36; XXXX of gr. 2.24 and XX of gr. 1.12. The n. 2 door for sign one club, or gnarled stick, which it is also found on money, on the victorious e on the axis that it is sextantary, to which era must be assigned, while the sextantary aces ceased in 537 demonstrate the limit extreme of emission. 5. From deposit of Masera. Head of a woman with pendants and col- wool covered of galley winged: behind X. R. The two god re with lance lowered they run on horseback on the right : downstairs ROME in relief on a sunken background. It weighs gr. 4.30. This one manner of minting that consists together of relief e of the in- cable e the we'll say for this shape mixed, it is been warned also by Baron D'Ailly (See Recherches pi. XLIV, 4). 6-8. Money quinary e primitive sestertius of weight of four,

66 LATIUM, KOMA T. LXXIX two and one scruple, with notes of value X, V, US and the epi- graphe ROAAA. 9, 10. From deposit of ilaserh, it is stretch the victorious oh I give here engraved, n. 8 ; but the semi-victorious n. 9 I have it taken from duke of Blacas. The S digit is missing in both a right of trophy the which one in two specimens of Borghesi appeared very obvious (Decade XVII ; Oeuvr. t. II page 295 ): The weight of these two specimens it was 1.44 grams, 1.48. Not now there I find in catalogue that of this illustrious one col- bourgeois lesson it was printed in Eoma 1881 ; no to page 112, where they were to be looked for, wow elsewhere. 11. Blacas had some the footprint from Mr. Zobel of Zangroniz, e I he said. Dopino victorious of weight of gr. 6.37. 12. From Blacas (ft., IV page 28 pi. XXXIII, 4), communicated to him give it Zobel: victorious in which the legend it is incuse, of that if they know about it three specimens of weight of gr. 2.99; 3.11; 8.47. 13. In coli. my. Head of Apollo on the right. Piece retorted above the guy of one head covered of helmet of which one re- they eat le vestige. R. Victory crowning a trophy: in the ROME exergue ; in the field L. In 650 the victorious yes he equaled al quinario, which led to type the head of Jupiter or how here of Apollo on straight, e the Victoria on reverse. To give an example I chose this one of mine, number, because d'Ailly never comes across the victorious series distinguished with monetary letters, in any case that brought a L. This letter then has a normal square shape; why such paleography was used in this seventh century of Eoma. 14-16. Al type constant of the Diosoori they happened in the money i three types that I have expressed here, the moon in biga in act of drive only, then, n. 15, in the act of handling the whip: thirdly, n. 16, where to the moon it is replaced the Vitto- ria in progress of lash i horses that guide. 17. A fourth type that succeeded that of the moon was the Diana in chariot of deer with quivers at their shoulders and a torch lit in the right. Below there is the star to chase money scythed. 18. In that era, which we say of the monetary signs prior to initials of names of magistrate, came the idea of money with toothed outline. The magistrate that he issued it he placed you for teaches a wheel a you are rockets. It is not and cannot be our thought to include in ours collection i types of coins introductory come on magi- layers ai who was responsible for minting money. This is it a branch of numismatics that for use yes separate deal mindfully. Nonetheless, after the examples of the types introduced below cessively from the republic I have wanted give some wise gods triumviral types e to this end I have chosen the first four money (nos. 19-22), e we'll see the why in notes following. 19. 20. Head galeata of Eoma, behind the neck a vase in im handle believed to be the crucible of sacrifices, but declared by the Bor- ghesi {Oeuvres,Y, 130) per the mulctra or milking pot the milk. Hence acutely Borghesi infers that Fosthis rather, it is the surname of the author Sextus Pompeii of me- give it that of shepherd. R. The she-wolf who breastfeed the two ge- melli a foot of a tree on which yes a bird is sitting while the shepherd Paustolo look with amazement the twins to the sterns of the she-wolf: in other specimens we read next the name FOSTLVS than here it is out of coinage, the name of monetary magistrate is Secctiis Pompenos who is there in n. 17 with the letters SEX. POM and in n. 20 with erroneous SEX-PMO metathesis. In the exergue it's ROAAA. This one acronym POAA it is now the first time you read about silver. Brasi established in do this difference between the bronze coin of this magistrate e that of silver: that the bronze always read POW\ e 1' silver instead always PO. Or this one no difference yes will support more for the two specimens of the deposit of Maserà, which they give us on silver once POAA e another for PMO error. Al Cavedoni v year in mind that they could attribute these coins to ago- miles Pomponia or Pompilia [Observation essay. p. 17 ; As soon as. p. 147) but the Borghesi rejected the Pompilia yes proves convinced that yes Pompeia, e assign this Sexto that believe son of Pompeius, great-grandfather of Pompeius Magnus first half of the 7th century [Oeuvr. II page 129 ff.) forward to the law Petronia. 21. From deposit of Masera. The Veturius coin makers adopted for own like a Mars in straight e in the reverse that type of faith action which we observed in primitive golds. They say that he did it in memory of his ancestor T. Ve- thurium Calvin, in which consulate (a. 420) ai Samnites e ai Campania was granted with peace the straight of city sine suffrage (Veli. 1, 14): Campanis data est partique civitas Samniliurn sine suffrage; or for the peace concluded with the Samnites at the Porche Caudine in 333 (Liv.

IX, 1) : nu- hilis clade romiina Caudina pax (cf. H. de the rnonn. ed. Blac. II p. 806). Ours money takes away from us from uncertainty in which he leaves Mommsen's description, doubting himself if the head yes of Mars young or of the goddess Eoma. The hint of sideburns in this Uncirculated show in- doubted, that it's a Mars. E a lot there is confirmed by the con- front of this number with other of the war Marsica (Plate CXI, 21), which Cavedoni estimates to have been from Italians copied (ad Carell. tab. CCII n. 26), where the cheek of Mars it is all flowery. It is to note that here i two wars rieri of I'm cowgirl at the point of arms, wherever in the gold he who wear the armor has one in hand short spear reverse e in the left the sheath glue chlamys or marsh- date: here instead he he leans to the spear and door the parazonium sheath over the shoulder. Handed with the type of gold yes wanted express a federation for which he agreed to the Campania region the citizenship : e in the money of Tiberius Vetu- rio yes it is understood instead of express the Caudine peace comes nourished by both the peoples below le weapons. 22. From deposit of Masera. It is the return of a denarius from P. Cal- purnio, that in straight door the head of Eoma and behind the nape the note of value X.I non-numismatists san say which one divinity yes that what's going in a chariot e vi it is crowned from Victory. Yet we must consider that eight-shaped star rays that a gods horses door imprinted on side. The

T. LXXX LATIUM, EOMA 67 Mommsen, De Witte e the Blacas [fi. de in monn. II, IV page 41) I they have believed and expressed qual note of money, e therefore they say that this note X vi there is two times, behind the head of Koma and on the horse's side. But Since when have there been notes of eight-spoke pennies? Furthermore looks good clear one globe in center: le which ones two pai-ticolarit^ they prohibit that take note of go- lore. It it is therefore a star, which we will define with all verisimilitude pel planet of the goddess Venus, what's going in biga. Then finding each other on side of the horse has good results tro in coins of Naples, where vi yes see more times a star on side of ox androprosopus (Plate IXXIX, 14, LXXXIII, 1). In fact, this goddess is fine with being rich braid of hair falling down on shoulders, something also noted by Bourgeois {Oeuvres I, p. 141). But he didn't believe it that it was Venus, but with that woman in a chariot choir- born from Victory yes alluded to a maritime triumph : e of his explanation he attached as a whole the of- up. Therefore this dolphin of Borghesi not yes is never seen on this money, if it is perhaps not that the tail of imo dei horses might look like a dolphin. Publius Calpurnius is not known to us: P. Cal- Purnio Lanario who lived in the second half of century seventh, why in closet of Masera hidden certain- mind before 630 if not I am found eight specimens e everyone bulldozers. Rightly so him yes an era is assigned pili ancient, in which he could exercise the superintendency of mint usual give yourself to young people on the beginnings of theirs political career. 2:3. From deposit of Masera. Head of covered Eoma of helmet winged: behind whose neck it is an urn without handle with co- because finished cone-shaped from whose top it dangles the bow of the tape that it serves lift it. R. Woman iu, quadriga fast holding a rod in his hand flaunts eolla d. a pileus conical deprived of eaves. In the bottom C* CASSI ; in the exergue ROME. 24. In coli. my. Head of a crowned woman with a sign of con- tromarca on face: a left it reads FREEDOM, on the right Q. CASSIVS. R. n temple peripteran of Vesta, with inside a healing chair: in field a left one sitella, a right a tablet hill letters A C (Absolvo, Condemno). This coin beyond to singularity of the counter-brand that in coins gods Cassii has not so far another example is was engraved here by me comparison of the currency n. 23, the which explanation I have given in the Periodical of Strozzi e in the Civil. Catholic, where I demonstrate that C. Cassius in type n. 23 boasts the law proposed table from his father his king- lative to freedom of suffrage in rallies , e Q. Cassius col type of the no. 24 while remember this same law pump together of famous judgment of Vestal that made famous his ancestor. 25. In coli, of the bar. d'AiUy {Recherc.hes, t. I pi. XLI, 8). Koma head double embossed for overhang of coinage. R. Prow of a ship struck above the type of the trident that is used see each other in coins of Hiero II: of below vi it is the glo- good sign of the ounce. It weighs gr. 6.70. Praise him Mr. d'AiUy it is useful to demonstrate that this ounce would not be could have been minted before the reign of Hiero, that debuts at 478 nor after the 486 era of the axis sextantary which he reduced to fourth part the weight of the axis. Rightly so therefore it is deduced that at that time there was a decrease in the triental axis a quadrantary or yes of three ounces. 26-33. Nella, coli. my. Bearded two-faced man e crowned: of above, the sign of the pound, R. Prora of ship to d., above branch of laurel, of under ROME. The series of the sextantary axis not first of all it has no sign other than the types of the republic; then they begin the magistrates to put any sign on it, then we move on to sign up abbreviated names. I have omitted the simple here axis e replaced the axis likewise sextantary carrying for I sign a branch of lauro, for give so together \m wise of those series that they bring i signs. I types in this one age never varied of bronze I'm Roman these: after 1' axis described forward; the semisse (no. 27) head of Jupiter e al reverse constantly the bow of ship time to d. ; the trient (no. 28) head of Minerva; the dial (n. 29) head of beardless Hercules; the sextant (no. 30) head of Mercury; the ounce (no. 81) head by Eoma galeata: the epigraph it's ROME with the A or A, that is A. The half ounce (No. 32) without no note; that is with the note of semoncia, that in- the specimen of the Vatican Museum engraved by me (n. 33) is already cent mouthful p-) like of a i", but sometimes it is almost vertical 3 how in a sextant belonging to the system semissal, weighing gr. 11.00pm free of the two little globes that I have in mine collection.

The his origin it is of sure the S greek, of which one yes they are needed also him other peoples italics in distinction to the sign of the semi-axis S, 5, which is usual notice with a s Latin curved or angular line. Plate LXXX. 1. At Depoletti. Coin struck over a semisse of which they remain le tracks safe in the bow glue epigraph sub- toposta ROM e in the Yes note of value. Head of Minerva with helmet Corinthian time to d. R. Prora time to d. with a dolphin in relief at the rostrum; of below vi they are read the first two letters of ROME, above is the note, 1 1, of value. He was therefore, as a demisse that he was, beaten by dupondius Its weight it is of gr. 39.15. The Mommsen {Rull. Inst. 1862 p. 49) assigned it at the time of the axis uncial (weak or perhaps to series semuncial, H.de the mon. T. Il p. 215 n. 1), and adds: Money does not it certainly is a trient re- done, because i trienti minted more heavy ones overtake of little the weight of 20 grams. He therefore did not notice that the coin he was first a demisse. After Mommsen has it published the d'Ailly who thinks that be beaten above a axis sextantary (Recherches,T. II p. 131). You'll see it then reproduced by Blacas {H. de la monn. you. IV tab. XVI, 3 page 24); but still this time vi is omitted every clue of the semisse front. A I have confirmation of this bronze in this one same plate printed at no. 25 another semisse 9

68 LATIUM, KOMA. T. LXXX the which weight it is of gr. 47.00. Both therefore belong to a axis quadrautary, e the dupondium could be beaten when the axis it was uncial. 2, 3. C here for the sake of uncial diminutions and semcials the two axes no. 2, 3, e of these 1' one simple 1' other with emblem of the Victory that crown an iron of spear. 4. The semisse of this number weighs gr. 3. I chose it because unknown al d'Ailly. It belongs to series of the axis of- minute to one fourth of ounce. Door beyond to the note of value, Semis, repeated a other S on the two faces, than not it is other if not a sign coin badge taken from to- fabeto, which custom he has vulgar examples in the coins of families, but not it is so far the opinion of numismatists is in agreement around you to when these letters they are to be kept for initials of names of city and when they should be considered signs gods manufacturers gods mint. It can However, it is generally said that le letters they are initials of proper names or of cities or gods magistrates in all those classes of coins le which ticks not they used them for distinctions of coinage or of the authorities that they have them issued. Continued now one series of very small bronzes that they carry with various types the municipality sometimes the same name ROME; everyone of weight lower ai gr. 7, the qual weight was established from bar. d' Ailly as last limit of decrease of- the semuncial axis. However, he believes that these bronzes they are states beaten at 714 when ceased the axis semuncial, for everything the 715. But this opinion does not yes he claims. We ab- we love in a way of example to ours n. 15 a bronze that has for type on the head of a galley woman obverse and reverse a double cornucopia. It was published by PioreUi (unpublished Mon. Table I n. 4) bro the coins urban of Campania op- nando that probably yes state beaten verse the fourth century of Koma, perhaps in Naples which issued a small bronze of equal weight with a cornucopia on the reverse (see T. LXXXVI n. 10). The Cohen Mecl. consultant pi. LXXI n. 16 p. 348 n. 40) e d'Ailly (pi. LXXVIl, 8) behind the head of theirs ' exemplary they saw you ed expressed a globe, qual sign of value. If it is so, not you can this bronze include among those who the d'Ailly believes it belongs to reduction of the axis to the fourth of ounce. And not even let's see how yes they can reduce to this one class those pieces that they bring the note S (nos. 6, 7, 8) or the three globes « « « (No. 9). In the meantime we will give it the description: 5. Two-faced bearded. R. Ship's bow, AMOJI (d'Ailly, LXII, 5). 6. Two-faced bearded. R. Prora of ship above C, under ROME (id. LVII, 7). 7. Head of a jailed woman. R. Naked young man leaning on a trophy with left hand and carries a club: in front Yes, behind ROME (id. LXV, 8). 8. Head with pointed beard e hair gathered around the tiara which binds them en masse to the cervix. R. Prow of ship, below S (id. LXV, 9). 9. Head covered with lion skin that seems double, but it must be one overhang of coinage. R. Prora: above ROME, a d. three glo- betti (id. LXV, 11). 10. Head youthful galeata. /?. ROME (id. LXV, 20). 11. Juvenile head covered of pileus Phrygian. R. Prora of ship, ROME (id. LXV, 15). 12. Head radiata of sun. R. Prora of ship e under ROME (id. LXV, 16). 13. Bearded two-faced man with the libra note on top of the two heads. R. Victory with crown vaulted d. (id. LVI, 111). 14. Two-faced laureate. R. Cornucopia and on the right. ROME (id. LXXVIl, 4). 15. Head of woman with scattered hair to cervix, behind glo- betto. R. Two cornucopias and ROME (id. LXXVIl, 8). 16. Head of Mercury with the petasus winged. A. Double cornucopia and ROME (id. LXXVI, 8) 17. Nude youthful head. R. Cornucopia and ROME (id. LXXVIl, 1). 18. Bearded two-faced man in circle of pearls. R. Victory that crowns a trophy (id. LVII, 10). 19. Bearded head e similar graduate to Lucius Verus. R. Lupa that breastfeed the two twins at the foot of a palm tree, in the ROME exergue (id. LXV, 17). 20. Diademed youthful head. R. Prora of ship (id. LIV, 13). 21. Paustulus, leaning on his stick, raises his right hand. A. The she-wolf that breastfeed the twins at the foot of a palm tree. It's in the collection mine that I found in the excavations of Vigna Velluti in Palestrina. 22. Two-faced bearded. R. Hercules given that suffocates the lion. From one of mine cast taken maybe in the Museum of Vienna. 23. At the bar. d'Ailly seemed inexplicable this axis with the types ro- hands and with a Greek name read by him half -VCOC (Plate CXIII, 13). It is of series uncial weighing gr. 5.34pm. Corfu could be the homeland; because in his mo- netation it is served gods midship and double-faced types. The name it's for me that of the magistrate local. The Komani minted coins on their own account in Lucerà e in Canosa, leaving both these cities to contribute to it with the name ROMA also the initial U and KA, or C, or CA.

This oh proven from its origin of these coins fre- those in the countryside of Lucerà e of Canosa. Vi it is though a series that replaces the aforementioned letters with P or T e this or alone now conjoined with a U e like this the P that is seen once together with an S on of a bronze with types of the Roman sextant; We will talk about these later. Now let's talk about it holds the series lucerina. 24. 25. We saw in the series of coins Lucerà melts with Roman types one more axis and a semisse 'of system quadrautary; or we have room here first of all a se- Roman statue awarded the U initial of Lucerà that weighs 10.20 gr. (u. 24) and yet belongs to the system of the axis triental. We have furthermore (n. 25) a semisse of gr. 47.10 that belongs to the axis quadrautary. These two pieces co- niati demonstrate that in such firsts reductions of the axis first mythical yes used to melt i pieces larger reserving the coinage for him minor broken pieces. The first piece it is in the my collection, the second was of Eiccio {Repertoire, in frontispiece cf. p. 30). Mine drawing is taken from a cast, what about I own. 26. Dall'Avellino {Bull. Arch. Napol. T. III. tab. 3 n. 3). Head of a covered woman of galley winged beaked of griffin and necklace

T. LXXXI LATIUM, EOMA 69 around the neck : behind it is I follow (lell ounce, below the neck im U. R. Ship's bow above ROME, below the sequel of the ounce. It weighs gr. 5, 36. The type of the obverse is similar to that of the quinarii e gods sesterces! silver beaten in the Lucerina mint. 27-30. Coli. mine. The two quinarii, the sestertius e the victorious ai Roman types add the letter U, now on straight now on reverse: it's in the straight to the numbers 28, 29, on the reverse side numbers 27, 30. 31-34. Series of the currency of bronze with Roman types beaten in It will shine: the initial U found repeated on the obverse and in the rove- I'm sorry, or on one side only, of which an example is given in the r axis e trient (nos. 31, 32), in the ounce e in the semoncia (nos. 33, 34). Table LXXSI. 1. In the Kirch. Head of Apollo laureate, behind U. R. The two Gods- scraps they have pinned down the spears running a horse: say under ROME ; in the army the note of quincunx. It weighs gr. 9.20pm. 2. In the Kirch. Head of Ceres crowned of ears. R. Victoria who drives a quadriga: above U, below ROME ; in the exergue $••••, note of arousing, where the S ha the value, that in the Roman duodecimal axis, of mean you are, and not the half of the axis decimal, as in bronzes of Atri. His weight is gr. 16.85. Meanwhile we will have learned that the Lucerini to mark the value of the axis had two ways, because they made use of unity (Plate LXIII, 23) or of figure dinotant the axis decimal that they meant with a semis followed from four globes. Of the sign of pound, U, in this sense they never serve themselves; the Atrians yes, what they do also use in equal time of the S e of the five globes a note half of theirs libra decimal. 3. In the Kirch. Bronze with the types of the Roman sextant given as dranting : below al neck of Mercury there is a U , above vi I am i three globes ; and on the other side ROME e vi yes they repeat i three globes. Its weight it is gr. 10.00. He gave it too the bar. d'Ailly {Researches, pi. CIV, 4, 5), and he had it in the his collection Lovatti. It will shine yes it is served of sextant Roman raising it to the value of three weak casts (cf. Mul- ler, Anc. Afr. you. I. page 123). 4. CoU. d'Ailly {Researches, pi. CIV, 14). Sextant with types Romans and a L- below al coUo of Mercury: al reverse, in addition to the two globes, there is a in the upper field S. It's but- nifesto that the two notes of value are independent from each other pendants. If we wanted to demonstrate that the piece was worth two ounces and a half you had to write •»$ as in coins of Venosa, an ounce and a half yes writes «S. But if the type of sextant which we have seen also become that of the half an ounce, had to here be used for semoncia, not it was necessary the note of sextant and it should have been omitted. Brin- disi, apparently, gave us a similar example (Plate XCVI n. 38) using coinage of a trient on which they have imprinted the letter S, leaving intact i four globes to the place of exergue, both on the obverse and on the reverse (see Plate XCVI, 38). It must therefore be concluded that these coins, while I am sextants e trienti in their own series, faun too part of other series that he has weights e denominations different. The Roman sextant it is together a S , £, i.e. half of other unit that can probably be 1st offering , the which half it is of four grams e little piti. In that time therefore the hemiobolus was equivalent ad a sextant Roman reduced. 5. In the Museum of Vienna (cf. la coli. d'Ailly, pi. CIV, 17). n its weight it is of gr. 3.43. Bronze with Roman types of the se- standing, omitted though le notes gods globes, e replace you in the field superior the sign of the semis £_: The letter U initial of city it is on the obverse and is repeated on the reverse, where it is also ROME. 6. At L, Sambon (see d'Ailly, pi. CIV, 18). Head of Er- beardless cole covered in the lion's skin, his chin raised U- R. Pegasus on the right. above £: below ROME. In Table 75 n. 12 a bronze is found with the types that are reproduced here. It will shine if not it is served for type half an ounce. 7-9. Coli. my. Victorious with common types, but beaten in Lucerà, of qual city bears the initial U; furthermore him can be seen in the field of reverse im T, that is these two letters are joined together in monogram on the reverse only n. 9. The weight of the no. 7 is gr. 3.00; of the no. 9, gr. 2.75. But us here we can't do our hair to the opinion that these two let- tere are initials of the first name of a magistrate, because the letter l- can also be read alone in the victorian of Table LXI n. 30. It's remarkable the fortuitous finding of a UT on Mo- purred net (Plate XXXIII, 1) which I attributed to Eieti: there then I hold for of course they are initials of the modern magistrate netal. It will shine can well be entry in confederation with one of the two Theani the Apulian or the Marruccino and following the costume will have the initial of his name is inscribed for this purpose on the coin.

Besides, not has an example for you on coins lamps silver of proper names of the dissimulated magistrates sides in acronym. Others thought of Teate before me (pr. Minervini, Obs. page 91), while the Cavedoni am- stimuli two names of a magistrate {Roll. arch. nap. II, 133). 8. In the Vienna Museum (cf. d'Ailly, pi. CVI, 7). Young head nile covered of galley Corinthian a d. below U. R. Young a bare head who rides on the left; in the RoMA exergue, below the horse T with the very worn cross line on the left S. The Viennese example it is used and it weighs gr. 0.90: qifello of d'Ailly peel gr. 0.98. The figure S can mean half, the in- tero not yes it is again seen: but it is sure that he would have i own types lamps, and not the Romans. But we don't have to imagine that this S mean half victorious. The coin it is of the times in which the victorious yes it would be repeat learned in Lucerà col Roman type, like his unit. Borghesi held that in the Roman semi-victories the figure IS in his opinion it had to be explained for a sesterce and a half. Yes they have of made of coins bearing as their type the Vit- crowning tory the trophy and in the middle field the letters IS : but these do not have by type of Jupiter's head straight how i victorious and i true semi-victorious (T. LXXIX, 9, 10)

70 LATIUM, ROME T. LXXXI yes the head of Apollo; e yes you know clie these begin ad emit verse 650 when by law Clodia yes re- took over the suppressed production of sesterces! assimilate them though in value to the quinarii, as I said in its place. So we we marvel at how the Borgliesi could have been if- guito from Mommsen in this one of his sentence. Furthermore, the thing itself is absurd. Because if the S means per if half, that is, a sestertius and fourth (cf. Table LXXXII, 9), to what le must stay in front that unit , that the Bor- ghesi claims mean a sestertius? Conclude that that IS has that initial value, which we have the different letters, which are usually found on the quinarii between Victory and the trophy. Borghesi also attests {Oeuvr. 11 29.5) to have in his collection of victorious vehicles with the S to the right of the trophy that it's reversed, and that one repetition saw near it the d'Nott, which was later purchased by the bar. d'Ailly (Oeuvr. t. VIII p. 206). But if it is not mentioned in the sales catalog of the Nott collection nod, but the knowledge that has also been found elsewhere is useful. What if it is so, e the S note the medium victorious, it will be this a new reason to reject the explanation of note of value that yes it is wanted to give at letters IS. 10. Paris, Gab. of medals. Head of Minerva, below the value note, two small globes and U. i?. The two Dioscors glue own star on summit, the spears in the left e le right high currents riding a d., below T horses; in the exergue ROME. 11,12. Head of a covered woman of pileus Phrygian griffin beak: below U, behind the note of the ounce. there. Dioscorus current a horse with spear in hand, under T; in the ROAAA exergue. The Fiorelli printed the same currency [Obs. mon. rare Table I n. 6) with the particularities of the letter T- repeated in mono- gram on the reverse, e the covered knight of a Christed helmet, which I have I reproduced al n. 12 on faith of he, the epi- graphe ROME you miss. He attests a p. 3 the monogram seem uncertain to him, but which he provided do draw with the eldest accuracy. 13. The two heads of the Dioscores covered of conical pileus: behind T. /?. The two horses of the Dioscori with the two stars: in the exergue U. That T which in all the coins of this series holds the place of reverse giving in to letter U the place of straight here takes the place of the straight, and the epigraph ROME it is omitted. It will therefore be this the single independent minted coin - mind from mint of Eoma e of purely mu- character main. * 14. In the Kirch. Head of Ceres surrounded by ears of corn, behind P. R. Qua- driga guided from Victoria , under ROME; in the exergue S**** note of arousing. It weighs gr. 5.00pm. 15. In the Kich. Head of Apollo graduated to d. behind P. fi. The two Current Dioscores a horse with the spear held above they shine their stars, below is ROME : it is placed in the exergue the note of the quincunx •••••. It weighs gr. 8.00. Yes it is look- cata the homeland of this series the whose initial was a P. Il bar. d'Ailly had the idea of attributing it to Perugia, that is to Paestum, which city, he says, is not far from Lucerà. The di- room bro two o'clock city indeed not it is little, for it will shine it is in upper Puglia and Paestum in Lucania. But yes as well : e how you will that in Perugia etrusoa e in Pesto colony Roman yes have mint coins that never yes they are found in this land? And then how to put it in Pesto such coins, that is in Perugia, that we don't know why they should appropriate with types luceriui the system of the axis decimal, of which one certainly not in Pesto vi it's nothing feedback, nor in all of Lucania. The Romans beating coin in Lucerà they have placed there the initial U and when re- they produced these series of coins in Peucezia which co- he started from river Cervaro where ended the Daunia : amnis Cerbalus Dauniorum finis (Plin. H. n. Ili, 12), e when they issued it other series in Siponto post town allo outlet of the same river, that is in the nearby Salpi not they affixed to it the U, but the letter Yes, as we see here in the next number. We also learn from Stefano who at Argirippa dares Arpi there was a city called Paesus or Apaesus whose ethnic it was Paeseus or Paesenus (p. 102 ed. Meinek.) : ear xal Tr^g Javviag nóXig Ilalaog xal 'Ag- yvQiTTjTa, fjg rò iOrixòv naioiog, ?^, oniQ afietvov, ncctalvog. So it could be that among this Paesus and Luccria vi it was one league: but it can also be proposed that the Lucerini they made an alliance with Pentri, that later the battle of Canes not yes they gave ai Carthaginians how the rest of Samnian nation (Lev. IX, 31: XXII, 615, and they were able to confess have fun with Lucerla them close. 16. Museum of Turin, edit from Fabretti, e here reproduced by a cast.

Head of Ceres belt of ears; behind to nape an S: remains the strips of boar from coinage before rior. R. Hercules stopping the deer: there is a club nearby and in lower ROME : the ear of corn remains high and one of the boys ir betti of previous minting. The coin is struck over a dial of before decrease belonging to series representing the youthful head covered of the strip of boar e on the reverse the bull that runs, the ear in high e and the value note • or e . (Plate LXXVIII n. 7). This S it is in such a place, where soles sculpt yourself the initial of mint that is the note of value. Rome can having issued it in B- I bridge as I have warned of above; that is in Salapia: if this is not was that S would notice the value by half. 5-7pm. Coli. d'Ailly (Reche. clies, pi. LXXXI, 16, 18; LXXXII, 1). Coins with struck Roman types iii Canosa with the epigraph K^^ i.e. K. In the class of Roman coins minted in bronze load-bearing alphabet letters and believed to represent initials of mints this group was still included series with KA e the following with the legend itself, exchanged alone the Greek K in C Latin. Now from this group yes they are if- saves the ones they bring the foretold legend, e theirs series yes it is counted, as the light, among those who don't- they undermine the mint for initials. To the very serious topic of provenance not vi is that to oppose, ed I can instead con- stop it with mine experience. 20. Kircherian. Sextant beaten over a bronze of Gteron II with the guy of quick of Jupiter on the left. and the trident on the reverse side. Ha the head of Mercury al straight e in reverse the bow

T. LXXXII LATIUM, KOMA 71 a d. e the letter K: upstairs it is the ear of corn, below ROME. Hiero II reigned from 478 at 540 e bronze weighs gr. 8 e though hinting like this to the axis sextantary, not it is front at 486. We are missing however of the ounce but instead we have the semoncia (d'Ailly, CXII, 8) where the head of the obverse that the d'Ailly represented for women it should be in- instead of Mercury. 21. Kirch. Sextant with Roman types and legend ROME: furthermore next door at the bow of the reverse la syllable KA in mon. e of above the ear of wheat. It weighs gr. 5. 22. Coli. d'Ailly {Researches, pi. CX). Head of a woman with ca- skins collected at the back of the neck time on the right R. Prora time to d. of above the ear of wheat and next to KA. The ROAAA legend missing for flaw of coinage. And one semoncia: I appreciate it though that the head must be of Mercury, not female. 23. Coli. d'AiUy (16, pi. CVIH, 19). Bronze with types of if- Roman present published by d'AiUy (Table CVin, 19). He has write two letters SP under the bow of the reverse. It's a semon- what belongs to the series of Roman type: not par Thesimilar that the S thus joint with P being the digit of the value e the P must refer to an uncertain mint of Puglia. Po- instead think of Spoletium as a Latin colony of 512. 24. 25. Series of bronzes with Roman types e the epigraph CA. The axis it is state first by me expressed by an unresolved exemplar beaten edited from d'Ailly (Table CI, 1). Then I have given a second that is reiterated, where the minting was not successful due to disruption of the metal. Therefore I am in both clear two o'clock heads beards of the two-faced e not you will have to grant al Bourgeois {Oeuvr. VI pages 371, 373 Lettered from 1828) that one face is beardless, the other bearded. The no. 26 it's in the my collection. It is state beaten over a bronze of the Oeniadac load-bearing for types the head of Jupiter e al reverse the protome of Achelous with the epigraph OINIAAA(N). The axis described by Borghesi weighs gr. 25.80 and it is therefore held rather for uncial, that semuncial: him it does though amazes A in century seventh that had to be gone for a long time in disuse. He assigns it to Capua (p. 372) and cites Avellino (Giom. numism. n. 1 page 3) : at Cavedoni (ibid. p. 372) it seemed rather imprinted in Puglia e living room comes that this one his opinion it was then proven true from Eiccio's work on the coins of Lucerà : but now not there is numismatic what about you doubt. Kiguardo to the A- ado- however beyond al century sixth ho already noticed in the Sylloge a p. 42 that this form was also used in the seventh century in nummis Apuliae, and it is only in the entry ROMA of the mo- Roman netation that ne ceases later use the 610. Table LXXXII. 1-4. Nella aeoli. my. Continued the series of Ua tab. previous that door the epigraph CA. We also have this the ounce that however, he is missing from the series inscribed KA, e the semoncia (n. 4), that I have warned having to represent in that series the head of Merciuio and not of a woman. 5, 6. Quinario and sestertius with Roman types. Gauled head on the obverse: the two Dioscores in reverse where we read in the exergue ROME and below the horses M . This monogram yes it is different explained. The Kiecio attributes it to a family Eomilia. But reading it he should have had an A in the monogram search rather the Eomania family as it has done then the Cohen in the supposed that the first letter is, as it is in fact an R. It could still be that Eiccio when he imagined the explanation gation has read RoM, as one might assume Cavedoni, and so on indeed he read Burton in the catalog of the Pembroke collection published in 1848. Most singular is Carlo Lenormant, who Q found you • MARI. Which interpretations having the Mommsen refer in the note (') to you. II H. de la monn. page 225, concludes with reject them all. The bar. deWilte in you. IV of same work a p. 29 it shows difficult a who believes that it could repeat here twice the name of Rome. This interpretation seems to me has been proposed from Brother Lenormant, which estimate that this yes made for attest that this coin does not it is been issued in other mint in the name of Eoma, but in Eoma itself. Now everyone sees, that this way it would be due repeat twice above all the minted Roman coins in Eoma the name itself of Eoma, while it always is enough say ROME, because it is tended that the coin it is was issued by it city. But here it is a new obstacle : because the baron d'AiUy doesn't read R the first letter, so O, and ha like this bed also Cohen in table XLIII n. 7, and similarly after all Blacas and de Witte in the table. XXIII, Tom. V. H. de la cleavers, n. 5, publishing on page 2 the example here- nario preserved in the British Museum.

But it is very certain that the first letter is due read R which letter appears clear and clear throughout the series possessed from Mr. Bel- linens, that I have front; e I'm U money, the sestertius, the axis, the semisse, the dial, and U sextant. Established then that the first letter in the monogram it's a R does not remain that of read you a name or surname in four let- tere ROME : le which ones since we have shown that doesn't yes they can read Rome, name of the city, it is worth persuading be aware that they are perhaps a shortened surname, or perhaps they should good reverse, setting as an example the MA in front e so we will have Maro, oh instead Varo, if we consider that the letter M vi yes find apparently rather than real- mind melting the connection in V ed R. This series belongs to the era of the sixty-year-old axis tooth towards the uncial : because the axle weighs gr. 34.50; the semisse gr. 18.50; the gr. dial 9.00 and the sextant gr. 6.20. The weight then some money is gr. 4.45 and that of the sestertius is gr. 1.10. 7. NeUa coli, mine, from the Maserà warehouse. What I have here ahead said from the series of ROME monogram bearing coins yes you can say also of the CROT 11 Borghesi established that was a surname of family , offer yourself to him a T. Metilius quite a You. Maecilius Croio lieutenant of Appius Claudio praetor in Sicily the year 539 (T. Level XIII), 31. Others then commonly opinion e with them the Momms«n who these victorious they are beaten in Orabone and therefore they bring some

72 KOMA, GALLIA GIS., LATIUM T. LXXXII the name. But I'm not of this opinion, and I think like this. If the monogram of Corcyra, KoP, e the name of the magician layer, Af and the year in which the Eomans occupied this city they make it certain, that those victorious they are been hatched in that island, however opposite not it proves that in Vibo they are been issued these numbers first of the colonial deduction ' in that city, when alone le it was possible be changed the Greek name of CEIB or EIPnNION in VALENTIA that constantly carries on his coins. More to 565, era of the colony, i victorious not they fought more and he doesn't production resumed only about a century later in 650, when they were equal ai quiuarii e vi yes he turned his head of Jupiter with that of Apollo. How then it will be explained the long trip of these victorious, up in Sannio and in the Cisalpine Gaul where yes he knows that they found each other, and they find each other however, demonstrating them to us the recent one discovery of Gambolo Lomellina, where she came in light an olla containing 170 victorious, with the only legend ROME, e bro they imo with the epigraph CROT [We. of the excavations, 1884 pag. 167), while no one has ever heard that neU lands of Crotone and Mon- teleone in Calabria if not they find, and none were found either no specimen in the treasure chest of victorious suns discovered not has heals in Tarantino soil. 8. In the coli, mine from the Maserà depot. It's singular, why not yes it is view so far the Victoria bring in the left hand one crown, while another places it on top of the trophy. The legend in three copies of this deposit it's like I have it expressed \B: the second of the two lines that make up the V not it is more high, but they are both equal. We will say together which also for this new finding ruled out the conjecture by Cavedoni who suggested we read VB {Repost. p. 176 n. 155) : not though we accept the opinion of Mommsen who recognizes in the coins of the n. 7, 8 two mints opened by the Eomani one o'clock in Crotone and the other in Vibo. The two CROT victors of mine coli, weigh gr. 2.70 ; 2.90. 1 three with\S used for healthy gr. 2.80; 2.90. Those of Blaoas collection have of weight gr. 3.30; 3.21; 3.00. 9. Coli. Blaeas {H. de la monn. T.IV fol. XXIII, 19 p. 30). The its weight it is of one gram. Borghesi had two examples plari that they weighed gr. 1.48. 1.44. If \B was a name of Vibone it should have been with ancient spelling write, \EIB , how it can be read on pre-CEIB coins. But what- Name text has never been found on the coins of this colony that they constantly carry the name of VALENTIA, imposed on her come on Eomani. Others reasons yes they read exposed in offspring- gomeno to tab. LXXIX. 10. 11. Coll.D'Ailly (Recherches, pi. CHI, 3, 4). Quinary e vit- thoriated with Roman types: they have furthermore below i horses of I pour a monogram «8: indicating the name by Eóqxvqcc, ed a other a right containing two initials Af of monetary magistrate. The Eomans occupied Corcyra in 526, and how you can see it they minted money there letting that yes indicate crates the name of the mint local e also by the magistrate. It's useful this to confirm of what has been stated above rela- lalivamente to the name CROT which is in Latin letters, parendo that that Greek city to indicate its name would have had to had to use the Greek language as Corfu does and not the tina, if not perhaps in the name ROME. Now after those numbers that they are held issued by the Eomans with their own types outside of Eoma I will add some others of bronze e of silver they have types Romans without the name of Rome, that is, they bring types foreigners with the name of Eoma. ] 2. In the Museum of Florence. Juvenile head laureate R. Protoma of bridle horse, under K^ i\0. The letter X> is worth A in- the alphabet euganean , e though the name yes law Kasio. The Mommsen has some described some of this rare coins (Die nordtctrusck. .ilph. page 213 n. 36, 37 ; p. 253), that they were found in Jonquières between Grange and Sorges together with coins of Marseille. But the ending is always in OS , K^^IOS , K/'^ lOon (Taf 37 A, B); sometimes retrograde t\j Olrj A>l (ib. e), never K^

30 where the Roman coin with the head of Minerva and backwards the braking protome of the horse is seen reproduced together glue legend >IOW\A ;, if not that the number VIII is added to it, which custom of numeric figures indicating the value gods pieces has analogous examples in Celtic gold coinage found in Colombey, in Porto of Valais, in Val of Aosta bro i Bloodletting , in great St. Bernard (see Mommsen, Die ' northtetr. Alphab. page 202 Table 1 a. 1, 2, 3, 4). 14. In the Vienna Museum. Head of Apollo graduated a. d. R. Half androprosopus ox with star in relief on body facing right. in high PilMAIilN. It would be strange if Eoma beating ima libra or Campanian offering with the Neapolitan types he had inscribed you one's name in Greek language and literature PilW\AiAN. Ben but they can the Neapolitans have done this due to significance establish a confederation. Because that's exactly what it is imo of ways to express it using a city their own types and inscribing the name of the city with which he made a deal the agreements. True it is though that in such case the character e the usual language be that of the ally, but examples of the opposite abound dog. Like this I explained once again the epigraph osca the MVITRIT in coin of the Teate Apulo e the Greek epigraph AAPINilM in coin by Frentano Larino, in which two bronzes the types are Campania. How much to the bronze of Cyrene which is sometimes inscribed KVPA al reverse, e such other IMfll al straight (see Muller, Numism. de Vano. Africa, I pag. 36; eph. p. 29 n. 100), it seems to me analogous at coins attached, in which ones i Cyreneans and not the Eomans have inscribed in the Greek language the

T. LXXXIII. LATIDM 73 men of Eoma. Du Chalais thinks that due to significance fidget theirs gratitude to Koma (Revue numism. 1851 p. 85-87), rEctliel estimates that to do her honor {D. »7. v. V, 4), e so also Locri writes in Greek PilMH and (liSTIs: in one his coin minted as a sign of honor e gratitude. 15. In coli, mine, from Pistoia. Head of Apollo facing left. from- boasts the epigraph TAMOA^ and in the field a S in front of the neck and another S behind. R. Ox andi-oprosopo crowned with Vit- tory, between whose legs uu T. The legend is name RAOMAT that wants believe themselves to be equivalent to Raomoe for ROMAOC 16. In the Kircherian from the waters of Vicarello. Head of Apollo time to d. /?. androprosopus ox crowned by Victory: in- the exergue --HAMO.. , that is, Roman. LATIUM DAWN Alba Pueente of Marsa origin, Albenses qui sunt Marsi ^enus (Paulus in This p. 4), is located on the borders of the Equi e therefore considered as fair by Livy (X, 1) and by Strabene, which places it a contact with the Marsi it is iogovaa Magooìg (V, 111, 13). He had one Roman colony in the year 452. Yes it is doubted whether it minted money before this year: a I think he's the type of the coin of silver with the eagle e the lightning if not it proves it, persuades him: e so the Minerva. Agii Albensi was attributed by Mommsen to the first series of cast bronze coin. The series assigned to her by Mommsen, it cannot belong to this city, in whose lands there are none never found any piece, not even in the lake. The Venetian Albensi They had a tutelary god whom they called Albensis Pater, and there are attested by a plate found in Alba with dedication AL-BSI PA- THREE. The Prenestines venerated the Twpenus Pater (SijlL 1491), the Reatini the Pater Beatinus {/nscr. vet. Réat. page 7) that it will probably have been VAuctor gentis, the xzidTrig in this case city, like the founder Aeneas of Lavinia, venerated there with the name of Indigenous father (see Civil. Cat. quad. 778 page 467). 17. From a footprint in sulphur. Head of Mercury a d. R. G-rifo which takes flight to the right, and AUBA (Carell. Table X n. 8), which reverse you can see it in part duplicate by cantilever of minted in an example already owned and outlined by the Pio- relli {Mon. uned. Table I, 1). Its weight it is of gr. 1, 28 e in others specimens, 1, 25; 1, 11; 1, 02. The controversy rela- tive to the nature of the animal winged if griffin or pegasus bra for these two well-preserved specimens resolutely against Caronni e in favor of Sextini. It it is griffin composed of the part front of eagle and hindquarters of lion, like I describes Father Eckhel (D. n. v. I p. 100). 1 8. From coli. my. A similar number was published by Avel- linen (Opuso. II number 11; R. M. Rarb. t. II Table XVI, 8). Head of Minerva a d. R. Eagle above lightning time a d. It weighs gr. 0.60. 19. DaUa coU. my. This one coin it is described from Eckhel [D. n. V.I page 100). Head of Minerva a d. R. Aqua (over lightning) time a d. e repellent a left: above AUBA. It's in the Pellerin, Ree. pi. VII, 5 and in Carelli, Table X u. 6, 7. It weighs gr. 0.60 and in other specimens 0.59; 0.58 and less. SIGNIA Signs it was city gods Volsci e the Komani they deduced one from you colony the year 259 renewing what was said before deduced by Tarquinius (Lev. 1, 56) to protect Rome: prae- sidium urbi futurum (id. 11, 21): Signia coionia, quam reco Tarquinius deduxerat, supplement number colonorum iterin deducta est. On coin takes for Mer-like curio, to whom he gives the petasus winged: but in an example of mine collection , him you can see it on his head a pileus Phrygian likewise winged e also equipped wide embroidered band for year- give it to the chin, so that it becomes doubtful if let it be rather a Perseus: but it is sure that if this was not him convert- bbe the caduceus, yes the liarps, or let it be sword from hurt tip and cutting with washer from one of the sides. This one colony gives us one of the first examples of the letter G, that in- the Latin alphabet begins to stand out from C, to which until then the value of C and G had been given. Fu therefore created a new one letter and that it was obtained with a quotation mark addition at one of the two ends of the C, placing it of above, that is of below: it ended then col keep constantly the end lower, e it was adopted in century fifth in Lucerà and elsewhere. The bald head of Silenus joined to a protome of signal in a way of Janus geiainus, I am a apparently a symbol gods fertile vineyards affiliates at sel- some appropriate flounces to hunting of boar. Note the Ca- see [Spicil. numism. p. 12) that several conjectures yes I am done from others about this type [Daily Arcad. 1828 tom. XXXIX p. 244), and he proposes one of his own which Yes- leno Marsyas is a frequent symbol of Roman colony, e the you sound like a signal allude to the name Seignia being one of the insignia of the Roman army, whence he deduces what signs it was military colony 20.

In Kirch. Head of Mercury covered of the petasus winged: ac- cost al neck a dolphin, in front of a caduceus. He had signs a Roman colony in 259 (T. Livy I, 56 and Dionigi d'AU- carnassus, IV, 63): Dawn much later in 451 (Lev. 1; Veils. I, 44). This one coined the semblance silver, but Segni he also issued the libella. R. Head of Silenus a left joint to the protome of a wild boar on the right in the field of under SEIC above the letter A, monetary sign very minute character- tere e but omitted so far why not seen. He has it engraved Carelli and the Sestini but not before Capranesi has you expressed the dolphin {Ann. Instit. T. XII tab. P, 2). The example plare of Vienna it is one of those who read ^EIC, in others how it was already noticed from Ritsohl and from me the last one letter it bears a superscript now at the top, like the specimen Kircherian, now down G, with whom yes wanted from Segnini distinguish the C from the G that about a fifth century yes he introduced in the al- fabeto Latin having only been used up to that time the only one letter C, as I have noted in the prolegomenon. 21. In collect. my. Head of Mercury but in sob way covered of a pileus Phrygian winged and armed of wide ribbon pendant, decorated with embroidery. The dolphin e the caduceus are there

74 WHAT VOLCIENTIUM T. LXXXIII expressed as in n. 20. R. Head of Silenus on the left. joint to the protome of a boar a d. In the field of under SEIC, above is the very minute monetary letter omitted up to now by him publishers. It weighs gr. 0.60 ed it is but a offering. The pileus Phrygian winged is seen several times in head to Perseus clie cut off the head to the Gorgon. We know that he got from Mercury the shoes, but we don't read that he had that number also given the pileus. So the Signini are i alone bro him ancient people who do Mercury in the dress of Perseus, while commonly in Perseus they are taxed le insignia of Mercury. COKA 22. Paris cabinet of medals. Head of Apollo graduated turn left. R. Hero on horseback covered of arcadian pileus dress of chlamys e of half-legged shoes in act of launch one verretta or javelin running to the right. It weighs gr. 6.70. Carelli, who owned this didrachm, gave it engraved in his LIS table, 1. The then also produced the Millingen when Carelli's tables were still unpublished: but vi read SORANO, e I attributed to Sora {Anc. coins. pi. I, 1 Recital. page 237). Then he corrected his lesson e gave the coin straight to Cori [Suppl. aux oonsid. pi. II, 17; page 21, 22). I have it stretch a cast from the origin ginal I did draw. The Koran epigraph is in- doubted; there is furthermore, what no one has before noticed, that the hero brings half-legged shoes, which particularity confirm the opinion of Cavedoni that al pileus Argive vi he recognized the Coras brother of Catillo e of Tiburte founded bulls of Tivoli (Serv. to Aen. VII, 672). Choirs it was colony Latin (Lev. II, 16) in 251 and rebelled as he passed on the side of the Aurunci: he returned therefore to the confederation Latin, sic- because in 370 it appears in the list given by Dionysius, where however reads Kógvoiv (V, 61). The Eiocio describes one of his bronzes with Campanian types and the KORANO legend (Repert. page 3). He wrote to me that he had sold it to Baron Beher of Stral- sunda [Letter of 28 September 1863), but not he says in what time. It is though sure, that in this one collection, knowledge skinny catalogue of Mr. Pr. Lenormant, Description de médailles du baron Beher, Paris 1857) not he was still en- processed during the year in what about was printed the description. WHAT VOLCIENTIUM (ETKURIA). It is known for certain that there was a Cosa or Cossa near Orbetello, where Ansidonia is now: the texts of ancient writers abound dano: between i which ones I like point out the Itinerary. husband. (ed. Partney n. 514) where ninety stadia of distance are assigned from the island of Griglio, Igilium, to Cosa: and Cesare, who in (L. 1 chap. 34 of B. civ.) tell of Domitius have he took it seven ships from private citizens of Cossa and from the aforementioned island e let them climb on top servants, freedmen e settlers his, he led them with ad occupy Marseille: Domitium ad occupandam Marsiliam navlbus actuariis sept , almost , Igilii et in Cosano a privatis coaotas, servis, liherlis colonis suis com- pleverat. To these two witnesses I add one old la- pide found in Orbetello, what that republic of the Cos- healthy, COSSANORVM MANAGER (Or. 971) , dedication to Gordian third. But there was no other thing than Caesar (de B. civ. Ili e. 22) poses in lands of ancient Thurio, writing that Caelius Vi- Nician, pretending to go to him, instead went to Thurio and there he tried to lift the garrison of his Gauls and Hispanics, who irritated they took it away the life in the same time that Annio Mi- lone got some slaves out of life sentences he was trying, he says, to oppose What in the countryside of Turio: quibusdam solutis erga- stulis Cosam in the Thurino countryside to oppose caepit; and adds that Milo died there from a stone thrown at him from the walls, headstone stroke ex wall periit; and Pliny more particularly lets us know that Milone had begun to operate from the stella Carissano but who was killed nearby (//. N. II, 57): Juxla [Castellum Carissanum) T. Annius Milo occisus est. E parmi that doesn't be Caesar the just that speak of this Thing because I see you are comfortable with the circumstances of the Thing written by Hecataeus Milesius near Byzantine Stephen, which places this city in Enotria, and within the land : Kóogk nòXig OlrmtQav sv tuì p^aoyeù/i. I know that Velleius (L. II, 68) writes Milo's death occurred in Compsa among the Irpini : but it's a mistake, because Cesare, who knew well where they were of garrison his Gauls and Hispanics, he says the death of Celio occurred in the town hall of Turio and Milo removed of life to Cossa in the countryside Turin.

Take revenge i steps who speak of two Cosse, that gods Volcenti e that of the countryside Turin, stay now that you see- come on if there is no other Cossa : because the Lexicon fur- lanettiano printed in Leipzig poses ima Cossa in synn paestano Campaniae prope Pompeins, for the which one cite a wrong the place of Caesar that we have seen indicate it in sour Thiorim. In which beyond to confusion all his of sinus paestanus with sinus puteolanus and Campania where it is Pompeii, with Lucania where Pesto is, that Lexicon, I say, it seems that he adopted the sentence of those bro i which ones it's Lo- renzo Justinians {Option. geogr. tom. IV p. 102) which poses they go one Cossa in Conca city little far from Amalfi; e according to these writers one of the five cities we had, says Giustiniani, under the name of Cossa. He does not name which ones I am to his believe these five Cossae, but not it's bad- easy guess them, putting them together the Cossa Volcien- tium and the Cossa in the countryside Thurino, the What that yes pretend- deva be where It's Compsa , the Conca of which one here yes speaks, and the Thing ad Lirim, which was certainly assumed foundation than of a river called What for the valley of Prosinone goes to discharge its waters into the Liri. Of this river they speak Amazing (L.V p. 237) and Eliano in two places controversial (Var. hist. II, 26; IV, 17): now all- tavia it's called with that name. Premises these news it is after that we turn to the numismatic question that arises it was the reason. It's about of know from which one What happened niata the coin he carries the name Coza, e gods Cosanesi, Cosano. Many say that these coins come from Cam- pania, waves It was hard to find a city of that name in the lands of Campania. By that sentence was the Carelli in whose De-

T. LXXXII WHAT VOLCIBNTIUM 75 script i read the first time the suppository What to Lirim. A him he opposes the Avellino in the notes declaring, that of this one there was no city news. But he supports it instead that the What of the coins must look for each other in the city of the Irpini in ancient times called Compm, nominations old, and then Checkout (ad Carell. descript.). This opinion was followed from Millingen [Couiider. p. 229, 230). Not Avellino he attached other evidence than a Gruterian inscription found in Compsa, in which it was read REIP. COSSANAE (Grut. DCCCX); But now it has become known, that this entry was inserted into the text of Apiano, from which he took it the Gruferò (cf. hiscr. r. n. hit. ed. Monims. n./207). We have declared that there is no it was one Cossa ad Lirim, nor any Cossa among the Irpini : let's still say that the Conca in sinu paestanu not is never been Cossa: not they can therefore assign coins to this Gosse imaginary, yes of Campania yes of the Irpini that they have mint coins with the legend COZA and WHAT. But where did this firm persuasion come from? in Carelli and Avellino? as far as it seems to me for two months different tives : Carelli because he kept this factory coin brica bell, and yet he was looking for their headquarters, and not tro- vandone any, he imagined that next door to the Cosas River I give us- There must have been a city of that name: AveUino was then abandoned persuade from interpolated epigraph of Apiano and believed what a Compsa yes was also called Checkout; he denied then to What of the Etruscans this coin, he didn't think so possible, that an Etruscan city could emit nummi of factory, of types and epigraph not Etruscan: nam etruscis Casis tribui does not possess a fabrica, ti/pis, epigraphe manifestum. The Avel- linen, apparently, it was of opinion that Koma sent the colony not in the Etruscan Cosa yes in Compsa of the Irpini ; and this is truly also the opinion of Eunkenio and Madvig, for whom Momm has recently declared himself sen, and for the reasons attached by them, and because he esteems very certain, that these bronzes are minted in southern Italy dional, probably in Campania. Then he says that according to Titus Livy; where he writes (XX, VII, 10): El ab haughty Pontian seas et Paestani et Cosani; not yes you can think of Compsa Mediterranean city, but to one city site on west coast of Italy , but not to What Etruscan, which Euhnken and Madvig rightly rejected nanny for two reasons: because Livio the he says deduced together with Pesto, e that for them judgment cannot to be, that yes they deduced both in same year, and why verse the year 481 Koma not he spread his conquests towards Etruria- ria, but in southern Italy. {Hist. de la monn. 1, 186). He therefore shows to ignore that a these two reasons had already answered the Zumpt (Comm. epigr. 1 page 257 n. 3, 1850) : the first not being valid nothing, why they have you other examples of two colonies deduced in the same year, p. And. Eimini and Benevento, or rather I would add three (Liv. XXXIV, 45): Coloniae civiìim romancium eo anno (558) deductae sunt, Puteolos, Vulturnum, Liternum. And a lot naeno has value the second, de facto based on Livy's epitome (L. Xin), that the Romans then happily waged war in Etruria and in the Southern Italy : res prosperous in Etruscan Lu- canos Bruttios et Samnitos gestae. Finally consists of Pliny, that a colony was established by the Eomans in Cossa Etruscan: Cossa Valcientium to the Roman people deduced {li. No. III, 8, 51): and they were right about it to fortify themselves above sea from this side, why war was expected against the art mata of Carthage that it was was called by the Tarantini in help and that in fact he came in these same times (Lev. epist. XIV), Carthaginensium classis auxitio Tarentinis come. Eesta now another topic, that the prudent Avellino- mind not touch, that of origin of such coins. However, Sestini talks about it where writes about these coins ces- healthy, who come on the side of Italy which was the kingdom of Naples; and the Eiccio {Reperì, p. 19), which are found in Campania alone. These two testimonies one of a nu- mysmatic Tuscan e of great fame, the other of a great col- reader of coins and shopkeeper sagacious in Naples they would have great weight, if it could be proven that they speak from experience rience and not for opinion preconceived. Of course i facts they don't try than the coins of Cosa, of which we know only two types, are found in Campania and in Campania alone that is in southern regions which they were already kingdom of Naples. If like this if it were it would be inexplicable how the col- tion Santangelo very rich of coins bells not possess not even a exemplary, and how the Avellino pub- blicando in R. M. Bourbon (you. II tab.

XVI, XLVII) the series of coins bells of the royal medal table , e de- writing them (at Eiorelli, Ann. of Num. II page 4), didn't find any exemplary to outline. The Ca- relli then in the catalogue of his collection he showed himself like this little expert in these Cosan coins which he held for one coin on which the Avellino attests that it read RO- HAND from one and on the other side : ROMAN Epigraphen in utraque facie depi-ehendi, I don't WHAT. Just one example plare it is therefore that the Carelli had e described in his long career of a numismatist, and this col type of Pal- lade ; the other which it has as its type the head he didn't have one from Mars and neither he saw it at the Eckhel for do it affect the his tables. At Eiccio it was the same unknown the head type bearded of Mars: that of head of Minerva I gave He found, p. 19) yes, but wrongly transcribed. In which two defects falls equally the Sambon other collector of Naples, ed publisher {Researches, p. 58) ; such strangers ai ours numismatists it was these bronzes that pure they say find each other in Campania, e in the Campania alone. Here instead in public e private collections of Rome and Tuscany the coins of Cossa however there is no shortage of rare ones. He had it the Borgia at the time of Eckhel in his Museum in Velletri: he has it the Vatican Museum, he has it the Kircherian, I still have it in mine privately collected and comes to me from Chiusi. Final- mind the Marquis Strozzi writes to me now like this : « The coins of What really are found as has been said many times in the near Ansedonia. Give it to him you dig come on gentlemen Viva- I

76 ACER GALLICUS, PICENTTM T. LXXXII relli in Talamone four or five years or I'm ne I had different ». After everything this seems to me that doesn't yes However, I would like to persevere stere in the false opinion which assigns such coins to two unknown ticks the Thing of Liri e the Compsa of the Irpini. 23, 24. Head of Mars Barbala e galeata a d. fl. Protome of horse braked time a d. that is a left, col dolphin I pull over around the neck and the epigraph on the reverse COSANO, OMA205 25. Mus. Kirch. Head of Minerva a left e the whole epigraph AZOD. R. Horse protome braked to the right and COZAMO. Come on times of P. Eckhel who publioò the first the two specimens of coins of What that they were kept in the Museum Borgiano imo glue head of Pallas the other with that of Mars {Syll. I. number vet. page 81, D. n. V. I. 90) to those of Carelli (Tab. 17, 18, 19), and from those of Carelli to ours not yes it still is noticed by anyone that two o'clock read- people WHAT and COZANO are not promiscuous , but the before it is constantly like this written in the bronzes col type of Mars, e the second it is only in those that they have the guy of Minerva. We don't admit hence the idea proposal from Mommsen that the Z would disappear good now from the alphabet ar- caico of Eoma, to then make a new appearance in the era late. I am i Cosani that they introduce it and not the Romans: Like this the G yes saw before between the Palisci, in Lucerà e in Signs and then on debuts of the century sixth in Eoma. Vi it is of plus another distinction to do: because the coins col type they don't have Mars so far on specimens known to me more than just one epigraph e this one al reverse: that one instead col type of Minerva always have a double legend on the side of straight the other gives that of reverse. On coin col type of Mars it's WHAT or ONAZOD, up that col type of Minerva it reads al straight COZA, on the reverse side COZAHO e yet this one sometimes retrograde. Well so reason the Carelli, when gave WHAT for maimed legend a reverse of the currency n. 1 of his De- scriptio, but not Avellino that he said seem to him whole: in- tegra videtur in hoc numo epigraphe if it were WHAT not abrupt ut Careltio visum. So correct yourself also the Cavedoni who places WHAT two times al straight e on the reverse of the coin, col type of Pallas. He will have also well noted the Avellino that on the coin engraved al n. 2" from Carelli where it is the youthful head covered of helmet Christus time a yes- nistra not it was good read WHAT, but yes had to read RO/\AANO e on the reverse equally ROMAN. Yes it still is searched if the letter Z has the its value own that is be one variant spelling of the S. A such question seems to me they answer the Cosans that doesn't they use them promiscuous but they serve themselves of S in those coins that they have for type Mars e of the Z in others which they bring the type of Pallas; demonstrating like this the passage from one spelling to the other. ACER GALLICUS ARIMINVM 20. Head bearded covered of pileus conical time a left A. Armed man of clypeus elliptical, of spear which he holds, and equipped with parazonium in low wide plate. She's naked the head e that part of the body that not it is hidden give it shield, while go of good step a left: in- r exergue ARIMN. In some specimens the pileus of Vulcan he sees himself with a degree: e P. Marchi also noticed a torque around the neck of the soldier who it is on reverse. P. Eckhel (fl. n. see p. 96) attests of having read ARIMNO in more specimens gods various museums of Italy. To me not it happened to find some any in no museum, e not even in that of Pesaro, that of such specimens it is very well stocked, not much elsewhere; but alone that in some specimens the epigraph it's ARIM, and goes sometimes from right to left. Eimini coined this bronze then what was deduced there the Roman colony in 486, as they did others colonies Latin Benevento, Isernia, What, Copy, Valenza and Pesto. He estimated the Eckhel that the covered bearded man of pileus conical it was Vulcan {No. vet. anecd. p. 6), not Ulysses as he had the Khell opined and recognized on the reverse a soldier cock, not Diomedes. Al Millingen {Consider. p. 222) didn't like it Ulysses, but not even Vulcan, because, he says, the head is not covered of pileus rather than a helmet. He therefore concluded that a local hero should be recognized there. It seems to me that i settlers Latins wanted to represent Volcano, the god of ofBcine gods blacksmiths treasury and deity tute- lare of the colonies. Indeed the Carelli in the Descriptio places in on the head of this figure is a helmet with crest: but the Avellino the he corrected (cf. Cavedoni in tab. Carell. p. 7). I'll see then al I pour a Gallo Senone soldier in his costume. Citasi a number of Rimini owned by Tanini, in a double example plare, where in place of the Senone you were waiting for like a frog. We have information about it from Bestini who had a copy of it and placed it in the Ainsleiana collection {No. vet. p. 6; cf Add. ad D. n. V. Eckhelii, 1826 page 12).

PICENUM ANCON 27. In collection mine. Head say Venus with hair tied in mass to nape e crowned of myrtle : behind M. R. A hand with the right arm bent at the elbow which tightens a branch of palm: in high two stars, below AfKilN. In the exemplary that where it appears incidentally a lot certain the extreme mity fluttering of ribbon that binds i hair to goddess Venus. To found this one city they came the Syracusans for shirk according to Strabene (V, IV, 2) to the tyranny of Dionysius : 2vQaxo

T. LXSXEI PELIGNI, AQUINDM, CAMPANIA 77 PELIGNI PALLANVM 28. In the Museum of Milan. Head of Vulcan beardless and covered of conical pileus time to right, and it has behind the pincer. R. Winged head of Medusa placed of prospect with wide mouth- open mind : of below there are two snakes that they straighten up contrary part: around yes PALACNVS law. In the example plare of Borghesi collection (Calai, p. 3 n. 32 Table I n. 32) instead is PALACNVS. 29. In the Kircherian. Head of woman covered of a helmet on which one in a way of visor it's a dragon winged prominent : above it is a griffin that rises to I fly. A. You can read it there PAL within one crown of oak. It was of Millingen that the let it be engraved (PI. Ili, 13) and sent some sulfur to Borghesi, the which one he wrote at Cavedoni (21 dee. 1R43) that exams- viewing it carefully with a good lens he found the space there uncle, and, as well it seemed to him, the vestiges of two lines that they could well say PALA/CINV [Ocuvr. you. VII p. 449, 450). The Cavedoni is certainly abandoned the lesson of Millingen he published it second the Borghesi (Bull. ardi. nap. an. II Table I, 1). The S final it was estimated that was known to the semisse, in the currency of n. 28. These two bronzes belong to a people who yes gives the name of Palacno and Palacino. Not it is so the nation Palatina or Pallantina that lived the old one Palatium city. The name Palacnus 'can being a synonym of Palanus like aprunus oprugnus. In similar manner the Niebhur (//. ro7n. I, 98) comes Aurun- cvs from Aurunus. A tradition preserved for us by Festus (p. 222 ed. Muller) narrated that two were born from King VolsimioLucullus nephews Pacinus and Pelicus, from which two peoples originated i Pacinates and the Peligni. These in the beginning they must be appealed Palilini e Palini like him they call Diodorus ed Appiano, naXriVoi', naXirioC and naXiyrol, to which the moderns editors have replaced the and and have also wanted to correct gere the TtaXiroi (Diod. XX, 90) in 'Ardyrioi, (Niebhur, V, 363 ed. Golb.), and so on the father of their people it will be called mate Palicus not Pelicus. The order alphabetical preserved from Pesto which places Paeana- Peligni-Pales-Partus demonstrates that Verrio should have written true Paligni, as above will not have written Pellices but Pal- laces (cf. Suetonius, Vespas. 21, e him note). But neither from Palicus that is Palignus can derive Palacnus, if not in supposed that vi even if it were the shape Palanus, This is in fact in the denomination that in the lands of the Peligni devoted himself to the mountain of Palena on which the field was said today of Jupiter where he was venerated the Jovis Palanus: and to the city Pallanum in the Prentani. However, today's prevails . Palena shape e so we have Valle Palena with three big ones villages called Palena, Gesso Palena, Letto Palena. Del Paci- no no nothing is known: and it comes to me in mind that maybe it was Palacinus and not Pacinus this nephew of Lucullus. Like this we would leave it alone the Paligini or Peligni and we would cling to it to the Palacinus for attribute to him the coin. AQUINVM 'Axovìvov, writes Strabo (V. 237), fiaydXrj nóXtg, zag' ov ó Mt'Xnig gù Troraftóc. Yes he knows it was one of the municipalities most populous Volsco-Latins and therefore ingens Aquinum is said from Silium (VIII, 405): but gods his municipal glories e of his primitive history we know nothing about : nor then the mo- neta has its own type. Aquinas you can see it that he entered in al- alliance with Naples e with the mimics and colonies of Sessa, Calvi, Caiazzo, Venafro, Telese, Tiano sidicino le which ones all im- they pressed a coin col type of rooster that sing. His spelling exchange the QV with your CV, e writes AQVINO e ACVINO like the Latins, MIRQVRIOS [Syll. 536) and MERCV- RIVS, PEQVNIA and PECVNIA, AQVTIVS, and ACVTIVS. Single- lare yes it is the shape open of the Q in the paleography of Aquinati, who does not have so far none other feedback. 11 peso of these bronzes it is of gr. 6.15-6.61. 30-32. Head of Pallas covered of galley Corinthian time a left R. Gallo that sing face a left behind a star e the letter C, in front of AQVINO. Found again written, n. 31, OHI Vi) A and ACVINO (mia coli.), n. 32, where the rooster is facing a right. Aquinas city volsea was not colony forward to Marsica war, but of of course it must count oneself bro the cities who had a treaty of alliance with Rome, how the ago assume the use that the Aquinas do of Latin language in the coin, equally of the Teanese, gods Caiatini, of Bald e Sessa colonies latinas, who beat a similar number with the guy of rooster. CAMPANIA SUESSA Suessa began to be called aurunca or auruncorum, when he welcomed in its walls the Aurunci saved themselves by fleeing from Aurunca that it was destroyed by the Theanese. His coins e those of Bald not they use other language that the Latin although they are both no less shady than Teano Sidicino.

The Suessans venerated Apollo, and boasted the game, of the de- sidtores, and of those who, while riding, took another with them horse, on which one they jumped in the running, of qual them davasi feat show to the people e if not rewarded the winner with a branch of* palm. They also had in honor Mercury to whom they gave power Thessalian round winged e slightly sharp in center. They appropriated it again the Campanian type of the androprosopic bull e they coined the term neta of alliance col rooster. They figured more. Hercules in action to suffocate the lion. The legend PROBOVi it is common to them with Benevento settlers, if not except the exchange of the B in P, writing the Beneventans PROPOM. The Eomani yes they yielded masters of Sessa, as they had the Latin League is defeated in Tri- they do, e they sent you one colony in the year. 441. Yes one coin of particular alliance between Sessa and Naples with guys Campania. 33, 34. In my collection. Head of Apollo graduated once in d. behind, n. 33, the Palladio, taken from Carelli e from the Avel-

78 CAMPANIA T. LXXXIII linen for trophy {Catal. Suesa, 1, Avell. Suppl. p. 8 no. 28) e "a undecided sign monetary, n. 34, star. R. Fante desultor than riding draws with the other horse: he it is covered of pileus conical and brings in right a branch of palm lemniscate, which supports to shoulder. In the exergue SVE5AN0. Sessa Aurunca was colony in 441 and it seems that a lot yes applauded gods games equestrian bro i which ones it was that of the desultor who it chose to represent it. 35-38. Head of Mercury covered of petasus winged vault a left In front n. 35 nROBO/V\, n. 36 PRBOM, n. 37 PRBOVW, n. 38 PROBVM. R. Hercules in prospect with the club bro the feet chokes the lion e a left SVESANO. Yes is sought the sense of the word Probom variously written on the obverse of this bronze and which seems to be the same as the PRO- POAA inscribed on the coin of Benevento. It's my opinion that with this single voice we mean to be that one coin minted according to standards by law and as such recognized ed approved; and comparison the Puteolan law {SylL 017 vers. 32, 33): Quod eorum qui in Consilio esse solent viginti turati probaverint, probum this; quod ieis improbarint, im- probum this. I appreciate it for this what a smell worth it the same what a proba coin, just as we call it a reprobate coin that, which is not approved. Also that the probum does not indicate the weight debitum pondus, but the quality of the metal, especially probae (Dirksen, Source manual, m juris civil rom. 1837 p. 760 See probu.s); so it could be there implied aes, metallum, not pondus. Le four ways to write the probum word, notice of above, I am le sun that I have found so far. The Avellino corrected the ARBO, ARBOV/Vi read from Carelli (Descr. 21, 22, 24) certifying that in nos. 20, 21 it was read • OBVM and in n. 24 P- BOV/V\. He admitted three PROBOM, PROROM or ROBOVM lessons and added that the AR- BOVM of n. 22, in his opinion, PROBOO/V\(') should have been amended. Le niKEOVM lessons date from Pellerin Recueil, IX, 49), and AAOSTAS: (Hunter, p. 287 n. 3, Carelli tab. LXV, 19) have no confirmation: the PROROM, PROBOM, which transcribes us the Eckhel [Catal. M. Caes. p. 6 page 19) it's bad transcribed. These coins, Mr. writes to me. Kenner, director of the Museum Caesarean, I am however in the Imperial Museum e vi yes law, n. 21, PROBOVM, n. 25, PROBOM. I won't omit that the Greek legend AAOSITAS: is admitted as possible from Mommsen (H. de la m. Ili, f. 180, note), given that the coins tieri yes they are needed sometimes of letters Greek, like signs monetary. He also sees I don't know what mystery in the PRBOVM, where he writes (C. I. L. you. I, 9): Ut Leucios, Oscorum. Luvk, Graecorum ytevx respondet, ut noundinum ex novem deri- vatum est, ita in prboum sane aliud latet ac simplex voca- bulum probom. It seems strange to me to look for an unknown meaning in prboum where it is evident from comparison of PROBOM PROBVM of other coinages that be a simple one variety spelling of- the O, V, OV. And the use of Greek letters is quite another thing how monetary signs ; e but it is surprising that siansi attachments (') I estimate that the fi and the OO in these lessons JcH'Ayellino yes they must attributed to printing errors. these comparisons to justify the use of the Greek language of one city not of certain Greek above me public monument at the time of colony Latin. 39. Laureate head of Apollo face a d. behind O. R. Bue an- crowned treedrop from Victoria: in the SVESANO exergue. In other specimens yes law is: or P bro the legs of the bull, e behind the head of Apollo some of these letters K, N, T notice already from Carelli. Plate LXXXIII. 1. In my collection. Head of Minerva covered with halo-galea quick turn to d., ha in the mass gods hair insert one day bad luck fit of pink, e al neck a large area for necklace. R. Gallo who sings facing right. behind star, in front SVESANO. Bro him exemjDlari that they bring this like I have this one was chosen because it was more ornate the image is represented there gine of goddess, e gives foundation to believe that yes re- stretch a main simulacrum venerated in this one colony. AURUNCA Grli Aurunci on behalf gods which ones it is joke the coin of bronze, in osca language, I am those peoples who inhabited Au- runca capital of the Ausoni, which was said to have been founded by Auson son of Circe and Ulysses (Fest. page 18). This city whose mines are showing up today on Mount Santa Croce in Eocca Mor- fine, small land four miles distant from Tiano equal- mind that from Sessa, it therefore had its own currency, which it was attributed to Marcina city by numismatists for many years listed by Strabene among the bells (V, 251).

The reason yes, because they read only one epigraph, that is which is mailed, not that one that is of above, and this is what it is of below al river dolphin, which says in osca language ^II51>INW, that is JII>I>INI41, i.e. ^1I>1>IRRH1 which Macdes name of magistrate translated as MarrAna not Madcina, when not it was still understood the value of letter 51 in dark literature. This attribution lasted to the present day ours, and alone Millingen does not he seemed convinced of it e he had thought instead of the bronze were of Arpi or of Set sail (Consid. p. 195). In 1847 studying the collection of the Kircherian vitroyai an example of this rare coin, and having made sure of the inscription tion although very worn out that there was above the del- until, I took it with me to determine the lesson. It happened then- que that after long e repeated tests I read you the voice mOUd^^^N, confirming me as two specimens the one of pr. of s. George the other of the cavalryman. Santangelo. The news was of- vulgata by me in Bull. ardi, napol. 1852 tab. IV, 4 pages. 65). The coin was therefore assigned to Aurunca from then on, e the Macdes or Macces appeared to be the name of a monetary magistrate. I citizens of Aurunca they were members of Roman people, but having set out to prey in the neighboring lands they gave to the Romans clue of meditated rebellion, and therefore he was sent them against M. Furio Camillo, who in 409 he destroyed them. The year

T. LXXXIII CAMPANIA 73 following the consul Titus Manlius he accepted them for dedication. I Yes- they moved then their war with the help of the Caleni: and the Auninci they had appeal to Rome: but taking a long time too much the help implored from the Komani they abandoned the city yes they fled in Sessa e iri they fortified themselves (Liv. VIII, 15). The abandoned city was then taken and destroyed by the Sidicini : ancient moenia eorum urbemque ab SUlicinis deletem. Thus Aurunca ended and it began Sessa a give it up the know- nickname ; quae nunc Aurunca appealed, Livy wrote. 2-4. I am here represented three specimens, the first it is in the Kir- cherian, the second in the Museum British, the third in Museum Santangelo. Everyone him specimens cbe they know each other so far they are worn out. In straight there is the head of Apollo crowned of laurel e Removed from left it has a back patera. B. Dolphin swimming a left upstairs mi>ll/lNqNN of below ^ll>l>INNW. In the second exemplary the legend it is WV>ll IN^NN where it seems that vi yes the I in monogram with the Ud. In the third the name of the ma- registered it is ^IIJDIRUI where the N not yes double as in number 2, and the second >l is mistakenly exchanged to Jl [Mac- diis). there magistrate is Maccius, name so rare that I don't I remember more than just one example and it's on a gravestone I found recently in Pompeii (Day of the you dig, 1881 p. 141), the which one correctly on page 324 it reads like this: C • TILLIVS C • F • RV • ITER r • MACcivs r F • selas II • VIR IVR • DEIC EX D D • FAC • COER TIANUM SIDICINUM A splendid proof of the Oscan art of Campania comes to us come on coins of Teano sidicino. They venerated they Hercules and Apollo e they represented them on the coin by placing in verses of silver la triga like i Caleni, and in bronze I'm Mercury with the Androprosopus bull of the Campanians. It is sin- gular that their Mercury carries a broad, sharp pileus and that it seems woven of straw, le wings that they see each other in hairy of Mercury of Sessa are omitted. This one city came in power gods Eomani gods which ones had begged the help against the Samnites e the Greeks ; and in the Hannibal war it doesn't it was the prinoipal square of arms: finally there was deducted one colony by Augustus. In all coins the Tia- they don't use of the language osca, if not except only that bronze which has the head of Minerva as its type and on the reverse the rooster, where again the epigraph it is Latin TIANO. This type is seen common ad others city bro le such as Naples there uses silver, and retains his own language, which is Greek, Telese e Venafro the osca, Damn, Calvi, Sessa, Aquino the Latin. We consider it plausible that Naples was in charge of this alliance that there is revealed by the commonality of the type, and that the corresponding bronze coin is missing in Naples with such guy, has happened that yes confederate to one purpose in the era in that doesn't yes coined more silver in Sessa and Calvi. Indeed, it seems that Aquino, Telese and perhaps also Venafro e Damn have had from here the impulse of co- niare coin. 5. In the Santangelo Museum. Head of beardless Hercules covered by lion's skin SVUNkT. /f. Vittoria driving a ti-iga I of horses; in the exergue SVUDIIJIR (Minervini, Bull. arck. nap. an. IV tab. IX n. 4). 6. I non-types I am different from those of the previous coin, but it is missing the epigraph on the obverse e alone we read in the exergue of reverse SVMflhT. 7. Head of Apollo laureate e time on the right there JIVI/IFil-T. B. Ox androprosopus on the right. above lyre in the exergue SVUDIIJIR. 8.9. Head of Mercury turned to the right. behind a star and the caduceus, in front JIVUNIT. B. Ox androprosopus, star of above, }IVHI>II51I(^) in the exergue. In my collection vi it is an example plare with two deep cuts of countermarks on the face of Mercury, that I here I represent (No. 9). 10,11. Head of Apollo facing left. front 9MV\WT. R. Ox andi-o- prosopo a d. crowned from Vittoria, my example very preserved reads >IVHRiT. I give it engraved (no. 11) for confirm of this exchange of >l e of 51 the which one yes in- contra as I have also said in ^IIJDINWI sometimes written in place of ^ll>l>INkM. 12. Head of Minerva covered by the aulopid facing left. R. Galla that sing a d., behind star, forward TIANO. CALES Bald afterwards of have fought e destroyed Aurunca in the year 419 moves war to the Eomani, and it was won, taken and preyed upon by the consul M. Valerio Raven. There was also the- skied a guard a garrison fin that not vi yes placed in the year 420 one colony {Veils. 1, 14), which took its name of Cales Ausonum. Gods facts e of the government of Calvi free the history it is mute. Of his prosperity, there it's authentic Livy, where known, that the Romans they took huge prey there: but Its coins speak of the era in which it was a colony e his clay whence we learn the top degree of culture a that it was arrived.

While le families gods Canulei, of the Atilii e of the Gabinii had come in so much fame pei their jobs of clay, how much there they reveal it the great trade that if not it was for everything Lazio, in Etruria e in Sabina, the mint coined those didramas, that they do today like this nice show in numismatic collections. Pallas he is perfect in style, and Victory in triga thrown a great ran well he claims the comparison of the bas-reliefs of the Parthenon. Bronze it seems more ancient of silver, in which one alone is often encountered the letter U not acute but medium shape. The two metals I am cut on system of Campania, how those say Sessa and Tiano, but no hamlets are known. There is a known mo- neta of confederation between Calvi and Naples (Plate LXXXV, 32). In a Neapolitan bronze from my collection that is countered I am however some letters of the legend in Greek are visible KAAE alphabet (Plate LXXXV, 30). 13. In the Ejrcherian. Head of Minerva covered of the aulopid with crown in relief on the nock turned to the right. below the neck 0,

80 CAMPANIA T. LXXXin behind iron of spear. B. Victoria that guide one chariot, in the CAUENO exergue. 14. My collection. The same type as at no. 13 on the aulopid is a griffin, below al neck a B behind a pentagon. The epigraph is minting exit. The letter U it is usually of the above-mentioned form average that is, neither acute nor normal. 15. Head of Apollo removed from the left. behind a diptych shield. R. Ox androprosopus crowned from Victory, in the CAI'ENO exergue. The letter I' in bronze it always is acute. 16. 17. Head of Minerva once a left in front (n. 16) CAl'ENO, behind A. 7?. Rooster that sing a d. behind star, in front (n. 16 A), A^EN^ (no. 17). It's opinion of Minervini {Obs. p. 23, 24) that that A of reverse e of straight, major of usual letters, note the initial of Aqicinum and therefore that be this coin of confederation. 18. In the Museum of Vienna. Youthful head turned to the right. with hair knotted at the back of the neck. R. Gallo that sing face a d. behind star, in front CAUEUO. Parmesan that be a counterfeit in silver of liter od offering of copper, a which yes it has changed the type of straight: no fo authors i Gauls cisalpines. CUMAE I Calcidians of Euboea afterwards having remanufactured in Asia the Cuma wind turbines came in our lands, and at first they get tired aunt in Aenaria, said by Homer Inarime e by the Greeks of Italy Pithecusa, today it is Ischia: but you don't heal after abandoning donated the island they took room on dry land, and they founded there Cuma. Them colonies were Dicaea, also called Say- cliia, Palaepolis e Neapolis. They also founded Zancle in Sicily the first year of the XIII Olympics which it is the thirty- I'm sorry from foundation of Rome (Thucid. VI, 4). Sustain- black him attacks of the Tyrrhenians e they repelled them with the help of Hiero I, therefore, did not succumb to ambition of one of their brave generals Aristodemus Malaco, who usurped it the government. Tarquinius Superbus took you stay after defeated to Lake Eegillo and died there the year 259. The Samnites in- vasa Campa in 319, and seized of Volturno in 331, they took Cuma assault in 335, e vi they committed massacre gods citizens forcing many a transfer the them room in Naples. But they they dominated there for a few years essen- done states chased away in 342. From the comparison of two numbers, one of which connects the epigraph Cume with the Campanian types nis (T. LXXXIV, 6) and the other of similar construction (T. LXXXI, 14) that changes the epigraph in Fiscinis, we can deduce that there it was a f^a alliance the Cumans e i Pistelini, and we will find cora the reason of shell navy of the Cumans taken by type gods Fistelini, people Mediterranean, as is demonstrated next layer. A number seen alone from the Mionnet rep- presented by a half side frog e on the other one shell with the epigraph KVAAE (Mionnet, I p. 114 u. 139) of weight of gr. 5.44 it is seemed at Mommsen beaten on the system eginetic. The their currency is the stater, that divide in sixth e twelfths. They minted gold and silver not people though the bronze : the coin of this metal which it is attributed to it that it was never found in Campania: look for it in the Brezzia bro le Locrians. In the Museum of Paris there was a gold coin, of which I doubted whether it was silver gilded: Cohen questioned by me, present Mr. Cha- bouillet, not wanted give the his notice. Now the coin mass in light from Poole, of which we cannot doubts- tares, if not doubt the publisher, has placed out on the other hand- version that in Cuma it was one once beaten the gold. The alphabet e the dialect of which one yes serves Cuma it is that primitive gods Calcidians in which the letter sigma it is a three auctions l : though was also introduced there the most recent alphabet in which this letter has the so-called shape of the Scythian arch 5. Fra i types of the coins the one that expresses three heads is singular of fairs, one o'clock in front which is in the middle and the two lateral ones in profile. Al Millingen [Anc. coins pi. The p. 4, Consul p. 121) they seemed all three heads of wild boars and remembered the ancient pre- tension of the Cumans to own in the temple of Apollo i teeth of boar of Erymanthus. But it is of course the fair of half it's a lion. So it seems clear that the Cumans have put together these three fairs discordant in nature almost in domestic company to represent a myth, whatever it is that of stables of Circe, where they still have near le representations of Scylla changed since Circe into a monster marine e they have you figuratively Glaucus, for his relations with Scylla that they provoked revenge of Circe e why it was Euboean fable whence the Cumans originated (Serv. ad • Virg. Ed. VI, 74): Glaucus deus marinus, dum ipse amare- tur to Circe et eam contemneret: illa angry, source in quo Soylla solebat se abluere infecit venenis ; in that cum de- soendisset puella starvation his part in feram mutated est.

For this reason I accept yet I who be Glaucus with Cave- gifts {Spies, numism. p. 14 and 301), with Luynes {Ann. In- you!. 1830 p. 806) e with Millingen {Yesjll. p. 13), the which one before {Recueil, p. 3-6) had estimated that it was Aegeon, ac- I'm sorry, I say, that the monster be Glaucus. The Cavedoni (1. oit.) adds, that Glaucus he was a father of Deiphobe, Sibyl cumana. The Allibani who lived there le themselves beaches cu- what they represented Scylla in act to bring left glue stra a dolphin and with the right an octopus; the protomes of dogs barking they rise come on shoulders only, that is also from- the groin, it sometimes has a chest covered in navy wool. gine, and Glaucus ha the chin dress of hair. Returning to type of lion in the middle ai cignali is necessary warn, that Millingen then tacitly acknowledged this on p. 231, 232, where reports a new explanation by Cavedoni {BuUett. Instit. 1840 p. 9), who would like to find a king in the lion miniscience of Dicaearchy, founded come on Samii, and more one of theirs alliance. But Cavedoni did not consider that with the lion symbol of the Samii vi there are two cignali, which for this they should be called a symbol, if not used by the Samii, at least of the Cumans, what we don't know how you can try. But it makes sense that Millingen has considered this conjecture does not just as ingenious, but how the more likely how many yes they were proposals. 19. Paris, in the Medals Cabinet taken by me as a cast.

T. L5XXIV CAMPANIA 81 Head of Cuma turned to the right. the?. Conchiglia and around 3AAV>I then O. A similar coin was also seen by me in the Mu- seo of Turin and no taken the cast. Now search for it know the weight and take some experiment if pure gold, i directors of the two museums they let me know that there more not yes they find. Cohen first refused, when questioned by me, tell me what you thought. Nella Santangelo collection if not has a with the head of Minerva covered with aulojjide on straight. This is as Fiorelli well noted in the Catalogue it is golden of recent. Maybe the two coins they will be stay recognized for such e subtracted. 20. In the Museum British. Aulopid time a left R. Conchiglia and around 3AAV>I. Poole (Catal. 85, 1) attests that it is gold of weight approximately of 0.32. 21. In the Museum British. Head of Cuma with necklace around the neck e tapeworm around ai hair. R. Conchiglia above of which a palm tree stands and KVAAE is written around it. It weighs gr. 7.58 (Poole, Catal. p. 85, 2). 22. In collection by Luynes. Head of Cumae a d. with hair lift yourself up to nape of the neck from the tape that girdles the boss; in front KV/V\E. there. Protome of lion between them of two ci- gnals. The Millingen he saw you instead the head or bare of a boar bro le remains of two wild beasts tamed by Hercules (Consider, page 126, 127). 23. n drawing I have engraved comes from a sulphur. The protome of the lion and the two cignali are here on the obverse remaining on the reverse the usual shell and with it a whirlwind but- rino: around reads two times per leap of minting KV- MAION. 24. From a sulphur. Head of Cuma a d. R. Conchiglia and above it the monster Scylla belt around of dogs that they bark e ending in twisty tail of pistrice, in high MOIA/V\V>l. 25. In the museum of Milan. Head of Cuma time a d. R. Con- keel and above of it a bust of a bearded man in the queue of pistrice; of under KV/V\(AIO)N. 26. From a sulphur. There is an example in the British museum [Catal. p. 89, 27). Head of Cuma time a left R. Conchi- daughter and above of it the monster Scylla wearing a short woven dress of long fleeces and epigraph KVMAIOld NI. 27. In the Museum of Naples. Head of Pallas covered of galley graduated and turned to d. R. Conchiglia and above it a snake and MOIAW\V>l. 28. Coli. Luynes. Head of Pallas covered of graduated galley and frieze of the owl time to left R. Conchiglia and above it a grape of wheat, under OMOIAWV)!. Come back here that- rO that we saw in n. 1 the whose value equally that that of syllable NI there it is unknown. 29. In the Museum British. Head of Pallas covered of helmet graduated once a d. R. Conchiglia and above of she is a dog pomeranian going left walking over a concurrent line quarry: around KV/V\AION. 30. Coli. Luynes. Head of Pallas covered from the aulopid vault a d. around KWVAION. R. Marine crab that he claims hill two claws the shell. This type yes explains from Millingen as an apologist removed by instinct of the crab than to devour the shell throw yourself into its openings valve a little pebble, e quote for this Oppian, Halieut. II, ver. 169-180. Plate LXXXIV. I. Head of Cumae vault a d. R. Conchiglia and above it a Cerberus for two heads: around KYN\AION. Millingen gives to Cerberus three heads (Syll. of an. Greek Coins p. 10 pi. 1 n. 4; Considered. page 126). He remember the Cerberium e cites Scymnus (v. 340, ed. Muller), which I says oracle below- terraneo, vjzoyfiòviov navTEÌov, where Ulysses went on his return from Circe. It doesn't seem probable to me Letronne's suspicion e of others that yes report to the company of Hercules. 2-4. Head of Cumae. R. Conchiglia e wheat grape. The epigraph it is n. 2 l/i01A/V\Y>l, n. 3 (KV)/V\AION, n. 4 KVMAION. This n. 4 it is of collection mine e it is rendered singular for the letter 5 at the nape of the head on the obverse. There is an example also in the British Museum [Catal. 87, 116). 5. My collection. Minervini has it from another specimen [Bull. burn. nap. III tab. Vili, 3). There is one third in the col- Luynes lesson. Head, of Cuma a d. /?. Androprosopus ox crowned from Victory; in the KYCOAION exergue repeated two times for overhang of coinage. 6. In the Museum of Naples. He has it published the Fiorelli [Ann. of numism. 1876 Table Ili, 5) from the same specimen that -bring into Cumae's head straight e al reverse the conchi- daughter and a grape of wheat on top eolla epigraph that I read IW\ B'I'IV!) preceding a line that seems improvidently detached by D col which one had to join and train the >l. 7. Head of a woman time to d. R. Conchiglia and above a mouse: of under KVUAI. 8. In the Museum of Florence. Head of a woman. R. Conchiglia and above one head of a bearded man: around it is the epigraph KV((0AI)ON, 9. Head of a bearded man covered with aulopid and turned to the right. R. Con- keel and above KV. 10.

Collection Santangelo. Head beardless youth covered of aulopid and vault to the right. R. Conchiglia and above KV. This example plare is golden. II. I types they are similar a those of the no. 10: there is more in the reverse a pecten shell, above the usual shell is the epigraph entire KVCOE. 12. In the British Museum [Catal. p. 88 n. 17). I types are the same as ai no. 10 11, but the epigraph of the reverse it is re- trogada and truncates AAftV)!. On the body of the shell there is a pito a AA. It weighs gr. 0.77. 13. Avell. Op. 11, tab. Ili, 13. Helmet aulopid. R. Conchiglia e (KV)M. 14. Avell. Op. II, tab. Ili, 3. I same types as in n. 13. The epigraph it's FV. It weighs gr. 0.10. 15. Three-way kuota rockets with three globes in the intervals. R. Del- up e below V>l (Poole, Catal. 89, 24). It weighs gr. 0.12. 16. Helmet aulopid. R. Conchiglia and V>l (Id. Catal. 89, 25). It weighs gr. 0.06. 17. Elmo aulopid face a left R. Conchiglia (Minervini, Bull.

82 CAMPANIA T. LXXXIV burn, napol. Ili, XH, 4 ; Obs. IV, 4). In the British Museum nico ve there is one similar specimen of weight of gr. 0.32 with the epigraph KV63E. The Minervini {Obs. p. 34) observes that it is possible trebbe be also of Naples : but i types of the galley plus toned e of the shell of Lucrino I am Cumans. NEAPOLIS The Cumans having taken land to the west of the promo- torium of Miseno they sent three them colonies to take up room at noon of the same along the coast of the crater and they were Diaearchy, Palepolis e Parthenope also called Neapolis when vi yes they established i Chalcidesi, with the Pithecusans and seizes Athenians, says Strabene (V. IV, 7), or, as Lutatius writes, when the Cumans jealous of competition of the peoples a that their colony being came in deliberation to destroy it and working on that they ended order from the increase oracle tarne him inhabitants this that they they did e with the new name they instituted it parties solemn (ap. Philarg. in Virgil. Georg. IV, 562). This event date from the year 307 onwards of Rome. Being then born between the inhabitants quarreled and remained divided by parties they were forced to also welcome the Cam- breads in civil society and rely rather on them than on their products. first fellow citizens : hence it is that among the demarchs there are names of Oscan origin (Strab. loc. cit.). This admission of settlers of verses is demonstrated by dialect now cuboic, now ionic in the names NEOPOAITAS:, NEOPOUitEilN, NEHP0H2:.;The shape of the sigma is double: they they use the 5 which lasted the whole tavia when it was introduced the alphabet Euclidean, given that the Athenians were more pious lenii of the Dorians to accept the form of the S Scythian arch. Thus we have NEOPOUITHJ, NEOPO- UITHS and NEHPOUS . At 429, he had already changed the primitive U in A, if the Carilao of the currency it is that same, that opened the doors of Palepoli to the Eomani, and for another way put outside the garrison Samnite and put it off the nolana. So it was also renovated the foedus noapoUtanum, of which he speaks Livy (VIII, 26). It was believed that one of Sirens by name Partenope jumped from the high rock of the island she inhabited landed in the subject sea at foci of Sebeto and there then was buried, a which the Neapolitans built a temple pious e they instituted parties e sacrifices. The river from Lieofrone is called Glanis who also names the tower of Palero, where says that lived the Siren, and where he had it the grave. It will be easy for us to assign some coins to the transition period. sition in which you see one female head with hair scattered and diademed of prospectus e on the reverse the ox andro- prosopo that goes to the right or a left. These are used in equal time the alphabet ancient e the most recent by signing up NEOPOUITES, aka NEOPOUITH5, aka NEOPOAlTHg . At a later time yes they must assign those where the ox androprosopus while going right or a left turns the head of the prospect flying over a small victory, which rona. In these coins the alphabet it always is the most recent, where are the letters H, il, e the A and the $ . But this era it certainly precedes the termination of the Iriani mint : why we have a Neapolitan coin with such types and such literature retorted from mint of Hyrium (plate LXXXIX, 6). There has one coin from me read at the Mr. Hey e illustrated in Bull. Arch. Napol. fnnova if- rie, 1852 n. 3) i which types they are from a side one head game vanity on whose front tick a small horn vitulinus, and it has around the legend SEPEI0OS: on the reverse it's one woman winged sitting next to a monument, ed ha from near an urn lying on the ground. That little flame that the Latins constantly write Sebethus and among the Greeks Theognostus (58) the call ^éfiidog wanted change from Lobeck (PathoL page 365) in ^e'iSrjdoc, yes is then finally learned from that this coin that yes he appealed IsTteidog. I Latins always did the first syllable seems long, however that the Greeks among which it is the cited Theognostus have preserved 1' s in that place. The root e the meaning of this name there it is unknown. The Parthenope Mermaid it wasn't nymph aquatic: good though Sebeto had one daughter who was a mother of Ebaio, and this is that Virgil calls Nympha Sebeihis (Aen. VII, 735). Me notice the Siren Partenope in that woman winged that sits next to his monument. It is held by the force tuna of City the n'x"; nóXsoic, how Serena Ligoa, which however he takes there also the name of Terina. It is their attri- buto r hydria, in which healthy and perennial waters collect, that they make happy e happy the city happy e fruitful the fields. The Neapolitans had erected a statue to the Sirena Par- tenope and his they put their heads on straight of the currency, that is that of Attic Pallas.

V is also the Apollo both the Cuman yes the Delphic, by order of which one the Cumans repopulated the cities they wanted to destroy. If Palepoli and Naples there were two city near one of- the other is as Livy states (VIII e. 22) inhabited by one sun people, duobus urbibus populus idem habitabat, not for- so much to the Palepolitans only the Eomans attributed the damage done in the Campania countryside and in Salerno and against them only I took my weapons. The Palepolitans had called in defense of their cities were Samnites and Nolans. Carilao and Nymphius who were principal cipi of that city and they sided with the Romans who had already introduced they managed to put the Samnites out and Nolani. So we came to a new alliance with Eoma. But Livy not he calls her foedus Palaepolitanum, well Neapolitanum, while a Eoma yes triumphed, de Falaepolitanis. All of them these particular- larity they demonstrate that Palepoli nothing else was that an acro- poles, one citadel of Naples, e though there they were le forces military and others her alone they attributed themselves i faults facts. Carilao and Nymphius, if they are those oh they are read on the coin, we will have then known when they were issued these didramas. Po- I also tremble opine that the. coin of bronze inscribed Pil/V\AlilN was impressed on the occasion of the Neapolitan foedus- ad. number honor of the Eomans and a declaration of pact. Of the company they test with the Tarentines the coins with guys of that people, although when to the aid that the Palepolitans if they expected it, we know that they were disappointed (Liv. VIII, 25, 27). We also have bronzes with a double name of Naples and Sessa, from Naples e of Bald: and a confederation was made

T. LXXXIV CAMPANIA 83 with these two city e iaoltre with Compulteria, with slopes lia and with Isernia, but not before of 491, the which expresses sion I recognize in initials $1 , name disguised from the boss of it. On which acronym of such a controversial meaning, that it was from a such said therefore enigmatic, I can't revive sare, which initial r of a magistrate of the same nature that i many names shorten, sometimes solitary, sometimes in- together with one or two colleagues. They find each other of facts these examples: IS, Piì; IS lE; $1, OS, KE seen e transcribed from Carelli and from Avellino. I§ , XA (in monogram) of mine collection not well ISX bed from Carts, $1, XA yvt in another example of mine. In the Carelliana Descr. page 26 no. 185 have l§ , NS, not well bed JVB from Avellino. This IS if it is name of magistrate, as I proposed remains to explain how yes you find with many colleagues. You can already suspected by Cavedoni {Bidl. iììstii. 1850 p. 197) that the initials it referred to a conventional currency of those regions that had I same weight e value for all le city and therefore I had to explain 'I^ódooTrog 'I-ririi.(og 'I—6vo!.ioi in a similar way. But in such case cloths, not yes it would due see her confused with others figures e not entirely written. The Asian elephant used as a sign on a didrama and on the corresponding drama it teaches us that previously fighting had begun in preparation for the Hannibal wars see the drama. Then they also had to imprint that model bronze statue which has a portrait head with hair short and curly, e the other one that brings a character horse- sing covered of a pileus wide water table e with a para- zonio below the armpit left, having even the right elevated. Not it is a Dioscorus who would not have brought the parazonium sub axilla, but the spear in his hand: however, he has a non-attitude proper to man private, the right in high. Me I recognize you one statue equestrian ad honor of Pyrrhus came in 473 in rescue of the Greek colonies of Italy. He is represented as in coins Syracuse (Eaoul Rochette Mem. de numism. The, pi. 1 n. 16): but the elevation of right it shows that he is coming a liberate. It's one singularity among the Greek colonies of Campania the bronze diobolo or diliter that may be said, of which I now know- I know more than one example. They have it beaten too the Eomani with head types of Apollo e the lion al reverse : his weight it is of gr. 12.00. The magistrates pose i their names in acronym, also on bronze like yes it is seen, that is whole- mind. Of these names I know none of the silver that you are: APTEMIOV, TNAIOY, AIO(l)ANOYS , XAPIAEil , TAV- Klill, OAVMPIS : hence it appears that he was free inscribe them in right case or in oblique, genitive and dative. ThatF'J^irf- tiiov it is state transcribed so far ARTEMIA, e like this yes it is bed XAPIAEilS : i various specimens from me seen they read , XAPIAEil, as I have certificate. Naples it is the before that introduces in Campania the type of the androprosopic bull e represents it in crowned following from one suspended victory a I fly. To explain this type symbolic the numismatists yes they are divided in two ranks, one of them with whom It's the Eckhel {D. n. v. I, 138 ff.) holding that it was thus represented Bacchus nicknamed Ebone from the beard; the other that vi yes wanted to represent the Ache- loo river of Acarnania, the which cult was transplanted in Campania with taking you earth the body of the Siren Parts- nope, ima of daughters of him. This not worship it was possible to enter troduce in Naples if not when it had such a name, remitted standing by the Cumans, e this it had to happen forward at 319 yes to employment Samnite of Campa, actually before that this city was dominated by the Etruscans. Because the Cam- loaves then coined col type of the Androprosopus bull and Grecian epigraph in equal time that the Neapolitans, since we demonstrate- stra U very similar type ed art of the two's coins peoples. We don't know if it was an alliance or what other reason than would induce the Campanians to adopt the Neapolitan type. So was also received in Hyrina ed Alife, afterwards they copied it Cuma and Nola, e they added the crowning victory the bull, which however must be believed to have already been introduced by the Neapolitans as a sign and memory gods games instituted in honor of Partenope. 18. Luynes Collection. Head of a woman surrounded by a string of pearls ai hair and neck with pearl ear pendants inside a crown of olive tree, time a right. R. Half andro-ox prosopus swimming girded ai flanks of gemmed area, around NEHPOUS. It weighs gr. 7.60. To the costume of this cingulum bullato around the body refers to Calpurnio Nemesiano {Bucol. Ed. VI, 40, 41): to doiso quae totnra Circit alvum I alternated vitreous lateralis cingala buUas, where cingula nom. sing. it is said the girdle of animals, no- tanding s.

Isidore that: cingula homìnum, cingulas animalium dicoinus. Minervini attests { Obs. p. 67), which a tridi'ammo with these types and epigraph were owned by Spinelli, prince of S. Griorgio. The example that I am publishing here is precisely the one that from the Spinelli collection he passed to that of Luynes, but it is drama. This coin brings the name of the city NsrjTvoXic, not of the inhabitants who yes they say NsomlÌTut. Al Ner/TTohg corresponds IIulm'TzoXig non nalaiónoXi^. Strabene writes Nsàjioh: and NsccTiolTrca in common dialect, e so general- mind him writers Greeks. Pa sense that the Berkelio in notes a Stephen Byzantine (page 584) cite the Spanemio that attests to being ordinarily present at shopkeepers inscribed coins NEAnOAITilN, but also in some read NEOnOAE.TilN. Because other legend of this one era not yes you have that NEOnOAITilN, e rarely NEOnOAlTEilN. 19. From a sulfur imprint. Head of Pallas covered with a golden helmet crime on d. R. Androprosopus ox on the right. who withdraws his foot front window, and legend above NEfOUT, on the right 9 in the exergue 5 and to the left. a dolphin. An example from the British Museum nico reads the same [Catal. 92, 1) NEPOUIT, on the right 3 in- the exergue S e a left a dolphin. 20-22. I play three pour of as many coins for reason of comparison, what about offers the epigraph, the which one in n. 20 it is rEOnOAIT, at the end of HS , y.iovr^dóv, in n. 21 is reti'Ograda al equal to the n. 22 and (Sovatqo(fi]Sóv, as ai no. 23, 24, 26, 29, n

84 CAMPANIA T. LXXXV e reading each other mouthful in no. 21, 22 instead of § , that you have it in the number 20. Come on which ones examples can be deduced that the final S he is sometimes represented lying like a M. With the same position they write the Campanians the S now mouth- cone or up of a side, e so we will also couch how badly we got along so far believing having to read KAAAnANO/V\ in genitive plural of Oscan dialect. Ibid it is KAMPANOS everything Greek. 23. Museum of Naples. Head of a dressed woman of prospectus with hair scattered e the head girded with a wide band. R. Ox andro- prosopo face a left e above NEOPOUI ; in the exergue iET. The introduction of the long vowel H therefore did not follow the change of the lambda U in A : because we find YOU the ancient U joint glue spelling more recent of the H Euclidean. 24. Coli. Luynes. Head similar to the previous one. R. Ox face on the left and (NE)OnOH; in the exergue ^HT. The front letter i to § it is located here and in the nos. 23, 25, 26 joint glue L and glue E for H. But we have already had an example of § with- arrived at H and U in NEHPOUIS of n. 18. 25. British Museum (Catal. 92, 3). Head of woman belt of wide bandage from which at to front two appear leaves and demonstrate one crown probably of laurel. R. Ox androprosopus a d., above one pecteti shell e the epigraph NE)OnOL.ITES. 26. British Museum {Catal. 93, 4). Head of woman time a left behind to nape A. R. Bue androprosopus e above NEOPOH{T) between the legs of the ox iA. This ending in as already noted by Ecthel it is also confirmed by others examples (See the Catalogue cit. page 97, 98 no. 39, 40, 41). 27. Coli. Santangelo. Head of woman belt of tiara vault right, in front of IAOTOEU. R. Ox androprosopus aimed at left above n031/l ; in the exergue a snake marine ideal a head of horse (cf. plate LXXIII, 33). 28. Head of a woman facing right. R. Androprosopic ox on the left. above NEOPO. In these two numbers 27, 28 i short hair and the omission of the pendants e of necklace are singular. It was therefore tradition that Partenope landed in Naples yes would cut i hair. 29. Avellino, Opuso. II, 3, 5. Laureate head of Apollo facing right. R. Androprosopic ox on the left. above n03(M); in the THS exergue. 80. Santangelo Collection. Head of a woman wearing a diadem a d. R. Ox androprosopus e above MEOI. 31. Luynes Collection. Head of a woman in prospect with hair scattered e decorated high Stefane with palmettes and pegasus e a string of pearls around her neck. R. Ox androprosopus co- ronato from Victory, between the legs fAVZIill; in the exergue legend of character blind for flaw of coinage taken a wrong for Phoenician. 32. My collection. Head of Pallas covered of helmet adorned with degree e of one owl. R. Ox androprosopus facing left. and crowned from Victory: in the NEOPOAIT exergue. 33. Coli. my. Head of an adorned woman of pendants and a string of pearls around al neck turned to the left. behind the neck an ele- infantryman. R. Androprosopic Ox crowned with Victory: between le legs 81, in the NEOPuAITilN exergue, The sign of the elect- infantryman note that this didrama he was beaten afterwards the ar- river of Pyrrhus. 34. Coli, my flower of coinage. Head of a diademed woman with pen- teeth e vault necklace a d. /?. Androprosopus ox crowned from Victory: in the exergue NEOnOAITHg . 35-38. Coli. my. The types of these didramas are similar to the two pre- assignors: the symbols e the epigraphs are the following: n. 35. Die- tro the head of woman's lid maybe of a lit altar, maybe of the anvil up which yes mint the coin, below al neck APTEMIOY. R. OE in the exergue (NEOP)OAIT; n. 36. Behind the head a young daduca with two torches in his hands, under the neck APTEMIS. R. Between the legs of the ox N, neir I exert NEOHOAITilN ; n. 37. Behind the head of woman a bunch of grapes, below the package A10(1)AN0Y§. R. In the exergue NEOPOAITilN ; n. 38. Behind the head of woman a daduca, below al PAPME neck. A. Between the legs of the ox a bee, in the NEOPOAITIIN exergue. Plate LXXXV. 1,2. The two coins represented here on the obverse side only they accomplish the series of coins awarded of names or inter- rarely written or in more than one syllable e usually mentioned from those that they deal define whether these are trade names tefici gods coinage or of magistrates. First vi it is XAPIAEil one would like this to be the Charilaus who with V Nymphius, a which is attributed the coin with the N it opened the doors of Palepoli to the Romans excluding them the garrison with art Samnite. Secondly I place the NionoXir which it reads in one example al which is not missing on the reverse the name NEOnOAITilN. There are also coins here in my tables of peoples that vi they sign up repeatedly on straight e on the reverse ; but it is most notable that this Nsonahr has took a seat where they usually read the proper names of son. 3-5.

Examples are given of several names inscribed on obverse no. 3 § TA, X : truly together on straight e on the reverse n. 4 OA, OAYM(PI§ ). At no. 5 there is an example named OYIA, who not it is of Greek origin. 6. Coli. Santangelo. Female head belt of large diadem re- camato meander and knotted on forehead, with earring a three pendants, TQiyhjvr], time to d. R. Ox androprosopus face a d. crowned from Victory: in the exergue AOIPYiiNA. He published it the Minervini (page 71), which vi he read an epi- graphe of character Punic in the two specimens then known (Obs. num. t. Illn. 4; VII, 3, page 54). A third example very clear It is now owned by Mr. Dom. Bellini in the field- low. Observe yourself carefully i characters of these coins, here it is my opinion. There is no doubt that some letters expressed by Minervini they are Phoenician, or rather Punic, and therefore not having consulted the original could only be discussed on the value of meaning. The Duke de Luynes if he ever had one turn these characters to fe- nicii, how at Minervini he wrote the Eochette {Obs. p. 56),

T. LXXXV CAMPANIA 85 certainly speaking about it with me he held the opposite language. Now considered the original coin my opinion is that the epigraph although barbaric and retrograde, it flaunts fewer elements Greeks e such that they can be interpreted by Nsvnoh, mistake- not at all written Nsi'TTiol. Where the Italian II takes the place of E, r O you see it changed to Y, that we have other examples pi in Greek dialect of Naples which however seems to have been wind power when it was minted this coin. Ahrens also has no- true age for eo how wind power (de dial. aeol. page 103). The new specimen brought to me from Mr. Bellini gives the clear legend: AOPYiM. 7. It is such an example of erroneous iiE/vTOii legend in coin of beautiful style. In the Museum I already read about Marseille in coins of Naples clearly NEOAHO. 8. Santangelo Collection. Head of ApoUo belt of degree with curly hair ; turned to the right. in front of NEOPO. E. Naked knight with chlamys fluttering than armed of helmet runs vibrating a javelin. 9. Example of the drama it brings the common types. Head of a woman turned to the left. behind a cornucopia. R. Bue andi'oprosopo co- crowned by Victory ; between the legs there : in the NEO- exergue POMTflN. Le letters $1 they are still found in didramas. 10,11. In the Museum of Naples. Head youthful of the Sebeto River with horn on front e belt of tiara: around in n. 10 reads 5EP..QOS e n. 11 SEPEI..5 waves I reverse I also tend the erroneous 0OSSEPE that yes it was bed from the Eic- that is, you-axes the whole legend 5EPEI005. R. Woman winged seated with laurel branch on the left. and he has the urn near him lying. It she is half naked and in act to turn around back and look up. In n. 10 the winged woman carries the right hand to a monument of uncertain shape e not le you can see it the branch in the left. E. weight of the two coins is of gr. 0.61 i.e of a hemiecta, weighing then I stater of Naples yes. 7.40 approximately. This image was not well interpreted so far in the two editions that exist done between us. 12. Head youthful with short hair with graduation belt, time to d. R. Prospectus head of the androprosopic ox, upstairs it is the itself cifca X. 13. CoUezion mia. Youthful head covered with leonine vault skin a d. around NEOPOAITH^ . R. Woman winged sitting e time to left. 14. Coli. my. Head of Pallas covered of helmet graduated time a d. R. Half ox androprosopus a left, above NEOPO, weighs gr. 0.61. 15. In the British Museum (Catal. 104, 97; AveUino, Booklet U, 3, 6; Eiorelli, Ann. of Numism. tab. 3, 6). Head of Pal- lade with helmet winged vault on the right R. Androprosopic half-ox face a left above NEoft. 16. (Minervini, Roll. arch'. napol. VI tab. VII, 5). Head of Pallas covered of helmet graduate time to d. A. 3M teaches rite inside the note H that note the hemiobulus. 17. Head of PaUade covered of helmet time to d. R. Conchiglia and above NEO. 18. In the British Museum {Catal. p. 96 n. 24). Head of a woman belt of diadem time to d. R. Conchiglia and N.E. 19. In the British Museum {Calai. 95, 21). Bare head with big group of hair at the nape of the neck and letter A. R. Half an ox droprose a d. on which back I was one owl: around it is the legend NE(0)P(0)A. 20. In the Museum British {Calai. 95, 17). Head of Pallas covered of aulopid turned to the right. and epigraph 0(3)1/1. R. Half androprosopus ox e around 03H. 21. Museum British {Calai. 95, 18). Head of Pallas and in collection of my aulopid blanket facing right. around 0(3H). Nella coli. Luynes there legend is entire NEO. R. Protome of the androprosopic ox face a left. 22. (Fiorelli, Mon. uned. I, 3). Elmo aulopid. R. Conchiglia e above No. 23. 24. Head of Apollo with hair short time a d. : below al ment API in mon. R. Hercules on knees that chokes the lion; above (NEOP)OAITilN. In specimen no. 24 where the legend it is whole, missing the monogram, e there is al re- verse the club behind of Hercules. 25, 26. Graduated head of ApoUo with long hair e wavy time to d. R. Vittoria driving a chariot of horses a d. In n. 26 there is on straight the epigraph NEOPOAITilN, and in the the exergue of the reverse TA. Victory leads to left. 27, 28. Head of Apollo with long hair crowned with laurel, a right. R. Gallo that sing. In n. 28 there is al straight the epi- graphe NEOPOAITilN e reverse the morning star up in high behind of rooster. 29. Bronze from the Arezzo Museum. Head of Apollo crowned with laurel time a d. e NEOPOAITilN. R. Ox androprosopus face on the right above star, between the legs 03 in the E exergue. It weighs gr. 12.00, In the British Museum {Catal. 110, 158) if there is an example plare that weighs gr. 2.00pm. I have already noticed treating of coins jokes come on Eomani in city in Lazio that there is I am of those that they reach how this Neapolitan in weight the double obol or liter bronze if one must say. 30. In my collection. Head of Apollo time to left

in front NEOPOAlTilN. R. Ox androprosopus crowned from Vit- toria: between the legs 12. Coin hit over one from Calvi of which one yes it is preserved enough the name that it is in Greek language certainly another example: KAAH(NflN). 31. Bronze of the Museum of Vienna similar pei types to the previous one n. 30. There is own only one star in the exergue of the re- towards, e on the body of the ox the VESA imprint of the coin of Suessa, whence we deduce that these bronzes I am with- temporary later than those of Sessa, it became a Roman colony in 441. 32. From my collection passed to the Parisian Cabinet of Me- give it to her. I types are the same as in the two previous bronzes: there is own the P behind the back of the neck of ApoUo e the epigraph ending in Yes.. In reverse it's a star bro the legs of bull, e in the exergue it is read CAUENO. 33. This second example of the confederation of Naples and Bald it is in the Museum of Vienna; the lesson of straight it is NEOPOAITilN in reverse the ox with a human face not it is crowned from Victoria, in which instead it is in that place one lyre, bro the legs vi we read a C and in the exergue CAUENO.

86 CAMPANIA T. LXXXVI 34. In the Museum of Naples (MineiTini, Ois. tab. VI, 11). On the obverse it's like in the nos. 30, 31, 33 there is in the reverse the legend there bro the legs of the ox omitted by the engraver of Minervini e in the exergue 5VESAN. In Andria at D. Lorenzo Troya no laugh many years back a other exemplary. Head of ApoUo time to left and there SVESANO, behind the neck N. R. Toro with a human face crowned from Victory aimed at d. between the legs ig e around a left (NEO)nOAIT. 35. In the Museum of Naples. Head of Apollo laureate turned to d. go NEOPOAITCON. R. Androprosopic ox, above the bust radiant of sun in prospect bro two o'clock letters

with pendants to ears and one string of pearls al neck: behind the back of the neck tick the arch e the quiver. R. Cornucopia and around NEO- POAITilN; in the lower AP in mon. and a star. 11. Nude youthful head with hair short turns a d. behind the nape one star. R. Knight covered of pileus conical with chlamys fluttering that gallops to the left rising to the sky the right; below in the exergue N)EOPOAI between the legs of horse PO. In other AY specimen. 12. Similar type in straight, but the knight of reverse door a parazonium under the left armpit and the chlamys is omitted; below it is written A§ , e in the NEOPOAIT exergue. Not yes can say that this character is one of the two Beavers. 13. In my collection. Very elegant number with head of rites-act in form Afollinis time a left e crown it of laurel. R. Tripod ed epigraph NEOPOAITilN. 14. Head of ApoUo laureate e time a left behind the nape of the neck one cornucopia. R. Tripod ed epigraph NEOPOAITUN. CAMPANI T. Livio says that the city of Volturno, which now yes i call Capua it was (in 352) taken by the Samnites (IV, 37) You-

T. LXXXVI CAMPANIA 87 liirnuin, Etrtiscoruni urbeiìi, quac no more Capua east, ab Samnitibus caplam. But he yes makes a mistake; because the city of Volturno of the same name to the river it was twelve miles distant from Capua, where now it is Castel Volturno, i.e at the mouth of the river e the city of the Campanians deuomiuossi Campa since 309, in which year according to Diodorus Sicilian the people bell co- began to come to life civil e own name (L. XII, 31); stì-i'og ràr Kaf.i7iavwv avriOTrj. 11 name of Capua not it is front at 319 in which year it was occupied by the Samnites who in 332 they hunted the Etruscans from Volturno. The bell currency it must close between two limits the 309 e the 319. The Campanians have municipalities with the Neapolitans 1st art, the guy e the paleography, if not that the Neapolitans use it promiscuous of the and S , the Campanians do not yes, which they use constantly the second sigma. An ordinary weight of this bell coins is similar a that of the staters of Cuma e of Naples. The Campanian alphabet is Ionian Greek, the ortho- handwriting is that of the Greekized Oscans. They write their name in more KAMPANO ways , KAPPANOS , HAMPANOS , APPANOS , never KaTTvavóg: their city was not called therefore Kanva, but Kàiina, as also demonstrated by the KA/V\- PANUN retained by the Campanians of Sicily, and by assimilation KarrTru ('), and the initial letter in their pronunciation fades- there changing in aspirated e though also yes he omitted. I Eomani had to know that one Faliscan colony took one time room in Capua why the door that led to Capua r they appealed Porta Capena ("). Grli Osci they were Sabines of origin as i Ealisci : the city capital of these people it was said Capena near to which there was a field that his name was starry and a other field starry it is located in the countryside of Capua. The news comes from Verrio Placco (Pest. p. 343): Stellati{na tribus diet non a campo) and or here in Campania east, sed eo qui{prope abest ab urbe Ca)pena, ex quo Tu- ski profect st(ellatinuìn illuni campum appeal). In which step it is necessary mean by Tusci the Oscans Tirreni, why i Tusci are not of Sabine origin, nor Pa- lisea. These Tusci second Pliny also owned it the countryside where the Eomani they lodged afterwards i Picentes fra Nocera e the Sele. In the voice patronymic KAAAPANOS it was replaced EuTivcaói name derived from Samnite Oscan, HHR)!, in which language like in the Etruscan the vau it also does le old of u vowel like WVHIci>lìVH is equivalent to Novxgiraiv. The Samnites osci of Capua they re-established late the them mint, i.e to half approximately of century fifth of Koma: theirs silver weighs gr. 5.90; 5.49, the bronze it is decimal : the unit major of weight of two ounces, analogous to the axis sextan- Roman tary. The series of this bronze carries the stars for note of value and there was also an analogous later emission logo to the axis uncial. In this one series they use i globes (') I don't count of step of Hecataeus (fr. 27), in which we derive from KÓTiv; the name of Kdnvcc {Ap. Slepli. s. v.). It is an addition post- reorly done, which presupposes the acceptance of the tradition of Phrygian Ca- pijs. that taken force after the year 417, when Capua became prefect- ture of the Eomans. (') Stephen he calls it Kàniyytc for note of value. The first has only sextants and ounces, the second runs whole from the axis per ounce: both though they follow the decimal system used in transap- regions penuiue. They emitted also simultaneously coins on system of city Greek, obols ed hemioboli. 15. In the British Museum {fiatai, p. 75, 3) perhaps the same one example which belonged to Sambon (Minervini, Obs. tab. IV n. 3). Head of Pallas covered of helmet attic time to d. E. Ox androprosopus gradient a left : of below of strip, where rests the legs, a double branch of laurel, in high KA/V\- PANOA'. The last one letter not it is spelled out; but it seems that should be read with Minervini e with Poole KA/V\PANON. In the specimens from me so far examined not I have found examples of the KA/V\PANOW\ : well there is of those that re- I cano KAN\PANO above the bull and a /V\ between the legs where the Millingen [Council. p. 14) admits im W\ or a N. I don't I know examples, all the ones I've seen give constantly a M between the legs, e rarely front right. It's done question if qitell'M must join with the KA/V\PANO o no. The Eckhel {Doct. n. Vet. I p. 108) ha opinionated, 1' Avel- linen vi absent (Ital. number I, 32) e behind of him the Cavedoni {ad Carell. tab. LXIII, 7), that he should separate : to me pai'e the opposite. Campanians write entirely in Greek spelling KAMPANOS, and perhaps KAW\PANON. That- this name it is everything online straight upstairs of the ox, but so- time they follow the Neapolitans who write in a straight line follow mentally, or in such a way, that the last letters turn almost scattered e scattered in the field e also in the exergue.

In what trend circular you can see it the $ from a side and so- lying vault in the manner of /V\ between the legs of the ox. Let them be examples i no. 21, 22 of the table LXXIV. Will we dare to as- write that Did the Napolitans write NEOPOAITHM? ov- true NEOPOAITH e detach so the last letter? sure that no. Tal it is the case of bell coins. Let's say dun- que that in in these places the lesson is KA/V\PANOS , when- therefore pairs KAW\PANO/V\. A similar position exchange of the is , yes you can notice in a didrama of Turio del mu- seo of Vienna where it is read on the basis of the bull MOAO$ - § 0/V\ in place of MOAOS 2 Og . 16. In the Museum of Naples. Head of Pallas covered in plain Attic helmet turned to the right. R. Androprosopic ox between whose legs a stork, above KAPPANO and separately the last letter tera N\ i.e. $ . Cavedoni does not yes it's okay by judging that the bird can to be of the genus of falcons {Bull. Inst. 1850, 198). He also admits col Friedlaender KA/V\- PAN and KAPPANON. 17. In the Munich Museum. Head of Pallas covered with lau helmet crime aimed at d. R. Ox androprosopus and retrograde legend goUAHXA. This is the much famous coin given by Avel- linen in Arpi (Opwsc. Ipag. 151 table I, 4), because vi he read ^OUAHSA- But against ad attribution so new they arose the numismatists, among whom were Priedlaender and Momm- sen, the Eochette e the Lenormant nei places mentioned by Mi- nerves {Obs. page 92 note 8). Nonetheless Cavedoni la argued {Bull. inst. 1853 p. 125). The didi-ammo seen by me

CAMPANIA T. LXXXVI it really has 50MAn>IA, which can be reduced to §OHAmA>l transposed the first letter, that is ad §OHAmA omitted the initial K, as in the two didramas of nos. 19, 20. AlFried- laender seemed a I'm mistaken of Avellino this JOKIAnflA instead of KAPPANOS, which condemnation seemed al Cave- too many unripe gifts and such a blunder he estimated almost incre- dibile in that numismatist {Bull. cit. p. 204). The Momm- sen he later recanted the his condemnation e he wrote (G. de the m. The p. 255), than before of Avellino the Ignarra had said to see APPANOS e the Avellino ARPAN05, retrograde: but you could, he said, believe error, if not vi was the specimen in Munich that no justify the lesson of- the Avellino. « MM. Ignorant et Biccio (Mon. of eiltà p. 37) ont cru voir the APPANOS legends et Avellino [Opusc. II p. 151 pL /n. 4) ARPANOS retrograde. The type campanien and a legend here represents the story of KAPPANOS pourraient faire croire à uue erreur et (aire hesiter sur the attribution here en a été done à Arpi, mais Vexernplaire de Munich justifie complètement the lecon of Avellino ». But it is unfortunately too true that this exemplary law § OHfn>IA which however must be said to be an error by the engraver of the coin in place of Sol/lAmA. 18. This didrammo similar pei types to the previous one n. 17 if distinguishes it by the change of K to H in the name ^Ol/IAn/V\AH. Lo I published it when it was in my collection (Bull. arch. napol. p. 66, t. IV n. 6) and then I read HVR below the neck of the Pal- lade. The example I now own does not have this, nor any another legend in the place indicated. The stork that we have noted in n. 16 here it is in front to the ox androprosopus e le brings both closer together. It was therefore written at the same time KAPPANOg e §01/lAnfV\AH. 19, 20. I types of these two didramas I am head naked but diademed, uncertain whether it belongs to a man or of a woman facing right. R. Ox androprosopus is a serpent that him crawls between your legs :im- but it brings seeing that you have the whole name in the second one APPANOg . CAPUA 21, 22. The first example comes from the Luynes collection (5.90 g), the second from the Santangelo collection (5.49 g). Graduated head of Jupiter and turns to the right. R. Eagle above a lightning mine like to take the flight and on the right. IHWI. The Amaduzzi {in Passera pici. vasc. t. Ill page. LXXVIII) quote a yes- mile nummo of silver with the t. of Jupiter on the obverse and the eagle backwards, but he reads it protectors e he attributes it to Todi : Tops- lio tam singulari quae sit habenda trusts, Eckhel writes {D. n. V. I, 97), I ignore, erudite viderint Italians. Not to me seems doubtful that yes state bed the name BOa+Vt instead of 23. Coli. Saint. Head of diademed Juno facing right. with iscet- too close the back of the neck. E. Lightning winged, tripod e I1PN>I. 24. Vienna Museum. Slim head to the previous one. A. Two busts covered by a veil e places above two decorated pedestals of drape: a large tapeworm it lies on top the two heads, on the left. a tripod, on the right. UflR)! of gr. 6.26. Gerhard thought he saw dere on this coin two matron sitting and veiled from mantle, Agathe-Ceres e the Good Goddess {Aband. der Berlin. Akad. 1847 p. 471 table II, 6). It seemed to Cavedoni that it was were two simulacra similar to Palladio, made double to dif- ficultarne the kidnapping of the truth (Bull. Inst. 1850, 197). 25. From my cast. Head similar to the previous n. 24. R. Spiga of wheat, on the right. a tripod for such also judged by Cave- gifts (L cit). e from Minervini (Obs. p. 26). A left IVX^X 26. Museum of Vienna. Head of Juno veiled and diademed to d. behind the back of the neck I scepter. R. Spiga of wheat, tripod e DPRDi 3.84. 27. Coli. my. Head of Apollo graduated a d. R. Barbito and 3PR>I, gr. 4.61. 28. From my cast. Head of young Hercules diademed and vaulted d. it sticks out behind the neck the club. R. Three-headed dog, in- the exergue DHN)!. 29. My drawing. Head of Hercules naked with club at hand around the neck turned to the right. R. Doe suckling Telephus: in the exergue lV\f\)\. In this bronze and in the two following the Capuans represented heard the Phrygian Telephus son of Hercules, king of the Mysians and father of Tareon and Tyrrhenian Sea. Lycophron says that Aeneas and these two sons of Telephus they met with Ulysses in Italy and there they did alliance. Minervini (Oss. p. 29, 30) called back a such a story to explain the reason of these guys on coins capuane, and try to draw to the same tale the two of June ranti expressed , too give it Atellani e more the rite of suckling pigs held by the minister that he's on his knees. Then de- leader that Capua boasts le origins Phrygian al even of Eoma. 30. My drawing. Head of Telephus covered with Phrygian pileus. R. Cerva who breastfeeds, in the exergue HflN)!. 31. Britt Museum. (Catal. 85, 21). Head of Telephus covered with pileus Phrygian. R. Trophy of weapons with armour, leggings, parazonium, helmet e clypeus round : in the exergue DPN)!. 32. Britt Museum. (Catal.

84, 21). Head of a woman covered with a helmet time a d. fi. Elephant african man with bell hanging al neck: in the DPRX exergue. 33. Head of Jupiter graduated time to d. behind two stars placed by note of value. R. Aquila ad wings open on lightning: in field two stars; of under IVHA. 34. Head of Jupiter similar to the previous one e the two stars. R. Diana- driving moon a chariot of horses that they run a d. in field two stars, in the exergue 1VH>\. The chariot wheels are equipped of rays and not gable-shaped, as it seemed they were at Cavedoni nei three sextants from the Estense Museum (Bull. Inst. 1850, 197). 35. From a cast. Coin reiterated over a Roman ounce of the which one remains the little globe that no it is the sign, and a bit of neck of the Boma. R. The Diana-moon in chariot imprinted on it the bow of ship. The coin osca of the value of two ounces is beaten above the ounce of the Roman semissal system. The Minervini (Obs. p. 25, 26 tab. IV, 2) publishes one similar, where he confirms to the goddess of straight the name of June none ; not it is though he alien from believe it. Vesta a re- I look of the Penates that recognizes in the two simulacra veiled of reverse. He remember a such regards the cult of the