The Ancient Coins of Northern Greece, I: Dacia and Moesia — vol. I — 1898

MOESIA INFERIOR While the Upper Moesian area in older times only barbaric coinage had and only in the imperial era came to its own coin very late, are in the area of the later province Moesia inferior long before the Roman There were numerous well-known people during the reign and coins that can be determined with certainty been hit. seat of this imprint, which then continued in the imperial era were the Greek colonies on the west coast of the Black Sea, the 'EXXrjvßsc ttoXsi?, like the Greek ones geographers in the description this barbaric area together- "comprehensively call it"). From them come here primarily those between the Danube and the Balkans in consideration, Istros Tomis Kallatis Dionysopolis Odes sos, because they permanently belong to the province of Moesia heard inferiorly; the coins of the cities located north of the Danube We will see Tyra and Olbia in the following describe the following chapter (Sarmatia); the colonies south of the Balkans, Me- sembria Anchialos Apollonia, who- who appear under Thrace, although we- at least the former temporarily to Moesia heard; on the other hand, the coins have to of the two founded by Traianus Cities Markianopolis (near the coast) and Nikopolis on the Istros here be connected. We will History of every single city, so far ') The first comprehensive treatment of the The history of these colonies was given by P. Becker his “contributions to a more precise knowledge of To- mi's and the neighboring towns" (New Yearbooks for philology and pedagogy, 19th supplement band, 325 fg. 1853). The numerous inscriptions, which since then has been particularly influenced by Desjardins Mordt- man Perrot JireCek Toßilescu Skorpil known were made and are quoted in their place were then made into one with great care new treatment of the same subject wcrthet by Jos. Kleinsorgc in his dissertation tation »de civitatium Graecarum in Ponti Euxini ora occidentali sitarum rebus” (Halle 1888). — Except these two most important aspects are here as investigations and the whole thing To name an area or a larger part: Raoul-Rochette, histoire critique de l'établis- sement des colonies grecques, tome 3 (181 5); Ukert, Scythia and the Land of the Getes or Dacians (= Geography 3, 2. 1846); A. Dad- dopoulo Vretos, the Bulgarian ancient and modern derne (1856); G. Perrot, memoire sur quelques inscriptions inedites des cotes de la Mer Noire (printed from the Revue arch. N. S. 28, 1874 in his "Memoires d'archeologie et d'histoire", 160-212, 446-450. 1875); M. Soutzo, coup d'oeil sur les monuments antiques de la Dobrudja, I (Revue arch. N. p. 42, 1881, 204 - 215; cf. 287 - 304); D. Kalopothakes, de Thracia provincia (Disscrt. Berlin 1893). — The rest Works will be cited where they are.

62 MOESIA INFERIOR them to understand the mint system is necessary or raised by the coins is clarified in a special introduction set out; Here the common should be be acted upon. Originated as a Greek trading company stations in Thracian and Scythian lands, These coastal places were located on the Bar- barenstrands depending on the special conditions things developed by dealing with so good for the inhabitants of the hinterland resigned as possible, friendly or hostile. But despite the similarity of theirs Location appears to be a political connection not having existed between them; not even from a sacral connection dung, as you can do with the almost all common mother city Miletos^) and with the numerous other Milesian Colonies on the north and south coasts of the Pontos Euxeinos would expect is some- what is expressly handed down'). At all Our sources are almost completely silent the affairs of these advanced a post from older times; and even as Darius' Scythian expedition attracts attention the Hellenes directed to those regions, They seem to pay little attention to the colonies to have; at least is in the preserved one Literature from no individual city reported ^). It stayed that way during the whole fifth century; the colonies on the West Coast did not participate in the great politics of the Hellenes; her liked enough with their barbaric ones neighbors have to do. The expansion nation of the Odrysian Empire'') about this area (through Sitalkes) has probably actually more beneficial than harmful Greek cities cast; when she sees the king some also certainly had to pay tribute, so this state of affairs was uncertain Relationship to the small barbaric ones Tribes are probably preferable and promote the security of Greek trade dels. And as the Odrysian reign caused by division and internal strife was weakened, so could the cities strive for political independence, who their fellow tribesmen on the northern and the south coast of the Pontus partly already had previously acquired; on the west coast Istros seems to have become independent first to be the one whose oldest coins are probably were minted around 400. What about the middle of the IVth century from a war the “Istrians” against the Scythian king Ateas is reported ^) , refers hardly on the city of Istros; but it suggests that the Greeks 1) See L. Bürchner, the settlement of the coasts of the Pontos Euxeinos by the Milesians. I. Part (Kemtten 1885 program). Of the cities the west coast is in this first part only Istros discussed in more detail; there is still a second part did not appear. '^) Without reason Kalopothakes (de Thracia 65 fg-) ^n that the Pentapolis was already before the Roman period existed; the common one War of Kallatis and Istros (around Tomis) against Byzantium (below p. 63) proves an alliance, but no covenant; and that the inscription of Me- sembria (C. I. Gr. 2053 d) proves nothing shown below (p. 70 A. 3). That early lively relationships, especially trade, between in the cities, it goes without saying that lich; compare e.g. B. the proxy decree with Latyshev inscr. orae septentr. Ponti Euxini 1.8 fg.; but from a federal government Nature is nowhere before the time of Augustus to find something. •'') Herodotus 2.33 mentions Istros ClaTpiY)), but in other context, ■•) Cf. A. Hock, the Odrysian Empire in Thrace; Hermes 26 (1891) 76 fg. ^) Justin 9:2. It seems there is a bar there Barenstamm to trade on the Istros. See the input line to Istros.

MOESIA INFERIOR Cities from both the Rarbarians and from were independent of the Macedonians. King Philip stood with Apollonia and many- easily with other cities in the federal state niss; He attacked Odessos, but it came without struggle to peace and treaty, in the year 341^). As Alexander the Great moved to these areas, they came to him Cities not as subjects, but as independent friends towards; name- This will certainly apply to Kaliatis, that the first coins were minted in his time to have and generally very influential seems to have been rich. The Kallatians then took over that too Leading an uprising against Ly- Simachos, who was the Greek cities Treat nes Sprengeis as subjects wanted^). They connected under one others and with Thracians and Scythians. But Lysimachus went with the barbarians finished quickly; also Odessos and then Istros soon submitted; only the loading storage of Kallatis took longer, especially since Lysimachus with the main mass of his troops against Antigonus had to withdraw; but finally it's done I also know that Kallatis has been defeated. — That after the death of the king (281) the cities became free again is not expressly handed down, but nevertheless true- apparently. In any case, we can't find much later Istros and Kallatis, apparently as independent states, into a war with Byzantium involved, where it is to control Tomis delte^); the war ended with a severe ren defeat of Kallatis, whose courage Terstadt Heraclea to mediate in vain had been looking for; Tomis seems against that only became independent as a result of this war to have become what the beginning of his Coinage around 200 speaks ^). — How the Greek cities to the Thracian We don't know whether the Gauls existed; They probably got hold of something like that Byzantium rested through tribute payments; theirs inner independence does not seem to exist to have been touched. The most important of the Cities were in this time, after the never the fall of Kallatis, probably Odessos; because here are already in III. century Alexander tetradrachms and also gold coins (mostly with types of Lysimachus) was coined during in the other cities none at all safe Alexander coins and a lot later to prove Lysimachus - Stater are. They are in Odessos too Tetradrachms in honor of the Great God's (OEOY MErAAOY) struck been, which probably has the right to that Liberation of the Greeks from the Gauls be obtained^). After the end this- The Greeks have to take care of this empire cities on the Black Sea on the one hand the neighboring barbarians, on the other hand released by the Macedonian kings ') Through the mediation of Apollonia seeks the Scythian king Ateas Philip's help against the “Istrians” (see previous note). — About Philosophy Lipp's relationship with Odessos (Jordane's Get. 10) For the other cities see A. Hock, de rebus from Athcniensibus in Thracia and in Ponto al) anno a. 378 usque ad annum 338 gestis (I)issert. Kiel 1876) 73. 74. ■■') Diodorus 19.73 to the year 313 BC. BC - cf. the Introduction to Kallatis. 3) Memnon fr. 21 (Mlillcr fragm. bis. gr. 3,537)- " The chronology is not entirely certain, docii will the event probably right in the middle of the III. Century set. ■*) More information in the introduction to Tomis. •') Gardner, num. chron. 1876, 301 fg. — More details about these and the royal coins of Odessos in the introduction to this city.

64 MOESIA INFERIOR to have hold; that they are not their subordinates thanen were, show the coins that they in the IL century; also after the subjugation of Macedonia The Romans seem to be in it at first not having changed anything. — Only in the A period of the Mithraatic Wars occurred transformation. We know that Mithra dates VI. early on also the Thracian area within the scope of his company mung and a few years exercised dominion over it. The Greek cities joined him, voluntary or forced, and the spu- ren of his rule are shown in hers Coinage. That an Alexander tetra drachmon of Odessos the features of the Mithradates is known ^). But also on the Lysimachus staters, which the cities of Kallatis, Tomis and Istros with the common sign of the three- zacks according to the model of Byzantium - perhaps also in league with Byzantium and each other - beaten during this time have is almost always the portrait of the Mithradates or one of his sons Place of the traditional Alexander or Lysimachus head^). This one Connection of the Greek cities with Mith- Radates then gave the first to the Romans Reason to pay attention to those to judge. The campaign that C. Scribo nius Curio in the year 75 of Macedon out into the Moesian area^), The coastal area does not appear to be affected have. On the other hand, we know that in 72 Marcus LucuUus not just the Moesers war, but also the Greeks cities on the west coast of Pontus took; He seems to have destroyed Apollonia have the names of the other cities Not all of them can be identified, perhaps it was all the colonies *). However, it still became a province here ') See Friedlaender, Zeitschr. f. Number 4 (1877) 15; Reinach revue number. 1888, 447; i.e., Mithri- date Eupator 75. -) The togetherness of these coins is correct tig highlighted by L. Müller, who Coins of the Thracian king Lysimachus (1858), p. 60 fg.; as noted there, finds The trident is only used as a symbol on Lysimachus - Staters of Rhodes and on the imitations of the Bosporan king Pairisades, and seem all these coins intended for Pontic trade to be. Those of Byzantium, which had the pre- picture for the other goods, start after To conclude that some pieces are in good style in III. century ; The same may be true for them Rhodian apply. The Staters belong against this of the three Pontic cities, with few exceptions perhaps, in the time of Mithradates, as we will see in individual places, also that of Pairisades, and not much older is that of Akes (cf. Imhoof, Portrait Heads 35). Müller had correctly recognized that all of these Coins only after the death of Lysimachus are embossed; but he didn't have them so late scheduled. — Soutzo incorrectly puts it (see above p. 61 Annie. 1) p. 209 the coins of the three cities in the time of Lysimachus himself, and the same Mistakes make petty worries p. 12. •') Rufius Festus brev. 7: Dardanos et Moesiacos Cu- rio proconsul subegit et primus Romanorum ducum ad Danuvium tisque pervenit. '') Eutropius 6.10: inde multas supra Pontum posi- tas civitates adgressus est. illic Apollotiiam cvertit, Callothn Parthenopolim Tomos Ilisfrum Burziao- nem [probably corrupted from Bizones] cepit; Rufius Festus brev. 9 (from Eutropius): supra pontum po- sitas civitates occupavit Apolloniam Calathum Par- thenopolim Tomos Ilistrum {Burziaonetti is many- slightly omitted because the name is not understandable lich was]; Appianus Illyr. 30: M'JSouj Se Mötpxo? (jtev AeüxoXXos, 6 doeXcpos Aixtvt'ou Aeuxo'jXXo'j Toü Mir}pt8aT7j TcoXefXTjOoivTo;, xotT^SpctfjLE xai ii tov TCOTOtfACiv [perhaps incorrect instead of xöv IIovtov?] IfißctXibv, £v8a eJaiv "EXXrjvt'oes \% TroXsts Muaolc iiapotxot, ^laxpos TE -t-ox AtovuaoTToXi; 'mi 'OoYjaaö? "/Ott Msarjijßpt'a .... (gap) .... 1$ f^c Iv Twairj bf. KaXaxi'ooc [AETr^veyxe Tciv [leyav 'ArcdXXtova tov

MOESIA INFERIOR not furnished; maybe that was West coast under the protection of the governor holders of Bithynia^); every- If so, one can assume that the Greeks also in this case from Rome were treated mildly. bad- This happened to them for about twenty years later, as the Geta under Burebista was on the Thracian territory fen and all coastal towns from Olbia to ApoUonia took '); was then not only devastated Olbia, but after from the evidence of some inscriptions Istros hard pressed, Odessos and Apollonia even temporarily from her to have been abandoned by residents; the Names of enemies are not mentioned called, but given the time it should be about the Geta or their allies act^). However, the enemies moved soon off; and as Augustus the province Moesia set up and the lower dome exactly what made it the border of the empire was that worst danger averted. But how uncertain the situation of the Greek cities even then remained, like her by name in winter due to the raids of the Geten, Bastarnians, Sarmatians over the frozen ones Electricity was threatened, that's what they teach Poems written by the banished Ovidius in the years 9 - 17 from Tomis Rome sent. Complete security occurred here only when Traianus had defeated the Dacians crossed the imperial border across the Danube advanced; Since then, prosperity has increased of the cities, and as monuments to their prosperity The coins they have in the box also appear II. and III. century. But our Greek cities were not immediately the new one introduced by Augustus was assigned to the established province of Moesia the. That she was already under him dvaxEf[i.£VOV £V Till IlaXaTtd). Like us from Strabo (7, 6, l) know, Lucullus has the statue of Apollo, a work of Kaiamis, kidnapped from Apollonia; the words ix KaXarioo? are closed at Appian delete; but probably it said KaXXart? in the gap and was one of the two missing lent cities, the other was perhaps Apollo lonia. Security cannot be achieved because at Eutrop Odessos and Dionysopolis are missing, which are mentioned in Appian; that at Eutrop the less important cities Partheno- polis and Bizone appear, perhaps for greater accuracy in the use of the Livy close. Appian could thereby be influenced by that he was at that time existing Pontic Hexapolis thought (Ivi}« eiatv 'EXXtjvioe? S; ttoXsi?) and hence their six cities listed; it would then be in the gap Kc(XXaTt; and To[ai; to supplement and the beginning of a new sentence about 'AtroXXiuvia. ') Since Macedonia, through what was then still an independent The Odrysian Empire was separated from the cities, so Bithynia was the closest pro- vinz. But this European thing was certainly not incorporated like the Asian one l'ontos. On the other hand, the one in Augustan probably works The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. A common distinction between right and right left ponto (see below p. 68) to this order ion of things. According to Strabo 7, 7, i is enough the left Pontos dizo "laxpou roTafAOÜ \i-iypi Bu- CavTt'o'j; and those that can be proven in the imperial period Relations between Byzantium and Bithynia (see Momm- sen R. G. 5, 280 A. 2) like the last remainder be of this order. '^) Dio Chrysostom. 36 (Borysth.), 4 tells the last and worst conquest of Olbia, 150 years before his time, i.e. around 50 BC, and adds add: etXov bk xat xa'jTTjv Virm xal ra? aXXaj Tis iv TOIS äptaTEpOl? TOÜ floVTOU TToXstC (AE^pt 'ÄTToXXcuvfa?. On this see Strabo 7,3,11: (Botps- ßtaxot;) Staßat'viDv dotüa tov "lotpov %a\ ttjv 0pa- xrjv pfoo;. 2) Kleinsorge p. 15 refers to the process from Latyshev, on the trains of the Burebista one Inscription from Istros (arch.-ep. mid. from Easter Reich 6.36), one from Odessos (mid. arch. Inst. Athens 10,317; cf. Latyshev, there 11, 200) and one from Apollonia (arch.-ep. Mitth. from East. 10.163: -/.TlaoLi; ttjv ttcJXiv [xsTa ttjv ex- TCT(o5[v). Further information can be found in the introductions to these cities; see also Kallatis and Tomis. 5

66 MOESIA INFERIOR However, this proves that they belonged to imperial territory the banishment of Ovid after one of these these cities, and the poet says so too explicitly ^). Pliny counts them Thrace; and we will see that Agrippa's description of the empire and Augustus, which Pliny, however, un- exactly, reproduces, although not as Partly, but still as an annex of Thracia treated ^). Now there was under Augustus still a province of Thracia not; but the geographical district Thracia essentially coincided with this the Odrysian Empire, whose princes the to appoint Romans as kings of Thracia used to draw. This Thracian State that serves as a clientel principality belonged to the Roman Empire Greek cities on the Pontos Euxeinos not incorporated, but nevertheless attached; and accordingly appears in Ovid Odrysian King as the first to enter Patron of cities, even if the Legate of Moesia (or the entire governor of the Balkan Peninsula) as upper authority is entitled to intervene^). — ^) Ovid Tr. 2, 197 fg.: hactenus Euxini pars est Ro- mana sinistri; .... Ausonio dies iure novissima . . . . in imperii margine. He describes it as Moesia the country never [at one point he mentions Mysas gentes, but he means the barbarians and not the Greek cities: ex Ponto 4,9,77], a- sometimes perhaps as Thracia (ex P. 4, 5, 5), the common name is Pontus. ^) Pliny h. n. 4, 11, 44: Threcia altera latere a Pontico litore incipiens, tibi Hister amnis always gitur, vel pulcherrimas in ea parte urbes habet^ Histropolim. . . . ; similar to Mela 2, 2 from the same Source, namely the Chorography of Agrippa. In this one, like the later ones, it was Guided, short descriptions of the empire show that the entire northern Balkan peninsula as a special whose district is summarized as Macedonia Thracia Hellespontus et pars sinistrior Ponti (as in the Divisio and the Dicuil; in the dimension ratio incomplete Macedonia et Hellespontus et pars Ponti'). Pliny breaks this down Area in Macedonia and Threcia by taking under the latter also inaccurately includes Hellespontus and pars sinistrior Ponti also understands; Agrippa was with us Right these two areas, which are in a different whose relationship to Rome was as the Odry rich in sea, kept separate from Thracia. — The Province of Moesia is of course missing from these imperial descriptions since they were written during Agrippa's lifetime didn't exist yet. Pliny, on the other hand, knows them (h. n. 3, 26, 146): Pannoniae iungitur provincia quae Moesia appellatur, ad Pontum usque cum Danuvio decurrens, incipit a confluente supra diclo. in ea Dardani Celegeri Triballi Tiniachi Moesi Thrace's Pontoque contermini Scythae; but cities he does not mention in this province. The information in any case comes from another source (man note that the river here is Danuvius, there Hister as in Agrippa's name), perhaps Pliny's own time. — The works von Schweder (contributions to the criticism of choro- graph of Augustus I, 1876. II, 1878. III, 1883) and by Cunz (de Augusto Plinii geogr. auctore," Diss. Bonn 1888; the same in Fleck- eisens Jahrb. Suppl. 19) address these questions not one. ^) Ovidius ex Ponto 1.8; 2.9; 4.7. — cf. about V. Domaszewski, Neue Heidelb. Year i, l9ofg. , who holds the patronage of the Odrysian king and the position of the Roman legate as the upper authority first clarified. Very However, it is unlikely that the position of the Vestalis (ex P. 4, 7) in the Pontus area a permanent one and that of the in praefectus civita that can be traced back to the Claudian period tium Moesiae et Treballiae (C.I.L.V, 1838) should be equated. It seems to be at Vestalis to perform an extraordinary function; but even if it were a real office, couldn't it be the praefectura civitatium. Because these military prefects are found only in barbaric areas and have them Violence over communities that are not urban are organized; would be for our Greek cities So such an official is not appropriate, and besides, it is unnecessary.

— In the text to that new atlas by Kiepert (Formae orbis antiqui, Sheet XVII) are Domaszewski's comments misunderstood; the area of later pro- vinz Moesia inferior has never had Treballia to be called; the latter can only be done in the company's own area Treballi will be correct as shown on the map itself

MOESIA INFERIOR From this indirect affiliation with Roman Empires seem to be the Greeks cities only in the year 46, after the drawing of the Odrysian Empire, into the immediate indirect administration of the Roman provinces to have reached the national authorities. Than back then the new province of Thracia was established and their border against the older province Moesia was found also had to the Greek cities were assigned to one of the two be shared. The border was first probably the natural one, the shark's crest Mosgebirge in its entire course up to to the sea, so that the cities of Istros to Odessos to Moesia, the south from the Emine Burnu promontory, Mesembria, Anchialos and ApoUonia, too Thracia came. In the second century On the other hand, the border appears to be there changed that the area of the Tra- Nicopolis, the city founded by Janus the Jantra belongs to Thracia, although it north of Haimos, and around Mesembria returns to Moesia inferior; both facilities like from Traianus come from himself, who is in the sales at all The administration of Thracia changed many things seems to have, as do the coins of the Thracian cities; guess- Lich gave the establishment of the province of Dacia the impetus for a reorganization of the entire provincial division of this building bids; but it is also possible that the Change only took place under Hadrianus is^). Then came Septimius Severus Nicopolis to Moesia, like the governors names on the coins (see below p. 81) show, and probably at the same time Mesembria to Thracia, so that the natural border was restored; to have these we stopped here because most of them Coins from both cities only appeared in the III century. year- belong to a hundred, and therefore describe the coins of Nicopolis near Moesia, while that of Mesembria with the Thracian appear in the next volume should. But the Roman province was in the imperial era was not the only unit, to which the Greek cities belonged, but there was also a certain special connection between them and a special designation of their area, even before the establishment of the new province of Moesia. For the later one This has been witnessed many times over time: the area of Greek cities bears the name Pontos, mainly on the coins and inscriptions of her suburb Tomis, the [xr^-poTToXt; Hoviou; and around this thing offers from the one of the same name in Asia Minor to distinguish, the European one leads is specified. — The extent of that prefecture and the names of their Moesian and treballi It has so far been impossible to specify lich; but the Greek cities do not belong in any way to it, and the only name of the riparian zone is Pontus. ') According to some inscriptions (C. I. L. III, 749; cf. p. 992), one of which is north of Nikopolis was found, the border was in 136 Moesos et Thraces was regulated; and man would like to conclude that the allocation from Nicopolis and Mesembria to the two Pro- vinzen only happened at that time. But Ptolemy, who also visited Nicopolis in Thracia counts (3, 11, 7) and Mesembria to Moesia in- inferior (3, 10, 3; cf. 3, II, 3), appears in this Section describes the state of the Traianic period admit that he has some of the ideas founded by Traianus Some cities have already been listed, but others are still listed does not know (cf. Calopothakes, de Thracia 3); that there was negligence on the part of Ptolemy is hard to assume. — Compare also this Introduction to Nicopolis and later to Mesem- bria.

68 MOESIA INFERIOR in some inscriptions the full name 6 eu(ovujj.o? riovToc;^), the left Pontes; for this is the left side of the sea for those coming from the Propontis Ships. But this transfer of the called [Iovtos from the sea to the Coastal countries, in Europe as well as in Asia ^), is older. Strabo says in the introduction to his description of the Pontic Empire (12, 3, 2): et? ot] tov Eo^sivov llov- Tov £?a7rXsouaiv ex tr^? npOTrovx''8o; Iv dpiöiepa fjioV Ttx T:[jr)as.yrfi X«) ßuCavTut) xsiTar Bpaxwy S'sati, xaXsitai Ö^xa 'Aptsxspa xou Dov- xou" Iv Ss^ia Ss xä Trpoffs/Tj XaXxTj^ovr .... xauxa 8s Tiavxa xa^slxai xa Ascia xou EuSstvou Oovxou. It's about this point is not simply a request how to give a more precise description the west coast with Strabo and more often occurs^), but rather a technical nic expression; and the same applies to a second digit [y, 7, i): xrjv xa 'Apt- axspa xou Fldvxoü Xs^ofisv/jv (TrapaXt'av) diro "laxpou TToxafiou \i-iy^pi BuCotvxiou. For that Asian area is the designation xa Asgtd xou Oovxou otherwise not attested; but the name of Pontus remained with him permanently; the word Aö?i6s could remain because it as part of the Vvomnz Bithynia et Pontus was sufficiently designated anyway. Whether the European side is also already in the Mithraatic period Oovxo; called what- We don't know what that is. Sure, though was this name in the time of Augustus already official and common. The ones above (P. ^ A. 2) mentioned chorography of Agrippa had as an annex of Thracia called two areas; the one, bright- pontus, is certainly identical with the Cher- sonnesos, which are private property of the ^) The inscriptions are in Tomis twice wrote, first by an unnamed person Copies (three in number) from Kirchhoff in the monthly reports of the Berlin Academy 1861 p. I040fg. are printed, then by Karankio- Ziehlu with numerous other inscriptions that Kumanudis in the Athenian magazine Nea Havoiopa Vol. 19 (1868/9). The unnamed man's copies are in man- cherical point of view, especially by specifying the gaps, more precisely; but sometimes he has a Individual letters are left out and are included once the following line is skipped, so that several other words have been omitted. I'm printing here first the two texts according to the older version writing, but with the addition of the missing book letters and words from the later one. i) church hoff p. 1042, 2 = Kumanudis p. 81, i [from it Mommsen R. G. 5, 283 note 1]: 'AyaOr^ '^'^X^- Kotxä Tct oo^avT« r?j xpat/jOTTj ßo'jXrj y.dx xw Xc([J.7rpOTaT(U OTj[i.(U Xr^S Xap.TTpOTC(TY]S [ATjXpOTtdXetUS xat «' ToO E'Jwvüfxou riovTOU To[^.£U)s TOV llov- xapj^rjv A6p(i^X[ov) ripetdxtov 'Avviavov d'p^avxa xoü xotvoO Tiöv 'EXXi^viüV xal ttj? (i-Tj-poTtoXeio; xrp a äp^Tjv dyvüi;, xal dp^t£paac(|i.£vov, xrjv hC ottXojv y.oX x'jvTjYEauüv iv6d;iu; cptXoxEtjjitav [atj ototXiTOvra, dXXd xal ßouXeuTTjv xai xüiv npiuteudvituv v'j(i.o'j lldvxou TojAEto;. The The emperor's name has been erased, but it must to be Alexander; the empress is Mamaea. The time of this inscription is therefore certain, and the previous one is probably because of the exact Agreement in the naming of the federal states the capital belong to the same time. — That Word £ua>v'j(jLo; was from Kumanudis and Perrot not been understood; the correct interpretation gave Millingen ("EXXtjv. cpiX. ^l'iXXoyo; 4, 105 fg.; not accessible to me, quoted from "Perrot 447). ^) For the Asian Pontus see E. Meyer, business of the Royal Pontos (1879) p. i fg. ^) Strabo 7.11; 7, 3, 15; Diodorus 19.73.1; Dio Chrys. Borysth. 4 (above p. 65 A. 2), and otherwise.

MOESIA INFERIOR Agrippa was^); and the other, pars sini- Sirior Ponti, can be nothing other than the area of our Greek cities. The Description of the northern Balkans island near Strabo, which unfortunately is only for The smallest part is preserved, is certain the same division, and the Expression xa 'Apiaxspa to'j Tloviou is likely Translation of the Latin pa7's sinistra to be Ponti. But that the name Pontiis for the Greek cities not only officially, but also in ordinary language use of the first imperial period penetrated The poems of Ovid teach us. Because when he writes his poetic letters ex Ponto sends to friends, so says of course not the sea, but that country^); Pontus often has to do that too Country mean, and some times we find even the full name Pontus Sinisier or Laevus Pontus^). — So it's not doubtful that the area of the Greek cities already under Augustus and then further after its incorporation into the Province of Moesia the name llovro; led has. But this word is probably also from the Augustan period not only the geographical location naming of the area, but designated at the same time the Association of Greeks cities on the west coast of the Black sea, whose various later na- men we will get to know below. As is well known, Augustus has this under the Republic frowned upon system of cities associations everywhere promoted or even required*); and it made sense that those Greek schen sea towns that are in or next to the Odrysian clientel state a nationally separate group formed a league to summarize. Which cities are the sem Koivov riovTou, as it was said will have heard at first have cannot be determined; those too Number is unknown. As long as they do that Odrysian kingdoms were attached, probably heard everyone from Istros to Apollonia, as far as it has its own city law had, to the alliance. But when the thra- Kish kingdom was confiscated and with it also the Greek cities immediate provincial area came, also had to be the scope of the federal government be regulated according to the provincial borders the. The southern cities appeared much- slightly later the Kotvov ©paxÄv; the ') See Marquardt vStaatsverw. 1.313 note 2; it fin- A procuraibr emerged in the first century Augusti regionis Chersonesi and a procurator provinciae Helksponti, which are probably identical. ''■) Ovidius Tr. 5, 2, i e Ponto; ex P. 2, 5, 10 from ex- treme Ponto. The places where Pontus the land are numerous (Tr. 3, 2, 28; 3,8,27; 3, 13, 11; 5, 10, i; ex P. 1,3.65; 1.9.6; 4, 15, 20); referred to in many other places it is of course the sea, and very often you can It can also be doubtful whether land or sea means is. ^ Tr. 2,197 hactenus Euxini pars est Romana si- nistri; cf. Tr. 5, 10, 14 and Scythici vere terra sinistra freii, where the pun shows, that sinister is an official expression; less The other places are important: Tr. i, 8, 39 Ponti, quos haec habet ora sinistri; Tr. 4, 8, 42 qua maris Euxini terra sinistra iacet; ex P. 2, 2, 2 pulsus ad Euxini Naso sinistra freti; ex P. 3, 8, 17 tota Ponti regione sinistra; the word sinister seems to have double meaning everywhere ben. — Of the places with laevus only shows fiine the official meaning of the expression, ex P. 4, 9, 119 is quoque quo laevus fuerat sub praeside Pontus; at most also Tr. i, 2, 83 laevi fera littora Ponti; but the others (Tr. 4, I, 60 Euxini littora laeva peto and Tr. 4, 10, 98 maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas) also resonate with that. ■*) Mommsen Constitutional Law 3, 744; see Marquardt State administration 1,503 fg.

70 MOESIA INFERIOR name Hovioi; was on the Greek League the northern province limited, the the majority of the cities belonged^). — For this association of Greek cities in Moesia then appeared in the course of the imperial time several new names on Ausser the name Flovro;, which extends to End in the titulary of Metropolis Tomis especially seen on the coins held^), we find in the inscriptions the Names FlcVTaTroXt?, 'ESocttoXi?, Koivbv täv 'EXXvjvtov. Know the first of these names we only from an inscription from Odessos for an official of the city and the Federal (C. L Gr. 2056 c): 'Hpoaooov Oap- vccYOü [ajp^avxa xr^<; nookto); xott ap^avia 10 u xotvou t^? risvxaiToXeo}? xal xeifj-r^ösv-a UTTO Toij xoivou TTj? OsviaTr oXeo)?. Since when this inscription became known numerous attempts have been made determine five cities which form the covenant the Pentapolis^). VölUge security ity is with the previously known material not reachable; but since it is every- if around five Greek cities within the Limits of Moesia must act like this it is very likely that the five Sea towns between the mouth of the Danube and the Haimos Mountains, Istros Tomis Kallatis Dionysopolis Odessos, too that Koivov were united; because these certainly belonged in the first century, in which the inscription according to general Judgment is set, and constantly to Moe- sien. However, you could initially think of Tyra and Mesembria. Tyra ^) That the name Hovroc was given to the Greek cities in Moesia remained, shows the naming of Tomis fATjxponoXts riöVTOu. — The Kotvov 6pax(Jüv will rarely mentioned (see Marquardt i, 512 note i; Kalopothakes de Thracia 42) ; which cities this included is unknown. Anchialos is still dependent at the time of Strabo (7, 6, i 'Aif)(taXr] TToXt'yvtov 'ATToXXwviaTÄv) and receives only through Trajan's city charter. 2) The coins from Marcus to Philippus with Aus- the smallest ones have the inscription jATjTpo- TioXe«); ridvTOU Td[Aeu>; (under Pius only To[ait(public [/.TjTpoTroXt? without OdvTOu). Inscriptions of the III. Century with the form [i.rjTpo';roXt; xai a toö e6iuv6fj.ou ridvTou see above p. 68 A. i. 3) Blaramberg, to whom Boeckh was informed inscription (C. I. Gr. 2056c), believed that Odessos as a suburb with Tomis Kalla- tis Mesembria Apollonia formed the alliance. Boeckh suggested Istros instead of Kallatis, supported on an inscription from Mesembria (C. I. Gr. 2053 d), in which Tomis, Istros and Apollo lonia honor someone; these three cities as well the location of the Mesembria inscription and the In his opinion, the Tomis suburb constitutes the rievTciTroXis. But already Becker (loc. cit. p. 363) has rightly pointed out that such Certificates of honor from various cities can very well stand on a stone, without them forming a covenant; he refers quite correctly on an inscription from Olbia (C. I. Gr. 2059; now in Latyshev n. 22, cf. Buresch Athens. Mith. 19 (1894) 105), in which also 'OBrjaaEiTai Toii-stTai 'laxpiavol KaXXaxiavoi one Honor man with golden wreaths, but except 15 other cities like Olbia Miletos Sinope, who certainly did not have an alliance with them formed. Nevertheless, Boeckh's opinion was believed to be correct for a long time; she is again- gets used by Marquardt Staats. i, 305 A. 5; Ferro t memoires 192; recently also from Kalopothakes de Thracia 65 fg., but assumes that for Apollonia after the destruction by Lucullus Kallatis; similar- lich Kiepert formae orbis antiqui on sheet XVII. Blaramberg's view is taken by Bur- master, the Thracian Pentapolis (journal for classical studies 1837, 425 - 428); Vretos (loc. cit. 199). Müller Lysimachus P. 61 leaves it undecided whether Kallatis or Istros was the fifth city. — The decisive one Point that the perimeter of the Pentapolis through determined the boundaries of the Roman province must be, has only Mommsen R. G. 5, 283 A. I correctly highlighted and then the cities from Istros to Odessos as members of the federal of determined; He also joins small care p. 19 fg. to.

MOESIA INFERIOR 71 came under Roman rule in 56 AD suzerainty and has been under the rule ever since Protection of the governor of Moesia (in- superior); but since it is only in a looser connection The relationship with the province was strong and strict taken beyond the imperial border, could it be cheap or maybe it had to be so- even stay outside the Kotvov^). Me- sembria, on the other hand, would certainly become a member of the covenant if it is at the time of Inscription within the province of Moesia lay; one would then have to assume that one of the five northern cities at the time had no city charter of its own') and Me- sembria was the fifth in the league. But all of those cities were already in pre-Roman times been self-employed for a long time, and it There is no indication anywhere that the Roman government did something about it would have changed. It is therefore likely- more obvious that Mesembria in the first Century does not belong to the Pentapolis has, and that is why the ver- encouragement has been expressed that the city only in the second century came to Moesiah. As a fellow But members of the Pentapolis, which immediately after the establishment of the province Thracia was organized under Claudius is, you get to the five cities north from Haimos, from Odessos to Istros, on have to watch. — In the II century One then appears in place of the Pentapolis Hexapolis. We know her from two Inscriptions, one of which is below Pladrianus or Pius^), the other not much later*) is set; honored in both the city of Tomis xöv ■Kwxi^yy^ (once xal apcavxa)xr^? 'EcaTcoXe')?. As certainly with It is rightly assumed that the hexa- poHs were created by adding to the five Cities of the Pentapolis entered a sixth. It has to be a city that only... II century to the province of Moesia inferior has come. Mommsen sees her in the founded by Traianus south of Odessos ') About the era of Tyra see the introduction to the coins of this city; it is not entirely clear whether Tyra is incorporated into the province or just under the regular protection of the governor has been provided. '') It would then only have to be one of the five cities so far existed as a subsidiary branch of another how Anchialos felt about Apollonia (see above p. 70 A. i); but see the introduction to the Coins from Dionysopolis, which is what it is about could act alone. ^) First published by Millingen in the writings des 'EXÄrjvtxös cptXoXoytxo; X'jXAoyo; in constant tinopel Vol. 4, 105 fg.; then repeated by Perrot memoires 447 and Marquardt State use 1,305 A. 7: ['Aya^]'^ '^'^X^« fflöv Hov- Tc<'pyr,v xai öip[$avT]a xf^s 'E$a7Tci[X]ia); [tov] ulöv Toü ll'^VTO'J xal [7r]f>(JÜT0v ''j^yü^f}^i'Zf^ Oeoü 'Avti- vdo'j T. (pXcto'jtov IloaeiSwviov ulöv (Patöpou toü IlovTtxp/O'J xal uioj TT]; izoXeuJS, cpuXij 'ApyaS^tuv Tov iauT^s TcpodTaTTjv. The first festivals Honors of Antinous are probably alive celebrated in the times of Hadrianus; but the Pontarchy of Poseidonius can fall under Pius len. His father Phaedrus was against this at the latest under Hadrianus, perhaps already under Traianus Pontarches. It should also be noted that the Father uios ri\c, TrdXeu)?, the son ulos xm flov- TOU means; perhaps falls between the official leadership of both a change in the existence of the Federal. *) First published by Christ (after a copy von Weickum), Munich meeting area. 1875, I, 78, 3; then by Soutzo, revue arch. N. P. 42 (1881) 297; last by Toöilescu, arch.-ep. Mith. from Austria 6 (1882) 22.46: 'Aya^^ Tuy-j). 'H ßouXrj xal 6 o^jaos T. Ko[ji.(vtov KXau- Stavöv 'Ep[i.c(cpiXov TOV aocpiatrjv xal äytovo^^TrjV dpsTTj; X^f'^' '^°'' IlovTap](T]v x^s 'E^aTK^Xeou? xal dp-/t£p^a xal \z[A

72 MOESIA INFERIOR the city of Markianopolis^). But man may be doubtful whether this new city were viewed as equals is^); for surely the covenant of the Greek cities on the Pontus were just as zealous addicted to the purity of the Hellene thums like the Panhellenion in Athens") and it is difficult to become one from Romans, albeit partly with Greek residents, founded city that bears witness to Hellenic descent have given advice. Probably is considered the sixth city in the League of Me- to look at sembria, which after the emphatic testimony of Ptolemy in IL century belongs to Moesia inferior has; because this is an old, purely Greek sche city that you can be accepted into not well refuse the Hellenic League could once within the borders of the province. — How it is then in III. Century, we know not. Since Mesembria is probably had to leave when it returned to Thracia came, the covenant became five again Cities reduced, if not another city or several new ones entered; man could think of Tyra or Olbia, where- one would of course have to assume that the looser connection between these cities the province is no longer paid such close attention became ""j; also the worse Hellenic thum and the different legal status from Markianopolis were perhaps in no longer an obstacle at this time, to the inland city of Nikopolis difficult lich as a member of the Pontic Cities- federal is conceivable. Something specific can be determined by the scope of the federal government in III. Century don't say. The domestic Writings don't provide any information either about the number of cities; the only one Place where the federal government still expressly Koivov calls him xaiv 'EXXtjVcuv ^); otherwise only the old one will be found collective name IIovtoc, or ge- More precisely Eu(ovu[j.oc riovtoc^), which is more that area designated. How long the light nenbund still existed, is indefinite knows; the last coins from Tomis, the were defeated under Philip and this city still fir^xpOTToXi? Hovrou call, are also the final testimony for the Association of Greek Cities on the West coast of the Black Sea. From the provincial association, which has its headquarters at least for a while in Troesmis had ^1, the Greek cities are certain ^) Mommsen, Rome. History 5.283 A.i; likewise Kleinsorge a. a. O. 21 fg. -) Kalopothakes (de Thracia 67 fg.) believes that Markianopolis has Latin city law at all has had. He certainly goes too far in this; but it will be shown below (p. 79) that the Legal status of Markianopolis and Nikopolis in fact different from that of the other cities was divorced; that the governor's names are on the Coins of the latter are always missing, Kalopo- thakes really stand out. ^) See the certificate from the Hellenic manufacturer future for Kibyra (C. I. Gr. 5882) and for Magne- sia am Maiandros (C. I. Att. III, 16). von Mommsen Roman History 5,245 Note i. •*) On the coins of Olbia the Kai- ser heads since Severus; the relationship of the city at Rome seems to have been the same as Tyra's. ^) In the inscription of Annianus above p. 68 A. i. **) ^S^-

MOESIA INFERIOR 73 remained separate, so long her own Association existed; belonged to that probably only the colonies and municipalities'); and first the Diocletian imperial order likes this difference removed and put an end to the Greek league have. About the organization of the Greek There is not much to say about the association of cities. Like the other city associations of the imperial At that time the Pontic was also essentially a festival cooperative; national Festivals and games, imperial cult, honorary conceptions, later perhaps also petitions nen formed the tasks with which the federal government and its representatives had to deal with. Whether the associations always in the same place or alternately We know that took place in all cities not. In any case, a specific one must City was the seat of the Federal Executive Board be. At least this dignity was enjoyed since the time of Antoninus Pius Tomis; because on the coins of this emperor, the initially only the older inscription To[i.tTojv show, the message appears first drawing [ir^tpoTToXi?. However, it could the city was already a suburb in earlier times of the Confederation and the Emperor by awarding that title only one the legal situation that has existed for a long time lich designated. But it is too possible that there was another city before Tomis was suburban. You would then Boring SOS thinking; because while all later head of the federal government at the same time Officials of Tomis is the oldest known to us (Herosodos, p. 70). Odessos official; that could be a coincidence be, but maybe it was through after all the constitution of the federal government stipulates that that the first official of the suburb also had to lead the federal government. — The title of the head may have existed in ancient times to have been fach ap/

74 MOESIA INFERIOR On the coins of the left Pontic Greek cities will be the Koivov, its entrance directions festival games head, no- mentioned above. While other pro- provincial associations in the imperial period itself have struck coins - if only to celebrate festivals or as a permanent event common money - this is the case with him Ours never did; for gold and silver was found almost everywhere the imperial coin instructed, and the Copper coinage remained with the individual cities left alone. But without any input The influence on coinage is existence of this national association been. It is the merit of Gard- ner ^), having first pointed out, that most Greek cities on the West coast of the Black Sea their Coins have a value mark '''). have; and even if the circle of these Cities don't quite agree with the Kotvov covers, so has the national connection but in any case the approximation in coinage being promoted. — The main ones Value symbols are B f A E (€); for under- They are different from the letters sometimes vice versa 9 13 3- On the small coins, which vary according to size and weight to represent unity seem to appear, there is usually no value characters; it is probably intentional as un- necessarily omitted; only found in Olbia the A on small coins of the Geta. But also on the larger ones The value marks on the pieces are not all placed evenly; the custom became not at all in all cities with this handled with the same regularity, and it is therefore mentioned in the introductions to the individual cities still have their special features such things need to be discussed. On carried out most strictly, the application appears giving the value on the coins of Tomis; There are even two more here special nominals as intermediate levels: the small coins of Maximus Caesar have the value symbol AC, and a part of the coins with the two busts of Gordianus and Tranquillina the value statement AC; that to A and A added characters C^) are used Gardner as a Roman seniis recreated name for half of unity, so that those pieces are worth 1Ya and 472 have units. That of embossing in all cities are based on the same unity Mith. 6, 29, 58). — Kalopothakes also has one Achilles (according to Hermes 3.440); but in those Inscriptions are not a description office, but about the hero 'AjftXXeu? Dov xap^Tjs; about him see Latyshev, inscr. Ponti Euxini 1,110 fg. In the fragment arch. -ep. Mith. 14, 29, 60....ß. rovxapyou is more likely to add an official's name. — To be noted is that the Pontarchs 4, 5 and probably also 6 at the same time äp/tepeT; are and that next to them theirs Woman acts as dpj^t^peta; but both functions certainly refer to the city of Tomis and not on the covenant; also the addition xal ap;as T7]V TTpwxrjv (ip/i^v at 4 refers to the City, as the more precise turn at 5 shows ap;a; toü xotvoü xtüv 'EAXtqviov xai xtjS (Jirjxpo- TTO^EÜj; X7]V TiptOXTjV Öp/l^V. ') Gardner, a monetary league on the Euxine Sea, in numism. Chronicle N. P. 16 (1876) 307-314. 2) Hardouin and Vaillant had B T A E for them Numbers of the. Imperial years held what Eckhel (d. n. 2, 16) could easily be rejected as erroneous; he himself doesn't give an explanation, but just states they just notae monetary iortim. The thought from Sestini (letter cont. 4, 50), the letters as abbreviations of ßo'jXi^, FEpo'jai'a, At)[jio?, To explain 'Ezoipyta, I only mention it as Curiosum. 3) The different forms of the character are can be cited by Tomis.

MOESIA INFERIOR 75 lies is not to be doubted; so unequal- the pieces in detail also are brought, correspond to the whole zen the same value symbols in all Cities coins of the same size and same weight. The size of the coin zen is pretty careful about value regulated and differentiated; at least within the imprint of each individual City matches with coins at the same time the larger diameter almost exceptionally go to the higher value symbol. Dage- The weights are the same as always copper coins, very unequal; numerous Coins with A weigh more than others simultaneous ones with E, as well as some with B more than others with f; not even in same city and under the same wharf Here there is uniformity ^). At least that's also the case with the weights the right relationship to the values signs not to be misunderstood; the usual actual weight is for the unit (with or without A) 2 - 3 g, for the pieces with AC 3-4 g, with B 5-7, r 7-9, A 10- 13, AC II - 14, E also 11 - 14g. That strong deviations both upwards how to occur down is not too deny; but elsewhere can be found at Copper coins have even greater deviations even in the same city, so e.g. B. in Chios ^). All in all it seems to be sure that those involved Cities exchange their coins according to the same coin system have shaped foot; and the result had to a significant facilitation of the be reversed, as the coins have value signs certainly throughout the entire minting area were valid without distinction ^). — What the individual denominations were called is not known; but the unity is good as in other areas daaotptov was named and corresponded - not in the Weight, but still in value - that Roman ace; the pieces with B would be then Dupondii, the (particularly common) with A, the xe-paaaapta, Sestertii. Coins worth 1Y^ Assaria can be found otherwise only in Chios *) , those from 3 Assaria there and elsewhere^); On the other hand, there are nowhere except in Tomis Coins from 473 Assaria can be proven, and the nominal with € doesn't seem to have one either to have analogies; only as a stamp It is found later in Pisidian and other coins '^). — Greater no- minale are only under in our area Gordianus was minted; we have from Odessos, Tomis and Markiano- polis medallions with his image, in Weight averaging about 25g; that the bust of the emperor on some ') In Kaliatis and also in Olbia we will Find coins whose obverses are made of the same Stamps are unequal while the backs have value symbols. '■*) Compare the weights in Imhoof, Greek coins zen p. 135 fg. ') In that of Tacchella, revue num. 1893 8. 51 fg., The finds described were apart from the coins from Tomis, who formed the main mass, too Coins from almost all other coastal cities, with and without stamps, but also coins from other represent their cities. — The one from me in the Find seen in the former Mandl collection (cf. num. Zschr. 23, 29 fg.) mainly contained Lich coins from Markianopolis, Nikopolis and Hadrianopolis; So it seems that the validity also offers coins without stamps seemed to be quite far. ■*) Imhoof-Blumer, large coins p. 134, has this Nominal first recognized correctly. ^) Imhoof, gr. M. S. 134. 157 fg. ") Imhoof, gr. M. p. 161, but cf. p. 157. — Der Compilation of tokens would be- those on coins of the Bosporan kings to add, which we will address in the introduction Olbia come back.

76 MOESIA INFERIOR Coins from all three cities from the same Stamp is, provides further evidence for their connection in the coinage ^). — Finally, it deserves mention The fact that the value symbol f is mainly mainly on coins of the empresses appears; and in the introductions to the individual cities we will see how here and there for the various nominations nale particularly prefers certain types become. Despite the consensus But you can use the value symbols not actually from a coin league speak. Because the use is not by joint resolution of the relevant divided cities were introduced; son- because one began with it, and others started followed the good example; and then too was for the coinage of each individual City only has its own administration and that the supervisory law to be discussed below Roman government decisive; the other cities had nothing to do with it do. We can therefore only state like the use of value symbols gradually spread over almost the entire area has spread; new coin discoveries will be made maybe change the picture here and there and complete, but at the un- this number of coins that have already been are known, you can see the essential features already see it as fixed^). — Tomis starts under Marcus Aurehus made by the coins of the emperor and his son Commo- dus with the value symbols B and f saw. Under the sole rule of the last teren then also coined pieces with A. Now the other cities started dem To follow the example of the suburb. Still under Commodus shaped Dionysopolis, Istros and Tyra coins with value sign. Under Severus follow Kallatis, Markianopolis, Olbia and Thracia Anchialos; only Odessos left its mark as before without any stamp, until finally his last coins, under Gordianus, also marked with the symbol €. This denomination with €, the fiver, was originally our coin system area as foreign as any other under Roman influence, and into the It was never coined by Tomis. penetrated. Why and under what circumstances? circumstances it was introduced, know we don't. It is found first in Kallatis (on coins of Geta Caesar) and also under Severus in Dio- nysopolis; but it became most important in the coinage of Markianopolis, where it in the last days of Severus, under the governor Flavius Ulpianus (between schen 209 and 211). Most Coins from Markianopolis have over- no value at all; otherwise there is only those of Diadumenianus are included r. But the coins with € are nowhere minted in such quantities as here; they can be found under all directors ments until the whole thing expires Coinage under Philip. Except that These fives have stamps of value Markianopolis has another special feature - ^) The city of Anchialos also existed under Gordianus Medallions of the same size minted. — Mentioned be the numerous medallions from Bizye under Philip. 2) According to the older literature, such as Mionnet summarized, the picture would be w-e- design significantly differently; but it will be with the individual cities are shown that many Coins not allocated to the correct emperors or were otherwise incorrectly described.

MOESIA INFERIOR n times: the front always shows two Heads (or busts), facing each other returns'). The purpose was certainly that you can easily distinguish these fives from the un- Differentiate between pieces of the same size could, which were minted next to them- the and also the same inscriptions and have types; these latter pieces may well, although they have no value wear gab, view as xs-paaGapia, and the same applies to the similar coins zen of Nicopolis apply, which is the Stamps never accepted at all has^). Those fives with two heads remained have long been a specialty of Mar- kianopolis^); like she did when she first arrived lead partly the heads of Severus and the Domna, partly that of the two younger Ren Augusti Caracalla and Geta showed, so under the following governments continued with this, on the front always have the picture of the emperor with you that of an Augusta or a Caesar mate. But when Gordianus III. became emperor, he was joined in Er- lack of an Augusta or a Cae- sars the Sarapis or the “Big One.” God", whose worship differs from Odes- sos spread over the whole area had *). And now the custom became Coins with two heads on the front to shape the side, even in most neighboring cities accepted. coin zen with the busts of Gordianus and Sarapis can still be found in Dio- Nysopolis and Odessos; in the latter City is the bearded god but through that Cornucopia expressly as the 606? Wi^^o-z referred to. Carry in all three cities these coins have the value symbol €. After the marriage of Gordianus the image of God through which the trans- quillina replaced, and even more cities minted coins with busts of the Emperor and Empress: except in Markianopolis and Odessos ^) can be found such coins in Tomis and Istros, also outside the province of Moesia in the neighboring Thracian cities Mesembria and Anchialos. The of Markianopolis, Odessos and Istros ®). the €, those of Mesembria and Anchialos are without value marks, finally those of Tomis, like the older ones, have A, partly AC. Why these coins from Tomis, which on average is just as heavy are like the corresponding coins other cities mentioned, not also as ^) First highlighted by me in the number Zschr. 23.43; for more details see there. ^) The currency of Nikopolis seems to be that to be the same as in Markianopolis, Tomis u, s.w.; also for the Thracian cities, at least since vSeverus, the same applies; cf. the Information about the finds above p. 75 A. 3. — Es also gives some coins from Nicopolis two heads on the front; they are older than that of Markianopolis, since it is under the Governor Ovinius Tertullus are coined, and show the heads of Severus and Uomna, as well as Caracalla Augustus and Geta Caesar next to each other, while in Markiano- polis and then in the other cities on the Pon- tos the two heads always facing each other- stand. Completely identical coins with two heads There is such a thing as from Nicopolis from Pautalia. ^) An unsafe coin with the heads of Ca- racalla and the Domna in Istros see there. *) More information in the introduction to Odessos. ^) In Dionysopolis the minting seems to have taken place before Gor- dian's marriage to have expired; cf. the Introduction to this city. 6) The E is missing on the coins of Istros while, perhaps because of the characteristic of the two Heads were enough to classify the pieces as fives. draw. There are also coins from Istros the head of Gordian alone; that's missing on them E never. — It is similar in Anchialos; see above.

78 MOESIA INFERIOR We don't know what fives were considered; anyway it was a disadvantage for the city, that they don't have the coinage for so long could go out from tetrasariums; the Introduction of the new denomination of 472 Units was then already a useful one Concession in favor of the city. The Coins from Mesembria and Anchialos can probably be viewed as a fiver; that Value symbols could therefore be omitted be because of the feature of two heads was sufficient to describe the value; the coins of Anchialos with their heads of Gordianus alone have the E. Unter the following government only has Markianopolis coins with the value sign (E) embossed; their fronts partly have the heads of Philip and the Otacilia, partly that of the younger Phi- lippus and the Sarapis. The same advantages derseiten can also be found in Tomis and Mesembria, the former also in Bizye '), but everywhere without a token of value; guess- All these coins were considered fives, also those from Tomis, where that's exactly why Value symbol may have been omitted. If you have an overview of the entire coinage sen of the Moesian Greek cities in the Imperial times, that's what you recognize at first Security that the regulation of the same definitely in the hands of the Romans government lay. The minting of gold and silver was given to all the cities of the region withdrawn; but also the copper stamping was not given to everyone at once and equally- permitted to a large extent. From the 1st century We only have coins from Tomis, first at the end comes Tyra under Domitianus; then the coinage began under Traianus of Odessos''), under Pius follow Dio- nysopolis, Istros ^) and that back then nor Thracian Nicopolis, under Pius or Marcus Kaliatis "), under Commodus Markianopolis, finally under Severus Olbia steps in. Once begun But then there will be no imprinting standing and continued evenly; but it fails under one re- yung here, under the other there. So e.g. B. under Macrinus in Moesia only Markianopolis and Nikopolis minted, under Maxi minus only Tomis. We know don't know the reasons; but not there is increasing that the other cities the profitable right to mint coins although also possessed under those emperors, but would not have exercised it voluntarily, so one can only from such phenomena conclude that the right to mint is not un- revocable, but on a case by case basis was granted. This is not enough concluded that an emperor also benefits everyone At the same time, allow cities to coin their own coins could, like Commodus, Severus and Gordianus seems to have done this. But then again, at least we can near Markianopolis and Nikopolis from the Governor's name proves that the er- Permission to mint coins is by no means for for a longer period of time or approximately for the entire re- reign of an emperor had to apply; for most legatees have, like you directory (below p. 81) will show, only one of these two cities has the privilege permitted. This intervention and the regular supervision of the Roman government ^) The ones from Gardner a. a. O. listed coin from Bizye (= Brit. Mus. Cat. Thrace p. 91.15) has the ^ only as a counterstamp; the same is many- easily only under Gallienus or later and on stamped forward; at least that's what it means Piece not in our circle. 2) But cf. the introductions to Kaliatis, Istros, Odessos.

MOESIA INFERIOR 79 yation were undoubtedly necessary in order to the cities of an all too rich, the whole and harmful to themselves to hold coinage. Of course you have them despite this surveillance in a row the carelessness of individual rulers or Governor has already done far too much shapes; and it certainly applies to us too this area, which Mommsen^) generally my opinion about the Greek copper coinage the imperial era said: “To this in the East to a greater extent than in the Western communal banking The coins that our mothers hold become rotten “Fill lakes that have contributed.” It is possible that some The right to mint money in several cities was abandoned their legal status; but the The exercise of this right was at the discretion of the Romans government regulated. Therefore, from the mere presence or absence of Coins of a city to this or that Time on the type of their city law not be closed. But allow me one thing to at least determine our coins, namely that the legal status of Mar- Kianopolis and Nikopolis another was than that of the other cities. Because if on the coins of those two cities, with the exception of the small, almost regular moderately mentioned the names of the governors on those of the other cities never^), one can conclude from this that fen that they have permission to mint from the governor, these from the emperor himself received. The further conclusion, however, is that the latter cities in general from the state holder regiment excluded, i.e. free ones Cities were therefore not yet entitled. Because they, all of them or at least them most, as defeated enemies under Roman technical authority had come (above p. 64), at least that's not how they feel the best city charter was granted. That after the edition your demo retained a democratic constitution, they teach inscriptions; in this sense they were they free cities. But which state legal category them as Roman were attributed to subjects, it seems not to be detected. It can nor can it be claimed that the legal status of Markianopolis and Nicopolis was a worse one would be than that of the ancient Greek cities; you can only tell that she was someone else both from the coins and from the in- writings that appear in the introductory should be cited. At all all these Greek cities seem to which only got their city rights through the Kai- have received a special category gorie among the cities of the Roman To form an empire, whose position - how their emergence - with that of the colonies has some similarities^). However, can this question will not be addressed here. We have now turned to the place of holders, whose names are different on the coins of the two of Traianus Find cities founded*). In Niko ') Constitutional Law 3, 764. *) Sestini (descr. 30.3; from Mionnet pp. 2, 65, 70) read on a coin from Dionysopolis Letters 4>. O. and thought that was an abbreviation of the governor's name ^Mouioi fJüXiitavo; ; it but there is a year and the coin belongs to Phrygia; see under Dionysopolis. 3) There are also events taking place in the province of Thracia. holder names only on the coins of such cities, which were first founded by the emperors or but received a new city charter. *) See Pick, num. 23.32-40.

8o MOESIA INFERIOR polis, whose coinage was under Hadrianus begins to find itself as the city begins belonged to Thracia, initially of course the names of governors of this pro- vinz, under Pius HFE IHNflNOC and under Commodus HTEMO KAIKI CEPBEIAIAN. The older one, M. Antonius Zeno, will too on coins from Perinthos and PhiHppo called poHs, the latter, Caeci{liusf)^) Servilianus, on those of Anchialos, Hadrianopolis, Pautalia and Philippopolis. The abbreviated word before the name is probably not vj'j'efxovo?, but riYSfiovsuovto? to read; because that's how you look after them too Thracian inscriptions the governors name to be introduced: Ti^sfxovsuovcoc XTi? Opaxäiv £7rap/£tia? (xou Seiva), whereupon then the actual title follows: itpsaßsu- To5 Ssßaaroiji (xal) dvitaTpaxyjYOu ; 7)-j'£fA6vo? alone would be bad Greek if not impossible even at this time. on- initially, under Traianus and Hadrianus and first also under Pius, was on the coins zen of the Thracian cities rather Title FIPECB with or without the accession sentence, d. h. the correct translation of the official title legatus Äugusti pro prae- goals, usual^); but since then of Pius it is replaced by the general expression Hr(EMO) which is like that corresponding Latin word praeses Suitable for all types of governors was. — In Markianopolis they have first coins minted under Commodus There are no governor names, probably because the granting of the right to mint, the first permission to mint, from Emperor himself and not from the legate went out. The further exercise seems but then supervised by the legates to have become; because since the time of To Severus their names appear regularly- moderate, with only very few exceptions, on the coins of Markianopolis and Niko, who had moved to Moesia at the time, polis. That it is not local Eckhel already had it recognized correctly, as some names in both occur in the cities, and Borghesi had confirmed it with further examples; now some of these are governors also proven on inscriptions the; and there is also the Roman one Title itself on all coins. However the title was not recognized as such been. — The governor of Moesia inferior would have as well as that of Thracia with the formula TjY^jJ-oViUovtoc or the Title TrosaßsuTou can be referred to- nen; both suits both. But it had already become custom at this time, that the higher-ranking legates their Title is the rank designation consularis, Greek u-ocrixoc, attached or these Rank designation alone instead of the title used. This title is then also on the coins of Markianopolis and Nikopolis used regularly been; a single governor, Um. Te- reventinus under Alexander, is like that Thracian through the P"ormel HF leads, but probably because he exceptionally as praetorian legate of Lower Moesia has become; above all other names stands for the abbreviation VFl, less commonly V or VriA. One had the Vn until recently for an abbreviation of the preposition uro held; but that would be linguistically incorrect, since the coins are not from the governor are embossed; those in the older literature 1) Caecina would also be possible. 2) Directory at Pick a. a. O.P. 53.

MOESIA INFERIOR 8l pieces described that are supposedly YflO have been advertised are insufficient certified. The abbreviation contains na- Of course the rank designation uTuatixoc, and she is probably uzotxcuovto? to dissolve, like the position of the governor also in some inscriptions from our region is pressed'); the form VflA would have represented can lead to, but they were held Resolution of the Vfl into YflO for self-extinguishing understandable and therefore always read instead of VflA Vn.A. or (since the crossbar of the A often is very thin or completely missing) Vfl. A., like that that numerous governors of Moesia inferior incorrectly the first name ^4«/?/^ or Lucius has been settled. — Because I the names and the order of the on Coins appear legates of Moe sia inferior earlier on another I have treated places in detail ^), so give Here I only provide a short list of the same, sorted by government and with an indication of the place of minting or both embossed places; in what form each name appears appears on the coins, is made from the indi- ces can be seen; other things are under Markianopolis and Nikopolis are noticed the. The numerous errors that result from the older literature to the most recent collections ^) have been transferred, I'm not taking this into account here; their concern correction or rejection will take place find the description of the coins. The Secured names are as follows: under Severus: Pollenius Äuspex (Nik.) Cosconius Gentianus'^) (Mark., Nik.) Ovinius Tertullus (Nic.) Aurelius Gallus (Mark., Nik.) lulius Faustinianus (Mark.) Flavius Ulpianus (Mark., Nik.) under Caracalla's sole rule: Quintilianus (Mark.) under Macrinus: Statins Longinus (Nik.) P.Fu. . . Pontianus (Mark., Nik.) Marcius Claudius Agrippa (Mark., Nik.) under Elagabalus: lulius Antonius Seleucus (Mark.) Sergius Titianus (Mark.) Novius Rufus (Nik.) under Alexander: Tib. lulius Festus (Mark.) Fir, . . . Philopappus (Mark.) Um[brius'^) Tereventinus^) (Mark.) Do... Gaetulicus (Mark.) under Gordianus III: Tullius Menophilus (Mark.) Sabijniusf] Modestus (Nik.) Tertullianus (Mark.) under Philip: Prastina Messallinus'') (Mark.) ') Arch.-ep. Mith. from Austria lo, 243, 10 and 11; 15, 211, 86, — See Pick a. a. O. S. 32 A. 8. ^) Num. Zschr. 23, 32 - 40. *) I am fond of conducting research on administrative History of the Roman Empire Vol. I (1888) p. 281 fg. — The short compilation of Blanchet in the Revue numism. 1892 (de- prints in his Ltudes de numismatique 1.71 fg.) appeared at the same time as mine and could therefore the corrections I gave are not take into account. The last directory of the Governor of Kalopothakes, 6 -/(upiaiAO? xtX. (see above p. i A. i) uses my article, but with some misunderstandings. The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. *) It should be added that this governor perhaps in an inscription from Olbia from the Se-period verus, in Latyshev n. 97, is called: Si^ttovto; TTjV £7I0(py£tOV Ko OU. ^) The coins say Tepeßevxivoy; but Dessau kindly pointed out to me that the name probably comes from the town of Tervtntum (among the writers Tereventum; see C. I. L. IX p. 241). — Since in southern Italy the Name Umbrius is common, I suspect Tereventinus also belonged to this genus. ^~) I had said (loc. cit. p. 40) that his stead- ownership would have to fall before 246 because the younger Gere Philip on the coins with his na-

82 MOESIA INFERIOR Municipal officials will be on I the imperial coins of our area Except for the first one from Tomis called^); that federal officials do not occur, has already been noted above been. As for the types, so be it Of course, every city has its own right from the start own way. About the types of pre- Roman times can therefore only be found in the Introductions to the individual cities be spoken. In the imperial era are, as we will see, these old ones types picked up here and there, also created some new representations have been discovered that relate to the location, the cult of the main deities and other their special features] of the individual city relate. But the main mass of the type pen lacks any locale at this time Meaning: they are the conventional ones Depictions of the gods and their attributes bute - the latter mainly on the small coins - , the Roman per- sonifications like Concordia and the like Kaiser, everything largely from the borrowed from Roman coinage, their gold and silver was circulating everywhere in the country. For this reason there are also on ours Plates (XIII—XX) depicting these of this general type group, which is all can occur, not in the one individual cities, but according to Types arranged, as in the preliminary notes is given. — On the Obverse of Imperial Period coins appear in almost all cities at times instead of the portraits of the ruler or other the heads of the members of the imperial family of deities, mythical city founders and city goddesses, most commonly in Kallatis and Tomis, never in Odessos, but probably in Markianopolis and Niko- polis; you can see that this is not a problem either Characteristic of the type of city law is; perhaps the supervisory right of the government went yation to such an extent that their approval for every minting without imperial heads had to be obtained separately. The coinage has expired and seres area first in Olbia and Tyra under Severus Alexander, then under Gordian III. in Dionysopolis, Istros, Odessos and Nikopolis, finally in Kal- latis, Tomis and Markianopolis Philip. At the same time began as we saw above (p. i fg. and 22 fg.). have their own coinage in the Neighboring provinces Dacien and Upper Moe- sien; whether there is a causal connection exists between the two facts don't know for sure. men are only called Caesar; but now there is one Coin appeared on which he is called Augustus; the administration of the measurement Salinus has therefore extended beyond the year 246 extends. ') A coin from Nicopolis in the British Museum (Cat. 46, 39) has been read APX AfPI; represent- Calopothakes (de Thracia 64) concludes that in this case the governor is also ap/tov from Nicopolis and other things. But it's This is just an erroneous reading [^Vll M]APK Arpi[nnA].

KALLATIS The location of the old town of Kal- latis^), about which many erroneous assumptions used to be made. All expectations passed, is first from Gail, then correctly described by Becker and Vretos been agreed: it is today's man- galia in Romanian Dobruja; Findings of inscriptions later confirmed this confirms"^). The city name is in the written form represent almost the same Kct'XXatt?, Latin callatis; the spelling KaXotric [Calatis), which can be found in some manuscripts finds is inaccurate; on all coins and Inscriptions there are two lambda^). Yes The city appears to have been KotXXatta in ancient times to have shat*); because a part of the autonomous silver coins (n. 196 - 199). the inscription KAAAATIA, which is difficult Abbreviation of Ethnikon KaXXaxtavoiv is, but nominative like HPAKAEIA, I2TPIH and OABIH on older and concurrent Coins of these cities. When for that? Name K-xXX'zxic has settled down, know we don't; in literature he is alone common ^) ; besides, he is in one Latin inscription^) detectable; otherwise only the ethnic group can be found, and also the coins, except those just mentioned, have either KAAAATIANHN or Ab- cuts. — Where does the name KaUaxt come from? origin cannot be determined. The Er- clarification of Stephen sv -^ xaXaöo? supsi)/] £oix

84 MOESIA INFERIOR river pouring into it after the at rivers occupying the mother city of Heraclea KaXX/j^ or KaXr^s and only from that the city name KaXXaxt? was derived. The city would then have to have an whose names have led, for which the gift of Pliny (h. n. 4, n, 44) Callatimque quae antea Cerbatis vocabatiir (or Acerve- tisf) would fit.. But we can do this Leave questions alone as they are for the coin system has no meaning and yet no security can be achieved. About the founding of the city judges the one attributed to Skymnos Periegesis the following: KaXXaTt?, a-oi/iot täv ' HpctxXstüTÖiv 7£vo|jL£vyj xaxa yp-/ja[xöv sxxiaav OS xaur/jv, Tjvtxa xtjV Maxsoovwv apxV 'Afiuv- xa? TtapsXaßsv ^). Which Amyntas meant is, remains uncertain; probably delt is the first, so that the Founded towards the end of the VI. century This is likely to have happened. What a Oracle gave the occasion is un- known. That Heraclea was the mother city of Kaliatis was, is also through the testimony of other writers confirms^); furthermore, the Kallatians have themselves as colonists of Heraclea viewed like the coins of the imperial era teach on which they use Heracles as xxtöXYj^ denote (n. 290 — 296); and a Honorary resolution of the mother city will also be given publicly displayed in the daughter city ■*), In contrast, the Pom- ponius Mela^), that Kallatis from the Milesians were founded, no meaning. Of course there would be double colonization Miletus and from Heraclea, very well possible; but like the wrong row- As the sequence of cities shows, there is one near Mela Confusion ahead. More important would be that of Kleinsorge ^ cited circumstance that in ') The name is probably spoiled; about the con- jectur KepciiTi; see note 5 below. '^) Scymnus v. 761 - 764, from which Anonymous. Periplus Ponti Euxini 74. •■') Strabo 7.6, i: KdXXctxi; 'HpaxXeojTcüv «7:01x0; (cf. Str. 12, 3, 6); Memnon fr. 21: ä'uoixot oe o'JTOi (KaXXaxiavoi) 'HpaxXewTtüv f^aav; Ovidius Sad. 1, 10, 39: et quos Alcathoi numorant a moe- nibns ortos sedibus his profugum constittiisse Larem (he ties Kallatis to the mother city of Hera- Klea, Megara, an). "*) Arch.-ep. Mith. from Austria 8 (1884) 20.21, Honorary inscription of the city of Heraclea for its red mix patron from the time of Pius. The domestic The writing is near Cicracci in the Küstcndsche district found and therefore described under Tomis; but there would have been no point in a copy this inscription from Heraclea in Tomis pose, while the lineup in Kallatis is very was fitting, as the honoring of the patron of the Mother city certainly also for the daughter city of interest was. I therefore believe that the domestic written according to Kallatis. At best it could you also have to remember that with Cicracchi something an insignificant branch of the Kallatia ner lay; such a place, but south of Kallatis, which even has the name of the mother city Heraclea led, mentions Pliny (4,11,44) than disappeared in his time. ^) Pomponius Mela 2,2: in litoribus Istro proxima est Istropolis , deinde a Milesiis deducta Callaiis , tum Tomoi .... Pintianus already recognized this as incorrect and wanted the addition of a Milesiis put deducta behind Istropolis; maybe it is the change. . Istropolis , deinde a Milesiis de- ducta Tomis, tum Callatis is preferable because it through the correct order of the cities is provided. Vossius had the information Want to justify Mela and therefore for them According to Pliny (see note i above), the con- jectur Cerditis made because there was one in Miletus Location Kspotaxt; or kepa axes (see Mela ed. Tzschuckius Vol. 3, 84); Ttzschucke and Polsberw approved this assumption. But there In any case, Mela made a mistake no conclusions can be drawn from the passage can, •*) Kleinsorge (above p. 61 note i) p. 6. The domestic writing (arch.-ep. Mitth. a. Ö. 6, 9, 15). is in a private collection in Bucharest; the

KALLATLS an inscription from the imperial period, the Ionian Phyle Arj'ixopsT?; appears; but those in- writing probably doesn't belong Kaliatis, but to Tomis; and if certainly more and more with time Greeks Ionian and other tribes lived in Kallatis, this is how it happened The city itself is still officially considered a Doric one, namely as a colony of Looking at Heraclea. About the oldest fates of the The city of Kallatis is preserved to us Nothing reported in the literature anywhere. The first mention can be found in occasional ness of their rebellion against Lysima chos in 313 (above p. 63). The But the city must have been there for a long time been independent and powerful to be; for she played in this war the leading role against the king, and she resisted for the longest time. Dio- Dor (20,25) reports in the year 304, that part of their citizenship is with the Taurian kings Eumelos recording found; and even if from it it cannot be concluded with certainty that the War until this year or later took longer, that's how it is also not impossible for Kallatis to get through clever use of disputes among the Diadochi for so long was able to preserve freedom. That but Lysimachus finally does brought the city into submission, is not to be doubted; and only death the king in the year 281 will give her the have represented freedom. The un- But the Kallatians' spirit of adventure was it seems, through the rule of Lysimachus has not been broken. This teaches the dispute already mentioned around Tomis ^), which took place around the year 260 seems to have found. Despite that But the alliance with Istros was Kallatis not up to the mighty Byzantium grow; also the mediation, which Heraclea instead of that of both parties offered the help he requested, had no answer follow; the war continued and ended with the victory of the Byzantines. He was able to escape this serious blow Callatis according to the testimony of Memnon not recover. Your self-employed But the city doesn't have that or at least it does only lost for a short time, like that numerous coins show that they are in shaped over the next two hundred years has. In the literature, however, it is initially no longer mentioned. Your Ver- Relationship to the Gauls, Odrysians, Make- done was of course the same as that of other Greek cities. And just like that she had to go to Mithradates close, as the coins show, and then came at the same time as the others Year 72 fell into the power of the Romans. Also Kallatis shared the further fate with neighboring towns; what we about it be able to determine is already in the Introduction to Moesia infertor apart- The location is not specified. I want believe that the stone was taken from Tomis is because the phyle A^yiv-opet; in this Ionian city can also be proven in other ways. — Small concern also states that in another country Scripture (in the same collection, op. cit. p. 8,14) the Ionian genitive \tplui is found; but it is likely that this inscription too belongs to Tomis, where iizi hpiui occurs more often (arch.-ep. Mitth. II, 41, 55 = 12, 127; probably also II, 38, 43); see below p. 90 A. I. In Kallatis as in Heraclea, probably in the imperial period the Doric dialect predominated. ') See above p. 63 and the introduction to Tomis.

86 MOESIA INFERIOR been set. The city becomes in all Descriptions of the area with listed leads; something special about their destiny but sale is not reported anywhere^). The repeated mention of ßouXv^ and Sr^fxo? in the inscriptions shows that they was autonomous; but that they are difficult was, is, a free city in the Roman sense has already been highlighted earlier. We now have the task of to represent the coinage of Kallatis len. The coins can be, according to the characteristics offered by themselves and taking into account our sparse knowledge of the city's history, in divide into six groups; four of them belong to the time of independence, two in that of Roman rule. The oldest coinage in the city appears to be in the autonomous silver coins (n. 196 up to 204). According to the style you could just as easily put them in the time of Alexander the Great as in the first half of the III. century put. But the coin base speaks for itself the former setting. The weight of the larger pieces varies between 5.58 and 5.00 g, a single of 4.73 is likely be viewed as an exception. The mouth zen seem to be after the aeginaei- Chinese currency to be minted, which also in the mother city of Heraclea Connection to Sinope until the end of the IVth century^); otherwise could one also remembers the Persian ones Siglos think like Byzantium in the same ben time has shaped. The smaller pieces usually weigh about 2.50 g and are probably all of them, although one exceptional Lich heavy specimen weighing 3.12 g two particularly light ones of 1.95 and 1.82 g face each other, as halves of the dragon to look at men. This Aeginaean (or Persian) coin standard it is likely that the silver coins by Kallatis in the IVth century are shaped; because in later times would have a city that is the first ever Male shaped, so not from age stuck to a certain coin base, not easily any other than the Attic one Currency selected. For this reason I want the coins from the first group in the time of Alexander the Elder Gr. or the first years after his death. The remarkable phenomenon that the drachmas and trioboles are often included covered with verdigris, i.e. from a bad th mixture are made, would maybe explain that from this Pieces already during the war with Lysimachus, in 313 or something later, are embossed. — Some copper coins are allocated to the first group, because they are characterized by the types of their back connect sides to the silver coins; Given the style, they could too belong to the third group. 1) It is likely that Kallatis is also at the invasion of the Burebista (above p. 65) in Mit- passion was drawn; you could on it some hints in inscriptions refer to: arch. -ep. Mith. 6, 10, 16 [vJaOv [j.axpäv xaxa- tJx£ua?c«p.[£Vos l]x T(I)v iStojv To'v T£ Xtfji^va x[al Tots äxjxds äTToXefAi^Tous dTr,p7]aev , cf. there "> 34. 33 and 14, 32, 75. — In earlier times He hears in the inscription arch.-ep. Mith. lo.igyfg. mentioned war in which Apollonia brought help to the Kallatians. -) Six, Sinope, in Nuni. Chronicle 1885, p. I5fg., where also the older coins from Heraclea and Amastris are treated with; Head, historian numorum p. 440 fg.; Wroth, British Museum Cat. Pontus p. 139 fg.

KALLATIS The types of silver coins are: Vs. Head of the youthful Heracles with the lion skin r. Rs, Gorytos with the bow, club, ear of wheat. [Figure Plate I, 17] The choice of the head of Heracles and the Heracles weapons as the first types of the Coinage of Kallatis^) explains itself the Herakleotic origins of the city; because Heracles is the mythical founder the mother city and its colonies, Auf the coins of Heraclea^) were older time the head of the god is shown bearded been presented, but can be found early on there too the unbearded head^); that the latter was chosen in Kallatis under the influence of the Alexander coins have happened. Also for the weapons of the Heracles was found to be the model here there: show the coins of Heraclea sometimes either the club or the Bows in the Gorytos as independent types, or both together^); and also find both on small silver coins and especially on bronzes of Alexander the Great Big ones. As the special symbol of But the ear of corn reveals itself to Kallatis, which except the weapons of Heracles almost regularly only on the coins this city appears. The same connection of Gorytos, Club and ear of corn can be found on some Copper coins (n. 205, 207, 208), which precisely for this reason assigned to the first group are shared. As a type of the front n. 205 has a head of Heracles without a solution wenskin, but with a laurel wreath; from the- the same stamp is the head of 206, the also the same official name, but as Type only has the club alone; a similar The head can also be found on coins of Heraclea^). That the official name advertised here or with several ren letters appear while the silver coin the ;names only in monogram men may have been coined later these two copper coins close let; but something like that is also in the IVth century not impossible. — The have the last two coins (Plate I, 18). on the front a Macedonian a shield similar to that found on coins zen of the Diadoch period, especially the those with B A occur. You have instead of the city name only the book name letters K and were therefore assigned to the Kas- sandros given; but the ear of grain speaks ') Also a weight (half mine) from Kallatis in the Bucharest Museum has corresponding representations positions: vs. head of the bearded Heracles with the lion's skin in front; Rs. HMI between Club r. and Gorytos with the bow r., depicting under A (f), at the very top an indistinct character. The weight was first published by Soutzo Etalons ponderaux primitifs et lingots monetaires (Bucarest 1884) n. 303, plate III, cf. p. 23 and 41 ; then by Bormann arch. -ep. Mith. 14 (1891) 2.3 with illustration; recently in the collection lung by E. Pernice Greek weights (1894) n. 708, cf. p. 68. The sign above the Pernice holds the club for half an H and hits hence the reading AH[x'iaiov; but that is difficult to get right because the character is too long and is thick. But it doesn't seem to be the ear of corn either to be, which is based on the analogy of coins would expect. It is interesting that the... Heracles' head is bearded, which is found on coins of the pre-Roman times, in which the weight of each if heard, never occurs; that the weight is older than the first coins, but you will can hardly be accepted. -) Six num. chron. 1885, 51 - 63. •■') Six n. II, 31, 33 fg. ') Six n. 12 club, Six n. 40 gorytos with bo- gene; both Six n. 26fg., cf. also 25. ^) Six n, 51; Brit. Mus. Cat. Pontus 142.28. 29, XXX, 6. — Here Heracles has the lion fur knotted around the neck, on the copper coins zen from Kallatis is missing.

88 MOESIA INFERIOR for Kallatis; that their dating not sure is, has already been said above; you can- also in the middle of the third year a hundred can be set. IL The second group is an number of king coins with counter- stamps compiled, n. 209-216. They are tetradrachms and drachmas, largely by Alexander d. Gr. himself; but also a tetradrachm of Seleu- kos I. and a drachma from Lysimachus, both with Alexander types are among them, and also from those attributed to Alexander written pieces like one more thing or others whose writing is through the Stamping is illegible, one of the Diadoches belong. On these coins zen, regularly on the pre- on the page, you will find the following three Counterstamp: 1 (circular): Head of Demeter with Wreath of wheat right, in front K 2 (rectangular): ear of wheat right, above KAA 3 (circular): Head of Athena 1st, including KAA. We see the third one first off. The first two are often found next to each other on the same coin (see table I, 19), are therefore certainly in the same city stamped. The initial letters of the city name, KAA, also fits Kalchedon. But it is likely Kallatis the place of stamping, how this also Eckhel Sestini Müller Fried- accept countries^). However, would There are many things to say in favor of Kalchedon: one That is an ear of wheat labeled KAAXA Mintmark of Kalchedon on Lysima chos tetradrachms and plays in general the ear of corn in the coinage of this city important role; also the head of the de- meter is often found there; and end- lich speaks for Kalchedon that in the so many parallel coinage of Byzantium tion royal coins with counterstamps are detectable. On the other hand, that is Ear of wheat, as we have seen, that too distinguishing feature of Kallatis; and that Demeter has one in this city was the main deity, the coins show the imperial era, on those near her head like that of Heracles and Athena the urban K is found (n. 279, 280. 286. 288; see below p. 93). After that would be so the question cannot be decided. The- The coins are still included here, because we are just coming from the history of Kallatis is known for a period which these apparently have on a larger scale The royal stamp was overstamped at the beginning coins fits very well. The coins of Seleucus and Lysimachus with Alexan such types are in the year 306 or not coined much later, and also those with Alexander's name belongs to her good styles according to the same time; now that's it the former only minted in small quantities seem to be and in any case not have been around for a long time, so we can assume that the counterstamps too struck shortly after the year 306 are. So you would go to the time of War between Kallatis and Lysimachus belong. The purpose of the stamping could be because the person's own money city was not enough to support this royal coins are marked by the stamp agreed to give value; because theirs 1) Eckhel sylloge 24; Sestini lettere 6.14; Müller Alexandre p. 180 note loi ; Friedlaender Zschr. f. Num. 4 (1877) 341,

KALLATIS Attic currency from the city was different was a determination In any case, about the value relationship thig; and it was in the hand at the same time the city authorities placed them to give a higher compulsory rate, probably two different ones each other, as not on all coins both counterstamps appear. — The The style of the Demeter head suggests possible very early dating; where this guy is from pus without a veil is borrowed, know we don't. — Even more likely is the answer according to Kallatis for the third counter- stamp that has so far only been on one coin (n. 216) is proven. Because that Athena's head is the front type pus of most small copper coins of Kallatis in the following period (Group III, n. 234 - 247, 254), and also It can be found on coins from the imperial era often (n. 267 - 274), sometimes from the K glides (n. 270, 271), whereas in Kalche- Don an Athena head only on very few Coins occur. Whether this input stamped in the Lysimachian period To set war, must be a draw stay; maybe it belongs in that first Time of war with Byzantium. III. How the coinage of Kallatis after the submission to Lysimachus designed cannot be determined say. The city will hardly become its own minted coins. It is against that possible that there is a royal here Mint was established and that those given by Müller^) to the city of Kallatis written coins with the ear of wheat as Some of the symptoms are still under lysis macho people are characterized here. Of course it is the ear of wheat is a very widespread symbol bol; only a few of these coins have also K or KAA^), and that too is not yet reliable proof of the pre- in Kallatis. Since furthermore not with Safety is to be determined which of these coins under Lysimachus himself, which were struck in later times, and since the former in any case not as City coins but as royal coins could be seen, then all these coins are zen not included. The late ones Gold staters with the trident are down described as Group IV. As after the death of Lysimachus The city became free, of course she could mint their own coins again. Like it was held with the silver uncertain. Since the coins come with their own Types of currency due to probable can be placed in older times (above Group I), it would have to be coins zen trade with king types, and it is more likely that you will have the type pen Alexanders chose as that of the same fallen conqueror. After that could those given by Müller') to the city of Kallatis ') Müller Lysimachus p. 58 fg., n. 240 - 257. - Before that, Birch (num. Chron. 2, 165) had just if you thought of it. The ones presented by this suggested distribution of coins between Kallatis and Kalchedon, depending on which one they have Müller has an ear of wheat or an ear of barley rightly rejected as impracticable. 2) Müller 254- 256 with K, 257 (=^ Leakc Kings 12) with KAA. An unedited tetradrachm Löbbecke Collection has KAA in the field, '"^ Section the ear and AZ; it belongs hard- lich to Kallatis. 3) Müller Alexandre p. 180 fg., n. 491- 498; 491 has the same monogram as the Demeter head of the first counterstamp, 492 and 493 ha- ben k.

90 MOESIA INFERIOR written Alexander tetradrachms with ears partly immediately after the year 281, partly minted here later. This one long after the king's death Minted coins would be considered constitutional to look at urban ones. But there too their allocation is completely uncertain, so are they they are not among the coins of Kallatis described. Safe silver coins from Kallatis are therefore not from this period assign. On the other hand, we have numerous Copper coins, with the inscription KAAAA- TIANflN or various abbreviations genes (KAAAATI, KAAAAT, KAAAA, KAAA), which certainly in the time of freedom, from Death of Lysimachus to Mithrada tian wars (281 - 72 BC). are; we include them as a third group- together. From the coins of the Roman Time without imperial heads (Group V) They differ in style and style the names of officials. It's not against that possible to chronologically chronologically more precisely to be organized logically, even though there are large sub- Differences in style are unmistakably present are. For the larger pieces it is in usually the front is curved flat back; That's the case with the little ones Field of the back often concave, sometimes deepened; for some people the work is complex, sometimes even beautiful, with the other theirs completely raw. But from all of these As I said, characteristics are not a sure thing Evidence can be found as to which Order these copper coins during the two hundred year period have been; just as little is from the Letterforms determine the chronology deliver. The coins are therefore only divided into two rows according to size divided and within each row Types sorted. Like the nominals too are named is also unknown. In one that supposedly came from Kallatis The inscription ^) contains the coin description. drawing )(7Xxous; whether that is the name the larger or the smaller coins would be cannot be determined; the first- ren weigh 6-8, the latter i^/.^-3g. The official names that appear on the Copper coins appear almost regularly some are just a monogram expressed as on the silver coins, sometimes written with several letters ben. A title is never included, so that we don't know if any of the inscriptions well-known a-par/jYoi ^) or another Official is meant. As for the types, we think so with the larger copper coins more variety than on the small ones. The head of Dionysus (n. 217 - 224a, I, 20. 21) may be from the coins of the mother city of Heraclea^) be borrowed; against what the panther with the thyrsos (n. 217) and the ivy wreath with the thyrsos there- in addition to (n. 218 - 224 a) own types of Kallatis appear to be. — That deme- ter is a main goddess of the city ^) Arch.-ep. Mith. from Ü. 6, 8, 14: izpt'ato xrjv Upu>- aüvTjv Tt[x[ato;] StpocTcuvo? j(p'j3(üv ^Trxä ^c(X[x(Jüv] e^TjX&vxa. But as already mentioned above on p. 84 A. 6 was said, the inscription probably comes from Tomis originate. But at least the coins could names are the same in both cities be. [Afterwards I find that also in the Work by Herbrecht, de sacerdotii apud Graecos emptione venditione (Dissert. philol. Argentoratenses vol. lo, 1886, p. 8) this in- writing according to Tomis is given, mainly because of the shape of the month name ['Aza- TO'j]p£ü>VOS.] -) Arch.-ep. Mith. 10, 198 fg. (see Kleinsorge p. 44); 11,33,32. ^) Six n. 43 fg., Brit. Mus. Cat. 21-27,

KALLATIS 91 already noted above; but while you Only the head on the counterstamp Wearing a wreath of wheat, we find it on the Copper coins (n. 225, 226; I, 22) with veil and wreath of wheat; as suitable On the back there is a piece of corn wreath, the other time an ear of corn. — For the Apollo head with the three- foot as back (n. 227 - 233, I, 23) we don't know any special relationship in city facilities; yes This type occurs everywhere. Be- What is remarkable is that on coins this This type has the same official name once with letters and once as mono gram appears {'Etzv/o. . . . n. 230, 231). — Finally, it should be emphasized that a portion of these larger coins gene stamp, which is in Kaliatis itself seem to be impressed; was clear he only told me once (224 a), where I had one Bust of Artemis with quiver and bow recognized; I was less sure in another case (n. 229.5), where it seemed to me to be the head of Perseus; about the purpose of these stamps can be say nothing. Of the smaller coins, the For the most part (n. 234-245) the following types: Obverse: Head of Athena with Corinthian schem helmet r. Back: leg and ear parallel with City names and official names in different order. [Figures Plate I, 24, 25] About Athena as the goddess of Kallatis What is necessary has already been said above. The Type of the back, the one with the cultus which Athena has nothing to do, opens that of the older silver coins, Heracles arms and ear of grain, back. — Those too Ear of wheat alone can be found once on the Reverse of an Athena coin (n. 247, cf. 246). — The Gorytos, which is next to the Club on the coins of the first group appears, is supposedly found on one of the small copper coins (n. 248) next to the quiver; but is the description uncertain. On the other hand, the quiver is alone reliably detectable on several coins, on the front an Artemis head appears (n. 250 - 252, cf. 248, 249). — Finally we have two little coins left zen with the caduceus, that too can occur anywhere; who has one a head of Hermes on the front (n. 253), the other a head of Athena (n. 254). IV. The fourth group is: Gold stater with the types of lysis machos and the inscription BAIIAEfll AY2IMAX0Y, who sits at the throne of the Athena is the abbreviation of the city name have KAA; in the section you have re- regularly a three-pointer lying to the left zack, in the field under the forward one arms of the goddess an abbreviated description official names (n. 255 — 266). For this one Coins are the allocation according to Kallatis sure, because they are similar and simultaneous Coins from neighboring towns too Tomis and Istros exist ^). They are in the catalog of coins from Kallatis taken because it is not royal coins are, but characteristics of the city. garbage ler had already correctly recognized that she long after the death of Lysimachus are shaped. But there is time ') They are also found in this area; see the comments on 258 and 266*

92 MOESIA INFERIOR determine more precisely. Certainly these are Coins mostly of poor quality work; but the heads are by no means arbitrary barbaric distortions of the ancient Alexander (or Lysimachus) ideal head, but intentional and mostly also characteristic portraits. The Gold coins from Kallatis, each of which who gave me one or more casts Comparison available, show heads four different stamps. Of that ben three, it seems to me, unmistakable the features of Mithradates (n. 256, 257 up to 260, 261 - 266); at the fourth, the I also appreciate the careful work and the feedback I put it at the top because of this page (n. 255), one can be doubtful whether he not the old Alexander head should provide; otherwise you could Son of Mithradates, Ariarathes, ken, of whom a worse portrait to occur on the statesm of Istros seems like that of the other son Pharnakes probably on such by Tomis. For the last stamp of Kallatis (n. 261 - 266) became my victim Conjecture confirmed by the fact that one of the Coins (n. 262) except that of Müller given monogram a second one which consists of the letters MIO is composed and hardly anything other than Miöpotoatr,? can mean. That this gold coinage is historical Conditions correspond very well, is in the general introduction (above p. 64) been shown, she belongs to the time where the king also faces the left side of the Pontus turned, and - just like that Stater of the three cities^) and the tetra- show drachmas from Odessos - the Greeks people there were in league with him. Only the Stater n. 255 could be coined a little earlier, the others belong to the time of Mithradates. Finally, it deserves attention that the weight of these late staters was is significantly lower than that of /pusou? of older times; the well-preserved pieces weigh 8.38-8.15 g; it is true that also Mithra's own gold coins dates are lighter than the normal Attic Stater. — That at the same time too Copper coins were struck in Kallatis which are, is probable; but us cannot determine which of the Coins from Group III in these last years include; same official names on gold and copper do not seem to exist to be at hand. v. The conquest of the city by Lu- cullus in the year 72 is probably the first to mint coins first put an end to it. When it has been resumed don't say definitely. The numerous Copper coins, which are classified as Group V are summarized (n. 267 - 296). 1 you can tell by their style that they I were only coined in Roman times. There- ' too is the lack of official names and the choice of types; and in some teaches the presence of the value of a chen B and r that they probably at the earliest were coined under Septimius Severus. Otherwise the style is very different; some are of very fine work (e.g. 289, plate II, 11), others completely raw (na- ') The portrait is also on part of the latest staters of Byzantium of Mithradates.

KALLATIS 93 mentally 276-278. 293-296; Plate II, 5 - 7. 13). You probably have to put them all in that II and IIL centuries AD put whether. probably some of them are older in style could be. Since a reliable and complete chronological order Collecting these coins was not possible sen, they are easier to transfer for the sake of visibility, arranged according to types, where- However, there are some things that happen at the same time belonged together, had to be separated. Why there are so many coins in Kallatis in particular zen of the imperial era without imperial heads have been coined, more than in Tomis and all other cities in this area bids, we don't know; that it during a certain period of time unknown to us had a better legal status than that it will be difficult to conclude from this allowed. For the arrangement of these coins According to types, initially the front ones were pages are decisive. We find on them the heads of Heracles (now always bearded), Athena and Demeter, the same ones that are already in the older coinage than the most important gods elements of Kallatis could be recognized. Some of the coins from the imperial period show next to these heads the letter K (Athena 270. 271, Heracles 277. 278, De- meters 279. 280. 286. 288); you won't go wrong if you view it as one Abbreviation of Kafj.av.avoi and Kci/J.anavi; understands; at least there is another &- clarification not to be found. These three will to a certain extent as the city god denotes entities; and it is true that that their images are those of the emperors put. That Heracles is also... Founder of the city was considered has been highlighted previously; the Coins on which his head is surrounded font KTICTHC has, are at the end compiled (n. 290 - 296). We will now briefly look at them Types of backs in the row follow how they are arranged below. On the back of the Athena coins (n. 267 — 274) appears regularly moderately a circular sign, next to him the club of Heracles and mostly i on the other side of the shield I I Gorytos, but sometimes through bo- ''gen or quiver appears to be replaced; also on some a bunch of ! three ears of corn to represent the old characteristic of the To represent the city - They are similar Backs of the following editions Kles coins (n. 275 — 278), only that of course Athena's shield was left out is; once he shines through a wine grape (?) to be replaced (n. 275). At The latter coin is also heads not sure to name; otherwise it is always that of the bearded Heracles with the Laurel wreath. — The demos follow term coins (n. 279 - 288). The goddess , always wears the veil, and soon Stephane, soon the wreath of wheat; before There is often a flare on the chest or two ears of corn; once shines behind I the shoulder a second torch or a another attribute noticeable (n. 288, above, 16). The main type of the back on the Demeter coins form the Dioscuri i on horseback (n. 279-286); find the same ones also found on the coins of the empresses Domna, Mamaea and Otacilia, regular moderately with the value symbol T, that , also on some of the Demeter coins (n. 283 - 286) appears The same applies to the type of ship that is on a : Demeter coin (n. 287) and on one of the

94 MOESIA INFERIOR Empress Otacilia (n. 365) appears, here like there with T. These Demeter coins with r certainly belong in III. year- hundred; one could perhaps assume that they get the missing coins from the transfer represented by quillina, with whom the goddess because it has similarity; but that is un- sure. Whether the other Dioscuri coins, on which the f is missing, are older, must remain undecided; that they at the earliest You show that they belong in the IL century style, and in one (n. 280) also the Circumstance that they came from a find of older imperial coins; the ab- shortened form of the city name (n. 279 KAA, 280 KAAAA) doesn't prove anything here older age. Finally a Demeter has coin on the reverse the type of Eros riding the lion (288, II, 16), similar to that in Tomis found on coins of the imperial period (plate VI, 13); This coin also belongs in that II. or III. Century, since the K the Also on the front of Demeter coins occurs with the value symbol f. — On At the end there are the Heracles coins (n. 289-296). The first (289, II, 11) Given her beautiful style, she could probably fit in belong to the middle of the IL century; it is most reminiscent of a coin of Faustina (n. 297), who also has a similar of a typical type, the enthroned city goddess; whether the goddess of victory that she upholds who carries the Heracles coin, a special one relationship to an event of the same We know that the city has a very early history not. The remaining Heracles coins were ben the God who is always here too is bearded, the nickname already mentioned KTICTHC. But there are two rows clearly distinguishable. At the first the god always sold the lion for sale neither on the head (290) nor around the neck (291, 292); the types of the back, standing Tyche (290. 291) and enthroned Cybele (292, II, 12), are of the value- sign B accompanies. These coins are So they can be dated more precisely, they are in time from Severus to Philippus. Yours Work is not nice, but it is caring as folded as most imperial coins. In contrast, the second row (293 to 296) of a very crude style; the head of the Heracles wears the laurel wreath (like on the beautiful coin n. 289). We find some of it on the back Cybele (293 - 295), but a lot Worked worse, partly on the one Ram riding Hermes (n. 296, II, 13). The value marks are missing on these coins, and it is not unlikely- Sure, they're a little older than that others. VI. The sixth group is made up of Imperial coins (n. 297 - 367); they are as a whole at the same time as the coins of the previous group, only that they are the ones instead of the heads of the gods the Augusti, Caesares and Augustae have ben. Your row starts with two coins the younger Faust ina, who is probably under Marcus; but they belong possibly as early as the time of Pius, there also from Dionysopolis and Istros Coins of Pius and then again of the Commodus are known while such Marcus's is missing; however, it can It can be a coincidence everywhere because of the imprints of all of these cities before Severus sparse are. Com- mode so far only two coins have been added meadows. The coinage becomes richer

KALLATIS 95 Severus, then apparently fails his death (because the Caracalla coins are all here during Severus' lifetime coined) and begins again under Alexan- the; then numerous coins follow Gordian III. as well as Philip and of his people, with whom then around 250 Embossing expires. You can see how that is has already been explained earlier (p. 78), that under every emperor the right to mint But it had to be renewed not granted by everyone here. — Governor's names can be found on the mints zen of Kaliatis not, neither the Names of city officials. The use of value symbols the city of Kallatis under Septimius Se- verus accepted, on its coins € and A appear first. Would be possible However, it is also the case that the already believed Heracles coins with B and the Demeter coins with f are slightly older; but that is not likely. every- if have the coins of Faustina and Commodus has no sign of value, whether probably she probably after the same coin base are minted; the two small- sten (298, 300) also have the same Types like the later ones of the same size time. Since Severus, all coins have zen tokens except the smallest, which - like earlier (p. 74). was highlighted - the ones too seem represented. I leave a table consequences from which the distribution of values characters from Severus to Philippus himself results; for the sake of completeness I also have the coins of Faustina and of Commodus with her presumed- the value and the coins without imperial heads with stamps included; the ones I denote by the number i. Faustina (2) (0 Commode (4?) (0 Severus Uomna Caracalla Geta Caesar Geta Augustus] e € e 6 A A r I Alexander Maniaea E A r I Gordianus £ A I Philippus senior E Otacilia Philippus Junior A A Demeter Heracles r b As the table shows, the most common figsten denominations C and A. Coins with r are only with heads of the empresses and the Demeter coined, which is certain is not a coincidence; also have the back pages certain types that regularly return: the Dioscuri (283 - 286. 312. 337. 364), Artemis (336. 363), ship (287. 365). The B can only be found on Heracles coins; but it is probably also the larger coin of Faustina (297) to be viewed as two. Something pay- the ones are richer; their most common The type is the one riding the lion Cybele (313. 347; cf. 298), also the Death Genius (314; cf. 300); besides we find on one of these small coins zen a club in the wreath (335), and also Eros riding the lion (288, Vs. Demeter) is probably here calculate. Also with the coins with A is a type recognized as preferred; that's the snake that almost everyone has Emperors can be proven (n. 311, 329, 334. 346. 361. 362. 367). — The weights of these coins are quite a bit in Kallatis regularly in accordance with the values

96 MOESIA INFERIOR characters; those with € weigh from 10.56 to 13.42 g (two lighter ones are difficult to obtain) hold), which with A 8.80-10.60, with f 5.78 - 7.18 (n. 286 weighing 4.74 g is very worn), with B 3.82 — 4.82, the One 2.55 - 3.75 g. — As a special It should be noted that the value symbols of fives on the coins of the Severus and his sons the round shape €, on the later ones has the square E (3); But that's true overall the letter form in the emperor's name agree. Finally it should be mentioned that for the coins of Geta Augustus once same obverse stamp for coins with € and those with A has been (n. 327 - 329). Of the types of imperial coins some are already because of them special use for various where nominals have been mentioned. The most others have no local interpretation. Only those are noteworthy Depictions of Heracles with the bow (306) or the apples (342; cf. 306.2) and various Heraclestha ten (307 lion, 331 boar, 354 ker- beros, and perhaps 354* with Hydra); They also come in other cities before, but that's probably what happened here chooses because Heracles was the founder of the city. was honored; This also includes the presentation position the club on a small Coin (n, 335, II, 18). The other two The main gods are rarely depicted represents, Athens a twice (309. 340) and Demeter once (339). Otherwise seem in the imperial period there were still the Dioscuri and Cybele in Kallatis are particularly popular to have been honored^); and that too frequent appearances of the snake as Coin type certainly depends on the cult do it together ^). That on a coin The city gate shown (n. 323) is not a conventional type, but, how the reliefs show a really existing a building from Kallatis. Finally the one Coronation of the Emperor by the city goddess on a coin of the Commo dus (299) may also refer to a specific event in the city history; also the city goddess alone seems to have been presented once (355 a; cf. 289). to be presented. Literature. Eckhel d. n. 2, 13. Miliin, notice on the medals incdites de Callatia. Paris 181 5 (Extrait du Magasin Encyclopedia pedique, Numero de Mars 181 5). [The little work After an introduction about the subject, the work contains give the city a payment of 10 coins of the Paris Cabinet along with her drawing on one Blackboard. The illustrations are regularly cited.] Sestini, Latvian cont. 4 (1818) 43 fg. except the description of still unknown pieces also corrections to previously published coins and other their comments. ') The headquarters of their cult in our area seems to have been Toniis. Appear there already in pre-Roman times as the protective deities of the city; in the inscription arch. -ep. Mith. 14 (1891) 22.50 is called esj -/«»F exa[a]TOV Ivta'JTov i}6o'jatv ur.kp tri^i'] to'j orj[i.o'J a«)Trjpfa[?] MTjxpl ÖEÜJv xGti Aioaxdfjotj; see the introduction to Tomis. ^) See W. Drexler, Mythological Contributions i (1890) 61 fg.

196 S20 Table 1:17 197 S20 198 S19 199 S19 I Head of the youthful Heracles with an ear of wheat right. Lion skin r. Club r. KAAAATIA Gorytos with the bow r. Figure (4) Weight: 5.58(4) — 5.10(3) — 4.98(0 Deviations: KAAAATI 4- 5 — KAAAAT 7 I Copenhagen — 2 Leake Europ, Gr. 31 — 3 Löbbecke — 4 Wien Eckhel cat, 53.1 [Mionnet pp. 2, 54, 3]; Arneth Wiener meeting reports phil.-hist. Class 9 (1852) 888.1. — ;j — 5 Sestini lett. 4.91, i from Ainslie - 6 Mionnet 1.353, i .' Sestini Lett. 9.73; Miliin 2 Fig. (now no longer in Paris; but Mionnet's sulfur paste shows that such a piece without monogram was present) — 7 Sestini Mus. Hederv. 22, i likewise the same, but above the ear mono- gram ^ (?) Weight: 5.48(4) — 5.21 (i, E. sohl.) — 5.00(2.5) Deviations: KAAAATI (i?) 5 — the monogram is nowhere completely certain; it appears like ^4, f>^ 2, ^4 i, ^3, fei or ^ 5 I Berlin Cat. 48.1 — 2 Imhoof — 3 Leake Europ. Gr. 31 (inaccurate ßl) — 4 P^^ris Pel- lerin recueil i, XXXVI, 4 inaccurate; Mionnet i, 353, 2; Miliin 3 Fig. — 5 St. Petersburg likewise | likewise, but above the ear P\ Weight: 5.43(1) — 4.73(2) Deviations: KAAAATI 2. (3?) I Berlin Cat. 48.2 — 2 London Cat. 21.1 Fig. — 3 Munich Sestini descr. 29.1 without mono grams; Sestini lett. cont. 4, 44, 12 [Mionnet p. 2, 54, 1] inaccurate with E. — cf. also 199.1 likewise | likewise, but unclear above Deviations: KAAAATI 2.3.4 Weight: 5.48(2, bad silver) — 5» 34(0 I Berlin Cat. 48.3 (maybe = 198) - 2 Gotha - 3 Moscow. — 1|— 4 Cat. Welzl 1317 (inaccurate with A) 199* Head of the youthful Heracles with lion | KAAATIA2 above. Gorytos with bow 1., •^('7) feil r. I below leg 1., at the bottom ear of corn I. I Goltz Asia panel IL III, i [Gessner num. pop. 268, XXVII, 22] as a coin of Galatia. — Like Hardouin num. ans. If you have recognized 234 correctly, there is a coin on the drawing from Kallatis, perhaps a heavily oxidized silver coin similar to 196-203. I The drawing of the reverse is in any case inaccurate, as the incorrect shape of the inscription shows; I also question whether the order is correct. The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. 7

98 MOESIA INFERIOR 200 S15 201 S15 202 S15 203 S15 204 S14 205 K17 206 K17 204* K(i7) 204** K(26) Head of the youthful Heracles with lion skin r. Gorytos with bow 1. KAAAA Club r. Ear 1. Weight: 3.12(4) — 2.58(3, bad silver) — 2.46(1) — 1.82(2) I Imhoof - 2 Copenhagen - 3 Löbbecke - 4 Paris Mionnet i, 354, 3; .Sestini Ictt. 9.73: Miliin I Fig. likewise | same, but at the top above Weight: 2.48 (i) I Athens Cat. 807 likewise ] likewise, but above W Weight: 2.83(1) — 2.52(3) — 1.95(2) 1.2 London Cat. 21.2. 3 — 3 St. Petersburg also the same, but nothing at the top, M at the bottom or M I Munich Sestini lett. cont. 4,44, 13 [Mionnet pp. 2, 54, 2] with M likewise j likewise, but without ear and without I accompaniment Weight: 2.45 I Berlin Cat. 48.4 The coin is well preserved; The conspicuous absence of the ear is perhaps explained by the fact that that the plantain was a little too small; also on the Paris coin above 199.4 is from only one leaf can be seen on the ear. Head of the youthful Heracles with laurel wreath r. I London Cat. 21.4 likewise (from the same stamp) 4>IAC0N Ear 1. Club 1. KAAAATI Gorytos with bow 1. *IA Club r. KAA I Hunter Combe 236, XLIII, 18 under Philocalea [Eckhel d. n. 2.13 correctly under cold latis; also Sestini lett. cont. 4.41, 2; Mionnet p. 2, 54.4; cf. Imhoof Zschr. f. Num. i (1874) 326] This coin was certainly minted by the same official as the previous one. Gorytos with bow 1., and underneath club 1. | KAA|ATI under a bundle of five ears of corn I Goltz Asia Plate II. III, 2 [Gessner num. pop. 268, XXVII, 23] as a coin of Galatia. This coin is invented, the Vs. after the previous one, the Rs. after the known ones Imperial coins. , Head of the youthful Heracles with lion | KAAIATI under a bundle of five ears of grain file r. I in an urn I Cat. Bentinck 2.1028 as a coin from Galatia; shown behind the supplement p. 26. The coin was invented after the two previous Goltz coins; the opposite is from 199* taken, the Rs. of 204*; the urn was added due to a misunderstanding.

KALLATIS 99 207 K15 Table 1:18 208 Kii 209 S28 210 S28 Table 1:19 K left. Gorytos and bow too tied together, off to the right forward club, and whole right upright ear of corn Macedonian shield; in the middle a point surrounded by three circles give, hence the ornament •^ five times; a pearl circle as an edge between two circles of lines Figure (3) Weight: 2.73 (2, E. sl.) 1 Haag — 2 Löbbecke — 3 Vienna, formerly Neumann num. vet. 1.105, H^i ^i [Mionnet p. 3. 24I1 561 under King Kassandros]; Wiczay 2117, VII, 150; Sestini mus. Hederv. 22.5,- Arneth meeting area. 9, 888, 3a same, but thicker | likewise Weight: 3.36 I Imhoof (n. 209-216) n. Royal coins with counterstamps A large number of tetradrachms and drachmas of Alexander the Grossen and the Diadochi have counterstamps on the front, which, as shown in the introduction (above p. 88), probably in Kaliatis are stamped, namely: Ggst, I (circular) Head of Demeter with wreath of wheat right, in front of it K (sometimes just K?) Ggst. 2 (rectangular) Ear of grain r., above KAA Ggst. 3 (circular) Head of Athens a 1st, below KAA Since the markings on the back are usually provided by the counterstamp the front is destroyed, but the types are always the same (vs. Head of Heracles, Rev. Zeus Aetophoros), these are the overstamped pieces not described individually, but only stated the mint owner and value. Tetradrachmon (Alexandros) with Ggst, I Weight: 16.83 I Berlin likewise with Ggst. I and 2 Figure d. Vs. (4) Weight: 17.12(5) — 16.82(3) — 15.72(2) I Athens — 2 Berlin — 3 Imhoof — 4 Paris — 5 Vienna Eckhel syll. 24, III, 4

lOO MOESIA INFERIOR 211 S28 212 Si? 213 SiS 214 Si? 215 216 S18 217 K22 Plate I, 20 218 K23 Tetradrachmon (Seleukos) with Ggst. I and 2 Weight: 16.70(1) I Paris Babelon rois de Syrie 4.21 (Ggst. I depicted as the head of Apollo with a laurel wreath wrote). — II — 2 (= 1?) Wiczay 5557; Sestini mus. Hederv. 3, i, 5, XXX, i [Mionnet pp. 8, 3, 8]; .Sestini mus. Hederv. parte Europe 1.22 Drachma (Alexandros) j with Ggst. I I Weight: 4.18(2) — 4.05(1) — 3.98(3) 1 Berlin — 2 Copenhagen — 3 Parma also 1 with Ggst. I and 2 | Weight: 3.90(3) — 3, 66(1) — 3.38(2, damaged) I Berlin; this piece from the Knobelsdorff Sestini collection lett. 6.14 [Mionnet p. 3, 200, 203]; see Friedlaender Zschr. f. Num. 4 (1877) 341 — 2 Berlin — 3 Vienna. — 1| — 4 sestini mus. Hederv. 22 likewise with Ggst. 2 Weight: 3.65 I Imhoof, Cat. Photiades 1523, inaccurate, under Kalchedon likewise (Lysimachus) j with Ggst. I and 2 | Weight: 3.75 I Imhoof likewise (Alexandros) with Ggst. 3 Weight: 4.05 I Imhoof III. Head of the youthful Dionysus with ivy wreath r. Pkr. KAAAA i. A. Panther r. jumping, the hind feet on an ear of corn; on its first page is slanted Thyrsos; under the body of O Illustration Weight: 8.70 I Imhoof; probably the same piece (from the Tochon collection) Mionnet i, 354, 9; Sestini lett. cont. 4.43, 7; Mionnet pp. 2, 55, 9 likewise, but without Pkr. I Gotha KAAAA over an ivy wreath, therein APTI; on the edge r. Thyr- sos (?)

KALLATIS LOI 219 K23 320 K21 221 K22 Plate I, likewise, with Thyrsos; in the wreath AI., (maybe APTIr) likewise Ggst. O indistinct head r. I Weber Hamburg The counterstamp here and on the following coins is probably the same as 224 a, likewise j KAAAAT likewise; in the wreath ETTI Ggst. as before | I in trade. — The official is perhaps the same as below 230. 231. 222 K21 223 K21 224 K22 224» K21 225 K21 Plate I, 22 226 K20 likewise no KAAAA as well; in the wreath .w. Figure (5) Weight: 6.20 (2) Deviations: Obverse with unclear counterstamp 2. 5 — ; Rs. KAAAAT 2. (5?) — the I behind AY under the Thyrsos indistinct 4 I Bucharest — 2 Imhoof — 3 Löbbecke — 4 London Cat. 22, 7 ; this copy earlier Dumersan Cat. Allier 20, II, 15 — 5 Weber Ilbg. — Compare to 233. likewise likewise; in the wreath OA (maybe another letter above it) The name could have been AOA (= 228). I also; indistinct book in the wreath staves likewise, but the Thyrsos on the edge left; in the wreath EY likewise, the Thyrsos on the left; in the wreath unclear letters I St. Petersburg, likewise Ggst. O unclear (= 224a?) I Vienna likewise Ggst. O unclear (= 224 ares) I Berlin likewise Ggst. O Br. of Artemis r., an the shoulder of the quiver | I Copenhagen Head of Demeter with a wreath of wheat \ KAAAATIA over a wreath of wheat; under the veil r. j maybe letters underneath Illustration I in trade same, but more raw style I Moscow [KAjAAATIA between ear of wheat r. NflN lying 225* K(I2) 226* K12 Head of Demeter with wreath of wheat (r.) 1 KAA in one formed from three ears of wheat I wreaths I Sestini mus. Hederv. 22, 8 There is no evidence of such a coin anywhere; maybe the vs. is stated incorrectly and it belongs to the following number: Bull's head 1. (in others r.) | KAA between three ears of corn 1-7 Berlin Cat. 48.6-49.12 — 8 London Cat. 22.6 — 9 Munich F. J. Streber Forts, d. business (Memoranda of the Bayx. Akad. for 1814/.5, Classe der Gesch.) 29.3, I, 3; Sestini Lett. Cent. 4, 43, 9 [Mionnet pp. 2, 55, 8] — and in many collections These coins do not belong to Kaliatis, but to Kalchedon in Bithynia; in" London Cat. Pontus 125.18 has already corrected this.

I02 MOESIA INFERIOR 227 K25 228 K24 229 K24 230 K25 Plate I, 23 231 K24 232 K25 233 K25 234 K14 Plate I, 24 234*^ K14 Head of Apollo with laurel wreath r. I know likewise KAAAA r. top down. TIANflN 1. Tribrach between two laurel branches; below AnOAA likewise, without the laurel branches, but on the edge 1st ear of corn; below AOA I know. — Compare to 222. likewise Ggst. O head of Perseus with Greifenhelm (?) r. 4. 5 I Berlin Cat. 48, 5 - 2 Gotha - 3 Moscow likewise likewise, with ear of corn; below ATTOA 4 Odessa University — 5 St. Florian likewise, with ear of corn; below ETTIXA, above the tripod j_ (lower part of I?) Figure (l) 1 Paris, formerly Wiczay 21 15; Sestini lett. cont. 4, 43, 6 [Mionnet 8.2,56,18]; Sestini mus. Hederv, 22.3. — j; — 2 (the initial letter K supposedly above the tripod and without ear of wheat) Sestini lett. cont. 4,42, 5 [Mionnet pp. 2, 56, 17] from the d'Hermand collection likewise 1 likewise, with ear of corn; bottom ^; above j. I Sophia The monogram certainly stands for EfllXA; also the incomplete sign above the three- foot proves that the two coins belong together. — Compare to 220. likewise Ggst. 0 unclear I Bucharest likewise, with ear of corn; below HK..(?) likewise | likewise, with ear of corn; below TTO 1 Löbbecke. — The official is perhaps the same as above 221. Helmeted head of Athens a r. Club 1. KAAAA Ear 1. Figure (2) I Paris Pellerin recueil 3, CXVII, 8 (incert.); Pellerin suppl. 2.38 (Anemurium); Mion net 6, 657, 313 (incert., but presumed by Kallatis); Sestini lett. cont, 4, 42, 3 (Kallatis); Mionnet pp. 2, 55, 10 — 2 Weber Hbg. = Cat. Becker 515? likewise | same, but only A at the top? I London Cat. 21, 5 233* K13 I Helmed head of Athena r. j ..AAA above, .AO below. Grazing cattle r. I Vienna, formerly Welzl Cat. 1318; Arncth meeting area. 9,888, 3d. — Welzl read KAAAA and IAO, Arneth KAAAA (?) and IAO; but everything is uncertain. In any case, the coin belongs not to Kallatis.

KALLATIS 235 K14 K14 237 K14 238 K14 239 K13 240 K13 241 K14 242 K14 243 K14 likewise I Moscow likewise 2 St. Petersburg I Bassarabescu — 2 Moscow likewise I St. Petersburg likewise Weight: 1.77 I Inihoof likewise I Odessa University Helmeted head of Athens a r. same, but above Bf} likewise, but only KAAA and above unclearHch Ear 1. KAAAAA Club 1. ear of corn r. KAAAA Club r. 2E? same, but without monogram KAAAA Club r. MOIXI ear of corn r. I St. Petersburg — 2 Vienna, formerly Wiczay, Sestini lett. cont. 4, 41, i, I, 6 [Mionnet p. 2, 55, 11]; Sestini mus. Hederv. 22.7; Arneth meeting area. 9.888, 3c, inaccurate likewise HPA Club r. KAAAA ear of corn r. same, but OAYM over the club Weight: 3.00 I in trade likewise Weight: 2.30(4) — 1.88(1) I Imhoof — 2 Odessa Murzakewicz Odess. Meni. 3, 238, 4 — 3 St. Petersburg likewise (rougher style) j likewise, but .Y^.0(?) above the I club and only KAAA I Moscow; probably this piece in Köhne memoires 4 (1850) 341.2 with Y^i/O. — The Official name above the club cannot be read with certainty; the first letter, or also two, missing; the character after the Y remains uncertain, perhaps it stands for <|); between I used Kühne's given signs not noticed. 239* Head of the Athenar. |ear and leg; indistinct below '^ '5 I Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3,238.2; found on the island of Fidonisi (Leuke) The town name was probably destroyed; The coin can be given a certain number I don't connect it, but it's probably similar to 237-239.

104 MOESIA INFERIOR 244 K13 245 K13 246 K 12 247 K 12 Plate I, 25 [248] K(i5) [249] K15 243* K13 likewise (raw style) Helmeted head of Athens a r. ! ear of corn r. (better style) KAAAA AOH Club r. Deviations: KAAA'. 2 — KAA--- A0--4 1 Berlin — 2 Bucharest — 3 Odessa Miirzakewicz Odess. Meni. 3,238.1. — yy — 4 Mus. Pembroke 2, XIII, 6 [Sestini lett. cont. 4.42.4; Mionnet pp. 2, 56, 13] Ear 1.? IIPOMA KAAAA Club r.? I Moscow The very poorly preserved coin certainly belongs to Kaliatis; the Rs. is over and under The writing is quite unclear, but the ear and the leg appear to be the same as before, or vice versa. to be represented. KAA and below ear of corn (r); between a line likewise (raw style) I Moscow Helmeted head of Athena r. KAAAA Ear 1. €YKA€ Field concave Figure (2) I Löbbecke — 2. 3 St. Petersburg — 4 (with incomplete writing) Stuttgart Head of Artemis (?) r. (cf. ZU 250) KAAA €YKA€I Gorytos and Kö- cher with strap 1. (?) I Köhne memoires 6 (1852) 364 from the collection of Count Perowski; found on the island of Fidonisi (Leuke) There is no such coin in the collections we use, but it is At least not invented, as the official's name shows. The head of the Vs., after Köhne Artemis, or Aphrodite, is certainly the same as the following coins; which is Rs perhaps inaccurately described and only has the quiver between the two lines of writing without Gorytos, so this coin belonged to the following group (250-252); yes The Gorytos (without the quiver) would also be possible. — The designation as trilepton is arbitrary. Female head right. KAAAA EPYfll quiver with bow in it (?) I Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 5 The head is certainly the same as 248 and 250-252; on the Rs. has Murzakewicz either the straps of the quiver are mistaken for a bow, or rather it is one Gorytos with bow; The official's name is also difficult to read correctly. Head of Athena r. | ATF KAAA leg and ear I Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 3 Since the distribution of writing and images on the Rs. remains uncertain, the coin can be seen above not recorded; but it probably belongs to the same group as 241-243. — • The Reading ATP is probably incorrect.

KALLATIS Head of Artemis (?) r. KAAAA Quiver with strap 1. nYPLOY I Moscow; the same piece in Köhne memoires 4 (1850) 338, i, I, 5 with TYPIOY can probably be read TTYPIOY. The head has no attributes, but judging by the hair style it is almost certainly Artemis attributable to which the type of the back is also suitable. likewise I St. Petersburg likewise I St. Petersburg Head of Hermes with Petasos r. Weight: i.6i I Imhoof Head of Athena r. 1 St. Petersburg likewise, but under the quiver no • A • (?) same, but illegible below KAAAA Caduceus 1. ffp KAA.A, above caduceus 1st; un- ten destroyed (255-266) IV. Gold coins with types of Lysimachus Of the numerous royal coins, which belong to the city because of their symbols Attributed to Kaliatis include only the following here. As shown in the introduction (above p. 91, 92), they are all, perhaps with the exception of 255, under Mithradates VI. shaped and bear his image. Head (of Alexandros?) with dedication derhorn on diadem r. 1 I lunter. — Not with Müller BAIIAEOI r. AY2IMAX0Y 1. Athena Nikephoros 1. sitting; on the KAA armchair, in the back cut trident with 2 dolphins 1st; in the field 1st t Head of Athena r. I Leake Suppl. 119 under Kallatis. Head of Zeus r. I Lcakc Suppl. 119 under Kallatis. I KA in a wreath The coin belongs to Kalymna. I KjA and between them a club, in a wreath The coin belongs to Canusium.

io6 MOESIA INFERIOR 256 G19 257 G19 258 G19 259 G19 260 G19 261 G19 262 G19 263 G19 264 G19 265 G19 Head (of Mithradates) with dedication derhorn on diadem r. [Müller 264] BAIIAEni r. AY2IMAX0Y 1. Athena Nikephoros 1, sitting; on the KAA armchair, in the back cut trident with 2 dolphins 1st; in field 1. W likewise; i. F. 1. 6€ likewise; i. F. 1. hPO I Vienna Similar head right. [Müller 268] I London — 2 Vienna likewise (from the same stamp) [Müller 265] Weight: 8.28(4) — 8.27(5) — 8.19(1, perforated) — 8.o8(2, perforated) I Berlin Cat. 308.69 — 2 Leake Suppl. 2 — 3 Paris Mionnet i, 439, 20 — 4 Six — 5 Turin Mus. Cat. 2096 = Lavy 1092 — 6 Vienna Eckhel cat. 81.17. — 1| — 7. 8 Wiczay 2536; Sestini 87.8. 9—9 Vaux num. chron. 1869, 158, i from the Cullen collection (found in Tomis) likewise (from the same stamp) likewise; i. F. 1. hPA [Müller 267] Weight: 8.26(2) — 8.22(4) — 8.20(1) 1.2 Berlin Cat. 308,67.68 — 3 Vienna Eckhel cat. 81.16 — 4 in trade likewise (from the same stamp) } likewise; i. Q. 1. CCO [Müller 263] I Weight: 8.28(6) — 8.23(3) — 8.17(1) — 8.15(5) I Berlin Cat. 309.70 — 2 Hague — 3 Klagenfurt — 4 Munich — 5 Paris — 6 Six. — j| — 7 Wiczay 2537; Sestini 87.10 Similar head right. as well; i. F. 1. f-C (?) [Müller 259, inaccurate] I Vienna Eckhel cat. 81.18 (with T); Müller 259 (with P). — The characters in the field should probably form a monogram (from nOC€?), but stand next to each other, unconnected. likewise (from the same stamp) j likewise; i. F. 1. '7f, and above that [Müller 260, inaccurate] | arm stretched out ä or ^ I Vienna Eckhel cat. 81.19 (with monogram from TTAP); Müller 260 (with >P); the right one Reading results in the first letters lATP. — The second monogram, above the arm, had overlooked both; it is composed of the letters AMO(P) and stands probably for Mt9(paoaTrji;); see the introduction on p. 92. likewise (from the same stamp) j likewise; i. Q. 1. A [Müller 258] I Weight: 8.28(1) — 8.26(2) 1 Löbbecke — 2 Six — 3 Vienna likewise (from the same stamp) j likewise; i. F. 1. CA [Müller 261] I 1 Hague – 2 Vienna likewise (from the same stamp) | as well; i. Q. 1. CSY [Müller 262] I I Vienna

KALLATIS 2G6 G19 267 K17 Plate II, I 368 KiS 269 K15 likewise (from the same stamp) j likewise, i. F. 1. HP [Müller 266] I Weight: 8.38(2) — 8.27(1) I. 2 Berlin Cat. 308,65.66 — 3 Hague — 4 London — 5 Munich — 6 Paris Mionnet I. 439. 19-7 Vienna Eckhel cat. 81.15. — i|— 8. 9 Wiczay 2532. 2538; Sestini 86.6. 7 Because of the tetradrachms with Lysimachus types (Müller 241-257) and with Alexander types (Müller Alex. 491-498) cf. the introduction (above p. 89); their attribution according to Kaliatis is too uncertain to be included here. to be able to; the same applies to the Lysimachos stater in Müller 240. v. Coins from the Roman period without imperial heads KAAAATI|ANNnN Circular shield; to page 1. Quiver (?), r. club. Pkr. Bust of Athena with robe and Aegis r. Pkr. Illustration Weight: 2.60 I Imhoof likewise, but probably without Aegis KAAAATjlANON as well, on the A del- phin r. I Paris Pellerin recueil i, XXXVI, 7; Mionnet i, 354, 11 Bearded bust with helmet and Robe, without aegis, r. KAAAAllIV . . . Similar shield (without dolphin); to page 1. Bo- gen (?), r. club I Paris, formerly Wiczay 21 16 [Mionnet p. 2, 55, 7]; Sestini mus. Ilederv. 22.4. — On the Above, Caronni and Sestini saw a bearded head (of Mars) and behind it a spear or bow; I'm not entirely sure if the head is actually bearded, although it is seems; one expects Athena as usual; There was probably nothing behind it. The object to the left of the shield could at most also be with 267-269 Gorytos be arc like the following coin. 270 K17 Plate II, 2I Bust of Athena with robe and Aegis r., before K Illustration I Copenhagen Ramus 1.98, 2, II, 2 [Mionnet p. 2, 55, 12] KAAAA below. Circular shield, sticking out above the three ears of corn; next to it 1. Gorytos with bow, r. lowered club 266* G19 = 255-266 255-266, but the suffix i. Q. 1. not stated I Cat. Becker (1881) 475, found in Olbia

io8 MOESIA INFERIOR 271 K17 272 K16 Plate II, 3 273 K17 274 K16 275 K15 Plate II, 4 276 K18 Plate II, 5 277 K18 Plate II, 6 Bust of Athena with robe and Acgis r., before K KAAA below. Shield with three ears of grain as before; but the one on the left ! Club, r. nothing to see I Munich F. J. Streber Continuation (1813) 29, i, I, i. — Streber still believed downstairs a second line of writing can be seen; but that was probably a mistake. Br. of Athena with robe right, there- KAAAA below. Shield with three ^'' ears of corn (slightly smaller than in front of a spear. Pkr. before); next to it 1. Gory- tos with bow (r), r. ge- lowered club. Pkr. Illustration I Berlin Cat. 49, 13 likewise, but probably without a spear 1 KAAA ^^^th Likewise I St. Florian - and perhaps also 2 Kiev, but where Gorytos and Keule are uncertain likewise, without spear j • II • above K[AAA]? below. I completely unclear 1 St. Petersburg Same, but on the left Bearded head (of Heracles?) r. Pkr. Illustration I Moscow KAAAA below. grape (r); there- next to 1st lowered club, r. Go rytos with bow (?) 278 K18 Plate II, 7 Head of bearded Heracles with 1 KAAAA below. Lowered club and Laurel wreath r. Pkr. jr. including Gorytos with a bow. Pkr. Figure (i) I Copenhagen — 2 Moscow likewise, in front of the head K KAA above. Lowered club and r. AATIA of which three ears of corn. Pkr. Figure (i) Deviations: vs. K uncertain 2: — Rs. the last A uncertain 2; that among the It is unlikely that there was still anything left in the ears of grain I Dr. Weber, probably formerly Cat. Billoin 279 — 2 Vienna, formerly Wiczay Eckhel num. vet. 52; Wiczay 2n8, VII, 151; Sestini lett. cont. 4, 43, 10 [Mionnet pp. 2, 54, 5]; Sestini mus. Hederv. 22.6; Arneth meeting area. 9, 888, 3b likewise, without K I KAA in the middle; next to it 1. Gory- ^A tos with bow, r. lowered I " club. Pkr. Illustration I St. Petersburg 274* Ki7 Head of Athena r. | AKTIA (f) Heracles 1. standing below right. looking I Munich Nerd Forts, d. business (1813) 29, 2, I, 2 reads KAAAATIA. — The coin But it doesn't belong here, but probably in Aetolia.

KALLATIS 109 279 K20 Plate 11, 8 280 K21 281 K22 Plate II, 9 282 K18 283 K20 284 K22 285 K22 Bust of Demeter with Stephane, Veil and robe right, in front of K and torch. Pkr. KAA in section. The Dioscuri with cap, flying coat and pickled spear, one behind the other 1. riding. Pkr. Figure (i) Weight: 5.40(1) I Imhoof. — II — 2 Sestini mus. Hederv. 22.2 (allegedly with a wreath of wheat) Br. the Demeter as before, but the K behind the head, the torch in front of the head. Pkr. (= below 286) I Sophia The coin comes from Tacchella revue num. 1893, 53 fg. finds described, almost exclusively imperial coins of the III. Century included. KAAAA as well. The Dioscuri as before, but without spears. Pkr. Br. Demeter with a wreath of wheat, Veil and robe right, in front of the Breast two ears of corn. Pkr. KA |A|AATI etc. A. ANflN The Dios cures with stars above head and flying cloaks in the Gallop r. riding. Pkr. Figure (5) Weight: 7.21 (i) I Berlin Cat. 49.15 — 2 Bucharest — 3 Kiev — 4 London Cat. 22.9 — 5 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 56,]i4. — II — 6 (=4?) Sestini lett. cont. 4, 43, 11 from the Millingen collection likewise I Paris Mionnet l, 354, 7; Milin 2 likewise KAAAATIA in section. Likewise, ^^•^ but without stars and coats KAAAATIANfl etc. A. N The Dios cures, without stars, with flying the coats r. riding; in the field top r. Pkr. Weight: 7.18(2) — 5.81(1) I Berlin Cat. 49.14 — 2 Paris Mionnet 1,354.8; Sestini Lett. 9, 73; Miliin 7 Fig. — Sestini suspects that the Paris copy comes from Queen Christine and with the coin cited by Holstenius (ad Steph. p. 156) from the Gotifredi collection is identical; but Holstenius' description is too imprecise. likewise Weight: 7.12 I Vienna Mus. Theup. 1256; Arneth meeting area. 9, KAAlAATIAII/lflM as well, above T likewise I in trade i/ini/i > KAAA as well, above T

HO MOESIA INFERIOR 286 K22 287 K20 288 K18 Bro. Demeter with Stephane, Veil and robe right, in front of Head torch, behind K. Pkr. (= 280) I Paris Mionnet i, 354, 6; Miliin 5 Fig, Br. Demeter with veil and Robe r. Plate II, 16 KAAAATIA et al. A. NHN The Dio- skuren on horseback, facing each other swept; i. F. above f. Pkr. KAAA below, ship with opened taut sail 1. sailing; i. Q.1. r. Pkr. Weight: 5.78 (Ext. sl.) I Paris Sestini lett. cont. 4, 43, 8; Mionnet pp. 2, 56, 15 The coin is poorly preserved so the description may not be complete; the goddess could still have a wreath of wheat (or Stephane) and ears of grain in front of her chest; of the writing of the Rs. is only visible under the ship KAAA, but it appears to the right to move on. KAA|A|A|T|I etc. A. ANON Eros on a r. striding lions r. riding, in the raised R. a torch, it seems. Pkr. Br. Demeter with a wreath of wheat, Veil and robe right; before that Torch, behind it K and maybe a second torch. Pkr. (cf. above 280 and 286) Figure (2) I Bucharest — 2 Paris Pellerin recueil i, XXXVI, 6; Mionnet i, 354, 10 and more precisely p. 2, 56, 16; Gerhard ancient sculptures CCCXI, 24 [Müller-Wieseler monument r 2, LI, 637 ill. d. Rs.] — 3 Paris. — (i and 2 are from the same dies.) An attribute that does not belong to the hairstyle appears behind Demeter's head. but could be a (non-burning) torch or perhaps a scepter. — About for the type of the back see Riggauer Z. f. Num. 8 (1881) 85. 289 K21 Plate II, 1 1 Head of bearded Heracles with \ KAAAA|TIANnN Laurel wreath r. Pkr. City goddess with Wall crown 1. enthroned, on the a small 1 on the pre-stretched row. floating Nike with wreath and Palm branch, the 1st arm on the first supported by the raised back of the chair. Pkr. Figure (5). — Nice style. I Copenhagen — 2 London Cat. 22.8 — 3 Paris Blanchet revue number. 1892, 59' ^ — 4 Turin Bibl., formerly Mus. Arigoni 2 imp. gr. XXIII, 311 (Rs., under Caracalla) — 5 Vienna Cimel. Vindob. 1.72, XIV, 8; Eckhel cat. 53.2 [Mionnet p. 2, 55.6]; Arneth meeting reports 9, 888, 2

KALLATIS III 290 K20 291 K20 292 K20 Plate II, 12 293 K20 293'' K20 KTICTHC Head of the Bearded Hero kles r. , with the lion skin covers. Pkr. Weight: 4.82 1 Paris Pellerin recueil i, XXXVI, 5; Mionnet 1,354.4 KAAA|ATIANNnN Tyche with Kala- thos, tax and cornucopia r. standing and 1. looking; i. F. 1. B. Pkr. KTICTHC Head of the bearded Hera- : KAAAATjlANON Tyche as before, gravel r. , with the lion skin around but without the calathos; i. F.r. B. Pkr. the neck. Pkr. | Weight: 3.82 I Löbbecke also (from the same stamp) KAAAATI|ANflN Cybele with wall crown 1. enthroned, in the prev. R. shell, the 1st arm on the tym- panon supported; i. F.r. B. Pkr. Figure (i) Weight: 4.43 (i) I Paris Mionnet i, 354, 5; Sestini Lett. 9.73; Miliin 6 Fig. 2 Sophia KTICITHjC Head of the bearded Hera- kles with laurel wreath 1st pack 294 K20 295 K20 296 K21 Plate II, 13 Raw style I Berlin Cat. 49, 1 6 - KTICTHC as well KAAAAjTIANflN (from top right) Ky- bele as before; without value chen. Pkr. 2 Vienna Eckhel syll. 24; Arneth meeting area. 9, KAAAA|TIANn|N (from 1st below) Ky- bele as before, but with one Scepter in the 1st arm. Pkr. Weight: 4.50 I Copenhagen Ramus i, 98, i KTIjCTHC as well, but the head r. 1 Munich KTICTHC (from top right) as well I St. Petersburg likewise (from the same stamp) Illustration Weight: 5.00 I Imhoof KAAAA|TIANflN as well, but without Scepter 1 likewise (but from top right) NnN!AllTAAAA>l (declining) Naked man Hermes on a ram 1. riding, in the R. the bag, in 1. Arm the winged staff. Pkr.

I 12 MOESIA INFERIOR 297 K21 298 K18 299 K28 T. XIX, 30 VI. Imperial coins Faustina junior ct)AVCTEI|NA CEBACT Br. r. KAAAATI|ANNnN city goddess with Wall crown 1. sitting, in the front straight R, cup I Turin Bibl., formerly Mus. Arigoni 2 imp, gr. XVI, 195 (Rs.) [Mionnet p. 2, 57, 20] also KAA;AATI|A etc. A. NON Cybele with wall crown on the r. scream- tending lion sitting and r, squatting, the R. supported, in the 1st Poor Scepter I Paris Blanchet revue number. 1892, 60.7, I, 3. — !i — 2 (= i?) Sabatier revue beige 1860, , 3 coin allocated to Faustina or Lucilla see below 2, I, I, I. — Those of Ranius l, Domna (below 313.2) AY, KAI M AYPH [ KOMOAOC Br (slightly bearded) with L. P. M. r. Illustration of the Rs. Weight: 11.40 I Imhoof Commode [K]AA;AA|TIANnN The Emperor, born armored, with bowl and spear 1. standing (at the altar?); behind him the city goddess with a wall crown standing forward and 1. looking, with the R. wreathing the emperor, in the 1st arm scepter 296* K20 296*^ KU 298* KIII 298** KIII ATT I TPA-AAPIANOI-KAI-CEB Head of Hadrianus m. L. r. KAAAA|TIANßN (from top right) Artemis in short robe, with the r. Foot on one Stepping Prora, with the bow in the R the left hand reaching for the spear; behind their A or A I Sestini piü musei 21, IV, 12; Sestini mus. Chaudoir 41, l. — The coin is now in St Petersburg; the writing of the reverse is completely unclear; In any case, the coin doesn't belong to Kallatis, but to Phoenicia. K.M.AY.ANT Head of Marcus 1 KAAAATIANßN Hygieia (r.) standing Aurelius with L. r. 1 I Sestini descr. 29, 2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 56, 19] from the Borgia collection Sestini probably misjudged the emperor's head; under Marcus these are coins Size not to be expected in Kallatis; maybe it was a Caracalla. ATT.A.BHP. Head of Lucius Verus without 1 KAAATIANQN Nike (r.) striding Wreath (r.) | I Sestini Mus. Hederv. 23.9. — It would be possible that there is such a coin of Verus gives; but the description is in any case inaccurate. AOTKIAAACEBACTH Head of Lucilla r. 1 KAAAATIANßN Cybele on the lion I sitting, in the L. the scepter I Eckhel syll. 24 [Mionnet pp. 2, 57, 21]; Arneth 888.5 Rather, the coin belongs to Julia Domna; see below 313.4.

KALLATIS [Commodus] [300] I AY • K • I M • AY • KOMOAOC K 20 i (bearded) m. L. r. 301 K27 302 K27 T. XIV, I 303 K26 304 K27 Plate 11, 14 Head KAAAA|T Winged Eros (as Genius of Death) with crossed ones Standing legs forward and r. looking, with both arms at the inverted extinguishing torch supported I Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. i, 316; VII, 6 Severus AYTKACCn I C€YHPOC mPjT Head m. L. r. (from the same stamp as 304, i , 305-307) Weight: 12.50 I Vienna likewise, but at the end TT€P Illustration of the Rs. Weight: 11.55 I Imhoof. — See also below 302* AYT KAC€| K. m. L. r. I Vienna AYTKACen i C6YHP0C T1^P\T- K. m. L. r. (from the same stamp as 301) KAAAAITIANON Hades - Sarapis with Kalathos and rays I. sitting, the R. above the three-headed ker- beros, the L. placed on the scepter supports; in F. 1. above € KAAAATIIANON Bust of Isis with her headdress and gear wall r,; i. F.r. below € KAAAATI|ANflN Artemis as a hunter r. striding; i. F. 1. € KAAAA|TIANnN Dionysus with naked upper body from the front the r. striding panther sitting and r. looking; he supports the R. on the animal, while he with the L. shoulders the Thyrsos; i. F. 1. € Figure (i) Deviations: Opposite at the end only flGP 2 - Back of writing divided differently 2 I Bassarabescu — 2 Paris Vaillant num. size 83; Miliin 8 figs.; Sestini lett. cont. 4, 44, l; Mionnet pp. 2, 58, 25 (the figure on the panther is thought to be female everywhere) 302* Severus (Vs. not described) | (KAAAATIANßN) Female head with KU 'wall crown I Vaillant number. gr. 83 [Mionnet p. 2, 58, 27] from the Cassagnole collection in Milan. — Maybe it was a coin with the head of Isis like 302 above. The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. **

114 MOESIA INFERIOR 305 K27 306 K28 307 K27 [Severus] AYTKACen i C€[YH]POC nCPlT- KA[AAA]iTIANnN Dionysus (?) in K. m. L. r. i short robe 1. standing, in the (from the same stamp as 301) advanced R. the Kantharos(?), the L. supported on the Thyrsos (?); I in front of him the panther (?); [Werth- I sign destroyed] I Vienna, formerly Neumann num. vet. l,lo8 [Mionnet pp. 2, 57, 22]; Wiczay 2119, VII, 152 [Mionnet pp. 2, 57, 23]; Sestini lett. cont. 4, 44, 2; Sestini mus. Hederv. 23, 10 ; Arnetli 889.6 Sestini wanted to see a B on the reverse in front of the figure; but that is impossible, because the coin is too big and should have the value symbol 6. She is so bad- hold that not even the type is entirely certain; At best the emperor could do it too be at the altar with bowl and scepter. AY K A C€! C^YHPOC H Br. with L.P.M.r. KAAAA|TIANnN Naked bearded man Heracles r. standing, R. up the club supported, in the previous L., over which the lion skin hangs, the bow; i. F. 1. € Deviations: Rs. the attribute in the L. uncertain 2 (perhaps the apples). 3 I Bucharest — 2 Vienna Mus. Theup. 936; Arneth 889.6a. — \\ — 3 (but only Rs.) Vaillant num. size 83 [Mionnet .S. 2, 57, 24] AYTKAC^n j C€YHPOC mPjT K. m. L. r. (from the same stamp as 301) I London (new acquisition) KAAAAjTIANON Naked bearded man Heracles r. stepping forward and with both hands on the back terfussen 1. standing lions choking; behind him the club; i. F. 1. € KAAAAjTIANnjN (from top right) Ty- che with Kalathos, rudder and P'üllhorn 1. standing; i. Q. 1. 5 K. m. KAAAATIANHN Athena r. standing, the R. supported on the spear, in the L. shell or owl (?); [value symbol destroyed] I Paris Blanchet revue number. 1892, 60.8 The coin is in very poor condition; but the type is clearly Athena; only the attri- but in the L. is uncertain. The token was, according to the size of the coin, apparently ^, 308 K27 AVT K A C€n 1 C€VHF m. L. r. Weight: 10.30 I Imhoof. — Raw style. 309 K24 AV[T K] A Cen 1 C€V L.r.

310 K24 Blackboard XVIII, 24 311 K25 KALLATIS [Severus] AVT K A cm I CeVHPOC HC K. m. L.r. 312 K23 313 K17 314 K16 315 K27 Illustration of the Rs. I in trade. — Here, perhaps also below 310* KAAAATIjANflN Nemesis r. standing, in the R. her staff, in the L. the dare; the griffin behind her wheel; i. Q. 1. A AVT K A C€n I C€VHPOC n€ K. m L.r. KAAAAjTIANNnN snake, in many len convolutions erect, head r.; i. Q. 1. above A Deviations: vs. writing incomplete 2 — bust with L. P. M. 3 — Rs. KAAA|ATIANfiN and the A on the right 3 I Bul

ii6 MOESIA INFERIOR [Caracalla] AV K M AVP i ANTnNINOjC Br. m. i KAAAATilANON Hera with bowl L, P. M. r. I and scepter 1. standing; i. F. 1. € 1 Bucharest Soutzo revue arch. N.S. 42 (1881) 301.2 316 K27 317 K27 $31 K27 319 K28 320 K27 321 K28 also KAAAATjlANON Artemis as a hunter rin r. rushing, next to her the hunting dog; i. F. 1. € (= 324) Deviations: Vs. supposedly AVT 3 — ^^s. Token destroyed 3, forgotten 4 I Hunter — 2 Löbbecke — 3 Naples Cat. 6281. — |j — 4 (= 3?) Vaillant num. size 102 [Mionnet pp. 2, 58, 31] (Rs.) by Magnavacca — 5 (=1?) Sestini descr. 29, 4 [Mionnet pp. 2, 59, 32] by Ainslie also, only unclear at the end 1 KAAAA|T lANflN Nike with wreath and I palm branch r. standing; i. F. 1. € Weight: 9.30 I Munich, formerly Cousinery Sestini descr. 29.3 [Mionnet pp. 2, 58, 30] likewise, conclusion completely, but | KAAAATI A|Nfl N Rider in walk the head perhaps bearded | r.; i. A. probably € destroyed (see 326) I. 2 in trade. — Both were in poor condition, the backs probably from the same one Stamp like the Geta coin below 326. the same, but unbearded KAAjAA|TIAjNnN-€ eagle with aus- spread wings from the front standing at a wreathed altar and r. looking, between two Field symbols (cf. 345, 356) Deviations: Rs. KAA'AATllANfiN 2 — value mark not recognizable 2.4; At 4 it was probably like i and 3, at 2 it was probably in the section I Hunter — 2 Löbbecke — 3 Sophia — 4 Turin Bibl., formerly Mus. Arigoni i imp. size X, 150 [Mionnet pp. 2, 59, 38] (Rs.) erroneous under Elagabalus also 1 KAA|AATI|ANnjN€ city gate with { two towers Deviations: KAAAJATllANßN "• i- A. e i I Paris Pellerin melange 2.172 under Elagabalus; Sestini lett. cont. 4, 44, 3; Mionnet pp. 2, 58, 29 — 2 Weiss 320* K— 321* K20 Caracalla (Vs. not described) 1 (KAAAATIANQN) temple with eight columns, I a statue on each side I Vaillant number. gr. 102 [Mionnet pp. 2, 59, 33] by Foucault Since temples are never depicted on Kaliatis coins, this description must be exercise is considered worthless; The coin probably belonged to another city, perhaps Calchedon. (Vs. not described) 1 KAAAA|T1ANQN city goddess 1. sitting, on I the previous R. Nike I Mus, Arigoni 2 imp. gr. XXIII, 311 The coin is in the Turin library; it doesn't have an emperor's head on the front, but the head of Heracles; see above 289.

KALLÄTIS 332 K22 323 K27 324 K28 325 K28 Geta (as Caesar) K- A'C€TT I Br. of the youthful Geta with armor and coat r. (probably the same stamp as 323) I Sophia Tacchella revue number. 1893, 70.1 erroneous as Severus KAC€n I r€TAC as well KAAAATI|AjNON Nike with wreath and. Palm branch r. striding; i, F.r. € KAAAATIAJNON (start from the top- nend) city gate with two doors men; at the tower on the right a niche the statue of one standing long-clothed figure with raised R. and scepter or spear in the L. ; bottom left between Thor and Tower take a round opening; above the central building 6 I London Cat. 23.11 Fig. — — 2 (= if) La Motraye voyages 2.210, illustrated vol. i, XXVIII, 2 [Gessner imp. CLIII, 16; Mionnet pp. 2, 59, 37], bought in Varna. (as emperor) AV K nO I C€n r^TAC Br. (easy bearded) with L. P. M. r. KAAAATIANON Artemis as a hunter r. rushing, the hunting dog next to her; i.F.l. € (=317) I Paris Mionnct i, 355, I2; Sestini Lett. 9.73; Miliin 9 Fig. . .jCen r€TAC as well (probably = i KAA1A|ATIA etc. NHN Cybele with 324 and 326) Bowl and tympanum 1. enthroned, at her feet a lion (a second probably on the other side of the armchair); i. F. 1. € Weight: ii.6o I Munich, formerly Cousinery Sestini descr. 30, 6 [Mionnet pp. 2, 59, 36] 326 K28 327 K28 T. XVI, 33 AV K nO I Cen r€TAC as well KAAAATI|ANn|N Bearded Rider (Emperor?) with flying cloak in step r.; i. A. € (= 319) KAAAjAjTIA et al. A. NHN Diony sos on the Panther r. (= 304); i. F. 1. C Weight: io.6o I Imhoof AV • K • n • C€ • I [r]€[TAC- C] head (slightly bearded) m. L. r. (from the same .stamp as 328 and 329, then the text was added) Illustration of the Rs. Weight: 12.80 I Dresden The symbol C certainly stands for €; It is worth noting that the same front Side stamp is used for coins with € and for those with A.

ii8 MOESIA INFERIOR 328 K26 329 K26 330 K27 331 K28 Blackboard XVII, 23 332 K29 333 K26 334 K25 [Geta] AVK-n-C€ I r€TACC- headm. L. r.i KAIAAAjTjlANNnN Apollon in lan- (from the same stamp as 327) according to garment 1. standing, in the R. the plectron, with the L. the lyre leaning on a pillar; i. Q. 1. A I Paris Sestini lett. cont. 4.45.4; Mionnet 8.2,59,34 KAAAATjlANON Snake, head right; i. Q. 1. A likewise (from the same stamp) Weight: 10.60 I Munich, formerly Cousinery Sestini descr. 30.5 [Mionnet pp. 2, 59, 35]. num. gr. 117 (reverse, A forgotten) by Galland Alexander 2 Vaillants AVT K M AVP CEVH | AAEZANAPOC Br. m. L. P. M. r. KAAAATrANflN HygieiawithSleep ge and bowl r. standing; i. F. 1. E I Copenhagen - 2 Mandl — 4 Sophia likewise 3 Paris Pellerin melange 2.182 inaccurate; Mionnet pp. 2, 60, 41 I KAAAAjTIANHN Heracles with that Lion skin r. striding, above the j 1. Shoulder the Erymanthian i bearing boar; i. F, r. E Illustration of Rs. (2) Deviations: vs. CEV instead of CEVH 2 I Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 60, 39 — 2 Vienna, formerly Wiczay 2120, VII, 153; Sestini mus. Hed. 23:11; Arneth 889.7 a (previously mentioned by Eckhel d. n. 2.13) AVT K M AVP CEVH A[AEZANAPOC likewise KAAA|[ATIA] and others A. NflN Cybele with calathos, shell and tympa- non 1. enthroned between two lions whom, one of whom (at their left side) r. strides; [i. F.r. E] 1 Moscow. — A piece of the otherwise well-preserved coin broke off, so that The two inscriptions are incomplete and the emperor's headdress cannot be identified is and the value mark is missing; but the additions can probably be considered safe; a In any case, no other value symbol than E is to be expected with this size. AVT K M AVP CEVH AAEZANAPOC K. m. L. r. KAAAAjTIANflN Tyche with Kalathos, Tax and cornucopia 1. standing; i. Q. 1. A I Bucharest. — 1{ — 2 Wiczay 2121 [Mionnet pp. 2, 60, 42]; Sestini 23.12 AVT K M AVP C6V | AAEZANAPOC Br. m. L. r. Weight: 9.95 (2) Deviations: vs. CEVH and Br. m. L. P. M. r. 2 I Toöilescu — 2 Vienna, formerly Welzl Cat. 1319; Arneth Si KAAAATIANflN snake, headr.; i. F.r. A ), 7 b — 3 commercially 329* KU Elagabalus (vs. not described) i KAAAATIANüN eagle on altar between I two field symbols I Mus. Arigoni i imp. size X 150 [Mionnet p. 2, 59, 38] The coin, now in Turin, belongs to Caracalla; see above 320.4.

KAIJ.ATIS [336] K24 337 K24 338 K28 AAEIANA[POC?] Br. | KAAAAT|IANNnN around a club (?); I the whole thing in a laurel wreath [Alexander] 335! AVT K M K 17 m. L. P. M. r. Plate II, 15 illustrations I Moscow, maybe the same piece earlier Wiczay add. i n. 2, XXXI, 689 [Mionnet p. 2, 60.40]; Sestini 23.13 The two letters after M are doubtful; Caronni and Sestini read CE, it could also be A C. Whether the last three letters are still under the neck, is uncertain. Mamaea lOVAlA MAMEA Br. r. KAAAATIANON Artemis as a hunter r. rushing, the hunting dog next to her; I i. F.r I Murzakewicz descriptio mus. Odess. 24, i The writing of the verse perhaps needs to be corrected after n. 337. KA!AAA[TIA] and others A. [NjflN The Dioscuri facing each other standing, everyone on their horse holding reins; i. F. down in the middle r [IOV]AIA I MAMMEA (see above) Br. r. I in trade Gordian III. AVT K M ANT TOPAIANOC AVf Br. m. L. P. M. r. KAAAAlTjlANflN Hades-Sarapis 1. enthroned, the R. over the ker- beros, the L. on the scepter supported; i. F. 1. E Weight: 12.24(2) I Hunter — 2 Löbbecke — 3 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 60, 43 339 K27 T. XIV, 10 34() K27 likewise KAAAATI|ANNN Demeter with Ste- phane and long veil 1. ste- standing, in the stretched row. two ears of corn and a poppy head, the L. leaning on the torch; i. F. 1. E Illustration of the Rs, Weight: 12.04 1 Löbbecke also KAAAAT|IANNnN Athena 1st standing, in the previous R. bowl, the L. on supported the spear, at the bottom of the shield; i. F.r. E Weight: 10.56(1) 1 Berlin Cat. 49, 19; probably the same piece Sestini lett. cont. 4. 45. 7 (by Friedlaender) — 2 Copenhagen — 3 Paris Mionnct pp. 2, 60, 44

I20 MOESIA INFERIOR 341 K28 342 K27 343 K28 344 K27 345 K28 346 K25 3«' K17 KAAAAiTilANflN Nike with wreath and. palm branch 1. striding; i. F. 1. E [Gordianus ITI.] AVT K M ANT TOPAIANOC AVf Br. m. L. P. M. r. Weight: 13.15(1) I Berlin Cat. 49, 17 — 2 Bologna Univ. — 3 Bucharest — 4 London Cat. 23:12; probably same (from the Cullen collection) Vaux nura. chron. 1869, 159.2 — 5 St. Petersburg — 6 Tooilescu. — 1|— 7 La Motraye voyages i, XXVIII, 24 [Gessner imp. CLXXV, 13*; Mionnet pp. 2, 61, 48]. — 4 and 7 are found in Tomis likewise Weight: 12.27 I Berlin Cat. 49, 18 likewise KAAAAlTIANflN Heracles r. ste- walking, the row on the club supports, on the L., about which the Lionskin hangs, the three Hespe orchard apples; i. F. 1. E I Soutzo. likewise KAAAATjlANON Cybele with wall crown, bowl and tympanum 1. sitting, between two lions; i. F. 1. E 2 Godmother thes. Mauroc. 135 (only the Rs. ; forgot E) KAAAATjlANHN Nemesis 1. standing, in the R. her staff, in the L. the Bridle, wheel on the ground; i. F. 1. E I Sophia Tacchella revue number. 1893, 70) 2 likewise Weight: 13.15 I Löbbecke AVT K M ANT roPAIANOC AVf Head m. L. r. KAAA!AT|l|ANnN Eagle with wreath in the beak on a low wreathed altar between two Field symbol standing and r. looking; i. A. E (cf. 320, 356) KAAAAiTIANHN Snake, head r. ; in the middle between the Convolutions A I Bologna University — 2 Bunbury. — 1| — 3 godmother imp. 372 Fig. d. Rev. = Index 24 [Hardouin num. ans. 234 = op. be. 78; Gessner imp. CLXXVI, 71; Mionnet pp. 2, 61, 47] (^forgotten) M ANT rojPAIANOC N- Br. m. L. 1 KAAAjATIIA and i. A. NON Cybele P.M.r. on the lion r, (= 298. 313); I without stamp Weight: 3.75 (i) I Munich. — 1|— 2 Cat. d'Ennery 4290 (Rs.) — 3 Sestini lett. cont. 4, 45, 5 [Mionnet pp. 2, 61, 45] by Allier; Dumersan 21. — Probably also 4 here (j= 2?; Sestini lett. cont. 4,45,6 [Mionnet p. 2, 61,46] from the de Tersan collection, supposedly with Dionysus the lion. — Both types, Cybele on the lion and Dionysus on the panther, come men in Kaliatis, but the latter only on large coins (n. 304 and 327); and there that This animal is also called a lion and is probably also the type of 4 Cybele.

KALLATIS 121 Phi: ippus senior 348 K28 349 K27 350 K27 351 K29 352 K28 AVT M lOVA I 4)IAinnOC AVr Br. m. L. P. M. r. KAAAAT|IANNnN Hades-Sarapis 1. enthroned, with Kerberos (= 338); i. A.E I Bucharest — 2 Milan Mus. Sanclem. 3, 97 [Mionnet pp. 2, 62, 53] — 3 Paris Sestini lett. cont. 4, 46, 9. — II — 4 Panel de nunimis expr. 39 (supposedly with bowl in the row, without Kerberos?) from the Gravier collection also KAAAA|T|l[ANflN Sarapis with Kala- thos 1. standing, R. raised, in the 1st arm the scepter; i. Q. 1. 3 Weight: 12.85(2) — 12.35(3) — 12.24(1) Deviations: Vs.

122 MOESIA INFERIOR 353 K27 354 K28 Blackboard XVII, 27 355 K28 [355»] K27 356 K28 357 K26 358 K26 354* K— [Philip senior] AVT M lOVA i 4)IAinnOC AVr Br. ! KAAAAiTIANON Hygieia with skin m. L. P. M. r. | ge and shell r, standing; i. F.r. E Weight: 12.50(1) I Berlin Cat. 50.22 — 2 Turin Bibl., formerly Mus. Arigoni 4 inip. gr. XVI likewise KAAAATjljANflN Bearded Heracles, with the lion skin over the 1st. Arm, r. walking and 1. looking, with the R. the tied candle pull beros out of Hades' cave standing, in the L. the club; i. F. 1. E Illustration of Rs. (2) I Bucharest — 2 Paris Sestini lett. cont. 4, 45, 8; Mionnet pp. 2, 61, 50 Theup. 1062; Arneth 889.8; both inaccurate likewise 3 Vienna Mus. KAAAA|TIANnN Nemesis with staff, Bridle and wheel 1. standing, like above 344; i. F. 1. E Weight: 13.42(3) I Bologna Univ., probably this piece (inaccurate, only Rs.) in Mus. Arigoni i imp. gr. XII, 186 [Gessner imp. CLXXXI, 41*; Mionnet pp. 2, 62, 57] — 2 Paris Sestini lett. cont. 4, 46, 11; Mionnet pp. 2, 62, 55 — 3 Sophia — 4 Tocilescu likewise | KAAAATIANHN City Goddess 1. I sitting; i. A.E 1 Cat. Sambon 1889 No. 3, 128 = No. 7, 140. — Although the description is not entirely precise, could it be included since such a coin certainly exists; for the type see 289. also I KAAAATIANHN eagle on altar I between two fields, like I above 320, but 1. looking; i. A.E Weight: 12.30(2) — 12.29(1) I Berlin Cat. 50.21 — 2 Löbbecke. — yy — 3 Sestini descr. 30, 8 [Mionnet pp. 2, 63, 61]. the Veritä Collection in Verona. AVT M lOVA <|)ljAinn0C AVr Br. m. L.P.M.r. I Copenhagen — 2 London Cat. 23.13 KAAAAjTIANHN Naked male Figure (Bonus Eventus) 1, standing, with the R. bowl over an aluminum pouring tar, in the lowered position L. a branch; i. Q. 1. A 3 Tocilescu AVT M lOVAl ct)IAinn0C AV" likewise | likewise I Bologna University — 2 Bucharest — and probably also 3 Milan Mus. Sanclem. 3.97 [Mionnet pp. 2, 61,49]; Sestini lett. cont. 4, 46, 16 [Mionnet p. 2, 63,64] erroneous under Philippus iunior. — The Milanese copy is very poorly preserved; Sanclemente saw one on the Rs naked Heracles, Sestini a helmeted man; you can see a naked young man at the altar, so the coin probably belongs here; the token is destroyed. Sure The coin belongs to Philippus senior. I Philippus (vs. not described) 1 KAAAATIQN (like this, but probably just a misprint) I Heracles with the Hydra I godmother thes. Mauroc. 137. — Even if the type is possible, the description must writing are considered unusable.

KALLATIS 359 K25 360 K24 361 K26 362 K26 363 K25 364 K25 365 K25 [Philip senior] 357 KAAAAjTIANflN Nemesis 1. standing, in the R. the balance, in the 1st arm her staff, next to her the wheel; i. Q. 1. A Weight: 10.00(1) I Munich, formerly Cousinery Sestini descr. 30, 7 [Mionnet pp. 2, 62, 56] — 2 St. Florian = 358, but at the end AVP [ same, but the A on the right Weight: 8.90 I Löbbeckc. — See below 360* = 357 KAAAAjTI|ANnN Snake, head r.; i. F.r. A I Bologna University — 2 Paris Sestini lett. cont. 4, 46, 12; Mionnet pp. 2, 63, 60 = 358 I as well I. 2 Bucharest Otacilia M WTAKIA CiEVHPA AVf Br. with Diadem r. I Bucharest likewise I Basel — 2 Bassarabescu — 3 in trade likewise KAAAATI|ANNnN Artemis as a hunter rin r. rushing, the dog next to her; i. A.r KAAAA above, TIANON i. A. The Diosk Liren, naked, fucking each other facing each other, each with one Star over the head, with the one hand on the reins of his horse and in the other a spear holding; in the middle at the top f KAAAAjTIA above, NflN below. ship with stretched sail r. , on the hindquarters a man r.; i. F 1. top r (indistinct) Weight: 6.23 I Vienna Sestini lett. cont. 4, 46, 14 [Mionnet pp. 2, 63, 62] inaccurate; Arneth 360* K n A K M lOr «DIAIllllOC AlT head m. L, r, KAAAATIANßN Aequitas 1. standing, in the R. the scales, in the 1st arm the cornucopia; i. F.A I Panel de nummis exprini. 37 from the collection of the Basilica in Lyon. Since the Vs. is in any case incorrectly described, the coin could not be included although the Aequitas type would not be impossible; but maybe it is too the Rs. inaccurate and rather = 359 or 360,

124 MOESIA INFERIOR 366 K26 367 K26 Philippus Junior M lOVA 4)llAinnOC KAI Br. with ! KAAAAjTIANOJ Bonus Eventus Laurel wreath, P. M. r. standing at the altar 1., as above 357 u. 358; i. F.r. A Weight: 8.80(2) I London Cat. 23.14 — 2 Munich Scstini lett. cont. 4, 46, 15 [Mionnet p. 2, 63, 63] and exactly — 3 Vienna Mus. Theup, 1069 [Mionnet pp. 2, 63, 63]; Arneth 889.10 likewise | KAAAATIjANflN Snake, head right; I i. Q. 1. A I Bassarabescu — 2 Bucharest The coin attributed to the younger Philip with the inscription AVT M lOVAl ct)IAinnOi: AVr (Mionnet pp. 2, 63, 64 from Sestini). his father (s, above 358.3); the son has on the coins of Kaliatis Although he has the laurel wreath, he only has the title Caesar.

DIONYSOPOLIS Like most geographers^) do from the distance information given by the ancients had recognized correctly, the old diode was nysopolis on the site of the current location Balcik on the Bulgarian coast, between Varna and the Kal- foothills liakra, about four hours from the latter distant. The first inscription confirmation, which was made known by L. Mercklin appears to have received little attention be^); But recently Jirecek has two Inscriptions with the city name in place and location found ^), so that the local bility can be viewed as assured. The original name of the Lower release was Kpoüvou The Periegesis of so-called Skymnos, which we have this Thanks to knowledge, explains the name oia la; xfov b('fo; uSattuv Ixpuofst? *). Like Jirecek states that the vineyards are there Balcik is indeed very rich in sources; So the explanation could be correct^). It later received the name Dionysopolis the place, according to the same tradition, because there is a picture of Dionysus from the Seas washed ashore would be^). The anonymous Periplus of the Pon tos Euxeinos, who here, by the way, almost ') The more important passages are quoted by Becker (see above p. 6i A. i) p. 346. 2) L. Mercklin, archaeol. 8 (1850) 141, 8 published from a copy by an unnamed person the inscription of a tepEu found in Balöik; Toü xTt'ato'j [ ?] öeoü Atovjaou and made correctly pay attention to the fact that the appearance of this Dionysian priest for the identity of Baleik and Dionysopolis spoke. •') C. Jireßek, arch.-ep. Mith. from East. 10 (1886) 183 fg. with information about the location; cf. the map, plate VII. In the first inscription (p. 184, i) one reads ßouXrj 8^p.o[? AtovJuffoTioXi T(iiv, in the second (p. 185.3) [i^] ßouXT] [xai 6 8f;[Ao; AtovuJaoTToXetTöiv ; the first is from that time of Pius, the second not much later, *) Skymnos v. 751 - 755, from which Anonymus Peri- plus Ponti Euxini 78 and Stephanos. ^) Vre tos, la Bulgarie, p. 218 had the suspicion thung pronounced that Dionysopolis two hours further southwest near Ekrene, because in this name he is a mutilation from Kpo'jvoi saw. Kanitz, Danube Bulgaria 3-, 218, is of the same opinion, but adds this add the more reasonable argument to a worthless one, that near Ekrene there is a strong watercourse, the Ba- tova, flow, while with Balcik there is no mention valuable water is available, so that the The name Kpouvoi was only suitable for the former would be. But after Jirecek turns to the sources as pointed out by Baleik, this argument also falls ment continued. The relief found at Ekrene, which Kanitz also accepts for his view leads (pictured a. a. O. p. 191), is not that Dedicated to the god Dionysus, but by one Men named Aioviatos the ApoUon and the Artemis; it probably belongs to Odessos. '') Aiovustaxoü 6^ TrpoajüsaovTOi uaxepov Ix fT]? 8a- XotTTYj; TOI? TOTiot; äyctXjjiaTOs, AtovuadTroXiv Xlpuai xXTrjDTjvat TraXtv. According to Stephanos, the city of the same name in Phrygia similar to one Finds Origin and Name »xtiapia 'AttccXou xat E{»(aIv&us ^6olvo\ tbp6wxu}\ Aiovjaou Trepl tou? rrfTTOu;«; They are probably Attalos I and Eumenes 11. meant. Whether the two pieces of information are historical, must remain undecided; at the Moesian City could also be the choice of wine wealth of the name.

126 MOESIA INFERIOR literally repeats the Skymnos, pushes the addition that Kpouvoi initially Matiopolis and then Dionysopolis was named; but that will happen Quite generally as an error of the ano- nymus viewed^). The city is warming up Inscriptions and coins always only Dio- nysopolis, and the same applies almost exclusively without exception for the writers. Striking is that Strabo (7, 6, i) only the older name Kpouvoi. But after that the testimony of the coins and the skym nos the place long before the new na- men Dionysopolis had accepted, there also Strabo's contemporary Ovid (Tr. i, 10, 37) describes him as arces Bacchi, as also Pliny (h. n. 4, 11, 44) Criini only as the former name of Dionysius Sopolis mentions, one has to assume that that Strabo here states his source reproduced incompletely. And the words of Mela (2, 2): est portus Cru- nos; urbes Dionysopolis cet. are probably just an attempt to resolve the double to explain names; City and port of Balcik are actually one, and how today they are the same in ancient times always had only one name. About the special fates of the Nothing is known about the city. Anyway it doesn't belong to the old colonies, which Miletos and other Greek Cities in such large numbers on the coasts of the Black Sea, otherwise it would be difficult to provide any information about it would be missing at Skymnos; this one says only that Dionysopolis, on the border the area of the Scythians and Crobytes located, used by Greeks in his time different tribe (jxqaSö; "E>^Xr^v3c) will live. The older one, around the middle of the IV century BC Peri- plus, the one under the name of Skylax doesn't say the location yet. If i.e. the branch in his time already existed, it cannot to have been an autonomous city, but rather a dependent 7roXt5(viov like Tomis and Anchialos, which is also not mentioned are -). The city whose territory includes Krunoi belonged, was probably Odessos; because once this was the next independent one TioXi;, and then teach the coins of the Imperial times, that the "Great God" of Odessos in Dionysopolis special enjoyed honor; so you will probably allowed to take that the Odessites sometimes in an unknown time the place that their ships safe protection against North winds bo.t and therefore for their hand- del was important, occupied and because of his had called Kpouvoi because of their wealth of sources. When this town will gain autonomy has not been handed down; anyway but will this event occur with the arrival taking the new name Dionysopolis be at the same time. The oldest coins of the city are around the year 200 BC. BC, maybe even a few decades earlier embossed; it is reasonable to assume that ') Periplus P. E. 78 sTrstTa Se [JLETtovofActa&r] MaTio- TToXt?. Already Vossius (see Gail, geogr. graeci mi- nores 3, 273) suspected that the interpolator MapxtavdnoXn wanted to write, which he obviously not found in the Periegesis and therefore considered identical with Dionysopolis. Maybe it should be called MaxtotciTroXisf ^) Skylax and Skymnos are just mentioned here autonomous cities; Tomis and Dionysopolis seem to be the latter because they are now had become autonomous; On the other hand, anchia is missing going on with him too, because in fact it's the first time received its own city charter through Traianus (see above p. 70 A. i).

DIONYSOPOLIS the Prägunpj shortly after obtaining the autonomy has occurred; also that the new city name combined with ttoXc^ is pretty safe conclude that it was only from Hellenistic origins time comes; so he probably has place his independence and the new one Names in the second half of the III. year- hundred, i.e. around the same time as To- mis, received^). —Too great importance never reached Dionysopolis; the cramped one Location on the narrow coast prevented certainly in ancient times as well as today Tags that the city expands widely could^). Your name will be used except for the Lists of all coastal towns nowhere called; but you don't need that to assume that they regain autonomy who has lost; at the time of the Periege sis (around 100 BC?) it was created autonomously beings. Whether they belong to the LucuUus im Years 72 belonged to conquered cities uncertain; Appian also calls Dio- nysopolis, but this indication is how was already noted above (p. 64 note 4), not entirely reliable. Of course it is also Dionysopolis with the other cities at the same time under Roman rule come. Since there is no indication anywhere tung finds that it is his independence would have lost, we can assume that Dionysopolis under the Romans had and retained the same legal status like Odessos, Kallatis and the rest Greek cities; accordingly it will be from the beginning the Kotvöv xr^s FlöVTaTroXew; have belonged and later always become a member of the Greek League remained. That it became independent in the IL century democracy was, teach those already led inscriptions in which ßouXv] and ^r^\i.o; are mentioned^). About the coinage of Dionysus polis is little noticeable. According to The city has little importance never minted silver coins; those too with Alexander or Lysimachus types have not yet been proven*). The oldest copper coins (aft. 368, 369) probably belong to the same time as them oldest of Tomis and most larger coins from Kallatis, which they are very similar in style; they should be around 200 or, as has already been noted, something be coined earlier, their types are: Head of Dionysus with wreath of ivy r. Ivy wreath and a club inside between two stars. [Figure: Plate II, 16] The head of Dionysus is natural chosen because the city was named after this was named by this god, as he was the nickname Kticjt//? to have led seems^). Why on the back in ') About Tomis see above p. 63 and the introduction direction to this city. — The Moesian Dio- So nysopolis had its at about the same time Names preserved, like the Phrygian (above p. 125 A. 6); should perhaps be included in the tradition be mixed? '') About today's Balcik see except JireCek (above p. 125 A. 3) also Allard, la Bulgarie Orientale (Paris 1864) p. 37. •') Above S, 125 A. 2 and 3. ■■) The Alexander Tctradrachmon of the British Mu- seum, which Müller (Alexandre n. 402) ours He wanted to assign the city to him, according to his style certainly not there; Mr. Head believes that it is in Syrian territory. — Also in the Period of Mithradates, where the four neighboring cities Neither did Dionysopolis mint royal coins Lysimachus -Stater nor Alexander- Tetradrach- men shaped. '•>) According to the inscription above p. 125 A. 2; unfortunately is between xt^ctou and öeoü Atoviaou an un- permanent place; Follow-up comparison would be very desirable, if the inscription still exists at all is present.

128 MOESIA INFERIOR the club to the Dionysian ipheus wreath and the two stars appear, know we don't. Except the abbreviated city Each of the two pieces also has a name the also abbreviated name of one officials whose title we do not indicate ben assets. — Most others autonomous coins belonging to our city have been attributed, include many more of the city of the same name in Phrygia, like EckheP) already correctly has noticed (see below 367* - 371**). Dage- a single one of the latter is likely to divided coin rather sent to Moesia hear (n. 370, plate II, 17). The same has on the front also the head of Dionysus with ivy wreath and on the city name in one on the back Wreaths of vine leaves and grapes. The head is very similar to that of the first coins, but is from much later later time; you could get the coin early- at least place it in the Mithradatic period, but it is probably only in the Imperial era shaped. Certainly belongs in the Imperial period described last Bene coin (n. 371; plate II, 18) with the Head of Demeter and the city name in a wreath of wheat; the location of the three copies listed are not available know, but they belong to the factory probably in our area, - The counter- stamps that refer to this and that Older coins found are unclear and cannot be explained. The series of imperial coins from Dionysopolis begins under Pius; from his successors Marcus and Verus safe coins are not proven'^), whether the coin of Lucilla (n. 373) is below them or only under Commodus is, we don't know. Under Commodus the use of value begins chen, which then lasts until the end of the pre- is regularly maintained. We have safe coins from the government time of Severus ^), of Alexander and especially many from that of Gordianus; there the latter on the fives only with Sa- rapis, but not paired with Tranquillina is*), it is likely that the Coinage of Dionysopohn before the Gordianus' marriage expired is. — The following table represents the Denominations of the imperial coins together: Pius (2?) Lucilla (if) Commode r Severus Domna € A b Maesa (?) Alexander E A r I Gordianus Gordianus and Sarapis E A Here too the coins are marked E and A much more common than the smaller ones Nominal. About choosing specific ones Types for the individual values can be with the small amount of embossing ') Eckhel d. n. 2,14; see also Drexler num. Zschr. 21 (1889) 164. 2) An uncertain coin of Marcus Aurelius s. below 373*. 2) That only coins of Severus and Domna, but not the sons, seem to be shaped, suggests that the imprint in the first years of Severus. The Cara Coin attributed to calla belongs to the Elaga balus and is Phrygian (n. 378*). — The coin the Maesa (n. 379, if it is not Mamaea) probably minted under Alexander, as coins of Elagabalus are completely missing. *) Those of Vaillant under Gordianus and Tran- quillina coin has on the obverse. rather Gordianus and Sarapis; cf. 404".

DIONYSOPOLIS 129 not notice much; The only thing that is certain is that for the coins with A the ©so? Msya? the rcgclmässi^^e type is (n. 376. 381, 384); that the two coins with T the Demeter have (n. 374 and 379) and the with B (n. 377, 378) the Heracles, can be a coincidence. — The weights are un- dangers the same as in Kallatis; the Coins with E weigh from 8.90 to 14.55 g (but the lightest ones are poorly designed) hold; most weigh over 11g), the one with A 8.12 — 10.24, with f is just one Weight 'J,'] known, with B 3.52-4.70; the ones have the normal weight of 2.96 and 2.53 g. — The symbol of the Fives has, as in Kallatis, under Severus the round shape €, later the square E. Among the types of imperial coins Naturally, the city god appears Dionysus particularly often (aft. 375, 380. 391), sometimes in his temple (aft. 392. 393; Plate XX, 20); on one of the ones a bunch of grapes is depicted (n. 383); and also torch (n. 372, 382) and thy- miaterion (n. 373) like with consideration depicted on the cult of this god be. — That the Great God is true Apparently that's why it's depicted so often, because Dionysopolis is based on a branch going back from Odessos is already at the top been noticed. You could also dare that the bust, which is on the obverses of the Gordian coins (n. 385 - 404) against that of the emperor is superimposed, that of the great one God's is; but not like in Odessos even the cornucopia is included it could also be Sarapis. Sarapis himself also appears on a coin (n. 386), in the usual position with the Scepter in left arm and raised Right. Most other guys have no local meaning; yes Heracles and Demeter appear too to be preferred here; otherwise is just to mention the snake that appears on the street Zen of Gordianus (n. 402, 403) appears. Official names can be found on the Imperial coins from Dionysopolis not; the coin described by Sestini which supposedly contains the initials of the governor halter's Flavius Ulpianus appear, listen to Phrygia and rather carry a year (see below 378*). The ancient coins of Northern Greece 1.

368 K22 Plate II, 16 369 K22 370 K21 Plate II, 17 I. Around 200 BC Head of Dionysus with ivy wreath r. Pkr. Ggst. O indistinct head Illustration I St. Petersburg likewise, with the same (?) opposite stamp AIONY under an ivy wreath; club standing in between two stars, among these the Letters 1+11/ the same, but under the stars T.I.M.H I Imhoof. — The letter after T is unclear. II. Indefinite time Head of Dionysus with ivy - 1 AlONY in a wreath of wine - wreath r. Pkr. I COTTO leaves with grapes lA... Illustration I Paris Mionnet p. 7, 553,310 under Phrygia. — 1|— Here maybe 2 Cat. Bentinck 2.1027 (A[ONrSONOAlTßN in the ivy wreath) About the time of this coin see above p. 128. 367* S17 367** K23 369* K23 Head of Dionysus with wreath of ivy r. 1 AIONTSO I IJOAITüN in a wreath I Goltz Graecia XXVIII, 4 [Gessner num, pop. XVIII, 29] In any case, this silver coin is Goltz's own invention. KPA BOYAH Bust portrait of the council goddess i AlONYCOIllOACITßN Cult image of Artemis with veil r. | from Ephesus I Goltz Graecia XXVIII, 3 [Gessner num. pop. XVIII, 28] As Hardouin (nummi antiqui 139) correctly noted, this coin belongs after the Phrygi see Dionysopolis. Bust of Dionysus (?) right, behind 1 A10NY20 right. [1. indistinct] Dionysus (?) with Thyrsus? | Kantharos (?) and Thyrsos (?) 1. standing I Vienna Eckhel d. n. 2,14 [Mionnet l, 355, 16]; Arneth Wiener meeting area. phil.-hist. Cl. 9 (1852) 889.1 The coin is very poorly preserved and certainly belongs, as Eckhel himself noted, to Phrygia; also panel number. Cistoph. 39 [Eckhel d. n. 2,14] had a similar coin (Vs. without Thyrsos, Rs. with AIONTCOflOAEQQ given to Phrygia.

DIONYSOPOLIS 131 III. Roman period 371 K24 Plate II, 18 in a wreath of wheat. Pkr. Head of Demeter with veil j AIONY (and a wreath of wheat underneath?) r.; 'COTTO in front of it, torch (?). Pkr. | AITCO Ggst. unclear | N Figure (i) Weight: 4.80(2) I Leake, formerly Mus. Pembroke 2, Plate VIII [Eckhel d. n. 2,14; Mionnet 1,355,14] = Cat. Pembroke 617 — 2 Turin Bibl. — 3 Vienna Mus. Theup. 1265 [Eckhel d. n. 2,14; Mionnet i, 355, 13] I and 3 are from the same stamps Leake thought the counterstamp, which is probably the same everywhere, was a hammer. 372 K18 Imperial coins Pius C€BA|CTOY Head of Pius r. \ AlONYCOniOA€ITnN Torch I Lübbecke; this piece in Becker Neue Jahrb. f. Phil. Suppl. 19 (1853) 365; Cat. Becker (1881) 242 370* K19 371* K20 371** K13 372* K25 Head of Sarapis with Kalathos r. Pkr. 1 AlONrCOlIIOA^lTiiN Hermes with purse I tel, rod and Chlamys 1. standing. Pkr. I La Motraye voyages 2,209, VII, 7 [Gessner num. pop. XVIII, 27; Eckhel d. n. 2,14; Mionnet 1,355, ^5] — 2 Leake suppl. 124 La Motraye had bought the coin in Varna, which would initially suggest that she after the Moesian Dionysopolis. But according to the style the coin is Asia Minor; and there many coins from Asia Minor were found in Bulgaria and Romania - La Motraye himself also has, among other things, four coins from Aphro- disias - we can assign it to the city of Dionysopolis in Phrygia, as happens in most collections. Head of an old man r. | AION Thyrsos I Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, i under Moesia inferior One such coin, with the head of Seilenos, in the Imhoof collection is Phrygian; The same applies to this example and the following coin. likewise I Murzakewicz a. a. O. 3, 238, 2 ...A|N... Head of a liary emperor (with Laurel wreath?) r. \ AIONYCOnOy\KSiC Cornucopia AIONT Indistinct standing figure 1. looking, in the R. bowl (?), in the 1st arm Cornucopia I Naples Cat. 6284. — According to the catalog it would be a coin of Pius with Demeter on the Rs.; According to the cast available to me, the imperial head must be considered indeterminate. are drawn, and Demeter is certainly not depicted on the back, because despite that very poor preservation the cornucopia is clear; the figure could even be male be, perhaps the great God.

132 MOESIA INFERIOR Lucilla 373 K i6 Plate II, 19 374 K23 T. XIV, 9 375 K27 376 K24 373* K16 376* K— AOYKIA[AA C]€BACTH (from top right) ]^r. Lucilla with veil and Robe r. Illustration I Florence Svoronos IcpTjfx. dpj^aioX. 1889, 103, II, 14 Commode AlONVCOnOACITON (from top right) Thymiaterion with three feet AVT KAI M AVPH ] KOMOAOC (by r. above) head of the bearded Com- mode with laurel wreath r. AlONYCOinOACITjnN (from top right) Demeter, veiled, 1st standing, on the stretched row two Ears of corn that L. put on the torch supports; i. F. 1. r Illustration of the Rs. — Clumsy work Weight: 7.70 I Vienna, formerly Allier Sestini lett. cont. 4, 47, i ; Mionnet pp. 2, 64, 65; Dumersan Cat. Allier 20, II, 16; Arneth meeting area. 9 889.1a Severus AVKACmtCeVHPOC P.M.r. Br. m. L. AIONYCOn|OA€ITnN Dionysus, in short robe and shoes, 1. standing, with the R. the can- pouring out tharos, the L. on the Thyrsos supported; in front of him panthers; i. F.r. € Weight: 10.48(4) — 10.30(3) — 9.80 (2, E. sl.) I Bucharest — 2 Munich, formerly Cousinery, Sestini descr. 30, 2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 64, 67] and exactly — 3 Munich — 4 Sophia AV K A CenT I CeVHPOC n Br. m. L.P.M.r. AlONYCOn OAeiTflN The big one God with bowl and cornucopia 1. standing; i. Q. 1. A Deviations: Vs. perhaps CGFITI ^ - Vs. and Rs. Division of Scripture and Position of ^ uncertain 2. 3 I in trade. — jl — 2 Sestini descr. 30.1 [Mionnet p. 2,64,66] by Ainslie ■ — 3 Chaix descr. 16 . . . ANTON -AYFl • • • Head of Marcus 1 AIONICOnOA^lTÜN Stem of an unknown Aureliusr. | plant I Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 3 The type of the Rs. is probably a torch or a thymiaterion. Whether the Vs. really represents Marcus or perhaps Commodus is in uncertainty the font reference is doubtful. Severus (Vs. not described) 1 AIONTCOriOAEITiiN The Farnesian Ilera- I gravel (1.) standing; i. F.B I Vaillant number. gr. 82 [Mionnet pp. 2, 65, 68]. — The coin was supposedly in Paris Cabinet, where it is not present. Vaillant probably only made them out of surprise see placed under Severus instead of Domna; p. 377.

DIONYSOPOLIS Domna 377 K19 378 K19 379 K24 lOVAlA AOiMNA C^BjACTH Br. r. AlONVCon|OA€ITnN Naked bear tiger Heracles 1. standing and r. looking, the R. pointed at the club supported by the lion skin L. hung, propped on his side; i. F.r. b Weight: 4.70(3) — 4.31 (0 I Imhoof — 2 Leopardow — 3 Paris Mionnet 1,355.17; Sestini lett, cont, 4, 47, 3; cf. 376*. — Ij — 4 (only Rs,, probably == 3) Vaillant nuni. gr. 91, supposedly from his collection lOYAlA I AOMNA C€ Br. r. AI0NYC0n|0A6ITnN Bärtii^er He- rakles, with the lion skin on the 1. Shoulder, r. standing, R. up the club supported, on the previous. L. the apples; i. F. 1. B Weight: 3.52 (i) I Imhoof. — II — 2 Cat. d'Ennery 4222 and the same piece later from the collection Tochon Sestini lett. cont. 4, 47, 2; Mionnet pp. 2, 65, 69 Maesa (?) lOYAlA MAICI .... Br. r. AlONYCOnOjAEITnN Demeter, veiled, 1. standing, in the prev. R. ears of corn, the L. on scepter or torch supported; i. F.r. f Deviations: vs. writing destroyed l — reverse writing incomplete 2 I St. Florian — 2 Turin Bibl., formerly Mus. Arigoni 2 imp. gr. XXVII, 384 [Mionnet p. 2,66,76] I thought I recognized the head on both copies as that of Maesa, too The C after MAI seemed safe to me. But it would at least be possible for the coins attributed to Mamaea. They belong to the reign of Alexander but probably also if it is Maesa, there under Elagabalus here as little as in Kallatis appears to have been coined. 378* [AT K] M AI AN'mNEINOC Bro. of Cara- K 25 calla m. L. P. M. r. AlONYCOrijOAErmN Tyche with Kalathos, Rudder and cornucopia 1. standing; i. F r. (PO I Sestini descr, 30.3 [Mionnet pp. 2, 65, 70] by Cousinery The coin, now in Munich, is minted in the Phrygian Dionysopotamia; is the emperor Elagabalus, because there are coins of Annia Faustina that are exactly the same. The letters T O in the field, which probably indicates the year (cf. the T on coins from Hyrgalea and Laodikeia near Imhoof, gr. Coins p. 740/1), read Sestini

134 MOESIA INFERIOR Alexander 380 K27 T. XVI, 27 381 K25 T. XIII, 24 382 K16 383 K16 AVT K M AVP CEVH ] AAEZANAPOC Br. m. L. P. M. r. AlONYCOnOjAEITON Dionysus with Kantharos and Thyrsos 1. ste- standing, in front of him the panther (= 375); i. F.r. E Illustration of Rs. (5) Weight: 13.50(5) — 12.53(3) — 11.50(2) — 9.75(7) Deviations: Rs. Separation AIONYCO|nOAEITßN 3-4 I Bassarabescu — 2 Imhoof — 3 Löbbeckc — 4 Mandl - 5 Munich Sestini lett. cont. 4, 47, 4 [Mionnet pp. 2, 66, 72] — 6 Naples Cat. 6285 — 7 Sophia AVT K M AVP CEVH \ AAEZANAPOC Br. m. L. P. M. r. AlONVConiOAEITflN The big one God stand forward with Kalathos hend and 1. looking, with the above. R. Bowl poured over an altar send, in the 1st arm cornucopia; i. F.r. A Illustration of Rs. (5) Weight: 10.24(8) — 9.90(4) — 9.55(0 — 9, 30 (7) — 9.00(5) Deviations: vs. CEV instead of CEVH 4- 9- 22 — vs. not described 15. 20; — Rs. Separation indefinite 15-20 — AlONYCOinOAEITflN 4- 9 — InOAimN 5 — the figure described as a woman 15. 17. 18. 20. 21, as a genius 16. 19. 22 — the Kalathos is sometimes unsteady - the altar looks like a herm 5 and (parva figurd) 21 I Berlin Cat. 50, l — 2 Bucharest — 3 Dresden — 4 Gotha — 5 Imhoof — 6 Copen- Hagen — 7 Löbbecke — 8 London Cat. 24.1; before number. chron. 1876 pl. IX, 6 Fig. d. Rs. (to Gardner p. 310) - 9 Milan - 10 Paris - li Philippopel - 12 St. Peters- burg — 13 Vienna Froelich append. 2 novae 72.74; Eckhel cat. 68.1 [Mionnet pp. 2, 65, 71]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 889, 2 - 14 Winterthur. — Yj — 15 Vaillant num. gr. 136 [Mionnet pp. 2, 66, 73] — 16 Hardouin op. 821 — 17 Mus. Theup.;i023 (not in the Vienna Cabinet, probably removed as a double) — 18 Sestini descr. 31.4 (from Ainslie) — 19 Sestini Lett. cont. 4, 48, 5 (Florence) [Mionnet pp. 2, 66, 75] — 20 Mionnet pp. 2, 66, 74 (by Haumont) — 21 (= 13?) Sestini piü musei 21, IV, 13; Sestini mus. Chaudoir 41.1 — Murzakewicz descr. mus. Odess. 44, 1 (under Phrygia) It would be possible that some of the coins we have not seen are actually female. figure (Concordia) instead of the Great God, since this type appeared later comes (below 399. 400, but with E); It is on all of Alexander's safe coins but always the bearded figure of the god, which, because of the clothing, is bad However, the posture can be considered feminine. AiONvcoinoAEiirw Burning AVT K M AV C[EV] \ AAEZANAP[OC] Br. with laurel wreath r. Torch Weight: 2.53 I Paris Blanchet revue number. 1892, 60.9. — 1| — 2 Mionnet pp. 7, 553, 313 from the collection lung Grivaud de la Vincelles, under Phrygia, but after the note he kept the Coin for Moesian The obverse is probably from the same die as that of the following coin, so that the inscriptions would complement each other. [AVT] K M [AV] CEV | AAEZANAPlOC Br. m. L. r. Weight: 2.96 I Sophia Tacchella revue num, 1893, 70, 3 AlONVCjOnOAEITOJ Grape

DIONYSOPOLIS Gordian III. 384 K24 385 K27 386 K28 387 K27 388 K27 389 K27 AVTKMANT TOPAIANOC AV" Br. m. L. P. M. r. AIONVCO|nOA€ITnN The big one God with Kai., bowl above altar and cornucopia 1. standing; i. F.r. A Weight: 9.18(3) — 8.12(1) Deviations: Vs. at the end perhaps only AV i» 2. 3 — Rs. the ^ 1. in field 1 I Berlin Cat. 51.6 — 2 Bucharest — 3 Sophia Tacchella revue num. 1893, 7o, 4 (erroneous as woman described) - 4 brides Gordianus and Sarapis AlONVCOinOAEITfN eus with Bowl and scepter 1. seated, in front him the eagle; i. F.r. E Rs. nIOAeiT.. and the € 1. above 2 AVT K M bottom, ANTWNIOC TOP- AlANOE >V" The mutually assigned busts of Gordia returned nus with L. P. M. r. and the Saturday rapis with calathos and robe 1. Weight: 14.55 (2) Deviations: vs. conclusion unclear 2; 1 Bucharest - 2 Löbbecke AlONVCOnOACITHN Sarapis with Kalathos 1. standing, the R. er- lifting, in the L. the scepter holding obliquely; i. F. 1. E Deviations: Opposite writing unclear 3, at the end AVT 2 - Back writing unclear exactly 3 — value sign 3 2, not specified 3 I Copenhagen - 2 Vienna, formerly Wiczay 2122, VII, 154 [Mionnet vS. 2, 67, 81]; Sestini mus. Hederv. 23.1; Arneth vsession report. 9,890.3. — j| — 3 Murzakewicz descr. mus. Odess. 44.2 (under Phrygia) likewise the same, but at the end AV" AIONVCO|nOA€ITOJ Demeter, ver- veiled, 1st standing, in R. Ears of corn, the L. on torch or scepter supported; i. F.r. E Weight: 13.12 (i) — 12.70 (2) Deviations: vs. conclusion of document AVT 2, uncertain l rijOAeiTflN 2 — veil uncertain l. 3 Rs. AIONVCO- I Löbbecke — 2 Munich Sestini lett. cont. 4, 48, 7 [Mionnet p. 2, 67, 80] inaccurate — 3 St. Petersburg — 4. 5 Weiss — 6 Windisch-Grätz AljONVCOinOAlTHN Demeter like before, but without a veil (Köre?); i. F. 1. E likewise, but ultimately uncertain Weight: 13.05(2) — 11.04(1) I Berlin Cat. 50, 2 — 2 Sophia AVT K below, M ANTW TOPAIANOC AVr as well I Dr. Weber AllONVCOinOAEITOJ as well

136 MOESIA INFERIOR 390 K26 391 K27 392 K27 T. XX, 20 393 K27 394 K26 395 K27 [Gordianus and Sarapis] AVT K M below, . AVr as well rOPAlANOC Weight: 10.82 (preserved good) I Löbbeckc AVT KM below, ANTNNIOII fOP- AIANOE AVr as well AlONiVqonOAE etc. A. ITHN Athens a Nikephoros 1. sitting, the L. supported on the spear, on bottom of shield; i. F. 1. above E AIONVCO nOA^ITflN Dionysus with Kantharos and Thyrsos 1. standing, in front of him the panther (= 375); i-1^^r-E Weight: 12.65 (i) — 9.21 (3) Deviations: vs. end unclear i 1 Löbbeclie — 2 London Cat. 24, 3 - 3 Paris AVT K below, [M ANTN?] TOPAIANOC AVr as well Illustration of Rs. (i) 1 Weber Hamburg — 2 in trade AVT K M below, ANTNNIOi: TOP AIANOC. . likewise Weight: 12.34 I Löbbcke likewise, but ANTWNI[OC TOPAIA]- NOC I Imhoof 4 Philippople - 5 St. Petersburg AlONjVjCOnOA et al. A. EITHN Temple front with four columns and decorated gable on three stepped substructure; in the middle Dionysus 1. standing with the Panther as before; i. F.r, E AlONVCOnOA^ITflN Temple front similar to the previous one, but without the substructure, and Dionysian sos without the panther; i. A.E AIONVCOinOA€ITnN Asclepius looking forward from standing and 1st, the rows are placed on the snake stick supports; i. F.r. E AVT K M bottom, ANTWNIOC TOP- AIANOC N~ as well AIONVCOn|OA€ITnN Hygieia with Snake and bowl r. standing; i. F.r. E Weight: 14.04(2) — 11.64(3) — 10.95(1.5) — 8.90(4) Deviations: vs. conclusion aV" 2. (3?) 8. 10; AVT 12, without >V" 9» indeterminate 5. 6; — Rs. AlONVCOnjOAlTJlN 1.3.4.11.12 — the value mark E i. F. left I. 2. 3. 4, 6. 9. II, 1. or r. 12 I Athens Cat. 809 — 2.3 Berlin Cat. 51.3. 4 — 3 Hunter — 4 Imhoof — 5 Lübbecke — 6 London Cat. 24.4 ^ 7 Paris — 8 St. Florian — 9 St. Petersburg — 10 Sophia — II Venice Mus. civico. — jj — 12 Sestini lett. 4 (1790) 93.1 [Mionnet pp. 2, 67, 82] from Ainslie

DIONYSOPOLIS 396 K27 397 K27 398 K27 399 K27 400 K27 401 K28 402 K27 [Gordianus and Sarapis] also, conclusion of the scripture unclear- 1 AlONVConjOACITflN Heracles 1. standing on loan, the row on the club I supports, in the L. three apples 1 ; i. F.r. E Weight: 11.63 (0 I Berlin Cat. 51.5. — — There might be 2 music here too. Sanclcm. 3.79 [Mionnct p. 2,66,77] from the Balhi collection (Vs. ATT KA... ANTONIOC I'OPAIANÜC; Rev. Heracles with club) likewise, at the end N~ Weight: 12, 15 (2) I Bucharest — 2 Imhoof — 3 Kiev likewise, at the end AVf I Vienna AVT K M bottom, ANTWNIOC TOP- AIANOE AV as well AI0NVC0n|0A6ITnN Nemesis (Aequitas) 1. standing, in the R. the scales, in the 1st arm cornucopia, close the wheel at her feet; i. F, r. E AI0NVC]0 Nemesis 1st standing, in the lowered row the staff, in the L. the bridle, at her feet the wheel; i. F.r. E AlONVCOnOAEITON Female Figure (Concordia) with Kalathos 1. standing, in the prev. R. Shell above an altar, in the 1st arm cornucopia; i. F.r. E at the end unclear 3 Weight: 11.70(3) Deviations: vs. writing below uncertain 2 I Bucharest — 2 Leake suppl. 124 — 3 Löbhecke AVTK- below, M ANTW TOPAIANOC- AlONVCOnOA^ITON AVr as well Concordia as before, but without an altar; i. F 1. E Weight: 12.31 Deviations: vs. as before (n. 399) 2. 3; — Rs. the egg i. F.r. 2 I London Cat. 24.2 - 2 Sophia - 3 in trade likewise Weight: 12.08 I Löbbcke AVT K M below, ANTWNIOC TOP AIANOE NV as well AlONVCOnjOIAITflN Tyche (without Kalathos) with tax and cornucopia 1. standing; i. F. 1. E AlONVCOnjOA^ITON snake, head right; a small base below; I i. F. 1. E Deviations: Vs. at the end >V~ 2, uncertain 3 — Rs. Separation olfl 3 — ^i" Conclusion maybe fiJ I Löbbcke — 2 Moscow — 3 Paris Patin imp. 370 Fig. [Hardouin op. sei. 830; Gessner imp. CLXXVI, 58; Mionnet pp. 2, 67, 79] (vs. inaccurate); Vaillant num.gr. 150 [Mionnet pp. 2, 67, 83] erroneous under Gordianus and Tranquillina (see below 404*); Mionnet 1,356.18

138 MOESIA INFERIOR 403 T.XX, 404 K27 [Gordianus and Sarapis] AVTK- below, M ANTW TOPAIANOC | AI0NVC0n|0A€Tn4 (like this, without I) AVr likewise j likewise, with the base Illustration of Rs. (2) Deviations: Rs, maybe — niOACITOJ » 1 St. Petersburg Chaudoir corr. 48, i — 2 in trade AVTK- below, M ANTW TOPAIANOC AVr as well AION vcono A€ITnJ E Weight: 14.08 I Paris Sestini lett. cont. 4.48.6; Mionnet pp. 2, 67, 78 in a laurel wreath 404* K— Gordianus and Tranquillina (vs. not 1 AIONTCOIIOAEITQN snake; i. F. E described) I I Vaillant number. size 150 [Mionnet p. 2, 67, 83] Since the coin was supposed to be in the Paris cabinet according to Vaillant, it can only be This is the piece described above 402.3, which has the busts of the Gor- dianus and Sarapis.

T S T R O S It has not yet been possible to the location of the old Istros with certainty to determine. Inscriptions of the city are in widely spaced places been found, even if the one or others were just abducted, so may one can assume that a wide area bid belonged to the city. The location the oldest and most important inscription, the Decree in honor of Aristagoras, that is Village of Kara-Härman, about 2 miles north lich from Cap Midia^). At this point Becker didn't have the inscription yet was known that ancient Istros wanted to find, by giving the indication of Strabo The basis was that this city was founded by the southernmost mouth of the Danube 500 stadia would be removed^). But even if it's true- It seems that the 'Ispov aiojxa des Strabo and Ptolemy the St. George's Arm referred to, we don't know where at that time the mouth of this arm lay; The only thing that is certain is that the delta land was in Roman It's not that far into the sea yet was pushed forward like now. You can So it doesn't depend on that when calculating changing area of the mouth of the Danube emanations, but from the next most fixed point in the south, the city Tomis, whose situation at today's Coastal coastline is secured. By Tomis was Istros after Strabo, with the Ptole maios matches, 250 stadiums are distant. This leads a long way beyond Kara-Härman ') Arch.-epigr. Mith. 6 (1882) 37.78 by Tocilescu published, previously mentioned by Soutzo revue arch. N. vs.S. 42 (1881) 302. That the inscription according to Heard Istros, Soutzo has already noticed correctly, although the city name is not mentioned there; because above the decree is the city coat of arms, the Sea eagle on the dolphin, carved. — A little further south, near the villages Large and small Gargalik (= Tatar and Bulg. Gargalac), Desjardins found in a large one Ruin field the following inscription, which he none assigned to a certain city (annali dell' instituto 1868, 94, 102): 0aX(uvt; 'ApT£ij.io«upo[u] öuyctTTjp, 'Apafcppovo? yuvTj, e[6j(]T)v (? EAT'J'HN read Desjar- dins) Arj[jirjTpi, in[\] lepi(iu?) (or Upsw) F^ptovo; Toy 'AvTtcivaxTö?. Except the location speaks the eponymy of the priest, as also found in the Inscription of Aristagoras and another of Kara-IIarman (arch.-epigr. Mitth. 11, 38, 43) er- seems to ensure that this inscription also follows Istros belongs. Anyway, it was in the area of Kara-Harman and Gargalik a branch the Istrian; it is perhaps no coincidence that, how the Ar^fAi^TTjp is something consecrated here, one Imperial era inscription from the same area a foundation for the vt'cus Cereris is attested (arch.-ep. Mitth. 8, 32, i = C. I. L. III Suppl. 7526; see below p. 146 A. 5); the older, Greek We don't know any Chinese place names; see also below p. 145 A. 4. The city of Istros itself sat but also Desjardins further north into the area area of Karanasov (Caranasuf), where he also if extensive ruins had been found (revue arch. N. P. 17, 1868, 270); that's about right the now preferred location at Kasapkiöi together. '^) Strabo 7, 6, i. — Becker new year suppl. 19, 2)2)^ 't cf. also below p. 149 note 4.

140 MOESIA INFERIOR out north into the giving of Kasapkiöi, where also some inscriptions were found in Roman times. Therefore, it is now assumed that the old Istros is located approximately at this point has^). But this assumption is certain by no means, because the information provided by Arria nus and the later even further north- lich lead '''); you could, for example, to the Area of the Black Foothills (Kara Burun) think where Peter's wall remains and other traces of an important ancient branch has noticed''). One will So we'll have to wait until something bigger Finds and investigations on site and bring security; it will be there should be considered whether perhaps that Main port of Istros is changing which have times in different places have found, since the changes of the Terrain in antiquity itself, roughly a thousand years since its founding, could be significant enough to have one to demand relocation of the port. Je- otherwise the exact determination of the The location of Istros can be very valuable; because only then will one become clear can form an idea of it what paths the relationships take the city to the hinterland and the barbarians on the Danube, and how the coast has developed since ancient times has changed. We can do so much things are already saying that not only the delta area looked different today, but also those to the south bordering coast of Dobruja. Today is Istros, now likes it near Kasapkiöi or to be located further north, not by the sea at all, but on one that is almost completely isolated from the sea laced lagoons, moreover even from their coasts through wide swampland separated*). But in Strabo's time it was possible you can still walk directly along the coast drive from Tomis to Istros, so that So today's Lac Sinoe is not yet there may have existed as a lagoon; like it probably from the big barre that is now north of Cap Midia starting to Portitza mouth passes, already parts present as a series of small islands to have been; but the turn was still there not closed and especially in the south which does not grow together with the mainland^). On the other hand, there was Lac Razem, in which the Dunavetz pours out, of course already present; just leaves the unclear ') Corpus inscr. Lat. III vSuppl. p. 1357 (Doma- szewski); also now Tocilescu arch.-ep. Mith. 17 (1895) 88, 12. — Very close by, near Kara- nasov, had already scheduled Dcsjardin's Istros; also Müller on Ptolemy I, p. 461. 2) Arrianus peripl. 35 gives up the distance 300 stadiums; in the Itinerarium Antonini p. 227 36 milia (= 288 stages) are given, in the Tabula Peutingeriana 40 millia = 320 stadia. ^) Karl F. Peters, Basic Lines on Geography and Geology of Dobruja (memorials of the Vienna Academy, math.-natural sciences Class 27, 1867, II, 83 - 207) p. 141. On this work and the The comments are based on the accompanying map about coastal changes; that quoted in it Work by Taibout de Marigny, hydrography de la Mer Noire et de la Mer d'Azow (Trieste 1856), in which the old geography is also discussed is taken into account, I couldn't use it. ■*) Except the map from Peters (see previous note) I use the geological overview map Kingdom of Romania« by Mathei M. Draghi- cenu from the yearbook of the K. K. Geological Reichsanstalt Volume 40 (1890). ^) Strabo 7, 6, i : £a~tv o'jv äro xoü 'kpoü axouiaTo; TOJ "IsTpou£v0£?ta l/ovTt tVjv auvs/^TTapoiXfav ^larpos 7ioXt'j(vtov h TTEVtaxoaiots a-raotot;. The Addition a'jyeyji seems to indicate that islands off the contiguous coast were.