The Ancient Coins of Northern Greece, I: Dacia and Moesia — vol. I — 1898

LSTRÜS 141 Description of Lake Halmyris Pliny'), which certainly refers to him, not realizing how far it reached and like him and his southern sequels (L. Golowiza and L. Smejka) from the sea were divorced. But at the time of Founding of Istros, another 700 years earlier, coastal design and Shipping conditions are still essential have been others. Because like the Mi- read the two northern colonies Tyras and Borysthenes (= Olbia). founded for the purpose of Trade on the rivers of the same name dominate, so should the southernmost of the three cities founded around the same time be the stacking place for the Istros; represent- It was also called "larpo? or 'Isipt'yj" called: TToXtc "latpo? «TTo TO'j TTOTa}Aotj Xc(ßouaa Touvofi.a '^). There's a good one in the delta area The harbor wasn't easy to build, so Did the settlers behave more sensibly? Way further southwest on the solid Diluvialbodcn of the Dobruja. But the colony could only serve its purpose fulfill if they are not just from the sea from was easily accessible, but also with the Istros River in easy reach binding stand; So it has to be the one from the City dominated Lake Razem, which perhaps itself was considered an estuary of the Danube, at least by a navigable arm better than today and in Roman times must have been connected to the main stream. Neither the geological conditions nor the tradition is based on acceptance contrary to the fact that at the time of the Green dung (in the VIIth century BC) the case was. While today Kasapkiöi and the northern villages on the Dobrud sha lagoons have no significance at all have the Danube traffic or at all may have belonged in Greek Time city and river Istros together: Hcrodot could say that the Istros in the Pontos Euxeinos cgiesse, r{] 'I(3Tf;f/)Vol M[X-/j(3uuv oi/soustv 'XTcot/oi "') ; and Centuries later they still referred to Istrians simply refer to Istros as that River ''), as well as his image on hers Put coins ^). In the meantime she had The city, however, has much of its old self Lost meaning, which is certainly the reason Change in coastal design is to blame was. At the time of Strabo this was already the case the 'Ispov atofxa, the mouth of St. George, as the southernmost mouth of the Danube; the Arm that poured into Lake Razem, and the lake itself came for the Danube trading is no longer considered, as well little the city of Istros; only her name is known still remembered that she once belonged to control of this trade was established had been. The original name of the city was probably the same as that of the river, like this also for Tyras and Borysthe- nes applies, so "I(3Tpo?. But they show ') Pliny h. n. 4, 12, 79: ex eodem alveo (Peuce) et super ITistropoltm lacus gignitur LXIII M. pass. anibitu, Ilalmyrin vocant. ^) Skymnos v. 767/8 [from Anonymus pcriplus 70]. ^) Crodotus 2, 33. — The ordinary reading r/] MiTp^rjv ol is not impossible, but it seems so forced ; MaTpiTjVOt o^x^cjatv corresponds better the “speech gel” smoke of Ilerodot, such as b. a few lines before it is KyvTjafo"3(. ol .... tA'/.ivi'iu So we don't know whether the city belonged to Herodotus Time was called "laxpos or 'larpiTj; after that is up P. 62 A. 3 to delete the parenthesis (MatpiTj). ■*) In the decree for Aristagoras (above p. 139 Ann. l) it says (v. 44 - 46): Trpessria? ts TtoXXä; ünip TT\z rto[Xe]iuc Trp£a[ß]£'jact? xara tö a'jfx'f^pov red? TroXefxatc ot£7rpc«;ctTO Tipö; [xfj? öotXcta'Jr^c xai] ttj« )((upa; xai toO 7tOTa(i.[oü] . . . ^) See below p. 151, 152, 158.

142 MOESIA INFERIOR Coins, as already mentioned above (p. 83). was that the official name, little- at least from the IV to the IL century, 'iGTpi'yj was^); It should probably be that way City can be distinguished from the river. With the writers, however, this is the case Name "laxpoc; remained dominant; because that is the name of the city in Aristotle and Skymnos, and that's probably the same with Sky- to be added lax ^). Also for the Roman one The same thing seems to apply to time. The quay Sercoins teach nothing about this because they regularly the Ethnikon 'laiptr^vcuv ha- ben; the only inscription with the city But the name is given by the ablative Histro, and we find in most writers the form "laxpo?, Latin histros; just 'Ictipta appears once again ^). The Name Histropolis in Mela and Pliny, which probably goes back to Agrippa and also in the Peutinger table and returns at Ravennas*), is every- if never seen in the city itself arrived; for clear differentiation Meanwhile he was in the city by the river most suitable. That Istros is a colony of Mile- tos is testified by both Herodotus and Skymnos and the later geographers *). The ionic form also corresponds to this of the city name on the coins (I^TPIH, ICTPIHNHN), the language of the Aristago ras inscription, the cjuXt) Aiyt/opstüv, the Ver- Honoring Apollo and those on the Mün zen of other Milesian colonies again- sweeping type of the city's coat of arms; us come back to that later. — About the Skymnos reports the time of its founding (V. 769 772): TOlUXrjV TTjV TToXlV MiXi^dioi XTt'Couoiiv, Yjvixa Sxuötov et? ttjv 'Aatotv atpa- Teu}xa Stsßr^ ßapßapwv xb Ktixjxspiouc; otmxov Ix xou BosTTopou. One becomes from this point can conclude that the city is in the second half of the VIIth century ') That the passage of Herodotus 2.33 is not for this Nanian form can be cited is above p. 141 note 3 shown. 2) Aristotle pol. 8(5), 6, 1305b, 2.11; Skymnos V. 767/8. — With Skylax 67 the city name can to have only stayed away by mistake; to- He names niis, Krunoi (Dionysopolis), Anchialos not because they didn't exist in his time or had no city rights (see above p. 126 Note 2); but Istros was, like the coins, wise, then autonomous. What has been handed down is: etai 8s bi Ttu Hdvxoi TToXsts 'EXXrjviSe; aiSe ev GpctXTj* 'ATioXXojvt'a, M£3Tj[j.ßpi'a, 'OSrjaaoTroXis, K^XXaxi; xai 7:oTa[i.6; "latpo; it should probably be called "laxpoj TToXt? xai zoTapio; (cf. shortly before Uspiv&o; TioXt; -/al Xt[Ai^v); something similar is probably at the beginning of following chapters: ... ttoXei? ... 'EXXTf]v<0£; atos* T'jpic 7T0Ta[AÖs (instead of Tüpa; TroXt; xat TioxafAo;), Ntxiovtov TTo'Xtc, "'OcptouS'-jt TToXt;. 3) Arch.-ep. Mith. 17 (1894) 87, il inscription the year 157 AD, found in Kuciuk-Kiöi (about 3 miles west of Kasapkiöi, on the day- Schaul-Bache) constst{ens) r{egione) IIist{ri) mu- neraque fecit Histro in oppido\ — "larpo; at Strabo 7,6,1; Ptolemy 3:10,3 ("loxpo; noXt;, because he names the river shortly before); Appianus Illyr. 30; Anonymus periplus 70. 71 ; Stcphanus Byz. ; — Histros in Ammianus 22,8,43; the Accusative Histrum in Eutropius 6, 10 and Ru- fius Festus brev. 9 (see above p. 64 note 4). — The form Taxpia is given by Arrianus periplus 35; see also V. Max. et Balb. 16.3: fuit et Ilistriae excidium eo tempore, ut autem Dexippus dicit Histricae civitatis. ") Mela 2, 2, 5; Pliny 4, II, 44; 4, 12, 79; Ilistrio polis Tab. Peut.; Istriopolis Geogr. Ravenn. IV, 6. V, II; in Itin. Anton, p. 227 the corrupt one Form Historio. — Since the form Istropolis on Places themselves were not common, you will find them in the Greek inscription arch.-ep. Mith. 11,66,140 not allowed to add ['Ia]Tpo[TroXi;]. — The pre- hit by Becker (loc. cit. 338), under Istros the harbor and under Istropolis the two miles further city located inland to the west standing is not acceptable since both are together heard (like Cruni-Dionysopolis, above p. 126). '-^ Herodotus, Skymnos, Strabo, Mela, Pliny, Ste- phanus a. a. O.

ISTROS is founded; but the setting on one specific year (633, according to Eusebius Scythian invasion dated) does not seem to be sufficient sufficiently justified. Neither can Eusebius' statement that Istros in J. 654 was founded in the same year like Borysthenes Lampsakos and others Colonies, considered reliable; Eusebius there are only a number of urban green areas relationships less than one year together sums up, which is certainly about the same Time belongs, but hardly in that same year^). How the colony is in the first time developed and their task for the Milesian trade fulfilled is not handed down. But she seems to be progressing well to be stepped, so that their name already was known early in Greece itself. So Herodotus could by mentioning the city his description of the Danube mouth clarification and Aristotle under the examples of oligarchic constitutions those of Istros lead. That the Istria ner but also with the barbarians in one had a certain reputation, we are allowed to do so from Herodotus' statement that the mother of the Scythian king Skyles was a Greek from Istros*). The reign the Odrysians, if they even got that far was enough, can't last long in Istros have lasted; because around 400 B.C. Chr. has The city already minted its own coins. At the same time or not much later may also be the transition from the Oli- garchie to democracy took place that we know from Aristotle nen ^). — The story of Lustinus (IX, 2), like the Scythian king Ateas, from the Istrians harassed the makedo- asked the African King Philip II for help, but then his promises are not If you wanted to keep it, you would probably go for it residents of Istros can obtain, if not from an Istrianorum rex would be the talk. There for one like that neither in the oligarchic nor in the democratic constitution, so one must probably assume that under the Istriani some barbaric people is to be understood as being from the Istros*). — The fact that the city of Istros was car- nom, the coins and the acquisitions teach gift of Aristotle. This autonomy, which they like the other Greeks cities still enjoyed under Alexander, Only Lysimachus put an end to it. Although Istros joined the indignation of Kaliatis ^), but it soon came about; and even if it's probably better was treated as Kallatis, so it has but certainly full autonomy first again after the death of Lysimachus acquired. Soon the city appears again in alliance with the Kalla tians to meet the claims of the latter ') About the time of its founding see especially Blirchner (see above p. 62 note i) p. 73. '0 Herodotus 4.78. ^) Aristotle political 8(5), 6, 1305b, 2nd il; see Gil- bert, Greek state antiquities 2,186. ■*) Small concern (see above p. 61 note i) p. 9 is looking to defend the view that it is the city of Istros; but they are enough The reasons given do not address the difficulty to eliminate the ambiguity that arises in the mention of one King's lies. So you will probably (with Thirl- wall history of Greece 6.52; Droysen Hellenic Mus 1.116; Shepherd Demosthcnes 2^, 520) assume men must ensure that the Istriani of Lustinus bar- Baric peoples on the Danube are. — Similar seems 'IaTpiav<5; in Aelianus Trspl Ct«">v 14, 25 used to be where the fisherman (avrjp Maxptavö; Y^vos, TTjV T^yvTjV liXtS'j?) Hardly a habitation ner from Istros. s) See above p. 63. 85.

144 MOESIA INFERIOR on Tomi's against Byzantium support '). The report makes the entry pressure, as if the Istrians were in at that time a certain level of disorder would have stood by Kallatis; one wonders turns out that they are the good harbor inhabited by Ionian compatriots and probably even from Istros was laid, did not demand for himself, but him for the Doric neighbors wanted to save in the south. The war en- dete, as we have already seen earlier (p. 63), with the victory of Byzantium, and Tomis was probably as a result of this- this war independently. Although Istros has as the coins and inscriptions teach, retain its autonomy; but like it had previously fallen behind Kallatis the power went from now on more and more on Tomis. The Alluvium and lagoon formation must have contributed much to the demise of Istros contributed while Tomis was on its solid shore from such violations changes were not affected. The next message about the sending sale from Istros provides us with the already mentioned inscription from Kara-Härman (above p. 139 A. i). We learn from this that the city was plagued by P'einden that is; However, they are the same withdrawn, probably after a fire estimate and as a going concern hener citizens, but they still dominate the neighboring building for about ten years offers, and their proximity means a permanent one Threat to Istros. Right at the beginning this difficult time when many citizens who had left the city was Aristagoras, the son of Apaturios, from abroad returned home''') and had then by fortifying the city, by taking over priesthoods and offices, through embassies and freemen flexibility of every kind the greatest services purchased. When finally the driving was lifted, probably by deducting the Enemies, was named in honor of Aristagoras that popular resolution was passed and made public lichly positioned, of which we have a large one Part is still preserved. Unfortunately that is The time of these events cannot be determined deliver ^). The inscription reminds us of the content lich very reminiscent of the famous decree of the Olbiopolites for Protogenes, theirs City similar services at the time of the Gal- lier ideas had proven''). If free- Indeed, as some believe, 1) Memnon fr. 21: Tro'XeFXo? dveppa'yTj By^avT^ot; Trpo; KaXaxtavouc — xat Trpö; 'larptavou; rspi Td[jie(uj Toü l[x-optou — , [AOVorcüXtov toOto ötavoo'j;-»iv(ov xaTctaxE'Jdiaoit täv KaXaxiavuiv. -) Aristagoras didn't leave after the attack escaped from the city, but he has to escape from them events abroad. He could be because he was still there at the time of his return home was a young man (v. 18 tdJ te rjXrxta upo- xoTTTtuv), for his training in Athens be sen. We got the epitaph from there a Si'ij.t] 'ATraxo'jpiou 'laxpiotvi^ (Corpus inscr. Atticarum 3, 2499), who was his sister could be. ") I had above (p. 65 note 3) following Latyshev and Kleinsorge the inscription of the Ari- stagoras on the trains of the Geten under Burebista related; but it seems very unlikely to me now- It became clear that the events took place so late time belong; It is striking that in the ex- There is no hint of this in the detailed presentation Roman or Odrysian patronage det. This suggests that the activity of the Aristagoras belongs to the time before Mithradates. If the enemies are not the Skordiscians or sea- robbers, one could still think of Scythian Princes think as they do in the inscription of the Diocese phantos (Dittenbürger sylloge n. 252) is mentioned are. ■♦) C. I. Gr. 2058; Dittenbürger sylloge 248; Laty

ISTROS these ideas from the successors of the Comontorius went out in Tylis, so the events in Istros can be in have no connection with it, there the inscription from Kara - Härman Language and writing not included in the IIL year can be a hundred. But it's true- more apparently that among the Gauls the Protogenes - Inscription to the Skordisci can be understood, which only in the IL year a hundred Macedonia and Thrace were looking for and in the year 113 about the Danube were thrown back ^). When they have reached Olbia, so it's likely that they will too touched Istros; and into time of these Skordisk campaigns also the inscription of Aristagoras wohP). Otherwise you could at best Attacks from the Black Sea shew inscr. Ponti Euxini 16; see the introduction to Olbia. — It can also be found in the expression some agreement, although the language the Protogenes inscription seems more ancient. ') The reasons for this assumption were recently given by third party berger syll. 248 (p. 363), without any ding to deny the other possibility; also Latyshev leaves the question undecided. — The Main sources about the Skordisci see Ditten- berger syll. 247 (p. 360). '■*) An inscription belongs to the same period Suczawa in Tossilescu's Bukovina was written (arch.-ep. Middle from East. II, 66, 141). It is a popular decision in honor of an architect from Byzantium who was concerned with the Fortification of the unnamed city deserved had power. He particularly proved himself »ttoX^- [xo'j TzpoaoLyyzXQhxoi OXaTixoü«; I suspect that the so incomprehensible name of the war not correctly copied and rather [Fa]- XaTtxoü is to be read; the first letters may have been destroyed by a hole. The The city in question is probably Tyra, because the stone is lightest from there on the Dniester to the Suczawa area could be kidnapped; she also speaks Similarity of the formulas to those of The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. ken, as is proven in the city of Tomis to suffer not much later had ^); but the long duration of the danger in Istros that makes that less likely- lich. In any case, the events will nisse towards the end of the 19th century have played. — The special value the inscription for us but in that tell us about the constitution*) of Istros Good information in the time of freedom and also especially for understanding the coins contribute many things. The Ver- The city's version is still the same democratic, like Aristotle for that IVth century attested. The officials and priests are chosen by the people chooses, and also the honor of the Arista goras is discussed in the people's assembly closed. On the marble tablet, which contains the decision, appear above Olbian decrees for this; see the introduction to Tyra. If my guess is correct and so there is talk of a Gaulish war, so can hardly anything other than the features of the Skordiskers to be meant; because in earlier times than the second Half of the II century you can see the domestic font according to their language. — Also the inscription arch.-ep. Mith. lO, 197 fg. (above p. 86 note i) could be used in this context belong; we would learn from this that Apollo lonia the Kallatians against the Skordiscians would have brought help. 3) Arch.-ep. Mith. 14, 22, 50: City resolutions Tomis on precautionary measures against the cari- sea pirates; see the introduction to Tomis. *) About the constitution of Istros, as far as it is concerned can be seen from the inscription, see Kleinsorge p. 47 fg. ; That's all that comes for the coinage system those listed above in the text are taken into consideration. — The Division into phyla is by a recent found inscription (arch.-ep. Mitth. 17, 88, 12) been confirmed, in which the {puXT) Alfiit.opiui'v appears, which is also available for Tomis through several is attested in writings. Local meaning like that vici dfer imperial period (cf. p. 139 A. i and p. 146 A. 5 ; a magister vici arch.-ep. Mith. 1 7, 86, 10) The phyla do not seem to have had any. 10

146 MOESIA INFERIOR the certificate has five wreaths and at the top Gable, similar to many decrees of Athens and other cities, the city Coat of arms of Istros, the sea eagle the dolphin ^); we become the same Representation as the main type of coin get to know zen. The five wreaths are draw the five priesthoods, which Aristagoras had taken over; he was first priest of Zeu? lloXisus, then he held four times the higher and more expensive priesthood of the 'AttoXXwv 'Ir^tpo?. As in several other milesi- French colonies on Pontes Euxeinos ^) the ApoUon latros also had its name in Istros special veneration, and here was with his priesthood even eponymy connected. On the coins that Ari- stagoras, as shown below (p. 152) which is said to have shaped the city, appears as a type of the front Apollo with bow and arrow on the Grandma:)halos sitting. This unusual one representation instead of one of the usual ones Heads of the Gods is certainly due to the special their circumstances cause which at the activity described above Aristagora's templates. It's not un- likely that the election will This type of Apollo as the savior of Istros should be referred to as Dio- Nysos in Maroneia and Heracles in Thasos or the Great God in Odessos. Yes the representation would also be used suffice to explain that the one who who minted coins, so often priests of the Apollo was. By the way, the coin Minting in Istros on the duties belonged to the eponymous priest of Apollo, This is not to say; it's like that- even more likely that Aristagoras those coins as dYopavojios has minted let; the inscription reports that he after the difficult time is over elected to this office and then immediately was re-elected for two years; in This time of peace probably belongs to namely the coins. The time followed when Mithradates the west coast of the Pontus on his side drew^). Istros also paid homage to him by there are gold coins with his image son of Ariarathes, where not with his own, coined (n. 482). That the city at that time in importance behind Tomis and Kallatis was behind, you can see from that conclude that these two are numerous struck various coins of this kind, But Istros only made one emission; At least that's what the city was like back then still autonomous. The end of freedom brought her the campaign of Lucullus years 72; among those he conquered Cities are also called Istros*). About know the next fate of the city we nothing; But their legal status was at least the same as the others Cities of the left Pontus. In the Kaiser At the time, Istros belonged to the Kotvbv Greek cities. What is striking is the relatively large number of Latin Inscriptions from their area ^) ; the city ') Cf. the illustration of the inscription arch.-ep. Mith. 6, Plate III. j;in decree of Pantikapaion with ab- Formation of the city's coat of arms (Head of Pan) s. Bul- letin de corr. hell. 1889, 517. See also Blanchet les monnaies grecques 57. ^) Especially in Apollonia, Pantikapaion, Sinope. I'll talk about that in another place express. 3) See above p. 64. ^) See above p. 64 note 4. '••) Compiled C. I. L. 3 Suppl. p. 1357; Addendums to this arch.-ep. Mith. from Üst. 14, 20, 46

ISTROS 7 seems to be new settlers from different to have preserved areas. The rich one Coins have been minted since Septimius Severus close to a new blossom. In year 238, when Emperor Maximinus came to combat the anti-emperor withdrew to Italy Istros fell into the hands of the Goths^). But the city was not destroyed, probably just plundered; because briefly she struck coins again, with the pictures of Gordianus III. and the Tranquillina. It was her last Embossing. — Even in later times the city mentioned several times; yes we don't need to go into it anymore go. We now come to the coin beings of Istros. The meaning of the City in ancient times corresponds to its wealth Embossing, which also began earlier than in the other cities of the West coast. What gold coins in the is described in older literature However, it was proven wrong^); but The city has a large amount of silver shaped. From the mass of the silver obtained coins, for which from the beginning to P2nde keep the same types have been, but are the oldest (n. 405, II, 20) easily. Your special one The characteristic is that they are of the type Back in a strongly recessed square have it; also is the city name abbreviated (I^TPI), and are missing later usual epithets. According to the style They are around 400 BC, perhaps too shaped a little earlier. The weight of the completely preserved pieces 7.02 - 6.82 g; so they seem like Phoenician currency, somewhat reduced cirt to be brought out. — Second Group offers a number of coins zen that are of approximately the same weight like the previous ones, but from later times style; of the recessed square is only at times still a faint trace increasing recognize; the city name is spelled out ben, and found in the field on the back a single letter appears regularly ^) as an accompaniment (n. 406 - 415). The Ge- weight is between 7 and 6'/^ g*); So it is probably still a case of reduced crite Phoenician currency. One will these coins in the first half of the IVth century, for what purpose the beautiful style suits most. — The other coins chronologically (with mention of vici, it seems; it is perhaps another fragment of the inscription arch.-ep. Mith. 8, 32, i = C.I.L. 3, 7526; above P. 139 A. i) and 17.86, 10. II. The last of these Inscriptions (already mentioned above p. 142 note 3) is the epitaph of a man from Ankyra in Istros to high offices {archontium et aedi- liciuni) and a priesthood {sacerdotium at Liberia see below p. 158 A. 3). ') Vita ^aximi et Balbini c. 16: fuit et Scythici belli principium et Histriae excidium eo tempore, ut autem Dexippus dicit, Histricae civitatis. cf. about Joh. Muller, de M. Antonio Gordiano III Roman, iraperatore (Diss. Münster 1883) p. 16; Mommsen Roman History 5, 218. 2) See 405* and 405** below. Real gold coins Istros only has the types of Lysimachus minted (n. 482). 3) They are the letters AIPTYX£2; her are almost always between eagle and dolphin. The coin with T (n. 410), although its design important is unknown, listed here because just the coins with the later letters of the Alphabets have the Phoenician weight; yes it could also be a coincidence. *) Individual pieces due to their lower weight after also to the later (Aeginaean) could belong to the system, are because of the equality The meaning of the symbol is included here. Compare this Comment on n. 416.

148 MOESIA INFERIOR It is not possible to organize logically being; they are therefore only external characteristics, especially according to the pickling in an orderly manner, although they are often the same Marks on coins from very different whom finds style ^). But from the previous This group separates Main mass of silver coins easily through the weight. The city of Istros has to go 350 have changed their coinage standard; because Since then, coins have followed instead Phoenicians of the Aeginaei see tion. A part of these drachmas is completely important or not much easier; that might be the oldest of this group. But most are greatly reduced and weigh only 572 — 5 g> like the coins from Kal- latis (above p. 86); it is likely, that when determining the weight the one city takes another into consideration has taken; we have seen that the two neighboring towns are in close proximity were drawn to each other. eye-catching lend is that Istros also has a number has even lighter coins, which only weigh about 4^!^ g. You could suspect that they, all or some, only tetroboles of the ancient Phoenician embossing are; but that is very un- probably; and you will probably have to accept that it is all too easy brought drachmas of Aeginaean currency tion are ^). — Besides, we also have two smaller denominations in silver; that one (n. 443 - 451) weighs on average about 1.33 g and like a quarter of the aegi- imagine naean drachma (trihemio- bolion); the other (n. 452, 453) weighs 0.37 - 0.30 g and should perhaps be a (very (but too light) Hemiobolion; yes it is also possible that some of these small coins to the older, phoeniki- system. — The coins Aeginaean currency are certainly for for the most part during the time of Philip II and Alexander D. Gr. embossed. Under Lysi- Machos has hardly left its mark on Istros. fen ^) , and in even later times can the coins do not match the style hear. Just a few pieces of special poor, almost barbaric work (n. 454 to 457) could also be in the period between schen the death of Lysimachus and the war with Byzantium or even later to be shaped; but in the main the silver coinage of Istros belongs to this IVth century. The types of silver coins that as I said throughout the pre- remained unchanged, the following are enders: Vs. Two bearded heads forward, one the other way around^), close together added to another. ') To distribute the coins with greater To be able to provide security, one would have to all copies except the weight information must also have casts. Since that's not the case was possible, the coins that are have the same symbols, always under a number summarized here. But what about n. 416? is noted, perhaps also applies to other cases, that is, coins with the same symbols can be shaped at different times. 2) Subaerate coins are rare. ^) It would be possible that the beautiful stater with the Types of Lysimachus, which under n. 481* is described, under the rule of the king minted in Istros; but it is very uncertain, whether he belongs here. In any case, he wouldn't be one urban, but a royal coin. '') It's now the left, now the right head. swept; the difference is not always clear been respected; as far as the position of the heads but was known, it is in parentheses behind stated in the description.

ISTROS Rs. Sea eagle standing on a dolphin hend, in whose head he is with the Beak chops. [Fig.: Plate II, 20-23, and in the text p. i6i.] For the type of front is there is still no satisfactory explanation found. The usual view that we see the heads of the Dioscuri in it have recognized ^), has a lot going for it. Because the representation of these gods is yes, suitable for every seaside town; and the Position of the heads in opposite directions Given the direction you can at best, how It is wise to look at their changing appearances contains, a day with father Zeus and the other in the underworld^). That they have no attribute, caps or Stars, would only have the other oldest representations ^). But This interpretation is by no means certain. There- What particularly speaks against this is that the Dios cures while in the neighboring towns Tomis and Kallatis are among the most common Types belong to the later coins from Istros never appear. That's about it more striking than the type of back side, the sea eagle on the dolphin, on the imperial coins until the end of the Imprinting often recurs. Maybe may one can conclude that the type the front has nothing at all to do with the Dios had to do with cures, which one also had to do Imperial coins could have represented but that he is focusing on something else referred to what was his in later times would have lost significance for the city and therefore no longer on the coins would have been set. A specific one I dare not name the heads; but I don't want to make that assumption... please say that we are dealing with one Representation of wind gods, or of a wind god. We could judge it more confidently if we know something specific about the local ity of Istros and over the coastal areas knew the design in older times; there the City ships from two sides, from the sea and through Lake Halmyris from the Danube had to take in ^), so be- shipping was dominated by two different those winds, and their heads - in ent- opposite direction, like the winds blow - may be depicted on the coins represents. But it is also possible that the two heads only have a wind 1) Eckhel d. n. 2, 14 according to Wise's procedure num. Bodl. 129; Eccard had previously (see below to 405**) the same interpretation is presented hit. — Earned by older views that of the lo. Vossius (observ. in Pomponium Melam p. 125) to at least be cited, which in the minds of the two supposed ones Estuaries of the Istro (into the Adriatic and into the Black Sea). ^) The only objection to this is that after... Ordinary myth yes the two Dioscuri together either in the overworld or in were in the underworld, whereas on the coins one up, the other down looks; but the interpretation is therefore impossible not yet. 3) See Furtwängler in Roscher's Lexicon d. Greek and Roman mythology 1.1174 fg. *) The city was perhaps on a headland and could have two ports, one by the sea and one by the lake. ■ — Becker too (new Yearb. Suppl. 19,339) believed that the Doppelkopf with the location of the city in Zu- connection, and tried to find it that way. clarify that one head has the harbor (Istros), the other further west inland land-occupied city (Istropolis); but for that reason alone his assumption is inappropriate casual because in the tradition city and Port one are, as above (p. 142 A. 4) when loading already discussed the differences in names. was noticed.

150 MOESIA INFERIOR to designate God; because if Boreas with is depicted with a Janus-like head and in general, it seems, design with such double faces as Wind gods are to be understood ^), that's how it was also those found on the coins of Istros chosen arrangement of faces appropriately, express the same thought. Where Wind gods depicted in full figure are, they usually appear winged; this attribute grabs people's heads do not use our coins well; but another feature that the wind gods on some monuments have, show also the coins often, the wild ones hair. Finally you can do it too be pointed out that Thrace yes According to the Greek view, the healing math of the winds was'^); in the Thracian There was such a representation in the city of Istros. position closer than elsewhere. It's safe this new interpretation of the heads, as says not; but if they get through further evidence proves to be correct one would understand why the type on the imperial coins is not appears: with the port of Istros The winds also had their importance lost. — About the type of return page, not much needs to be said- the. It's a sea eagle, his sank claws into a dolphin and prepares to eat it ^). The same type is found very often also in two other Milesian colonies nien at Pontos Euxcinos, Olbia and Sinope; the match is not striking, you don't need one Think about a coin contract or something like that. We have seen (above p. 146) that for Istros this representation is the city coat of arms means that they are also on the Document of a popular resolution attached is brought. This meaning seems to be the case to have always retained the type; anyway it returns on most autonomous men copper coins again than on many Imperial coins down to the last. — The writing on all silver plates reads coins except the oldest (n. 405) and the smallest (n. 452, 453) and likewise on most copper coins I^TPIH; it ') See Röscher, Hermes the Wind God (1878). This Vase picture showing Boreas with a double face appears, is shown in Roscher's lexicon I, 809; cf. Rapp's comments earlier- same place. — Also other coin images included double faces, e.g. B. in Tenedos and Lamp- sakos, are perhaps to be understood as wind gods (cf. Röscher in the Lexicon 2, 54). — one whose type, which is also considered a wind representation position could be considered, we will get to know Olbia; I mean both of them horse's foreparts connected at the back (Plate IX, 31), as also found in Perinth and on Phoenicia French coins occur; because the winds In ancient times they also presented themselves as horses before (cf. Preller Greek Mythology 1^473). 2) Preller, Greek mythology i*, 471. ^) Usually both animals are turned to the left judges; but there are also some silver coins, on which they appear to the right (n. 439 - 442. 451); on the copper coins they are always on the left-hand side directed towards. — The bird was held by Sestini (descr. 31) for a vulture or (Mus. Hederv. 7) even for a sparrowhawk; and Cavedoni -(spicilegio 33) believed that this bird was in a poorly provided place of Hesychius called taxpot^ would be, so that the city name "latpo; with that connected. But with the place of Hesychius nothing can be done, and the bird is a Sea eagle just like the one on the coins of Sinope and other cities. — Instead of the Del- phins believed Sestini once on an imperial coin to recognize a four-footed animal (de- scriptio num. vet. 31, 12); the coin, now in Copenhagen, but it certainly has a dolphin only, as on most imperial coins, un- is relatively large; see the comment below to n. 529.

ISTROS 151 is that the nominative of the city name ^), as he also appears on the oldest coins of Kaliatis and Olbia appears (see above p. 83). On one of the latest coins of bad work (n. 457) can be found the form 'lofxpta (regressive); but that is it probably not an intentional deviation from the dialect, but a mistake, as on two similar coins also have the error sticky form "laipiTj stands. - As a case chen appears on the older silver coins only have one letter each; it is therefore uncertain whether there are signs of the Coin workshop or abbreviations of Official names are. Find each other later usually several letters or Monograms, often two additional symbols on a coin (above and below the dolphin); It's going to be everywhere here Official names act, something more detailed but cannot be determined; same also applies to most copper coins. Leave under the copper coins we those who on the one hand Page only the letters I^T and on the other a wheel with four spokes have, out of consideration here; we will see below (p. 180) that they do not follow belong to the city of Istros itself, but probably the one further north located branch 'kiptavuiv Xtpnjv. — The copper coins of Istros have on the back almost without exception the same type as the silver coins Sea eagle on the dolphin. But up the front they never have the type of the two unbearded heads ^), but always just one head. Your time allows cannot determine oneself precisely; but they should most of them only after stopping Silver coinage, i.e. since around 250 BC. BC, be shaped. Only those seem older- the one with the laurel-crowned head to be the ApoUon (n. 458 - 462; Ta- Fel II, 24), or at least a part of it same; the head is very reminiscent of that many a gold stater of King Philip IL of Macedonia, and these coins from Istros could still be in the IV century be shaped. On the meaning of the Apollo came from Istros as the city god we return below. — In later times hear different coins, on whose Front shows a head forward is provided. An unbearded head with Aureole (n, 464 - 467; II, 25) ^) is very reminiscent of a type from Olbia (Plate IX, 31); it should probably be Helios. The horned bearded head^) on the the following coin (n. 468; II, 26) is presented ') Goltzius (thes. hubcrimus 135) states that ISTPIHnN is written on coins; that is supported but only on his own drawing of a Ordinary silver coin with IZTPIHi ^"^f ^'^^ he incorrectly used the suffix J2N (perhaps instead of J2); see below 425*. ^) About two alleged copper coins of this type (Mionnet p. 2, 68, 89, 90) cf. the merits n. 458* and 458**. ^) Such a head appears as a counter stamp a coin (n. 476), but according to its style belongs to later times; that on this coin the official name AlONY appears and one of the Helios coins ^|0 has (n. 466), in any case just a chance meeting. *) Gardner notes in his work “greek river- worship« (transactions of the R. Society of Lite- rature, 2 »Series, Vol. 11 p. 209) that the river god of Olbia a Scythian physiognomy show; The same could perhaps be said of some of our Istros heads say, but it is uncertain. — About horned river gods in general cf. Aelianus var. hist. 2, 33 and also Purgold archaeol. Comments on Claudian and Sidonius (1878) p. 36fg.; among the examples of Aelianus Not only is Achelous missing, but also ours

152 MOESIA INFERIOR don't know a small coastal stream of the city, but it is the big one river god Istros; we will see that also the river gods of the northern ones Cities are depicted as horned Tyras on the coins of Tyra and the Hypanis or Borysthenes that of Olbia. Finally the mouth zen with the head of Dionysus (aft. 469. 470; III, 5) have on the Rs. instead of the ordinary type that belongs to the gods head-fitting bunch of grapes; whether for this different representation is a special one The reason for this is unknown. The Work after the coins are with the Heads of Helios, Istros and Dionysus about the same time; they should be around Be minted in 200 BC. Into the same one Time could use a smaller coin Dolphin on the obverse and ear of corn on the Rs. belong (n. 471; 111.6); but allowed the style is not a safe dating. — The The remaining copper coins appear to be of the same style to belong to a later time. Up The front shows them, perhaps with one exception (n. 476a, ApoUon?). Head of Demeter (aft. 472 - 476; Ta- fel III, I. 2); many specimens have Gene stamp, probably in Istros itself are stamped. The type of Rs. is the usual one, only that in front of the Animals get an upright ear of corn seems (except at n. 472). The last one Coin of this group (n. 477; III, 3). a slightly different representation the back: the sea eagle does not bite the Dolphin, but he stands on him and turns his head backwards; like that The type is often found on coins from Olbia. On the front has this Coin the head of Demeter or Kore with a wreath of wheat, but without a veil, as he also had a similar experience in Olbia seems. — The most interesting copper coins In any case, the ones from Istros are already there. said to be coins of Aristagoras (n. 478 fg.; plate III, 4; cf. above p. 146). They have the same name on the back ordinary type between the city name I2TPIH and the abbreviated name official name API2TA. Because the style of this Coins straight to the second half of the IL century shows, the reason lies thank you close that the formative official with the 'ApiaxaYopa? the inscription of Kara-Härman is identical; and the guy pus of the front eliminates every two- felt about it. The popular resolution praises Aristagoras that he was in difficult times four times the priesthood of the city god ApoUon took over; and one Apollon shows the front of the coin zen, in a new way for Istros Presentation: Apollo on the Omphalos to the left sitting, with an arrow in the row L. to the one standing behind him Arch supported. [Illustration: Plate III, 4.] That Apollo was the main god of the city is, the inscription teaches; the wreath of his Priest's is the stTrtuvufjio? ttj? ttoXsio?. We have Apollo's head on them oldest copper coins have been found and are see that a standing Apollo (as Kitharöde) often found on imperial coins seems. The sedentary type three Nordic and other river gods. cf. also Lehnerdt in Roschers Lexikon 1.1488 fg.; especially about the Istros Stoll ibid. 2, 555 fg. and the introduction to Nicopolis,

ISTROS But Apollo can be found in the coinage from Istros only on the coins of the Ari- stagoras and some imitations '); and you will have the choice of this particular ren type due to the special time periods stood, as the inscription describes it, be allowed to clarify; maybe should, like already was said above (p. 146), Apollo in celebrated in this picture as the savior of the city become. That there is a cult image in Istros This kind existed is possible, but not probably. Rather, the presentation position of the Seleucid coins be borrowed, in their coinage, especially from Antiochus I to Antiochus IV, they forms one of the most important types'). Although can also be found in Sinope, which was closer and had so many connections with Istros, an Apollo sitting on the Omphalos as a coin type; but that's where the lyre is attribute'). On the other hand, with Apollo Seleucid coins, especially that one Antiochus' L, that of Istros is entirely correct exactly match, and there the tetradrachms of the kings as everywhere, also in our in this area''), the following is imitation of type not striking; returns he even in the far away one Rhegion again, - Since the city god in the inscription as 'A-oXXwv 'Ir^xpo? designate net, the Istrians will too Type of their contemporaneous coins as a representation of Apollon Latros have viewed; but it naturally follows- certainly not that the god on the Seleu- kiden coins, and where else in the same way is depicted in a wise way, with the nickname 'laxpd? must be proven; rather there is named representations of Apollo latros, on which he is presented in a completely different way. is provided^). — The position in which Aristagoras the coins with Apollo had it stamped, it was difficult, by the way, conferred the priesthood; it was already above (p. 146) said that he coined it probably after the end of the unrest ') Some coins with this type have but no official name (n. 480, 481); like but their bad style shows they are after the- that of Aristagoras; so this one has In any case, the new type was introduced. -) Cf. about this type and its relationship to the depictions of Apollo at Delphi and Paphos especially Babelon rois de Syrie, introd. p. XLIII - XLVIII; previously Overbeck Kunstmy- thology 4 (Apollon) 307 fg. and coin panel III, 35 - 43, also Furtwängler in Kescher's lexicon 1,465. That our coin from Istros is also in belongs to this circle, is not yet highlighted anywhere- been lifted. ^) The Tetradrachmon of Sinope see Six num. chron. 1885, 48, 121, II, 18 and at Over- beck a. a. O. Coin panel III, 37; Six sets the Minted probably correctly between 189 and 183 BC. BC - Also in another city of the northern Eastern Asia Minor, in Kalchedon, can be found Apollo sitting on the Omphalos as Coin type (Overbeck III, 38; British Museum Cat. Pontus 126, 19, 20; XXVII, 12, 13); here However, he holds a bow and arrow, but the Figure is turned to the right and also has otherwise not so much similarity to that one from Istros like the Seleucid type. Over- these were those coins of Sinope and Kal- chedon minted in any case in small quantities and not very common outside urban areas, while the royal coins circulated en masse; see the following note, *) A tetradrachmon overstamped in Kallatis Seleucus I is described above n. 211; a Tetradrachmon of Antiochus I with the type of the seated Apollo, in Byzantium stamped, in cat. Photiades 1478; a similar one Piece of Antiochus III. Cat. Photiades 1479, ^) Overbeck Apollon S, 27, coin panel I, 28; a Löbbecke Zschr describes a nicer example. f. Number 15 (1887) 38, without illustration. It It seems that the laurel branch is a symbol sign of 'ÄTE'^XXtuv 'latpf^j is; I arrive back to it in another place.

154 MOESIA INFERIOR a-j-opavoiAo? has completed. Whether that too others mentioned on coins from Istros Officials were Agoranomen, there must be to remain put; Titles are never displayed give^). A few decades after the coins Aristagoras' gold pieces are shapes which in pictures and writing the Staters of the Lysi machos imitate and on the throne of Athena the letters 12 show the abbreviation of the city name Istros (n. 482; plate III, 27). You have like the similar pieces by Kallatis and Tomis in the back section a trident as a badge and are like those in the time of Mithradates embossed ■■'). The king, whose head with the ram's horn on the diadem on the The front side is shown could if Mithradates d. Gr. to be yourself; yes the face has more resemblance to his son Ariarathes; anyway is there is no arbitrary distortion of the old one Type, but certainly a portrait, and belongs because of the agreement with the gold coins from Kallatis (above p. 92) in this time. The weight is as in the simultaneous gold coins from Kal- latis (above p. 92), lighter than that of old stater; the well-preserved pieces weigh 8.27 - 8.08 g. It seems in Istros only one issue of such coins takes place to have found; because all the Known specimens have the same worn-out shortened official names AI and are also from the same stamps ''). — If the city, as is likely in the Mithradatic period also copper coins*) The coins are likely to have been minted with the official name AIONY (n. 476, 476a; cf. p. 151 A. 3), which their Styles could be shaped after that time. After being conquered by LucuUus The city of Istros probably has no coins beaten until the imperial era gave it the chance brought innovation to the coinage law. This However, coinage law appears to be more limited to be being than that of Kallatis, there From Istros there are almost no coins at all Imperial heads are detectable ^). This only piece that has become known (n. 483; plate III, 7), is only under Seve- Rus or even later. As a type the front is not as you would expect would wait, the head of Apollo or that of the one to be discussed below ^) The monogram of the coins n. 432 is also there hardly for the title apy((üv) or äpy(t£p£6;), but rather it becomes an abbreviation of a proper name ('Apy... or Xap....), like other mono- gram on coins with two symbols (see above p.151). 2) Müller Lysim. n. 283 has the city of Istros also attributed to a stater of beautiful style, which in the field the letters |^ and in the section has a monogram (below 481*). If these Coin is really minted in Istros, so is but probably to see her as a royal one (see above p. 148 A. 3); she very well could belong to the time of Lysimachus himself. But the allocation is entirely uncertain. ^) The examples cited by Müller n. 284, Those who supposedly only have A in the field are out have the same stamps as the others AI; see below 482^^. ^) Of silver coins one could at most those of the worst style (n. 454 - 457) in set this time; but it is more likely that in III. century; cf. above p. 148. ^) That from the minting without imperial heads the Art the city law cannot be closed, has already been noted above on page 82. The city In any case, the right of Istros was the same as that of the other sea cities; the governor names are missing len on the coins here and there.

ISTROS chosen local hero, but a chest image of Athcna; on the back seems to be a conventional Dionysus representation; why these gods in particular? we don't know ^). All other coins have on the front side the image of an emperor or one Empress. When the imperial coin was minted zen has begun cannot be determined with certainty. put. One attributed to Augustus The same coin (n. 484) is unfortunately lost. len; But according to the drawing, it belongs certainly not this emperor, but perhaps- easily to Nero or Hadrianus; yes it could also be Caracalla. On one not entirely safe coin of Pius (n. 485) a richer one follows since Commodus Embossing that follows among most- was continued by the emperors and under Gordianus, but only after the stated destruction of the city ^), its end reached. The value symbols appear on the coins of Istros less regular moderately than that of the neighboring cities. From the coins of Commodus A single one (n. 488) has a B, namely in an unusual place; the others, also those of the same size and with same front, have no value characters, and the same applies to the below Severus minted coins. Only under the autocracy of Caracalla the use becomes so fixed that at least the larger pieces by E and A are denoted; f is found only once. Although the values of many Coins are uncertain, be like here a table is drawn up for the other cities represents: (Nero? Hadrianus?) Pius Commode (4?) (2?) (2?) B2 I Severus Uomna 5 5 (3?) Caracalla and Donma? Caracalla £ Geta^) ? 2 2 I Elagabalus E A Alexander Mamaea E A (3 0 Gordianus Tranquillina Gordianus and Tran- quillina E E A r(3?) The selection of specific types for the different nominals is also here, at least since Severus, recognizable: for the coins with E*) and the corresponding speaking without value symbols is the The main type is the riding hero (see below). ten), and especially Tyche (aft. 497. ') On imperial coins there is once a depiction position of Athena, as they occur everywhere can (n. 527); a Dionysus, the one above exactly the same as specified, returns under Cara- calla again (n. 507), in whose time also the A coin without an emperor's head could belong. ^) About the destruction see above p. 147. ^) The Geta coins are probably first coined after the death of Severus, there too all of Caracalla's coins only date back to this time belong. The Domna coins, on the other hand I put it in Severus's time for remission, because they have no symbols of value; proof- However, this is only powerful for the big ones Coins (n. 500), while those with the Sea eagle on the dolphin (n. 501, 502) yes too minted in later times without a stamp which are. •<) On Caracalla's coins is the round one Form e applied, later the square £.* cf. the corresponding comments in Kallatis (p. 96) and Dionysopolis (p. 129). From the un- safe coin of Caracalla and Domna (n. 503) it can be seen here,

156 MOESIA INFERIOR 505. 513. 521. 522. 528) and Cybele (n.495. 496. 500. 512. 517), for those with A Apol- lon; the only coin with T (n. 530). a river god; but perhaps represented also the coins with the sea eagle the dolphin (except 489) of this nominal nal, especially since this type is outside with Commodus only with empresses^) finds; over the other nominals don't say anything specific. The Ge- need, two heads on the front to bet fives (above p. ']']) is first securely proven at the end of the embossing cash; but in Istros we have other than that Fives with Gordianus and Tranquillina (n, 524 - 528) also those with Gordianus alone (n. 521, 522) ^). At a coin with the heads of Caracalla and the Domna (n. 503) is the value symbol and sure ^). — The weights correspond generally those in the night bar towns, only that the fives, with and without E, are often considerably heavier than there; most weigh over 15g, the heaviest 17.72 – 17.60; but there is there are also lighter pieces, especially last, which in good condition only 10.68 to Weigh 12.49g*). The coins with A like- Gen 13.72 and 12, the latest 9.09g; the only one with f has a weight of 6.59 g, while the one with the sea eagle on the dolphin, which also has larger diameters have knives, sometimes a lot are heavier. From the little nomi Only a few weights are known: the twos (n. 506, 508) weigh 5.85 and 5.17 g, the simultaneous one (n. 507) 2.70. Among the types of imperial coins Above all, one should mention the one who unchanged from the old autonomous one The city's character was adopted has been, the sea eagle on the Delphin, As noted above (p. 146). this representation is seen as the city to see the coat of arms of Istros. You er- appears first on imperial coins Commodus (n, 489) and then on the Coins of the Empresses Domna (501. 502), Mamaea (520) and Tranquillina (529, III, 10). We also find these Representation once small in the field next to a standing Tyche (n. 497), which know by adding the city coat of arms to be referred to as the city goddess. — Furthermore, it has already been mentioned that an apoUon presented to the imperial coins is, especially the one with A (n. 514, 515, 519), and also an older one without value mark (n. 487) is probably as Watch foursome. That ApoUon in early ancient times as the main god of Istros was viewed is already above (p. 152); on older coins zen we either found his head or the god in full figure, on which Omphalos sitting. To the Emperor Coins from Istros is Apollo as Ki- tharoede, standing, with long robe, ') That the nominal with p mainly if also not exclusively, on coins of the Kai- Serinnen appears, has been noted on p. 76; This is particularly clear in the coinage of Kallatis (see p. 95). -) The remark above p. 77 note 6 that on the Istrian coins with two heads E is sometimes left out as unnecessary not right; on all safe copies is the E; the pieces that are missing appeared to be poorly preserved or inaccurately wrote; cf. the citations to n. 524 - 528. ^) The coin that has Severus' head on it the Vs. and that of the Domna on the Rs (n. 499), is not considered here. *) There is also a piece with E, which weighs only 8.82 g (n. 525.1); but it's the same poorly preserved.

ISTROS sometimes at the altar, depicted (Plate XIV, 26. 27) ^); if the indefinite emperor the first coin (484) is really Nero, one might assume that he is Honor this new representation of God was chosen as a fitting thank you for the granting of the right to mint ^). — But the most common representation on the Imperial Coins of Istros is a whole new type with small differences that recurs among all emperors: Bearded rider, with Kalathos on the head, walking to the right; A staff is planted behind him on which a bird r. stands; before him, under the raised r. pre- the horse's foot, usually a Altar. [Illustrations: Plate III, 8. 9] On the small coins that come to us only the representation of this rider brings gen (485. 490. 491), his figure appears alone; He also has the Kalathos here not yet. But since Severus he has been Main type of the largest nominal, the Fives. From then on he wears it everywhere Kalathos and always has the staff with him bird behind; the altar is also missing only on some coins of Severus (492. 493)*). The god is usually Sara- called pis because this is for a bearded one God*) with the Kalathos on his head in fact the closest designation is. But the same thing applies here as gen the same name of the bearded one Riders on coins from Odessos with It has rightly been objected that namely a Sarapis on horseback is unheard of would be''). And like the rider of Odessos probably none other than him well-known local god of this city öeo? Ms-^a^''), so we will in the tab from Istros also an Oeoc ^Tcr/wpto? have to recognize ^). Both belong know about that circle of figures, for which is the common name "Thracian rider" is common or Heros, as in Latin and Greek inscriptions sometimes say*). Representations of this rider can be found throughout the Thracian region, especially as votive reliefs; He's also up in Tomis several reliefs in different ways depicted'), so he is certainly also in the neighboring Istros can be expected. The Question how these “Thracian horsemen” got there 1) See Overbeck ApoUon p. 305, Munztafel IV, 11. On the first Istrian coin (n. 484) is the type is presented somewhat differently, that of Perinth more similar, what also for the allocation speaks to Nero. *) Compare the comment on 484 and the previous statement note. ') From the uncertain coin n. 503 (Caracalla and Domna) is also excluded here. *) The god is on all well-preserved coins certainly bearded; where he seems to be unbearded, is this due to poor preservation; that applies also for the coins in Berlin Cat. 55» 26 – 28, — The head never has radiance; the arrival statements in older descriptions are incorrect (cf. to 516). — The poorly preserved coin in London Cat. 27.20 (below 524.5) doesn't have one Men, but the common type, like a shows a cast that was kindly sent to us. ^) Michaelis in the Journal of Hellenic Studies 6 (1885) 303. He mentions the rider of Istros not, any more than Overbeck's art mythology 2, 320, which still describes the type from Odessos Riding Sarapis leads. *") See the introduction to Odessos. ^) The assumption that the type of Istros with could be related to the “Thracian rider”, W. Drexler was the first to have mythological contributions 1.89 pronounced. ^) About the Thracian rider cf. Dumont me- long d'archeologie pp. 218, 290 and especially p. 509 fg. with the addition of Ilomolle; further Deneken in Roscher's Lexicon 1.2560. «) Arch.-ep, Mith. 6.18, 38, 39; 8,16,48; 14,22,50.

158 MOESIA INFERIOR cannot be examined here become. Suffice it to note that by no means always heroic deceased people can be seen in it, but that the Riders often a hero of local importance is to whom divine veneration is due. becomes part; therefore it is not It's strange that such a local god even is placed on the coins. In one Inscription from Tomis is the hero with lupiter identified^); he finds several times each other with nicknames ^); like him in Istros said, is not yet known^). His Depiction on the coins is from that certainly influenced the common Sarapis type flows, as does the standing one 0eo? Ms7«^ on the imperial coins of Odessos applies. This explains it Kalathos, the Thracian hero originally not available. On the first and some of the last coins of Istros the rider even has a cornucopia in hand, the badge of the god from Odessos. What the stick with that Bird means the one on most Coins standing behind the rider are difficult to say. Would like to see the older coins one calls it a scepter with an eagle hold; However, the support alone is the same more of a torch, on which but the Bird not heard. On the coins of the Gordian the support is uniform thick and presents itself as a pillar or a pillar; the bird shines in Being an eagle or maybe a lake eagle as in the city coat of arms. Anyway, it is it is a symbol of the local cult Meaning is unknown to us. The altar in front of the horse no explanation is needed; it is often found on votive reliefs with the Thracian rider. Of the remaining types only to see the two river gods which appear on coins of Elaga balus (511) and the Tranquillina (530) seem. On the former rises in the background a lighthouse which we certainly have at the time of minting existing structure at the harbor have known. The god himself is up both coins depicted a bearded figure, but no longer with bull horns like in the older times (above p. 152), but completely come in human, as usual the imperial era, with the flowing spring container stored on the floor. To one Sea god, about the Pontes like us will find in Tomis is not too think; but also a coastal stream The type is difficult to find in the city represent; but it is certainly in spite of everything No one else can change circumstances as the great river to which the city owes its name to the Istros. >) CLL. 3 Suppl. 7534: I(ovi) 0{ftimo) M{axinio) Heroi; see also 7530^ - 7532. 0 Cf. Dumont a. a. O. 510 under "Hpio;, also at K'jptoc and 0£o;. ^) Maybe his name is in an uncertain place Place of the already mentioned inscription arch. -ep. Mith. 17.87, II, where Toöilescu sacerdotium at Ljl)er[i'] wants to read; see above p. 146 A. 5.

405 S19 Plate II, 20 Two young males Heads forward, one around swept, placed close together I^TPI above. Sea eagle 1. on one 1. lying dolphin standing, in whose head he uses his beak chops Recessed square Figure (5) Weight: 7.02(4) — 6.88(6) — 6.82(1) — 6.37(2, with hole) Deviations: vs. position of the heads unknown 1.3.4.6.7, r. vice versa 2.5; — Rs. the I at the end cannot be seen 4. 6 I Athens — 2 Berlin Cat. 51.1, II, 23 von Rauch — 3 Bucharest — 4 Milan — 5 Odessa University — 6 St. Petersburg. — 1| — 7 (=^2?) Wiczay 21 15; Sestini mus. Hederv. 24.1 406 Two heads as before, but from S 19 more beautiful style (r. reversed 2) Weight: 6.74(1) — 6.73(2) I Hunter Combe 161.1 — 2 Löbbecke 407 as well S 19 Weight: 6.65 I Six I^TPIH Sea eagle on dolphin 1. as before; in the field r. behind the Legs of the sea eagle I (No recessed square) likewise, but I under the dolphin 405* G20 405** G II Two heads as above 1 ISTPIH above. Sea eagle on dolphin I. I as above; under the dolphin A I request this. Palatinus 266 = thes. Brandenb. 1,488 [Paruta Sicilia, ed. Havercamp, 462, LXXXIV, 2; Gessner number. pop. 268, XXVII to n. 7; Eckhel d. n. 2, 15] — 2 Ramus cat. num. reg. Daniae i, 99, i The first of these coins is not present in the Berlin Cabinet; as early as 1805 Sestini (Icttere 8.33) had looked for her there in vain; Sallet (Cat. Berlin p. 51) assumed certainly rightly so that it was once recognized as false and melted down. The second coin is still present in Copenhagen, but has been discarded as false. likewise | likewise, but without any recognizable symbol I Paris Pellerin recueil 1,201, XXXVI, i [Eckhel d. n. 2.15]. (Mionnet p. 2.68 has the coin declared suspicious, she is now among the wrong people in Paris; but there could be one be a real, only gold-plated, coin; see below 446). — |j — 2 J. G. Eccard epistola de numis quibusdam explicatu difficilioribus (1722) p. 6, illustration i on the plate [Paciaudi ad nummos consulares M. Antonii animadversiones, 1757, p. 63 with illustration on p. 62]. the collection of Abbot Gerhard (Molanus) of Lokkum, who received it from the Princess of Wales had received as a gift. (Eccard did not recognize the font or image on the Rs and took it for a coin from Tyre; Paciaudi gives it right to Istros. Whether she was gilded or cast cannot be decided; the ancient coins of Molanus came to Gotha later, but the piece is not available here.)

i6o MOESIA INFERIOR 408 S19 409 S20 410 S19 411 S18 [412] S20 413 S18 414 S19 415 S19 Two heads like before, but from nicer style (r. reversed i. 4) I^TPIH Sea eagle on dolphin 1. as before; in the field r. behind the Legs of the sea eagle P (No recessed square) Weight: 6.83(1) — 6.68(4) — 6.23(3, gold plated) I Berlin Cat. 52.4 — 2 Hague — 3 Milan. — 1| — 4 Mionnet i, 357, 27 is in the Parisian Cabinet rejected as fake, but could still be real. likewise (1. reversed i) | likewise, but P under the dolphin Weight: 6.99(1) — 6.82(2) — 6.82(4) Deviations: Rs. only the upper part of the letter (p) received 2; but there If the high weight is not suitable for B, the coin certainly belongs here - traces of the recessed square i I Berlin Cat. 52.2 from Fox; probably this piece of early Mus. Pembroke 2, XII; Leake Europe Gr. 55; Cat. Pembroke 502 — 2 Copenhagen. — 1| — 3 Wiczay 2124; Sestini 24, 2. — (4 The coin Cat. Berlin 52.3 does not have a P under the dolphin, but an indistinct one Letters in the field on the right, nothing at the bottom.) likewise | as well; i. F.r. T I St. Petersburg, formerly Chaudoir corr. 48, i likewise | as well; i. F.r. Y Weight: 6.70(2) — 6.28(1) I Moscow University Cat. loo — 2 Turin Bibl. likewise Weight: 6.84 I Hunter Combe 161.4 likewise; i. F.r. 0 likewise (r. reverse i. 2) | as well; i. F.r. X Weight: 6.85(3) — 6.77(1) — 6.65(2) I Berlin Cat. 52.12 — 2 London Cat. 25.3 — 3 Vienna Eckhel Cat. 53.3 [Mionnet p. 2, 68.86]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 890, 6. — |— 4(=r2?) Sestini descr. 31.6 from Ainslie likewise | as well; i. F.r. fl Weight: 6.56 (2) — 6.50 (1) I Paris Mionnet i, 357, 25; Illustration in Hennin Manuel XV, 3. — 1|— 2 Cat. North wick 748 likewise (r. reversed) | as well; i. F.r. A Weight: 6.97(3) — 6.75(2) — 6.54(1) I London Cat. 25.1 — 2 Walcher Cat. 797. — |i — 3 Cat. Carfrae 134

ISTROS l6l 416 S19 Plate 11, 21 417 S18 I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on dolphin 1. as before; under the dolphin A Two heads as before (on the right returns 2. 3. 7. 12. 19. 21. 27) Figure (7) Weight: 6.39(13) — 6.38(9) — 6.35(10) — 6.07(28) — 6.02(14) — 5>78(8) — 5.77(12) — 5.60(27) — 5.50(29) — 5.35(3) — 5.28(2, be- damages) — 4.95(20) — 4.92(7) — 4.90(31) — 4.85(26) — 4.84(19) — 4.81 (6) _ 4.48 (II) — 4.45 (30, E. schl.) — 4.43 (21) Deviations: Rs. in the recessed square 9.21, faint trace of a recess 7. 27 I Amsterdam Cat. 10 — 2. 3 Berlin Cat. 52, 6/5 — 4 Bucharest — 5 Hague — 6 Hunter Combe 161, 2 — 7 Imhoof — 8 Klagenfurt — 9 Copenhagen Ramus i, 99, 2 — 10 Copenhagen — II Löbbecke — 12 London Cat. 25.2 (at T. Combe num. mus. Brit. 88.2 a copy that supposedly weighed only 3.41 g) — 13. 14 Moscow Univ. Cat. 95. 96 — 15. 16 Munich — 17 Naples Cat. 6286 — 18 Naples Santang. Cat. 9917 — 19 Oxford Wise num. Bodl. 6, IV, 31 — 20 Ox- Ford — 21 Paris Mionnet 1,356.23 — 22-25 St. Petersburg — 26 Sophia — 27 Walcher Cat. 798 — 28 Vienna Eckhel cat. 53.1; Arneth 9, 890, i — 29 Vienna Eckhel cat. 53.2 [referred to as M I due to misprint; then Mionnet pp. 2, 63, 90 as AL 8]; Arneth 9, 890, 2 — 30 Vienna Mus. Theup. 1273; Arneth 9, 890, 3 — 31 Vienna Arneth 9, 890, 4 The coins marked A above were certainly minted at different times; except the Inequality of weight and diameter (from 21 to 16 mm) is noted, that the style is also very different, sometimes beautiful like the piece shown, sometimes completely fleeting (e.g. 11); the heads are partly high, partly flat; Traces of the recessed square can be found in heavy and light pieces. But there is a chronological distribution Although it was not possible to completely process these coins, they are all brought together here. — The The heaviest may belong to the period of the previous group (like 41 5) J the others perhaps spread over the entire period of silver minting. I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on dolphin 1. as before; under the dolphin ^ Two heads as before (on the right reverses 3- 7, 1. reverses 2. 4. 8. 10) Figure (8) above Weight: 6.05(7) — 5.77(3) — 5.4^(8) — 5.44(4) — 4.50(2nd be- harms) — 4.46 (i) Deviations: Rev. below AI 2, supposedly ^ i^ (^gh ''.u 7), by double strike unclear (Ä read) i i Athens Cat. 811 — 2 Berlin Cat. 52.10 — 3 Löbbecke — 4 London Cat. 25.6 — 5 Munich — 6 Naples Cat. 6289 — 7 Paris Pellerin recueil i, XXXVI, 2; Mionnet i, 356.20 (inaccurate ßi) — 8 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 68, 84 — 9 Trau. — 1| — 10 Agnethlers Numopb. Schulzianum l, 24, 41, II, 2 — ll Sestini descr. 31.5 from Ainslie — 12 Wiczay 2123; Sestini 24.3. — See also below 422 416* = 416 I = 416, maybe another letter after S 30 1 dem A Weight: II, 99g 1 Mus. Pembroke 2, XII. — As in Cat. Pembroke 777 is noted, it is about a fake (“modeled, cast and tooled”) The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. II

102 MOESIA INFERIOR 418 Si8 419 S19 420 S18 421 S18 422 S18 423 S18 424 S18 424* S18 425 S19 Two heads as before (1st reversed). returns 2. 3. 4) I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on Del- phin 1. as before; under the Dolphin AP Weight: 5.55(2) — 5.34(4, subaerate) — 5.25(1) — 4.76(3) Deviations: Rs. only /\]| visible 2, supposedly A"f 5 I Copenhagen — 2 Lübbecke — 3.4 London Cat. 25.7.8. — 1| — 5 Sestini descr. 31.7 by Ainslie likewise (1. reverse 2) j likewise; under the dolphin W Weight: 6.21(2) — 5.09(3) Deviations: Rs. D^ 3, supposedly in field UQ 4 I Alexeiev — 2 London Cat. 25.12 — 3 Moscow Univ. Cat. 97. — |j — 4 Sestini descr. 31.8 by Ainslie. — See also below 444 likewise | likewise; under the dolphin A Weight: 5.17(1) I Copenhagen — 2 Tsiburakis likewise (1. reversed 3. 5, r. 4) | likewise; under the dolphin A Weight: 5.40(3) — 5 »05 (4) — 4.99(5) Deviations: Rs. supposedly I^TPIIH 7 - below perhaps A i I Athens — 2 Dresden — 3 Löbbecke — 4 London Cat. 25.3 — 5 London Cat. 25.10 — 6 Moscow. — 1[ — 7 Sestini descr. 31.10 from Ainslie. — See also below 436. likewise (1. vice versa i) likewise; under the dolphin ^ (perhaps only the upper part of Äl = 417?) Weight: 5.39(1) 1 Berlin Cat. 52.11 — 2 Scholz likewise (1. vice versa i) Weight: 5.64(1) I Naples Cat. 6288 (inaccurate with £) likewise 1 St. Petersburg — 2 in trade likewise I Philippople likewise (1. reversed 3.4) Weight: 6.46(4) — 5»7o(3) — 5»5o(0 Deviations: Rs. maybe only 2 I Athens Cat. 8io — 2 Bucharest — 3 Imhoof — 4 Löbbecke. — 1| — 5 Cat. Bentinck 2.1022 — 6 Mionnet pp. 2, 68, 85 by AUier; Dumersan 20 — 7 Sestini mus. Hederv. 24.4 I also; under the dolphin 'E 2 St. Petersburg j likewise; under the dolphin W I also; under the dolphin Ht I also; under the dolphin 0Y 425* S(i7) = 425 I = 425, but below ÜN I Goltz Graecia XXVIII 7 [Gessner num. pop. XXVII, 7]. — Goltz has the suffix ßN probably set arbitrarily in order to produce the reading ISTPIHöN, whose correctness is not clear Holstenius (notae ad Stephanum 150) rightly doubted; see above p. 151 A. i.

ISTROS likewise (r. reversed 1.2.4) likewise, but in the field on the right behind the legs of the sea eagle B Weight: 5.37(2) — 5.23(3) — 5.12(1) I Berlin Cat. 52, 7 - 2 Lübbecke - 3 Milan (with the stamp of Este) - 4 Naples Cat. 6287. — 1|— 5 Cat. Welzl 1323 likewise (r. reverse i. 2) | as well; i. F.r. f Weight: 5.63(7) — 5.42(1) — 5.40(6, with hole) — 5.24(4) — 5.15(3) — 5.05(2) — 4.90(5) I Berlin Cat. 52.8 — 2 Paris Pellerin recueil l, XXXVI, 3 (inaccurate with T) ; Mionnet I, 356, 21 — 3 Parma — 4 Six — 5 Thorwaldsen Müller Cat. 223, 1671 (by Brönd- stedt, inaccurate with A) — 6 Turin Bibl. — 7 Turin Mus, Cat. 1976 = Lavy 967. — " — 8 Sestini descr. 31.1 (position of F uncertain) likewise (r. reversed i) | likewise; i. F.r. E Weight: 5.44(1) I London Cat. 25.5. — 1| — 2 Sestini descr, 31.3 from Ainslie likewise | likewise; i. F.r. I I Bucharest — 2 St, Petersburg, formerly Chaudoir corr. 48, 2 (inaccurate with Z) likewise (r. reversed) | likewise; i. F.r. A, bottom H Weight: 5.69 I Paris Mionnet l, 356, 22. — (There is something scratched on the Vs) likewise (1. vice versa) | likewise; i, F, r, H, bottom A or Yi Weight: 5.92(2) — 5.64(9, with hole) — 5.56(4) — 5.50(1) — 5.49(6) — 5.37(7) — 5.22(3) — 4.9o(i0 Deviations: Rs, bottom ^ l . 3. 4. 5. 6. 8. 9, ^ 2. 7 ; only below Y{, i, F, nothing (?) 1 1 I Berlin Cat, 52.9 — 2 Gotha — 3 Imhoof — 4 London Cat, 25.9 — 5 Munich — 6 Oxford — 7 Paris Mionnet 1, 357, 26 — 8 ToCilescu — 9 Turin Mus. Cat. 1975 = Lavy 968. — jl — 10 (=4?) Sestini descr. 31.5 from Ainslie. — Maybe here too II Moscow University Cat. 98 (without H?) and cf. 429* (without A). likewise | likewise, i. F.r. A, bottom ^ or 3^ Weight: 5.82(5) — 5.56(4) — 5.52(3) — 5.20(6) Deviations: Rs. with ^1.7 or ^ 4, with SC 3- 5 0"^^^ 5^ 2. 6. 8. 9, undetermined 10; The same monogram (from A P X) is probably meant everywhere; cf, p, 154A, i I Budapest — 2 Bucharest — 3 Hague — 4 Hunter Combe 161.3 — 5 Copenhagen — 6 Leake Europ, Gr, 55 — 7 Moscow — 8 Munich — 9 Trau. — j| — 10 Sestini descr, 31.2 (inaccurate) likewise | likewise; i. F.r. E, bottom Af Weight: 5.48(2) — 4.63(3) I Bucharest — 2 Copenhagen — 3 Paris = 429 I = 429, but in field r, supposedly 11 I Sestini descr, 31.4 by Ainslie It is possible that such a coin existed; but maybe it was under the Delphin is another letter (cf. n. 431 with A) that Sestini may have overlooked. = 429 j = 429, but in the field r. supposedly A I Müller Mus. Thorwaldsen 223,1671. — The letter in the field is F; see above 427.5.

164 MOESIA INFERIOR 434 S18 435 S18 436 S18 437 S18 438 S18 439 S17 440 S17 441 S17 442 S18 Two heads as before (1st reversed- I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on del- returns 1) phin 1. as before; i. F.r. Oh, downstairs? Weight: 5.25 (1.3) Deviations: Rev. below perhaps K 3, indistinct 2. 4, nothing stated l 1 London Cat. 25.11 — 2 Tsiburakis — 3 Venice Marc. — 4 in trade. — Compare 437 likewise I St. Petersburg — 2 in trade likewise (1. reversed 1.3) likewise; i. F.r. I, bottom A likewise; between the sea eagle and the dolphin • • (the one point in front of the legs, the other there- behind), under the dolphin A (?) Weight: 5.65(4) — 5.20(2) — 5.07(1, damaged) — 4.67(3) Deviations: Rs. below J^ or A i, incomplete ^ 3, indistinct 4, nothing stated 3 1 Gotha — 2 Moscow Univ. Cat. 99 - 3 Paris Mionnet i, 357, 24 - 4 in trade. — Perhaps some of the coins with A (above n. 421) also belong here, in which the Both points could be overlooked. likewise (1. reversed) j likewise; i. F.r. O, down ^" (much- I slightly the upper half of AP?) Weight: 5.05 (hole) 1 Gotha. — The letter in the field could at best also be Q (cf. 434); to the a There is a line on the left, which probably belongs to the dolphin. likewise ] likewise, but the symbol is destroyed Weight: 5>55(2) — 4.^7 (l| subaerate) I Athens Cat. 812 - 2 Gotha. — 11^ 3 Sestini mus. Hederv. 24.5 Examples with indistinct markings can be found in many collections. Two heads as before (1st reversed) returns I. 3-4) I^TPIHighened. Sea eagle on dolphin as before, but both to the right; under the dolphin all Weight: 5.45(4) — 5.26(1, perhaps subaerate) — 4.85 (3) — 4.50(incomplete) I Berlin Cat. 53.13 (inaccurate with ^|) — 2 Bologna Univ. — 3 Imhoof — 4 Paris Mion- net I, 357, 28 likewise | likewise, but only AI below Weight: 5.53(0 — 4 » 12 (2) I Copenhagen — 2 Moscow Univ. Cat. 94 likewise (1. reversed i. 2) [also, but below only A Weight: 5.58(2) — 5.57(3) — 4.38(1, E. sl.) 1.2 Berlin Cat. 52.13. 14 — 3 Copenhagen likewise | likewise, but above the Delphin I Weight: 5.60 I Basel

ISTROS 443 S12 444 S12 445 SII 446 Sil 447 S12 448 Sil 449 Sil 450 Sil 451 Sil Plate II, 22 452 Plate II, 23 453 S7 Two heads as before (on the right returns I. 2) I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on Del- phin 1. as before; under the Dolphin ^ (cf. 417) Weight: 1.38(2) — 1.32(1) I Imhoof — 2 London Cat. 26.14 — ""d perhaps 3 Giel (with incomplete attribute) likewise (r. reversed) ] likewise; below W (cf. 419) Weight: 1.33 I Löbbecke likewise (r. reversed) | as well; below A or A I Berlin Cat. 53.17 likewise (r. reversed i. 2. 3) | as well; Nothing to see below Weight: 1.54(2) — 1.42(3) — i.37(0 — 1.3° (4) — 1.10(5) Deviations: Rs. Writing incomplete l 1 Berlin Cat. 53, i8 — 2 Imhoof — 3 London Cat. 26.13 — 4 St. Petersburg. — Here maybe also 5 the gold-plated coin above 405** likewise (r. reversed 1.2) likewise; i. F.r. behind the legs of the sea eagle I (cf. 429) Weight: 1.37(1) — 1.05(2) I Berlin Cat. 53.16 — 2 Paris Mionnet 1,356.19 (overlook the symbol) — 3.4 in trade likewise 1 likewise; i. F.r. H, below an un- I clear monogram Weight: i,io I Copenhagen. — Maybe 2 cats here. Welzl 1320 (only the H given) likewise Weight: 1.45(2) — 1.16(1) I Athens Cat. 813 — 2 in trade likewise 1 Moscow likewise; i. F.r. I, nothing down below see (cf. 435) likewise; i. F.r. K, indistinct below likewise Illustration I Moscow Rumiantsev likewise, but both animals right- to; i. F. left E Two heads as before (r. reversed- 1 I^TP above. Sea eagle on dolphin returns) j to the left as before; i. F.r. Y Illustration Weight: 0.37 I Imhoof likewise (r. reversed 1.2) | likewise, but without any symbols Weight: 0.30(1) 1 Vienna Arneth 9, 890, 6a Fig. —[— 2 (=1?) Sestini mus. Fontana 3, 7, l, II, 2 — 3 Chaudoir corr. 49, 3 - 4 Cat. Becker 248

i66 MOESIA INFERIOR 454 Si8 Weight: 4.58 I Löbbecke 455 likewise | S i6 Weight: 3.55 (damaged) I Vienna Eckhel cat. 54, 5 [Mionnet p. 2, 68, 45«> likewise S20 Weight: 5.54 I Athens 457 S18 458 K16 459 K17 Plate II, 24 460 K16 461 K16 Two heads like before, but from very bad style (1. reversed) I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on Del- phin 1. as before; bottom incomplete permanent monogram FZn (perhaps slightly the upper half of W?) I^TPH as well; i. F.r. O 58] inaccurate with ISTPA; Arneth 9, 890, 7 I^TPH as well, but without addition sign. — Recessed square likewise (r. reversed) AIST^I (declining) above. Sea eagle on the dolphin like before, but both to the right; i. F. left 1 Weight: 5.50 I Vienna Eckhel num. vet. 52, IV, 13; Eckhel cat. 54.4 [Mionnet pp. 2, 68, 87]; Arneth 9, 890, 5 Head of ApoUon with laurel wreath r. Pkr. I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on Del- phin 1. standing, as before; i. F.r. behind the legs of the sea eagle V likewise, but i. F.r. H 457* S18 458* K(i8) 458** K(29) I Berlin Cat, 53.19 likewise Figure (l) I Moscow - and perhaps 2 Windisch-Grätz, but where the epithet is not entirely certain is; it could also be A. likewise | likewise, but i. F.r. 0 and above I^TPI I St. Petersburg, formerly Chaudoir corr. 49.4 likewise { likewise, with I^TPIH, but without the addition I sign I. 2 Alexeiev — 3 Moscow Univ. Cat. loi — 4.5 St. Petersburg. — 1| — 6 Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 5 • — and perhaps 7 Murzakewicz a. a. O. 6 (Vs. male head; Rs. \tTP) Female head with earrings right. | [inTI]HNß[N] type = 453 I Leake Europe Gr. 55. — As Imhoof Zschr. f. Num. i (1874) 329 noted, heard this coin to Sinope. Two heads as usual | I^TPIH above. I Mus. Sanclem. i, 205 [Mionnet p. 2, 68, 89] likewise | likewise, under the dolphin A I Eckhel catal. 53, 2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 68, 90] In both cases there are probably only printing errors; because neither in Vienna nor in the Brera There are such copper coins, but only the usual silver coins. The in Cat. Bentinck suppl. The copper coin mentioned in 176 must have been a cast.

ISTROS 462 K18 463 K13 464 K18 465 K13 466 K13 467 K13 Plate II, 25 468 K 14-11 Plate II, 26 469 K15 Plate III, 5 470 K15 Plate III, 5 likewise (?) 1^ likewise, symbol destroyed Ggst. O head of Hermes with fortified Petasos r. Pkr. I Berlin Cat. 53, 20 Fig. The unusually large counterstamp (diameter 10 mm) makes it uncertain whether the Coin belongs to this group; the head has long hair, but it seems pretty clear laurel wreath to suggest that Apollo is also meant here. Similar head, but without wreath 1 I^TPI as well, without markings, like ) it seems Weight: 1.35(1) I Bruun — 2 Gotha — 3 Leipzig — 4 St. Petersburg. — Compare 461, 7 I^TPI above. Sea eagle on dolphin 1. as before. — Recessed field Head (of Helios?) with rays crown forward (without neck) IParis. — 1|— 2 Cat. Northwick 474 likewise j likewise Deviations: Rs. KTP 2. 3 — the sea eagle with raised wings 4 The style of the three examples in St. Petersburg is very different. I. 2. 3 St. Petersburg — 4 Wiesbaden Friedlaender Annals of the Ver. for Nassau age- thumsk. and History 6 (1859) 15.7, 11.2. — 1| — 5 Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, i likewise j likewise, under the dolphin AlO I St. Petersburg likewise | same, but below IN? Illustration I Berlin Cat. 53.21 I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on Del- phin 1. as before Field deepened Bearded head of a river god (Istros) with bull horns r., that Face turned back forward. Pkr. Figure (2) Weight: 1.33(1) Deviations: Rs. ltTP\ 2, \tTP i, \tT.. 7 I Imhoof — 2 London Cat. 26.15 — April 3, 5 St. Petersburg, one probably from Chaudoir, Sestini piu musei 21.1; Sestini mus. Chaudoir 42.1 — 6 Vienna — 7 Wiesbaden Friedlaender Annals of Ver. f. Wet. Antiquity 6, 15, 8, II, 3. — 1| — 8 Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 3 About the type of vs. see the introduction above on p. 151. Head of the youthful Dionysus with a large ivy wreath front. Pkr. Illustration of the Vs. I St. Petersburg likewise Illustration of Rs. (i) I^TPIH above. grapes, on hanging from a branch. Pkr. Field deepened I^TPI above. Grapes without branch; i. F.r. Ä I Leopardow. This is also where 2 Murzakewicz Odess came from. Mem. 3, 238, 7 with

i68 MOESIA INFERIOR 471 K8 Plate III, 6 472 Ki6 Plate III, 1 473 K23 474 K22 Plate III, 2 475 K21 476 K20 476* K20 Dolphin 1. Illustration I St. Petersburg I^TP over a r. lying ear of corn Head of Demeter with wreath of wheat under the veil r. Pkr. Illustration 1 Moscow. — See below 472* likewise I^TPIH above. Sea eagle on Del- phin 1. as before; below A or A likewise; in F. 1. upright ear of wheat; below XAI Weight: 7.25 I Imhoof. — The wreath of wheat is not certain, but probable. likewise, with ear of corn; below...ON likewise Ggst. O bearded (?) head right. Illustration I Moscow. — A similar piece, but very unclear, in Bucharest. likewise, but perhaps without ears of corn wreath Ggst. O unbearded head with flat hat or helmet r. likewise, with ear of corn; below AAPI Field deepened I St. Petersburg. — The style of this coin is worse than that of the previous one. The letter before API is A or A. Head of Demeter with veil right. Ggst. O unbearded head with flat hat or helmet r. I Munich Bearded head with laurel wreath (?) r. Ggst. I O same as 476 Ggst. 2 O head (of Helios) with Crown of rays forward I Imhoof I2TPI as well, with a thick ear; below AlONY Field deepened . . . PI as well 472* K28 475* K18 Female head with veil right. | 12TP bird on dolphin; below P) 1 Murzakewiez Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 2 The description leaves it uncertain whether the coin belongs to the larger Demeter coins (473 up to 475) or one of the smaller ones (472); the latter is more likely. XQTHPA Female head (the body?) I^ITIH left. Sea eagle on dolphin like with Stephane r., behind B a sacrificial ordinary; below A. Pkr. kanne and A among each other. Pkr. I Arolsen. — The coin is wrong; the Vs. was probably invented after the Syracusan.

ISTROS 477 K22 Plate III, 3 478 K20 Plate III, 4 479 K18 480 K20 481 K17 The two coins 476 and 476a are certainly minted by the same official but different fronts; the head of 476a appears to have a laurel wreath, should therefore represent an Apollo. The first impact on 476 a is from the same Stamp like that of 476; it is similar to that of 475, but smaller; the second impact is similar to the independent type of n. 464 - 467. - The official AlONY could with that /^\ the gold stater (n. 482) be identical; the bad style of the two copper coins allows us to place them in the Mithradatic period. Head of Demeter (or Köre) with Wreath of wheat (without veil) r. I^|TPIH above. Sea eagle with closed wings on the 1st lying dolphin 1. standing and turning his head back; below nothing to see Illustration I Suruchan. — See p. 152. — The types seem to have been imprinted on older ones perhaps equal to 473 - 475; The new types also appear to be older than 476 and 476a of 477 to be. I2TPIH above. Sea eagle with increased flat wings lying on the 1st the dolphin 1. standing, in whose head he wants to smash; under the Dolphin API2TA Apollo naked, only with light Robe around the hips, on the Omphalos 1. sitting, in front straight R. an arrow, the L. at the boat standing behind him gene supported Figure (i) Deviations: Vs. the robe is perhaps on the omphalos, and a corner is thrown over the god's knees; — Rs. the lines that run between the The wings of the eagle appear to be the tail fins of the dolphin. I Paris Sestini Ictt. 7 (1805) 10, I, 13; Mionnet 1,357.29. — j| — 2 Sestini piü musei 21.2, IV, 14; Sestini mus. Hederv. 24.6 About the official 'Aptatayopas and the Apollo type see the introduction on pages 146 and 152. likewise I St. Petersburg likewise, with Pkr. I Bologna Bibl. — 2 Rollin. from the same stamps. [I2TPIH] destroyed above. Likewise, but both animals to the right; below APIIT.«. I2TPIHI above. Likewise, but that animals to the left; nothing below Both examples are of worse style than 478 I2TPIH as well; nothing below. Pkr. likewise, but Apollon is not sitting on the Omphalos, but on an altar I St. Petersburg - and probably also 2 Moscow The last two coins (n. 480, 481) are certainly a short time after those of Arista goras, which they are imitated. See p. 153 A. i,

I70 MOESIA INFERIOR 482 G20 Plate 11, 27 483 K18 Plate m, 7 Gold coins with types of Lysimachus While for an older stater (see below 481*) the allocation according to Istros is doubtful, the following (482) certainly belongs here; he is under Mithradates VI. embossed and probably bears the image of his son of Ariarathes (cf. the introduction on p. 154). Head of a king with ram's horn BA2IAEn2 r. on the diadem r. AY2IMAX0Y 1. Athena Nikepharos [Müller 285] 1. sitting; on chair 12, in the drawer cut trident with two del- phinene L; in the field 1. AI Figure (6) Weight: 8.27(2) - 8.22(4) - 8.21(1) - 8.16(6) - 8.15(8) - 8.08(13) I. 2 Berlin Cat. 310,81.82 — 3 Dresden Müller Lysimachus 284 inaccurate — 4 Gotha — 5 Hunter — 6 Imhoof — 7 Copenhagen Ramus i, 114, 10 — 8 Löbbecke — 9 London — 10 Munich — 11 Munich Müller Lysimachus 284 inaccurate — 12 Paris Mionnet 1,439.32 inaccurate — 13 Six — 14 Wien Eckhel cat. 81.13 (the silver coin described as 14 ■ was cast with the same symbols). — j{ — 15 Wiczay 2531; Sestini mus. Hederv. 87, 16 (inaccurate with AIA and ^) — 16 Cat. Welzl 1681 inaccurate The 13 copies I compared in casts (i - 4, 6 - 14) are made from the same Stamping. Roman imperial period Bust of Athena with helmet, Aegis and robe r. Pkr. ICTPlIHNflN Naked Dionysus with Kantharos and Thyrsos 1. standing; in front of him the panther. Pkr. Illustration I Iversen. — According to its style, the coin belongs to the II or III century. Century AD Since the same type appears on a coin of Caracalla (below 507), one may These also probably date back to about the same time. = 482, but nothing on the chair, i. A. *B or

ISTROS 171 [484] K21 485 K20 48ß K28 487 K26 484* K18 Imperial coins Undetermined emperor AVTOKPAT I CCBAC (from top right) Head of an emperor, slightly bearded, with laurel wreath r. ICTPIHjNnN ApoUon in long Robe standing forward and r. looking, in the R. bowl (?), with the L. supporting the lyre on a stele I Fontana annali dell' inst. 5 (1833) 266, 21; pictured monum. i, LVII B, 6 Fontana thought he recognized Augustus on the front; with this he has Head but no resemblance at all. Unfortunately the coin is missing, so there is no security ness can be achieved. If the drawing in the Monumenti is good, one would first thank Nero; although there are no other coins from Istros from the first century, Could the city have presented its Apollo as Kitharoidos in honor of Nero? have presented, as e.g. B. also happened in Perinthos. If the emperor wasn't Nero one would think of Hadrianus or Caracalla. The name form AutoxpctTtup ^eßaaxos only fits Augustus; but the reading is probably uncertain, the letters OKPAT are drawn a little thinner than the others. — The type returns on safe coins the emperor Commodus, Elagabalus and Alexander again; the object in the R. of the god is supposed to be the plectron; cf. to 514. Head of Pius r. Pius ICTPIH i. A. [NflN above?] Bearded Rider with cornucopia in the r. hand in step r. 1 St. Petersburg The writing of the Vs. is unfortunately illegible, but you can see the picture of Pius. The type of Rs. is the usual local god (cf. p. 157), here probably without Kalathos (cf. n.490). Commode AV KAI A AVPH | COM Bro. des bearded Commodus m. L. P. M. r. I St. Petersburg. — Raw style. Br. of Commodus like before ICTPIHjNüN Cybele with wall crown 1. enthroned, on the ground in front her a lion ICTPIH|N . . Apollo in long Robe I. standing, in the R. that Plectrum, with the L. on the lyre I supporting a stele I Moscow Since the coin obviously represents the same denomination as the previous one, it is here connected; Presumably the writing of the Vs. was the same as that of 486. A valuable There is no sign on either of them. ATT K AAPIANON Head of Hadria- 1 ICTPIHNßN Dionysus with Kantharos and nus (r.) I Thyrsos I. standing, in front of him the panther I Sestini lett. cont. 4, 48 [Mionnet pp. 2, 69, 91] from the Paris Cabinet Sestini didn't recognize the vs. correctly; it is the coin that Mionnet pp. 2, 69, 92, II, 3 correctly attributed to Caracalla (below 507); Nevertheless, Mionnet also took the wrong description because, as is often the case, he does not take into account that it is one Paris coin traded. Sestini's error can be excused because the image of the emperor dissimilar and the writing is unclear.

172 MOESIA INP'ERIOR 488 K22 [Commodus] AVT M AVP KOM | ANTflNINOC Br. B ICTPI|HN.. Demeter with veil of the bearded Commodus with L. 1. standing, in the R. two ears of grain P.M.r. u. poppy head, the L. on the torch supported I Budapest The value of B is clear; it is striking that it is on the edge, at the beginning the Scripture, stands. The following coins (489. 490), which are classified according to the size and the The font of the Vs. represents the same nominal value and has no value mark. 48« K22 490 K22 491 K19 492 K29 Plate in, 8 493 K29 also ICTPIHNfllN below. Small lake eagle with raised wings a 1st lying large del- phin standing and in his head hacking Deviations: Rs. ICTPHNßN (without |) i 1 Bucharest – 2 Philippople also 1 ICTRIHNj.. Bearded rider with foot j horn in the r. Hand in crotch r. I Rollin The figure, here certainly without Kalathos, is the local god as 485 above. AV KAI I KOMOA....also | ICTPIH|N{n|N as well Deviations: Vs. KOM... i." — Rs. ICTPIHNß . . 2 I St. Petersburg. — Ij — 2 Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 8 (supposedly the emperor with scepter) While 490 was certainly considered a two (cf. 488), 491 should be viewed as a one. Severus A K A Ceni I CeVHPOC n Br. m. L.P.M.r. ICTP|I1H;N and L A. ON Bearded God with Kalathos on horseback right; the horse raises the r. forefoot; planted behind him a after pointed stick at the bottom, on which a bird r. stands Illustration of the back (l). — See the introduction on p. 157. Deviations: Vs. maybe /\V K 3 I Bassarabescu — 2 Bunbury — 3 St. Florian — 4 Sophia likewise | ICTPIHNflN as well Weight: 17.60(2) — 14.65(3) Deviations: vs. alleged /W 1 C60YHP0 5 — ; Rs. Separation |||-| 2. 4. (5?), hIN ^' 3 — beginning of writing unclear 5 I Bucharest Soutzo revue arch. N. S. 42 (1881) 302.2 — 2 Copenhagen, formerly Welzl Cat. 1324 ■ — 3 Löbbecke — 4 Mandl (Egger sales cat. 8, 147). — |j — Here I guess also 5 Sabatier iconogr. rem. imp. LIV, 3, of the incomplete letters of Scripture incorrectly added to rePMHNnN.

ISTROS 494 K28 495 K29 496 K39 497 K29 498 K30 499 K28 [Severus] AV K A Cenil 1 C€VHPOC n head ICTP|IHlN|nN as well, but below m. L. r. the raised r, forefoot of horse an altar Deviations: Obverse and reverse writing incomplete 2 I Bucharest Soutzo revue arch. N. S. 42 (1881) 302, i - 2 Vienna A K A CCHT I C6VHP0C n as well I Soutzo AV K A C . . I CeVHPOC n Br. m. L.P.M.r. I Suruchan AV K A C€nTI I CeVHPOC n head m. L. r. Weight: 17.72 I Paris Blanchet revue number. 1892, 60, 10, ICTPIHINHN Cybele with wall crown enthroned to the right, the r. Arm supported with the L. that Tympanum supported on her 1st knee; A lion at the front of the throne, at the back probably a second one ICTPIHNn et al. A. N Cybele with Kalathos (?) enthroned to the left, in the pre-stretched R. shell, the 1. Arm supported on the tympanum, between two lions; the lion behind her walks r. and looks back ICTPIHINjnN Tyche with Kalathos, Rudder and cornucopia 1. standing; in front of her a flaming altar, behind The little sea eagle appears behind her the dolphin 1. - See the introduction above on page 156. Cen I CeVHPOC n also: ICTPIjHNnN The Emperor in War, costume 1. standing, in the foreground. R. Bowl over altar, the L. on the spear supported I Vienna Severus and (on the back) Domna AVTKACen T. Br. des Severus m. L. P. M. r. lOVAOlMNAC and below ICTPH (like this!) NON Bust of Domna with Ges- wall r. I St. Florian Kenner Coin Collection 16, I, 10

174 MüESIA INFERIOR Domna 500 K28 501 K25 502 K25 [503] K— 504 K29 505 K30 AOMNA I AVr. . . . Bust r. ICTPIIHNON Cybele with wall crown 1. enthroned, in the prev. R. Bowl (?), the L. on the tympa- non supported; in front of her a lion Weight: 17.15(1). — Raw style. 1 Löbbecke, formerly Becker Cat. 249 — 2 Odessa Univ. lOVAlA AO|MNA C€ Br. r. Weight: 9.93 I Vienna ICTP|IH et al. A. NflN sea eagle on the dolphin 1. as before (=486) lOVAlA] AOMNA A. (or >V) also | likewise I Bucharest Caracalla and Domna A M AY ANTON C€B lOY AOMNA C€B Those facing each other Heads of Caracalla with Lor- beer wreath and the Domna ICTPIHNflN Bearded God with Kalathos on horseback (r.); in front of him an altar; i. A. f [rather probably E] I Sestini lett. cont. 4.48 [Mionnet pp. 2, 69, 93]; Sestini mus. Chaudoir 42.2 [Boutkowski petit Mionnet 47 without attribution] Unfortunately, this coin from the Chaudoir collection is missing. That it is not invented is undoubtedly; therefore it is included here, although the description has deficiencies. The type is certainly the usual one; I don't know if the staff with the eagle is really missing doubtful. Likewise, the value symbol T must be considered uncertain; one expects E, since the Vs. with two heads are usually chosen for the fives (cf. the Introduction to Moesia inferior p. 76. 77 and the coins with Gordianus and Tranquillina below n. 524 - 528); The size of Sestini (JE 1) also speaks despite the addition "medaglioncino" for the nominal E. Caracalla AVT K M AVR CeVjHPOC ANTfl- NljNOC Br. of the Bearded Cara- calla m.l.r. ICTIPjllHNnN Bearded God too Horses right, behind him the staff with the bird; in front the altar (= above 494); i. A.C I Turin Bibl. — 2 Vienna Arneth Session area. 9, 890, 7 a Fig. — (The Coin of Mus. Arigoni belongs to Elagabalus; see below 509.2.) also ICTPIjHNnN Tyche with Kalathos, Rudder u, cornucopia 1. standing; i. A. € I Rollin

ISTROS 506 K22 507 K18 508 K22 509 K29 510 K29 [Caracalla] AVT K M AVP C!P ANTHNIN as well Weight: 5.17 (E.m.) ICTPIH|NnN Goddess in long dress wall (Hera?) 1. standing, in the R. bowl above altar, the L. on supported the scepter I Lübbecke, formerly Becker Cat. 506. — On the Vs. it really seems to be Qp behind AVP. AVT K M AVP m. L. r. ANTflNIN head ICTPIIHNON Naked Dionysus with Kantharos and Thyrsos 1. standing; in front of him the panther (= 483) Weight: 2.70 I Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 69, 92, II, 3; previously Vaillant num. gr. loi inaccurate from the collection lung Galland; see above 484*. — The letters after AVP are unclear, perhaps CE. Mionnet still saw OC under the jibe at the end, but that is uncertain. The portrait is very different. Geta AV K n C€ } r€TAC Br. of Geta, slightly bearded, m, L. P. M. r. ICTPIIHNON goddess in long dress wall 1. standing, in the prev. R. Husk (or ears of corn) over an almond tar, the L. on scepter (or torch) supported Weight: 5.85 (3) I Bucharest Soutzo revue arch. N. S. 42 (1881) 303.3 — 2 Rollin — 3 Vienna, formerly Welzl Sestini piü musei 22.3; Cat. Welzl 1325; Arneth meeting area. 9, 890, 7 On all three copies it is uncertain whether Hera or Köre is depicted, since the Attributes are unclear; but the analogy of 506 speaks for Hera; is veiled not the goddess. — A K TT was read on the obverse of 3; but before the K there is only a line can be seen, which can also be the remainder of a V like in i ; in 2 the first ones are missing letters. Elagabalus AVT K M AVPH | ANTflNEINOC Br m. L. P. M. r. IC1T|PIH et al. A. NHN Bearded God on horseback right, behind him the staff with the bird, in front the altar (= 494); under the Body of the horse E Deviations: vs. writing incomplete i I Parma — 2 Turin Bibl., formerly Mus. Arigoni i imp. gr. VIII, 123 (rev., erroneous under Cara- calla) bad drawing, but correctly recognized by Sestini cat. castig. 12 likewise ] ICTPIHNflN likewise; i. A.E Deviations: vs. writing incomplete 3 — ; Separation lICTlPIHNßN '» ICTlPIlHNßN 2, unknown 3 - value not specified 3 I Bucharest – 2 Mandl. — ][ — 3 Sestini descr. 31.11 [Mionnet pp. 2, 69, 94] by Ainslie

176 MOESIA INFERIOR 511 K28 512 K28 Blackboard XVIII, 14 513 K29 514 K27 Blackboard XIV, 27 515 K27 [Elagabalus] AVT K M AVPH m. L. P. M ANTHNEINOC Br. r. ICTPIHNniN Bearded River God with wreath and bare upper part body 1. stored, in the prev. R. a fish, in the 1st arm, which is on the flowing source vessel is supported is, reeds; in the background lighthouse; in F. 1. E Weight: 11.32 I Berlin Cat. 54, 22 Fig. likewise See the introduction on p. 158. ICTPIIHNON Cybele with wall crown 1. enthroned, in the prev. R. Shell, in the 1st arm, which is on the Tympanum is supported, a scep- ter; on the ground two lions; in A.E Illustration of Rs. (2) Weight: 15.80(2) I London Cat. 26, 16 - 2 Paris likewise Weight: i6.86 I Löbbecke AVT K M AVPH | ANTHNEINOC head m. L. r. ICTPIlH[NON] Tyche with Kalathos, Steering rudder and cornucopia 1. hend; in F. r. E ICTPIIHNON ApoUon in long Robe standing forward and 1. looking, in the prev. R. bowl (?) over a flaming altar, with the L. the lyre on a stele supporting; i. A.A Illustration of the Rs. I Klagenfurt. — It is more likely that the object in the R. is not a bowl after all, but the plectron should be as below 515 and 519, plate XIV, 26. AV K M AV I ANTON INOC Br., light bearded, m. L. P. M. r. ICTPIHINION Apollon as before, but in the R. the plectrum; without altar; in F. r. A Weight: 13.72 (2) I Bucharest — 2 Leake suppl. 129 - 3 Philippoples

ISTROS Alexander 516 K29 Plate III, 9 517 K28(37) 518 K29 519 K25 AVT K M AVPH CEB | AAEIANAPOC Br. m. L. P. M. r. ICT|PI|HNa etc. A.N Bearded God on horseback right, behind him the staff with the eagle, in front the altar (= 494); under the Body of the horse E Illustration of the back (l) Weight: 17.05(2) — 15.27(1) Deviations: Vs. CE.. 2 - the form of the "£ is uncertain everywhere - Rs. position of the last |sl uncertain 2 — E destroyed 3, forgotten 4 I Imhoof — 2 Naples Cat. 6290 — 3 Vienna, formerly Wiczay 2126 [Mionnet p. 2, 70, 95; Boutkowski petit Mionnet 47]; Sestini 24, 7; Arneth meeting area. 9, 890, 7c Fig. — 1| — 4 (=2?) Vaillant num. gr. 136 from Godmother In the older descriptions of the Viennese example (also at 2 and 4) it is stated, that the rider's head has the crown of rays; but there is nothing to be seen, neither is the well-preserved copy from Imhoof. AVT K M AVP CE[B?] ] AAESANAPOC likewise ICTPIjHNflN Cybele with wall crown, bowl, tympanum and Scepter between two lions 1. enthroned (= 512); i. A.E Deviations: Vs. the letters after AVP destroyed i (on 2 I read CEV, ^^^^"^ maybe that was a mistake since it says CEB everywhere else); — Rs. £ overlook 2 I London Cat. 26.17 - — 2 Suruchan The London specimen is based on a much larger planchet (diameter 37 mm, size weight 19.85 g), but the stamps themselves are only of the usual size. Many- The piece was easily a rehearsal. T. XIV, 26 AVT K M AVP CEB \ AAEIANAPOC likewise Weight: 17.61 (i) I Berlin Cat. 54.23 — 2 in trade AVT K M AVPH CEBH ] AAEEAN APOC Head m. L. r. ICTPIjHNnN Nemesis 1. standing, in the R. the scales, in the 1st arm hers staff; on the ground the wheel; in F r. E ICTPIjHlNflN Apollon in long Robe standing forward and 1. looking, in the foregoing. R. that Plectrum, with the L. on the lyre supporting a stele; in front of him flaming altar; i. Q. 1. A Illustration of Rs. (2) Weight: 12.00(2) I Bucharest Soutzo revue arch. N. p. 42 (left The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. !i) 303, 4 - 2 Göttingen 12

178 MOESIA INFERIOR 520 K24 521 K27 522 K28 523 K25 524 K28 523* K— Mamaea lOVAlA MAM|MAIA CEBA Br. with ! ICTP|IH and below NflN Smaller Diadem r, sea eagle on the dolphin 1. as usual (= 489) Weight: 12.04(1) Deviations: vs. only CEB 2nd (3?); — Rs. ICTPlH (or ICTIJH) "• below (MjJisi 2, Writing incomplete 3 I London Cat. 26.18 — 2 Soutzo — 3 in trade Gordian III. AVT K M ANTfi | TOPAIANOC Br. m. L. P. M. r. ICTPIIHNON Tyche with Kalathos 1. standing, in the R, the control rudder, including the ball, in the 1st Poor the cornucopia; in F. 1. E Weight: 12.49(1) — 12.34(2) Deviations: vs. writing uncertain at the end 2 I Berlin Cat.'54, 25 — 2 Sophia Tacchella revue num. 1893, 71» 5 same, but TOPAIANO: Weight: 11.64 I London Cat. 27, -19 AVT K M ANT 1 TOPAIANOC as well Weight: 9.09 I Berlin Cat. 54, 24 Gordianus and Tranquillina ICTPIjHNinN Tyche as well; in F. right E ICTPIH|NnN Goddess in long dress wall (Hera) with bowl over Al- tar and scepter 1. standing; i. F.r. Traces of A IC|TPIH et al. A. NHN Bearded God with Kalathos on horseback right, behind him the staff with the Eagle, in front of the altar; i. F.r. E AVT K M ANTfl TOPAIANOC CABI TPANKVAIN Those assigned to each other busts of Gordia returned nus with L. P. M. r. and the trans quillina with robe 1. Weight: io.68(i) Deviations: vs. writing incomplete i. 3. 4. 5. 6, but ANTQ sure 2. 5, on the other hand only ANT i- 4- 6 — [TPANKjVAINA 6; — Rs. maybe ICJTPIHN and i. A. £2N 4 — E not seen 4. 5. 6 I Berlin Cat. 55.27 inaccurate — 2 Bucharest — 3 Imhoof — 4 Leopardow — 5 London Cat. 27, 20 — 6 St. Petersburg The staff on which the eagle stands is not present in these and the following coins pointed at the bottom, but evenly thick so that it resembles a column. Gordianus (vs. not described) | 1CTP..NQN Aequitas I Holstenius notae ad Stephanum 150 [Sestini descr. 585] from the Pozzo collection It is possible that such a coin existed; but the description is too imprecise.

ISTROS 179 525 K28 526 K28 527 K28 528 K27 529 K25 Taf.m.io 530 K22 ICjTPjl et al. A. HNHN as well; in F.r. E 8.82 (i, E. sl.) [Gordianus and Tranquillina] AVT K M ANT TOPAIANOC CAB TPANKVAINA as well Weight: 15.30(4) — 15.27(2) — 12.00(3) Deviations: Vs. AVTO at the end... i I Berlin Cat. 55.26 — 2 Berlin Cat. 55.28 — 3 Berlin (new acquisition) — 4 Paris likewise (?) 1 iqTPIHNfM likewise; i. A.E Weight: 11.80(1) Deviations: vs. writing incomplete everywhere, but probably the same as n. 525 to er whole; — Rs. Altar not noticed 2 I Löbbecke, formerly Becker Cat. 253 — 2 St. Petersburg AVT K M ANT I TPANKVAI as well Weight: 14.97 I Berlin Cat. 55.29 .. ANTfl rOPAIANOC CAB likewise I Bologna University ICTPIIHNON Athena 1. standing, the L. leaning on the spear, with the R. the snake that is on the trees standing in front of her rings, offering a fruit; in Fields between tree and goddess E ICTPI[HN]nN Tyche with (cala- thos?) Rudder and cornucopia 1. standing; i. F. 1. E Tranquillina CABINIA- 1 TPANKVAINA Br. with dia- the r. ICTPIHNflN below (from r. to 1.) Little sea eagle on dolphin 1. as usual (== 489. 520) Figure (l) Weight: 7.40(2) — 5.45 (3, E. sl.) I Bucharest — 2 Copenhagen, formerly Bondacca Sestini descr. 31.12, 11.2 [Mionnet p. 2, 70, 96]; Ramus i, 99, 3; both inaccurate — 3 Rollin Sestini had claimed that the bird was not a dolphin, but a four-footed one animal in his claws, and the coin also marked like that; that prompted probably Mionnet to consider them false (Stamp of Cogornier); but the coin is safe real, and the sea eagle is holding a dolphin like usual. likewise IC|TPI and below HNflN Bearded River god with reed wreath and 1. stored naked torso, the R. on a ship's prow part, the 1st arm on the source vessel; i. F. 1. f Weight: 6.59 I London Cat. 27.21. — The position of the last five letters is not entirely certain. — About the type see above p. 158.

ISTRIANONE LIMEN (?) In the area of old Olbia, the quantity of small cast copper coins found, which on the one hand One wheel on one side, three on the other have the letters I^T in the field (Plate VIII, 7). As the Scripture suggested, These coins became the city of Istros assigned '). Blaremberg objected first of all, that there are also pieces with 1^1 give^); he therefore kept the Scripture not crucial and described, probably because of the location, his specimens among the coins of Olbia. Meanwhile the third character points to mine seen pieces (below n. 533) never the regular form of an I, but the lower horizontal line extends to the one side much further over than towards the other, T or T, and does that impression as if it were just accidental; it seems certain that these deviations due to wear of the mold or faulty lers were created during casting; certainly the inscription I^T is meant everywhere. Nevertheless, these coins are new but generally given to Olbia^), because you can find them there in large quantities det and because there are similar cast coins zen with a wheel as a type, the can be found there and also that do not have city names ^); like their two distributed between the spokes of the wheel The labels APIX and PAY^ would then be So the I^T on our coins as an abbreviation the name of an official*). But the allocation of coins with I^T to Olbia will probably be opened up must be given. In the museum of Odessa Archaeological Society There is a small copper coin the wheel on the front, which on the back the inscription I^TPI and underneath some indistinct books has staves (uiiten n. 535)®). The coin ') Murzakewicz descriptio musei Odessani 24.5; Prokesh num. Zschr. 2 (1870) 266; P. Becker Sales catalog (according to his own records) nations) n. 251. 252. — The allocation according to Histiaia on Euboia in Mionnet pp. 4, 367, 115 is of course completely baseless; She doesn't seem to either to come from himself since he bought the coin quoted from an “unknown collection”. ^) Blaremberg choix de medals antiques d'Olbio- polis ou d'Olbia (Paris 1822) p. 59 note on n.l8l. 3) A. V. Sallet Zschr. f. Num. 10 (1883) 147, also Oreshnikov and the other Russian numismatics mathematicians whose work is cited below. *) Plate VIII, I. 2; see the introduction to Olbia. *) Sallet (note 3 above) thought of writing in the books staben ICT an abbreviation of laxfov (sail) to see by assuming that we did it a lot- easily not have to do with coins, but with brands (as with the dolphins plate VIII, 5. 6). But the presence of a corresponding corresponding coin with ICTPI refutes this an unlikely assumption. ^) The coin was already in 1853 by Murzake- wicz in the memoirs of the Odessa archaeol. Society was published, but went unnoticed stayed. A cast that I made through the friends Oreshnikov's mediation from Mr. Ber- thier de Lagarde in Odessa recently received, enabled me to determine that the spelling was correct; both gentlemen too At this point I would like to express my most sincere thanks. spoke.

ISTRIANONE LIMEN (?) I8l is not cast, but embossed, and from a much later period than the whose, for example, from the III. century B.C. BC; but their home is like the over- shows attunement in pictures and writing, the same as that of the older coins; and one will be in the inscription I^T or I^TPI does not assign an official name have to look for, but the name of Place where the coins were cast and sold are shaped. For this place of origin the city of Istros south of the Danube To look at estuaries, you have to look at it Rightly avoided because of the location; the As I said, coins are sold in the found in large numbers around Olbia, during discoveries in Dobruja nothing is known. But not too far From Olbia there was a location 'laxptavöjv XifjiTjv^), and here we probably have to look for the home of our coins. As the name suggests, this was a low- leaving the Istrians. That she is first at Arrianus is mentioned does not prove that she couldn't be much older; us don't have such a precise description practice of these coasts from earlier times. The branch must be at that time may have arisen when Istros was a powerful one City was whose trading ships for the Trips to the north have their own port between Borysthenes and Ty- ras should be secured^); and up this time also shows the appearance of the Coins with I^T. You have to be in the same created and circulated over time be like the big coins with APIX and PAY^, which they use in technology and are related by the type of bike, so in the V. and partly perhaps in the IV century. The production of the Casting coins was also recommended by their simplicity, which is certainly the case limited circumstances of the small place was desirable; and that one also in the choice of type large neighboring town of Olbia readily understandable, even if it is it would not be doubtful whether the distant belief ancient city of Istros in the fifth century ever struck coins. The small minted coin belongs as usual says, in a much later time, approximately in the III. Century, where also in Olbia the coins were no longer cast; maybe there will be a perfect one preserved specimen provides reliable information about the time and meaning of this coinage. Among the coins cast are by size, it seems, three distinguish groups, on average knives of approximately 15, 12 and 9 mm; to middle group also includes the pieces, which appear to have 1^1 instead of I^T. In the weights is at the volatile Manufacture by casting no system recognize; the average is for the three sizes approximately 2^1^, lYa and i g. ■) Arrianos periplus 31 and probably from this the Ano- nymus 61. The location is not yet complete certainly (cf. Neumann the Hellenes in the Scythian land 1,362); Müller (to Arrian 31) took it according to Köhler's process in today's one Odessa at; On the other hand, she is looking for Becker (Memoirs de la societe imp. d'archeologie 6, 1852, 183 fg.) on the west side of the Kujalnitzk Liman. In any case, the branch is part of the area Sarmatia; but the coins are published here, so as not to separate them from those in the mother city separate. ■•*) There also appears to be one on the eastern coast of Crimea a similar settlement of the Istrians once to have stood; in Ptolemy 3, 6, 2 there 'larptavoü noxa^o'j ix^oXal mentioned, and the The river probably takes its name from a harbor have received space at its mouth.

531 Ki5 Plate Vni,7 532 K 12 533 K 12 534 K9 535 K10 Cast coins (Vth century BC) Wheel with four spokes | I^T in the field Figure (2) Weight: 3.02(1) — 2.52(2) I Giel — 2 Imhoof — 3 Odessa Univ. - — 4. 5 St. Petersburg — 6 Uvarov Cat. 5.21 7 in stores (diameter 17 mm) likewise, but smaller [ likewise Weight: 2.05(1) — 1.65(3) — 1.21(2) — 0.96(12) I Berlin Cat. 16.8; this copy early Prokesh num. Zschr. 2 (1870) 266 — 2 Gotha — 3 Imhoof — 4. 5 Löbbecke — 6. 7 Moscow Univ. Cat. 142. 143 — 8. 9 St. Petersburg — 10 Vienna. — II — II Cat. Becker 251. — Probably also 12 Athens Cat. 7478 (with broken disturbed rear side). — Cf. also 533, i likewise | I^T or I^T Weight: 1.43(2) — 1.18(1) Deviations: Rev. with T i- 3) T 2, supposedly I 4 I Berlin Cat. 16.7 — 2 Moscow (Buratschkov 42.23 represents a piece with \%^) — 3 Odessa University — left — 4 Blaremberg 59, 180, XVIII, 180 The deviation in the third letter is only an apparent one; see p. 180. same, but smaller 1 J^T Weight: 1.03(7) — 0.88(5) — 0.80(8) — 0.76(2, incomplete) — 0»72 (6) — O, 59 (9, E. sl.) — O, 52 (4, E. sl.) I Athens, formerly in the Polytechneion, Engel revue num. 1885, 10.2 — 2-5 Berlin Cat. 16:9-12 — 6 Giel — 7-9 Moscow — 10-13 Moscow Univ. Cat. 138-141 — 14 Odessa Univ. — 15 Paris — 16-18 St. Petersburg — 19 Uvarov Cat. 5.22 – 20 Vienna. — \— 21 Blarem- l^erg 59, 181, XVIII, 181 — 22 Mionnet pp. 4, 367, 115 (from an unknown collection) — 23 Murzakewicz descriptio mus. Odess. 24, 5 - 24 Cat. Becker 252 Minted coins (III century BC?) Wheel with four spokes | I^TPI in the deepened field 1 Odessa Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3, 238, 4 (found on the island of Fidonisi = Leuke) There are still a few letters on the back under I^TPI, but they cannot be recognized.

MARKIANOPOLIS The city of Markianopolis was on the Place where the of Anchialos over the Road leading from the Balkans to Moesia divided into two lines, one western to Durostorum on the Danube and one eastern to Odessos and the rest cities on the Black Sea'). The arrival that it came from Odessos in 18 MiHen was distant, leads to the Bulgarian village Devna, southwest of Varna, where in the That extensive ruins and some interior writings have been found, Jirecek*) gives a precise description of the location ality: originates in the place itself, how which Jordanes ^) also reports, an longing river, and »around the whole The traces go around the source area an extensive, it seems, poly- “gonal surrounding wall”. This agrees men the depictions on some coins from Markianopolis; the god of the river, - whether his name was really just Potamos, as Jordanes states remains to be seen stay — , appears under Macrinus and Elagabalus (n. 754. 835-837; plate XVIII, 6); and a polygonal wall can be found under Gordianus (aft. 1167, plate III, 17). Like Nicopolis and numerous cities the neighboring province of Thracia is also Mar- Kianopolis founded by Emperor Traianus det. He gave the name to the new city after his sister Marciana, like him two Thracian cities after his own a name and a third after that his wife Plotina *). The through Jordane's ^) traditional story by Marciana's servant, who is a golden who dropped the vessel into the river, its reappearance then becomes the reason for the founding and naming of the city offered is certainly just a fable that unfolds the residents subsequently adjusted ')Itin. Anthony. 228.4; Tab. Peuting. ^) Arch.-ep. Mith. from Üst. 10, 191 fg. *) Jordanes Getica 16.93: in flumine illo, qui niniii limpiditatis saporisque in media urbe oritur Po- tami cognomento, ^) Traianopolis, Augusta Traiana, Plotinopolis. — It is likely that Hadriano polis had already been founded under Traianus is; because in the urban Roman soldier lists several people drove from there to their hometown name Ulpia Hadrianopoli (Ephem. epi- graphica 4 n. 894c,'i3. 14; 894d, 11; 895,17.21; see the compilation there p. 325 and Ephem. epigr. 5 p. 186); when the city is under Hadrian founded it, it would be called Aelia-^ there Her name is Ulpia, her founder is Traianus to look at her, who named her after his relative and presumptive successor named like ours Markianopolis after his sister. ^) Jordanes Getica 16.93, ^^^ after Mommsen's Vcr- The story is probably lost in the lost Parts of Ammian's historical work were found has. With an occasional mention of the Ammian only says the city (27.4,12): Marcianopolis . . . , a sorore Traiani Principis ita cognominata. Cf. Dexippus fr. 18: Mapxtavo'JTtoXtv, xö hi (?vo[j.a Tpaiavoü To'j ßa3tX£(o? xrjv äSeXcprjv ^v8eSu)xdvot TTTJ TifiXet X^youaiv ol ^y^tupiot.

i84 MOESIA INFERIOR had power; Marciana and her entourage will hardly ever be in this area have been. But that in fact Traianus founded the city apart from their name, the city Roman ones Soldier lists in which repeated soldiers data from Markianopolis the homeland drawing Ulpia (according to gender name of the emperor) Marcianopoli lead^). A special reason for green There is no need to search for information about this city to become; Traianus wanted to reorganize ganized lands a number of urban ones Give center points and to create The location appeared to be one of these appropriate, perhaps with special consideration view of the expansion of the road network. — The population of the new city is likely from Greeks, Romans and Thracians must have been mixed as with all green dungs of this kind; and that's how it is known by the two so far those inscriptions, one in Latin, the one others Latin and Greek'^). But both are epitaphs; the official one That was the language of the city of Markianopolis Greek, as the coins show, their inscriptions are entirely Greek are. This documentary evidence of the It has nothing to do with coins. indicate that in the first of the above introduced inscriptions (deCurio) appears; one should certainly not conclude from this that that the municipal council of Markianopolis was organized in Roman style^). Meanwhile form the cities of this kind, — from the Roman Emperors founded, but with Greek Equipped with a constitution, but one special category among cities of the Roman Empire. Surely there was despite Greek city law and the Greek official language the fact its Roman founding was the deciding factor. In this sense, Tacitus could Rotian Nicopolis, the first city of this Type and pattern for later *), name a Roman colony; that There is no constitutional Romana colonia Of course he knew it too, but he didn't mean anything other than when the city itself is on its own Coins referred to as ^^sß^ci-oö xTiaaa. And on the other hand, it should this Roman foundation must have been, what the inclusion of MarkianopoHs and Nikopolis in the Koivov xoiv 'EXXrjvojv, the Pentapolis or Hexapolis of the ancients Greek cities on the Pontos Euxeinos, hindered, as probably above (p. 72) hch has been made. We can 1) Ephem. epigr. 4, 894b, 16; 894c, 15; 895, 36; cf. there p. 325. ^) Corpus inscr. Latin. III, Suppl. n. 7471 Latin; Corpus inscr. Lat. III, 761 = Corpus inscr. Graec. 2055 b Latin and Greek. — The one in the Cosconius Ingenu(u)s named in the former inscription dec(urio) could be his gentile name, which isn't often occurs, the governor Cosconius Gen- tianus, which appears on coins of the Se- verus appears in Markianopolis and Nicopolis; this would almost determine his time, at the beginning of the III century at the earliest. century; yes it could also be a coincidence. ■ — Maybe Markianopolis belongs too two recently found inscriptions from Prova- dia (arch.-ep. Mitth. from Ost. 17, 202, 78, 79); the The first is Greek and is on a relief with a representation of the so-called » Thracian Reiters« (cf. above p. 157), — ["Hptujt BeTiamtu The dedication here is — , donated by one Men with Thracian name [A]'jC«TpaXts 'lou- Xi'ou; the other is a Latin fragment unsafe content. ^) This is what Kalopothakes de Thracia means p. 66. *) Mommsen Roman History 5, 271, 282. — Tacitus ann. 5, 10.

MARKIANOPOLIS here is not the legal status of this Greek small cities of imperial foundation in the All- common examine^); for the moesi This is essential for the Greek and Thracian peoples characteristic that we consider, that they like from the ancient Greek cities also from the colonies and municipalities differentiated, highlighted earlier that is the appearance of the place holder names on their coins. The coinage of Markiano polis begins under Commodus ^); there the right to do so presumably comes from the emperor itself was awarded (see above p. 80), so there is no place on these first coins called holder. But from Severus onwards he- the names of the legates appear on the larger coins regularly with taking part of the last (under Gordianus and Philippus). You will introduced by the abbreviation Vfl (also VriA or just V) for uTraTsuovxo?, since the Rank designation uTcotTtxo? the official title of the consular legate replaced, as this has been shown above (p. 80); just It was already noticed there that the only legate, in front of whose name the abbreviation shortened HF (for fjs[iovöuovxo?) instead of Vfl stands, probably as an exception Praetorier for the governorship of Unter- reached Moesia^). The following ver- drawings) names the governors in the Form in which they are most commonly found Coins appear in chronological order Sequence, as long as it is fixed represent Hess, and with details of the the sides with which they have so far are meadows. 1) As a significant difference in their legal position from that of the ancient Greek cities will their treatment at the Roman training elevation can be seen. Cf. the Praetorians listen ephem. epigr. 4 p. 324 fg., in which numerous rich soldiers from the Greek imperial cities of Moesia inferior and Thracia seem (also Bizye, Perinthos and Philippo- polis were reorganized under the emperors) against only one from Byzantium, not even this one definitely, and no one from the cities of the Pentapolis or other equal law (via two soldiers supposedly from Kallatis see above p. 83 note 3). ^) The coins that supposedly represent the head of the Marciana on the front show, have rather the bust of the city goddess the transcription MAPKIANOnOAlC and are first in III. century; see below $36 fg. Also those of Plotina, Sabina and Mar- Coins attributed to cus must be deleted, see below 538*. 539*. 539**. •') That the city of Markianopolis temporarily closed defeated in the Praetorian province of Thracia and Tereventinus thus legate from Thracia would be, is hardly conceivable. At best it could one a recently published stone with the inscription f(ines) terr(ae) Thraci(ae) there- for mention, which was found a little further north has been (arch.-ep. Mitth. 17, 202, 77); but This testimony must be considered uncertain for the time being apply. — Kalopothakes (de Thracia p. 38 A. i) believes that the title HT only appears on one The Markianopolitans were mistaken, which is certain is not possible. If he notices there, that I have two coins from Nicopolis with the Inscribed Mr. KOCK TENTIANOV If he had, it was an oversight on his part; at the The passage in my work cited by him (Wiener num. Zschr. 23,36) says Vfl, not HP. environment returns are never found on Thracian coins Vn before the governor's name; in those of Kalo- Pothakes cited cases are incorrect descriptions. *) See above p. 81. Since I have more detailed information about Names and order earlier on one other places (Vienna num. Zschr. 23.32 - 40), I only list them here following comments on what has happened since then must be carried or corrected. — The one at Eckhel, Mionnet and other wrong places listed Holder names see below n. 584*. 600*. 601*. 602*. 902*. 1206** and elsewhere below the dash.

1 i86 MOESIA INFERIOR vn. AvcncKOc ') V K rCNTIANOV from AVP TAAAOV V I *AVCTINIANOV ') V *A OVAniANOV ') from KVNTIAIANOV =*) from nONTIANOV by ArpinnA vn lOVA ANT CEAEVKOV by CEPR TITIANOV^) vn lOV TETOVAIKOV ') from TIB lOVA *HCTOV Mr. OVM TEPEBENTINOV vn *ip *iAonAnnov from MHNO*IAOV vn TEPTVAAIANOV ') from nPACT MECCAAAEINOV Severus Severus Severus, Caracalla Aug., Geta Caes. Severus, Caracalla Aug. Severus, Severus and Domna, Caracalla Aug., Caracalla and Geta Augg. Caracalla Aug., Caracalla and Domna Macrinus, Macrinus and Diadumenianus Macrinus and Diadumenianus Elagabalus, Elagabalus and Maesa, Elagabalus and Soaemias Elagabalus, Elagabalus and Maesa Alexander, Alexander and Mamaea Alexander, Alexander and Maesa, Alexander and Mamaea the same the same Gordianus, Gordianus and Sarapis Gordianus, Gordianus and Tranquillina Philippus and Otacilia, Philippus iunior and Sarapis, ^) For Pollenius Auspex only Niko- polis listed as the place of minting; now have I bought a coin for the Gotha Cabinet Markianopolis acquired his name is also mentioned (n. 543). It seems like this coin that Auspex is the immediate was Gentianus's companion; see the remark to n. 543. *) I had Faustinianus before (loc. cit. p. 37). Ulpianus because there are only coins from that zen with the head of Severus and with that of There are Caracalla, but there are also some by him with the head of Geta as Augustus. Dage- However, it could be argued that Caracalla on the coins of Faustinianus in usually looks older than those of the Ulpianus; He usually already has the former light beard, on the latter he is without a beard; only where Caracalla and Geta together on the Vs. appear, both are slightly bearded. After that one would be inclined to use the coins of Ulpia nus at the beginning of the three-emperor rule put and that of Faustinianus at the end. But it would be very striking that it would no fivers at all for the name of the latter would give; that those with Caracalla and Geta are missing, If necessary, escape through later confiscation (after Geta's murder); explain; but why there are none with Severus and Domna, at all the most important denomination of Markianopolis, after- which it was once introduced, just among these- should not have been minted by this governor, would be incomprehensible. I therefore believe that despite the coins with the bearded face of Caracalla Ulpianus, the later governor ter is. On the coins of Nicopolis with the name of Ulpianus - with that of Faustinianus are not known from there - is Caracalla always bearded; Anyway, that's it Beard is not crucial for dating here. 3) On some coins it looks as if the Writing in fact to VR A KVNTIAIANOV would be reading; the A would then probably be Ab- shortening of the gentile name. This story is certain But by no means is it possible, and it could happen there too VnAxE'JovTO? be read because A and A are on the Coins from Markianopolis are often swapped. *) For the order, see page 262 below. ^) For the order, see below p. 281. — That no coins minted under Gaetulicus Alexander and Maesa can be proven be a coincidence. ß) A recently found inscription (Arch.-Ep. Mitth. from Üst. 17, 181,28) also gave us the Gentile

MARKIANOPOLIS These coins with the governor's name form the main mass in the rich Coinage of Markianopolis. Next to it are smaller among all governments Pieces minted without governor's name been; but the permission of the Roman The government is probably also in favor of this Imprints were obtained. Only under Emperor Maximinus') were not found here Coins struck, and the same applies to all other Moesian cities except Tomis; likewise has in the Thracian area except the free city of Byzantium, the Municipium Coela and the Colonie Deul- tum to which other rules apply, only Anchialos minted under this emperor; Unfortunately, the historical circumstances are Not enough is known to know this for sure not explain a random phenomenon can^). Under Gordianus III. became the Minting resumed; stand out- There are also great ones from him that are wise Coins without governor's name with the the same two front sides as the common geren with the name of Menophilus; one could at best assume that after the interruption by Maximinus that Only the emperor himself had the right to issue coins had to be renewed, so that Coins were the first under Gordianus would be embossed; but there also under the following government a part of the large coins with Philippus iunior and Sarapis only the inscription MAPKIANOnO- AEITflN has, so the absence of the Nothing here or there in the name of the governor to mean something special. These coins are the last of Markianopolis ''), like the coinage in general under Philip of the Greek cities on the Pontus died out, as long as it doesn't come to an end beforehand had found. In the description below of the coins of Markianopolis are the taught the name of Tertullianus; it was called if the reading is correct, Prosms Tertullianus. — • The coin in Mionnet pp. 2, 113, 342, which would teach that Tertullianus already before the Marriage of Gordianus Legate of Unter- Moesia was is described incorrectly; she has [Vn MHNO]4>IAOV like the others with Gor- dianus and Sarapis (cf. below 11 70*). Also the inscription just mentioned is to Gordianus and dedicated to Tranquillina, on whose mouth zen of Markianopolis just Tertullianus rule- is called moderate. ') That among the four emperors of the year 238, Gordianus L and IL, Maximus and Balbinus, was not minted here, is not noticeable. ^) Mommsen (Roman History 5,218 note i) suspects, that the siege of Markianopolis by the Goths (Dexippus fragm. 18) around the year 238 is to be set. Maybe this event belongs to the time when Maximinus set off for Italy was ready to fight the opposing emperors. With the report of Petrus Patricius (fragment 8), which shows that at least in the first Years of Gordian III, under the governor Tullius Menophilus, the peace in this area was restored, miin could be connected bring that on coins from Markianopolis under the same governor as new types fortified city gate, furthermore that wall (above p. 183), also a new triumphal arch appear. Maybe the city had in the year 238 that siege passed (the local Strategist who led the defense leads the Roman name Maximus), and then were under the new legate of Gordianus Fastenings have been renewed. See also un- ten pp. 194 and 195. — The interruption of the Coinage throughout the reign time of maximinus is of course not reached. clarifies. 3) Jordanes (Get. 16.92) sets the siege of Markianopolis under Philip; but, like Momm- Sen noted (cf. note 2), this dating is by no means reliable. The expiration of the coin coinage cannot be in favor of the Jordan be cited because the closure is still ongoing existing mints in Moesia inferior and Thracia was a general rule of measurement,

i88 MOESIA INFERIOR Imperial coins those without imperial heads sent ahead (n. 536-539; Ta- fel III, 11), but they are by no means older as the coins of Commodus; because while these and the first of Severus are worked quite clumsily, show gen the coins without imperial heads more careful, if not beautiful, work at later times. The bust of the City goddess with the inscription MAPKIA- NOnOAlC, which they all have on the pre- on the side, maybe has the trains an empress, but at least not that one Marciana; you want Tranquillina think, but that is uncertain. The type pen on the back are Cybele and the lion-strangling Heracles; both types often appear on the imperial coins- the, so that afterwards the coins don't need to be dated more precisely. If Markianopolis is also likely- Indeed, as explained above, not to the Hellenic League of the Hexapolis heard, it followed voluntarily or according to the Roman regulations yation, in coinage the system of the neighboring towns, as is the case by taking traffic into account recommended. That will be the case for the first under Commodus and Severus, Coins apply. Certainly it is for the time since the governorship of Flavius Ulpianus; because under him began how was highlighted earlier (p. "]&), that extraordinarily rich imprint of Fives, which in addition to the value chen E (€) ^) has the special feature- ben that there are always two on the front Heads''') appear (see plate III, 12 fg.). It it's always an Augustus with one second Augustus or with an Augusta or with a Caesar; but if then on some of the coins of Gordian III. instead of Tranquillina the god Sarapis. is associated with the emperor, one may represent conclude that these are from the time before the marriage of Gordianus originate '); and that's how it appears God next to the younger Philip because there is no other counterpart for this had*). — Form next to these fives the main mass of the coinage of Mar- kianopolis the remaining coins with instead Holder name, on the front only one head appears; as above (p. ']']) was noticed, they are likely ') The round one appears under Severus and Caracalla Form €, under Macrinus alternating 6 and E, later only E; cf. above p. 96, 129, 155, where the- same phenomenon in the other cities is highlighted. 2) See above p. 77. — The information there about the The use of two heads should therefore be taken into account. correct, as there is such a coin from Tomis from somewhat older times; I had the one from Murzakewicz Odess. McM. 3, 240, 20 published Coin ignored because of its description was apparently unreliable; meanwhile received I, through the kindness of Mr. Berthier de La- garde a cast, which shows that on the Vs. the heads of Caracalla and the Plau- tilla are shown. But the coin has that Value symbol A; and other pieces with two Heads are in Tomis before the time of Gordia has no longer been minted. — About one Coin from Markianopolis with G, which supposedly only has one head on the obverse, see below 1017*. 3) The obverse of these coins teaches that the Governor Menophilus Untermoesien used to be administered as Tertullianus, whose name only on the coins with Gordianus and Tran- quillina appears; cf. num. Zschr. 23.42. 50. ■*) The compilation of the older Philippus with Sarapis would have made no sense and comes not in fact; that of Mionnet pp. 2, 115, 349 coin received with doubt of course listens to the younger Philipp, see below n. 1206*.

MARKIANOPOLIS 189 to be viewed as a foursome^). You have though never a value symbol ^), but that most important denomination in the area also in the coinage of Markianopolis hardly missing; and if they do too about the same size as that If you have fives, that's how much they weigh generally lower; the coins with E usually weigh 12 - 14 g, the with a head only 9 - log, even if deviations up or down here as occur there. — From the rest The largest coins weigh about 7 g; the older ones with the type of three Charites ^) have no value chen, but are certainly also as threesomes to be understood as the later ones with the Type of Artemis and the value sign r (H) *). The smaller coins Although they don't have any stamps, they do are twosomes based on size and weight (4-6 g) and one (2-4 g) to under- divorce. As a special nominal come in the later period of Gordian III, under the governor Tertullianus, the beautiful medallions, the front of which page partly from the same stamp is like that of some medallions of Odes- sos and Tomis (see above p. 75); theirs Weight after (on average 25 g) they can be used as doubles of fives ten; but it is uncertain whether they are as money or as commemorative coins are. — An overall overview of The coinage of Markianopolis gives the following table: Commode 3 2 Severus Domna Caracalla August Geta Caes. Severus and Domna Caracalla and Geta Augg. 6 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 I I I Caracalla Caracalla and Domna € 4 2 Macrinus Macrinus and Diadumenianus Diadumenianus E 4 r 2 I Elagabalus Elagabalus and Maesa Elagabalus and Soaemias E E 4 2 I Alexander Alexander and Maesa Alexander and Mamaea Mamaea E E 4 r 2 I Gordianus Med. | 4 3 r 2 I Gordianus and Sarapis Gordianus and Tranquillina Tranquillina E E Philip Sr. and Otacilia Philip iun. and Sarapis E E city goddess 2 When choosing the types for their The city of Markianopolis had coins no trace of old traditions like the coastal cities. She was at the arrival start of the coinage not much older than a half a century and looked at none rich history. From this ') The same applies to the equally large coins of Gordianus without governor's name. '') Sestini mus. Chaudoir 43, 10 describes one Coin of Alexander with A , but must have a there is an oversight; see below 1029*. ^) Under Commodus (n. 540) and Domna (n. 603-605). *) But some of Diadumenian's coins weigh over 10 g (n. 786, 787); see above p. 156, where for a part of the threes from Istros have a similar one excess weight is noted. — That Here too the value symbol T is particularly noticeable Coins of the Empresses appears, agrees what was noted above on p. 76, 95, 156 note i has been. Because Artemis is the common type the three of a kind was on a coin of the Gor- dianus (n. 1116) omitted the value symbol.

I90 MOESIA INFERIOR and from the stronger influence of the Roman element explains that here even more than in neighboring cities those conventional representations of Gods, personifications, emperors, etc. form the bulk of the types, which especially on the Roman coins predominate, but also everywhere else can come without usually one to have local significance (see p. 82). Among the personifications is The presentation is particularly remarkable of Liberalitas (Plate XIX, 2), because it almost nowhere else outside of Rome comes. Aequitas (or lustitia), sometimes identified with Nemesis ficirt, from the one in Markianopolis very diverse representations after- can be demonstrated (Plate XVIII, 25-28)^). One Woman with ears of wheat and cornucopia (Plate XIX, i) is probably Abundantia or Annona too name^). Tyche with control and filling horn (Plate XIX, 5.6) and Concordia (Homonoia) with bowl and cornucopia, both mostly with the Kalathos the head, belong to the usual most representations ^) ; Concordia appears very often sacrificing at the altar (Plate XVIII, 34), Tyche only once, with the shell in the right, the L. on the control oar supported (Plate XIX, 11). Both are sometimes also depicted sitting (Plate. XVIII, 35 Concordia), Tyche also included the wheel under the chair (Plate XIX, 11), so perhaps as Fortuna Redux*). Whether one of them is a city goddess can be seen remains uncertain; on the a medallion of Gordianus (aft. 1098) However, this one has a cornucopia. But There is also a standing one Goddess with bowl and scepter, which through the crown of the wall as a city goddess is marked (Plate XVIII, 15) ^). That also the bust of the city goddess appears on the front of some coins, was already said above (p. 188). — Also the Bonus Eventus (Plate XV, 9) and the Dea Roma (Plate XV, 30. 31) are not missing, as usual here too that to Apollo, that to Athena recreated. The Greek deities find which almost all are on the coins of Markianopolis. But for the most part are they the usual representations, which occur everywhere and therefore it leave doubtful whether these gods precisely in this form or in Mar- kianopolis enjoyed public veneration have, or whether it doesn't rather want to- recently chosen coin types are. As safe witnesses of a public cult However, those representations can apply, which is an image of a god, be it in a completely conventional form, in the temp- pel show. We can do such a temple ') The work of H. Posnansky, Nemesis and i Adrasteia (Breslauer philol. Treatises 5, 2) i 1890, states on p. 153 fg. also some Nemesis types of Markianopolis together; the list ■ can now be substantially completed and be corrected. 2) Cf. Wissowa in Roscher's Lexicon 1.4. 360. 3) Vaillant et al. have described a coin on which supposedly stood AT TYXH; but it acts himself, as Sestini descr. 37, 62 noted has, to false readings (see below to n. 1065); the woman depicted is not 'Aya&r) •*) Cf. Peter in Roschers Lexikon 1.1528. ^) A seated woman with the same attributes appears perhaps on n. 607. —About one standing city goddess with scepter and cornucopia (as in Tomis) cf. n. 759.

MARKIANOPOLIS 191 for Markianopolis from the coins six prove: of Zeus^) (n. 687), des Sarapis (n. 688. 689. 1191, plate XX, 25), of Apollo (n. 690, 691, plate XX, 21), of Asclepius (n. 783), of Concordia (n. 692. 784) and the Tyche (n. 693. 1165. 1192). All of these gods can also be found as independent types, without temples, like that already happened for Concordia and Tyche was thought. Zeus appears almost below all emperors stand in very different those, some of them beautiful representations (e.g. plate XIII, 13, 14); but he is coming also sitting as if in the temple. That Sarapis a main god of Markianopolis is^), we could already conclude from this that that his bust portrait on the front numerous fives to that of Gordianus and then the younger Philip against is translated (above p. 188); sometimes This bust alone also forms the Type of the reverse (e.g. plate XIII, 27). But also the temple image, the standing one God with his right hand raised and that Scepter in the 1st arm, is found repeatedly as a single figure, whereas the figure of öeb; Mi^(a;, with bowl and cornucopia, in the coinage of Markianopolis not at all occurs, which occurs near Odes- so that is at least worth noting; the Hades enthroned with Kerberos seems multiple. Asclepius is mostly presented in the usual way, plus sometimes without a beard (Plate XVII, 5); completely off- but he also appears to be softening naked youth, only with the chlamys above the first shoulder and the first arm (aft. 832, Plate XVII, 4), probably also in the temple. — As the most important among the temples But you can probably take pictures of that one of Apollo. It certainly has none of the Greek gods in Thrace Kish and Moesian area so many Had places of worship, no one is treated like that revered by various local nicknames^) and so often and in many ways on the Coins depicted like Apollo*). This began in very early times, probably first in the Milesian co- Ionia, and the center of the ApoUon cultus was probably initially Apollonia with the ispov xou 'ATToXXoivo? and its colossal statue of Kaiamis. The Attribute of Apollo as a god Colonization may be the first reason for gave this general veneration ^), but in the end it doesn't work the old Greek settlements ') Gardner in Brit. Mus. Cat. Thrace 30:19 believed in the temple figure the emperor as Zeus recognize, but it seems to the others specimens simply seem to be Zeus. The presentation position of an emperor in the temple would be in this area and very striking at this time; and also that a seated Zeus as a single figure occurs, but a sitting emperor does not, argues against Gardner's conjecture. ") See the compilation at W. Drexler my- thol. Posts i, 66 — 73, where also the frequent ones Representation of snakes is taken into account, Depictions of Chnubis see below n. 685. 686. 1206. The one only attested by Murzakewicz Type of a »Sarapis at the altar, with bowl and Cornucopia,” Drexler rightly doubted; it is probably a Concordia; see below 655*. 3) Cf. the list of Thracian in- Dumont's epithets are proven in writings, melanges d'archeologie p. 509. — In an in- writing from Razgrad (C.I.L. 3 Suppl. 7463) He seems to be called Pitius (= Ilüöio;), if not [deo pro\pitio Apollini is to be supplemented, as Do- Maszewski says. ^) A selection of the Moesian cities Appearing types of Apollo are plate XIV, 26 to 35 and XV, i - 8 shown. ^) About Apollo as the god of colonization cf. Roscher's Lexicon 1,440 fg.

192 MOESIA INFERIOR remained limited, but just as clear in the plantations of the Roman emperors emerges. It should be noted that on the coins of most cities common and widespread representations one way or the other is particularly preferred in which one probably not a conven- functional coin type, but the way giving one existing in the city cult image ^). How to find it we in Markianopolis next to isolated ones Representations of the tripod supporting Apollo (aft. 727) or the naked of God with bowl and laurel branch, perhaps the one with the bonus eventus is identical, always the type of Apollo resting from battle with the right hand on the head and that Arch in the left (Plate XV, 1-3); there only this representation also as a temple picture appears (Plate, XX, 21), so may we assume that such a statue was present in Markianopolis. There are There are still several statues of this type received^); according to one of Lucian's written copy, which is in Ly- Keion was located in Athens, it is called the Apollo Lyceios. On the coins of Markianopolis can be seen on the left Side of the god (viewer's right) regularly one from a snake wrapped tree stump^), also at the temple images. Although on the most coins due to clumsiness the die cutter's left arm Apollo appears stretched out freely, without Contact with the trunk, we must but in any case assume that the cult picture of Markianopolis with the god Trunk support represented, like that too some of the surviving statues of the case is*); but then again on the rest hauls the god with other supports appears^), the assumption is compelling on that they are all based on an original without Support, an older one cast in ore work*^), go back; the different ones Supports would therefore only be in the marble Copies added, and then into the Replicas of the latter, such as B. on the coins of Markianopolis. A part of these coins (e.g. plate XV, 3) shows the other side of the god a never- ^) So in Istros on the imperial coins of the Kitha roede, in Nikopolis of Sauroktonos, in Odessos a seated Apollo with the lyre etc. ; see the introductions to each one cities, especially Apollonia. 2) Overbeck Art Mythology 4, Apollon p. 208 fg., where the coin type from Markianopolis is also is taken into account (pp. 303,72; Coin Table IV, 27). — Luciano's Anach. 7 : 6 [ik\ X"^P°* o'^'^os yufJivaoiov övofAoi'Ce'coti xoti eaxiv Upov 'ATidXXoivos toü Au- xsfou' xai t6 ä'YaX[xa hi aüxoO öpä;, töv in tt] oti^Xto xexXtjJL^vov, x^ dptaxepä [xhj x6 xd^ov l)(ovxa, 1^; 8s$tä hi UTZtp xt^; xscpaXTic «ivaxe- xXaa(xävrj uiaicep ix xafjicfxou fjiaxpoü dvaTzaudjxs- vov Sei'xvuai xöv dsdv. — Miliin (see below n. 660) wanted an Apollon Medicus in the coin type see and him on the healing of Caracalla relate; But this interpretation is about that obsolete because the same representation among all appears to other emperors. ^) Where the tree is carefully treated is where it is characterized as laurel. ^) Overbeck Apollon p. 209, i - 210.3. ^) In the Lucian description it is one Stele, he leans on Athenian tetradrachms on a column with a tripod, a Dresden one Marble statuette shows him on a tripod trimmed; cf. the certificates in Overbeck a. a. O. ^) Overbeck is certainly rightly looking for the artist “in the circle of practical artistic exercise”. — The details of the hairstyle and the leg positions on the coins are certainly arbitrary - lich treated; but the figure almost always has right leg, hair usually on Back of head tied in a knot, often with shoulder curls.

MARKIANOPOLIS third object that never serves as a support serves; He probably also did with the statue nothing to do, although he even in that a temple with appears, but is only from the Sym- for reasons of metrication and to fill the space added. It is on the older coins often indistinct; but especially on the coarser coins of the Gordian period (like Taf XV, 3) he is certainly as the king cher with a robe placed over it recognize, and this attribute is probably also otherwise • always meant ^). — Not quite The naming of the one is certain rock (?) sitting people playing the lyre- the naked god standing on a single Coin of Gordianus appears (aft. 1132, Plate XVI, 24); he is under the Hermes representations included because he Foot supported on a ram's head and in the field in front of him there was a Kerykeion seems to stand; but it probably is but an Apollon^). By the way, yes Hermes as the inventor of the lyre and will also sometimes depicted with her^); and with other musical instruments He even appears in Markianopolis itself on an interesting coin of the younger Philip appears (aft. 1209, plate XVI, 25). The usual Hermes type with Pouch and Kerykeion returns very frequently again. Only one deserves attention different representation (n. 637, 638, 739. 976. 1146; Plate XVI, 22), where the before God's stele certainly serves as a support of his advanced r. Poor thing to think about is, even though the die cutter is nonsensical ger way between elbow and stele the end of Scripture or something else set*), so a similar error, as we found him at ApoUon; This type of Hermes is also probable the image of a marble statue who uses a stele as an armrest was. — Of the other types of gods deserve to be mentioned: the various multiple representations of Athens (see Plate XV, 19-23. 25. 28; cf. Roma: XV, 30. 31); on coins of Commodus and the Domna the Charite group (Plate XVI, I. 2); on small coins Thanatos or Hypnos (as plate XVI, 7), Priapus (Plate XVI, 36) and Teles- phoros, all three in Nicopolis are more common; the rare type of one Dioscuri, when the naked warrior, who holds his horse by the reins (Plate XVII, 29), this is how it should be named; the different where representations of the enthroned Ky- bele (Plate XVIII, 12. 13); finally one in Moesian area unusual type Artemis in a long robe (Plate. XV, 11). Many of these types Is it probably arbitrary? chose coin images from the coins other Greek cities or the Roman are borrowed from imperial money; but like one or the other has a special attraction to the public cult of the city that we just can't remember anymore assign assets. — As a local god- ness is already above (p. 183) ') At times it looks like another tree stump with snake, especially plate XX, 21; but that would make no sense and is certainly just an skill of the die cutter. *) On coins from Anchialos, where Apollo completely is presented in a similar way (cf. Overbeck Münzt. The ancient coins of Northern Greece I. IV, 19), the Kerykeion can also be found next to the rock; and there is the naming Apollon secured by other types. ') Roscher's Lexicon 1.2372; cf. 2403. •*) Only in 1976 this error was perhaps correct. avoided. 13

194 MOESIA. INFERIOR mentioned river god (Plate XVIII, 6) too a seated female figure name that holds a plant in the R and supports the 1st arm on a rock (Plate XVIII, 8). A very similar figure appears on a simultaneous coin from Nicopolis (Plate XVIII, 7), and there both to the representation of the POAOflH on coins from Philippopolis^) remember, so you could also see her as a mountain god denote entities'^); but still Perhaps the female figure is more versatile, which is surrounded by four geniuses well-known coins from Pautalia ') seems; whether she is a personification of the city or province*) or as Gaia can be seen for yourself, stays here and there uncertain. As types of certainly local importance Ultimately, all buildings are closed consider. Except those already mentioned Temples are initially a triumph arch with four statues, which cher under Caracalla's sole rule Coins from two different stamps appears (Plate III, 13, 14); more details about its construction and the statues are at the Description (n. 694, 695) noted. One similar triumphal arch (but simpler. without windows) represents a Gordia nus minted coin (aft. 1166, plate III, 16); There are only three statues on it, like it seems gods, but not sure are to be named. Although that all- if the old bow has changed fi- could be guren, it is likely- more obvious that it is a new building acts. Because it is worth noting that on the under the same governor Gordian coins minted by Menophilus other buildings are also shown are that were not previously in the coinage of Markianopolis appear: a city gate — or even two different ones ^) — with two towers (aft. Ii68fg., plate XX, 15) and that already mentioned above (p. 183). polygonal surrounding wall, inner half of which a temple is visible (n. 1167, plate III, 17). The foundations such a wall, which is in the city itself located headwaters of the Jirecek moved to the river place was found, and so the assumption lies thung suggests that the coin is exactly this represents wall; but it is also possible that the encirclement of the entire city means is how it occurs elsewhere*^); maybe bring a better preserved one ') Mionnet i, 416, 342. 2) These mountains near Markianopolis and Nikopolis I can't name it. In the latter city we become a male mountain god Haimos, usually with the name written on it find the coins (Plate III, 22. 24. 25). ^) Cat. Berlin pp. 202, 22 and others; Friedlander and V. Sallet consider the figure to be the personification ficiration of the country, Ge or Tellus. *) Also some representations of the provinces the well-known coins of Hadrianus our type, e.g. B. to HISPANIA. ^) There are towers on some of the coins crowned with battlements (n. 1168), on the others they have pointed roofs (n. 1169, 1170). '') The most famous is the image of the city wall of Nicaea under Macrianus and Quietus (British Mus. Cat. Pontus 177, 157 fg.), from which Donald son (architectura numismatica n. 87, p. 323 fg.) an enlargement and detailed description is provided. has to give. The hexagonal wall of a city or a castle can be found on coins from Pella at Imhoofmonn.gr. 88,103; British Mus. Cat. Macedonia 139.18. The most beautiful coin image This type offers a not yet published light medallion of the city of Bizye (under Phi- lippus) in the Löbbecke collection, which within the enclosure a whole number of temples and other buildings and monuments paints can be seen.

MARKIANOPOLIS Exemplar enlightenment. At least that's what it means the representation of fortifications warlike events here and there too otherwise there is much to be said for it, which is in vain siege of Markianopolis to place the Goths in the year 238^), so the coin types may emerge from this be clear that shortly afterwards under the Governor Menophilus the gates and walls were renewed; and also that one new triumphal arch could be because of the victory over the barbarians^), as well as on coins of this time Nike appears more often than usual (aft. 1141 to 1143, plate XVI, 8). Also the presentation positions on the medallions of the Gor- dianus, which later took place under the governor halter Tertullianus were minted, should be mentioned in this context; one type shows the emperor, from the Nike standing behind him (n. 1099. iioo); on the other it is enough City goddess, here with wall crown and Equipped with a cornucopia, handed over to the emperor an altar (aft. 1098). The the latter depiction celebrates how the under- Scripture OMONOIA teaches the good descriptions drawings between the emperor and the City and should be on a visit Gordians in Markianopolis ^) relate, while the other its insignificant Glorify victories on the lower Danube likes*). — Also from the guys from the Some may be out of time for Caracalla a visit by the emperor to Markiano- polis ^u explain; since he was in the year 214 or 215 Thrace traveled and against the Jazygen and Gothen fought, is one such a conjecture is close; and it is after all, it is striking that just below the governor Quintilianus the emperor appears so many times on the coins (aft. 680 fg.; plate XIX, 15. 16. 22), as well for the very isolated occurrence of the Roman signa with its altars (n. 646 fg.; plate XIX, 32. 33)^) the application the Emperor's office would offer an explanation. The writing of the coins of Markia nopolis offers the peculiarity that with the A the horizontal line is often very thin is or is missing so that it is equal to A^); But when printing the legends it is regularly represented by A, and only where there are doubts about the reading can stand, this is expressly stated been noticed. ') See above p. 187 A. 2. -) This would include the representation of the Dioscuri fit the bow, but this is doubtful. — Also the type of one Dioscurus (?) with his horse (aft. 1091) on coins of the same Time could commemorate the liberation of the city. •') The type is similar to the ADVEN- TVS coins of Hadrian. ■•) About a similar phenomenon in the coinage from Viminacium see above p. 28. '■') A. V. Domaszewski, the religion of the Roman Army (Westdeutsche Magazin 14, l fg.) shows, that the Signa »the actual cult images of “flag shrine” (p. 12); that on un- seren coins in front of them an altar or sacrificial table can be used to reinforce this view serve. — That the type in Markianopolis only appears this one time, perhaps leaves no room for it conclude that the signa is not the garrison belong (if the city had one at that time had), but one accompanying the emperor Part of the troops (the Praetorians?). •■) That is why VFl A is often read instead of VflA was, I have in the number. Zschr. 23.33 ^i^r- highlighted; see above p. 81 and p. 186 A. 3. — About the same phenomenon in the annual indications on coins from Viniinacium, where almost regularly ON instead of ON, see above p. 23.

Coins without imperial heads (III century AD) 536 K19 537 K19 Plate III.ii MAPKIA|NOnOAIi: Bust portrait of the MAPKIANOnOAlTflN nude (bear- City goddess with wall crown, tiger?) Heracles r. standing and Veil and robe right. Pkr. with both arms in front of him choking upright lion; behind him the club. Pkr. Weight: 3.77(3) — 3.75 (0 I Munich, formerly Cousinery Sestini descr. 32.1; F. J, Streber Forts, d. business (1813) 30, 1, 4 inaccurate — 2 Odessa Univ. — 3 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 70, 97 [probably from Boutkowski petit Mionnet 48, supposedly from the Imhoof collection] also MARKIANOHOA et al. A. ITON Ky- bele(?) with Kalathos 1. enthroned, in the previous R. a bowl, the L. on the tympanum (?) supported. Pkr. Figure (i) Weight: 3.52 (i) Deviations: vs. MAPKIAl 2, supposedly MAPKIA CEBACTH 4; — Rs. only AN in Section 2, MAPKIAlNOnOAlTflN 3. MARKIANOnOAEUnN 4 I Paris Pellerin recueil i, XXXVI, 8; Mionnet l, 357, 30. — 1|— 2 Haym tes. Brit. 2, 209, VII, 12 [Gessner imp. LXXXIII, 27] = thes. 2,270, XXXII, 10 — 3 La Motraye voyages 2, 204 (cf. 211); Fig. Vol. 1, XXVIII, i - 4 Haller enumer. numism. Ith 134 [Rasche Lexicon 3, i, 218, 7]. — See below 537* 537* K19 538* K— MAPKIAI(CEBACTH) Head of Marciana I MAPKlANOrJOA(E)lTßN Cybele 1. sitting (with wall crown, veil and robe right) | Deviations see above to 537 I Haym tes. Brit. 2, 209, VII, 12 [Gessner num. imp. LXXXIII, 27] = thes. 2, 270, XXXII, 10 — 2 Haller enum. numism. Ith 134 [Rasche Lexicon 3, i, 218, 7]. — Probably here too 3 cat. Bentinck suppl. 177 without precise description. Like Froelich (538 above), Khell in the new edition of Haym's thesaurus and Eckhel d. n. 2.15 correctly noticed, on the obverse there is not the head of Marciana, but also that of the city goddess; Rasche is also right in Haller's description doubted. Both copies that are missing, see 537, 2 and 4 above. nAOT[€]INA C[€]BACTH Head of Plotina | MAPRIANOHOAIT Seated woman holding hand I stretched out 1 Cat. Bentinck i, 578 [Rasche Lexicon 3, 2, 1437] Maybe there is just a mix-up with Marciana, as in the Cat. Bentinck suppl. 177 (above 537*, 3) such a piece is mentioned; otherwise it must be a bad thing held coin from a later period (Domna?), or the coin is invented.

MARKIANOPOLIS 538 K19 539 K19 540 K24 541 K22 MAPKIANOinOAlTOJ as well MAPKIANOnOAlC as well Weight: 4.94 I Vienna Froelich animadv. (1738) 5°. I". »8; Eckhel cat. 54.1; Arneth Wiener meeting judge, phil. -are. Class 9 (1852) 891.1 MAPKIANOinOAlC: also MAPKIANO|nOAEITnN Kybele with Kalathos, bowl and tympanum between two lions l. enthroned Weight: 3.75(1) — 2.95(3) Deviations: vs. MAPKIAN|OnOA.. (=538) i — separation uncertain 2; — Rs. with TTOAIT. . . (•) i — only one lion to be seen i I Milan Mus. Sanclcm. I, 232 - 2 St. Petersburg - 3 Sophia K a i 8 e r coins Commode AYKAIAAYPH | KOMOAOC breast picture (bearded) with armor and man- tel r. MAPKIANOnOAeiTHN The three Charites, naked, devoured standing forward, the right one with a vase in the L., the left with a wreath in the R. Weight: 7.60(1) — 7.25(2) — 7.10(3) Deviations: vs. K instead of KAI !• 2 — AYP 2; — Rs, attributes unclear 1.4.6 I Budapest — 2 Imhoof — 3 Copenhagen — 4 Mandl (sales cat. Egger 8,145) ■ — 5 Sophia. — II — 6 Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. i, 316, VII, 7 AY AYP I KOMOAOC as well as MAPKIANOnjOACITnN Tyche with Kalathos, tax and cornucopia after standing in front and 1. looking Deviations: Vs. beginning of the writing uncertain and supposedly with laurel wreath 2; — Rs. allegedly — lOAlTßN 2 I St. Petersburg. — 1|^ — 2 Mionnet pp. 2, 71, 100, II, 4 from the d'Hermand collection, many- easily just inaccurate drawing and description of a piece = i, but it could I might also introduce a different nominal (== 542). 539* CAB^IN[A] C^BAC[TH] Head of Sabina 1 MAPKIANOIJ0AIT[ÖN] Artemis as a hunter '^ I rin; a deer at her feet I Sestini descr. 32, 2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 71, 98; from Mionnet without citing Boutkowski petit Mionnet 48 with arbitrary addition of the letters A, TH, QN] by Ainslie Since it is unlikely that Markianopolis minted coins before Commodus, so Sestini is probably making a mistake; either it was a later empress (cf. the coin the Sabinia Tranquillina, n. 1193), or the coin belongs to another city. 539** AT K M ATP A Unbearded Chest | MAPKIAN Nike in a pair '^ 27 picture of Marcus Aurelius with robe r. | r. driving I Berlin Beger thes. Brand. 2, 671 Fig. [Gessner imp. CXII, 28 Rs.]; Sestini lett. 8, 33 [Mionnet p. 2, 71, 99] As A. von Sallet correctly notes in the Berlin Catalog p. 55, the coin is under Com- modus coined in Hadrianopolis (cf. Cat. Berlin 167.7); <^'^ Font of the Rs. is the remainder of [lir COT] MAPKIAN[OT]; Beger had already thought of it too.

198 MOESIA INFERIOR [Commodus] AYTKAIAAYPjKOMOAOC head | MAPKIANO nOACITflN Heracles l.i with laurel wreath r. 1 standing and choking the lion Weight: 4.65(1) — 4.4i (2) — 3.64(3) 1 Gotha Sestini lettere 9, i, I, i — 2 London Cat. 28.1 — 3 Munich 542 K20 543 K26 544 K27 545 K27 Severus (PoUenius Auspex) AY K A Cen I C^YHPOC m Br. m L.P.M.r. MAPKIANOnOACI | YH .AYCnCKOC etc. Q. 1. DO (as second line)] Tyche with Kalathos, rudder| and cornucopia 1. standing Weight: 11.10(1) I Gotha. — II — This is probably also where the coin from Scott num. chron. 1852, 112 with* MAPKIANOnO KOC "nd in the field DO (Vs. with incomplete writing) Only one letter is missing after VTT, TT rather than A. The obverse of this coin is from the same die as that one several coins with the name of Gentianus (n, 547, i. 2. 549, 550, I and perhaps others too), some of which also contain the domestic The writing on the back begins with the city name (n. 548. 550. 551. 552), while later the official's name regularly precedes it; one will It can be concluded from this that Gentianus was the immediate successor the auspex has been; see above p. 186 and the introduction to Nikopolis. (Cosconius Gentianus) AYKAC€n 1 CeYHPOC n€ Br. m L.P.M.r. Y K rENTIANOY MA|PKIANOnOAI etc. F. Tn{N Naked Zeus with Chlamys over the 1st shoulder 1. standing, in the prev. R. shell, the L. supported on the scepter; in front of him on the ground the eagle, who looks up to him Deviations: vs. the points sometimes cannot be seen; — Rs. Separation uncertain 3 1 Belgrade - 2 Paris, perhaps this ex. at Patin imp. 282 Fig. [Gessner imp. CXXXVI, 19] erroneously drawn and described as Dionysus with the panther (cf. below 550), likewise at Hardouin num. ans. 312; Vaillant number. large 84 Rs., without eagle and otherwise inaccurate; cf. Mionnet p. 2,72, note on n. 107. — 1| — Here (or to 545) 3 Sestini descr. 33.10 [Mionnet pp. 2, 72, 103] by Ainslie likewise Y K TENTIANOV MAPKIANOnOAlT etc. F. n|N as well Deviations: Vs. at the end maybe only ff 3 I Bucharest — 2 Paris Boutkowski revue num. 1883, 375, i, IX, i — 3 St. Petersburg Sestini mus. Chaudoir 42.3

MARKIANOPOLIS 546 K27 T. XIII, 13 547 K28 T. XIII, 14 548 K27 549 K26 550 K27 [Severus J likewise Y K rENTIANOY M|A|PKlÄNOnO- AlTflN Zeus as before, but without eagles Illustration of the Rs. (3) Weight: 10.25 (3) Deviations: Rs. in the R. supposedly branch 6 (also Eckhel on 5) I Bucharest — 2 St. Petersburg — 3 Schmidt — 4 Venice Marciana — 5 Vienna Eckhel cat. 54.5 [Mionnet p. 2, 72,104] inaccurate. — 1| — 6 Sestini descr. 33.12 from Ainslie likewise Y K rENTIANOY MAPKIANOnOAl- TfljN Zeus standing 1st as before, but both arms forward downwards stretching, in the R. probably the Holding flash, the L. indistinct Illustration of R p. (2) Weight: 10.55(1) — 10.33(3) 1 Gotha — 2 Lübbecke — 3 Turin Mus, Cat. 2038 inaccurate under Hadrianopolis. — 1| — 4 Mionnet pp. 2, 72, 105 (with NTIANOY) from the collection of Marquis de la Goy MAPKIANOn SOUND . . K T^NTI and in field 1. (as second line) ANOY Naked Apollo n 1. standing and r. squatting, the R. on the head, in the L. the bow; next to him r. Tree stump, from one snake entwined likewise I St. Petersburg likewise Weight: 10.05 I Imhoof likewise V K rCNTIANOY M|APKIANOnOAI- TCl\H Apollon as before; next to him r. the tree stump with the Snake, the quiver on the left lies on the garment MAPKIANOn»A€ITniN Y K TCNTIA- N.. Dionysus in short belt- ten chiton and fluttering chlamys, with boots, standing 1st, on row. Grape or Kantharos, in the L. Thyrsos; in front of him the panther Weight: 10.52(1). — Very raw style. Deviations: vs. supposedly n6 2; — Rs. V K TENTIANOV MAPKIANOnO- AlTßN Dionysus naked, with Kantharos and Thyrsos, without panther 2 1 Sophia. — II— Here maybe 2 Sestini descr. 33, 12 [Mionnet pp. 2, 72, 107] of Ainslie. — Those at Patin imp. 282 coin marked with a similar type probably has apparently a Zeus with an eagle and is therefore listed above 544, 2.

200 MOESIA INFERIOR 551 K27 [Severus] AY K A C€n I C€YHPOC HC Br. m. MAPKIAN»noA€l TflN Y K r€NTI L.P, M.r. (from right above) and in field 1. (as second line) AN»Y Cybele with Wall crown 1. sitting, in the prev. R. bowl, the L. on the Scepter supported, on the armchair the tympanum; at her feet a lion Illustration of Rs. (i) I Mlinc'nen - 2 Sophia. — The backs of both copies are from the same stamps. Blackboard xvni, 13 552 K26 553 K27 554 K27 555 K26 556 K27 Blackboard XVI, 26 likewise I Bucharest likewise I Rollin. - MAPKIAN»inOA€ITnN V [K?] rCNjTIA and in field 1. (as second line) NOV Tyche with Kalathos, tax oar and cornucopia 1. standing V K TENTIANOV M ARKIANOHOAI- THN as well 2 Sestini descr. 33, il [Mionnet pp. 2, 72, 106] by Ainslie (Aurelius Gallus) AYKACCn I C€YHPOC H Br. m. L.P.M.r. V AV TAAAOV MAPiKlIANOnOAl- TflN Zeus with the Chlamys over the 1st shoulder 1st standing, in the R. the lightning, in the L. the scepter Deviations: vs. writing incomplete 2; — Backs. Writing on both copies incomplete, but they complement each other I London Cat. 28.2 — 2 Paris. — 1| — 3 (=1?) Sestini descr. 33.14 [Mionnet p. 2, 71.101] by Ainslie likewise V AV TAAAOV MAPKIANOnOAlT Naked ApoUon r. standing, the R. on the head, in the previous L. the bow; tree stump in front of him surrounded by a snake I Iversen. — The Rs. is probably from the same die as that of the coin of Caracalla, n. 608, plate XV, 2. likewise V AV TAAAOV MAP|K:IANOnOAITn Naked Dionysus, with boots, 1. standing, in the R. the kantha ros, the L. on the with ribbons decorated thyrsos Illustration of the back (l) Deviations: Vs. fl at the end uncertain l I Berlin Cat. 56, 2; this piece inaccurately at Fiorelli osservazioni sopra talune monete rare di citta greche (1843) 69, II, 16 (reverse described as Hermes) — 2 Paris

MARKIANOPOLIS 20I 557 K27 558 K27 Blackboard XVIII, 12 559 K27 560 K27 561 K26 [Severus] likewise V AV rAAAOV MAPKIANOnOAlTflN Dionysus as before, but before him the panther Deviations: Vs. the first half of the writing is missing 2 - perhaps at the end without n i; — Rs. Scripture is nowhere complete, but the three copies complement each other I Bucharest — 2 Vienna — 3 in trade AY K AC€n i C6YHP0... also V- AV- r[AAAOV] MAPKIANOnOAl!- TflN Cybele with wall crown r. enthroned, the r. Arm on the backrest supported, with the 1st hand the tym- panon supporting the 1st knee; on Ground two lions Illustration of the Rs. Weight: 12.25 I Imhoof AY K A C€n I C€YHPOC H as well as V AV TAAAOV MA|PKIANOnOAITnN Tyche with Kalathos, rudder and cornucopia 1. standing Weight: 12.75(4) — 10.13(1) — 8.45 (2, E. sl.) Deviations: vs. incomplete 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8 (W., incorrectly added S.) — on End without TT (0 i- 8; — Rs. separation of the font MAPIK i. after TAAAOY 2. 5, uncertain 6. 8 — the head perhaps without Kalathos i. 6. 8 I Athens Cat. 814 — 2 Gotha Sestini lettere 9, 2 — 3 London Cat. 28, 3 — 4-5 minutes chen — 6 Venice Marc. — 7 Vienna Eckhel cat. 54.6 [Mionnet pp. 2, 72, 102]. — 1| — 8 Wiczay 2133; Sestini 25.7 AVKACEnT I m. L. P. M. r. (Lulius Faustinianus CEVHPOC n Br [Y I] +AVCTINIANOV j MAPKIANO- nOAITn[N] Naked Zeus with Lightning and scepter 1. standing; before him the eagle I St. Petersburg Sestini mus. Benkowitz 5 AV A CCHTI I C6VHP0C as well V I +AVCTINIANOJV MAPKIANOHO- AlTflN Hades-Sarapis with Ka- lathos 1. enthroned, the R. over the three-headed Kerberos, the L. on supported the scepter Weight: 10.00(2) Deviations: vs. beginning uncertain 2. 5. 7 — CEDT 7i at the end fl ^1 °^^^ r€5; — Rs. Separation different — at the end IflOAlT 2 — TßN '• A. 5 — Hades with bowl in the row 2. 6. 7 - without Kerberos (probably destroyed) 7 I Bucharest — 2 Löbbecke — 3 London — 4 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 74, 117, cf. below 584* — 5 Paris — 6 Vienna Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 8. — 1| — 7 Muselli imp. CLII, 6

202 MOESIA INFERIOR 562 K26 563 K27 564 K27 565 K27 566 K27 567 K27 [Severus] AV A C€nTI 1 CCVHPOC H Br. m. L. j V I +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOnOAl- P.M.r. SOUND Naked Apollo n 1. standing u.r. looking, the R, on the head, in the L. the bow; next to him r. tree stump with snake, 1, the quiver with robe Weight: 10.50(3) Deviations: vs. writing uncertain 4; — Rev. the last |NJ perhaps in field 3 — In the field on the left there is supposedly an altar 4 I. 2 Bucharest - 3 Löbbecke. — | — 4 Sestini descr. 33.8 [Mionnet pp. 2, 75, 119] by Ainslie AV K GOES I CEVHPOC n also V I +AVCTINIANOiV MARKIANOHO- Al et al. A. TflN Dionysus, with your panther skin around your body and boots 1. standing, in the R. the Kantharos, the L. on the Thyrsos supported; in front of him Panther 1., looking back at him 1 Berlin Cat. 56.3. — ij— 2 Wiczay 2132 [Mionnet 8,2,75,118] (vs. with A K 0611 — 11); Sestini out. Hederv. 25.6 (Vs. AY K CEflT ■ — without fl) — 3 Sabatier iconogr. rom. inip. LIV, 6 AV [A] CenTI I CCVHPOC as well Weight: 9.75 I Copenhagen AV A CCHTI 1 CeVHPOC as well likewise (from the same stamp) V I +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOHO- AlTflN Cybele with Kalathos between two lions 1. enthroned, in the previous R. bowl, the L. on supported the tympanum Deviations: vs. at the end f\ 2; — Rs. Separation |MOiV and flOJAlTnN I. 3. 4, [SljOV and conclusion unclear 2 I Leake Suppl, 132 — 2 Munich — 3 St. Petersburg — 4 Vienna Froelich 4 tent. 447ß; Eckhel cat. 54.4 [Mionnet pp. 2, 74, 116]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 9 AV K A CCn I C€VHPOC as well | likewise Deviations: Vs. AVT K A CeflTll i. ....CeriTl 3. Cen..| 4 — supposedly CgyHPC (like this!) 7; — Rs. Separation different — V instead of VI (•) 7 — in the middle uncertain 2 ^ at the end flOAlT? 2, uncertain 3 — flOAlTßN '• A. 7 1 Copenhagen Ramus cat. 1, 99, i inaccurate — 2 London Cat. 28.4 — 3 Paris — 4 Turin Bibl., formerly Mus. Arigoni i imp. gr. VII 100 Rs. — \' — 5 Sestini descr. 33.9 by Ainslie — 6 Wiczay 2131; Sestini 25.5 — 7 Sabatier iconogr. rom. imp. LIV, 5 AV K A C^ÜT I C€VHPOC as well as V I +AVCTINIA \ MAPKIANOn|OAI likewise Deviations: vs. ceTT i- 5 — at the end CeY... 4; — Rs. +AVCTINI » — MAPKIANOnlOAlT i. MAPKIANOn... 4, MAPKIANOLnOA 5 1 Bucharest — 2. 3 Naples Cat. 6291. 6292 (both sides from the same stamps; im Catalog inaccurate). — 1| — • 4 Wiczay 2130; Sestini 25.4. — Probably also 5 copies here - Hagen Ramus cat. i, 99, 2 {incerto magistratus nomine; I believed 4)AVCTINIA ^u see)

MARKIANOPOLIS 568 K27 569 K27 570 K26 571 K27 572 K27 573 K27 574 K27 [Severus] AV A Cenil I C^VHPOC also V I +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOHO- AlTflN Female figure with Kalathos, bowl and cornucopia 1. standing (Concordia) Weight: 13.20(7) Deviations: Rs. Separation different — TJiN ™ Section 2.7 — AI... in section i - at the end only flOAlT 4 I Basel — 2 Berlin Cat. 56, 5 — 3. 4 Bucharest — 5 Milan — 6 Paris (Mionnet p. 2, 75, 120?) — 7 Sophia Tacchella revue num. 1893, 71.7 inaccurate — 8 Winterthur AV K A CEÜTI I CEVHPOC H also j likewise (very dissimilar portrait; cf. 575) | I Paris Mionnet 1,358.31; probably this piece (or the previous one?) at Vaillant num. size 84 [Mionnet p. 2,78,138 erroneous under Severus and Domna; see below 595*,2]. — |j — 2 sestini descr. 32.6 [Mionnet p. 2, 75, 120] by Ainslie (with V instead of y | probably misprint) V I +AVCTINIAN I MAPKIANOnOAl likewise AV K A C€n I C€VHPOC as well Weight: 11.52(2) — 10.55(1) Deviations: /\| in section l I Berlin Cat. 56, 4 inaccurate — 2 Imhoof = 568 VI +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOHO- AITHN Tyche with Kai., tax and cornucopia 1. standing Weight: 9.70(4) — 8.05 (i, E. sl.) Deviations: Rs. Separation |SOiV i- 3- 4- 5» NOVi 2 — perhaps at the end only nOAlT i- 3- 4- 6 1 Gotha — 2 Krupka — 3 Leipzig — 4 Löbbecke — 5 Schmidt — 6 Sophia = 569 I as well Deviations: Rs. Separation [MOlV 2, NOV| ^ — TßN 'm Section 2 I Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 75, 122 inaccurate — 2 Venice Marciana = 570 VI +AVCTINIA I MAPKIANOnOAlT likewise Deviations: vs. supposedly CeflT 6; — Rs. fAVCTINIAN » — at the end only TTOAI 2. 4 — writing inaccurate 7 I Bucharest — 2 St. Petersburg — 3 Thorwaldsen Müller 258, 85 — 4 Vienna Arneth Meeting area 9, 891, 10. — 1|— 5 Mus. Arigoni 2 imp. gr. XIX, 250 (Rs.) — 6. 7 Sestini descr. 32, 5. 7 by Ainslie = 568 VI +AVCTmiANOV I MAPKIANOnO- AIT|ON Emperor with laurel wreath and Panzer 1. standing, in the R. Bowl (or ball) containing L. on supported the spear I Leake Suppl. 132 — 2 Löbbecke — 3 St. Petersburg. — j — 4 Cat. Thomsen 725

204 MOESIA INFERIOR 575 K27 576 K27 577 K26 578 K27 577* K(27) [Severus] AV K A CEHTI | CEVHPOC n m. L. P. M. r. (= 569) Br. V I +AVCTINIANOjV MÄKIANOHOAI etc. A. TON Kaiser as before with bowl and spear 1. standing Deviations: vs. with CEflT "nd incomplete at the end (probably = 577) i; — Rs. at the end incomplete i I Bucharest — 2 Paris Blanchet revue num. 1892, 61, ll Since the emperor in the Paris copy is bearded, Blanchet believes that it is Cara- should be calla; that may be true, although the head of Caracalla is on its own Coins with the name of Faustinianus are often bearded (cf. above p. 186 A. 2). AV A CenTI I C6VHP0C Br. m. L. P.M.r. V I +AVCTINIANOV | MAPKIANOnO- AITON eagle with wreath in its beak bel and half-spread wings standing on a flash forward and r. looking Deviations: vs. AV K A (0 2; — Rs. End of writing nOAlTß 4. flOA... I I Copenhagen — 2 Munich — 3 Paris Hardouin nummi ant. 312; Mionnet pp. 2, 75, 121; probably this piece at Vaillant num. gr. 84 [Mionnet pp. 2, 78, 139 erroneous under Severus and Domna; see below 595*, 3] — 4 Vienna AV K A Cmr i CeVHPOC as well I Munich likewise, but the eagle without lightning on a basis (Flavius Ulpianus) AV K A CCHT I CeVHPOC Br. m. L P.M.r. V +A OVAniANOV 1 MAPKIANOnO- AljTO Naked Apollo after standing in front and r. looking, the R. on the head, in the L. the bow; on the floor r. the tree blunt with the snake, 1st of Quiver with robe Weight: 10.80(3) — 9.00(4) — 8.85 (2, E. sl.) Deviations: vs. Cefl 2. 9 — Rs. Separation NOjV ^i unknown 8. 9 — am Conclusion maybe TßN 7* ^> incomplete i. 4. 5. 6 I Berlin Cat. 56, 6 — 2 Gotha — 3 Imhoof — 4 Munich — 5 Paris — 6 St. Peters- burg— 7 Vienna Mus. Theup. 940 [Mionnet p. 2, 73,110]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 891.4. — 1| — 8 Cat. Welzl 1326 — 9 Chaix descr. 17 Severus (Vs. not described) (Y (PA OTAIJIANOY MAPKIANOIlOAITQN) Genius with Kalathos, in short robe and with boots, 1st standing, on row. Bowl in which L. the inverted spear I Mionnet pp. 2, 73, 11 1 from the d'Hermand collection The description is hardly accurate. Such a type does not occur in Markianopolis before; It was probably a poorly preserved depiction of an emperor or the Diocese. nysos, of course without Kalathos. The writing is also not entirely certain, as the description Spelling only linked to the previous one with “autre”; so it could also be a another governor's name (Faustinianus? cf. above 574, 575) may have been.

MARKIANOPOLIS 05 579 K27 580 K27 581 K27 582 K27 583 K27 579* K(27) [Severus] also V +A OVAniANOV MAPKIANOnOAl- TflN Cybele with Kai., bowl and tympanum between two Lions 1. enthroned Weight: 12.55(5) — 10.65(4) Deviations: vs. C6n 3« 8. 9; — Rs. Separation of the writing different — the Conclusion in section i. 2. 3. 5. 7. ii — incomplete i. 2. 3. 7. 8 I Basel — 2 Berlin Cat. 57.7 — 3 Bucharest — 4 Gotha (chessman) catal. rais. (1774) 109.2 — 5 Gotha — 6 Lübbecke — 7. 8 Munich — 9 Paris Mionnet p. 2, 74, 114 — 10 St. Petersburg — 11 Sophia. — See also below 579*. also V +A OYAHIANOV MAPKIANOnOAl- TflN Concordia with quay., shell and cornucopia 1. standing Deviations: vs. cePI 2. 4. 5. 8. 9.11-15; — Rs. Separation different — OAniANOV 7- " — at the end flOAlTß 2, flOAlT i- 9- "• I3- 15. incomplete- constantly 3. 5. 6. 7. 8 I Bucharest — 2 Ferrara — 3 Copenhagen — 4 Löbbecke — 5 London Cat. 28, 5 — 6. 7 Munich — 8 Paris Mionnet p. 2, 73, 112 — 9 Stuttgart — 10 Turin Bibl. — 11 Venice Marciana — 12 Vienna Froelich 4 tentam. 235.81 Fig. d. Rs. [Gessner imp. CXXXVI, 18]; Eckhel cat. 54, 2; Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 3. — !|— 13 Wiczay 2127; Sestini 24.1 — 14. 15 Cat. Welzl 1327. 1328 likewise | likewise, but in front of the goddess an altar Weight: 9.90(1) Deviations: vs. with C€n 2; — Rs. Separation different — OAPIIANOV 5 — at the end flOAlT (i?) 5 1 Gotha Sestini lettere 9.2 inaccurate — 2 Paris — 3 Sophia Tacchella revue num. 1893, 71.6 — 4 Vienna Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 5. — 1| — 5 Wiczay 2127; Sestini 24.2 AV K A C€n I C6VHP0C as well Weight: 11.60(1) V +A OVAniANOV MAPKIANOnO- AIT Tyche with quay, tax and Cornucopia 1. standing Deviations: vs. with CEflT 4; — Rs. Separation different — at the end nOAlTß 4, uncertain i I Löbbecke — 2 Rollin — 3 pcs. Petersburg Sestini Mus. Benkowitz 5. — }| — 4 sestini descr. 32.3 [Mionnet pp. 2, 73, 109] by Ainslie also 1 V *A OVAOIANOY MAPKIANOHOAI- TflN eagle with half-open Wings standing forward and I head r. uplifting Weight: 9.87 (i, E, sole.) Deviations: vs. writing uncertain 5; — Rs. Separation of writing different — at the end nOAlTiN i, ROAIT 2. 4 I Athens Cat, 815 — 2 Budapest Univ. — 3 Löbbecke — 4 Paris. — 1| — 5 Sestini descr. 32.4 from Cousinery — 6 Wiczay 2129; Sestini 24.3 == 579 r a)A OTAllIANOr MAPKIANOIIOAITQN Athena 1. sitting, in the R , the L. leaning on the armchair I Numoph. Rinckianum (1766) 411. —Perhaps the type is a Kyl)ele as above 579; but it is also possible that the description is correct.

206 MOESIA INFERIOR 584 K27 585 K21 [Severus] AV K A C€n! CeVHPOC Br. m. L.! V *A OVAniANOY MAPKIANOnO- P.M.r. AITHN eagle with wreath in Beak and closed wings standing forward and r. looking Deviations: vs. alleged CEPIT CEOVHPOC 7 — not described 6 — writing incomplete 1; — Rs. supposedly VflA OVAniANOV 7 — at the end nOAUn 3t nOAlT 5i incomplete 2. 4. 6. 7 — the eagle with half-opened Wings (?) 6 1.2 Bucharest — 3 Copenhagen — 4 Löbbecke — 5 Vienna Eckhel cat. 54.3 [Mionnet p, 2, 74, 113]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 6. — 1| — 6 Mus. Arigoni i alia imp. gr. VII, 106 = 2 imp. gr. XIX, 251 — 7 Cat. Gabelentz 221, 860. — Here maybe 8 Wien Mus. Theup. 940 with an unclear governor's name (probably this piece in Arneth 9, 891, 7 supposedly = 6) (without governor's name) AV K A C€ I CeVHPOC head m. L. r. MAPKIANO|nOAITnN Naked bear- tiger Heracles 1. standing and den Choking lions Weight: 4.90(1) Deviations: vs. at the end CeVHP 3! — Rs- MARKIANORlOA.. 2 I Löbbecke — 2 Paris Vaillant num. size 84; Mionnet pp. 2, 76, 126. — jj — 3 .Sestini descr. 33, 15 from Ainslie 584* 584* K- Severus (Vs. not described) I TU ATP ITONTIANOT MAFKIANOIIOAEITÖN Seated Sarapis with Kalathos, with the R. holding (?) the bound Kerberos, in the L. the scepter I Vaillant number. gr. 84 [Mionnet p. 2, 74, 115] from the Paris Cabinet The Rs. must be described incorrectly; There is no such piece in the Paris Cabinet and there are no coins of Severus with TU ATP HONTIANOV. Under Macrinus there was a governor Pontianus; but his name was not Aur(elius), and furthermore the type does not appear among him. So it's probably one Coin of Severus on which the governor's name is misread, presumably it is the Paris coin with Y I +ATCTINIANOT above 561, 5 or 6. — That the governor That Pontianus began under Severus and continued under Macrinus would have been ruled out by the fact that it came from the time after Severus' death, under Caracallas Autonomy, another legate is known, Quinitlianus. also Yfl A KOYINTIAIANOT MAPKIANOflOAEI- TQN Standing goddess with bowl above Altar and cornucopia 1 Vaillant number. gr. 84 [Mionnet p. 2, 73, io8] from the Foucault collection The governor Quintiliamis also does not appear under Severus. Here is likely the imperial head was misunderstood by Vaillant and the coin actually belongs to the Cara- calla, among which this back is very common; see below 640. 641. Instead of Yfl A YflA can be read. — The assumption that the governorship of Quinülianus is still at It is not entirely impossible that it would have begun during Severus's lifetime, but it is very untrue. apparently ; because while his predecessor Ulpianus produced so many coins with different different obverses (Severus, Severus and Domna, Caracalla, Caracalla and Geta) are known, we would only have this and a second one, also poorly attested Coin (n. 598*), which would be very striking. Therefore, we are certainly justified in making an oversight To assume Vaillants, as has been proven very often.

MARKIANOPOLIS 586 K19 587 K22 588 K20 589 K17 590 K18 591 K18 588* K III [Severus] AV A ccnT P.M.r. CCVHPOC Br. m. L. Weight: 4.75 (i, E. sl.) Deviations: Vs. AVACeHTi. . . Rs. Writing incomplete 3 1 Gotha — 2 Munich — 3 Odessa Univ AV A Cenil I C€VHPOC as well MAPKIANIOnOAlTflN Kybele with Kalathos, bowl and tympanum 1. enthroned, between two lions 4.60(2) . . 2, . . A Cenr l CeVHPOC i. uncertain 3; — I MARKIANOinOAlTflN Tyche with I Kai., rudder and cornucopia 1. standing Weight: 5.53(4) I Bucharest — 2 Hunter — 3 Krupka — 4 London Cat. 28.6 — 5 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 76, 125 AV K A C€n I C6VHP0C head m.l.r. | MAPKIANOnOAlTnN as well Weight: 5.65(3) — 5.10(4) — 3.85(2) Deviations: vs. ce instead of C6n (= 5^5) i. 6. 8, c. . i- 3- 4- 5 — CeVHP 8, Conclusion uncertain i. 2; — Rs. Separation different — the end f2 N ™ squares 4 — nOA6ITr2N I- (5 0- 6 — 0 instead of Q (©HOAlTßN) 8 I Belgrade — 2 Gotha Sestini lett. 9, 2 — 3. 4 Munich — 5 Philippopel — 6 Vienna Eckhel cat. 54.7 [Mionnet pp. 2, 76, 124]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 10 — 7 Vienna Mus. Theup. 941; Arneth 9, 891, 11. — 1|— 8 Wiczay 2134; Sestini 25.8 AV K A Cen I C€V. K. m. L. r. MAPKIANjOnOAlTnN Asclepius 1. standing, row on loop gene rod supported Deviations: vs. writing unclear 2; — Rs. MAPKIANO|n»A€ITßN 2 I Copenhagen — 2 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 75, 123 AV K A C€ P.M.r. CeVHPOC Br. m. L. MAPKIANOinOAlTnN Concordia with calathos, bowl and cornucopia I 1. standing Deviations: vs. writing at the end incomplete 3. 5; — Rs. writing incomplete constantly 3 — supposedly MAKIAN — 5 I Flunter — 2 London Cat. 28.7 — 3 Paris — 4 St. Petersburg. — 1| — 5 Wiczay 2136; Sestini 25, 9 Br. m. L. MAPKIANOn|OAITnN eagle with spread wings forward standing and upside down, with one Wreath in the beak, r. uplifting Weight: 2.00(1) I Gotha (mentioned by Rathge])er Num. Ztg. 1838, 50) — 2 London Cat. 28.8 - 3 Paris Below the eagle there is a thick line that may appear to be a low base. can be seen. AV K A C€n { C6VHP0C P.M.r. A A t€ll C^T. . . Br. m. L. P. M. (r.) MAPKIANOUOA^ITQN Hermes with pouch and staff (1st) standing I Sestini Mus. Chaudoir 42, i It is possible that such a coin exists; but since the type is in Markianopolis is not otherwise verifiable under Severus, it must be regarded as uncertain; maybe it belongs to another city.

208 MOESIA INFERIOR 592 K i8 593 K i8 594 K i6 595 K27 [Severus] AV K A C€n I CCVHPOC Br. m. L P.M.r. Weight: 3.11 I Berlin Cat. 57.8. — It is uncertain whether the eagle had a wreath in its beak. MAPKIANO nOAlTOI before Eagle like AV K A CC L.r. C€VHP[OC] head m. MAPKIAN|OnOAITnN as well, but without a wreath Deviations: Vs. at the end without OC (•) *• 3 — ^s- separation uncertain 2, 3 I St. Petersburg. — yy — 2 Sestini descr. 33.16 from Ainslie — 3 Wiczay 2135 [Mionnet pp. 2, 76, 127]; Sestini 25.10 AV K A C€n I C€VHPOC head m. L.r. I St. Petersburg (under Nikopolis). [MAPJKIANOjnOAlTnjN Tribrach, there is one around its middle foot Snake curls up See below 593*. Severus and Domna AV K A C6n CeVHPÖC lOVAlA AO and below MNA C€B The other of the facing busts of the Severus m. L. P. M. r. and the Domna with robe 1. I Philippople V +A OVAniANOV I MAPKIANOnOAl- CLAY Bust of Sarapis with Kalathos and robe right; in Fields 1. € 593* KIII 594* K19 595* K(27) AY A C€ «rilPOC also 1 (MAPKIANOilOA^lTQN) snake, in I turns erect I Sestini Mus. Chaudoir 42, 2. — Compare the comment on 588*. At best you could suspect that Sestini, who was no longer able to see well at that time, was now in St. Petersburg incorrectly described the mint with a tripod and a snake (above 594). AT K A a CG'HP K. m. L. r. | MAPKIANOllOAITüN Crescent Moon I Sestini lettere 9,2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 76, 128]. — The coin is in the Gotha Ca- binet; but it was misread by Sestini and rather belongs to Philippopolis. Severus and Domna (vs. not described) | TH tPATCTlNIANOT MAPRIANOllOAmiN I (type not specified) 1 Vaillant number. gr. 84 [Mionnet p. 2, 78, 137: sans iype\ likewise [Writing likewise. Standing goddess with Kai., I Bowl and cornucopia (Concordia) 2 Vaillant num. size 84 [Mionnet p. 2, 78, 138] likewise in writing as well. Eagle with wreath in I beak standing on a lightning bolt 3 Vaillant num. size 84 [Mionnet p. 2, 78, 139] The three coins are listed by Vaillant in a way that leaves it doubtful whether on the front the heads of Severus and Domna or that of Severus are shown alone. Mionnet took her among the coins with Severus and Domna on; he did not notice that Vaillant cited them from the Paris cabinet; otherwise he would have noticed that they were coins with Severus' head alone, which he himself had already described correctly (cf. the similar case below 686*). It's n. 2 = Mionnet i, 358, 31 (above 569.1), n. 3 = Mionnet pp. 2, 75, 121 (above 576, 3); n.i is cannot be determined because Vaillant accidentally did not specify the type, but it is In any case, it was not a coin without a type, as Mionnet believed.

MARKIANOPOLIS 209 596 K27 597 K27 598 K27 Plate III, i2 599 K28 6())(> K28 [Severus and Domna] likewise I Sophia AV K A Cenr C€VHPOC lOVAlA and , AOMNA , below p^p as well I Mandl Pick number. Zschr. 23, 40, 2 — 2 Vienna. — See below 597* V +A OVAÜIANOV I MAPKIANonoAl etc. A. TflN Hades-Sarapis with Kalathos 1. enthroned, the R, across the three-headed Kerberos L. leaning on the scepter; i. F. 1. € V*A OVAniANO|Y MAPKIANOnoAl- TflN as well; i. F. 1. € AV K A C€n CeVHPOC lOVAlA AO and below MNA C€ as well Weight: 11.92 Illustration I Munich. — See 598* and 650 below. 595 V +A OVAniANOjV MAPKIANOnoA Naked ApoUon standing forward hend and r. looking, the R. on the head, in the previous L. the bow; next to him I. Quiver with robe, r. tree stump with snake; i. F. 1. € V *A OVAniANOlV MAPKIANOnjOAl- TflN Cybele with Kalathos, bowl and tympanum between two lions n • u*. , . ^Q t s wen 1. enthroned; in F. 1. € Weight: 14.38(1)' Deviations: vs. writing incomplete 4 I Löbbecke — 2 Weiss — 3 Vienna. — ]| — 4 Murzakewicz Odess. Mem. 3,239.4 inaccurate = 597 V +A OVAÜIANOV i MAPKIANOnOAl- TflN Concordia with quay, shell and cornucopia 1. standing; in F. 1. € Weight: 11.40(2) — 10.45 (i, E. sl.) I Gotha Sestini lett. 9, 2 [Mionnet p. 2, 77,134] — 2 Copenhagen, formerly Welzl Cat. 1330 — 3 Löbbecke 597- K— 598' K- Severus and Domna (vs. not described- | YO IJONTIANOY MAPKIANOIIOAEITQN ben) I Sitting Sarapis with bowl on the row. I Vaillant number. gr. 84 [Mionnet p. 2, 77, 136] from the Galland collection Since Pontianus was only governor of Moesia inferior under Macrinus, the writing must the Rs. should be read instead of T

2IO MOESIA INFERIOR 601 K28 [Sevcrus and Domna] AV K A Cen CeVHPOC lOVAlA AO | V *A OYAHIANOV | MAPKIANonOAl- and below MNA C€B the two I TflN Tyche with Kai,, tax and Busts as before j Cornucopia 1. standing; in F. 1. € Weight: 11.70(4) — 11.40(2) Deviations: Rs. Separation MARK ^ — at the end TTOAIT (•) ^ I Copenhagen - 2 Löbbecke - 3 Moscow - 4 Munich - 5 Paris (see below 601*) — 6 Sopliia — 7. 8 Weiss — 9 Wien Mus, Theup. 940 [Mionnet pp. 2, 77, 133]; Arneth Sessions, 9, 891, 13. — |j — 10 Wiczay 2137; Sestini 25.11 likewise, but below only MNA C€ j as well I Bucharest — 2 Paris 602 K28 603 K25 Domna lOVAlA AO MNA CEB Br. r. Plate,XVI,i Illustration of R p. (2) Weight: 8.20(1) Deviations: Rs. MAPKIAjNOTTOiAITßN i Imhoof — 2 Philippopel — 3 St. Petersburg — 4 Sophia MAPKIANOnOAlTflN The three Charites, naked, in the usual lichen grouping, the middle of seen behind and 1. looking, the seen from the front of the other two, the left 1, looking and the r, hand uplifting, the right r. looking and raising the left hand, each of both, perhaps with one Apple in raised hand K— 601* K(27) 602* K— AT K A CEII CETHPOC lOTAIA AOMNA | TD ATP AnniANOT MAPKlANOnOAEITßN CEB The two busts as above: Heracles standing at an altar 1 Vaillant num, size 84 [Mionnet S, 2, 76, 129] from the Galland collection The lettering of the Rs must be read out as in the following coin, which is in the Paris Cabinet located; It probably said Y here too (PA OTAfllANOT. Whether the type is correct is stated, remains doubtful also TU ATP Alini ANOT MAPKI ANOflOAElIßN Tyche with quay, tax and cornucopia 1. standing; in F. ^ I Vaillant number. gr. 84 Rs.; Mionnet pp. 2, 77, 130 Since the coin is described as being in the Paris Cabinet, it can only be the Coin above n. 601.5 trade; However, the writing is poorly preserved, so Vaillants and Mionnet's misreading is excusable; but you can clearly see ..A .TAllIANOr, which can only be added to Y OA OYAIIIANÜY. also 1 YIJ AYP Anfll ANOY M APKIANOIIO AEITÖN I Eagle with wreath in beak right. looking I Vaillant number. gr. 84 Rs. — 2 (= l ?) Mionnet pp. 2, 77, 131 Vaillant cites the coin from his own collection; Mionnet does not provide any information that they should be looked for in the Paris Cabinet. But there is no coin of this type here to find, and it is certainly an oversight on Mionnet's part; he probably has the be- Spelling taken inaccurately from Vaillant (which is also indicated by the absence of the ^) and

MARKIANOPOLIS 211 604 K24 Plate XVI, 2 605 K24 606 K19 [607] K18 [domna] lOVAlA 608 K28 AOMNA C Br. r. MAPKIAlN|OnOA€!ITnN The three Chariten similar to before, but the left one holds in the hanging the R. a wreath, the right in the hanging L. a vessel Illustration of the Rs. — The stamp of the Rs. is of very rough work. I Rollin, formerly in the Behr Lenormant Cat collection. Behr 36 likewise I Rollin MAPKIANOnOA€ITnN as well, but the middle one looks to the right, the left one holds the vessel and the right perception apparently the wreath lOVAlA ÄOiMNA CEB Br. r. MAPKIANOn|OAITnN Naked bear- tiger Heracles r. standing and the Choking lions Deviations: Rs. Writing incomplete i. 3 I Bucharest — 2 Sophia Tacchella revue num. 1893, 71, 8 — 3 Turin Bibl. also MARKIANOnOAlTON goddess with Wall crown, bowl and scepter 1. sitting I Chaix descr. 18 It remains to be seen whether the goddess depicted is Cybele or the city goddess. remain posed as neither the coin itself nor an impression is available. Caracalla Plate XV, 2 AV MAP AVPH I ANT[nNINOC] Br. of Caracalla, youthful, with L.P.M.r. (Aurelius Gallus) V AV TAAAOV M|APKIANOnOAIT Naked Apollo r. standing, the R. on the head, in the pre- L. stretched out the bow; in front of him (in the field right) the tree stump, surrounded by a snake (= 555) Illustration of the Rs. I Philippople The missing ending of the emperor's name was added after n. 609. just, as is often proven, the citation was forgotten. In any case, the governor is misread name. If the Vs. is given correctly, one expects Y 4>A OrAfllANOT like everywhere; and it is possible that such coins have been minted, although none have yet been minted is proven. But at Vaillant it is at all uncertain whether the Vs Severus' head alone appeared (cf. above at 595*); so it could be based on the Rs. neither T *I>A OTAillANOY stood (= 583. 584), nor any other place holder name, e.g. B. Y I a)AYCTINIANOY (= above 576. 577).

212 MOESIA INFERIOR 009 K28 610 K27 611 K27 612 K27 613 K27 609* (K27) VAVrAÄAOV- I MAPKIANOnOAl- TflN Tyche with quay., tax and cornucopia 1. standing (= 559) [Caracalla] AV MAP AVPH I ANTflNINOC Br. of Caracalla, youthful, with L.P.M.r. Weight: 13.15 (0 Deviations: vs. AV instead of AVPH (perhaps PH jumped off?) i; — Rs. Scripture incomplete 2 I Gotha — 2 St. Petersburg — 3 Vienna Eckhel cat. 54.8 [Mionnet pp. 2, 78, 141]; Arneth Meeting area 9, 891, 14 (lulius Faustinianus) a) with the youthful face of Caracalla AV K M AVP I ANTONINOC Br. m L.P.M.r. V I +AVCTINIANIOV MAPKIANOinOAl [and perhaps in the SOUND section] Hades-Sarapis with Kai. 1. thro- nending, the R. over the three-headed to Kerberos, the L. to that Scepter supported (cf. 561) I Venice Marc. — 1| — Here maybe 2 Vaillant num. gr. 104 [Mionnet p. 2, Si, 154] from the Corsi collection; but since the opposite is not described, this coin can be elienso well below belong to n. 614. also V I +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOHO- AljTnN Naked ApoUon with the R. on the head and the bow in the L. standing forward and 1. looking; next to him r. the Tree stump with the snake 1. the quiver with robe (= 562) I Vienna, formerly Wiczay 2141 [Mionnet p. 2, 80, 153]; Sestini 26.15; Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 14 a — 2 commercially also V I +AVCTINIA ] MAPKIANOHOAI Tyche with quay, tax and filling horn 1. standing (= 573) Deviations: Rs. -J-AVCTINIAN i 1 Mandl (Egger Sales - Cat. 8,151 inaccurate) — 2 Munich — 3 St. Petersburg likewise j V I +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOÜOAI- i TflN eagle on lightning forward standing and head with wreath in Beak 1. turning (cf. 576. 577) Deviations: vs. beginning of writing uncertain 2; — Rs. maybe without flash 2 I Surutschan — 2 Wien Eckhel cat. 54.10 [Mionnet p. 2,82,159]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 892.21 ANTÜNINOC K. m. L. r. ITA TAAAOY MAFKIANOIIOAimN Cybele I 1. standing 1 Sestini Lett. 9, 2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 78, 140] • The coin is in Gotha and is very poorly preserved; but the governor is namc T «PA OYAniANOX safe and Cybele depicted as usual seated; see below 623.2.

MARKIANOPOLIS QU K28 615 K26 (>16 K27 617 K28 [618] K(27) 618* K(27) [Caracalla] b) with Caracalla's slightly bearded face AVT M APHAI I ANiniSEINOC m. L. F. M. r. Br. V I +AVCTmiANOiV MjAPKIANOnO- Al et al. A. TON Hades-Sarapis 1. enthroned, as above 610 1 Berlin Cat. 59.15 — 2 London Cat. 29.9. — Compare above 610.2. The incorrect form APHAI instead of AVPHAI appears on all coins in this group (614 until 621) again; It certainly has no linguistic meaning, as it is on coins of the same time the correct form A'jp(-i^Xtos) also appears; about the writing a for Latin 0« cf. Th. Eckinger, the orthography of Latin words in Greek inscriptions (Dissert. Zurich 1892) p. 12. likewise Weight: 8.30 I Gotha Scstini Ictt. 9, 2 likewise V I +AVCTINIAN|OV MAPKIANOnOAl etc. A. TON ApoUon (Lykeios) as above 611 V I +AVCTINIANIÖ MAPKIANOnOAl etc. A. THN Dionysus with can- Tharos and Thyrsos 1. standing; before him the panther (cf. 563, 564) I Bucharest. — It is not clear whether Dionysus was naked or perhaps with the pan- thermoll (as above 563, 564) is shown. also V I +AVCTINIANO|V MAPKIANOÜOAI and i. A. TON Cybele with Kai., Bowl and tympanum between two lions 1. enthroned (cf. 565 up to 567) Deviations: Rs. at the end TTOAIT etc. A. flN i I Lübbecke — 2. 3 St. Petersburg also V [I] +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOÜO- AlTflN Concordia with bowl and Cornucopia 1. standing (cf. 568-570) I Sestini descr.34,20 [Mionnet p. 2, 81,1 58] by Ainslie, supposedly with V +

214 MOESIA INFERIOR 619 K28 620 K26 621 K27 622 K27 623 K27 622* K23 [Caracalla] AVT M APHAI m. L. P. M. ANTHISEINOC Br. I London Cat. 29, 10. exactly VTT instead of VI) likewise V I +AVCTINIANOV MAPKIANOnOAl etc. A. TON Tyche 1. standing as above 612 I — 2 Sestini descr. 33.19 [Mionnet p. 2, 81, 157] by Ainslie (un- V I +AVCTINIANO,V | MAPKIANOHO Al et al. A. THN Kaiser with bowl and spear 1. standing (cf. 574. 575) I St. Florian. — Two Muses probably come here too. Arigoni 1 alia imp. gr. IX, 143 (Rs.) [Mionnet pp. 2, 81, 155] inaccurate also V I +AVCTINIANOV MARKIANOHOAI etc. A. TflN Eagle (on lightning?) standing forward and head with wreath in beak 1. turning (cf. 613) Weight: 9.35 (E. sl.) I Gotha. — The writing of the verse is incomplete, but it is from the same stamp as 615; It is not possible to tell whether the eagle is standing on the lightning bolt. (Flavius Ulpianus) AV K M AVP 1 ANTHNINOC Br. des ! V +A OYAHIANOV j MAPKIANOHO- Caracalla, unbearded, with laurel AljTO Apollon (Lykeios) with the and tank r. R. on the head and the bow in the L. between the tree blunt with the snake and that Quiver with robe {= 578) Deviations: Versus writing at the end without C (•) i- 3 — perhaps with a coat I. 3; — Rs. End of the document is missing i. 3 I Bologna Bibl. — 2 Vienna — 3 in trade also V +A OVAniANOjV MAPKIANOnOAl Cybele with Kai., bowl and tym- panon between two lions 1. enthroned (cf. 579) Weight: 9.45 (2, E. sl.) Deviations: vs. writing incomplete 1.2 — with coat over the carapace 1.2. 4.7; — Rs. Beginning of writing unclear 3. 5. 6 — TTOAI i- A. i — End incomplete 2. 3. 4 I Berlin Cat. 59.16 — 2 Gotha Sestini lett. 9.2 [Mionnet p. 2, 78, 140] incorrect with T. A. FAAAOY and standing Cybele (see above 609*) — 3 London Cat. 29.11 — 4 St. Florian — 5. 6 St. Petersburg — 7 Venice Marc. ATT ANTQN^INOC Head of Youth borrowed Caracalla m.l.r. . . . OYArilANOr MAFKIANOnOAITüN Naked Hermes with bag and staff 1. j standing I Mus. Sanclem. 2,308 [Mionnet pp. 2, 80, 149]. — The coin, now in the Brera in May- land, has the head of Elagabalus, and on the R. one only reads ....TIANOT (end the governor's name CEPF TITIANOT). It is therefore included under Elagabalus.

MARKIANOPOLIS 624 K27 «25 K27 620 K27 [Caracalla] likewise V +A OVAÜIANOV MAPKIANOnOAl- TflN Concordia with quay., shell and cornucopia 1. standing (= 580) Deviations: vs. the head with a slight beard i. 3 — head without carapace 4; — Rs. Separation closed - at the end TTOAIT 4 1 Berlin Cat. 59.17 — 2 Munclien — 3 Paris — 4 St. Petersburg — 5 Weiss the same, but with a coat over it Tank V +A OVAniANOiV MAPKIANOnO]- AIT Concordia as before, but at the altar (cf. 581) Rev. at the end TTOAUnN 3- 6, Weight: 10.20(3) — 8.42(2) Deviations: Vs. supposedly with AV ^'tatt AVP» MAPKIANOTTO (probably incomplete) 7 I Bucharest — 2 Gotha — 3 Munich — 4 St. Petersburg — 5 Sophia — 6 Vienna Mus. Theup. loii inaccurate. — j — 7 Mionnet pp. 2, 80, 150 from the de la Goy collection AV K M AVP I ANTHNINOC Br. des i V +A OVAÜIANOV MAPKIANOnOAlT Caracalla, unbearded, with laurel wreath (without P. and M.) r. Eagle with half-opened wings standing forward and head with wreath in beak right. uplifting (cf. 583, 584) Weight: 9.81 (i) Deviations: Rs. beginning of the text incomplete 1.2.6 — at the end TTOAI- TS2N 2. 5 — the eagle on a base i. 3. 4. 6 I Lübbecke — 2 Moscow — 3 Munich, formerly Cousinery Sestini descr. 33.17 - 4 Paris Blanchet revue number. 1892, 61, 12 - 5 Philippople. — '[ — 6 Wiczay 2138 [Mionnet p. 2, 80, 151]; Sestini 25.12. — Perhaps this is also where the coin from Godmother iinp came from. 302 Fig. d, Back = Index 20, of which only VTT... has been preserved. (without governor's name) a) with the bearded head of Caracalla With these coins it is not always possible to decide whether the head of Caracalla or that of Elagabalus is represented; it therefore like some of the pieces here attributed to the former rather belong to the latter and vice versa. — Those no longer in Original verifiable coins from the older literature are only then recorded under Caracalla, although their types also appeared on small coins of Severus or Geta occur; a sure argument for or that is not against this allocation either, as some types occur under both governments. — The descriptions missing here Exercises by Mionnet and others can be found under E^lagabalus. 626* K27 ATT K M ATP CEVH K. m. L I M TEP No MAPKlANOnOArmN I Goddess with bowl and scepter 1. standing I Vienna Eckhel cat. 54.11 [Mionnet pp. 2, 80, 152] under Caracalla The coin belongs to Severus Alexander; see there.

2l6 MOESIA INFERIOR 627 K21 [Caracalla] AVT K M AVPH | ANTHNEINOC ■ MARKIANiOnOAlTflN Hygieia with Head m, L. r. | Snake and bowl r. standing Weight: 5.85 (i) I London Cat. 29.12 — 2 Vienna Mus. Tlieup. 972; Arneth Sessionsber, 9, 892, 17 The head on both copies is certainly that of Caracalla; Hygieia also comes Under Elagabalus only appeared on much smaller coins. — (The Mint in London Cat. 29.13 belongs to Diadunienianus; see there.) 628 K18 [629] K(i8) 627* K(i8) 628* K17 629* K17 AVT K M AVP 1 ANTnN[EINOC m. L. r. K. MAPKIANOnOAlTn and below N Eagle with half-opened wings standing forward and head with wreath in beak right. uplifting I Paris Blanchet revue number. 1892, 64, 22 under Elagabalus The facial features make it doubtful whether this is Caracalla or Elagabalus; but there the type of Rs. occurs in Severus and Geta, but not in Elagabalus, is so the coin recorded here. AVT K M AVP m. L. (r.) ANTHNCINOC K. MAPKIANOnOAlTflN Tribrach, an from which a snake rises rings I Sestini descr. 34.27 [Mionnet pp. 2, 83, 168] by Ainslie. — See Mus. Arigoni i imp. gr. X, 152 the same Rs. under Elagabalus, while Sestini cat. castig. 12 the piece below Caracalla recorded. Since the type of Rs. occurs in Severus and Geta, Sestini's allocation can be correct. Svoronos also thought he saw Caracalla on a commercial copy. know (font AVT K M AV | ANTßNINOC). On the Viennese copy, that too to which Caracalla has been attributed (Mus. Theup. 972; Arneth 9, 892, 22) seems to me to be clearly recognizable as Elagabalus; see there. ATT K M ATP ANTiiNINOC Head of Ca- | MAPKlANOriOA€ITüN Female figure racalla m. L. (r.) I 1. standing, in the R. bowl, in the L. I rudder I Sestini Mus. Chaudoir 42, 5 Perhaps the type of the Rs. is described incorrectly, as the representation of the Tyche (or Fortuna) with shell and rudder does not otherwise appear on small coins; every- If so, the description must be considered uncertain, since neither Caracalla nor Elaga balus such a coin can be proven. M ANTÜNINOC Head of Caracalla r. 1 MAFKIANOllOArmiN Half-opened basket, I from which the snake crawls out I Ramus Cat. i, 99, 4. — The coin belongs to Diadumenianus; see there. Caracalla MAPKIANOnOAITÖN Silenus 1 Sestini lettere 9,2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 82, 164]. — (The type is Priapus.) also MAPKIANOIIOAlTßN crescent moon with four stars 2 Sestini lettere 9.2 [Mionnet p. 2, 83, 172] likewise | MAPKIANOriOAITQN basket 3 Eckhel cat. 54.12 [Mionnet pp. 2, 83, 173]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 892, 23 All three coins (1 and 2 in Gotha, 3 in Vienna) belong to Elagabalus and are described in more detail below. The others at Mionnet are there too (pp. 2, 82, 161 up to 167; 63, 169, 171, 174) and other coins attributed to Caracalla, which are no longer detectable, but of which other specimens with the head of Elaga balus are known; It is not necessary to list them all individually here.

MARKIANOPOLIS [630] K(i8) 631 K22 032 K23 633 K16 634 K16 [Caracalla] likewise | MAPKIANOnOAlTnN Grapes I Sestini descr. 34.29 [Mionnet pp. 2, 83, 170] by Ainslie The type can be found on small coins from the Geta, but also occurs under Elagabalus before; the allocation is therefore uncertain. b) with the bearded head of Caracalla Whether the coins compiled here (631 - 634) were still under Severus or were formed under Caracalla's sole rule is not certain decide; only n. 632 can certainly be assigned to the later period, because it shows the same name form as those coined under Quintilianus Coins (aft. 635 fg.). AV K M AVP ANTjnNINOC n AV|r K. m. L. r. MÄKIANO,nOAITnN Concordia with calathos, bowl and cornucopia 1. standing; in front of her a flaming one Altar Weight: 6.57 (i) Deviations: vs. the f at the end cannot be seen 2 — .Writing incomplete- constantly 5 I Berlin Cat. 59, 18 inaccurate — 2 Dresden — 3 Paris — 4 St. Petersburg — 5 Vienna (under Traianopolis) ANTONINOC njlOC AVrOVCTOC likewise Weight: 5.82 I Turin Mus. Cat. 1977 = Lavy 969 MAPKIANOjnoAlTnN Tyche with Kalathos, tax and cornucopia 1. standing AV K M AVPHA 1 ANT as well [MjAPKIANOnOAlTHN Eros (as Genius of Death) r. standing and looking forward, with the right lowered the torch onto an altar supported I St. Petersburg [AVT K] M AVPHAI[OC] | ANTnN€[l NOC] as well MAPKIANOnOAlTflN Asklepios r. standing and facing 1st, row up j supported the serpent staff Weight: 2.36(1) Deviations: vs. writing incomplete i, the letters in brackets after 2 supplemented - bust with robe 2 - not described 3 I Berlin Cat. 60, 19. — 1|— 2 Mionnet p. 2, 82,160 from the Beaucousin collection. — Here- maybe 3 Mus. Arigoni 2 imp. gr. XXVII, 374 the Rs., under Elagabalus; Sestini catal. castig. 12 under Caracalla and 13 under Elagabalus.

2l8 MOESIA INFERIOR 035 K27 on K26 637 K27 T. XVI, 22 038 K27 Caracalla as sole ruler (Quintilianus) niOC AVr AN TONINOC Head of VH KVNTIAIAINOV MARKIANOHOAI beartiy;en Caracalla m. L. r. and in the F. Tfl'N Naked Zeus with chlamys over the 1st shoulder 1. standing, in the prev. R. shell, the L. supported on the scepter; in front of him the eagle Weight: 9.80(2) — 9.51 (i) Deviations: Vs. writing uncertain (AV ANT. . . 'NOC AVrOCTO-0 i; — Rs. Vn KVTIAIANOIV i MPAKIANOnOAlTßN i 1 Athens Cat. 817 - 2 Munich - 3 Vienna, formerly Wiczay 2139 [Mionnet p. 2, 78, 142]: Sestini 26:13; Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 14b (inaccurate) also" VH KVNTIAIANOV MARKIANOHOAI etc. F. T|flN Hades-Sarapis with Kai. 1. enthroned, the R. over the Kerberos, the L. on the scepter supported Deviations: Rs. vn KVNTIAIANÖ MAPKIANOnOjAlTnN 2.(5?) — stated lich KVINTIAIANO 6 — Attributes uncertain (so maybe Zeus?) i. 5 1 Bucharest — 2 London Cat. 29, 14 — 3 Paris — 4 St. Petersburg Academy — 5 Vienna Mus. Theup. loil (inaccurate under Elagabalus); Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 15. — 1|^ 6 Mionnet pp. 2, 79, 146 from the Beaucousin collection ANTHNINOC Hl OC AVrOVCT|0|C Vn KVNTIAIAN[OV MjAPKIAN OHO also etc. F. AljTflN Naked Hermes, seen from the back, r. standing, the r. Leg pulled in and the r. Foot on the toes behind the left ken placed, over the 1st shoulder Chlamys, in the half-raised R. I the Kerykeion; in front of him a stele Illustration of Rs. (i). — See the introduction on p. 193. Weight: 12.00 (1, with hole) — 9.6o (2) I Imhoof — 2 Munich — 3 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 79, 147 inaccurate — 4 Vienna, formerly Wiczay 2140; Sestini 26.14 (who wants to name the figure Theseus); Arneth meeting area. 9,892,16a also VH KVNTIAIANOV MA|PKIANOnO... Hermes as before, but on the There is a bird (?) on the stele 1. Weight: 9.48 (E. schi.) I Gotha. — The animal on the stele could at best be a ram. 636* K— ANTQNEINOC ATrOTCTOC Head of Cara | Efl. A. KTINTIAIANOY MAPKIANOIIOAEI- calla I TÖN Apollon . I Hardouin num. ans. 312 supposedly from the Paris Cabinet, but there is no such coin is present (but see below n. 660 - 663, with Caracalla and Domna).

MARKIANOPOLIS 210 (>31) K26 (>4() K26 K26 642 K26 643 K26 644 K26 645 K26 [C.iracalla as sole ruler] niOC AVrOVCTOC | ANinNINOC likewise I Vienna Arneth meeting area. 9, 891, 16 ANTHNINOC ÜIOC AVrOVCTOC likewise Vn KVNTIAIANOV MAPKIANOnOAl- Tfi et al. F.r. N Asclepius with follow the snake stick in the row standing in front and 1. looking from KVNTIAIANOV MAPKIANOnOAl- THN Concordia with Kai,, bowl I standing above the altar and cornucopia 1 Weight: 9.00(1, E.m.) Deviations: Vs. Separation of writing different - — ANTßN€INOC 2. 3; — Rs. Separation of the writing different - the ending £2![^ in field 2.4 - TßN i. A. 7 — conclusion uncertain i. 3 — KVNTIAI/M'OV 5 — MAPKI/MONOAlT 4 I Gotha Sestini lett. 9, 2 [Mionnet pp. 2, 79, 148] - 2 Iversen - 3 Copenhagen Ramus 1)99)3 (Rs. inaccurate with VITO at the beginning of the writing) — 4. 5 London Cat. 29, 15.16 — 6 Paris Boutkowski revue number. 1883, 376, 3 - 7 Sophia - 8 Vienna Arneth session area. 9, 892, 18. 19 (but only one copy is now available). — See above 584**. nioc AvrovcTOC likewise ANTHNINOC vn KVNTIAIANOjV MAPKIANOnOAl etc. F. Tin (see above, without N) as well I. 2 Bucharest (both from the same stamps, on the obverse with stamp error AVTOVCTOC) ANTONINOC nijOC AVPOVCTlOjC likewise from KVNTIAIANO|V MÄKIANOHOAIT and i. F. fl|N eagle with excellent spread wings on a ball standing forward and head with wreath in beak right. uplifting Weight: 8.89(1) Deviations: Rs. perhaps MARK - 2 I London — 2 Paris Mionnet pp. 2, 79, 144; see below 686.2* niOC AVr ANjTnNINOC as well | Vü KVNTIAAIANOV(so!) MAPKIANO- I TTOAIT etc. F. fljN as well I Schmidt — 2 Vienna Eckhel cat. 54.9 [Mionnet pp. 2, 79, 143]; Arneth meeting area. 9, 892, 20 niOC AVrOVCTOC l ANTHNINOC I vn K|VNTIAIAN0V MAPKIANOnO- also AIT and under the lightning ON Eagle like before, but on one Lightning, and the head to the left Deviations: Rs. VH KVNTIAIANOV MAPKIANOnOAITn(N?) 2 I Paris Godmother imp. 302 Fig. d. Rs. [Gessner imp. CXLVIII, 68]; Mionnet pp. 2, 79, 145; see below 686, i* - 2 Schmidt - 3 in trade nioc AvrovcTOC likewise ANTHNINOC from KVNTIAIANOV MAPKIANOnO- AITON eagle with half-open Wings standing forward (not on lightning or ball) and the head 1. raising (without wreath) Deviations: Vs, from the same stamp as 641 (with AVPOVCTOC) l; — Rs. supposedly en KVINTIAIANOV 3 l Bucharest — 2 Sophia. — |— 3 Wild num. be. XIX, 112 [Gessner imp. CXLIX, 41]

220 MOESIA INFERIOR (J46 K^27 T. XIX, 33 K26 (>48 K27 T. XIX, 32 [Caracalla as autocrat] niOC AVr ANITHNINOC bearded Caracalla with L head of r. Illustration of the Rs. I Vienna Vn KVNTIAINOjV (so!) MAPKIANO- TTOAIT et al. F. HjN Wreathed Table with hanging front blanket (?); in the background between two field characters one Stele on which an eagle returns looking 1. stands AN[TnNINOC ni OC] AVrOVCT|OC likewise I St. Petersburg. from KVNTIAIANOV MAPKIANOnO- AITO et al. F. below N likewise, but the standards stand longer in the foreground on the side of the Ti- chess, and the eagle stands to the right- and looks to the left The writing of the Vs. is supplemented after the following coin. ANTHNINOC ni|OC AVrOVCTlOC likewise from KVNTIAIANOV MAPKIANOÜO- AIT et al. F. below HN Similar wreathed table, but without ceiling, between two field signs chen; but the r. looking back Eagle is not on a stele, but on an altar that stands on the table itself Illustration of the Rs. I. 2 Bucharest (both from the same stamps) 646* K(27) 648** K(27) Caracalla (Vs. not described) TC lOYA ANTIF MAPKIANOllO 11. i. A. A€1T Athena 1. standing, on the previous. R. a Idol (?), which L. leans on the spear her on the ground the shield I Gessner inip. CXLIX, 41* from the Pfau Collection. — It's a bad one Preserved coin of Elagabalus, now in Berlin, like Sestini lettere 8.33 correct noticed. The governor's name should be supplemented with IOT7V ANT [CEAEYKOT]; the type is not Athena, but Nemesis; cf. v. Sallet Cat. Berlin 64.38. ATT K M AYP C€YH ANTONINOC head . . . ö 'iW lANö | MAPKIANOriOAIT of Caracalla m. L. (r.) Female figure in a long robe 1. standing, in the prev. R. bowl, the L. leaning on the scepter I Froelich 4 tentam. 259,131 Fig. d. Rs. [Gessner imp. CXLIX, 38]; Eckhel cat. 54.11 [Mionnet p. 2, 80, 152] a little more precise. — Like the rest of the governor's name (Um. Tere- ventinus), the coin does not belong to Caracalla, but to Alexander; the Froelich added the end of the imperial name ANTONINOC arbitrarily, Eckhel left it him as unsafe; you can still see the letters AAE. . . . The coin is now there in the Vienna Cabinet under Alexander and is also by Arneth Meeting area 9, 896, 98 assigned.