Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 26 — 1908

A false campanian ingot along with other falsis. 153 Cavities of the box with the mixture mentioned. Through flow out of the wax medium Heating of the cast box This then results in the one intended to hold the metal casting Hollow shape. But there are air bubbles between the metal and the mixture rarely completely avoidable are, can be seen on the upper surface of the metal casting usually raised dots, like They also appear on this bar and beyond forgeries to be mentioned are noticeable. From the the Counterfeits and attached scabs differ the punctured swellings both through their shape, like through their firm connection to the metal body. It under- there is no doubt, that today's fakes by aes grave in general after that here described procedures are produced, what their distinction from the ancient ones within two forms with corresponding cast seam made made bronzes much easier. I correct finally that of Gnecchi on p. 143 1840 gr. stated weight of the bar; weigh it: a) the big main piece . . . 91229 Br b) the lighter main piece . . . 761.8, he the middle piece ... 2. vn Ze therefore total weight of the bar 1780.86 gr. Further needs to be corrected, that the real bars not between 1490 and 1900 gr., but between 1142 and 1830 gr. weigh (vide: my “systematics” p. 56). Also not the extraordinary improbability the operator hauptung, three pieces of one and the same thing that belong together Ingots would have each other on one and the same place in the ground Found lying together, Mr. Gnecchi's faith failed to seriously shock the find report, despite him having it complete isolation one such case known was. Me There is only one known case of two together There are no matching pieces of an ingot, but probably from aes rude found together in the same treasure were; this

154 E.J. Haeberlin: both fragments of 148.50 and 130 gr. belong to one The large one made in 1897 near Porto Torres on Sardinia raw ore discoveries, the one in number from more than 900 pieces along with his other accessories intact in my collection- gone is. Real ingot fragments, this is so right, are still never together found. been. However was It remained unknown to Mr. Gnecchi that his case was the third The creation of a false bar is by no means the first, but rather more the second occurrence of this kind forms. Would have Mr If Gnecchi had knowledge of this, he would have presented it to him Fragments without a doubt viewed more skeptically. Under circumstances can the knowledge more important incidents the area of counterfeits of not to be underestimated be useful; it be therefore also the first case here in more detail communicated. At one Visits of the museum Etrusco in Florence on On March 23, 1900 I noticed one of mine in a showcase Previously unremembered ingot fragment, a center piece of the ingot trident |caduceus, which the museum had shortly before from the Florentine dealer Giuseppe Pacini. It should be with a number of aes rude pieces just before in the Found near Spoleto be. Those from the raw ore essential various Patina of the ingot fragment er- clarified the seller from the various mixture of metal. Only on got the following days I the piece in the hand, and it immediately became clear to me that the sequel was the same one from me himself at an auction on October 26, 1898 at L. and L. Hamburger in Frankfurt a. M.') as incorrect advertised upper piece, on which the tips of the three- zack and the snakeheads of the Caduceus in the same grotesques Relief too see are, whereby also that for that The piece acquired by the museum stood out. Through my data 1) See the catalog L. and L. Hamburger “Coin Auction October 1898”, P. 6, No. 120.

\ A false campanian ingot along with other falsis. 155 In the meantime, the intended publication of the Floren- tiner fragment of the story than a real piece in time prevented. A happy coincidence played the final piece for me this bar on November 8, 1901. to Rome in the hand, anywhere I found it false at the antiquarian Saturnino Inno- centi at a moderate price. These three fragments: Upper piece (Haeberlin).. . . . . 290.40 gr. Centerpiece (Florence) . . . . . 635,— “ Unterstuck (Haeberlin) . . .: . 92405 , Totally 1452.45 gr. thus form a complete parallel to the Gnecchian one false, if her too not in one place in the interior of the earth together, but right far apart in the daylight hit were; however also here the destruction des Ingots into one small and two large fragments, here too at least regarding of the middle piece an untrue one found report, here too — it couldn't be otherwise - the same rough-sharp fracture surfaces like at the Gnecchi ingot; at the latter however one remarkable Increase the Counterfeit audacity: partly in the invention of new types, partly in production the three fragments as an alleged threat velvet find. Mr. Gnecchi was encouraged in his faith to the Authenticity of the bar through the two “found” tri- pondia, those to him according to p. 146, note 1, of his report through their similar patina the fact one with the ingot same Provenance to prove rails. It was therefore important and grateful, that Mr. Gnecchi this one too Pieces sent. I immediately recognized one (291.15 gr.). one for me already on June 6th d. Js. (1906) by a German schen dealer for decision the question of authenticity before- piece that had been laid down again, that me, as always in such Cases, after his weight had been determined under retention one accurate plaster cast. Already back then had I the

156 E.J. Haeberlin: Authenticity question denied, as a result the piece from dem German dealer returned it to an Italian colleague been was. The second piece (326.88 gr.), which as a result shattering of the mold one over the cheek of the Roma head showing linear casting defects was new to me. Both pieces after one about the real copy of the Mus. Kircher from 305.10 gr. casts made are extremely defective stick in relief, especially on the side of the head, and show in an interesting way, how much can happen with negligent treatment lung several Replicas the same original both from their role model, as well as being able to move away from each other, the- kind that as a result of everyone in different ways Casting defects that occur have a common origin just yet remains recognizable to a trained eye. Finally both prove themselves pieces through their patina, which is the same as the ingot (matte green with rust browning, but without the ingots spread scabs) but one with the same as the ingot provenance, by no means but in senses one common origin of the find, but rather as products of the same case shearing workshop, His mission to me Mr. Gnecchi had another one from him likewise as genuine acquired decussis attached. They are from the Decussis so far no more than three real ones specimens became known: Mus. Kircher, 1106.60 gr. (the by far the best piece), Gnecchi, 668.54 gr. (from the finds the Tiber regulation near Rome, May 1887) and Brit. Mus., 652.28 gr. Since on page 150 of the Gnecchi report the Place finds “nessun decapondio fra i quattro ora conoseiuti”, like that had I ask for information about that unknown to me fourth Copy requested. I had expected something different than me found in the Gnecchi broadcast; I found again a falsehood that I have known for a long time, his visit I since received every year for some time. The story of this piece as far as I know, and which over time - changes made with it are extremely educational. i8 #

A false campanian ingot along with other falsis. 157 Here, too, it is about the real Kircher Copy taken form, its details however in Contrasts to the two tripondia are repeated with all sharpness. are given. This first time was me the piece from the dealer E. Fontana in Rome in April 1904. It made a difference differs from its shiny brown patinated original Its dull green color, some in the upper part of both sides attached scab, the defect of the pierced hole the Roma head and its especially next to the sprue (above) dashingly sharp edges. Otherwise it was smooth and clean- exactly the same as the original. At that time it weighed 1068.05 grams of the return had I expressly noticed, that these Imitation should under no circumstances be sold as genuine. Still took the piece his way in the coin trade further, but from now on in a completely changed state. This found second time it came to me on July 22, 1905, about- sent from a German dealer who is looking for the absolutely real ones Traditions his house again for the time being the question of authenticity wanted to see determined by me. The one from the first time the retained plaster casts I the determination, that this is due to the general heavy scab coating completely changed piece with the Fontana ash copy was identical. This time showed it as a result of the new ingredients an additional weight of 6.355 gr. It now weighed 1074.40 grams. After the piece was unsuccessful in Germany To sell it to the man, the counterfeiter felt compelled to do so surface again to change. The excessive scab chunks were removed, a very thin, but highly thoughtful, about the Prora running jump line (casting defect brought, at the same time but by heating and re-patinating so much of the piece is processed and changed that individual Parts, namely the rostrum tridens, became blurred. In this condition — it now weighs 1071.50 grams. — it is

158 E.J. Haeberlin: was then sold as genuine to Mr. Gnecchi, who therefore In addition to a real one, he now also has this fake decussis. The production This forgery also happened in the so-called wax casting process; this is also the thickness of the original maintained very precisely; the reduced weight from approx 35 gr. compared to the original is partly explained by the concave instead of a convex pouring point, partly because of that the aftertaste due to cooling of the metal always something smaller will as the original (the volume of the hot metal is known larger). This “metal loss”, like the technical one Aus- print is, in the present case the result is that the diameter of the front discus in the Falsum only exactly 100 mm. against 101'/, mm. of the real piece. The characteristic, from Air bubbles the form dotted elevations the surface are too at this one Counterfeit present. The scabs are up with them similar to the ingot. I've finished describing the new Falsa. A lot would be to say falsa about others; I keep that most important from this my work on the aes grave, that including six large panels with Falsis is included. It However, it is still needed a brief consideration the lying one Find reports that occasionally contain the distribution of such counterfeits be spread. After the one to me Notice made in 1904 should the decussis with “two tripondia” in Lombardy been “found”. be. Dive here so the two now Gnecchian tripodia - because around others acts it itself certainly not — to first time on. More dangerous are those Find reports that, whether based on other facts or errors, connecting with things, are calculated on it, by a certain internal probability of causing deception. In this one From this point of view it is obvious that the area around Spoleto as the alleged location of the centerpiece located in Florence of the ingot trident || Caduceus therefore was elected, because in 1890 the well-known large ingot find near la Bruna, F € ! L .

A false campanian ingot along with other falsis. 159 22km. from Spoleto removed, made was. On what but the choice of Rimini as the location of the new Gnecchi white bars? This choice is also transparent enough are but the two copies in the British Museum of the shield bar and the sword bar in the Catalog of the Greek Coins, Italy, 1873 on pages 26-29 under “Ariminum (?)” registered because you put up your shield and sword the quincunx and quatrunx of Ariminum at that time tended to the weapons present on the two bars despite certain characteristic differences for Gaulish too hold and them thus the city of the Senonian Gauls show. It is also in the Museo Olivieri in Pesaro the famous “As Olivieri”, a Roman ace with the head of Janus and Prora, what a miserable old forgery of Borghesi all in one Reports to Mommsen from December 6, 1850!) considered real draws been was, as a result Mommsen in this ace because of its un-Roman weight from 390 gr. one product the one on these heavy Foot coin ends Gallic office Ariminum guessed. Now the idea connection emerges from yourself: bars come from Rimini, from Rimini comes from the most notable of all Prora aces; what so it was closer, than to make an ingot with the Prora, for which after the Rimini is still mentioned in popular ideas had to be considered as the most credible location. Lacks certain knowledge it i.e. the counterfeiters not, but this knowledge is as clumsy as their work, and advanced knowledge is supported by discovery reports, the on outdated Errors connect, the investigation the Truth just made it easier. The Decussis is from the counterfeiters not the “finds from Ariminum" attributed been; just in indefinite Mr. Gnecchi became wise the area around Rome as ver- more courageous Location referred to. That but also the decussis 1) Mommsen, Gesch. of Roman coinage, 8. 191/192 and note, 70.

160 E.J.Haeberlin: A false campan. Ingots and other falsis. the same Counterfeiting workshop comes from like the Gnecchi ingots, appears according to his appearance, as well as after the binding both pieces with the two of them wrong Tripondia not doubtful. | Finally, I would like to ask everyone who is concerned: me from everyone on the areas of the aes grave them before- upcoming counterfeits mentioning the names of the publications to provide information about pensions. The exposure the one in Italy Forgers and their fences active in this area lie - I repeat — in the urgent interest of the public and private collections. The names the seller are allowed to relevant meetings also not kept secret publicly become. However, it would be premature to include one in every offer to immediately see a feint when playing the wrong piece; Mistakes can occur in this relationship even the most honest. But only by unreservedly communicating the ways in which false pieces in trade will usually be affected the The source of the evil can finally be determined and who As a seller you also want to protect yourself from bad looks, the use the caution, the relevant pieces first by the management of one of the major museums (Berlin, London, Paris) or what I will always be happy to do to have me tested. Frankfurt a.M. September 1906. Dr. jur, E.J. Haecberlin.

The Games of Hierapolis. About the Games at Hierapolis in Phrygia and those with one the same, the shares, in connection standing Ver- loan of the Neokorat to the city, are in the two for This question is mainly addressed by publications “Antiquities from Hierapolis") and the one that just appeared “Phrygia” gang of the London catalogue only short and un- complete information included. It should in the following one attempt to clarify the whole question'). In Hierapolis are, as the coins teach, during the Four different games were celebrated during the imperial period, their names we know, /Zödıe, Olvurua,"Axrıe and ca naga 16 Xovoogog, further a fifth, whose name us for the time being yet un- is known (see p. 163). I. HIVdıe. Apollon 'Aoxny&ıns was considered the main god in Hierapolis. honors'), which, as an inscription proves, was the theater of Hiera- polis consecrated was'). His head finds often on the Coins of different times °), it also appears as 1) Yearbook of the Archaeological Institute, Supplement IV, completed shortens A. v.H. 2) The gentleman Babylon, Hill, Imhoof-Blumer, Kubitschek, Svoronos and Sir Weber I am in favor of the friendly sending of plaster casts to the best Thank you obliged, likewise Mr Dr. Regling for many things Promotion of this essay. 3) Preller-Robert, Gr. Myth. I 269. A. v.H. p. 21 and 8. 42. 4) A.v.H. 8.13 and 8. 42, no. 4. 5) e.g. B.M.C. 1; 2, plate XXIX 1; 3; 4, plate XXIX 2; 5-7; 32; 46. Journal of Numismatics. XXYI, 11

162 v. Papen: Kitharöde in its entirety). Pythien is named in his honor celebrated. The first coins, the one relating to the Pythia bear a typical representation, occur under Oaracalla. 1) V/. Caracalla. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN Apollo Kitharoidos (Archegetes) with Kithara and plectrum after r. In front of him a Table with a prize crown between two bags. About this one after]. flying Nike. The indistinct Only TIYOIA can make the inscription on the prize crown have read. Paris; Wadd. 6159;. Mus. 'Albani I 108, 2 (Venuti) Plate LI. From that Paris copy gives Mionnet IV 304, 628 a completely inaccurate description. He thinks the two bags are vessels, in Apollo sees he a woman, instead of plectrum and Kithara he names two roles as attributes; this description has Cichorius, A. v. H. S. 40, seduces the representation for the of a musical agon. Caracalla appears on the Coin very youthful, so it belongs at the beginning of His Government. The coin can be dated precisely Annia Faustina No. 5. 2) V/. Elagabalus. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN NERKOPRN Apollon after |. sitting, behind him a tripod, on which a price crown with an unreadable one Inscription (Yes, yes TIYONA). Berlin (Löbbecke). 3) V/. Elagabalus. R/. IEPATIOAEITRN Corona in qua scriptum est TIYOIA, Vaillant, Num. gr. p. 127. M. IV 305, 635. I know the coin only from Vaillant, its information require correction. Does the coin come from Ela- 1) e.g. B.M.C. 8; 39; Plate XXX 1; 54; 60.

The Games of Hierapolis. 163 gabal, as Vaillant states, so it certainly has the inscription IEPATIOAEITNN NERKOPRN worn (see No. 7), because at the moment their character - the dating the coin results yourself out No.5 — the city was already owned of the Neokorat. Is but Vaillant's reading is correct, have like that us it with one coin Caracallas to do. There I the type — in one Game inscription standing in a wreath — so far only from Elagabalus onwards find occurring, like that I would rather believe that it yourself it is a coin of Elagabalus and the lack of the vswxoow» for incompleteness of the copy or a negligent one Reading Vaillant is based. 4) V/. Elagabalus. Rf. \EPATIOAEITRN NERKOPR2N Between two temperatures pelt in Profile the front one third with four pillars, between those (the image of the emperor with Lance and bowl, before him an altar. On the First acrotery of the middle temple a price crown, with a wreath on each side of it. left, to 1. Belonging to wreaths, TIYOIA (declining); the to the r. Inscription belonging to wreaths not legible. Berlin (Imhoof) = Imhoof, Kl. Mz. pp. 241, 32. The shares were like I accept to be able to believe the Neocory games from Hierapolis (see p. 179). The medium Temple with the statue of the emperor is therefore the neo korietemple'), the games indicated through the prize crown’). The name the same, so "Axzıe, is not called. Left stands the temple of Apollo, the games are marked by the wreath draws and through named TIYOIA. Who the right temple belongs, lets because of yourself the illegibility of the Do not provide game inscription. AKTIA, like Imhoof-Blumer ver- presumes is not conceivable, quite apart from the fact that they too 1) See the essay by B. Pick; The Temple Bearers deities and the representation the neocory on coins" in the annual issue VII of the Austrian Archaeol. Inst. p. 1ff. 2) Gaebler, Z.f£. N. XXIV p. 29, plate II, 33. 11*

164 v. Papen: Traces of inscriptions do not match this. The same is with OAYMTTIA the Fall, which were also celebrated in Hierapolis (see p. 181) and which one would think of first. The fourth of us with well-known games, e.g. rag co Xgvoogog, that apparently only had a very minor importance (see p. 181), doesn't come in question. So long not a better copy the coin comes to light, must accordingly the question, who owns the right temple and how the associated games are means to remain undecided. The coin is not from Cara- calla, like Imhoof-Blumer, however with addition one question mark, indicates, but like more accurate comparisons with the undoubted coins of Elagabalus, from Elagabalus. 5) Vf. Annia Faustina. Rf. NEPATIOAEITRN NERKOPRN wreath, in it TIY|OIIA. Collection of Prince Peter of Saxe-Coburg, Rev. num, 1892, ».84, 51, Pal 1:11. A second copy Wadd. 6167 with TIYOIA. The Pythian ones games') were elsewhere per month Bucatios, our August?) and there was a postponement this time-honored game is not likely’). one can assume that the Pythians also lived in Hierapolis was celebrated in August are. After that in my opinion one coin, which shows an agonistic type and a game contains inscription, just minted in one year can be, in for whom the corresponding game was celebrated, and for Annia Faustina just the year 221 comes into question, so we have thus a solid basis for dating the Pythian festivals won in Hierapolis and it let yourself then, there the Pythia were penterate, all other festival years without calculate further. The proof, that only the year 221 comes into question, er- calls for more detailed consideration on the three marriages of Elagabalus. 1) Krause, The Pythia, Nemeen and Isthmia, pp. 29-36. 2) Schoemann, Greek Antiquities#, Vol. II p. 71. 3) Krause, a. 2.0. p. 34.

TEEN \ ' F The Games of Hierapolis. 165 Elagabalus had three wives Julia Paula, Aquilia Severa and Annia Faustina.. From Dio 79 $9 we know that Ela- Gabal married Severa after Paula was cast out, then she rejected this and later married a Vestal Virgin (Annia). but again who took Severa as her wife. The confirmation this information of the Dio deliver the coins of Alexan dria, which provides a more precise dating of individual marriages lichen. With the year A, that is out the 4th Egyptian Years of Elagabalus, August 29, 220 to August 28, 221, coins come the Paula, Severa and Annia before. Therefore Annia was born in the course of this year, i.e. before the end of August 221. the wife of Elagabalus, what they, like the coins with the year number € teach, even in the fifth year. But In the year € the emperor again had Severa in his favor accepted, since there are coins the Severa with E’). Off the rare occurrence 'the Annia coin with A can much- it is easy to conclude that that Annia only at the end the fourth year of Elagabalus taken as a wife is”). Now there Elagabalus in the beginning died in the year 222 1) A. von Sallet, The Data of the Alexandrian imperial coins, P. 53, slight doubts cherished, because of him of the coin of Annia with A only one copy from the literature \Zoöga, P. VIII s.v. Mus. Ainsl.). was, dem he doesn't sufficient evidence strength. An example of the Annia coin with A in the British Museum, Cat. Alexandria p. 198 no. 1549, but removes any doubt). 2) In the Prosopographia imperii Romani has included the information about the marriages of Elagabalus a mistake crept in. While it in Volume I P. 75, 547 in Annia Faustina is correctly called: Elagabalus anno quarto Aegyp- tiaco imperii Aquiliam uxorem duxit reiecitque, your sub finem anni quarti, id est media fere aestate a. 221 Faustinam, when Paulo post repudiavit, ut Aquiliam reduceret, will be Volume II pp. 225, 428 at Aquilia Severa from the Coins the conclusion drawn: Aquiliam Severam Anniae Faustinae locum cedere debuisse iam anno quarto, sed mox reduetam esse, donec anno quinto rursus Annia Faustina honores Augustae occupavit. Hereafter would be so Finally, Elagabalus again returned to Annia Faustina. This is yes, not impossible, out the coins lets this conclusion but not pull. Accordingly, as the editor, Professor Dessau, told me, wrote, Prosop. II pp. 225, 428 say: Aquiliam Severam Anniae Faustinae locum cedere debuisse iam anno quarto, sed anno quinto reductam esse,

166 v. Papen: is, like that has Annia just one August month as his wife experienced, namely that of the year 221. So the /ZuJıa are the Coins from 221. Now it is possible to use the coins already discussed to date. The coin of Caracalla No. 1 heard into that year 213, because in the year 217 was at the time of the Pythien celebration Caracalla already dead; the early appointment the coin The very youthful head of the emperor also recommends. The Coins of Elagabalus, No. 2 and No. 4, are for the Pythien celebrations was minted in the year 221, the these were the only ones Pythia celebrated under Elagabalus in Hierapolis. No. 3 heard, if it is a coin of Oaracalla, to the year 213, if it is a coin of Elagabalus, dated to the year 221. 6) V/. Severus Alexander as Caesar. Rf. \EPATIOAEITRN NERKOPRN prize crown, about it TIYOIA,. Wadd. 6170; Mus. Lavy, I 232, 2472; M.IV 306, 640. Since Severus Alexander appears as Caesar on the coin, like that it was still coined during the lifetime of his cousin Elagabalus, so in the year 221. Neocoria only existed during the time of Elagabalus (see p. 179). Therefore the following coin must also have been minted in the year 221: 7) Vf. MMIPBHNOC Head of Lairbeno. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN NERKOP2N Wreath in which TTY|OIA. Berlin (Imhoof); Vienna 31396; Ramus, Dan: 986, 1. | Be See No. 3. Also the following coin, the one next to the Pythia the Shares mentioned and as a result carries two price crowns both because of the style and the vswox0owv in the time of Elagabalus and also dates from the year 221. 8) Vf. AHMOC Head of the Demo. R/. IEPATIOAEITRN NERKOP2N table, on which two prize crowns, the front one with the inscription S EE a e Egg TE FR

| The Games of: Hierapolis. 167 TIYOIA, the back one marked AKTIA; under two amphoras on the table. B.M.C. 239, 71. Plate XXX 7. A stamp same copy: Imhoof-Blumer (current collection lung.) 9) Vf. Otacilia Severa. Rf. IEPATIONEITRN In a wreath TIYOIA. Berlin (2 copies); Wadd. 6179; B.M.C. 255, 157/158, all four with the same stamp on the front pages; Leake, Asiatic Greece, 8. 67. 10) Y. Ötacilia Severa. Ef. EPATIOAEITRN prize crown with the inscription TIYOIA. Berlin. The front same stamp the previous one 11) V/. Otacilia Severa. Rf. IEPATIONEITR Prize crown on a tripod tables. B.M.C. 254, 152; Paris; Vienna 30 981; Leake, Asiatic Greece, $. 67; M. IV 307, 643. By analogy with the others provided with the game name Prize crowns will also this one a game name have to wear and namely TIYOIA. On the London copy Traces of writing seem to be visible, because the text says: inscribed? Belongs to this time because of the style and the missing vs0x0005. also 12) Vf. AAIPBHNOC Head of .Lairbenos. R/. \EPATIOAEITRN In a wreath TIYOIA. Wadd. 6110; B.M.C. 238, 66; Vienna 30824; Athens; Cat. del Mus. di Napoli I 211, 8618. At the moment the Otacilia Severa are Pythia, like from 221 from easy to calculate is, in the years 245 and 249 ge- been celebrated. Off one these years come from consequently the Coins 9-12.

168 v‚ Papen: Homonoia coins. Hierapolis has one with no less than eight cities Homonoia closed'). About the nature of homonoia, the at the often low Meaning the in question Cities neither one political yet also because of which sometimes big ones Distance between the allies cities one social association been can be, are us still not enlightened. The frequency more agonistic Representations on Many homonoia coins now suggest that one such homonoia sometimes well a merger of two Cities to hold together of games been is. More Investigations after this direction there become might provide the desired insight. — Agonistic Representations show the community coins of Hierapolis with sardius ice cream; Ephesus and Smyrna. A game is completed a crown or one wreath, two games through two Crowns or two wreaths, as is also the case with two Playing the same city was the case (No. 8); namely Hierapolis only lists the city's main festival, the Pythia. 1. Hierapolis and Sardeis. 13) V/. Otacilia Severa. R/. NEPATIOAEITRN K CAPAIANDN NERKOPRN OMONDOIA Two wreaths, in the front XPYCAN(9ıve), in the rear TIYOI(«). Berlin (Imhoof); Wadd. 6178; B.M.C. 260, 176; Leake, Suppl., p. 58. The Front pages of the Berliner, Parisian and Londoners Copies have the same stamp and the same stamp as the front pages from No. 9 and no. 10. Last circumstance is important for the Determination the place of minting of the Homonoia coins (see p. 173). 3AV:H; 8 41. # '; } | S'

The Games of Hierapolis. 169 The main games of Sardeis were called Chrysanthina. Present coin secures the dating the following, due to their style and because of the same obverse stamp No. 22 coin, which also belongs to the time of Philip: 14) Vf. IEPA CYNKAHTOC Head of the Synkletos. R/. IEPATIOAEITRN K CAPAIANDN NERKOPR2N OMONOIA Two wreaths, in the front TI(vJıc), in which rear X(gvoavdıva). Berlin (Löbbecke); Vienna 19871; Sir Weber. 15) V/. Otacilia Severa. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN K CAPAIANDN NERKOP2N OMONOIA Two prize crowns. B.M.C. 260, 175; Paris; M. IV 307, 647 and pp. VII 574, 398. It is subject no doubt, that the crowns the up- fonts TIYOIA and XPYCANOINA worn have. At that The Paris example has an A at the end of the second crown recognize. 16) V/. Philip the Younger. Rf. IEPATIONEITRN K CAPAIANDN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Two prize crowns. Wadd. 6182; Cat. del Mus. di Nap. I 211, 8625. Of these coins, this applies to No. 15 regarding the inscriptions said. In the Paris example is on the second crown at the beginning of a two-line inscription an X preserved, and other traces of writing are also present. 17) Vf. Gallienus. Rf. \EPATIOAEITRN K CAPAIANDN OMONYA (sic) table with two prize crowns, on the front TIYOIA the rear XPYCANTINA (sic). Berlin (Imhoof) —= Imhoof, Mon. size 403, 114. The front has the same stamp as No. 30. Completely different from the one so far coins discussed 1) B.M. C. Lydia, S. CIX, No. 150, 170, 196, 201; Imhoof, Lyd. City mz. 141, 17 and 19; Imhoof, Cl. Mz. 185, 5; Wadd. 5262, 5264, 5267, 5272.

170 VW Papen: and without a game name, but with an agonistic representation, is the following. Coin; 18) Vf. IEPATIOAEITRN , K CAPAIANON teenager Dio: nysos head after r., on the left shoulder the Thyrsos. Rfı NERKOP2N OMONDOIA - Athlete. task 1, in l. Poor a palm branch, on the Ann R. hand holding a prize crown. Berlin. According to its style, the coin belongs to the period. Gor dians. . The. K is barely readable, .but 'through' them. well-preserved same stamp front a Paris coin with others Back secured. The circumstance, that the K between IEPATIOAEITRN and CAPAIANDN stands, proves that the coin was minted in Hierapolis, not in Sardeis. 2. Hierapolis and Ephesus. 19. V/. Otacilia Severa. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN KAI EBECINN NERKOPNN OMONOIA Two wreaths, in the front one TI(w9ıe), in which rear E(ge£oıe). Berlin; B.M.C. 259, 172 and 173; Imhoof Blumer (current collection). — M. IV 307, 646. All front pages stamped identically and stamped same as No. 9, 10 and 13. The € is to 'Eysoıa to er- complete: the main festival of the Ephesians was called pe 20) Vf. Otacilia Severa. Rf. NEPATIOAEITRN KAI EBECINN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Two wreaths, in the front TV) re: TIY (Sestini), in the back O(Avunuıe). Sir Weber. — Mus. Ainslie, Sestini, Deser. 467, 13= M.S. VII 5% 399. 1) Berlin, Gallienus; Berlin (Löbbecke), Elagabalus; Hunter II 339, 82; 2.3.3. 12. 317; 7.8. VI 206, 852.

The Games of Hierapolis. 171 The front has the same stamp as No. 9, 10, 13 and 19. The addition of the O to 'OAvuru' is likely due to its occurrence the Olympians can be secured on coins from Ephesus!). 21) V/. Otacilia Severa. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN .KAl EBECINN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Two wreaths without inscriptions. Wadd. 6177. | The front same stamp with No. 9, 10, 13, 19 and 20. The first wreath relates yourself of course on the Pythia of Hierapolis, the second to one of the two games of Ephesus, either the Ephesia or Olympia. The absence The inscriptions are of course meaningless. 22) V/. IEPA GYNKAHTOC Head of Synkletos. Rf. IJEPATIOAEITRN K EBECIRN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Two wreaths, in which front TI(v9ıe), in which posterior E(y£oıe). Berlin (Imhoof); B.M.C. 263, 186. This coin is minted under Otacilia, because the return page the London copy is from the same stamp as the reverse of the London Otacilia coin no. 19. The front page is identical to the stamp those of the Berlin copies from No. 14 and 23. 23) V/. IEPA CYNKAHTOC Head of Synkletos. If. EPATIOAEITRN K EBECINN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Two empty wreaths. | Berlin; Paris (Mionnetpaste in Berlin). The front of the Berlin copy has the same stamp Front pages of the Berlin copies from No. 14 and no. 22. 24) V/. AAIPBHNOC Head of Lairbenos. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN K EBECIRN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Two empty wreaths. Berlin (Löbbecke). 1) Berlin (Löbbecke), Elagabalus; Z. f£.N. 12, 317; M. III 112, 381 M. S. VI 174, 624 and 625.

172 v. Papen: 3. Hierapolis and Smyrna. 25) Vf. Tranquillina. Rf. NEPATIONEITRN GMYPNAIRN T NERKOPRN OMONOIA Duae urnae cum quatuor palmis. Vaillant, Num. gr. p. 159 —= M. III 252, 1424. The two prize crowns have undoubtedly the names the carried by the games indicated by them, the first TIYOIA, the second, like the following coins teach, KOINA ACIAC. This For a reason to be discussed later, T cannot be on the Coin stood. (see p. 175). Then the xas otherwise never missing from the Homonoia coins of Hierapolis, so I suspect that Vaillant read the K(aı) for T. The K was perhaps above the inscription vewxoowv, which means that Vaillant's error could be explained. Through this assumption is both difficulties resolved. The coin is in the year 241, in the Gordian the trans- quillina married has, the single into the reign Gordian's Falling Pythian Year, coined. 26) V/. Otacilia Severa. RF/. VEPATIONEITRN K CMYPNAIQN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Two prize crowns, on the front the inscription TIYOIA, on the back KOINA ACIAC B.M.C. 260, 174; Paris; Hunter II 488, 11. — M. Ill 253, 1430. The coins are bad received, yes secure the Traces of writing on the Paris copy the reading. The KOINA ACIAC, the main festival in Smyrna, is often depicted on coins mentioned by Smyrna'). 27) Vf. Otacilia Severa. Rf. NEPATIOAEITRN K CMYPNAIRN NERKOPRN OMONDOIA Two empty wreaths. Sir Weber. 1) B.M. C. 368, 473; Hunter II 383, 230; M. III 248, 1403 and 1406.

The Games of Hierapolis. 173 The front same stamp with No. 9, 10, 13, 19, 20 and 21. 28) V/. Philip the Younger. Rf. \EPOTIOAITRN K CMYPNAIRN NERKOPRN OMONOIA Duae urnae cum palmis. Vaillant, number gr. 8. 166 = M. III 253, 1434. In IEPOTIOAITR2N are O instead of A and I instead Well, yes Vaillant's typo. Certainly on the prize crowns like No. 26 confessed the names of the games. 29) V/. Gallienus. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN K ZMYPNERN OMONYA (sic) Two prize crowns, on the front TIYOIA, on the rear KOINA ACIAC. Berlin (Imhoof); Wadd. 6185; Athens; Paris. Neal M 1 258:1487. The Paris example is similar in type to the three others pieces similar to each other, but different from them through the style. It is maybe in another festival year shaped. 30) V/. Gallienus. Rf. IEPATIOAEITRN K ZMYPNERN NERKOPRN OMONYA (sic) On a table two prize crowns, on the first TIYOIA, on the second KOINA ACIAC. Berlin, three specimens out different stamping, one front side same stamp with No. 17. See M.S. VI 372, 1863, That the common ones games from Hierapolis, sardius, Ephesus and Smyrna really in Hierapolis, not in one of the were celebrated in other cities, That seems to me to be the case prove that the name of Hierapolis always comes first stands and with certainty it comes from the following stamp equation- highlights: same obverse stamp (Otacilia Severa), the one with coins from Hierapolis occurs alone (No. 9, 10), can be found in the homonoia coins from Hierapolis and Sardeis

174 v. Papen: (No. 13), Hierapolis and Ephesus (No. 19, 20, 21) and Hierapolis and Smyrna (No. 27). I believe, that all these - Coins — because of the occurrence of the stamp at Hierapolis alone — just in Hierapolis shaped be can and it seems me the acceptance entitled, that Hierapolis the scene of the joint games is. Not accepting that is that same stamp on two different Pythia firmly used is, at least four years served, it follows from the equality of stamps that Sardis, Ephesus and Smyrna at the same time to share ab- came to Hierapolis to hold their games are. Apparently invited Hierapolis the other cities to celebrate the game together to yourself. The cities may choose to do this for reasons of thrift. have led. The gathering of a large crowd there was an increase at the festivals of small change necessary agile and it is only natural that the embossing is also common sam took place and that one can see this in the inscription and type reminded of the agonies of the cities involved. The question must remain open as to whether the called Agons of the four cities happened to be at the same time or whether to celebrate them together, had to postpone; for the welcoming city of Hierapolis one can assume, that his game, the Pythia, stayed and the other cities for this reason theirs were postponed. The Pythian Empire falls into the reign of Philip. years 245 and 249. One these years must accordingly a must have been a big year of celebration. In him are all those homonoia- coins and those to them front side coins of the same stamp the Otacilia of Hierapolis was coined (No. 9, 10, 13, 19, 20, 21, 27). Like the remaining Otacilia coins and the coins with IEPA CYNKAHTOC (No. 14, 22 and 23), which, as shown in No. 22 emerges, were coined under Philip, yourself on the two years distribute, become maybe more precise stamp base searches teach.

The Games of Hierapolis. 175 In the time of Gallienus fall the Pythian years 253, 257, 261 and 265; out this one years come from so the Gallienus coins No. 17, 29, 30. Even in one of these years are in Hierapolis with the Pythia ‘together the festivals of Sardeis and Smyrna were celebrated, as was the occurrence of the same obverse stamp on the coins of Hierapolis and Sardis No. 17 and Hierapolis and Smyrna No. 30 teaches. How- many and which cities have their games in each year the Pythians celebrated together in Hierapolis, can can't say yet. — It may be noticeable that the in Coins minted in a festive year do not have names at the same time of all participating cities and celebrated games. Apparently wanted Hierapolis by naming just one city name next to his indicate that it is the festival city. would have on the coins confessed: lEPATIOAEITRN KAI CAPAIANDN KAI EbECIQN KAI CMYPNAIQN (apart from the long there would have been no place for the inscription on the coin), so would Hierapolis appeared to be equal to the other cities be what it avoided in the other way. A striking phenomenon is the omission of the neo- Cory number in the invited cities. (Because of No. 25 s. the note there itself.) At the time of the emergence of homosexuality Smyrna and Ephesus had the third Noah coins, Sardeis the third second, later the third Neocoria. What this measure means may have served the purpose is beyond my knowledge. Letoeia Pythia. According to Cichorius, A. v. H. S. 39 would be in Hierapolis Letoeia Pythia celebrated been. For this leads he two Evidence to: 1) the inscription no. 15 (8. 73) “IsganoAsırwv venxoowv "Arrıa Antosıe IWw$Iıe and 2) Mionnet Suppl. VII 568, 373. This one Information needs in double respect one Be- correction. The inscription no. 15 reads:

176 v. Papen: IEPATIOAEITRN NERKOPLR(») in the wreath A CTI A underneath v OlALL NdAW)I vi3olL IVIOVV HV NISYV LOL It is located on a “baculus eburneus brevis et excavatus” (C.I. @. 3910). The item, which is in Paris was private property, as Professor Judeich wrote to me, can no longer be found. About its shape and purpose therefore nothing can be said. The attachment of the inscriptions now teaches that the in legends standing in the same direction IEPATIOAEITRN NER- KOP2N and AKTIA belong together. They relate because of of the vswx0oog on our Hierapolis and those in it as Neocorie- celebrated shares. (see 8. 179.) Also the attachment of the AKTIA in a wreath corresponds exactly to that on the coins from Hierapolis. Regardless of the previous inscriptions and in surrounding facing them it says: AH TIPRTAKRIN (she) TIOEIA AACIAC rıyeI CMYPN A The position of the inscriptions relative to each other allows for the conclusion does not agree that the shares of Hierapolis have anything to do with the Letoeia Pythia and forbids the declaration of Cichorius, that with "Axue Ancosıe Möge three different games from Hierapolis are called. Rather, there are two Games, the "4xri" of Hierapolis and the Anrweı« Moses, the don't need to be from Hierapolis, ’e h Bi

The Games of Hierapolis. 177 The first document for existence the Aktia-Letoeia in Hierapolis so falls away. Let's turn to the second: it This is the coin mentioned by Mionnet Suppl. VII 568, 373 with AHTWEIA TIYOIA. Mionnet quotes Gessner, the Pop..29, 31 shows the following figure: V/. AHMOC, head of the demo. Rf. . .. .. HTPOTIOAEITR2N, in a wreath AHTWEIATTYOIA Mionnet accidentally wrote lEPATIOAEITSN instead of... HTPOTIOAEITQN read. So there is no mention of Hierapolis. The coin is belongs to Tripoli in Lydia and is equal to that of Mionnet III 391, 507 and B.M.C. Lydia 372, 49 plates XXXIX 9 published. Leto was the city goddess of Tripoli, their picture and games often on coins from Tripoli occur'). Another one I don't know the city where Letoeia Pythia was celebrated. There are therefore the Letoeia Pythia the game List of Hierapolis to be deleted. II. Axrıe, Yours Meaning after that second most important game from Hierapolis were the Aktia. They are mentioned on the following coins: 31) V/. Annia Faustina. Ref. NEPATIOAEITRN NERKOPR2N In one wreaths AKTIA. Berlin; Berlin (Imhoof) —= Imhoof, Kl. Mz. 242, 39; Paris; Vienna 19878; B.M.CO. 253, 148; — M. IV 306, 638, reading AK .TIA, See the corresponding coin with TIVOIA No. 5, 32) V/. Severus Alexander as Caesar. Rf. IEPATIOAEIT2N NERKOPRN prize crown, about it AKTIA. Berlin (Löbbecke). See the corresponding coin with TIYOIA No. 6. 1) B.M.C. Lydia CL. 371, 47. Plate XXXIX 8. 371, 48. 377, 78; Imhoof, Lyd. City mz. 40, 11. 41, 13; Numerical chron. IV p. 145; Wadd. 2663; Hunter II 496, 6. Journal of Numismatics, XXVI, 12

178 v. Papen: 33) V/. AMIPBHNOC Head of Lairbeno. R/. IEPATIOAEITON NERKOP2QN In one wreaths AKTIA. Berlin; Berlin (Löbbecke); Wadd. 6111; b. M.C. 238, 65. — M. IV 298, 591. See the corresponding coin with TIYOIA No. 7. 34) Vf. IEPA CYNKAHTOC Head of Synkletos. Rf. EPATIONEITQN NERKOP@N In one wreaths AKTIA. Berlin; Berlin (Imhoof); Berlin (Löbbecke 2 copies); Wadd. 6128; B.M.C. 242, 89 plates XXX 11; Athens. —M.S. VII 570, 383. 35) Y/. ZEYC TPQIOC Head of Zeus Troios. Ry. IEPATION EITRN NERKOPQN In one wreaths AKTIA. Berlin (Löbbecke)—=Imhoof, Kl. Mz. 237, 13. 36) Vf. AHMOC Head of the demo. Rf. \EPATIONEITRN NERKOPNN. Athlete from the front, with the R. a prize crown holding above the head, in the 1st hand one palm branch. In the field |. AKTIA. B.M.C. 239, 72. To connect here is coin no. 8 with two prizes crowns and the inscriptions TIYOIA and AKTIA. The coin the Annia Faustina with AKTIA (No. 31) possible again the exact one dating of shares, because what at No. 5 is said about the dating of the Pythia in the same way also for the shares. This one were on September 2nd to commemorate the Battle of Actium celebrates!), those under Annia Faustina celebrated accordingly in Year 221. According to our era, the Pythia fell and shares in the same calendar year, whether it is also for Hierapolis was like that, we don't know because we're over the beginning of the year in 1) Friedländer, Moral History of Rome Vol. 2 8. 460,

The Games of Hierapolis, 179 Hierapolis are not informed. — The Aktia appear below Elagabalus'. Only under Elagabalus but leads Hierapolis the Neocorie title. Cichorius had A.v. H. S. 26 adopted, that Caracalla in the year 215 during his presence in Small- Asia gave the city the Neokorat. But now there are neocorates, from Caracalla awarded, very rare, besides stayed the from him awarded Neocorates persist. Elagabalus against it has many cities receive this honor but his neocorates all went straight after him Deaths again'). This circumstance clearly suggests that that the award of the Neokorate took place under Elagabalus. Therefore all coins (including B. M. C. No. 139 and No. 144) with vewxogwv assigned to Caracalla, to Elagabalus to allocate, from what I also use stylistic comparisons convinced and in what me Mr. B. Pick agrees by letter. The Aktia disappear therefore also with the repeal of the neocory, just to to appear once under Philip (No. 37). From this well, that just under Elagabalus Aktia in Hierapolis occur and only under Elagabal Hierapolis the neocorie stocks, I conclude that the stocks are the neocorie stock were firmly from Hierapolis. The following list shows how the coins of Elagabalus], Annia Faustina and Severus Alexander from the festival game year 221 correspond: 1) previous year Elagabalus. R/. Various representations, among other things, wreath with TIYOIA No. 2—.No. 3. 2) Vf. Annia Faustina. R/. Wreath with TIYIOA No. 5. So u WM = “ AKTIA No. 31. 4) V/. Severus Alexander Caesar. /. prize crown, depicting via TIYIOA No, 6. 5) V/. Severus Alexander Caesar. R/. prize crown, depicting about AKTIA No. 32. 1) The pseudo-autonomous coins no. 33—No. 36 belong to her style because of the time of Elagabalus. 2) Gaebler, 2. f. N. XXIV p. 269. 12%

180 v. Papen: 6) Vf. AHMOC. R/. Two award crowns with TIYOIA and - AKTIA No. 8. 7) Vf. Elagabalus. R/. Three temple fronts with TIYOIA, (Aktia) and ? No. 4. The series has a gap: I'm missing a coin Elagabalus with AKTIA, accordingly the corresponding one Coins of Annia Faustina and Severus Alexander. A revival of Aktia under Philip proves this the following coin: 37) V/. Otacilia Severa. Ry. \EPATIOAEITQN In a wreath AKTIA. B.M.C. 255, 156. See the corresponding coin with TIYOIA No. 9. Since the Front comes from the same stamp as that of the no. 9, 10, 13, 19, 20, 21 and 27 (see p. 174), it follows from this that that just as under Elagabalus (see p. 178) also under Philip the celebration of the Pythia and Stocks in a Christian calendar - years took place. The assumption that the Aktia under Elagabalus was considered a neocoria have been firmly established the one-off come the Aktia below Philip not shocked. What twenty-five years after Elagabalus in Hierapolis again What gave rise to the share celebration is beyond our knowledge. Because of the counterstamp perhaps also deserves the following coin into the row of festival coins recorded to will: 38) V/. Philip the Elder. R/. NEPATIOAEITRN K EBECIRN OMONOIA Apollo Archegetes of Hierapolis and Artemis Ephesia. B.M.C. 258, 169. A laurel wreath is stamped with an A inside. B.M.C. adds this A to 4xue, but with the addition of one question mark... The circumstance that in a wreath on-

The Games of Hierapolis, 181 written game name is the most common type of the festival coins of Hierapolis could be responsible for the accuracy of the supplement. III. Orvunıe. Under Philip are in Hierapolis Olympics celebrated been. It seems according to the rare occurrence of the coin to close, that the festival only a single time celebrated has been. Know what prompted this we don't. 39) V/. Philip the Younger. Rf. IEPATIOAEITR2N In a wreath O|AYM TA. Wadd. 6183. 40) Pf. Otacilia Severa. Rf. \EPATIOAEITR2N In a wreath O|AYM|TIA. Vienna 30 853. The obverse is from the same stamp as that of 9, 10, 13, 19, 20, 21, 27 and 37. So we have Otacilia coins from the same Stamp with TIYOIA, AKTIA (No. 37) and OAYMTIIA, from which it follows that all three games take place in the same year been celebrated are, and there this year also the treatment residents from Sardeis, Ephesus and Smyrna for common If you came to Hierapolis for a game party (see p. 174), then you must This year, 245 or 249, may have been a big year of celebration. IV. Ta nooa ra Xo_voogog. A previously unknown and through his name very learn strange game we out know the following coin: 41) Vf. Annia Faustina. Rf. \EPATIOAEITRN NERKOPRN wreath in which: TATTA PATRX PYCOP oAfI] Berlin.

182 v. Papen: The Games of Hierapolis. The wreath type clearly proves that it around the It's the name of a game, so add &94", i.e.: “The Games at Chrysoroas”. This is the first us knew the game named after the festival site'). The Chrysoroas is the torrent that flows in the north of the city, its name we know from coins, the one stored river god with the inscription XPYCOPOAC show’). Hierapolis is located on Lykos between two mountains stretching down to the river. This one kick to the north apart, creating a plain is formed, that of Chrysoroas limited. Here we have the scene of the games to search. Same view is Prof Ramsay, who wrote to me: The games must have been held in the plain, close to the stream: there is no room for a stadium and athletic ground... So it can only be one played an insignificant game. v. Papen. 1) Something similar, not analogous, we have at Tarsus, where the Zevngsia "Olvum 'Enwesixıe as a venue of the festivals ?v Kodeiyaıs ogoıs Kılixwv is specified. Kubitschek, Num. Time. XXVII p. 87. Ramsay, Bull. Corr. Hellen. XXII P. 237. B.M.C. Lycaonia etc. S. XCIII. Mowat, Rev. num. 1903 8. 27. 2) Berlin; Berlin (Imhoof) = Imhoof, Mon. gr. 403, 111; B.M. C. 234, 43. — M. IV 298, 595. ar a a E

The Saxon pennies. Under dem inconspicuous Title from “Comments to Dannenberg's last word", the since one half a year in appear in the Berlin coin sheets, the boy undertakes it Krakow numismatist Maryan Gumowski, who has been working since the second Quarter of the tenth century occurring pennies with the to deny the Saxons and the Slavs the bloated margins in the east attributable. Although he distances himself, among the Slavic peoples a single one well-known to make as original lifter of this character, but nevertheless leave his comments no choice but the Poles. That may be in the Polish literature has always been represented, but it is part of the drawing of just the current year, that one deal with it in the “most widespread numismatic organ" of the German Reich ventures out, and the editor gives him no excuse ensures distribution, But not too much like this I have all the more reason to wait a long time, as I before a decade and a half, if also just in a few lines, but most clearly the Saxon origin of these Coins championed and them in the name of the Sachsenpfennige baptized'), and that as a result I am in the present treatise is more feuding than the immortalized Dannenberg, which the title alone commemorates, in mine quite precisely Execution a moment of wavering and uncertainty 1) German coins I, 196.

184 Menadier: brought in and a view is foisted on us both, which we have never and never represented, First of all, I'll try to keep things in brief, freed from all polemics to compose sentences, what Gumowski about these pennies and teaches the conditions under which they arose. After The “Wendenpfennige” are the Bavarian coins. formed. Bavaria did in the tenth century in lively There was a trade connection with Poland and that trade route be through an uninterrupted series of coin finds from Cham im Southwest of the Bohemian Forest to Nimptsch northeast of the Su- deten, as well as marked by the mints themselves. In which There is a lack of areas between the Danube and Saxony On the other hand, both at mints and at coin finds, in particular are also in the coin finds in Saxony not even a Swabian Czech and Bavarian coins are represented. It is therefore beyond There is absolutely no possibility of that in Saxony after the previous many Bavarian coins could have been minted. Saxony also have before. the times of Otto III. no own coins properties owned; because the older documents, which belong to a neta next to the theloneum as a vectigal commemoration, prove by no means the establishment of special mints, but rather serve only as empty legal forms. Even in those cases, where expressly stated in the documents from the construction a mint be traded, be the execution not guaranteed, yet theirs as soon as possible Destruction through Hostile invasions by the Slavs were ruled out. Saxony is in tenth century the transit country for dealers from North and west and as a result are in the making Saxon mints at the end of the century for the northern coastal lands the English, for the southern ge- offer the Lorraine coins exemplary become. Also This is how the different types of turning pennies are allocated to Saxony excluded. In particular let the output embossing the older one large turning pennies in Magdeburg with that of the wooden church pennies secured with transcription

The Saxon pennies. 185 unite. After the first quarter of the following century but the Slavic East is closed to traffic and has trade turned westward, and with that we were Bavarian so did the Saxon coinsmiths in decline advised: thus again the coinage of the numerous later ones Wendenpfennigs are unthinkable in Saxony, especially Naumburg of Bishop Eberhard as the starting point and center of the young Even small pennies are impossible. The turning pennies, which are through the deficiency the transcription from all German schen coins too different, than that her next to re- denying pennies addressed for German could be, were never found in an unmixed state on Saxon soil were raised, while similar coin hoards were found in Brandenburg Castle and in Lusatia, especially numerous Polish finds step aside. Also be in the Otto, whose name a smaller Wendepfennig between the usual wedge-shaped representatives the transcription carries (Dbg. 1338) des DBoleslaus Chrobry son Otto Bezpriem to recognize. Undisputed be the Breslau origin of the Wendenpfennig type minted coins with the head of John the Baptist third quarter the eleventh century. Two didn't recognize Finds from Fulda call him Kasimir, one of the Polish kings Boleslaus II and Vladislaus Hermann the much-called Zetech and finally you see with the coins of Boleslaus II and later Polish ruler still the old one transmitted Embossing method with the raised edge of the coin. Thus leads a consideration of all individuals Time was running consistent on the same land, on the Polish territory, as its seat Coinage. There is now the Breslau origin the Johannespfennige from Friedensburg and Dannenberg not just admitted and from the latter not like that as to the overall view about the Wendenpfennige are not appropriately mentioned less and less, but Dannenberg rather said in his very last word, on the the last page of his work printed after his death

186 Menadier: the German coins of the Saxon ones. and Franconian imperial time determined, that these coins also in Silesia and Poles have found acceptance and imitation; but never he, like me, never has the entire imprint of the marginal pennies for Saxony taken advantage of, and us this to subordinate view, is a very frivolous procedure Gumowskis, just on biased and not very thoughtful reader calculated. But the verdict on the entire coin class does not depend on these last foothills, which ones no argument is, either not from the numerous older members strikes, which we so unbiasedly for the Wendish areas between Elbe and Oder admit that we are the Brandenburg ones Coins of the king coin cabinets, like Gumowski own Acknowledgment white, with this one Coins begin let, but from the patterns and especially from the oldest Types and the origin the whole Embossing method. Because many examples teach us that a type of coin, which... in trade and traffic has naturalized, about their original Replicas are created far out in the jump area on all sides. awakens; But it is unprecedented - there is disagreement about this between mowski and I completely agree — that the same coin type at the same time in two different landscapes stood without one having any influence on the other. practiced. Des further has Gumowski right in stating, that the Bavarian denarii of the tenth century in large masses invaded Bohemia are. It this is even in such a mass occurs, that reform the Bavarian character based on the oldest Bohemian attempts impacted and has dominated Bohemian coinage for decades. Also are these Bavarian denarii numerous to Silesia and Poland were introduced, even if Grote's old theory does not rightly exist, according to which all incorrect forms of the Bavarian type should be Polish, then they may always- The crudest of them can be Polish replicas. Every-

The Saxon pennies. 187 if so they are for the oldest talking coins in Poland was the standard with regard to the size of the plantains. What does Gumowski say about the uninterrupted series? from Mints from the Danube to Poland can be found on Validity first for the exit of the first millennium make a claim, and the coin to Nimptsch is also there not beyond all doubt, although they are through one of conicture pronounced to me into coin studies introduced is!). But not just at that time, but already before the The Carolingians' exit is for the area north of Bavaria the way to Saxony the activity the coin to spice burg, the pennies received from us are safe beyond any doubt provided. The Bavarian pfennig Bohemian, Silesian, Of course, Saxony has nothing equivalent to the Polish site to oppose; if meanwhile Gumowski as particularly ins The lack of Bavarian and Swabian pfennigs is becoming increasingly important in the Finds from Niedereichstädt, Santersleben, small- Roscharden, Dietrichsfeld, Neuermark, Leetze etc. apply makes, then the reply to him is that the first two The finds mentioned belong to a time that is available to us in this search no longer concerns the three following locations lie outside of Saxony, and that finally the last find despite its territorial unity alongside the 182 Saxony pfennigs and 16 Otto Adelheid pfennigs in addition to 2 Cologne ones too to show a pfennig from Duke Conrad of Alemannia has. With this single exception from the year- hundred of the Saxon Imperial family and also up to There were no coin finds at all at the end of the Frankish dynasty to show what, by the way, Bavaria itself is equal to him: that However, this is by no means a sign of someone behind Poland and the economics that remained behind in the other Slavic areas condition but rather a proof for the achieved one Peacekeeping and culture thriving under its protection 1) Marking f. Number XV. 168.

188 Menadier: of the country Gumowski has so the individual Facts neither booked exactly, like he to assess them on a large scale understands sharing. Meanwhile are the controversial coins not at all Replicas the Bavarian pfennigs, but their eldest Types - because these are the only types that these questions concern — use the Bavarian pfennigs out on the checkered linguistic character namely very special on the temple pfennigs Louis the Pious with the inscription XPISTIA NA RELIGIOUS as common role models, like this already has long been made clear. It will be difficult to hold even one single such a penny secured by Emperor Ludwig Silesian-Polish location to prove that there is a follow-up education in the remote east could make credible And without any particular skill, Gumowski reminds us of the broken Teat-shaped imitations of Charles the Dürsteder denarii Large ones that until a few years ago dominated the Polish coin series have open have to, now but by Hildebrand and Hauberg for the Germanic north are securely placed. It exists a far-reaching one Analogy between both coin genera. Already morphological prove yourself these high margins Temple pennies as of early origin. But although it there- Apart from any other proof, there is no need at all, let it be yourself in the coin finds from Tempelhof and Karowane yes prove two coin treasures, in which next to the kufi French coins and the South German denarii come from that alone Northwest have been added. If Gumowski them anyway declared to be at the same time as the Otto-Adelheidpfennigs, so has that is of course justified for the ongoing progress setting of both embossings, but not about that it's just me and the only thing to be done is to begin it. my request Set of the Otto-Adelheidpfennige in the year 952 against Gumowski to defend again before Otto III. any embossing in Saxony denies, I may with the note on mine

The Saxon pennies. 189 previous polemics and my review from last year Dannenberg's last volume') reject even more than Gumowski absolutely does not contribute any new material. Because the notice on old Polish finds, which only come from Kufic and southern German coins cannot be considered as such: perhaps the expressly highlighted defect also results in Cologne- nic coins the complete inability to provide evidence such finds; because if something is secured, it is continuous operation the Cologne Mint since the days of Charlemagne. However, I must address the treatment of the documents, in which the three Ottonians discuss the income of existing ones Mints in Saxon cities for the benefit of spiritual donors have or the construction newer Mints allow. Gumowski explains, that Dannenberg and I with her love rating an unfortunate one and fateful path have steps, and power on his part short way tabula rasa with them; but in the oldest Magdeburg certificate des Year 942 and their ilk lies in the “vectigali id est theloneo vel moneta” is not a rigid law firm formula, which ones with their equation of the three expressions vectigal, theloneum, moneta on the actual inventory of a coin forge no conclusion could allow that rather just the theloneum and the moneta equal and both to Specialization des vectigal used become, these Specialization but without one in operation standing coin workshop almost impossible is. And likewise it is little permissible, those documents, in those from the construction a mint expressly traded will, just as un- to assess executed intentions. Also can a soon Destruction through the turns, if at all, just like that for the border towns at the ready be brought. However let not everyone these places certain pennies des allocate received stock; however, the gaps are not like that 1) Ztschr. f. Num. XXV.

190 Menadier: big, as Gumowski wants to make believe and has almost every one year for reduction these gaps contributed. For Gittelde let Ottonian pennies don't deny, and what in More important in this context, Gumowski reports incorrectly, if he the Magdeburg Mint for the decade from 942 declared as uncared for by me until 952: in the Ottonian Amenpfennigen and in the oldest pfennigs with the name Magdeburg, those on the main page around the king's name Letter-replacing lines and crosses of the older Saxony pennies wear, two types of coins have been proven, which ones this period to a good extent, if not completely, fill it. Saxony was the area from which the new empire was formed went out. Saxony Duke wrestled the remaining tribal powers down and forced unity on them. Saxony Duke threw down the enemies, the Hungarians, the Bohemians and also the Poles, and won the eastern Elbe lands of the Wends one's own ethnicity. Urban life unfolded through the whole country and a culture flourished, its monuments us command the highest respect. How does Gumowski want that? credible do, that Saxony just a transit country ge- was a transit country for trade to the East. As a numismatist he can't do it. He confesses for Poland yes, no coin finds to know, which West German or contain Western European coins, but not Saxon. But also the Wendish lands, the Baltic coast, Russia, Scandinavia and Denmark have similar finds not delivered. And this one supposed Through traffic should now, after that under his great rulers coinless remaining Saxony under the regiment of a boy finally got its own mints, so decisive on the Design this one oldest Saxon Embossings impacted have that on the coins of the northern and especially the Coastal towns of the Anglo-Saxon type, on those of the inland against it the Lorraine ones emerge, any of these independent character but yourself as not Saxon prove.

} | | The Saxon pennies. 191 It is true that the pennies of Ethelred II of England, which to Payment of Danish money in tremendous amounts masses out- coined and spread widely across all countries, even in Prague numerous Reprints caused have, also the have served as a role model for Saxon minters on several occasions, and although not just in the northernmost mints, but on most noticeable in Halberstadt, and yet also for the youngest Genus of Otto Adelheidpfennige with the royal head. Also The oldest Westphalian coins bear the name of the city Cologne borrowed from their role models. But in the same way too Hildesheim, Halberstadt, Quedlinburg than the Lorraine one Calling it subject to influence is misleading. It acts yourself namely beer around the pennies from older type the Otto Adelheidpfennigs; but to describe this as Lorraine, is inadmissible; Of course, I was the first to draw the parallel myself drew') between them and the Metz bishop's pennies Adalbero I with the name of Emperor Otto I, but take me at the same time for the Otto Adelheidpfennige an older age claimed. By the way what would yourself in case of complaint this one Time determination the Type similarity this one both Coin categories against the Saxon pennies devious? It just kicks around so much more the close relationship and sequence between the Otto-Adelheidpfennigs and the Sachsenpfennigs as a counterpart to the Metz Pfennigs of Emperor Otto and Replicas of Louis the Pious's pennies. It still is Nobody came forward who claimed that the coinage the Sachsenpfennig and the Otto-Adelheidpfennig at the same time came into life in the same place, but it will too nobody succeed, the impossibility to prove that on same places at a distance of about one and a half to two decades one followed the other, as well that the Older minting method in a neighboring mint is a continuation setting found have, after them their birthplace 1) German coins I. 180.

192 Menadier: through the younger one has been replaced. And that may be a year- hundred and more. Because what Gumowski from a thoroughgoing equality Moderation in external appearance and the type all- Talking about Saxon coins is completely untenable. Has he yourself already for the tenth century two groups next to each other placed, so can from a general agreement spreading of the younger Type des three-towered cityscape definitely not be discussed, and also about the diversity The quality of the embossed images also differs different design of the plantains, several groups and recognizable from each other: next to the wide one Lower Saxony and the thick Westphalian one can special types of eastern Saxon pfennigs are not noticeable. But completely from the air grabbed is if Gumowski claims, around the middle des eleventh century had, because of them the Polish market closed, and because traffic moves westwards down the Lower land and turned towards England, how the Bavarians like that The Saxon mints also ceased their activities that the Randpfennigs, whose further minting is certain, just cannot be of Saxon origin. Of course nature of Polish coin finds changed around this time: in place the west and southern German Pennies kick bohemian and Hungarian coins, as far as the finds are not found at all native coinage remained limited. But the thirty- years of war during the unfortunate reign of the Kaiser Henry IV has the salvage of domestic coin hoards in the wake had. Preserve like this because actually ours Coin shop extensive rows Saxon Coins out the second half des eleventh century, and just for the In the extreme southeast we would have a gap, if the Saxon pennies weren't Saxon. And that's how I get it, while so far I only have the Interjections Gumowskis have eliminated, which ones the Saxon one The origin of this type of coin should be shown to be impossible

The Saxon pennies. 193 the positive evidence, that it is only Saxon Coins act can. First there are the two species of the small marginal pennies with the simple cross, which the one St. Peter, the other besides the apostle also the Eperhardu(s) call eps'). It remained incomprehensible to me what Gumowski about these pennies has announced; I guess, he has said the opposite of that on various occasions want, what he actually said. Anyway, it acts yourself here around Embossing of Bishop Eberhard of Naumburg (1046-1078) in Naumburg itself, which belonged to H. Peter consecrated city, embossed pennies: Randpfennigs are with it positively proven as Saxon pfennigs for this late period. The same type of pfennig with the name OTTO between the wedges of the edge’). I just like Dannenberg I know of a picture of Mader, assigned to Otto Bezbriem, who only commanded a few months of the year 1032 in Poland, doesn't require the slightest thing, and is it much closer to the market Counts of the Ostmark during the years 1029-1031. Does the origin of the type also predate Eberhard's time? the probability suggests that it is not about a stranger, especially not about someone It's a type that belongs to Poland, which was exactly what happened at that time Saxony is said to have been closed. Also the one with the last ren penny of the same type from the Polish paladin Sieciech, the Gumowski proves '), cannot prove this. For the pre- This and the other simultaneous types suffice according to des Opponent's explicit declaration a few mints, and as such, apart from Naumburg, we have Merseburg, Giebichenstein, Hagenrode - Nienburg, Meissen. Furthermore are the interrelationships between the Ottonian pennies the Magdeburger Mint and the to highlight older Randpfennigs. Like the oldest type 1) Dannenberg No. 599, 600. 2) Dannenberg No. 1338. 3) Berl. Coin sheet XXVIl. 423, Journal of Numismatics. XXVI. 13

194 Menadier: the small Randpfennige') in close connection with the magde- burger pfennigs from the end of the tenth century?) stood is, like that you did it the other way around for the oldest penny, which bears the name of Magdeburg?) and that of the coinage of the Otto Adelheidpfennigs precedes, the Replacement the sweeping side inscription using wedges and crosses in the way of Randpfennigs not disdained. These guys are like that here into each other, as can be in the products of coins It is possible to have places that are closely adjacent to one another, such as the Saale cities of the metropolis on the Elbe. And now finally the sin against the Holy Spirit becomes clearer unconditional science, which Gumowski has itself to incur debts. One of the oldest genera Controversial coins are in the portal of the temple and in place of the pillars the name OTTO or ODDO, too declining odao asked'), Gumowski doesn't mention it and yet acts it around the most illustrious name, the edge at all pennies bear and at the same time a name of undisputed tangible meaning. The one mentioned is Otto the big one, the Roman king, the Duke the Saxons. Neither the Poles nor the turns have a suitor for him the page put: neither the turns still the Poles, but merely the Saxons minted these pennies. And here again- fetch yourself the case the Eberhard penny: the Ottonian Sachsenpfennigs are not the first of their kind to be labeled are unwritten?) preceded. It is possible that this too kind unwritten Saxon pennies from Otto himself in the first years of his reign, but more likely, that she from his father Heinrich have already gone out In this case it is permissible to assume that Merseburg, 1) Dannenberg No. 1330. 2) Dannenberg No. 643. 3) Dannenberg p. 856 no. 10, 11. 4) Dannenberg No. 1326, 1327. 5) Dannenberg No. 1325.

The Saxon pennies. 195 Heinrichs preferred place of residence, more or less the exit imprint in its walls has seen success. In the event of a Restriction of the imprint to the son is the look around a mint for them next to Magdeburg is more urgent; for the time after the insertion the Otto Adelheidpfennige is that Acceptance a coin on the Saale for their influence Requirement. And neither Henry yet Otto needed yourself this one Embossings to ashamed. The turns and Poland would be theirs been incapable. For decades to come they were widely there the hacksilver practice subjected, which ones one own self-employed Embossing excludes. Which raw and miserable Manufactures are the embossings out the last years of Miesco and also the princeps Poloniae, Boleslaus Chrobry, despite their transcriptions, Which barbaric rampage have us taught to know the finds of Denzin and Lupow as the one domestic money the slaves on the Oder and Vistula far into that eleventh century. In Comparison to them are the They are almost works of art, even though they are not Transcriptions lead, a defect that they also have with the large one Mass of German stamps since the middle of the thirteenth century share a hundred. Only after those in the Sachsenpfennigs acquired artistry from taken over by the Poles, are these advanced to independent creations. Menadier. 13*

About the Brandenburg coin names. l. Throat pennies. While E. Bahrfeldt yet 1889 in the first volume his Brandenburg language Mint work (p. 11ff. and elsewhere). the strange change from okelpenningen and Kelpenningen in Brandenburg Certificates of the 14th century in vain off- had struggled, delivered Menadier, Berl. coin bill. July 1895, in the German Coins IV (1898) p. 21ff. printed again Essay on 'Okelpenninge' provides evidence that although the occasionally probably doubted okelpenninge for the mark, Pomerania and Braunschweig are inviolably handed down and passed on Name and term (‘denarii augmentabiles’, like the Anklamer document from 'years 1325 circumscribes) easy to interpret are that, on the other hand, the kelpenninge are only available in two copy recordings problems occur, namely in places which directly the Demand the use of okelpenninge as a reading of the originals. The evidence menadiers, the the entire thing documentary Spreading out material conveniently for inspection was so immediate convincing, that I then the word ‘kelpenning’ out my handwritten coin name list energetic deleted had. There pushed I recently in the Göttingen address book from 1903 to the family name Kielpennig — and dived with him the shadow of the kelpenning again. It is not a local one, but by one Old Prussia those who moved in Civil servant family.e. The ancestor the family Kielpennig has his name in this one or one similar form preserved in the 14th or 15th century,

E. Schröder: On the Brandenburg coin names. 197 at that time as well as in Lower Saxony and in the East Elbe colonial area the nicknames came into general use, which were then used as family names. names have been established. In form and with regard to Names like Wendepenning, Metzepenning, Likepenning, speech- penning; Wehrenpfennig, Kissing penny and many similar (see last page f. Mzfr. 1904 No. 6, Col. 3165) one could next think of an imperative education, i.e. ‘Kiele (den) penny or, if this Kiel, like I after countless Pa- rallen out of history assume the proper name may, a wrong transliteration is, 'Kehle (den) Pfennig'. But once there is no intelligible meaning, and then own it In those younger, accidental readings, we come to okelpenning good old nominal compound kelpenning, which we now use again allowed to bring out. Because there can be no doubt about it: Menadier and me yourself, when I followed him without hesitation, are too radically drive by using the word kelpenning because it's in those two Copies of certificates have only replaced a real okelpenning, without further banned from the vocabulary of numismatics. So well one from undoubtedly 'bad readings' of younger hands- Writings by medieval poets are valuable evidence for the Middle High German dictionary to win able, We can tell it just as well from the later tradition of Law books and copies of documents. Let's see us Margrave Ludwig's two diplomas at von Hackwitz in Koehnes Magazine f. coin, Seal and heraldry V, 22-25 (repeated at Menadier a. a. O., 85. 23-25) once closer to. In the second (on March 10, 1352) the copy has in the only place where the word occurs: denarios bran- denburgenses qui vulgariter de kelpenninghe vocantur; is here the preceding article, which corresponds to ordinary language usage contradicts, so suspicious, that you go straight to a connection reading from de kel from okel - or even more likely ockel - think could. The situation is different with the document dated December 17th 1351, which are refreshed by the more recent document

198 E. Schröder: should; should; Here the word kelpenninge (-pennige) comes no less as four times before; It is almost impossible that the Ab- write this change (because that is what it is according to Menadier undoubtedly) and carried out consistently have led should, without that he himself with his own words something thought. Through mechanical amputation of the initial sound from one misunderstood word image a new one, to create something pointless and then maintain it, that would be in itself a quirk; the process will still unlikely- more pleasant if we the disfigurement (with the notable Variant de kelpenninge) can be found in a second document, and it is completely rendered obsolete by the appearance of a family name, for the creation of which the assumption of the same pro- cesses — for the third time! — would be a monstrosity. Because, like it in the learned (or ‘educated’) naming Nowadays it occasionally happens that an old reading book mistakes make surprising luck, like the infamous Hertha, the one from the very young edition of Tacitus Germania (Chapter 40) arose for Nerthum - with the thoroughly folk The common name creation of the 14th and 15th centuries is like this something excluded. And so the two word images are so close at least represent to the eye, falls for the ear the similarity completely away from ökelpenning and kelpenning! So there were ‘kelpenninge!’ We only have pre- There is currently no evidence that explains the concept to us: because in the documents from 1351 and 1352 them most certainly invaded unjustly, and the surname ‘Kielpennig’, before its important appearance we already have those testimonies rejected as a typographical error, refused like thousands of others surname any information about its cause and purpose interpretation. This much is certain: those copyists of Brandenburg documents thought something of it, when she heard the word kelpenning in place of something they don't understand. When you try to interpret the name and concept, come I don't go beyond 'throat': throat in the sense of the stonemasons e e E He e

\ \ | \ | About the Brandenburg coin names. 199 and carving art, and So probably also the coin technology: the “Kehlpfennige” or “Kehlpfennige” or “Kehlpfennige” would then have to be Brak- be teaten - so I accept the explanation that has already been given by Hackwitz, magazine. f. Coin, seal and heraldry V, 16** and Kotelmann, magazine. f. Numbers XI, 15 have suggested, except that of course I use every etymological combination hang and any conceptual relationship to those of Menadier and once and for all reject the correctly interpreted ‘Okelpenningen’. There is no doubt about it, that you in the time where the flat ones, two-sided (denarius) coinage and the bracteates next to each other circulated and detached themselves, for both species had characteristic names; for the former is sleht pfenninge (sleht = simple, smooth) probably the predominant ones been usual, for the bracteates or at least for the hollow pennies the later one Know time we the expression cloudy pennies'), as Straubspfennigs yet after 1560 in one Lusatian Coin tariff (by E. Bahrfeldt, II, p. 431); Kelpenning is probably a different one, perhaps a locally limited one The name may have been the same type of coin. l) strup ‘rough’ is the opposite of sleht ‘smooth’; cf. those in Lexer, Mhd. Handwb. II, 1251 cited evidence from St. Martina: you slehte, You're not cloudy and you need something bad, not cloudy. Göttingen. Edward Schröder.

Literature. G. Fr. Knapp, State Theory of Money. Leipzig, Duncker and Humblot. 1905. X and 397 8. After Prof. Knapp in the public sector Collection of the Historians' Day in Stuttgart his lecture on the legal basis of money is maintained, entered aka- demic friend with the question to me, whether I don't have the feeling as if the speaker were just his listeners have froze want. Same feeling has become mine when studying the present work, for which that lecture in a certain way way one common sense Self-disclosure submitted. This one but is not both an experience result of the uncomprehending and derogatory judgment about the Numismatists, who according to Knapp are hardly at the level of letter writing stamp collector standing, only with the soulless remains of the Have to do with money without understanding anything about it, yes even without finding a viable path to understanding it. sit, but rather the complete disregard for the historical development and the ruthless transplanting of new formed forms and terms in the past. Through and through journalistic procedures and his teaching sentence by sentence almost hammering, like the researchers like that also business mastering men and legislators and for future designs giving advice, Nevertheless, he rejects any journalistic aspirations far from himself, and confesses he just yourself to the task des theorist, who only begins after the latter has done their work.

Literature. 201 Like on a figurehead in the introductory sentence of work explaining, that the money a creature of law okay and a theory of money is only legal history- could possibly be, considered he nevertheless the state to legal order and law not bound and the most important advantages events in monetary history are incomprehensible to those who are hold on to that, points he the whole thing in the field of politics, Boasting of theory, that she works with him what is, claimed He still gave them the right to make their explanations to take all given reality to the extreme, he is content to assume that currently in one A certain situation seems to prevail in neighboring states he a case on of such rarity, that he an example He has to invent one, and then he actually invents one for a long time through time ruling Condition. Den The concept of strict rejection and through the of the special case replacing, the explanation of an actual event as an anomaly malie for every science frowned upon and the possibility consistently denying an abnormal phenomenon, has he his Theory is based on the pathological state of the monetary system one individual. state suffering from political distress, without an exam on ground similar conditions in the ver- in the past to consider it necessary. Professor Knapp knows this area the money story essentially only the events of the past Century, which the current existing conditions have justified. Only English monetary history will about it out up to followed the supposed beginnings and probably as a prehistory at the same time for reorganization tion of the German coinage system in the first years after the founding of the empire, that unconsciously the English adopted the system should. And there takes revenge yourself now on most obvious the haughty one Failure to comply the coin researcher: should first Wilhelm the conqueror coins as Means of payment introduced into England, that actually-

202 literature, Certainly not just already long before the beginning of our era an old British one and after that also an imperial Roman one experienced coin minting, but also after an interruption ung of about two hundred years as early as the 7th century the embossing of the Anglo-Saxon states has arisen and to one almost unbelievable extents has increased see, through the Normans but none at all somehow in change under consideration experienced in its coinage has; will but spoken of the “Tower, where the mint was”, while we had no less than 72 Wilhelminian coins can prove sites; will but with that on him too interdependence between the three that still exists today Terms: pound sterling, shillings and pfennigs returned, which is actually a creation of Charlemagne. Next to it everything else disappears: Nevertheless, you gain a thorough understanding false picture of the further development of English coinage thereby, that the with Edward I raising Penny coinage not thought and immediately the shillings coinage under Henry VII highlighted, as well as that of the already since then 14th century rich equipped Gold stamping not spoken and only pursued the fate of the guineas will. Again but stand in an absolute opposite to the actual events the discussions about the in almost throughout the Middle Ages and in much of modern times phenomenon of secularism observed in all countries deterioration of coins, which ones is attributed to that the state always accepts the worn-out pieces that flow to it spent again, whereas the main worst evil of coinage the centuries through can be seen in the constant disrepute and new coinage, their costs increased through fiscal Exploitation unum- accessible this success with lead yourself had to: the eternal one Penny has spread far and wide only on Conclusion of the Middle Ages enforced and the guineas devalued by long circulation had no predecessors. This also means that i “ 8 4 I

literature, 203 rejected, that the respective older pennies not picked up heard to be “cash money”: as far as they are in traffic were still used, it was only as a pagement, as Coin silver and silver bars. The extensive use this means of payment up to modern times also teaches, that Throughout the Middle Ages, silver was by no means unlimited expression has reached; The Middle Ages did not have free coinage known; Hylish um apply the new terminology, is The silver was therefore not there. On the other hand is the designation the one in the Carolingian period alone minted coin as a penny but afterwards not only for this lower coin unit remained in use, but also to any later Larger coins that have been added are also pennies from so and so on so many pennies and next to the silver one too golden pennies occurred: but still is nevertheless to Denarius quem rex demonstrator has never been bad, rather, you have it always between old and new pennies strictly differentiated. And even if the concept of the pound» in this respect it is similar to that of the dozen, the shock, etc. merely represents a number (240), even despite the reduction in value of the Pfennigs were rightly counted as being used in the same way over and over again has remained, one still has beyond that Pound sterling meant something completely different in Elizabeth's time. than in the time of William I. And for the third time it hits claim, that the changes the phylogenetic (i.e. on free embossing one metal based) currencies through wear and tear of the pieces and changes the norm on most common with silver currency because it is older as the gold standard be, the historical career ins face, because not only are the oldest of all those born in England coins minted were gold coins, but in general guide the medieval coinage the gold solidi and tri- ducks of the Merovingians on and stand at the beginning of all coins embossing the electron and gold coins the Asia Minor Greeks and Lydian. Yes it applies here just on the whole

204 literature, characterize, but can't the task be, all the numerous violations of the story one at a time to rank, especially since the past is not the area where the work is valid. Professor Knapp was impressed by the Austrian paper money economy, whose in the last time initiated Overcoming he as a servile imitation the western one Role models branded. Despite his. Origin in the wake the unfortunate war of 1859 applies to him this paper money as something normal, applies to him the metal money not as something from reason on various, Rather, both only apply to him as special, but equal Educations state money, Not just the coins, but also the Cou- rant coins are only considered to him as token money, as money tokens, chartal money, its intrinsic value content only as an accessory without in principle crucial concern. Not real satisfaction should the coins grant, like who are treated with derision poured metalists demand their essence rather lies in the legal effectiveness of the ability to circulate, the circular toric satisfaction. This one will through explanation (Pro- complaint) on the part of created by the state and win in the legal order expression, But the state has unlimited powers violence, the means of payment to change. Enough is enough backwards Connection on the previous ones that relative ratio, not also the absolute height of the existing ones Debts must be maintained, especially since they are only nominal. By the way beat opposite the commandment state aid demands the injury private interests nothing, those yes also through the changing position of each individual as a believer and debtors receive compensation. And so come on all so far usual Differences as secondary back and only remains as essential the one exist between the from money used by the state for its payments and everything else. The extremely astutely advanced and in all individual units executed theory, which ones finally also the iz HA N T

literature, 205 Giro traffic and the bill of exchange purchases seizes, those no more belong directly to the monetary system, but only forms of payment form, until the end to pursue, designed the unbearable one Accumulation of new terms themselves for long existing and existing terms already correctly designated, as well as the even more annoying one Revaluation of existing designations to a difficult one task. It wouldn't be worth it in this place because... whole theory the brightening the historical development not promotes. Through she will dem concept of money a given content that he has never possessed in the past, and the state with a wealth of economic power clothes, which he never exercised at any time. Even today not. Dignity the Austrian imperial state dem pronounced Rate des Mr Prof. Close following not just maintain the current paper money system hold, but, as the theory allows, in the case of states Reckless the current volume of paper money as needed increase, this would be in contrast to the half-century Years of living will very soon be the end of the American life Greenbacks or the French assignats overtake. And if a state were to unduly reduce the value of its metal money, so would trade and traffic present to him take the same position as in the time of the Kipper and Wipper. Foreign coins would enter national territory and not only state toleration but also state goodwill Enforce the name by counterstamping, like the Bohemian ones Groschen and turnoses from the 14th century, and a bullion traffic would next to it Grab space and likewise through state or semi-state training. gain recognition, as he had been in practice throughout the Middle Ages. This one likes for the present from the lessons of the past take heed. It is another matter whether the future will impose such constraints on us the state will bring, like the state theory of money assumes. Yourself then fear I for this, that they like

206 :literature, all utopias many times will become redesign let have to. Theories for developments that are always in flux deliver is at all a delicate beginning, and they should even different Time was running do justice, have to her fail. The historical research has used other methods to strike; and you like it the hustle and bustle of simple numismatics mathematician yet like that very as cart work consider: after all delivers he gives the higher-ranking researcher the inevitable necessary preparatory work, he also lays the foundation without that who cannot build. ; Menadier. A. Luzhin v. Ebengreuth, The coin as historical monument and its significance in legal and economic schaftsleben: From nature and the spiritual world. Vol. 91. Leipzig, Teubner 1906. 124 8th with 53 figs. On ground his in the previous volume of this magazine spoken manual about general coin studies and Money history has the author about the most important questions this historical discipline a wide circle of people Lectures were given to shift friends and after a steno graphic transcription in this volume er- seem let. His remarks apply to the difference of money and coins, the different types of coins and coins similar structures, the external one and internal texture of coins, of production of coins, the minters and the coin business, the coin collections, the uncoined one Money (cattle, cloth, paper money, metal bars) and the coin money (state coins, Kurant, commercial and credit coins, coin base), the coinage sovereignty, Granting of coinage rights and financial exploitation of the coin shelf (treasure, coin disrepute), the German coin crises (Schinderlingen, Kipper coins) and the coin as legal tender (the Territoriality of coins, state coins, coin associations). You are the same as those of the manual essentially on the

Literature. 207 German development limited and preferably apply to the medieval conditions, but these they place in most Relationships clear. In the same way they are self-evident consistently systematic and close any pragmatic discussion tion that, no matter how desirable, is still with those barely united become to can seems. The intention des However, the author is not based on a coin history, but rather on one general coin studies, which ones yourself not on the external appearance of the coins and in general cannot be limited to these. Menadier. M. Kirmis, Coins and medals. A little help book for collectors and enthusiasts. Bielefeld and Leipzig, Vel- Hagen and Klasing, 1906. 47 pages with 106 illustrations. This special edition from Klasing's book of collections Of course, an independent scientific one cannot Meaning same as that previously discussed Works claimed take: it hardly offers any new research results. It brings the attempt, naked a brief explanation of the basic concepts of coin science as well as manifold practical advice beat for collectors, the historical Development the Coins from their invention except for the immediate opposite wait and likewise also that of medals in the briefest form to demonstrate: unfortunately a little too tight and as a result inevitably offering large unevenness and gaps. The supply of illustrations is disproportionately rich, the consistently the most important and “most beautiful.” Apparitions offer and leave only a little that is absolutely necessary missing, but unfortunately not in chronological order throughout are ordered. Menadier.

208 Literature. S. Ambrosoli, Atlante numismatico italiano. (monetary modern) con 1746 fotoincissioni. U. Hoepli, Milan 1906. (8.50 1.) The one in the previous year this magazine displayed smaller collection of illustrations papal coins In modern times, the now immortalized author leaves a larger one all states of Italy follow comprehensive collection, which Although not all types are united, it is nevertheless a universal one selection, and a list of the represented coins gentlemen and types of coins that continue to be of their understanding necessary information about those depicted on the coins and named saints, as well as the meanings used on them sayings, as well as the individual mints in several alpha- technically ordered registers attached. The Atlas also suits you any deeper scientific grasp of the great material is remote, it will be a useful tool for the collector. Menadier. Dott. Pietro Larizza, Rhegium Chalcidense (Reggio di Calabria). The history and the numismatica, at the tempi preistorici fino alla eittadinanza romana. Rome, Forzani & comp. 1909. 118: 5. 14 tables. 20: He, After an overview about the history of Rhegium and of the Brettierland, where the so-called prehistoric period one probably too detailed for the purpose of the book Description dedicated will, while the actual one city history of Rhegium in historical times pretty short The coin history begins with parte II p. 87. Some completely general and meager notes about the development of the coin in general, comments on the types of Greek schen coins, the development of art, artist names on coins form the introduction; The author then moves on to Rhegium itself, its coins he in 4 through the final years 461, 387, 270 and 89 B.C. BC divided into periods. The $. 99 beginning Egg b Ri y $ 4 3 3 ä P j

Literature. 209 and 97 numbers comprehensive, summary held Catalog the same lacking the such elementary information as size, Weight and usually also storage location of the individual specimens plare entirely and is therefore for scientific use almost worthless. What's new to me is that the incusen aegineti- chen drachma (not “Corinthian half-stater”, like the author means) from Rhegium with the human-headed bull, of which I only have the Paris piece from the Dupre& auction it is known that a second copy is in the Museo Civico in Reggio; the inferior image Panel I! lets Of course an original part about the authenticity not to. At No. 11ff. would have the various interpretations that have recently been given to the seated figure given this tetradrachms has, probably one do something- deserves fairer treatment than the meager indication, that it the Demos or Zeus be. Also the only case of a full one artist name, Hippocrates (if not rather Cratesippos), is only mentioned above (to No. 19). Where the beautiful example plar of the tetradrachm with EY in the monogram behind Apollo's head (Plate VI 42) is located, reveals author unfortunately not. The last, late silver coinage (Z. f. N. XXIV p. 24, now see another example in Hirsch's auction catalog XV No. 855 Plate VI) is missing in the otherwise quite incomplete List. In short, you have to look through it of the work everywhere the impression that the good will of the honest local The author's patriotism inspired neither his knowledge nor his Forces corresponded. The autotypical illustration plates even are completely inadequate. Berlin. Kurt Regling. George Macdonald, catalogue of Greek coins in the Hunterian collection, university of Glasgow. Vo- lume III: Further Asia, Northern Africa, Western Europe. Glasgow 1905. VIII and 800 p., XL plates (no. LXILI—CI). The noble-minded man who paid the cost of this monumental Journal of Numismatics, XXYVI, 14

210 Literature. The talented catalog work, Mr. James Stevenson, has contributed the conclusion brought about by this volume work no longer experienced; his is in the preface with words of lively participation. The Hunter Collection yourself has for the areas covered here by gift of Mr. Campbell experienced a small enrichment. The overall arrangement of the material closes the closure by picking up the coins of Western European countries that of northwestern Africa follows the proposal, which has recently been discovered by several French numismatists was made, and also the connection of Cossura, Gaulos and Melite to Africa instead to Sicilia and the exclusion of the Sassanid coins out corresponds to ancient numismatics newer, e.g. B. also followed in the Berlin cabinet - hey. When allocating the individual coins, I made a significant contribution any deviations from the conventional are not noticed except about that of the author self-made reallocation the coinage of Tigranes and the revision of the first selective kidish coinage; The latter, by the way, recently has Wace, journ. hell. stud. 1905 8..101 note 31 contradicted. For such insecure areas as Parthia, Ptolemaic, Hispania, Gallia and Britannia are the definitive works of Wroth, Svo- Ronos, Zobel, Blanchet and Evans have been taken as a basis and own criticism only in the form of comments. In the arrangement of the coins in detail differs barrels many times from dem when arranging collections and Preparation of catalogs is based on the usual system by 2. B. among the Alexandrians, one at Hunter richly represented row, the coins the same emperor often not chronological or according to the types arranges, but after the form of the name of the emperor and similar evidence certain groups forms, It is only within this that chronology comes into its own lets, whereby in particular for the earlier period up to Hadrian some instructive groupings emerge, which e.g. T. on the emissions and office names of the Constantinian period

Literature. 211 remember. Also the arrangement of noun coins (only after the emperor, then only after ordered according to the nomos) and the strange, quite complicated sequence of Spanish coins deserves mention, if also not without further consent mung. To first time has author also systematically the fitting together from Vs. and Rs. respected and this Certificate used for allocation and periodization (cf. 8. 589 Note; he calls this “the-test”, stamp sample). Otherwise is particularly on the destiny of Eren (cf. p. 258 note 2 u. 3, 259 note, 291 note 1 etc.) and the separation the no- minimal value placed, this especially at the richly represented Seleucid copper series. By the way, in cases where the year date and imperial portrait as a group building Principle compete, I would prefer the second, and so pseudo-autonomous dated Coins not because of the date with imperial mix (e.g. 8. 255). To Macdonald's in numerical chron. 1904 p. 105ff. Syrian coinage followed in detail in the imperial period I notice over time that both in the collections and in Ka- talogens the imperial silver money together with the one with SC called copper money as “imperial coins with limited To separate the circulation area from the actual city money is because both essentially different are. You can then Reich money the image of the emperor use it to form groups and for each emperor the different mints for that Silver separate, the SC Kupfer (without local name) on- close, and receives so as Syria Romana a sequel the Seleucid series, like yourself same mutatis mutandis for others Provinces (Macedonia, Asia, Cappadocia). lets. I turn to a few more details: $. 113 would have for the designation the cult statue on the tetradrachms Demetrius III's essay in the revue arch6ol. 1904 IL P. 250 can be used with advantage can. — $. 141 note 4 will, contrary to previous assumptions, through monogram congru- ences shown, that not Antioch, but Seleucia Prägort 14*

212 Literature. of the coins was the adsiyor dyuoı. — P. 189 would have been ver- barrel with the new dating the one so far in Julianus’ time misplaced coins without imperial name (bull. de la soc. des ant. 1904 p. 340, where they are placed in the time of Galerius) deal with should. — p. 263 no. 1: that from the author Date “24” refers to the Seleucid era (312 BC) the Tyrian didrachm is by Rouvier, journ. international VI P. 275 No. 1807 on the Era of 333, by Svoronos, Ptolemaic corpus 8. on', cf. Z.f. N. XXV 8. 361 note, on the ptole- Mäische (311 BC). — p. 340: the discrepancy the Sources regarding of the change of government by Vardanes and Gotarzes has deceptors, the Parthian News in Josephus, Berlin 1904 P. 19 m. Note 11 'at least partially solved'' (cf. Berl. Wochenschr. f. klasse Phil. 1905 Col. 147). — 8.521 Note: because of the title Kaioao Zssaoros at the Uaesar Philip (cf. also p. 548, where K(etoae) 3(sßaoros) in the title of Caesar Numerianus stands, No. 1074/76; the “as Caesar only” the heading is incorrect) in Dattari, rivista ital, di num. 1904 8. 465ff. should be referred. — The individual criticisms schen notes, which makes the author Svoronos' Ptolemaic corpus, I have the numbers he should have added all the time in my review of this work Z. f. N. XXV p. 344ff. already can utilize. To praise the external equipment of the tape need I have nothing to add. The tables are also satisfying. Berlin. Kurt Regling. George Macdonald, coin types, their origin and de- velopment, being the Rhind lectures for 1904. Glasgow, Maclehose 1905. X and 276 pages, 10 plates in light pressure, 20 text illustrations. In a connected series of lectures on desire the listener printed here present, describes the namely through his Catalog the Hunter collection ENR Se

Literature. 213 the numismatic audience well-known authors us Ent- emergence and development of the coin image.. Two abruptly He combats opposing views: those of Ridgeway (8. 23-35 and more often), after which the original ones Coin images ') represent those objects, which before entry management of metal money in the city in question the value knife duties - an acceptance, those, so much I know, An- hanger not found has and at every turn surdities leads, — and that of Curtius (8. 16-23 and that throughout the entire work)’), after which, like Burgon before him taught, all original coin types had a religious meaning, since the coins were initially sacred objects invented by priests and embossed in the 'temples, first later have fallen into the hands of worldly power, a view that which in this form is probably no longer used by anyone. will occur’), while the basic idea that all original Most coin types have a religious meaning, like many others like that also shared by the speaker (Z. f. N. XXIII $. 110). will. And there is no actual other solution to the problem, if Author (on which I agree with him, cf. already Z. £. N. XXV 8. 41) the original ones Types for coat of arms explains, but just a shift: because it elevates yourself immediately 1) it is When asked about the oldest coin types, of course- only about the culture of the Mediterranean basin, so around about around 700 beginning in Asia Minor, over the course of over the next 200 years Near East, coins spreading across the islands, Greece and the West embossing. 2) like that most recently p. 239, but see others Places like $. 139. — This negative attitude towards the religious significance of older types also leads the author to consider later types of religious explanation to contradict, so p. 93, where he claims river gods are not shown posed, “because they are gods”, but are a commemorative type, similar pp. 100, 104, 163, 169, while he shows, for example, 8. 115, “how inextri- “Certainly the commemorative and the religious influences might be united”. 3) even Curtius’ own view The author is probably exaggerating, if He, polemicizing against him, says on p. 94 that the Zeus is the coin of Aetnae but not shown “as a god who vouchers for the currency”,

214 Literature. the question about the creation these coats of arms and whether they have religious meaning or not. And then one will say have to, that these coats of arms and coin images yes extremely often purely religious are (Posidonia, Tarentum etc.), often min- at least religious can be interpreted, in this respect them one important product, a native animal, one on site be- loved to represent weapon, which at the same time (naturally) attribute of a deity (metapontum, Himera) or even divine Enjoyed veneration (Tenedus, Oyzicus), even if we often these direct relationship to a deity not prove can (Selinus, Cyrene)'). cases where she outright denied it could become, know I don't. At the close connection of state and church in that time when every city has its own has a special patron god?), it is quite understandable that whose Image or attribute to City symbol became. So is so the religious influence on the types, the author all- gradually first arise to see believes already from on- extremely powerful at the beginning, in this respect which the coin 1) all cases of talking typos (some, partly new examples, p. 18) can between those two Rubrics be subsumed: because either points the person in question talking types at the same time on the main god there or it is a national product (referring to local animals, landscape features) times), or it is both the case. In Melos e.g. B. is the talking type, the apple, both a national product like the attribute the Aphrodite. Therefore, p. 57, the weapons of Heracles should not be “either a talking coat of arms the HPaxleidas or one Allusion on the patron saint” called become, shouldn't 8. 65 be said, the ear of Metapontum_ be either as the main product or as an attribute the Demeter or as zreug&onuov was chosen as the coin type: both or all three is running to one. — Man sees that I am closer to Burgon's view (p. 18). stands as that of the author. 2) the interpretation of the types of the oldest electronic money as civil servants coat of arms — so also 8. 51 of the deer on the Phanesstater — which ones These types are therefore deprived of their importance for the city allocation, I can not follow. Those listed as analogues have cities in that one early period all have the city coat of arms and either keep it later on one side (Lampsacus, Abdera) or as an accompaniment on (Cyzicus, Phocaea). i 3 ' E

Literature. 215 pictures underlying lying coat of arms often when not always, have a religious meaning'). Apart from that but from this fundamental limitation can I like Macdonald's remarks just agree, like that Interpretation of the term coin, the difference between coin and money, the definition of coin types, the discussion about the embossing technique’), about the terms “obvers” and “revers’°) (see also p. 125, but also see my note 1 on p. 217 above p. 129f.), the occasionally interwoven polemics against Lenor mant's opinion the southern Italian Incuses coinage as one Federal coin (pp. 12-14), the presentation of homogeneity of typos and symbols (8. 37-42) and kinship of seals and coins (pp. 43-47). Of particular importance- ity is the proof of the existence first provided by Brandis (1874). stenz of the coat of arms for people and communities in Antiquity (p. 48ff.), although the heredity of it is not 1) this is by the author later [p. 116: “for whose (the goddess) the zao&onuov was but a shorthand sign”, p. 117: “devices that must have been chosen on religious grounds", 8,134: “the original types may often have been, in the nature of things, religious"; similar p. 136] also not misunderstood, but in the crucial points of the first part completely un- taken into account and the consequences that are so common are not drawn The religious meaning of the coat of arms also includes the oldest coin images in the same senses influenced. 2) there Page 3 would have the picture in the Vettierhause no more on one Mint should be obtained, cf. Mau, Roman communication. 1901 p. 109f., dem After carefully examining the original (autumn 1904), I can only agree. 3) P.5 Note 1 says the author, citing M. Bahrfeldt, that at The Vs. stamp was the upper one on the Roman Republican coins. Bahr Feldt's thought process is as follows: a coin accidentally remains on the If there are lower stamps, the following one receives the upper stamp twice; remains but if a coin hangs in the upper stamp, the following one receives the lower stamp. stamp double; since the former error is more common than the latter, Vs.- incusi but are found much more frequently than Rs.-incusi, This is how one obviously comes into being Vs.-incusus through the first mistake, so come from the vs. the upper stamp; In my opinion, the second mistake is that a coin in the upper Stamp gets stuck (due to adhesion), which is easier to understand and that's why more common ones, and I therefore conclude that the Vs. comes from the lower stamp, so that the Roman Republican coins are no exception to this; make rule.

216 Literature. strictly carried out was, same sometimes changed (8. 53 Note 1, see p. 59, where for the mint officials a more plausible Reason for change of coat of arms is given), and some cities two of which had (p. 71/72), the sources that the city coat of arms, which we find on the coins, teach to know, are discussed in detail (amphora handle, state seal, shield symbols'), state christening gifts, literary well-known and rrag«onue affixed in relief to decrees)?). — The later one Development now leads to the fact that one increases, sometimes in nominal terms distinguish (cf. 8. 121f.), partly because, as a result of the take upcoming caption one consistent type could escape, often no longer adhered to the Parasemon, but invented new types. The measurement when selecting the same giving moments discusses author in 2. Main part des Book according to four categories, which often cannot be strictly separated: 1) decorative moment pp. 72—81; most important principles: “ten- “dency to subordinate type to design”; “decorative variation of the usual type” (e.g. by awarding from wings to four- footstool and creation other to Mycenaean Type circles reminiscent hybrid creatures). 2) imitative moment pp. 81-91: Nach- imitation stranger Types out decorative or commercial reasons’). 3) commemorative Wait 8. 91—115: here calculates author the talking guys (with the right input) restriction 'whatever other significance they may have had", see my note 1 on p. 214), also the references to ports, Springs, rivers, local plants and animals, buildings, Statues'), customary games and sports, allusion to the 1) see my comment in the Warren catalog on No. 895. 2) for the interpretation of the votive gift of the Metapontii, 9&oos xovooüv, p. 64f., cf. num. Magazine XXXV p. 203. — Like author 8. 70f. from Syracusae and Panticapaeum can say that the m«o«onuov is here the coin borrowed from the picture, I don't understand; His whole theory is thus destroyed upside down! — Among his examples of w«egaonu« of decrees Cyzicus is missing, cf. journ. of hell. studies 1904 p. 38. 3) would have here as an example one of Cretan imitations des Athenian money should be mentioned in the text and on the tablet. 4) I don't believe in the archaic coin images listed on page 97

Literature. 217 Founding (types of the mother city), the founder and the green dungeons as well as the city's history in general, Note on Alliances. 4) the religious moment $. 115-154. As I said, For me, this moment weighs from the very beginning des Usually, if not always, the coat of arms in the religious sense type treasures; For the time that follows, it will be easy for M. grow of the religious moment to show; in the 4th century the same (p. 141f.) reaches its climax. As an example for his amalgamation with the commemorative Influences will Dion's electron imprinting was demonstrated in Syracusae (pp. 118f.), and the Using the whole Olympus for nominal distinction - because this, p. 121 below, is probably the decisive factor let, not the 8. 121 above “to honor as many as possible of the gods’” — shown in Italian rows. Some general considerations (p. 122ff.), including: about the further fates of Parasemon as a coin type and his final physical degradation into a symbol, about emergence and decline development of the city inscriptions — they stand next to the coat of arms and use this later on the Rs.!) —, about the special their suitability of a (divine) head for the round coin surface (p. 134ff.) and the resulting accelerated repression of the para- semon by religious types, p. 134ff., about the almost complete absence of the heads as one that is particularly strongly perceived as religious Typos on the Jewish coins lead to the portrait only one for a statue copy, author himself describes these interpretations rightly called “‘mere coniecture”. 1) the case in Syracusae seems to me 8. 129f. not quite right acts: the fact is rightly the Syracusae also on two sides Coins for a short time the inscription on the Vs. keeps with the car, the only later on the back, to the head, occurs, thereby explaining that the head instead of the car it became a coat of arms. But M. incorrectly says that it will be available later City inscription strikingly on the “obvers”: She doesn't do that because the head turned sideways, with which she later stands, is always the hollow, i.e. the Rs., and in exceptional cases where the car is on the hollow side passes over, like Arethusa en face and regularly since the end of 4th century, the city inscription turns from the head side to the car side, to stay on the lapel.

218 Literature. Coin image: the same thing begins to happen just as the religious flow on the types had reached its maximum, i.e. h. against At the end of the 4th century, with the custom of declaring the Lord God shear to naturalize') and falls, like this kind of homage breaks through religion at all, so does dominance of religion on the coins. We stand with that at the end the consideration of the autonomous Greek coin types; because In the 3rd century, royal coinage predominated, university form in the types and limited to a few mints, definitely, and even if after 190 there was a brief setback Resumption of autonomous Kurant coinage, especially in Asia Minor, occurs, the progressive expansion of the Roman The influence of the autonomous coinage soon becomes a goal. End like this we at the imperial coins. They are essentially come- moral; The special position of Athens is highlighted in detail Influence of the games on the coinage, the formula av&dnzev etc. inscriptions?) discussed, then the Main types treated: temple, temple images, the city typicalities, ceremonies, game types, city views°), rivers, mountains, statues, paintings, local legends, Portraits of local celebrities, depictions of the emperor himself. This leads to the Roman coins. Of special ones opinions of the author in treating these group, the a coin-historical one Introduction precedes'), namely out the note about the Ianus typus des As (p. 182), above the reasons of disappearance the inscription ROMA from 89 BC BC ($. 185), the opposite way, the the Roman one Type development in this respect goes, as here the one 1) in the older satrap portraits the author sees rather conventional functional types, but leaves for the Cyziken at Greenwell, Plate IV 2 Six’ Identification (Timotheos) is considered possible. 2) Phi is missing in the examples for EIC AIWNA TOYC KYPIOYG lippopolis, Z. f£. N. XXIII p. 190. 3) Cynaetha should have been mentioned, Z. f. N: XXIV p. 66. 4) there should p. 180 the, Mommsen's theory about the dyarchy in Opinion combating coinage Stracks, Bonn Yearbooks Vol. 111/12 P. 435 ff., should at least be mentioned.

Literature. 219 commemorative influence the religious one is suppressed (p. 186), the View of the reverse of the family denarii as “exalted sym- bols", the one for type variation with silver opposite of uniformity the reason given for the copper (p. 190), the Explanation of the transition of the inscription from the lapel to Portrait the vs. (p. 198). Author discussed then p. 201ff. some characteristics the emperor types in contrast to the republican (architectural types, contemporary events, personalities fications), the epigraphs and the casus of the imperial legends, finally goes he from the imperial to the provincial Embossing in Alexandria, Antioch, Caesarea Capp. and tarsus above (wherein Of course the provincial character the first three coins sites compared to the urban character of the Tarsian silver money is not emphasized) to the purely commemorative Types of colonial coinage the actual Roman coinage to leave. There are then (Chapter VI p. 219ff.) the coinages the Bosporans, Parthians and Sassanids and the Germanic Replicas the migration period striped, that 'Re-emergence of the religious, i.e. h. now Christian influence described on the type treasure in the Constantinian period, which after Julianus' reaction and alongside two singular cases commemorative types (FELICITER NVBTIIS) reach their highest Triumph with the introduction of the image of Christ himself through Lu- Stinus II celebrates, taking the position of the Muhammadan coins to Islam is specified'). The religious image also remains a renewed reaction among the iconoclastic emperors exist and it dominates together with the image of the emperor from the coin types; Analogy of the Byzantine seals p. 239 ff.’); 1) On p. 237 it is claimed that the isolated exceptions from the picture ban of Islam “really belongs to the category of barbarous imitations”; but those from Nützel, Z.f. N. XXII p. 259ff. announced medal of the Khalifa el-Muktadir billah and the Khalifa's dirhem mentioned above el-Mutawakkil ‘ala-llah are by no means barbaric nor are they imitations. 2) the view of the coin inscription Iaos&ve o00L presented in 3. 242 nokvamve Ös yarııze navra xaroosoi can already be found in Friedländer, Berl. Sheets for coins, seals and heraldry II 1865 p. 180.

220 Literature. isolated commemorative typos p. 246. In contrast, there is prevailing in the West initially the imitative element in which western Roman, but also Byzantine and even Moorish pre- pictures the type treasure form, next to under Frederick II also a falling back based on ancient Roman patterns. The reappearance of the decorative influence and the coming moral and religious influence, especially in the legends then prepare a change, the consequences of which (the reverse On the one hand, return to the type that gave choice from the very beginning of the coin design, namely the coat of arms, on the other hand, under the influence the medal, for portrait representation) until last into our days. This is the essential content of interesting and quickly written book. The panels I prefer at the end would see put together, especially since the references to a and the same board often on spatially widely separated positions lie, so that you continually turn back to the relevant one Table is inevitable, are well done, less some of the Text illustrations. The specialist numismatician hate to miss the indication of the collection, from which every coin is borrowed; what the As far as selection is concerned, I would have, for example, instead of the Cyziken plate I 8 I would rather give one where the tuna is from the figure is held in the hand to avoid frequent fusion to explain typos and symbols, for the one in the text and There would have been an example from Aenus on the tablet can be, cf. my work on Terina, Winckelmanns- program 1906 p. 78 note 53. Berlin, January 1906. Kurt Regling. G.F. Hill, historical Greek coins. London, Archibald Con- stable and company Itd., 1906. XX and 182 p. 13 panels. 10s. 6.d. Every coin is a historical document insofar as it is used for... not the lord or the state from which it originated only proves the existence, but also in possession of him one

Literature. 221 shows a certain degree of sovereignty. “Historical Coins” In the narrower sense, however, one becomes those with the author can be called, whether by their mere existence it through special features in their technique, their types or Inscriptions our knowledge of the events in whose circle they are belong, increase. Among the countless Greek coins well, for whom this applies, has selected Hill 100 that include these Conditions in particular fulfill, has them roughly strung together in chronological order, in the text or on the Boards') can be depicted and with a shorter or longer one Comment provided with reference to the most important ancient source writers and modern more detailed description positions the one in question coin in theirs historical to- context comes into focus. About the selection of those hundred will no one wants to argue with the author; maybe the short one Half of it is of such canonical importance that that too any other numismatist who has a work like this would have to write would have her in his list for The rest of the selection would depend on the taste and inclination of the person Author even different fail. Some would maybe instead of the pieces chosen by Hill others like that Gold coins of Athens in the year before the Battle of Arginuses, the Coin of Nymphodorus of Abdera, Antiadas of Aenus, of Euphron from-Sicyon, those on ground of the inscribed Electron hectares of Phocaea and Mytilene, the koinon coins of Cyrene, the Sicilian bearings coins of the Carthaginians, the Roman-Campanian coinage aureus of the allies or their denarius with bull and She-wolf prefer, still others prefer the numismatic legacy of Alexandros of Pherae or of Epirus, of Areus and Nabis, Eurycles, Aristotimos of Elis, Andra- goras, Sophytes, Orontas or another of the Asia Minor 1) the plates are not in collotype, but in autotype (system Meisenbach) manufactured, but printed through such a fine mesh that their Execution that is almost equal to a collotype print.

222 Literature. satraps, of Nikocles, Zia&las, Iuba, Cunobelinus, the Musa or Cleopatra, the splendor of Mithradates and the Laodice, Eumenes’ coinage on Syros etc. etc. in the The circle of consideration moves forward without anyone being in front of it others a little ahead would have. Because the historical interest All of these pieces are the same size. What is particularly worth emphasizing in the comment is with how Separate the secured from the unsecured with fine tact, alongside- material disputes are avoided and, in case of doubt, between opposing hypotheses are decided. So can I me e.g. B. in the decision about the development des Athenian money (8. 12ff.)'), about the well-known Herodotus passage regarding the Lydian coinage (p. 20), about the Damareteion (p. 37 ff), about the walls on the Mazaeus coins (8. 99), about the Gonata coins (8. 129ff.), the time of the Jewish shekels (p. 154f.) only accepts the opinion expressed by Hill each time. close. About the only important difference in our views not to hide so can I am convinced of the correctness of dating (420 BC) of the Argive and elischen Pieces with the head of Hera (No. 27, 28, p. 52) are not convincing, Rather, I consider them to be younger than 400 BC. BC Even in detail, of course, despite the popular tone some of it all New ones offered, among others 8. 23fl. a new one theory to explain the incuse imprint developed, about the stamp of the Epameinondas coins (p. 69) and the deca- drachmon of the “new artist” (p. 56) shared new details. — I noted 8 minor violations. 49 incorrect weights information at No. 26, 8.51 note 2 write 453 instead 483, P. 72 has the text OAY, the piece depicted but OAYM, P. 118 would have to the gold stater of Demetrios better Z. I. N. XXIV p. 47 should be quoted. 1) apart from the opinion of those often treated position Aristote, '49yv. zcok. c. 10, which I do not agree with, see Weekly Journal for Classical Philology 1903 column 317. Berlin. Kurt Regling.

Literature. 223 Eduard Fiala, Guelph coins and medals Land. Part: The middle house Braunschweig, line to Calenberg. Part: The middle house Braunschweig, line to Wolfenbüttel. Leipzig and Vienna, 1904 respectively. 1906. One of the richest and in some respects inter- The most delicious of the German coin series is still waiting the “oodification”, if it allowed is, this legal Art expression to the numismatic field. Still own us neither out old still from more recent times Work that it undertakes in principle, the entire character the Braunschweig lands to put together. And yes has the extremely rich material, that of the Ottonians until in fills our days for almost a millennium, the numismatic mathematicians have always been encouraged to make the oldest thaler cabinets a lot of being from the lying, wasp, ship, bell thalers and what these commemorative and occasional coins are called, which are notable worthy saying pennies from the beginning of the Kipper and Wipper time have found their special lovers just like them embossing, which ones in picture and inscription the Harz mining industry celebrate, the bracteates finally offer new research not only stimulating, but also in many ways due to its beauty- joyful object of study. So we have a different Interesting literature about Braunschweig coins in shape of directories larger collections, whose oldest that Numophylacium Molano-Boehmerianum is. It was from him famous, 1722 deceased Abbot Molanus of Loccum to- brought together, from his nephew and successors Böhmer increased, purchased by King George II in 1745 and formed the Foundation of the Royal Coin Cabinet in Hanover, which is naturally according to the task, the coins of the Guelph princes and countries to bring together as completely as possible. This task is the responsibility of the current owner, HRH the Duke from Cumberland, resumed: ‘an expression his aspirations is the here displayed Publication. It acts around a large-scale work,

224 Literature. that with one Luxury that is not usual in Germany permitted is. Planned is the output from 12 volumes from of different strengths, which are not just the coinage of the oldest Sovereigns: Ottonen, Brunonen, Billunger etc. and the individual Guelph lines, but also that of the spiritual and secular Gentlemen and of the cities as well as the private pre- will bring results. From the outset, a reader who feels the — I want say: personal peculiarity of this collection behind general ones withdraws from viewpoints, a regret that so much work, such large resources in the service of a limited population task have been set. It's strange, like ours Time that way very for codification in all areas tends anyway still and so many such works produced, the merely one describe individual special collections, the up- to provide a “corpus” of the coin series in question, but reject yourself. This task has at the un- today's diversity of the numismatic material and his no less monstrous scattering in books and collections their great difficulty, and whoever one Anyone who has undertaken such work will soon have seen that that completeness is an unattainable dream. So have to Here too we are content with the fact that only a single one Collection of Braunschweig coins, although, it seems, far richest, that has ever been brought together is. But the author wouldn't have to be the one as that him through his brilliant works about the medieval ones Coins of Bohemia are known when he, one may say: the reader's natural desire for greater completeness would not have made some concessions. So there are various important pieces that are in the collection described missing, listed in notes. Speaking of which, what the work is not is and should not be, namely no corpus and no reference work, we want to take into account the outstanding

Literature. 225 Express a few wishes in the volumes, the fulfillment of which is also possible under his special point of view, namely for the Hand use of the collector more useful do would. The Order of coins seems consistently after the time sequence to go, not according to the type of coin, so different from dem system the Acta Borussica for the Prussian ones Coins and accordingly the one chosen by Seger and me Arrangement of the Silesians. But this system is not strict carried out; not only that the products of each mint 'Stand on your own, lead the way with the medals and the Raitpfennige close, are e.g. B. Friedrich Ulrich's “regular” ones the tipper stamps separately and the latter into three more Groups: dimes, twelve, pieces of copper disassembled been. Of course, one can only approve of this arrangement, but since that If the work is a descriptive directory, the overview will be used about the whole thing and the discovery one individual piece extremely difficult. Only tabular overviews can be help us to sift through, which we would like to add to the author Strongly recommend. It is not the intention of this ad to go into details to lose, or about the plan of the work itself with the To the right of Mr. Author. All of this is certainly from the beginning- set in and it's no use words about it do. Some things, what when leafing through these volumes as is perceived as unpleasant: in particular the rambling ness of some descriptions, certain to the Austrian Oddities reminiscent of the Kurial style the language and the like are more the same, are explained sufficiently by the “personal note", the this work just on carries itself. Only two more Wishes are therefore made for the future, their acquisition filling the peculiarity of the book do not affect but also its usability essential would promote. You are: page headings and number matching of the text with those of the illustrations. Both are so old and demands that have been discussed so much that we will deal with them here Journal of Numismatics, XXVI, 15

226 Literature. urgent Endorsement is enough can: to. Read through are works like the present one was not created, But primarily for reference. We have each other Now briefly look at the content of this highlight outstanding publication to turn to. It doesn't just offer a list of coins, but also a lot of historical material. First of all, family trees and compilations of historical ones Data, which can only be gratefully welcomed, right there Difficult to overlook and little in Braunschweig conditions are known, but without knowledge of the history the coins collecting remains a gimmick. Extraordinary things then follow numerous archival messages about the coinage, the in places to Imprint whole documents expand, and I stand not on, this one Parts of work the same to recognize importance like the coin description. It is thus a new treasure trove of news about coin operations, monetary system, Mint Master and the like open-minded, which also has implications for the general public, for the German coin industry customer as such, yet even a lot will let you learn. Except- The book's features deserve decent praise on print and illustrations. This shows the above-mentioned upscale luxury entirely especially: we see the names of all coin lords, theirs Seal, whole Coin certificates in fact simile print, and last not at least the coins yourself in one almost admirable cleanliness and sharpness, which itself does not fail with the most miserable Kipperlings. I repeat, it wasn't the intention this ad to go into details: with such extensive work it's easy, a thousand things to pick out about the one can argue, and this and that point in which the author was wrong; that likes the special researcher remain left. But what one like that also may find and what always in below these lines noted from the general point of view - there's no denying that we have one here superbly designed, in the spirit and spirit of modern science

literature, 227 work begun before have us, the just us from the heart Wishing you a happy continuation and a nice conclusion: The newer numismatics is then expanded to include a source work from be enriched by transitory value. F. Friedensburg. 15%

Obituary. Friedrich Hultsch. On April 6, 1906 The former director died in Dresden Kreuzschule senior school councilor Prof. Dr. Hultsch in his 73rd year of life years. As a young teacher at that school has he in 1862 that beautiful program De Damareteo Argenteo Syracusarum nummo published and shown that in the old decadrachms Attic currency, as we have it in Syracuse, the da- Maretion can be recognized after one has looked for the system up to that point. racusian Gold coin searched in vain had. There were Research into the Sicilian literary system, which led him to this Discovery brought had. Published a few months later already the: Greek and Roman Metrology (Berlin, Weidmann 1862), the difficult topic of coins, measurements and Weight systems in an extremely clear and concise manner treating. A supplement to the handbook of metrology form the 1864/66 in Teubner's author collection rails Metrologicorum scriptorum reliquiae. The new approach metrology work, more than twice as large in scope than the earlier one, he had it published 20 years later (1882). goes into much more detail of the investigations a and is to one detailed Manual of metrology become. One whole series smaller and larger treatises deals with special questions from the same area. On the tracks, which A. Boeckh once showed, is next to Th. Mommsen and J. Brandis has not been worked on so vigorously by anyone, as by Hultsch. R. Weil. | N 1 | \ al T re i

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman Gold stamping. (Plate 1.) In the days from April 15th to 22nd, 1907, in the Palazzo Borghese at Rome the outstanding collection of ancient coins of the Marchese Carlo Strozzi, who died a long time ago from Florence auctioned, whose name as editor’s des “Periodico di numismatica e sfragistica” (6 volumes 1868—1874) widen Circling in a praiseworthy manner known become is. A loss for Italy is the fragmentation of the country Scopes unrivaled Etruscan division the collection. In the front line in this division was the Etruscan Gold, listed under No. 510 to 539 by A. Sambon in Paris wrote auction catalogs; was these Suite after all the only, which include the three nominals the gold series with the Lion's head, which combined 50, 25 and 12 liter pieces. Further It contained the piece of 5 didrachms as a unicum the hippo camp; likewise no less than nine copies decorated partly with male and partly with female heads 25 and 10 liter pieces. All of these older Etruscan gold coins are embossed on one side. On her foot and her feet I will draw on the silver coins in a different context. hange have to come back; on this point should only be from the youngest Etruscan gold coins be the talk, namely from the two-sided ones. A representative this genus is that under no. 539 des Catalogs listed copy, shown there Pl. I: Journal of Numismatics. XXVI. 16

230 Haeberlin: Head of Artemis in a pearl wreath to the right, in front of A. R/. Jumping dog to the right, above A, in the section V2434 (cf. also Garrucei, Tav. LXXI, 12 and 14); the weights of the The three well-known pieces of this type are as follows: 1.15 gr. Gotha;') 1.14 er, Strozzi;- Plate 1.2. 1.12 gr. Paris (without A on R/.). Fourfold this small nominal forms a unicum the British Museum from the Pembroke collection, described and shown, among other things, in Cat. of the Greek coins, Italy 8.41. N.1 below: Crowned head of Apollo after ]. between the two X of the token XX. R/. Striding bull after 1st; a pigeon above it Wreath in the beak, in the field]. star of 8 rays; in the section: {inANLJAA Weight: 4.67 grams. 72.1 grains). Plate 1,1. See Garrucei Tav. LXXI, 13. One has a lot about it argued, whether the two gold nominal one and the same or two different cities belong, whether the inscription on the large piece of Feltpapi or Felznani is called, whether the coins Vulci, Felsina (Bononia) or Volsinii are to be attributed, finally to which units their value symbols?). But since the P in Etruscan never 1) Formerly in the Vatican; the information in Sambon, Monnaies antiques de P’Italie, p.40, that there is still a copy in the Vatican is incorrect. 2) From the rich literature the following should be mentioned: Sestini Description num. vet. Lipsiae, 1796 8. 22. — Caronni, Ragg. P. II, p. 186.—Avellino, Giorn. Num. Tom. I p. 17. — The same: Opuse, various Vol. II p. 100-106, av. IV, Fig. 11. — Millingen, Oonsid..S. 171 f. — .Corssen, language the Etr. I, p. STOf., plate XXI, 4. — The same, Ztschr. f. Num. Vol. III, 1876, p. 14ff. — KO Müller, Etr. I, p. 133. — This same work in Deeckes Arr. I 8. 386 and 4383. — Deecke, Etr. Research Booklet II, 1876,.8: 1. N. 4.8. 95 and 99 — Friedlander, Contributions I pp. 163-179 and Plate V, 1-3. — Mommsen, R.M. S, 216 and 260. — Sambon, Rech.

The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Roman gold coinage. 231 times with the character TI, but with 4, that N, on the other hand, has the forms 4, N or fi and the latter form in the characters of the main piece is present, so I can with Dressel') and Nissen') the accuracy of Felznani's reading not to be doubted; it also finds confirmation in one apparently to this gold corresponding piece of silver, Unicum the Collection of Dr. Walter Giesecke in Leipzig: Head of Athena in the Corinthian laurel wreath Helmet to the right Zef. Standing lion biting a spear after ]., under the belly the value I, in the section Part of the inscription on the large gold piece Felznani, of which only the letters -elzna- are on the Schrötling have come here, however the n with a clear M. — Weight: 2.78 gr. Plate 1, 3. I also vote (against A. Sambon) Garrucei in it, that the inscriptions on the two gold denominations are one and the same city designate, because Garrucei rightly refers to this different spellings of other Etruscan city names, as for Populonia Puplu(na), Pupla(na), Fuflu, as for Vetulonia Fatl, Fetl, Fetalu, finally like Thezi and Thezle. the city, around which, according to this, are all alone can, is that Etruscan Volsinii. Regarding the foot of the gold pieces mentioned, prevailed so far the same Ambiguity like considerately the other Etruscan systems by moving from the uncertain method the determination of the gold unit started, instead of first determining whether the pieces as such do not belong to a known person weights correspond; so Head, so recently A. Sambon, who after the gold unit corresponds to the '/“» of the main piece of 4.67 gr. p. 52. — Gamurrini, Period. di num. Vol. VI, 79. — Garrucei 8. 47 to Tav. LXXI, No. 12-14. — The same in Civilta Cattolica Ser. XI, 1880, p. 720. — M. Soutzo, Introd. p. 57. — head, Hist. num. p. 10f. — A: Sambon: La monnaies ant. de l’Italie, issue 1, pp. 14 and 40. 1) Private correspondence. 2) Nissen, Italian. Regional Studies I, pp. 74 and 338. 16*

232 Haeberlin: consistent with the calculated 0.233 gr. (=3.6 grains). This experience A. Sambon then achieved a sixteen-fold result Silver values from 3.70 gr., it there putting, whether with that a “Etruscan denarius of reduced weight” (?), a (Phocian) Campanian drachma (normal 3.79 gr.) or a Massaliotic drachma could be meant. Considered man in contrast the gold pieces as such, so there can be no doubt that a) the small piece with its between 1.15 and 1.12 gr. swaying weights on the norm of scruple of 1.137 gr., d. h. on sesterce weight, b) the big piece of 4.67 gr., however, is the norm of 4 Scerupels, d. h. on denarius weight (4,548 gr.) stands. In order to determine the corresponding silver value, it is necessary to know the relationship in which to the relevant time In central Italy gold was equal to silver. The Views on this still vary widely and fluctuate between ten and twenty times!). I have to here further explanation, or to my statements in the “Systematics of the oldest Roman coinage”. On page 27 there I, namely still without taking into account sighting of the gold of Volsinii, calculated that at a relationship of gold to silver = 1:15, Silver to copper — 1:120, therefore gold to copper = 1:1800 4 Serupel Gold = 20 Roman-Campanian Drachmas of 3.411 gr. or = 30 librarian pounds of 272.875 gr. be. This calculation will, the mentioned ratio is determined held, through the value symbols of Volsinian gold as proven correctly. It turns out at 1:15 1) 20: Gamurrini, who therefore counts the large piece at 20 denarii, period. di num, VI p. 79. — 16: A. Sambon a.a. 0.8.14. — 12: Bahr feldt, Monete rom. campane $. 122. — 10: Mommsen, R. M. S. 404. — In Sielien gold was equal to silver in the second half of the fifth year a hundred and still under Dionysus 1:15, but went up under Agathocles 1:12 down. Head, Historian num. $. 160. Reinach, l'Histoire pp. 78-86.