Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 26 — 1908

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 233 4 ser. Gold: 60 ser. Silver = 20 Roman camp. Drachmas & 3,411 gr. —-4.548gr. — 68.22 gr. — 68.22 gr. therefore 1 serupel of gold = 5 such drachmas, consistent with the Volsinian stamps XX and A, However, there could be concerns about this result the low weight of the exclusively in Giesecke’s Example of the present Volsinian drachma of only 2.78 gr. be justified. Just because of the large differences in weight, the ones in silver everywhere encounter, appears this concern by no means considerably. Also numerous vietoriats from normal Also 3.41 gr. can be found even in well-preserved copies not infrequently to an equally low or even lower weight down. In general, in contrast to this, always forms until to a few centigrams precisely adjusted gold a single one Silver piece is not sufficient to determine a coin base Foundation. If you wanted to look for the isolated copy of the Giesecke Collection accept, the Volsinian drachma stands not on 3 scruples (3.41 gr.), but only on 2'/, scruples (2.8425) normal weight, like that would gold turns into silver on 1:12'/, calculate. But I maintain this relationship with her The period in question for Etruria is unlikely because of the Older Etruscan gold pieces are similar to those accepted here Sentences from 1:15 very close standing Norm from 1:14.82 to prove is'), then, because we out a striking one Value designation can be seen, that for the Roman Campanian gold alongside the fixed rate of silver to copper — 1:120 does not assume any other ratio to silver than 1:15 finally because the strong one emerges from what immediately follows Influence of Etruria by the Roman-Campanian system 1) The older Etruscan gold pieces with their stamps T, AXX, Y»11X and X refer to liters =!/ ,“Stater. This is what this means Liters of Persian weight of 1.137 gr. (seripulum), like that this results impossible gold to silver ratio = 1:20; you can therefore only click on Liters of Babylonian weight of 0.842 gr. are obtained, from which the resulting I thought the relation 1:14.82 results, from the Volsinii by acceptance of the sentence 1:15 barely removed,

934 Haeberlin: will result. For all these reasons I can only conclude, that in the drachma of the Giesecke collection, which get through the value I proves to be a Volsinian unit of account, a minted copy is available, for which in particular also the small planchet that does not fully absorb the pistil speaks, and that the normal weight of these drachmas was 3.41 gr. You hold it hereafter also for Volsinii in the circumstances Gold to silver = 1:15 fixed, This is how it follows from this that for the economic development of central Italy was also new as important result, that the youngest Etruscan gold in the Mint this city in Roman-Campanian foot and although calculated according to the 3-scrupel drachma became. The choice of the simple Serupel but for the small Gold pieces were all the closer to Volsinii than this value had been present in Etruria since ancient times. The whole Etruscan Silver coin will namely, like on others to elaborate on the point, dominated by two systems, dem Babylonian-Etruscan with the stater of 8.42 gr. and the Persian-Etruscan with the stater of 11.37 gr. The tenth but of the latter, d. h. his litra, that is sceripulum from 1.137 gr. It later formed Rome in the Sestertius for a long time relevant unit of account. For the first time in Roman Application occurs the scripulum as with the reform the Roman-Campanian currency around 312 BC BC on the spot the previous Phocaic-Campanian didrachm of 7.58 gr. the Roman-Campanian didrachm from 6 scruples (6.82 gr.), with theirs drachma from 3 scruples (3.41 gr.) set will. The scripulum did not find its way to Rome-Campania south, but rather from Etruria'); again took the on be Triple based Roman-Campanian Drachma reversed its route from Campania to Etruria, I) About the derivation and origin of the seripulum, that by default a silver, not a bronze weight is, will I'll be in one soon another work “The metrological foundations of the oldest central Italian Coin systems” deal in detail.

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 235 whereupon it also becomes the basis for a new one based on scruples based gold system, through which the older one on per- gold system based on the Roman Empire either repressed or but is largely replaced. Up italic Coin areas forms the knowledge the Interrelationships the individual countries to each other one important side of recent research. Through the investigation the basis the Volsinian gold coin the chain of these relationships a new one Link inserted. As proof des penetration Roman-Campanian influence in Etruria stand but the Volsinian ones Coins by no means isolated. One others Etruscan city, Cosa, between Tarquinii and Rusellae on the west coast located, has copper liters cam panicked foot with downright campanic Embossing ge- beat (cf. Garrucci Tav. LXXXIH 23-25; Berliner Cat. III p. 34 and plate I); The money went in large quantities Campanian mints even in the Etruscan area namely embossed no less as cast. In this one Connections will it understandable, why Roman- campanic liter copper like that en masse in the Aquae Apollinares, the Healing springs at Lake Sabatinersee, found has. A active commercial traffic had these Coins in the country made natively and according to the majority they are Etruscan Sick (not Campanian, as one might say so far thought). be, the other people's money the dedicated to local gods. Due to the same relationships, in Capua initially Heavy money cast for Latin needs along with the associated bars in Etruria up to the Chiusi area, in Umbria even yet further northward in a measure Spread found, that regarding individual Latin Heavy money series afterwards to the discoveries of the error stand could, her be Etruscan national product ge- beings). 1) This is how Garrucei moved the Latin one Wheel series to Sutrium, the Cup series to Nepete, the heavy Apollo series to Falisci; the series

236 Haeberlin: The reception of all these types of coins in southern Etruria is At the same time, the recognition of their original areas assigned value, since under-tariffing is their input penetration prevented would have; it further conditions the arrival recognition of the different areas in Roman areas value relations applicable to coin metals; it finally requires that according to Roman norms, money was mined in Etruria had to be value-identical with his role model. This whole thing Traffic development forms an important moment in the Ro- Mannerization of southern Etruria.. It is unthinkable that if gold to silver in the Roman area—=1:15, its ratio next door in Etruria 1:12'/, could have been. The value Payments of Volsinian gold can therefore only be made in drachmas full Campanian weight (3.41 gr.), not to a °/, size of this value can be obtained. At the same time, Roman-Campanian monetary transactions stopped Campanian art made its entry into these areas, because the Gold coins from Volsinii are Campanian style namely not only after their execution, but also after the election their types. In both relationships differentiate her yourself sharp from everything that had been in Etruscan coinage up to that point was to be found. So repeats the great piece of gold from Volsinii in the choice of the head of Apollo the representation of the one in Campania most popular type of god; But the bull of the Rj. shows that Animal image that is known as vitulus in the Oscan lands (“Viteliu”) from the oldest coinage in Naples to the present times of the Confederate War as one of the most common coin types is known. The Volsinian drachma from the Giesecke collection is on V/. and R/. of the same type as certain didrachms Velia (cf. Garrucei Tav. CXIX, No. 18 and 19). On the Copper liters from Cosa are the heads of Mars and Athena, likewise the horse bust the R/. absolutely after Campanian of the Roma head without symbols was by others the Sabatines to- written. N D HE

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 237 Role models manufactured. Also in Umbria is the influence the Campanian art is easy to prove; would without him the excellent representations on the heavy money from Tuder, namely the Tudertine libral series in this one independent art until then deprived lands not in would have been possible in this way. From these points of view, a more precise one also emerges dating of Volsinian coins than was previously possible. Around 312 BC The Roman Scrupelfuss was discovered in the Capuan niches Mint introduced. Against end des big ones Volsinii stands alongside other Etruscan cities during the Samnite War Fields against Rome and must peace in 294 er- buy. His inner Disputes but lead to new ones Conflicts with Rome; in the year 265 will it from the Romans conquered and plundered, the population in a new one Volsinii on lacus Volsiniensis settled. With that was the richest Etruscan city liked, out the the conquerors after Pliny (XXXIV, 34 and XXXVI, 135) and others no less than They brought home 2,000 bronze statues as loot. Your gold coin is hereby around the year 300 BC. BC and probably a few years later to put; it is the coinage the site des today's Orvieto, which is built on seemingly impregnable rock directed urbs vetus, not the one after 265 on the lakeshore new town that emerged, Another one weighty Fact speaks further for this, that the Volsinian drachma foot is none other than the Roman one may have been Campanian, because not only for southern Etruria, but for all of Italy, and also for overseas territories the reform of the Campanian coinage system in 312 crucial importance become. Afterwards to mine “Systematics” has Regling in one in the “Klio” Volume Vi published work (“To the older Roman and Italian coin being’) on p. 519 ff. proved that even Taranto was itself the Do not withdraw from the effect of that reform could and that therefore his last didrachm emissions on Roman-Campanian

238 Haeberlin: 6-scrupel feet (6.82 gr.) are provided. The drachma of 3.41 gr. (Plate I, 11) did not last so long in Capua the didrachm (the quadrigate). In her place has occurred since introduction of the denarius in 268 BC. another 3-scrupel- piece, namely the Vietoriat (Plate 1, 20); he builds from there an albeit strange part of the capital city Coinage. That's why is he also in all branches the main municipal offices, i.e. in their secondary mints in Luceria, Vibo, Croton, Coreyra etc. were minted with preference. same- early, if not already before, had too the Illyrians Mints, Apollonia and Dyrrhachium, the 3-scrupel drachma adopted. This gave reason to Pliny (XXXII, 3, 46). to dem erroneous report, the Victoriat be from Illyria to Rome ge- come. The thing behaved rather, the opposite is true. This Archetype of both the Victoriat and the Illyrian drachma, is present in the Roman-Campanian drachma, the foot of which Taranto, no less Illyria, soon Massilia and that Ligurian Litoral, undoubtedly also southern Etruria, in particular but the capital itself was connected to its foreign traffic. Before the denarius became the world coin, created Rome in the Vietoriat and his half a convenient piece of money traffic with foreign territories, by no means just with Illyria, but with the most diverse countries. Although ?/, weighing the denarius, is therefore by no means a coin Part of the denarius, but like this one an independent one Unit, which is why its half piece with S is called semis will. The Vietorian himself remains like his example, the Roman-Campanian drachma, without stamp, because he educates for abroad, so far Roman law for the same yet not mandatory is, a commodity, likewise like the out- country on vietoriat weight standing Drachmas in Roman area 'mercis loco habebantur'. First later, as Foreign countries also came increasingly under Roman rule coming the denarius currency forced received, became the

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 239 Vietoriat by Clodic law (around 104 BC). Quinarwerth reduced, i.e. h. abolished. This digression on the Vietoriat was necessary around the far-reaching effect, the from the reform the Capuan Mint of the year 312 went out, to on- to bring an insight and at the same time provide another insight point of view to set up for this, that the new drachma, the Volsinii around the year 300 BC BC assumed not probably one others been can be better than the widespread 3-scrupel- Drachma, especially since his gold was minted at scruple weight is. The question remains whether this scruple gold, namely- lich the majority, as a completely independent creation to consider is, or whether too already the model for this a Roman-Campanian gold of equal value and weight coin template? This brings us to the area of the oldest Roman Gold coin and let the question asked immediately respond to that Most definite there affirmed, that the great Volsinian gold stick as closely as possible to an equilibrium, namely- if standing on 4 scruples (4.55 gr.). Roman-Campanian piece of gold connects, just with that differences, that the Value number XX of the Volsinian gold piece on the Roman Campanian is opposed to the value number XXX. The imprint the latter is in accordance with the quadrigate Silver on the Yf. the double head of the beardless Janus, while the R/. has the well-known oath scene, at the two loading armed with the tips of his sword touching a pig that a between them kkneeling Youth in the lap holds. The Value number XXX is located below the neck of the Janus head, in the Z&/ section. is the inscription ROMA. The same Embossing both Coin pages show two others Roman- campanic pieces of gold, the however on drachma weight stand, namely a golden didrachm of 6 and a drachma from 3 scruples weight (6.82 and 3.41 gr.); they differ However, it differs from the 4-scrupel piece in a characteristic way

940 Haeberlin: through the deficiency of the value symbol. These coins are like that many times discussed and pictured, that to more detailed ones Citations as to where they can be found are appropriately omitted at this point may be used’). (Cf. here plate I, 4. 5 or 21-24.) A second type of Roman one that is quite different from this Gold coins are available in the series on the V/. the head of bearded Mars facing right, on the Z/. the Eagle standing on the lightning carries, below in the section the inscription ROMA. This series falls apart in three denominations, a piece of 3, a second of 2 and a third of 1 scerupel Weight (3.411 gr., 2.274 gr. and 1.137 gr.). The one behind that Mars heads standing value number is on the large piece JX, on the middle XXXX, on the small XX. This one too pieces are general known and in every compendium to find (Plate I, 29-31). One third variety heard not to the gold coins; her exists from Electron; on which Vf. carries she a female Janus head, on the R/. the image borrowed from the quadrigates of the lightning-slinging Jupiter accompanied by the Victoria the Quadriga; her missing of the value symbol, as well as the Name inscription and stands in detail between 3.10 to 2.58 gr. fluctuating weights obviously on the norm des last from Carthage in panorama beaten electrons, Roman expressed on about 2’/,, Serupel (= 2.842 gr.)?). (Plate I, 12.) The assumptions about whether the latter variety belongs are see apart. What on the other hand? the two groups with As far as the inscription ROMA is concerned, it could be considered a guaranteed result. The results of previous research are that the gold with the 1) Just be very general this and the following gold coins, Also for the Electron, reference is made to the best-known manuals by name on Cohen's Med. consul. Pl. XLIII 1-4, XLIV 8-10; Babelon I p. 23, 25, 26; Garrucei: Tav. LXXVII, 14-17, LXXIX 1-4. 2) Weight list at Bahrfeldt, Monete Camp. 8. 64 f. — About the foot: head, Hist. num. S$. 28, cf. with p. 741. Mommsen R.M. p. 213.

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 241 Roman-Campanian oath scene, the one with the head of Mars and Adler, on the other hand belong to the capital's character, where with regard to the time of their creation, the former group than at the same time as the older quadrigate silver considered, the latter, on the other hand, dates back to 217 BC. Attributed to BC and as a golden credit coin this one through the Hannibalic occupation tribulation for Rome was considered a memorable year. In the “systematics” I reserved on the older Roman gold coins in my main work about that aes grave to come back. One now in the “Corolla numismatica"') (pp. 310-324, plate XVI) appeared Work of Dr. Heinrich Willers in Bonn, titled: “The Roman Gold stamping of the year 209 B.C. Chr.”, compels me however this intention to renounce and to Willers’s Statements to comment now. One soon Refutation of the same seems all the more necessary as one row efficient investigations the works of the mentioned researcher both in archaeological, like in numismatic . Circles guaranteed a deserved reputation while in the present trap one used incorrectly Conjectur to has led us to make false conclusions that seem all too appropriate which is now well on the way to complete clarity position the oldest Roman Coin ratios understood to divert research from this goal again. Short said means the new Willers’ gold theory nothing more and nothing less than the reversal of the previous ones point of view into their opposite, by Willers in which Drachma gold the Roman-Campanian mint with the Oath scene coined at a later time, namely the year 209 v. BC sees, by he further the sestert gold with that standing Eagle in the time des first Punic war moves up and as the emergency coin of the year 217 BC. the Electron pieces with the female Janus head viewed. 1) Anthology in honor of Head on the occasion his resignation from the Head of the Department of Coins and Medals, London 1906.

242 Haeberlin: Willers arrived at this result in the following way: Langt: He assumes that the well-known passage from Pliny n.h. XXXIL 47: “Aureus nummus post annos LI (according to the Bambergers Manuscript, all others: LXII) percussus est quam argenteus ita, ut scripulum valeret sestertios vicenos” chronologically and numismatically hitherto entirely incorrectly worth been be. As a starting point, from dem out the Timing of the Plinian Report to be calculated, i.e. as that year the introduction the capital city denarius currency, Here Willers sets the year 269, because the same thing by more precise data given by Pliny (n.h. XXXIII, 44). better certified appear as through one less precise Information from Livy (Periocha 15), which dates back to 268 BC. BC lead would. Calculate man now from the year 269 onwards with the Bamberg manuscript 51 years further, this is how you get to it the year 218 B.C. BC, however, there was an emergency in that year for Rome has not yet passed have gold stamping but just under executed under the imperious pressure of such a person could be, that's what follows from this the inaccuracy the number LI. Not better stand it around the number LXII, the one on 207 v. BC, a year in which, according to Livy, trade would take place and change was just beginning to blossom again. Both numbers are therefore incorrect. Finding the right number is our priority the annalistic tradition in stand. Livy submits In the year 209 the news that the decision was made in the same year 4,000 pounds of gold were captured the five percent release tax, the in secret National treasuries for the extreme Emergency situation stored were, liquid to make; Of this, 500 pounds each were given to the consuls, the proconsuls and further given to the praetor Lucius Veturius, of Northern Italy had redeemed as a province; He received another 100 pounds of gold Consul Fabius; the remaining gold was used for the purposes of the in Spain fighting army related. It can therefore be assumed that that the consuls, immediately upon receipt of the gold

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 243 Capua set off, their share and probably also that of the praetor L. Veturius had them minted into coins there himself. From this one Pliny's report speaks of gold coinage; be in the same Therefore, instead of the incorrect figures given, these are to put correct number LX, with what the year 209 B.C. BC result. The coin findings confirm this result. Willers speaks here is the opinion that was already mentioned above in the year 312 v. BC set reform the campanian Silver coin (Introduction of the scruple foot in Capua) only at the same time with of creation of the capital city denarius in 269 v. BC took place. The main piece form the quadrigate; with him comcurrire which was also found in other Roman mints struck Victoriat, which was also created at that time, and although in the half weight of the quadrigat. In style and details The technique of these pieces corresponds entirely to that of the Roman city Silver. With these Both varieties belonged to style and time ons closest together three groups from gold coins, about but there is still no unity in their dating. The oldest group are the gold pieces with Mars heads of 3, 2 and 1 scruples weight and the value mark IX, XXXX and XX. The occurrence the epithet anchor, Lance tip, knotted stick and pentagram on some of the do the same their former dating to the year 207 or Mommsen's equation becomes impossible at 217; they are much older and soon after introduction of the denarius (however according to 8. 316, Note 1, not struck in Rome); everything speaks for the time the first Punic war; a more precise dating is available impossible at first. As a second type, Willers categorizes this only in a nominal form present Electron with the female Janus head. On hands of evidence that at the time of the Hannibalian tribulation also Silver coins (quadrigates and victoriates) been legited he also sees one in this impure gold (electron). Emergency coin of the year 217. Although this is due to the consideration

944 Haeberlin: liche of the absence the inscription ROMA pointed out will, seems to emerge from a remark against Percy Gardner- It is clear that Willers sees this piece as having been struck in Rome. The third Willers group consists of the drachma soldiers with the oath scene, 6 and 3 scruple pieces. This 4-Scruple piece with the value XXX is wrong. From her Styles, especially from the Doppelkopfe, “which, although with great Worked with care and love, but stylistically contrary “the head of the oldest Quadrigati shows a step backwards,” he said. admit that they are much younger than these. Only in them could the gold issue of the year 209 can be found. It Don't bother to see this from the reverse view, i.e. h. from the oath scene, to prove. Livius (27. 9, 10 in the train) continue to tell you from the year 209, that as there- once the envoys of the 30 Roman colonies in Rome were present, twelve of them went to their hometowns War services declared impossible, whereas in the name of the eighteen remaining Marcus Sextilius from Fregellae the punctual fulfillment all contractual obligations, required case but promised further additional services. This support of the colonies had the existence of the Roman rule at that time saved. The envoys were with the highest honor ments dismissed. The decision on liquid assets will soon be making the 4000 pounds of gold from the secret national treasury takes place. “What was” — Willers continues — “more natural as the willingness of the Latin colonies to make sacrifices now also applies to the To glorify coins?” In the oath scene he sees Willers these Allusion. Den keystone his Evidence For Willers is a denarius from the mint master Tiberius Vetu- rius from the period around 150-130 BC. (Cohen Pl. LI, Veturia; Babelon II 8.535, N. 1), whose R/. the oath scene des Drachma gold repeated (Plate I, 25). The coin company has hereby master alluded to his ancestor L. Veturius, who attended the Minting of the gold pieces from the year 209 with the oath scene Praetor was involved.

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 245 I believe with the assumption not to are wrong that the The latter, however, is an impressive combination at first glance Willers to his entire new theory over the older one Roman gold coinage and forced him to see let, the he had to do to the coin material in order to get it to reconcile with this theory. The more precise scientific results are expressed long, the more It's easier for them to deal with gave the criticism. Vague definitions are easy to elude a sharp capture. It cannot now be ignored that Willers’s Justification certain Indeterminacies and Gaps has, the their meeting complicate. .Willers has missed it yourself to say exactly about it, what kind the Roman coinage he assigns the individual types of gold wants; wants; He also has the important question of their value relationships to silver left untouched, despite exhaustive evidence leadership cannot do without answering this question. In former respect would be determined to formulate ge- beings, which varieties of the capital, which of the Roman should belong to Campanian coinage. There are enough in this one Relationship not hints about the place where you have one Coin struck believes, because the question is not a local one, she is rather a question of internal Roman constitutional law. Rome: had from around 335 BC. on (or, leaving Willers seems to have wanted to build two main mints from 343 onwards, one in the urbs, the other in Capua. Both are neat- Roman mints, but according to different systems work. It is not addressed here to the details of their many to engage in creative activity; just for their silver coinage be highlighted, that the Capuan one Mint after Drachmas, the capital city calculates according to sesterces. Further is the activity the Campanian mint one local limited, that of the capital a locally unlimited, because capital city, i.e. in the constitutional sense, coinage of the Roman state as a whole in contrast to those for Latium Journal of Numismatics. XXVI, 17

946 Haeberlin: Campania determined special types of money the Capuan one Officin are not only manufactured 1) in the Capitol Mint, but also outside half and half 2) in their branches, the Roman secondary mints, further 3) at any location the generals embossing. The general's coinage can therefore including in Capua take place without thereby the character of the Roman-Campani to accept; it remains capital here too, d. h. generally Roman style, exercised by military force entire state power representative empire. , Which of these genera will now be the first Willers group, namely Especially the sesterce gold with the Mars head and the value symbols VX, XXXX and XX belong? Corolla p. 316, note 1, finds The only brief note on this is that Bahrfeldt incorrectly used Rome as a place of minting on. Accordingly Willers probably thinks it's Capua the place of their minting? Should but this may be the case, like that This still doesn't answer the question of whether Willers them for Roman in the narrower sense or for Roman-Campanian holds. If he thought they were generals' coins, there was a debate about why they are not in the Plinian account mentioned as Rome's first gold coin, because the drachma gold with the oath scene, in which Willers, according to Pliny, is the oldest first Roman gold coins, is after its construction The version was also not in Rome, but rather more pronounced was just made in Capua by the general mint. So was Willers of the same opinion as the drachma gold also applies from sesterce gold, so had to he the con- sequence pull, that the entire Plinian account is erroneous, that the gold coins that he (Willers) placed in the year 209 coins not the first, but the second or — if that Electron is included - the third Roman gold coinage had been. But Willers does not draw this conclusion. It

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 247 can therefore only be assumed that he had the sestertine gold not for Roman in the general sense, but for Roman campanic, because this is the only way it can be done. Be- justify Pliny's judgment. Varro, Festus, Pliny,; also Livy never speaks of the Campanian coinage place, in Rome long before the introduction of the denarius silver coined. For it is the denarius, the first silver coin of Rome; for She could therefore also use the third Willers gold group only then can it rightly represent the oldest Roman gold coin, if the two earlier types of gold were Roman-Campanian. But, as it must appear from this, Willers held the sestertius gold for Roman-Campanian, that's what he had to say about it, why in the drachma mint this time after sesterces was calculated. This striking appearance was all the more so remain less unnoticed than they do because the supposed Rome's oldest gold coin from the year 209 is currently not available Roman sestertius, but on a drachma base and after Roman-Campanian way of the value symbol missing, just had to become even more striking and even more inexplicable. Mr. Dr. Willers forgive me if, despite my best Endeavor should have misunderstood him. But I have it understood correctly, so one emerges from his presentation series of internal contradictions. That according to visual appearance (Tuesday) drachmas and drachmas without stamp with the Janus heads of the Capuan quadrigati) Roman-Campanian gold According to this presentation, Roman in constitutional law is universally mean senses, that visible Roman Gold (easier, double, triple sesterce with reference to silver sesterce Value symbol) is said to be Roman-Campanian. It doesn't say so in fact impose coercion on the coin findings if they are included Reversal of a type that is incompatible with all coin criteria conjectur should be carried out for love? I turn to the individual groups. To begin is according to the chronological order..with the oldest group, dem drachma gold, the Willers for the 178

248 Haeberlin: youngest holds. It consists of three nominals, a didrachm of 6, a drachma of 3 and an 'irregular piece of 4 Scruples weight, former both pieces without value characters, the third with the value number XXX under the Janus heads. The fact that Willers rejects the latter piece as a forgery has already been mentioned. The setting of the first two pieces to the late period of 209 BC. He searches through one Complaint their style to justify. “The forehead kick unusually far back, the nose is too strongly developed and the lips are far from the expression, the we on the quadrigats would find”. It can this judgment cannot be contradicted decisively enough. In general is Style comparison not for everyone an equally safe way to Goals. In addition to requiring exhaustive comparative material they develop both innately and through sustained practice sharpened view. Where one of these factors fails, open there are wrong paths on all sides. For his judgment appeals Willers on a beautiful square from my collection that he on his board shown under No. 20. This piece in particular but also shows the forehead lying back, which is strongly wrapped nose and in no way excels in lip expression that of Willers under No. 8 and 10 of his plate Gold didrachms. However, safe comparison conclusions can be drawn isolated pieces not enough, rather, it must be the total development of the silver squares in consideration ge- be drawn. A chronology hers was rich material not yet undertaken; first Mr. Dr. Regling in Berlin has on the occasion my correspondence with him about This object is presented using a rich material tried and did establish such a chronology As far as I know, there are also quite a few pieces In broad terms (we reserve the details) this is the right thing hit. He differentiated here first - (as by the way already Bahrfeldt in the Monete rom. campane) - on hand

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 249 the Name inscription ROMA three groups from quadrigate Didrachms: a) with incuser inscription on raised bar (the Pieces with the so-called &criture provisionally mixed at- may be counted), b) with raised inscription on raised bar, c) with raised inscription in the rectangle of lines. In group a there are then three sub-divisions, The third, however, falls between b and c in style should, so that the incuse inscription is still in one time when the sublime one was already in practice. The Quadrigati are then divided into the following five groups: a]) Inscription incus on sublime groin; R/. very hollow (bowl-shaped); style good; medium head width. Plate I, 6. all) inscription ineus on raised bar; Z/. less hollow; style good; Head width varies, sometimes very much wide. Plate l, 7. b) inscription raised on raised bar; Ay. flat; Style pretty good to fair; Head width changing, usually quite narrow. Plate I, 8. allI) inscription incus on raised ledge; Af. flat; style low; long narrow head shape. Plate I, 9. — Some examples of this group are even in style later than some of group c. c) inscription sublime in the line rectangle; Z/. flat; style poor to poor; squat heads, mostly wide, namely .a) made of fine silver like the earlier pieces (e.g. Th. Attribute: ear under Quadriga). Plate I, 10. b) alloyed pieces. The initially high relief increases through the five groups gradually off. Based on the number of copies available, The duration of the individual groups seems to be short, ad all long, alb and allI medium length, ad ce long. However, one can

2350 - Haeberlin: large number of pieces instead of a group for a long period of time too on the significant Scopes their emission based, like that probably at group a II. The four first groups says Regling to the period around 300 or 286 to something after 268 B.C. BC (introduction of the denarius), the latter therefore, because the last quadrigates with inscriptions refer to the oldest de- naren with the same inscription yet than at the same time considered have to be; the long-lasting group c then goes to further Denarius coinage parallel’). Anyone who knows the distorted images which are the Janus heads of group c compared to the earlier ones It is not uncommon for people to have good performances, which is clear from this Reasons the Willers assumption, the beautiful Janus heads of drachma gold”) belonged to an even later era, impossible to agree can. Rather has reglings style examination shows, that they are essentially the extensive group all: parallel go; they definitely show their style criteria (still high relief, the backs still hollow) and show many times a characteristic one similarity with the Janus heads of this group. The well-done illustrations the Willers' panel in the Corolla Nos. 8 to 17 leave the You can clearly see the style of the Janus heads on the gold pieces; her at the same time result in a rich variety of head types, the un- possible. all placed in a single year (209 'BC). can. Nobody will notice the great style similarity of the golden ones Didrachm No. 12: the Willers tablet with the quadrigate Misjudge No. 20 there. I agree with Regling that the drachma gold is mainly concentrated in the second quadrigate group (all), but its character is still sufficient in the period of the third group (b). I'm in the “ 1) The quadrigate drachmas (Plate I, 11) all have ROMA in the section the R/. raised without frame; they walk next to the entrance individual groups of didrachms until the beginning the denarius coinage, from where they were replaced by the Victoriat of the same weight. 2) That the gold coins with raised ROMA next to silver didrachms ‘accompany with deeper ROMA, finds an analogy in the silver ‘drachmas, s.d. previous note |

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 251 Location to the gold didrachm no. 14 and the gold drachm no. 16 Willers' table provides the strict proof. to lead them at the same time are with a square of my collection, the) after the license plate 'sublime inscription on sublime Bar” belongs to the third group (b). Both in the Roman Campanian, as well as in the capital city yourself in the head representation of whole and half pieces with under a portrait equality through which the production of both. Stamp by the same artist's hand beyond doubt provided will. Denarii and quinarii repeatedly show this phenomenon on; In this case the quinary picture is admirable Security all details of the denarius image in a reduced size Scales again. Good examples of this kind can be found on Plate 3 on Bahrfeldt's business. of the elder R.M.’s. You compare in particular Denarius 19 and Quinar 20 there, both of which 'der Emission with the suffix Aehre on R/. belong. Up Willers' table lies for the gold coins that concern us. coins Such an example can be found in the gold didrachm 14 and the gold drachma 16. The Janus heads of these pieces are different different from the ideal heads of the remaining numbers 8 to 17 pieces of gold through a more realistic scenario version of the portrait, but between themselves they are like portraits way that an enlargement of the drachma image on the diameter knife of the didrachm make both appear to be identical would. A happy coincidence now happens that I too squares cut by the same artist's hand for sale compliance stands'), so that accordingly through these three pieces for the silver stamp and the two gold stamps are the absolute has stylistic identity and chronological simultaneity is carried out in a manner that can no longer be contested. All three pieces, their front sides on plate I, 26-28 alongside 1) I owe this piece to Messrs. Rollin and Fauardent in Paris, their entire stock on quadrigates I let myself come and have From here, among other things, this quadrigate was added to my collection. egg

252 Haeberlin: each other pictured are, belong after the inscription des Quadrigats on a raised bar in the era of the third Quadrigate group (b). Herewith is also Willers’ Dating of the drachma gold to the year 209 BC. through refutes the coin findings themselves in a way that is sharper and more objective not conceivable would be. This is how an er- creative Style check to safe aim, a less one going astray. The 4-scrupel piece remains with the value XXX. According to Regling's statement, which I again agree with the same to the third group of quadrigates (b) and follows Since the beginning of the golden didrachms and drachmas, However, after what has just been discussed, there is one more recent style this one the latter is still parallel in time. It is present in three copies: 4.49 gr. Weber (Plate I, 22), 4.47 gr. London (Plate I, 21), 4.46 gr. Vatican (Plate |, 23); from a fourth example that appeared in Rome a few years ago (Plate I, 24) the weight is not known. Since Ailly (Recherches Vol. I, p.197) doubted the Vatican copy, had these coins the mishap on ground one style comparison, the wrong way always just on theirs stylistic deviations from the other two gold denominations, but never extended to the silver that came with them at the same time, again- gets declared false. I myself have this error- sticking method following me in one addressed to Bahrfeldt Letters from February 17, 1899 pronounced in this sense; Bahrfeldt has the letter in the “Monete romano-campane” p. 125. printed, to mine subsequent regret, because he too contains other errors from a time when the look over this matter yet was missing. Same incorrect method following and every smallest deviation of both coins pages of the 4-scruple piece of style and drawing of the two Willers also carefully registered other gold denominations convince yourself it now finally dismissed as wrong have. The reprint his representation would it all-

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 253 However, he has not done any harm if he is involved in something in a less disposable way “it be unnecessary yourself at XXX and the weighting of 4.49 (Weber), 4.47 (London), 4.46 gr. (Vatican) to stop” (Corolla 8. 323) about the problem this important coin would have gone- want to go; because how much it is necessary. precisely these questions to pay the most detailed attention will come from the Become visible to others. I notice same here that the Weberian example by Dressel and me, the Vatican on April 17, 1907 by Regling, Serafini and me, the Londoner used to be with me which successes were checked, that on none of these originals the least Features recognizable as a forgery are'). This is primarily based on Willers’ assertion. to counter that “all four appear as if from the casts Counterfeits out same stamp be”. I own these from casts of the London specimens I made myself, Vatican and Weber. These show that V/. and AR/. des Vatican copy other stamps as in the London and Weber copies, the latter two though at least a common one Back stamp and how it 1) This fourth piece was located yourself Owned by the for several years Mr. Matteo Piceione in Rome and was donated by him to the local museum Nazionale transferred. Based on a cast provided to me by Bahrfeldt the illustration plate I, 24 is made. The number XXX is only unclear perceptible. About the question, whether this copy is according to Y/. or R/. with The only way to determine whether one of the other stamps is identical to one of the others is after the casting say a lot that the R/. in the slimmer representation of the figures with the Matches Vatican copy. Otherwise there is no cast Reason to suspect a forgery. About this and the Vatican Mr. Piceione writes a copy in the “Bataglie di Archeologia”, Anno III Luglio 1907 8.5: “Io che 0 vista quella monetina nel medagliere Vaticano And another minute 1'0 studiata nella sua tecnica, ed ö studiata quella of the Roman National Museum, dico che & authentica, poco importandomene di tutti, d'Ailly compreso, e a suo pace la pubblichero”. Mr. Piccione is known to have the technology the subject matter of forgeries speecial studies associated with experiments.

254 ae : Haeberlin: also appears to have the same stamp on the front. The Key differences are, like those adjacent Ver- increases result in the following: Vatican a) Front sides: The number XXX takes at Vatican the the entire width of the neck, while in London and Weber the neck width width both to the right and to the left over the number. lich survives. For the number is between neck section and Pearl wreath at Vatican left enough space while they on the other copies due to lack of space seems. The latter show the wreaths of leaves. the Janus heads in much broader development than the Vatican example. Finally the hair falls between the Janus heads at the Vatican. differently, especially the penultimate curl of the left Janus head is placed more horizontally here is than on the two other copies. b) Backs: the two standing figures are. at Vatican copy much slimmer than the stockier ones

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 255 body. the - both other copies. Further. appears at London. and Weber between the tip of the lance and dem Head of the one standing on the right bearded man's yet a white Terer item (?) that is missing from Vatican. Completely different is the writing of the word RoMA in the section, at Vatican with increasing to the right, with London and Weber with letters of the same size (except for the °). Finally show the foot positions of the kneeler and the armored one at Vatican a noticeable deviation from the stamp: the two others pieces. The reader will have further differences easy to notice. i All these differences escaped Willers; he should them, to which his addition “there were slight errors when minting” “changes have been made” seems to indicate, nevertheless 'have noticed, The counter to this is that by tolerable: stamp changes although the education individual Secondary things, but never. the overall content of the whole picture can be changed. | Herewith omitted the main reason, the Willers' against them authenticity, namely the supposed equality of stamps of the pieces. | Then goes Willers, around feel even better about their un- authenticity, just as Ailly, I and others do did before, for comparison of the details with the two others Gold nominals about. I refer in this one Relation to his statements (Corolla 8. 323f.) and hebe here only the more important deviations that he complained about- before: firstly be the neck section of the Janus head on the XXX pieces | formed like a gusset: W, in contrast to the rounded groove: |_l of the other two denominations; the latter had bowl-like recesses, the pieces with XXX flat backs pages; with these stands the facial lines of the Janus heads almost parallel, while they are characteristic of the others upwards resigned. . All. these differences apply; However, it cannot be emphasized strongly enough that the method

256 Haeberlin: It is only necessary to compare gold against gold must lead astray, by getting the attention of the correct comparison material, namely the 4-serupel piece silver moving parallel in time. What first affects the gusset-shaped neck section, So Willers failed to notice that this form is common in silver is represented. In the third group of quadrigati (inscription raised on raised bar) this form is even the more common. All four copies of the third group (b) in the Berlin Cabinet show them, also 1 copy Copenhagen, likewise a Parisian Sulfur casting and an excellent example of the collection lung Sarti (Plate I, 14), (also illustrated by Bahrfeldt Monete rom.-campane Tav. I, 15). Same shape encountered but also in the second group (a II) with incuse inscription (1 Ex. Berlin, plate 1,13), as well as the fourth group (4 III, with incuser inscription), 1 Ex. Berlin, plate 1.16, 1 ex. London, Plate 1.15; (cf. Bahrfeldt, Monete rom. camp. Tav. I No. 14); her encountered no less in the fifth group c, inscription er- have in the line square (1 ex. Berlin plate 1.18, 1 ex. Bahrfeldt, Plate 1.17, 1 copy London, plate 1.19). This list could be done multiply easily; But I have these details earlier ignored and used to collect further material in the meantime didn't have time. However, what has been said is more than sufficient, around the gusseted neck section of the Janus head as real antique shape to secure and the opinion to refute as whether its presence constitutes a sign of a forgery. Also for the parallelism the facial lines find yourself under the quadrigates numerous examples; an excellent one Example of my collection shows this form (Plate 1:7); it The flat back also already shows, although its inscription still incus. However, the flat back can be found throughout in the third quadrigate group (b), whereby their pieces from the earlier more curved shape in the same way differ like the XXX piece from the other two gold pieces nominal. As for the relief, This is what the majority of people show ET E

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 257 older quadrigates, however, have the softly rounded shapes like they are also suitable for the golden didrachms and drachmas; flatter, Sharply cut shapes are also found in silver by no means rare, often again in the third group (b), and show where they occur, in outline and posture there is a striking similarity to the XXX pieces. Hereafter the XXX pieces most similar to the third quadrigate group declare, like that was Regling in Right to join this group. The other differences in form emphasized by Willers, be- especially as far as they affect the back, are not he- significant enough to draw conclusions from it, be it for authenticity or for inauthenticity. But if the same at the end his depiction of those Campanian stamp cutters, the The coin images of the previous ones are free from slavish imitation pieces of gold on the new nominal in independent replica reproduced, the verdict falls as follows: “The forger may have skill, but none had an understanding of antiquity,” So I don't want to go beyond the level of understanding here right, but don't bother to explain that for my em- find the XXX piece in relation to the formation of the Janus heads even some of the predecessors in silver as well as in gold Art value surpasses. Straight the drawing the facial lines, if her yourself also with the high masterpieces Greek stamp art cannot be measured is in its Overall attitude is quite noble; it shows a higher level maass of the forms as she partially on the previous one finds gold; Despite the smallness of the stamp, the shape testifies gives an unmistakable pull towards the big and the momentum the arch of the eye, the free energy of the gaze, as well as the whole Expressions not only demonstrate an “understanding of antiquity”, they prove Rather, in every respect it is considered to be truly ancient work. It is not an uncommon case that pieces whose

258 Haeberlin: Interpretation does not succeed, is doubted and declared wrong become'). This is what happened it also the gold pieces from Volsinii; the small ones were: by Millingen, the big one later by Deecke (Etruscan Research, Issue II p. 98) has been called into question. Ge- finally the explanation works, so it also takes care of it at the same time the realization that a modern invention of the meanwhile not possible at all for a piece that has proven to be authentic would have been because nobody, therefore. nor a counterfeiter, until then- over the knowledge decreed, the to of the invention would have been necessary. An excellent example of this form species Dressel's from its entirety: content finally beyond any doubt proven to be genuine Gold medallions from Abukir. Further examples exist in the Volsinian gold pieces, as well as gold pieces with the number XXX. It was already unlikely, that an imitative forger in stylistic independence considerably from the role models of existing drachma gold departed would be, that's how it was yes for him the creation of a new gold denomination so good how completely, but ultimately the designation of this nominal with the correct, recently understood value number XXX conceptually ‘excluded. Just who despite all to one Counterfeiter from the first half of the last century (1840 the Vatican copy was the first to appear), the property The key to all of these only comes from the latest research solved puzzles even today would like to trust could on the alleged forgery of the pieces also further want to wait. Due to the impossibility of interpreting the value number arose the first suspicion against the authenticity, although not yet with Borghesi, but certainly with Ailly and the later ones. 1) The above was already written, when I made the same comment in “Pinder and Friedländer’s contributions to older coinage” (Berlin 1851) found. Opposite Millingen says Friedländer on p. 168 with reference to the small Volsinian gold pieces: “This is another one of those that is so common now cases that a coin because you their inscription coincidentally not yet 'interpretation knows, is declared false and thus eliminated'. Ent

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 259 In his correspondence!) with Sibilio, the first owner of the Vatican piece, Borghesi expressed the assumption The number XXX probably still had the sign % in it he accepted a 4 scruple piece must the number YXXX wear, because the 1, 2 and 3 scruple pieces are signed with XX, XXXX and JX are ned. Mommsen later made the right decision (R.M. p. 215), by pointing the number XXX to 30 librals. But since he arrived at the right solution via an incorrect path his interpretation was not believed. Namely, he had here the ratio of gold to silver = 1:10, of silver to copper = 1:180 assumed, Approaches that are subsequently proven to be untenable; nevertheless the result was gold Copper = 1:1800 applicable, but provide the intermediate links yourself different. It's been since then put beyond doubt and all- commonly recognized been, that in Rome from the beginning of the As- coinage until the denarius period, namely until the year 217 BC. BC Silver to copper = 1:120. This relationship gave me in the “systematics” p. 26 occasionally the meeting des XXX piece gives rise to the assumption that gold is therefore Silver must have been worth 1:15 at the time of its minting. Through the gold pieces from Volsinii with the value numbers XX and A now has this conjecture found their confirmation. Gold, silver and copper were therefore not as popular as Mommsen assumed =1 X 10 X 180 = 1800, but they stood: 1 X.15 x 120 = 1800. Hereafter calculated yourself the number XXX des 4-Serupel gold piece as follows: 4 ser. Gold X 1800 = 7200 Ser. Copper = 4.584 gr. = 8l86 gr. = 30 aces of 240 ser. a 272.875 gr. 8186 gr. The 4-scrupel gold piece was accordingly equal to 30 libra of the Oscan pound of 272.875 gr. That this fact 1) Two letters printed in Borghesi, Oeuvres VII, 8. 326 ff. — in Diamilla, Memorie, 1847, p. 33 ff. — French in Ailly, Recherches Vol. I, p. 194, No. 2. |

260 Haeberlin: now no longer a guess, but as a secured result The result can be viewed thanks to the gold pieces from Volsinii. This answers the question raised above as to whether the large coin from Volsinii as an independent creation to be seen or whether its model was already in a Roman Campanian gold coin, in the latter sense. It is the same weight and value as the 4-scruple piece of the Roman Campanian mint; but there in Volsinii for drachmas of 3.41 gr., in the Roman area, however, according to Libralassen Oscan pound was calculated, so 4 scruples of gold had to be used there with the value number XX, here be designated XXX. For the time of the introduction of the quadrigati into the Roman Campanian coinage own we have a literary testimony not from antiquity. I assumed in the “systematics” that that the quadrigate was built at the beginning of the third period around 286 BC. BC been introduced be, after long before, namely at the beginning of the second period around 312 BC. BC the Campanian Didrachm on Roman 6-Scrupelfuss had been provided. The gold pieces with the Janus head I thought he was relatively older as the quadrigates and put them in the second period, 312 —286 B.C. BC, because it shows the value XXX on the golden 4-Scruple piece the libraleas light (oscan) pounds yet go parallel. But it has now come out of the Style comparison of these gold coins with the quadrigate silver the simultaneity both Varieties result, so that accordingly either also the beginning of quadrigate minting already in the second period or the minting of the gold pieces only in the third period between 286 and 268 BC BC to put is. Of course, from the first alternative, i.e. from something like this early approaches of the quadrigates for their relationship with the other didrachms of the second period and the associated ones Heavy money series a number more difficult Individual questions ent- stand, those though outside the scope of this consideration lie, on which I but the attention of the to participate

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage, 261 now direct those involved in solving these problems would like. Notice wants I for the time being still, that I the Further billing to Assen oscan pound even after loading I therefore consider it unlikely at the beginning of the third period that because with this point in time their position for the capital the reduction, for the Latin area the ranks of heavy weapons kicking weight; after all, in the assumption of such Further billing "the easiest Solution of the difficulties lie and impossible appears that's why they don't because from- wisely the finds the ranks light weight next to the heavy rows and the reduction coins in traffic have been retained'). The Quadrigati along with the associated gold with Janus start head accordingly at the latest from the third period (c. 286 BC), but probably earlier within the second period, around 300 BC. BC. Completely closed the possibility appears they only from the year 268 (or 269) to begin at the same time as the denarius and first on these late date at the same time the reform the Capuan mint (6-scrupelfuss) to date. Still is too This is still Willers’ opinion (Corolla p. 315). Who dem Type relationships the Didrachms Roman 1) Mr. Dr. Regling, who read the manuscript of this essay, told me to send several grateful comments on the same; to the In response to the concerns expressed above, he wrote to me the following: “The ace of the Oscan pounds is still in use up to 268, the second period of Roman Campanian silver dates back to around 286 BC. BC So the Quadrigati could along with the gold pieces, the associated copper etc. nevertheless only 286 begin and include their first three groups with the gold pieces of the XXX piece last until 268, while the fourth group because of the oldest denarii same incusen inscription around or shortly after 268 to would be put. That four groups fall into this short time, for the long one Time 268-241 (or 217?) but only one group remains, declares itself to be enough, that 286-268 the quadrigati as the only Roman silver Coins were minted, but since 268 they have only played a subordinate role play next to the denarius and are therefore only beaten in small quantities were. — But of course it is better when you see the beginning of the quadri- gati can move up into the third period, namely from 286 to around 300”. Journal of Numismatics. XXVI, 18

262 Haeberlin: foot with the heavy money series light weight those to him importance to come to concede yourself not decide likes, should at least by the rarity of the incuses Roma inscription on denarii compared to their mass liable occurrences on quadrigats from the relatively higher one Let the age of the latter convince you. By giving Rome gold in its Campanian mint given its place among legal tender, reinforced: it through this the influence of its currency on the Neighboring countries to an extraordinary extent. The effects This influence has already been mentioned several times in the foregoing been appreciated. At the beginning of gold minting it was the next lying the gold coins equal in weight with the existing ones to issue silver coins d. h. golden didrachms of 6 and to mint golden drachmas weighing 3 scruples. That's how it became it held on the occasion the first emission of gold. Yours Pieces are the same as silver without any stamp of value. From them would be alone therefore cannot be determined whether gold to the two other coin metals back then in a fixed value relation was set or whether it was according to fluctuating currency, i.e. h. whether, in addition to the actual payment money, it has the character of the goods, if also in coined shape, retained. This one Doubt is solved by the four scruples piece with the value number XXX. The fact that only this one received a value is explained primarily because it is based on the drachma system represents a foreign factor; in it was with the second Gold issue is a nominal value that is incongruent with this system. important from 1'/; drachma created. For the gold pieces For the first emission it was enough to know that the gold didrachm 30, the gold drachma 15 silver drachmas, respectively. the former 45, the latter 22'/, was equal in value to Assen. To the lack of the value symbol was Campanian traffic is already lives. However, with the irregular gold pieces of 4 scruples The attachment of the stamp was already recommended Considerations of the less simple conversion. It should

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 263 but another special reason may have been decisive. The large pieces in silver and copper, didrachm and tressis, were of equal value (cf. Systematics 8. 26). As a ten- fold both nominals the golden four was therefore suitable scrupul piece completely especially to Connecting links both systems. This is what his choice is based on. In the token but when the intention is expressed it appears at the same time as legal to identify a legal means of payment for the heavy money area. Straight This is probably why that in Capua the Designation of the four scruples gold piece to Assen, instead of how in Volsinii in drachmas. In any case, this token proves that too At that time of the Libralas Oscan pound still the mass giving unit of account of the Roman overall system dete. Further results yourself from it the significant fact that at least temporary the difficult task solved The three coin metals were given a fixed value ratio to sit one another; I say temporarily, because the outside decent rarity des golden four scruple piece in connection connection with the similar style of the few existing examples plare also proves that its minting only took place for a short time had, and if, in contrast, the pieces of the earlier gold emission to us in considerably larger numbers have come'), this proves consistently with them too good style, that theirs initially extensive embossing soon ended, or in any case was no longer continued when the incuse The inscription on the quadrigates disappeared. The Campanian Gold embossing came to their conclusion probably a row from years before the introduction of the denarius, but at the latest with it point in time. She formed within von Mommsen as “ita” lish Confederation” designated area a 'Roman reservation law, there within of the same, none of the other coins 1) Bahrfeldt recorded in the Mon. Roman camp. (pp. 66-69) 21 gold ones Didrachms and 15 drachmas. 18*

264 i Haeberlin: authorized communities, neither an allied city nor one Roman colony struck gold. Volsinii lay with that one Time still outside this area. The Campanian Gold pieces to be seen as a product of the general's stamp an occasion does not exist; rather, they conform to the components of the Roman-Campanian system in such an organic way, that they are equal to the existing silver and copper as proper local coins of this system be considered have to, To However, a continuation of gold coinage was important for the republican canic Rome reasons not before. It is allowed here not a regression of the conditions spotted become. Rome decreed "He had considerable amounts of gold in his era at all times." The difficulty of maintaining a legal gold curses but that may have been the reason be that one of it intended to mint this gold into coins. There was gold in the Campanian coinage still 1:15, That's how it was in Sulla's time already to the set of 1:11.91 descended and left even further down later’). These fluctuations let at the time of orderly rule don't publicize the gold anymore suitable appear as a coin related to become. An exceptional case will contact us immediately busy’). Through the proof, that the drachma gold with that 1) Mommsen R. M. P. 401 and the notes there. 2) Ibid. p. 404. 3) I would also like to do this I have a comment from Regling add; her reads: “On the reasons why the gold stamping from 268 to Sulla stalled (apart from the emergency coins with a compulsory rate of IX, XXXX and XX) probably belongs the fact, that the ratio is 1:15 with the moments felt too favorable for gold, where a stronger connection return with Hellas and Asia began what yes, especially in the third century used. Namely there Gold has been related to silver since Alexander the Great like 1:10. As long as the traffic between Hellas and Rome was small, could an actual arbitrage transaction not arise. Later would have this danger existed; For example, in Athens you would have 100 silver drachmas 10 drachmas Gold bought, her in Rome for 150 drachmas Silver on- changed and achieved a benefit of 50 percent!”

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 265 Janus head not the year 209 v. BC, but one around 80 up to 90 years earlier, At the same time, the loading Drawing the oath scene on the Roman in that year people from Federal government was active in the majority of its colonies loyalty. It therefore seems superfluous to go into the reasons the this interpretation anyway already unlikely do had to. The obvious relationship doesn't change this either which is the reverse of the Veturier denarius (Plate I, 25) to the one in the The events indicated in the oath scene stand. The acceptance of one The connection here is not new, it is ongoing rather like a red thread through all older literature through, the way that drachma gold was used in earlier times even generally assigned to the “Veturia family” (cf. among many: Mionnet, Med. Rome. Vol. I, 8.71 under “Veturia*). is new in the combination resumed by Willers, only lich the fallacy to the year 209 BC. BC On which one event the oath scene of drachma gold yourself in the This is difficult to determine with complete certainty be. Mommsen wrote on the occasion of the Veturier denarius (R. M. 8. 556, Note 234) the double possibility the relationship either to a 334 B.C. BC with Samnites and Campanians over Er- division of civil rights concluded contract or on established the Caudin Treaty. Also with these two On several occasions a Veturian, namely T. Veturius Calvinus, was equally if an ancestor the later mint master, appointed as consul divided. As long as a more convincing relationship is not enough acceptable is justified, one will deal with these possibilities have to be satisfied. We're coming to second variety Roman gold coins, the sesterce gold of 3, 2 and 1 scruples (3. 411; 2. 274 and 1. 137 gr. normal weight) with the value symbols “X, XXXxXX and x (Plate I, 29-31). It can no longer be a question of whether the Plinia niche report on Rome's first gold coin after correct on this type of gold or on the de-framing gold

266 | Haeberlin: to be obtained; because after the latter as Roman-Campanian and is proven to precede the denarius currency it from this question, so that only the examination is unnecessary, whether the sesterce gold characteristics offer, that of his identification could conflict with the Plinian aurei? That this not the case follows from the following. Let us leave out the time reference in the Pliny passage for now Consider, this says in factual terms, the aureus nummus was coined like this: “ut seripulum valeret sestertios vicenos”. Well but says expressed in the same way of speaking the The value XX placed on the Einscerupel gold piece: “hoc seripulum valet vicenos”. It asks therefore only, whether at vicenos to supplement is “sestertios”; for if this is the case, then it is clear that Coin findings and report the same say. Expressly This question has never been raised before because never anyone on the relationship the value in question sign on sesterces has doubted. Also Willers doubts not about that. However, it will be good to remember why should this view be considered correct? is. This is the case because the coins are Capital-Roman characteristics, apart from the inscription ROMA, through its capital city office appropriate sesterce foot, further through the one that belongs to her custom every nominal the value designation to put up, finally through the occurrence capital city epithet on on- individual copies. But since the unit of account of the main municipal system of silver sesterce was, so can the The value of gold sesterces is actually only due to these factors. relate to heat, The value XX is named on the gold scruple therefore in fact “sestertios vicenos” and therefore says the same as what Pliny reports. There are, so to speak, tangible results compared to this as difficult to understand as Pliny was able to assume by Willers

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 267 speak not from dem existing as an independent coin and with self-employed value symbol signed gold syrup, but rather only have that weight serum in mind had that in the drachma, which lacks the value symbol Golde implieite was included. Willers preferred this yourself the However, in his essay he did not expressly state that spoken consequence, the golden drachma has 60, the di- If the drachma was 120 sesterces, he may take offense at this probably because he didn't take the supposed ones Coins from his year 209, it seems, also as an emergency coins (?). However, the error would be bigger Stand of gold to silver = 1:20 as a normal ratio to be assumed. It should therefore be emphasized with full clarity that that in the proven ratio of 1:15 in sesterces out- pressed the golden drachma rather only 45, the didrachm 90 sesterces were considered’). It remains further to check at what time the Roman Sesterce gold belongs. About it from Mommsen in general assumed emergency years 217 BC. to detach tried hard Willers focuses primarily on the year the denarius was introduced 269, instead of 268 BC. BC, to be determined by writing from the former year from (with the Bamberg manuscript) counting forward 51 years trying to prove that one then goes back to 218 BC. Come would, a year in which an emergency does not yet exist been be. This deduction can however a proving one force cannot be attributed. Whether with the year 269 Pliny, or that Livy is in the right with 268 cannot be seen, Many- Mommsen easily hits the right note here too when he (R. M. p. 300) .poses the possibility the former year could change 1) For the sake of easier overview, I present the value relations here of the Campanian drachma gold together again. The following applied: 6 serupels of gold (didrachmas) - 30 drachmas = 90 sesterces = 45 Aces 4 likewise. (piece with XXX) = 20 A — 60 5 =-30 “ 3 likewise. (D frame) = 5 “ = “ = ", I desl. «(Volsnüi AA = 5 R.E =» d = Wed

268 BERAER!: Haeberlin: on the decision, the latter on the implementation of the reform relate, because in fact acts this is one measure, which cannot be completed overnight become could. If you want don't admit this either but absolutely count from 269, like that all that remains is whatever Willers himself has already indicated, instead of the number LI des Plinian account to put the number LI; we arrive as- then from 269 onwards to the same point in time as with the true apparently nevertheless correct number LI of 268, namely on the emergency year 217 and have to get to this, because in the serupel gold, in fact, an emergency coin, nem- There is actually over-tariffed credit money, a fact that Willers, in turn, has received no attention. In this relationship is the following to note: stands established that in the year 217 at the time of the minting of scruple gold also the silver sesterce equal to the small gold piece with XX still weighed a full scruple, then the calculation would be subject. Gold would then be worth 1:20 in this coinage. Well we know, that in the year 217 the previously sextantare As on uncial foot reduced and on the equally reduced one Denarius (Reduction of the denarius from 4 scruples = 4.548 gr °/, of this weight - 3.90 gr.) 16 new aces were calculated, However, it remains uncertain whether the denarius will also be reduced only took place in the year 217 or whether it happened earlier, around since 241 B.C. had taken place. In this very likely case, i.e. if the measure of minting the sesterce gold of the Denarius reduction followed or at least together with her met, are the value numbers of sesterce gold on reduced Silver sesterces from °/, scruples weighing 0.975 gr. pull and it then turns out, like Mommsen (R. M. p. 405 above) calculated, Gold to silver = 1:17.143. According to both calculations, however, the gold emission proves to be the case of the year 217 as an over-tariffed one. Here can the fact, that Rome from his until- previous habit outgoing exceptionally to a gold

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 2369 emission step and the same is determined via the effective gold rate. values, can only be explained as a matter of necessity. But never was the emergency of the state bigger than in the days, .that by the fateful names Trasimenus (217) and Cannae (216 BC). become. Symbolic Conclusions out Coin Types are not without concerns. Nevertheless, probably the head of Mars on the Y/. the aurei, the eagle with the Lightning on the R/. to be understood as symbols be, that's fine to the train of thought fit, that the Roman armies in their fight around the existence of the fatherland through the God of war and the eagle of Jupiter to finite Victories want to be guided. But according to this historical context, they belong except for the general's coinage and so that, as well already you Appearance has proven to us, in accordance with the Plinian niche report the capital's mint on. It will This also justifies this report, according to which the aurei, their seruples 20 sesterces was valid, the first Gold emission the Capital have formed. Where beaten her are, stands there, you can in Rome or in Capua, can but also may have been manufactured elsewhere. A special objection, the one against her dating on that Year 217 already used by others and also by Willers was made, consists in the perception that on these aurei partly epithets (Anchor, knot stick, pentagram and spearhead) occur.’) These symbols are de- duet, belonged to an earlier time and forced them to do so aurei in the period of the first Punic War, i.e. before that to move to year 241. The answer to which emergency year in in this case their emission to obtain be, here are the Always owed to opponents. But what the As far as signs are concerned, we are in the clear about their dating. individual not taught; the exhaustive compilation 1) This. The 3-scrupel piece shown on plate I, 30 shows the anchor on A/.

270 Haeberlin: of the coins with symbols and monograms in Bahrfeldts History of the older Roman coinage, pp. 90-96, results in- that, that numerous symbols of this kind, especially Anchor and lance head still after the year 217 up to one For the time being, it is not possible to precisely describe a later period. This counter-reason is therefore by no means valid, in fact more conversely prove the aurei, which also results from one Number of later denarii and from the copper of the uneial foot shows that symbols on Roman coins belong to the question in question here. However, they were still in practice at the time. I can conclude- lich do not fail to point out that Willers, who is on P. 316 of the Corolla out the epithets the impossibility of The dating of the aurei derives from the year 217, right on the on the following page one depicted on his plate under No. 22 Vietoriat with the symbol pentagram expressly dem years 217 and thus his previous claim itself robbed of all value. Whether the gold, which in the year 209 amounted to 4000 pounds was taken from the air for war purposes, partly We don't know whether it was minted. Should it have been the case be, like that The coins struck from it are either not have been preserved or they are located under the come sestert gold, because a gap of only eight years does not necessitate the assumption that new types have be chosen have to. For probably but probably one such a second gold issue would be difficult to sustain. I agree with the above statements as far as they are concerned Roman gold coinage is essentially nothing new brought, it was valid mainly one already won knowledge against one attack that endangers them hold and examine this knowledge in more detail. establish. What's new is mainly the profit, the one from the Lesson was learned, which was given to us by the great Volsinian piece of gold in connection with the same weight Roman- Eampan four-scruple gold pieces are granted. Both for

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 271 the temporal ones evidence, like no less for the value relations the metals and the economical alternating relations between southern Etruria on the one hand, Rome-Campania on the other- On the other hand, these two pieces are of inestimable value. You are the actual pillars of all knowledge and average one clear insight into circumstances, those so far only in wavering outlines perceptible, through their testimony Gained life and tangible essence: to have. He had to Essay in the Corolla provoke my contradiction, so thank you At the same time I give him the back in many respects white on the points, where the discussion mainly to use had, as much as it was up to me, gaps in the previous to supplement previous findings. From a more detailed discussion of electron coins (Plate 1, 12) I ignore it because I also see it in the broadest sense the area Roman coinage not able to include. They are completely excluded from the capital city system, show but also no relationship to the Roman-Campanian neither after Metal, still after Weight. From the latter system separates moreover, the lack of the inscription ROMA. On the other hand, they are so consistent in terms of mix and weight the last one of Carthage to Panormus emitted electron coins agree that I think it is more correct to use Bahr- feldt (Mon. rom.-camp. p. 127f.) and Head (Hist. num. p. 28 and 741) to consider them to be Punic products. Because she probably under Hannibal in Capua were beaten, like that explained yourself hereby in sufficient way the Campanian Appearance of their types. A more in-depth appreciation than before This is to be wished for; however, they do not belong in a consideration of the older Roman gold coins, whereby All that remains to be noted against Willers is that after everything Said in them impossible the golden emergency coin of Rome from years 217 BC can be seen.

972% Haebertin: The youngest Etruscan and d. oldest Roman gold coinage. from No. 15 and vice versa. De EN ee Dee Overview of the coins shown on Plate I. London 4.67g Strozzi 1.14 g Giesecke 2.78 g Paris (Luynes) 6.89 g Berlin (Löbbecke) 3.44 g Haeberlin 6.77 g Haeberlin 6.50 g Haeberlin 6.61 g . Haeberlin 6.69 g Haeberlin 6.55 g Haeberlin 3.23 g Haeberlin 2.78 g Berlin (Prokesch) 6.56 g formerly Sarti 6.68 g London 6.64g Berlin (Löbbecke) 5.45 g (damaged) it, 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. Bahrfeldt 5.48 g Berlin (Friedlaender) 6.77g London 6.28g Haeberlin 3.27 g London 4.47g Weber 4.49 g Vatican 4.46 g Piceione (now Museo Naz. in Rome) Berlin 3.96 g Haeberlin,—=No.8 6,618 Paris (Ailly) 6.72 g Paris (Luynes) 3.40 g Berlin (Fox) 3.36 g Berlin (smoke) 2.24 g Berlin (Fox) 1.11 g Frankfurt a. M. in October 1907. Dr. Haeberlin. Please note: On plate I there is a confusion at numbers 15 and 19 development of the sides of the head has taken place; Head page No. 19 belongs there On the backs of numbers 17, 18 and 19 with raised inscription in the square of lines then closes accordingly the narrow head shape, which in No. 15 incorrectly leads to a back side has come with incuser inscription on a raised bar.

About a new Attic series Auovdoıos—Anuoorgaros. Under the Attic coins from the Löbbecke collection in Royal A drachma can be found in the coin cabinet in Berlin so- so-called “new style” with the letters: AIO NY LIOL AHMO ETPRA TO L The epithet is a herald's staff. The letters on and under the amphora are blurred. Weight 4.14g. ab- education No. 1. Fig. 1. Fig, 2. There is no doubt that we are dealing with one here Coin of the same series have to do, which already Svoronos in Journal intern. d’arch. num. 1904 8. 62 after one drachma in Athens had published. Because of poor preservation of his copy had Svoronos the names however not correct can read. Namely, he gave it as Aıovvoog — Anu(Eas) —

274 J.Sundwall: About a new Attic series Auovusos—Anuoorgaros. Sto(@vos) and listed the series below because of the three names those of the fourth period (146-88). Both same shape of the sigma ([), as the same symbol (herald's staff, xnovxsıo») leave no doubt about the identity of the two series come. Svoronos made on the Aiav ötyınos Texvorgonia attentive. That's why and even more because of the late one shape of the sigma, the series undisputedly belongs to the post-Sullani cal time. [ for Sigma is only inscribed in writing from around 30 BC. BC can be verified (Larfeld, handb. of the Greek Epigr. II 484). From the series that Kirchner attributes to the period after 86 (Z. f. N. 21, 97£.), none has this shape. Löbbecke is against this in this magazine (21, 261) a new series AHMOXAPHL — MAMMENHEL after one now too to Berlin Cabinet passed over drachma in his collection published (Fig. No. 2; same example previously at Photiades Pacha, auction Catalog, Paris 1890, No. 650). The same Pammenes is now the one second officials also in the series "Aoyiriuos— Hauuevns, the short should be placed before 30 (Kirchner, Rhein. Mus. 53, 392; Z. f. N. 21, 97) and certainly a little older than the series /yuox&ons — Aouwevng is. We therefore have Aıovvosos in the two series —Anwoorgaros and Anwoxaens—Hauuevns the latest the Attic series of the newer style known to us. Athens has accordingly yet in the beginning the Augustan period the coinage rightly exercised, but from the circumstance that we from these latest series only drachmas have can, lets yourself assume that the minting of larger silver money stopped had. J. Sundwall.

A find of Achaean federal coins. In winter 1889 on 1890 was, according to statement one Italian dealer, in the area of Caserta, some miles north from Naples, a coin find made, the one I immediately afterwards - as I was assured, intact — preserved have. He contained 499 silver coins, which ones with exception three drachmas of the Euboean Chaleis made entirely of trioboles passed and distributed as follows: Thessalia, Aenianes . 2 — Ostaer... 2... 2 Aetolia 4 Locris . 1 Bagolla: 4... ze ee Fairy SENelase. rn Kuboea, Ollalais' 220 Achaean League . . . . 322 Aechaja, Faeatrae. .. .,. 18 — SICyom nn. Messenia.... “sen Taceddaemeon'... Kr end ATBOS 2... oe a Arcadia... ee — Megalopolis... . 9 a total of 499 pieces. As far as I know, this is the first time that such pelo- Ponnesian trioboles in such large numbers together in Italy

276 A. Löbbecke: are found. Because the find consisted - like the one above Compilation visible — with exception from 15 different blew up pieces des northern of Greece just out solehen of the Peloponnese, predominantly from Achaean federal coins, who at the time of the existence of this covenant, in third and second century B.C. BC, the main mass of the money circulating there. The vast majority the in the find coins located is common and among the 155 numbers listed below there are only a few previously unknown differences, I can refrain from discussing them here in detail I would like to make a few comments about the age of the pieces and the alleged one Time of burial of the find be- cupboards. The majority of the coins are, as noted above, from the third and second centuries BC. BC, only a few Pieces, including the majority of those from outside the Peloponnese, are older. The oldest piece from Thebes, No. 11, is sufficient of the directory, to about 400 BC. BC, the fourth Century also include Oetaei No. 3, Locris No. 8, Boeotia No. 9, 10, Chaleis No. 12, 13, while the pieces of Aenianen No. 1-2 as well the Aetolian numbers 4-7 of the main mass of Peloponnesian coins are approximately the same time. The appearance according to recent coins of the find were the federal coins of Aristodamus of Aegium (No. 21) and the younger Elian ones (Nos. 47-60, but especially 61-66, 75 pieces), as well as Patrae's own triobolas (No. 105-106), Lacedaemon (No. 122-132) and certain varieties from Messene (No. 119 and 121), but also an isolated piece of his own Argos (No. 141). All these were fresh from the stamp, while the rest, whether- same in most cases well preserved, yes the characters a longer circulation wore, some even heavily used were. Particularly worn were under the non-federal coins the coins of the Arcaders (No. 146-149), from the middle

A find of Achaean federal coins, IN States of Megalopolis (No. 150-155), of Argos (No. 133 to 145, but see above for No. 141) and certain varieties of Messene (No. 118 and 120). The identification of two proper names on some of our Coins offers us unfortunately no more precise information about their probable coinage time. The Aristodamus on the coins from Aegium (No. 21) will by Weil’) identified with Aristodamus, which ones Polybius (XXX 10) mentioned among the envoys, the after of defeat of Perseus in 168 B.C. Chr. on the part the Achaeans on the Roman ones Generals sent were, around them to Win luck to wish; there meanwhile at the Frequency of the name the equation as certain not also the function of Aristodamus as a coin official from his activity as a messenger around many years can be separated, we do not gain a more precise time- legal determination. According to the freshly stamped appearance of the the specimens represented in the find in a strikingly large number (63) To conclude, by the way, the Aristodamus pieces belong to this the youngest coins of the find. — The one on the trioboles of Sicyon (No. 117) mentioned Sosicrates, also a pretty one, by the way common name, is compared to that mentioned by Polybius (XL 5). Hypostrategos the Achaean, who was killed shortly before 146, identified’). Is this equation correct? that's how he has to do it Mint significantly before his hypostrategy have managed, because the two copies of Sosicrates contained in the find are heavily used due to long periods of circulation, so they require considerable about 146 years ago, than the same to be determined excavation time, be shaped. The burial time of the find must because of of the pre- possession of federal coins from Elis, which belonged to the federal government in 191 joined, fall after 191; but since the fresh and used ones 1) 8N. IX 8. 242. 2) British Museum Catalog, Peloponnesus, Introduction 8. XXVI. Journal of Numismatics. XXVI. 19

278 A. Löbbecke: particularly numerous examples from Elis (No. 61-66) and Aegium (No. 21) one very late Show style and yourself also through the appointment of fully advertised civil servants name in Elis and the city name in Aegium, as the latest Covenant coins betray, so we become education des Finds from the last period of the federal government's existence, on best in the war year 146 set yourself. Maybe provides he the one from a soldier after the return to Italian Represents the share of pay or loot buried in the homeland. It should also be noted that the sum There was probably a round of 500 pieces and 1 piece went to the owner or rather it was lost to the finder, so there are now 499 are. (It's similar with the Grovely Wood find. gone, Hill, num. chron. 1906 p. 329). In doing so, you become on- have to increase, that the drachmas from Chalecis here only in the Value of the Peloponnesian trioboles been accepted are, their maximum weight (2.59 grams, Elis, No. 39) from dem Heaviest chaleidic piece No. 13 (3.50 gr.) just by is exceeded by as much as the maximum is exceeded by the minimum Variety (1.60 gr., Aegium, No. 21) is removed. Patrae's own coins (No. 105/6), Lacedaemon (No. 122/32) and part of those from Messene (No. 119, 121) and perhaps from Argos (No. 141) are then in the very last one Covenant time embossed, like yes the presence own Silver coins from federal cities already from Gardner, BMC. Pelop. p. XXIV ff. was probably made. The ones in the finds represented coins from Sicyon, Arcadia and Megalopolis in- their use shows that they are prior to entry of the communities in question are included in the federal government. I now share the weights and average weights of the individual groups with: piece Total weight average weight Extra-Peloponnesian coins 15 37.54 _— Achaean League ....:... . :.322 732.21 2,274

A find of Achaean federal coins. 2379 piece "Total weight average weight Pas ee een 41.42 2,301 Ste a Me ee. 86.79 2,284 N 0 29.94 2,303 Largedacmon ... . ,..... 28 53.01 2,305 I SEE ee 111.52 2,276 No. Le 26.95 2,246 Meealonpolis .; ..:.2 ......:..22.8 20.42 2,269 499 1139.80 Weight of the Peloponnesian 484 1102.26 2.2776 Of the various types available in large numbers, units weighed: No. Location Number of pieces Er- Total weight average attitude weight 81 Manlinea :;..9 medium 20.78 2,309 141 Argos... 11 5 25.39 2,308 1004. Teges,., »:5:s10 :.:good!u, m; 23.02 2,302 85 Antigonia . 12 medium 21.95 2,296 102 .Tegea... . 8 good 18.37 2,296 148. Amos. ;,.:9 ” 20.62 2,291 315; 'Sieyon site. #8 medium 18.32 2,290 99.3 apea 40.4, good 34.17 2,278 137 --Arß08.. »=.548 medium 33.95 2,263 93; PaF88, 5:11 .,8 = 18.09 2,261 21 Aegium .. 63 good 141.30 2,243 2 Beer... 58 n 17.94 2,242 106... Palras , :;-41 s 24.35 2,214 6 to. ... 1 ä 23.90 2,173 Hardest are afterwards individual coin groups from Mantinea and Argos were planted, despite the only moderate success attitude this one pieces. The 63 mostly fresh copies plare of Aegium with Aristodamus, those that are equally well preserved from Patrae with Damasias and some Elische remain against it far below average. This confirms the old one 19*

280 A. Löbbecke: Experience from the continued Shortage at the coin base. those before 222 (renamed Antigonia) embossed pieces from Despite heavy use, Mantinea are among the heaviest, the latest varieties (Aegium, Patrae, Elis with spelled out Official names on the Vs.) despite fresher Conservation among the lightest coins of the find. In the following determination and description of the Achaean federal coins I'm M. @. Clerk') and Because?) followed, although not all allocations of these coins on the various cities of the federal government are secured. In addition and for the description of the rest of the Peloponnese sian coins is the catalog of the British Museum of P. Gardner’) used. All numbers of the directory I have now excluded the doubles for mine in the Berlin Kgl. Coin cabinet passed collection acquired. The manuscript I already had reports on this find almost completed more than 12 years ago, wanted but before dem pressure yet that back then upcoming book from Clerk about the Achaean federal coins, what then under- remained. Mr. Dr. Regling has now had the kindness the whole thing to look through, add the citations to Clerk and especially the introduction many times to rework and to supplement. I that's why I want to Don't miss it, Dr. Regling also on My sincere thanks at this point for his efforts to pronounce. Arthur Löbbecke. 1) Catalog of the coins of the Achaean league, London 1895; the I quote monograms from his monogram board, the ones he lacks are here $. 281 compiled, 2) Z.f. Number IX pp. 199-272. 3) Catalog of the Greek coins in. the Brit..Mus., Peloponnesus, London 1887.

A find of Achaean federal coins. Coin directory. ARkISHEMMMMR MRZ MARMAAKE 27 22 23 1% 25 2 27 BRANDNER Aenianes Thessaliae. No. 1st-R.15 m, .Gr. 2.40. . conservation office, Helmeted head of Pallas right, the helmet with a Pegasos decorated, behind it KAE. 281 number d. Coins R/. TAIINIANDN slinger 1st walking, in front of him two lances. u 2nd: 415m Size 2.35, 2:9. Head of Zeus with laurel wreath left, behind [TO]A- MAIOZ. RF AINIAN2N. Warrior walking to the left, in the collected Right one arrow, in the Left the Petasos. To his right Mon. >28) No. (From a more recent style, equal to B. M. C. Thes- say to Aetolia pl. II 4, not 1). Oetaei. 3.26.15 m. or 255... © Lion's head, lance tip in the mouth. Rf. OITAI|RQN Heracles standing from the front and with holding the club with both hands . : (From an older style, equal to B. M. ©. Thes- say to Aetolia pl. VII 12, not 13).

282 10. il, Zr Rr. Br. A. Löbbecke: Aetolia. number d. Coins 15 m. Gr. 2.40, E. mediocre. Head of Aitolia with Petasos r. , [AITRAIDN Eber r., including ®. In section Mon. P. 281 No. 2 and lance tip 15.0. =, 2.08.° Em. head as before. AITRARN. Likewise, including Mon. p. 281 no. 3, In the Lancehead section . 15m Ger. 292... m. head as before. . Likewise, including TIO 'and lance tip. There- behind Mon. P. 281 No. 4 in. Size 2.28 E.B. bad. head as before. . As well. In the Lancehead section. The mono gram unclear . Locri Hypoenemidii. 16:0, GT. 2.28. E.B. close: Head of Persephone with wreath of wheat right.'- [AOJKPQN Aias with sword and Shield r. striding. Including Mon. P. 281 No. 5 Boeotia. 13 m. @r. 258, Em. Boeotian shield. B|OI Kantharos, with club r... 14m, Gr. 184 E mM. Shield as before. . BO|IR Kantharos, above an arch(?).. . . Thebae. Construction 12m. @; 2.3, u227. Bilöchl Boeotian shield. } O|EB Kantharos, above club r. .- . R

No. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Ar .Rf. AR £l. RF A find of Achaean federal coins. 283 Chalcis Euboeae. number d. Coins 16 m. Gr. 3.16 and 3.20. 28. She Female head with earring right,. the hair up- rolled. “AAX eagle with snake flying right . . \.... 2 16 m. - Size: 3.50: »E. see head as before. XAA,... Likewise. -Down Tropkaer 2 2 5 7 Achaean League. Megara. in G2. 21. LE m Zeus head with laurel wreath r. Pearl circle. ‘In a laurel wreath that from A and X composite, known Monogram des Federal. Lyre above, all space next to it. Below ®. Glerk 119 ...2. a nad 13. m. 36T. 2.18: 0::2.39.0.22.90. A. head as before. Likewise. Next to it AR|PO. Gierk 120: , “Now get to it 5m Gr 1904 222. um head as before. Likewise. Next to it ME|F2. Glerk.:125:, 2.0.06 near Aegira. 15 m. 6r. 2.50.. Br& Zeus head as before r. Likewise. Above, front part of a goat's squat r. A|IK Next to it “|j- Gletk:;L7..:...:, 283 Sega

No. A. Löbbecke: number d. Coins 18. RA I3 m. Size 236 Be, head as before. Zef. As well. In addition, AA|KI, Clerk 16 . en 1 15 m. 207: 241.9, 8. head as before. ff. Likewise. Next to it FA|AY. Clerk 19. 1 20. 21. 22. 23. .R AR RF RF Ry. RF Aegium. 13m; 'Gr. 240, Em. Zeus head as before. As well. In the corners AIJO|TEI. Below Lightning. Clerk 30 . a 14/16 m. Gr. 1.60-2.58 (the 63 together Gr. 1413). E.g. Head as in front, behind AIFIE@N (so, Clerk prints AIFEWN). As well. In the angles API|CTO|AA|MOC. Clerk 44/45 . Ceryneia. 15m. Gr. 235. DB: m, Zeus head as before. As well. Right 9. Below trident 1. . . Clerk 49/51; the position is closed rubbed, to say which of the three monograms Clerk Mon. 48 50 represents I. Dyme. 155m. Gr, ;2,22:: EB, sl; Zeus head as before. As well. Above AY. Next to it A|P, Below fish r, Olerk is missing, but cf. Z. £.N. IX Plate VII 1 63 1

No. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. A find of Achaean federal coins. 285 number d. Coins I 15 m... 67,231. 92 head as before. R/. As well. Above AY. Besides: Mon. 29]AA, Below fish r. Elerk 57 . ..,. “ Ze a Aa 15m. Size 338 and 24 mm head as before. RF. Likewise. Above AY. Links Mon. 13. Below fish r. Olerk 55.....0...8 Be ZR 14 m. Gr. 1.93-2.32. E.m. head as before. R/. Likewise. Above Mon. 23. Next to it: Mon. 6|®. Below fish r, Be AR 15 m. Gr. 2.30-2.45. E.m. head as before. RF. Likewise. Above Mon. 23. Next to it: T]Mon. 2. Below fish r. Glerk 34... “. Pa a, AR 15 m. Gr. 2.29-2.43. E.m. head. like. before. RF. Likewise. Above Mon. 66. Right Mon. 21. Below fish r. Olerk 88... 0 Patrae. AR 15 m. size 2.15 - 2.37 (the 6 additional sizes 13.57). E.g. Zeus head as before. R/. Likewise. Above ®l. Next to it ZE|TIA. Below Dolphin r. UlerE 23: “0 2 u 2 2), we $&15m Size 24. D£& head as before.

286 3. 32. 33, 34. 35. 36. R/ Bf. 5 R.L. R.L. RR RF -A. Löbbecke: number d. Coins Likewise. Above;22. 'Besides: .2 and: Mon. P. 281 No. 6 |TIA. Below dolphin r. :»To ;Clerk: 81 OK. G1..206, I... head. like, before. Be, Likewise,.: Above: AX. : Next to A|IIA. Below Dolphin r. sOlBerbiuht.. YAı 15m. Gr. 22 E8£ Head like, forward. As well. Above AX, next to TlA]A. BelowDelghing. Clerk 72. HORB 15:.m:::79r42.054239. E.M. head as before. Likewise, above Mon.2. Thanks>&ar Mon. p. 281 #6 |TIA. "Down dolphin r, . 3 On Clerk 78, cf. Z. £. N. IX plate v7 ! 14 m. 'Gr.' 2.22. E.m. head as before. : Likewise, . Above. TA. Next to it ®]Mon. 123. Below dolphin r. Olerk 64/65 Sicyon. 15 m. Gr. 2.38. E.m. Zeus head as before. Likewise. Above Mon. 8.281 No.7. Besides a . Bottom r. flying pigeon. Bf. On Olerk 101, see Z£.N. IX plate vIr . 15.1. Gr, :2.17:0. 2385.: E} close: head as before. Likewise. Above. Mon. 60. Dähelen N. Below r. flying pigeon. Dierk 102 2, or sin.ig 1 N 1 1 i N | | |

No. 31, 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. a io m. Size 133 U 20 2 5. head as before. | RF. Likewise. ‘Upstairs AY! In addition, F|A. Below 2. Clerk 281 ee ai G8.228 0 m head as before. A find of Achaean federal coins. 387 Number of d. Coins AR 15 m Gr. 2.03 and 2.34. E.m. head as before. R/. As well. Next to it E|Y. Below z|l. Clerk 110 2 Elis. ZR 15 m. ir; 2.24 and 2:35) E.B. m: i Zeus head as before, | > «Rf. As well. Above FA. Next to it AIN. Clerk 290 ' 2 AR 15:0. Gr 259. ED head as before. Ref. Likewise. Next to it A|Y. Below FA. Clerk 282 \ | AR 15m. Gr. 2.40. .E. m. head as before. RF. Likewise. Above AY. In addition to EA, - 0 Glek 280 0 0 1 RF. Likewise. Above Mon. 113. In addition, FIA Below A, lightning not visible. See Clerk 232 PR 14 m. GY. 2.35. Egg m head as before. R/. As well. Above Mon. 113. Next to it ul Below Mon. 114 and lightning. 'Clerk 234 “us a 16m Size 232 Bm head as before. . . . De

288 45. 46. 47. 48, 49. 50. A. Löbbecke: Number d. Coins R/. As well. Above Mon. 113. Next to it F|A. Below just flash. Clerk 231 a i9 m Size 242 BD: g. head as before. R/. Likewise, Above I In addition, F|A. Below winged lightning r. Dark 20th 2 u.d no egg AR 15.m. Gr. .224 E.M. head as before. R/. As well. Above A. Next to F|Mon. 39. Below unclear letter (X Clerk) and lightning. Glerk 237: .. 0.2.8: Ar 19°m. Gr. 240. 2.2. head as before. R/. As well. Above Mon. 118. Next to it FA]AW. Below lightning. Clerk 243 he AR 15 m... Gr. 2.22—-2.24. E.g. head as before. R/. As well. Above Mon. 8. 281 No. 8. Next to it FA| Mon. 117. Below lightning. to BoK 299 ..2 0.0, 200.5 R15m. Gr. 2.08—232. B.g. head as before. R/. Likewise, but above Mon. $. 281 No. 9. To Vlerk 252/88... “rom... R 15 m. Gr. 2.00-2.25. E.g. head as before. RF. Likewise. Above.Mon. 27. Next to FA|Mon. 117. Below lightning. LDlk 28... .. 2: WEL. IE.MN.

No. SH: 52. 53. 54. 59. 56. 57, A find of Achaean federal coins. number d. Coins R 14/16 m. Gr. 1.95-2.45. E.e. head as before. Rj/. As well. Above Mon. p. 281 No. 10. Next to it FA}Mon. 117. Below lightning. To Clerk 253, where Vf. head l. and something other monogram . RR 14/15 m. Gr. 2.01—2.56. E.g. head as before. R/. Likewise, but above Mon. 95. To Clerk 253, where V/. head l. ... » iu. Gr 216. me Head as before but to the left. R/. Just like before. Clerk 253 u $R 16 m. Gr. 2.18-2.50. E.g. Head as before but to the right. R/. As well. Above Mon. 30. Next to it FA|AA. Below Lightning. Clerk 246 AR 16.0..:0r. 23T, BR, head as before, R/. As well. Above Mon. 8.281 No. 1u.H. Next to it FA|AA. Below lightning. To Clerk 246, 249 A 15'n. Gr. 2.0232. °E g head as before. R/. As well. Above Mon. 26. Next to FA|Mon. 92. Below lightning. Clerk 247 M 14m. Ge 230. no head as before. Before Mon. 51.

58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 68. ‘A. Löbbecke: number d. Coins R/. Likewise Above Mon. 115. Next to it FA| Mon. 124: Below lightning. Ulerk 261. ic A12m Gr%86.1vaRılz. head as before. Before that AK. R/.. Likewise. Above Mon. 47 distorted. Next to it FA| Mon. 124, Below lightning. To Clerk 262 .. he AR 15 m. Size:2.257226:, E..£. Head like. before. Before that AK. R/. As well. Above Mon, 47, next to FA| Mon. 124, Below lightning. Clerk 262 we AR 16 m. Gr. 2.13-2.21. E, g.. - head as before. Rj. Likewise. ‘Above Mon. 22. “Besides FA|Mon. 124. Below lightning. lei 259°. Be R 17m. Gr. 227—2.40. E.g. head as before. Behind ATTOAARNIOC, R/. Likewise. Above Mon. 82. Beside.FA|Mon. 124. Below lightning. ‘Clerk 264 Io < iR 16 m. Gr. 2.15-2.20. E.g. head as before. Behind it OPACYAEWN. RF. Likewise. Above Mon. 80. Next to it FA| Mon. 124. Below lightning. ..Clerk 272 he 416m Size 210-240 Be, head as before. Behind it KAAAITITIOY. RF. Likewise. Above ®, In addition, FA|Mon. 124. Below lightning. 'To Clerk 275, where KAANITITIOZ

No. 64. 66. 67. 68. 69. A find of Achaean federal coins. 291 number d. Coins R 16 m.':Size. 1.95-2.86. E.:g. RF Bf. IR RF Bf. RF AR a head as before. Behind KAAAITITIOY, Likewise, but above Mon.119. Next to it: Mon. 79| Mon. 124. . To Olerk 273; where KAANITI; it seems to: as if FA does not form the Mon..79 here, but rather stands separate 151m. 3.0.2.5 Egg g, i head as before. Behind it NIKEOY. As well. Above Mon. 47. Next to FA|Mon. 18. Uuten- lightning. Clerk 276 euW), 15 m. Gr. 2.25.—2.30.., E..m. Head as before, without writing. As well. Monogram unclear above. There- next to FA|Mon. 124. Below. Flash. To Olerk 259/261 . | Corona? 15.33.22 Size, 2.38. E.m. Zeus's head, as before, to the left. As well. Next to it =|E(?) Knocked out below. Clerk 312 Lacedaemon. 15 m. Size '2.28. Em. Zeus head as before to the right. As well. - Above’ AA. In addition, the Dioscuri hats. Below Mon. 60. Clerik 324 Rt HE 14 m. Gr. 2.25-2.3l. E.m. 'Head as before. As well. Above :Mon. 57. Below Mon:53. Clerk 316. 2.1.N. IX Valley: NI:2.. 1l

292 No. 70. 1. 12. 73. 74. 75. 76. I A. Löbbecke: RR 1i5m. Size 2.28 m: 230. Em. head as before. R/. Likewise, but below Mon. 54. Clerk 317 ee AR 15 m. Gr. 2.30-2.42. E.m. head as before. R/. Likewise, but below Mon. 101. Olerk 319. .:Z1.N. IX Act. VIIE5 BR 15m! BE 2.98. Mg. head as before. R/. Likewise, but below Mon. P. 281 No. 11. To note 318192 3.2 °2.2°%:, AR 15 m. Gr. 2.26-2.43. E.m. head as before. R/. Likewise, but below MY, Clerk 314 ee RR 14m. Gr. 2.28 and 2.30. head as before. R/. Likewise, but below @. Clerk 320 Argos. #15 m. Gr. 2.30: E, hell Zeus head as before. number d. Coins R/. As well. Mon. 116. Below, wolf's head to the right. DIEIE 189 5 00 00 no vs a 15m. 07.25: 2337. DB; m, Head as before to the left. R/. Likewise, BlarK 141. 000200 a 315. .Gr.:2.37;: . Em head as before.

78. 1a 80. 8l. 82. 83. A find of Achaean federal coins. number d. Coins R/. As well. Next to r. Mon. 116. Below wolf head to the right. elak Mas nn a %»bm = 22%. Bm head as before. R/. As well. Above Harpa r. Below Mon. 57. Glen: ld 2 elm Epidaurus. 3: 14 m :Gr. 230th Em Zeus head as before to the right. Rj. Likewise. Snake at the top r. next to it ZNR|WA. Below KA. think 16. 3. grandma ng Mantinea. AR 14 m. Gr. 2.23-2.35. E.m. Zeus head as before. R/. As well. Above Mon. 58. Next to Al. Below trident r. Clerk 185 ee eh AR 14 m. Gr. 2.25-2.38. E.m. head as before. R/. Also without a monogram at the top. ll ae Z$R 14 m. Gr. 2.30. E. sl. head as before. R/. As well. Next to it: Mon. 42|Y. Below trident to the right. elere De u. s Dar to ze Antigonia (Mantinea). AR 14 m. Gr. 2.01—2.45. E.m. head as before. Journal of Numismatics, XXVI, 20

294 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. n. A. Löbbecke: number d. Coins R/. As well. Next to it A|N. Below EY. CE 192 u ir... 19m 6022. Em head as before. R/. As well. Next to it A|N. Below Mon. p. 281 No: 12 To Clerk 195, where the arch on the right on Bon eh 2 ee 3:13 m. Gr. 218#235 E m head as before. R/. As well. Next to it A|N. Below C2. Deck OR ee td »R135n. 6r 290: E; m; head as before. R/. As well. Next to it A|N. Below CR. a BR 13 m. ar. 2.28 u: 2.86, Bm. head as before. R/. As well. Next to it A|N. Below En Clerk 200 —D Megalopolis. R.15 m. -Gr-2.26=2.33 E m, Zeus head as before. R/. As well. Above =. In addition, I|K. Below syrinx. Blerr THE rer a. B jl5m. 6r 204 2232 . Em head as before. R/. As well. Above B. Next to AjE. Below syrinx. he en 2% 15m: 235 38 Head as before to the left. R/. As well. Above ZE. Next to it O|P. Below M. Clerk 301 Dei Messner, “and see 2 ed e L EEE REE | |

MR 16m Cr. 220. Be, A find of Achaean federal coins. 295 number d. Coins Head as before to the right. . As well. Above OP. Next to it O|N. Below M. Clerk 304 at:Messene; i “ao... 22,343 15 m. '61.22 u; E m Head as before to the left. R/. Likewise. Next to it N|®. Below Mon. 61. Glerk 216 and... no 15 m. :Gr. 220-239 Em Head as before to the right. . Likewise. Above Mon. P. 281 No. 13. Below M. To Olerk 297, where the. Crossbar of the A in Mon, broken (....,... 0.0... 5 15 m. Gr. 2.20-2.44. E.m. head as before. . Likewise. Above =B. Besides K|]A. Below M and lightning. 20.Olerk 224/23 3. 2.2 2. 000005 14 m. :6.2,58. BD. head as before. . Likewise. Above Mon. 122. Below Mon. S, 281 No. 14, To Clerk 297, where M below instead of Mon. 1 pallantium. 15m Size 2393u.29. 2. Zeus head as before. . Likewise. Above A. Next to T|A. Bottom three- Zack T. Glerk 218... me 2 0.0.0 15 m. Gr. 23012558 De head as before. k/. Likewise. The trident upright. Blerk 217... 2 on. a 20*

296 No. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105, A. Löbbecke: number d. Coins al1am 280 HE head as before. R/. As well. The trident turned left. Too bee it ar. AR 14 m. Gr. 2.10-2.37. E.g. head as before. R/. As well. Above A. Next to T|A. Below Mon. 29 and upright trident. Ger 210 nn, 1. A, 38 Tegea. »R15m Size 195-222. HE. m. Zeus head as before. R/. As well. Next to it T|E. I, Se ee ee R1lsm Gr. £29-231& head as before. R/. As well. Above T. Next to it on the right E. EN aa would be Ned AR 15 m. Gr. 220-244. E.2. head as before. R/. As well. Above Mon. 35. Next to it T|E. bias a ee ee he Indefinite. %15m: @r: 22. Emma: head as before. RF. Likewise. Above Y Besides A|YES. Below E Clerk 171 at Epidaurus . . .. . | may5bm. Size 2.25 and 2.37. DB. close head as before. R/. As well. The letters unclear ..... 2 Patrae. AR 16 m. Gr. 2.08—2.71. E.g. Zeus head with laurel wreath to the right. Pearl circle.

| i i i | 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. 111. 112. A find of Achaean federal coins. 9297 number d, Coins R/. In a wreath Mon. p. 281 No. 15 and ATYC]|AICXPI|@NOE in three lines. Brit. Mus..22.1, ,. zn 7 R 15 m. Gr. 1.75-2.47. E.g. Aphrodite head with Stephane and Collar to the right. Pearl circle. R/. In a wreath Mon. P. 281 No. 16. Above AA|MACIAC on two lines. B.M. 2.2... 0 00.0 0 11 Sicyon. AR 15 m. Gr. 2.30-2.56. E. sl. Chimaira on the left, below ZI. RF. Pigeon 1. flying, three balls behind it. BIM.46.- 72333... ee R 15m. 6,290: BE8 Chimaira on the left, below ZI. RF. Pigeon 1. flying, behind a ball. BM 40.1242... 2.0 2. 2.0.0080 1 AR 15 m. Gr. 2.07—2.34. Em. Pigeon r. flying, a ribbon in its beak, there- behind ©. R/. & in a recessed square. Besides KAEANAPOZ, BM 52:19... 2.00... 022 6 AR 15 m. Gr. 1.96-2.30. E.m. Pigeon as in front, behind T. Rj/. As well. RM 52. 90.3 and 0, 3 RR 15 m. Gr. 2.15-2.50. FE. m. Pigeon r. flying. R/. Zin recessed square. Besides OAYMTTIAAAZ, BM 52 197.20 000.0 0000000 00 6 AR 15 m Gr. 2.10-2.40. E.m. Pigeon 1. flying. RF/. Likewise, Next to it TTOAYKPA. , 22...

298 No 113. 114. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. A. Löbbecke: number d. R 15 sts. Size: 71.95: = BE. m; Pigeon as before. Behind ©. KR. As well. B.M. 52. 199% Rs m "Gr 256... 5m. Pigeon as before. Behind T. R/. Likewise He NN At 19: m. Size 115-208, BE m, Pigeon as before. RF. Likewise. Besides TIPOMAXIAAZ, B.M. 52. 200. R15m Size 225. Em. Pigeon as before. kf. Likewise. Next to it ZENOTI [MO2Z] . 153m Size 219 12,230.. 5. m. Pigeon as before. Behind it is a star. RF. Likewise. Next to it [ZIRZIKPATHE. . Messenia. a4 and 08.22. DE, Zeus head with diadem to the left. Pearl circle. R/. CET next to a tripod in a laurel wreath . AR 16 m. Gr. 2.25-2.40. E.g. Zeus head as before to the right. ff. CET ZENOXAPHZ next to one Tripod Laurel wreath. DB. M.:.110.18 Av 15 m. (7, 202-248. Rp. head as before. R/. CET TIOAQN. Likewise . Br 716m Size 20-2471. Be, Head as before without the peirl circle. Rf. MEZ TIOAYKAHZ. Likewise . Coins in i i !

A find of Achaean federal coins. 299 Lacedaemon. number d. No. Coins 122.R 15m. Gr. 2352.41. Wreathed, bearded head of Heracles right. Pearl circle. R/. In a wreath amphora of a snake wrapped between the Dioscuri hats, under them A|A. Next to it: Mon. 8. 281 No. 19 |ME. BM. 1. 6.0.0000 000000000 123. 2 5m: Size 217245. BE head as before. R/. Likewise, AX over the hats. In addition, KI|T. BM 12210. 0000000000000 0 005 124, R 15 m. Gr. 2.22-2.49. E.g. head as before. R/. Likewise, AA among the hats. Next to it: Mon. S, 281 No. 17 KH. B>M. 122. 11.00 0 0200 0 00000005, 95: Riitim Size 215u 290 228 head as before. R/. Likewise, AA over the caps. Next to it: Mon. 8:98 No Si hk, 22 126. 'R 15m Gr. 225-250. HE. head as before. R/. Likewise, AA among the hats. Next to it: Mon. 3,287 No. 19 IMO N see 27: Rome Gr. 250. 2% head as before. R/. Likewise, AA over the caps. Next to it T|I. 1 38. 252 6,222 5%. head as before. R/. Likewise, AA among the hats. Next to it T|A 1 129, .& IT m, Gr. 235. B®& head as before. R/. Likewise, AA among the hats. Next to r. etc.]. Mon. p. 281 no.; 20 and right Y > 2 I

300 No. 130. 131. 132. 133 - 134. 135. 136. 137. AR RF AR Bf. AR RF Ef. Cl. A. Löbbecke: number d. Coins 13 m. Gr. 260.3. g, head as before. Likewise, AA over the caps. Next to r. Mon. P. 281 No. 21 9m.:61,299 5% head as before. As well. Next to r. Mon. p. 281 no. 22 15.m. Gr. 220228. E92 head as before. Likewise, AA under the Hats. Next to it KAE|@N. . Argos. 14 m. Gr. 233: B. sl Front part of a wolf to the left. In a recessed square a capital A underneath Crescent. ee 14 m. Gr. 2.10 and 2.60. B.g. Front part of a wolf to the right. . As well. Above ZEY. Below eagle uf r. B.M. 4.06... 14 m. Gr. 3238. BE. G. As before. . As well. Above ®A, below HNOX 14 m. Gr. 2.10. E.ge. As before. . As well. Above ®A, below club to the left. B.M.12832._, 15m. Gr; 2.18-2.40. Em. As before. As well. Two lines at the top ATA|®0, below KAEOX and Harpa to the right. B.M. 144. 110 15 ' E; 3 ! 1 i j \ N

| a 14 i 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. A find of Achaean federal coins. 301 number d. Coins 2%15m Size 172. .E As before. R/. As well. AA above, MAP and trident below to the left. See B.M. 144,111. 1 elm 6r. 2350 2m As before. R/. As well. AA|MO in two lines at the top, ZOE at the bottom and palm branch. B.M. 145,112 . 1 Arlam, :6r..2.25 Bm As before. RF. Likewise. Above two lines [E])Y|OY, below KAEOZ and r. sitting owl. See Mionnet p. IV. 237.5 1 R 15 m. Gr. 2.05=-247. Em Like before left. Zef. As well. Above two lines IE|P2, below NOX and Eagle sitting on lightning bolt to the right. B.M. 145. 114 a 11 $R.15 m. Gr. 2.28-2.35. E.m. Like before left. R/. As well. Above two lines AY|Al, below AAA and boar's head to the right. B.M. 145. 116 No 4 RR 16 m.. Gr. 2.12—.5% 5g As before to the right. Rj. Likewise. Above two lines ZENO |®1, below AOY and Helios head surrounded by rays from the front. B. M. 145, 117 9 A I m: Size 2.43, BE: 8. As before to the right. Kf. Likewise, but grapes instead of the Helios head . 1

302 A. Löbbecke: number d. No Coins 145. MI16m Size 218 DE Like before left. R/. As well. Above two lines ®lAO|KA, below HZ and vase with the Mon. 8. 281 No. 23 (N£usıe). Bm 1,320 0. nen, Arcadia. 146. AR 16 m. Gr. 2.20-2.26. E. m. and sl. Zeus head with laurel wreath to the left. R/. Horned Pan on a rock |. sitting, the | Right stretched out and one in the left | holding a curved shepherd's crook. In front of him a Eagle. e NN HE REN YOURS 147. R 15 m. Gr. 2.20-2.32. E. m. and sl. head as before. RF. Likewise. Besides A|A, BM 4078... 229323...Bure. 148, R 15 m. Gr. 2.15-2.32. E.m. head as before. RF. Likewise. Next to it: Mon. P. 281 No. 2 IR ven BD. mM, Ko.81 2020 0.05 | 149. R 15 m. Gr. 2.24. head as before. R/. As well. Next to it: Mon. p. 281 no. 24 |A. Eu ee Megalopolis. 19. 8 16 m. Gr. 2.25% 2954. E88 Zeus head with laurel wreath to the left. R/. Seated Pan as above, to the right MET. In the field AJA. DaB en aa 2 n BE NN I ee NRA

A find of Achaean federal coins. 303 number d. No. Coins 1r A l5n G8235u. 20 LE and head as before. Rj/. As well. In the field on the right Al. DL NM) 188.3 2 2.m 13m: Gr. 222 EB: head as before. R/. As well. In the field on the left Mon. p. 281 No. 25. B.M. 188.8 1 153. 2R.:15:m. GE: 2:00 Em head as before. Rj/. As well. In the field on the left an indistinct mono- gram, right Mon. P. 281 No. 26 15&: 28 15m. Gr 213:u.240> EN m. head as before. Zef. As well. In the field left apparently Mon. 8.28: No. 27 no 2 195. ,ZR 15 m. Gr. 2.32, BE. sh). head as before. Ze/. As well. Monograms indistinct 1 499

Roman denarius find from Lengowo. In the spring of 1906 on the peat cut of the settlement good Lengowo, proper to the Waltersheim estate administration near Wongrowitz, Poznań Province, a find of 215 Roman Silver denarii, ranging from Nero to Marcus, were made, which through the activity des state estate manager Mr Frederick was saved from distraction and through the mediation of the Royal Settlement Commission for West Prussia and Posen Royal Coin Cabinet in Berlin for scientific use was handed over. The coins are then given to the Kaiser Peace rich museum in Poznan. The find is worth it the rarity of such finds in free Germania List of its contents. What is striking is the fact that the coins from the time of the emperors Pius and Marcus, 138-183 AD (the latest coin found, No. 214, comes from years 166 AD), so sparse (11 copies) compared to those the time of Hadrianus (49) and Traianus (75). were, and that the latest coins No. 205-215 to Er- attitude does not distinguish itself from the previous one, rather all of them are evenly and heavily worn, whereas otherwise with such The later groups were found to be most numerous and tend to be best preserved. One must assume that the find a middle-aged man') of Hadrianus completed cash balance of some Roman soldier or merchant who was robbed or found in his possession Germanic owners came into possession of the few pieces, which him during the next one 45 years occasionally into the Hand fell, added until the whole mass finally disappeared digging or lost in the moor. Or you have to accept, that “mostly old and better Courant for Was chosen to be buried,” as Mommsen did for him 1) The coins from his former government predominate. years and Hadrianus' coins are much less numerous in the find. appear as those of Traianus, who reigned for just as long.

K. Regling: Roman denarius find from Lengowo. 305 Find from Neuhaus an der Oste (province of Hanover, not far from the mouth of the Elbe) assumed which is very similar to ours is composed: Time of Nero 2, Galba 3, Otho 1, Vi- tellius 5, Vespasianus 56, Titus 17, Domitianus 42, Nerva 4, Traianus 115, Hadrianus 84, Pius 11, Marcus 4 denarii, the last of Years 168 AD (Roman coinage $. 773 — 775). — On what occasion the find was buried, cannot be made out; the Germanic wars of Marcus should their shocks hardly as far north continued planted have. About the Circumstances of discovery writes Sir Friedrich still: “who have coins, since they are close together lay, probably originally put in a bag, which may have decayed and decayed over time. The heap has been pierced with the spade, whereupon the Individual pieces were picked up by the two workers involved have been made”. I give now an overview and the list of coins, stating the inscription, possibly also of the type, and with that Quotes after Cohen, medals de l'empire Romain, 2nd edition, and correcting the all too common errors and oversight at Cohen. Nero: re Galba.' Ve, 52 2 Vitellius 3 Vespasianus . . . 33 Pitus like 2’ Domitianus':. e.g 21 Nerva 2.2.8529, 2:6 Traianus . . “2.2. Hadrianus... ......48 Sabina. 2. wm, according to Pius Faustina Sr. Mareus--..2°24°° 9 215

306 K. Regling: Nero. 1. NERO CAESAR AVGVSTVS head with laurel wreath right- there. | ROMA Cohen 258. Galba. IMPSER GALBA CAESARAVGK.m.l.r. | DIVAAVGVSTA Coh. 55. 3. IMP SER GALBA CAESAR AVG Bust portrait with laurel wreath and coat r. | DIVA AVGVSTA Coh. 55. W Vitellius. 4. AVITELLIVS GERMANICVSIMP K. r.|IVPPITER VICTOR Coh. 45. 9. 6. A VITELLIVS GERM IMPAVG TRP K.n.L. r. | PONT MAXIM Vesta. Coh. 72. Vespasianus. 7. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K. m. L.r. | ANNONA AVG Coh. 28. 8. CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.nm.L. to the left | ANNONA AVG Coh. 30. 9. 10. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.m.L.r. | cos ITER IRPOT Pax, Coh, 1st up. 36, missing in the 2nd 11. 12. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVSAVG K.nm.L.r. |COS VII Mars with Tropaion. Coh. 125. 13. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.m.L.|. | COS VII Mars with Tropaion. Coh. 126. 14-17. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.m.L.r. | IOVIS CNSTOS Coh, 222. 18. 19. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.m.L.r. | IVDAEA Coh. 226. 20. IMP CAESAR VESPAS AVG K.m:L.r. | PON MAX TRP COS V caduceus. Coh. 361. 21-25. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.m.L. rt: | BON MAX TRPCOSV sit. Emperor. Coh. 364.

Roman denarius find from Lengowo. 307 26-34. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.m.L.r. | PON 35. 36. 39. 48. 49. MAX TRPCOS VI seat. Woman with branch. Coh. 366. IMP CAESAR VESP AVG K. m.l.r. | PONTIF MAXIM sit. Emperor. Coh. 386. 37. IMP CAES VESP AVG CENS K.m.L.r. | PONTIE MAXIMUM seat. Emperor. Ooh. 1st edition 164 (in the 2nd, 387, erroneous as moyen bronze). IMP CAES VESP AVG CEN K. m. L.r. | SALVS AVG Coh. 431. IMP CAESAR VESPASIANVS AVG K.m.L.r. | TR POTX COS VIII seat. Ceres. Coh. 1st edition 203 (in the 2nd, 550, X is missing incorrectly). Titus T CAESAR VESPASIANVS K.m. L.R. | ANNONA AVG Coh. 17. IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVGPM K.m. L.r.|BONVS EVENTVS AVGVSTI Coh. 25. T CAESAR VESPASIANVS K.m. L.r.|CERESAYG Coh. 31. T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS K.m.L r. | COS VI Mars. Coh. 65. T CAESAR IMP VESPASIAN K.m. L.R. | PONTIF TRP COS Lu seat. emperor, Coh. 1oL T CAESAR IMP VESPASIAN K.m. L.R. | PONTIF TRP COS IIN seat. Woman with branch. Coh. 162. IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM: K.m.L.r.|TR P VII! [IMP. XV E05] FOUR PD Venus. Coh. 284. IMP TIITVS CAES VES]/PASIAN AVG PM ku EL | TR P vIII IMP XV COS VII PP Venus. Coh. 286. IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVG PM K.m.L.r.|TR P-IX IMP XV COS III P P sella enrüls: - Go 233 where probably just VII instead of VII. IMP TITVS CAES VESPASIAN AVGPM K.m.L.r.|TR P IX. IMP XV COS VIII PP Elephant. _ Coh. 1st ed. 106 kin 'der 2, 301, irig or Stab argent).

308 54. 55. 56. 57. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. K. Regling: . 5l. IMP TITVSCAES VESPASIAN AVGPM K.m.L.r. | TRPIXIMP XV COS VIIPP Lightning on throne. Coh. 316. T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS K. m. L.r. | TRPOT VUI [COS VII) Jew at the Tropaion, Coh. 334. T CAESAR IMP VESPASIANVS K. m.L. r. | [T]R PO[T vI] COS VII Quadriga. Coh. 336. Domitianus. CAESAR AVG F DOMITIANVS K.m.L.r. | COS III PE gasus. Oh. 47. IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVGPM K.m.L.r.|COS VII OF VII PP sella curulis. Coh. Rf. 58, V/. 60 (see above also the three Berlin examples). IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TRPV K.n.L.r. | IMP XII COS XII CENS PPP PallasPromachos. Coh. 194. IMP CAES DOMITAVG GERM PM TRPVIK.m.L.r. | IMP XII COS XII CENS PPP Pallas with Lightning and Lance. Coh. 1st edition 106, 2nd edition note on 202 (like this also two Berlin examples). . IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PMTRPVI K.m.L.r. | IMP XIII COS XII C[ENS PPP] Pallas Promachos. Coh. 228. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR PVII K.m.L.r. | IMP XI8. 003° AI CENS FRE Pallas on ship. Coh. 253. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P VII K.m.L:.r. IMP XXI COSXV CENSPPP Pallas with lance. Coh,259. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PMTRPXKnm.L.r. IMP XXI COS XV CENS PPP Pallas with lance. Coh. 263. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TRPXIK.m.L.r. IMP XXI COS XV CENS PPP Pallas with Lightning and Lance. Coh. 268. 64. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TRPXI K.m. L.R. | IMP XXI COS XVI CENS PPP Pallas on ship. Coh. 274 (at No. 64 consulate number uncertain, perhaps Coh. 270).

65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 41. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 78. Roman denarius find from Lengowo. 309 IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PMTRPAXIK.m.L.r,| IMP XXIL COS XVI CENS PPP Pallas with lightning and Lance. Coh. 279. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR P XII] K.m.L. r.| IMP XXII COS XVI CENS PPP Pallas Promachos. Coh. 280. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TR PXII K.m.L.r. | IMP XXII COS XVI CENS PPP Pallas with flash and Lance. Coh. 283. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TRPXII K.m.L.r. | IMP XXII COSXVICENSPPP Pallas on ship. Coh. 284. 70. IMP CAES DOMIT AVG GERM PM TRPXV Km. 1954 | IMP XXII COS XVII CENS PPP Pallas with flash and lance. Coh. 291. CAESAR DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VI K. m. L. r. | [PRINCEPS] IVVENTYTIS Pallas Promachos. Oh. 1st ed. 220, 2nd ed. R/. 381, V/. 380 (including the two Berlin copies). CAESAR DIVI F DOMITIANVS COS VU K.m. L.r. | PRINC[EPS IVVENTVTIS] Altar. Coh. 1st ed. 215, 2nd ed. R/. 397, V/. 390 (including all Berlin examples) sure, NA AR). IMP CAESAR DOMITIANVS AVG K. m. L. r. | TRP COS VII Tripod. Coh. 552. IMP CAES DOMITIANVS AVG PM K.m.L.r. | TRP COS VII DES VII PP throne. Coh. 573. Nerva. IMP NERVA CAESAVG PM TRP COSIU PP K.m.L.r. | AEQVITAS AVGVST Coh. 6. 17. IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TRPCOSUPPK.m. L.r. | FORTVNA AVGVST Coh. 59. IMP NERVA CAES AVG PM TRP COSIIPP K.m. L.R. | FORTVNA AVGVST Coh. 66. Journal of Numismatics, XXVI, 21

3109 79. like that. 8. 82. 84. \ «K: Regling: IMP NERVA 'CAES AVG PM TR P COSILPP ''K. m. L.r. | SALVS PVBLICA 'Cooh. 132, but: holds on in our specimen the Salus ears, not a also on the two Berlin copies. j IMP NERVA CAES AVG PBM’TRP COSII PP K.m. L.R. | SALVS PVBLICA Coh. 134. Traianus. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DACPM TRP _K.m. n and Garment trace r.| AETAVG, COSV PPSPQR OPTIMO PRINC. Coh. 3. 83. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM TR PCOSVIPP K.m.L.u.G.r.| ALIM ITAL, SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI Coh. 9. ‘On one example. the r. hand lowered, stretched out on the other. M IMP TRAIANO. AVG GER DACPM TRP COS VIPP K.m.L.u.G.r. | ARAB ADQ, SPQR OPTIMO PRINCIPI Coh. 26, but camel, not ostrich; about the naming of the stated roseau in hand the Arabia cf. You . Chastel, revue belge de num. 1906 8. 1931. - 85-106. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DACPMTRP K.m.l. 2.6.7.1 005:V PP SED R OEFIMD. PRINT, Types: 85. 86. stand. Roma. Coh. 68. 87. 88. sit. Roma. Coh. 69. | 89-91. stand. Victoria. Coh. 74, where Victoria but half- should be naked. b 92. 93. screams. Victoria. Coh. 77. 94. writing Victoria. DA |CI| CA three-line. Oh. 80. 95-97. Pax. Coh. 81. 98. Pax at a pillar. Coh. 83. 99. 100. Spes. Coh. 84. 101. 102. stand. Aequitas. Coh. 85, but where V/. with Aegis. 103. 104. sit. Aequitas. Coh. 86. 105. Arabia. Coh. 89. 106. Tropaeum. Coh. 100. Me EN NE He EN IN EES TER | i i } 1 j j e 4

Roman denarius find from Lengowo. 311 107.: :IMP TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DACPM TRP chest picture m, L. u, coat r. | COSVIPPSPBORT Bonus Eventus. :»Coh. 105. 108.: 109. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DACPMTRPK.n.L. u. G. r.|DAC CAP, COS V PP SPQ R OPTIMO PRINC grieving Dacia. Coh. 120. 110. IMP TRAIANVS AVG GER DAC PM TRP COS VI PP K.m. L.u.G.r. | DIVVS FATHER TRAIAN Coh. 140. 111-115. IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC Br. m. L. and M.r. | FORT RED, PARTHICO PM TR PCOSVIPPSPQR Coh. 150. 116. Likewise, only Vf. head m. L. without M. Coh. 150 where. but with Aegis covered coat. 117—119.: IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC Br: m. L.u.M.r. | FORT RED, PM TR P COS VI PP S:PQ R': Coh. 154. 120. IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC Br.m. L.'Tank. u. M. r. | PARTHICO PM TR P E0SVIPP SPQR Pax. Coh. 191, there incorrect GER, the illustration of the lead piece p. 38 has correctly GERM. 121. Writing as well. Br.m.L.u.M.r. | PARTHICO PM TR PCOSVIPPSPQR Virtus. Coh. 193, incorrect GER there, 122. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DACPMTRP K.m.L.r. | PIET, COS.V PP SPOQ R OPTIMO,BPRINC.. Col. 199 123. 124. IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM K.m. L.R.| PM TRP COSIH PP sit. Vesta, Coh. 214. 125. Likewise. | PM TR P COSII PP stand. Pax. Coh. 222, 126. 127. IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM K.m.L.u. G.r.|PMTR.P COS III PP Hercules. Coh. 234. 128. Likewise, but without G. | PM TR PCOSIHI PP seated Fortuna... Coh. 237. 129.: Likewise, without G.| PM TR P COS III PP sitting victim toria. Coh. 239. 130. Likewise, with _G. | PM TR P COS II PP Victoria on ship. Coh. 241. 21*

312 131. 132. K. Regling: Likewise, with G. |PM TR PCOSIII PP screams. Victoria. Coh. 242. IMP NERVA TRAIANVS AVG GER DACICVS K.m.L. r.| PM TR P COS V PP Victoria on ship. Coh. 258. 133-140. IMP CAES NER TRAIANO OPTIMO AVG GER DAC Br. m. Lu. Mr.| PM TRPCOSVIPRSPFQR Types: 133. Mars. Coh. 270. 134. 135. Virtus. Coh. 274. 136. 137. Bonus Eventus. Coh. 276. 138-140. Pax. Coh. 278. . 142. IMP CAES NERVA TRAIAN AVG GERM. K.m.L.r. | PONT MAX TR POT COS II stand. Pax. Coh. 292. . As well. | PONT MAX TR POT COS II sit. Concordia. Coh. 302. . IMP CAES NER TRAIAN OPTIM AVG GERM DAC Br. m. L.u.M.r. | PROVID, PARTHICO PM TRP COS VI PPSPQR Coh. 314, where erroneous V/. OPTIMO (1st ed. 201 correct OPTIM), and where M. is not mentioned. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM COS VPP K.m.L. u.G.r.|SPQ R OPTIMO PRINCIPI Mars. Coh. 378. . IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM COS VIPP K.m.L. u.6G.r. | Writing as well. Bonus event. Coh. 398. . IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DACPM COS VPP K.m.L. u. 6th r. | Writing as well. Pax stepping on Daecier. Coh. 400. . IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DACPM COSV PPK.m.L.r. | Writing as well. Virtus. Coh. 402. . 150. IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM COS VI PP Br. m.l. and m.r. | Writing as well. Pax. Coh. 404. . IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM COS V. DESVI K.m. L.u.G.r. | Writing as well. Writing Victoria. DA| CI|CA three lines. Coh. 450. . IMP TRAIANO AVG GER DAC PM COS VPP K.m.L. u.G.r. | Writing as well. Abundantia. Coh. 467.