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Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 22 — 1895
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I have a general question at the end of this article. thoughts on the heart, and, mente pavida, I would like get rid of them. You may have had one here lately
ZtitMkrift Air Nomiamatik. XIX. 13
182 E - J- Seitmann: About some rare coins from Himera.
and a little too much “done” in chronology? That we have a certain number of historically fixed points for the time We have to have the proper purpose of autonomous coins be grateful to history. That it is the newer critical Study has been successful, with comparative use of ancient Sculptures of almost all coins are from major periods is a scientific triumph. If we finally the coins from the transition period, where the Clearly recognize artistic progression from stage to stage allows us to search for the narrowest periods of time, so That certainly seems justified. But what about one? highly detailed chronology of autonomous coins following time? Here an expert determines the age of a coin with determination up to an Olympics There says one Colleague: “The piece belongs at the end of the whole series and must be at least thirty years younger." Both believe they closed strictly and correctly according to the style of the period. Like Wouldn't it be if they sometimes reflected the zeitgeist of art? consciously confused with their personal taste?
E.J. Seitmann.
The dictatorships of Caesar and the coins of the first five
IIH viri a. a. a. £f.
There are two testimonies on which the dating of the first one is based Quattuorvirnkollegium and those defeated by the same Denarii with Caesar's image is founded: Suetonius, Caesar 41 minorum ...» magistratuum numerum ampliavü and Dio 44, 4, 4 natiqa t$ avtov natQtdog inwvopaöav xal ig td yoplapaTa ivs%ä-
Qctiay* Since Dio mentions these words in the year 710/44, and there It was also known that Caesar's portrait only appeared on the denarii the Quattuorvirn L. Flaminius Chilo, M. Mettius, L. Aemilius Buca, P. Sepullius Macer and C. Cossutius Maridianus certainly occurs, while we look to the earlier ones It was apparently concluded that neither coins nor triumvirs would meet It is quite true that Suetonius' note also dates back to the year 44 relate that the number of magistratus minores in this years has been increased.
In reaching this conclusion, however, one omitted to do so Consider coins of the Quattuorvirn, which are proven were minted before the denarii with Caesar's head, and so on Has anyone overlooked the fact that the Quattuorvirn has already been around for a year? long before the denarii with the head of Caesar, other pieces were have shaped. Yes, Dio's credibility lets us know what they are As far as the chronology of the Senate resolution is concerned, which certain that Caesar's image be placed on the coins, by- out of the lurch, as we will see below based on the coins, hope to provide evidence of inscriptions and literature from that time.
13»
184 F - L - Ganter:
Let's first examine the chronology of each Coins of each Quattuorvirn, so we have two characteristics, through which we establish a temporal sequence
can:
1. On the reverses of the coins is at different times the spelling of the names of the mint masters is different.
2. Some bear the first coins of a Quattuorvirn his title IUI vir, while the same mint master held this title on coins from later times is regularly omitted.
The two denarii of Chilo are in order given itself in that the first coin clearly identifies itself as such marked: IHI VIR PKL FL. (Babelon, Flaminia 2 = Julia 44 = Cohen, Flaminia 2). While this denarius on the Averse still shows a Venus head, is on the front of the others already have Caesar's head with the laurel wreath removed - formed (Bab., Flam. 3 = Julia 45 = Coh., Flam. 3), one pays attention probably because the name is on the reverse of the older denarius of the mint master on and under the base of the one depicted there Biga stands and is not led in an arc, while the latter This is the case with the younger denarius and without use of the base. Furthermore, note that on the obverse of the There is no legend about the younger denarii.
Mettius also has coins with and without Caesar's image niss shaped. The chronological sequence results from the The way the mint master's name is inscribed on the reverse is to wear. On the most recent coins, the obverse of which has the Caesar head and the legend IMP. or IMPER. carries (Bab., Julia 32-33 = Mettia 4-5 = Coh., Mettia 4 and 3), is the name M. METTIVS written out and kept in a bow. At the oldest coins [the Quinar with the Juno Sospita (Bab., Mettia 1 = Coh., Mettia 1) and the Sesterze with Venus (Bab., Mettia 2 = Coh., Mettia 2)] the name is in M. METTI shortened and in a straight line on the quinare below the base of the Biga. Between the oldest and the The most recent coins have a denarius with Caesar in the middle.
The dictatorships of Caesar and others coins d. five first IUI viri a. a. a. f. f. 1 85
heads and the inscription CAESAR DICT. QVART. (Bab., Julia 31 = Mettia 3 = Coh., M. 6), on whose reverse the name M. METTIVS has already been advertised, but still in a straight line Direction is guided. Accordingly, Caesar is the permanent title IMP. was later settled as the title DICT. QVART.
Aemilius Buca names himself on the first minted coin, Quinar with the, Pax (Babelon, Julia 39 = Aemilia 18 = Coh,, Aem. 14), full name L. AEMILIVS BVCA and adds his title, Uli VIR; on the second, sestertius with Diana head (Bab., Julia 40 — Aem. 19 = Coh,, Aem. 13), inscribed he also uses the full name, but already leaves that Title gone. Then Caesar's portrait appears on his denarii, first with the title IMP. P. M. (Bab., Julia 34 = Aem. 13 = Coh., Aem. 15): here too he still calls himself by his full name. On the later denarii with the legend CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO (Bab., Julia 35-37 - Aem. 14-17 = Coh., Aem. 16 - 18) there is only the prae and cognomen L. BVCA. The title DICT. PERPETVO therefore replaces the title IMP. off, and It also includes the denarius with the sleeping Endymion 1) (Babelon, Julia 38 = Aem. 12 = Coh., Aem. 12), on which the mint master also just calls L. BVCA, to the later ones Buca does not mint denarii, i.e. since Caesar is already dead like Sepullius Macer coins with the portrait of M. An- tonius (see below), but returns to his family type back. 1)
Sepullius Macer also uses various types of name spelling. He initially writes the full name Starting from the left in the arch around the top:
* CP
♦♦Ol*
1) A.y. Sallet, Z. f. N. IV, p. 128 fg.
186 F.L. Ganter:
later he writes P. SEPVLLIVS, as just mentioned, MACER On the other hand, also starting from the left, but around the bottom:
+4 0**
The change in spelling occurs at the time he the denarii with CAESAR IMP. (Bab., Julia 46 — Sepullia 1 = Coh., Sep. 5) and CAESAR IMPER. (Bab., Julia 47 *= Sep. 2 — Coh., Sep. 6), which is on the reverse of that denarius the older spelling, on the reverse of this the younger spelling - Then the coins of Sepullius Macer differ temporally divided into two classes, the older ones with the older spelling of the mint master's name (Bab., Sep. 9 - 12 and Julia 46 = Coh., Sep. 2 - 5) and the younger ones with the younger spelling (Bab., Julia 47-52 «= Sep. 2-7 «= Coh., Sep. 6-11 and Bab., Antonia 2 = September 8 — Coh., Sep. 12). So belong, as with Mettius and Buca, the quinars and sesterces of Sepullius Macer in the Time before the appearance of the Caesar head on the coins. From Macer's three coins, which have the Desultor on their reverse show with two horses (Bab., Julia 51. 52 — Sep. 6. 7 « Coh., Sep. 10. 11; Bab., Antonia 2 — Sep. 8 — Coh., Sep. 12), are the both, which on their Averse CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS (Bab., Julia 52 = Sep. 7 — Coh., Sep. 11) and the head of Anthony carry (Bab., Ant. 2 «= Sep. 8 - Coh., Sep. 12), after death Caesar's minted 1). The third coin with the same reverse (Bab., Julia 51 = Sep. 6 = Coh., Sep. 10), on their obverse Caesar has the title PARENS PATRIAE, therefore leads us in the very last time before Caesar's death, i.e. h. PARENS PATRIAE is one of the last titles given to Caesar. Finally, it should be noted that the two latest
1) A.v. Sallet, magazine. f. N. IV, p. 130 fg.
The dictatorships of Caesar and others coins d. five first Uli viri s.a. a.f.f. 1 87
Sepullius coins bearing the head of Caesar (Bab M Julia 50 = September 5 — Coh., Sep. 9 with the inscription CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO and Bab., Julia 51 — Sep. 6 = Coh., Sep. 10 with the inscription CAESAR PARENS PATRIAE), this with dressed in priestly vestments. From this we learn that these two titles at the same time, i.e. i.e., like us Relationship of Bab. Julia 51 with those after Caesar's death Coins struck by Sepullius, Bab. Julia 52 and Antonia 2, proved, shortly before Caesar's death, next to each other use goods; We also learn that the title dicL perpetuo had already been granted before the title parens patriae is because Sepullius still has two denarii that have been preserved the title dict. perpetuo already included (Bab., Julia 48. 49 = Sep. 3. 4 = Coh., Sep. 8. 7), but Caesar's head is not yet visible clothes show and therefore have to be seated earlier.
From the denarii of Cossutius Maridianus is evident The one that was first minted was the one that was on the reverse shows the full name and the garbled title: C. COSSV- TIVS MARIDIANVS A. A.A. P.P. (Bab., Julia 43 = Cossutia 2 = Coh., Coss. 2), the other two only contain the prefix and cognomen of the mint master: C. MARIDIANVS. All three On the obverse, denarii show the laurel-wreathed, clothed figure Caesar's head, the older one entitled PARENS PATRIAE, the younger ones got the title DICT. PERPETVO or IN PERPETVO. It is this new evidence that in the time just before Death of Caesar these two titles were used side by side were.
So after the foregoing, those separated from Caesar The title on the coins with his portraits is as follows Reject: DICT. QVART., IMP. re: IMPER., DICT. PERPETVO, PARENS PATRIAE, whereby in addition to the last title also the penultimate one remained in use. It also follows that all coins without Caesar's effigy except Buca's Endymion (Bab., Julia 38 = Aem. 12 = Coh., Aem. 12) are older, than those with his portrait. The coins with the legend
188 F - L - Ganter:
PARENS PATRIAE belong to the time shortly before Caesar's death, which agrees very well with the above diode passage the year 710/44 reports naxiqa %s avxov naxqidog inoovdpaoav. The coins depicting Caesar also belong to the same year as dict. perpetuo is referred to (Dio 44, 8, 4; Josephus, antiqu. 14, 10, 7 § 211 Niese; cf. Appian, b. c. 2, 106; Suetonius, Caesar 76).
From the foregoing it also follows that first four-person college composed of L. Flaminius Chilo, M. Mettius, L. Aemilius Buca and P. Sepullius Macer 1 ). The question now is in whose place C. Cossutius Maridianus occurred later. Chilo and Mettius can do this alone be considered as we are alone with these two no coin with the title dictator perpetuo can be found, while Buca and Macer minted many such coins. So Chilo and Mettius performed in front of their two colleagues- belongs to minting coins. But they are, as we have seen have younger pieces from Mettius with Caesar's head than from Chilo, so Chilo is the one who first came out of the Collegium resigned. In his place came Maridianus 2).
The many from the Senate and people to the victorious dictator The honors bestowed (cf. Dio 43, 43 - 45) are, as Dio (43, 46, 1 xavt* inl vixrj .... ovx iv piä ye fipiqct, olXK c5$ nov xal hvxev, äXXo aUrj ixvQw^rj) says, not all at once, but decided on different days. It is therefore increase that of Dio in the enumeration of each Honorary statements observed order a claim to has chronological validity. After that the first attacks would have conclusions that arrived after the April 20th 709/45 3 ). Victory message has been taken, Caesar outside the right,
1) See Mommsen-Blacas, II, p. 545 note 1.
2) See Mommsen-Blacas, II, p. 545 note 1; on the other hand, A. v. Sallet, the probably accidentally in the Ztschr. f. N. IV, p. 131 and in the “Commentationes in honorem Th. Mommseni" p. 87 instead of Maridianus at this point P. Se- pullius Macer calls.
3) Lange, Rome. Antiquities, IIP, p. 461, 6.
The dictators Caesar and others coins d. five first Uli viri a. a. a. 1 f. 189
to wear the triumphal robe at all festivities Authorities grant themselves the laurels always and everywhere operate.
This latter right was certainly true in the first days was issued after April 20th, also applies to ours Coins into consideration. On all coins In the portrait of Caesar we find his head with a lorry decorated with berry wreaths. That you don't think about it from the start It was agreed whether this laurel wreath should be with or without a tiara bow should be worn, the different examples show one Denarii of Quattuorvirn L. Flaminius Ghilo (Bab., Flaminia 3 = Julia 45 = Coh., Flam. 3). A.v. Sallet 1 ) has observed note that on a number of these copies it is clear such a loop can be seen while on others is not present. This can only be done in the following way: clarify: The coins with the loop were shortly after that conclusions have been formed; since Caesar himself didn't have one yet Kranzes was able to operate at the time of minting - he was still in Spain and of course still knew the Senate decision not - so there was no pattern to use can. The minters themselves therefore had to create a standard create: they chose the loop. When this then gave impetus It was omitted from later mintings. We We are therefore dealing with the first minting of coins here the laurel wreath, as all the Caesar heads are on the coins wear such wreaths, even with the first coinage of one Coin with Caesar's portrait. Certainly the first Copies immediately after the relevant Senate resolution been coined. This also explains why on the coin no name or title of Caesar can be found: they limited themselves simply to recognize the unheard of innovation of the portrait to show the Romans. That just L. Flaminius It is Chilo who first coined the image of Caesar
1) Ztschr. f. N. V, p. 245.
190 F.L. Ganter:
not surprising, since he was also the first coin of the collection giums as such (cf. the obverse Bab., Flam. 2 = Coh., Flam. 2: PRI. FL.).
The Caesarian title of Emperor was awarded after Dio 43, 44, 1-2 the Senate to Caesar I. J. 709/45 because of the victory from Munda: inl d£ drj rijj pixij ixetw %s ocfa tlnov y yeqovaia eyvto, xal nqotibth alxov xe iXiV&eQtoXfjv xal ixdXovv xal ig xd yQappaxeta aviyqatpov, xal vswv iXsv&SQiaq dtjpoala hpij(pi(favto. xo xe toü avxoxqdxoqog ovofia ov xaxd xo dq%atov ext [iopov,
1) Cicero also greets Caesar in two years at this time in 709/45 letters addressed to him (Ep. XIII, 15 and 16) with his new one Title: CICERO CAESARI IMP. SAL.
COS.
IL
coa.
IL
dict.
IL
dict.
n.
COS.
III.
dict.
IL
COS.
rai.
dict.
ffl.
COS.
v.
dict.
in the.
COS.
v.
dict
perp.
The dictators Caesar and others Coins d. five first in viri a. a. a. f. f. 191
So we have a new important result that Caesar already towards the end of April 709/45 the title DICT. QVART. has led.
Since this result is consistent with those from Mommsen in the corpus scriptionum Latinarum I. ed. alt. pars pr. 40-42 lined up appointments
a. 705/49 Nov./Dec. during 11 days dict L
a. 706/48 beginning to October
October to the end of J.
a. 707/47
a. 708/46
a. 709/45
a. 710/44 beginning. until Jan 26th
... February 15th to March 15th cannot be reconciled, I must point out below Mommsen's statements a. a. 0. and the reasons for mine our own results in more detail.
Mommsen bases the above scheme primarily on the Fasti Capitolini and the other few surviving inscriptions of Caesar, who mention the dictatorship. He is also looking for the roughly simultaneous report of the second chapter in the War to bring Hispaniense into harmony. It begs the question So whether the Fasti Capitolini's information about the dictatorships Caesar's should be understood as Mommsen a. a. 0. developed has, and whether the later writers regarding the dictatorships Caesar's really, as Mommsen assumes, only useless things have handed down.
Mommsen was probably responsible for setting up the first dictatorship never experienced any contradiction from any side in relation to the beginning of the second. On the other hand, I want that End date of the second or the beginning date of the third dictum Tatur moves into a different time than what happened from Mommsen is. For the sake of clarity, it might be advisable to to give the scheme right here, which represents the re- The result of my investigations shows:
192 F - L - Ganter:
a. 705/49 Nov./Dec. during 11 days dict. I
a. 706/48 beginning to October cos. II.
October to the end of the year cos. II. dict. IL a. 707/47 dict. II.
a. 708/46 beginning to around mid-April cos. III. dict. U.
approx. mid-April to the end of December. J. cos. III. dict. III. a. 709/45 beginning to around mid-April cos. IUI. dict. III.
approx. mid-April to the end of December. J. cos. IUI. dict. IIIL a. 710/44 beginning until March 15th cos. V. dict. HEY.
On the Fasti Gapitolini there are the 2nd, 3rd and 4th dictatorships respectively for January 1st 707/47, 709/45 and 710/44 recorded Da it is now generally recognized and also by Mommsen a. a. 0. It is represented that the second dictatorship of Gaesar did not start with the January 1, 707/47, but already started in October 706/48 (as the writers report), but we go to the Fasti Capitolini only recorded the same on January 1, 707/47 find, the same can also apply to the 3rd and 4th dictatorships, and with Mommsen we are by no means forced to accept the The beginning of the 3rd and 4th dictatorships should be set exactly on January 1st. Rather, the probability is higher from the outset Measures to ensure that even with the 3rd dictatorship (this alone It is because the inauguration day is the 4th exactly one year falls later than that of the 3rd dictatorship, because this dictatorship is one annua is) not January 1st, but an earlier date The beginning of the annual dictatorship means. But now it's about Dio (43, 14, 4) recorded with certainty that the Romans Caesar upon arrival of news of victory from Thapsus (circa Mid-April 708/46) . . . *a) dixictcogcc ig dixa (sc. itij) i slXovzo. That Caesar already in the year 46 Dict. III was, goes also from the fact that the Senate allowed him to triumph this year to make use of a number of 72 lictors, d. h. 24 each for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd dictatorships (cf. Dio 43, 14, 3). The 10 year and later the lifelong dictatorship Caesar's is just as much an extraordinary office as that 1st and 2nd dictatorship. There is therefore no reason for us
The dictatorships of Caesar and others coins d. five first Uli viri a.a.a.f.f. 193
could lead one to assume that the iteration of the extraordinary office to the dates of the regular, would have joined regular offices.
But if you take the scheme given above as correct This explains both the spelling of the Fasti Capitolini and Colotiani and the triumphal table, as well as the reports of the contemporary and later writers.
The consular fasts, which as such only contain the names of the Consuls departed on January 1st each year or the names of the consxües wffecti that took their place record, Caesar's dictatorships are only mentioned as a matter of honor namely with regard to the date on which he as Consul took office. So Caesar is on the 1st of January nuar 709/45 with full rights as Dict. III, on January 1, 710/44 as dict. called IUI.
According to the above scheme, Caesar is from mid-April 709/45 to to his death Dict. IUI, so the triumphal table completely agree when it was given to him on January 26th 710/44 J)ict. IUI is called.
This also agrees with Josephus, anti. 14, 10, 7 §211 (Niese) received document: rdtog Kataag avtoxQdtuQ
dixtdtwQ %6 thaqxov vncttog ts tö nipmov dutxdxwq dnodsdeiy p£vo$
did ßiov .... The title ai%oxqd%mq, on the other hand, is completely different on another document also received from Josephus (Caesar's letter, Ant. 14, 10, 2 § 190-195, Niese) to understand, in which Caesar's titles are given as follows are: rd$og *Iovfoo$ KaXtSaq aixoxqdtmq xal aQ%tsQtv$ dtxtdtwQ %6 dsvxsqov Sidwvtmv &q%ovö*v ßovlrj dfjpw %a\qnv. Have here We are definitely not dealing with Caesar in the year 709/45 to do with the awarded, Caesarian title of emperor, but with the ordinary republican, as can be seen from the following words of the letter emerge with utmost clarity,
where it says § 192 (Sneeze): 'Iovlux; Kataaq avxoxqdxuq %o
dsvisQov xal dq%isqev<; .... Yes, we even find out too from the document itself that it dates from soon after
194 F.L. Ganter:
Alexandrian Wars, d. h. from the year 47: cf. § 193 (Sneezing): xal Iv %& SyyiGta iv ^AXe^avdQsia noXifitp .... This year, however, is how the document is received recorded, Caesar dict. üerum (see the tables).
Also in the inscription, meeting reports d. Berl. Acad. 1889,
pp. 961, 975 [rdiog KaXtSaq Taiov vlög avt oxqo\twq , dixxdtmQ t[6 %\qiTov, xad-efaap&voq %6 zitaqxov] has the title avtoxQatmQ not the meaning of the Caesarian title of emperor, since Caesar the same, as we saw above, later than that the title of dictator quarto. That iteration can be missing and often missing is a well-known fact. This inscription is therefore in the period from around mid-April 46 to April 45 put.
What Mommsen a. a. 0. rightly considered particularly important Testimony states, the report of the bellum Hispaniense cap. 2 Caesar dictator tertio, designatus dictator quarto multis (follows the reconstruction of the text according to Mommsen a. a. 0.) iter ante diebus con/ecü quam crederes festinans ad bellum conßciendum. In Hispania cum venieset. . ., whose titles he also included violent and uncertain interpretation of the time of the already must refer to Caesar's presence in Spain in order to as is required according to his scheme, still in the first Days of the year 709/45 to come, this report fits without every impetus, whether Caesar before or after January 1st Spain arrived in the scheme given above.
Above all, however, it speaks for the correctness of the new scheme the fact that the testimony of later historians, apart from a real misunderstanding (Plut. Caes. 51 sees the 2nd dictatorship as an annual dictatorship, perhaps because he did Fasti misunderstood), not rejected with Mommsen are needed, because when Dio 43, 1, 1 reports: %& di ixopfrm hsi (708/46) xai idhxxatmqevasv apa xal indtsve, %qhov ixdteQW, %ov Asnldov ol äinpotiQoiq
The dictatorships of Caesar and others coins d. five first IUI viri a. a. a. f. f. 1 95
from January 1st to the end of the year cos. III. was and Lepidus at the appropriate time his master's degree and colleague was in the consulate. Also Suetonius's report (Div. Julius 76) tertium et quartum consulaium titulo tenus gessit, contentus dictaturae potestate decretae cum conmlibus simul is not wrong, but only incorrectly expressed insofar as the 3rd and 4th con- sulat does not coincide with the 3rd and 4th dictatorships, but with each 8^ months.
But what seems most important to me is the new scheme supported and the correctness of it is most striking to be proven by the fact that we are different Starting from points, we arrived at the same result, in this respect also from the previous study on the chrono- Coinlogy has shown that Caesar died towards the end of April 709/45 as dict. IUI. must be proven.
Let us now return to the coins of the first Quattuor virnkollegium back, we are still left with no coins Caesar's effigy remains to be treated. The same go with the first pieces back to the middle of the year 708/46. To The following circumstances necessitate this appointment:
1. We saw above that the coins are one can be arranged chronologically by each mint master, and that after the coins without Caesar's head in a consistent manner must have been minted earlier than those with Caesar's head. There these extend into the second half of April 709/45, they must be from an earlier date.
2. The victory of Munda is marked on the coins by the Image of Venus Victrix glorified at the same time with the Caesarian title of emperor on those denarii only occurs which occurs after April 20th (i.e. the day on which on which the news of victory reached Rome). are. But now they can also be found on others, from the first Quattuorvirnkollegium minted coins (Bab., Flam. 2 = Coh., Flam. 2; Bab., Mettia 1 = Coh., Mettia 1; Bab., Sep. 9. 10 = Coh., Sep. 2. 3) Hints of an achieved victory. It
196 F.L. Ganter:
So the question arises, can these allusions to victory go from Munda. Because you would have to accept that, you would want to one is of the opinion A. v. SalletV), which assumes that the smaller coins of the Quattuorvirn College are equal to start early with the denarii on which Caesar's picture appears. seems.
Biga and Viktoria can count on victory at Munda on the reverse of the first fruits denarius of Chilo, because Caesar's picture is not yet present on the obverse is; but the first coin that came into being after the may have been coined by the victory won at Munda, is, as shown above, the other denarius of Chilo, on its obverse Caesar's laurel-crowned head is depicted. So if the The coin minted later by Chilo is the first to be found The victory at Munda refers to the one he coined earlier not glorify the same victory, but the previous one going, the victory at Thapsus. A similar biga with the We meet Viktoria on the reserve of a Quinares Mettius (Bab., Mettia 1 = Coh., Mettia 1). This Quinar belongs therefore in the same period as the first denarius of Chilo, i.e. h. Both coins are about the glorification of Victory at Thapsus, probably reminiscent of an earlier victory of Caesar can hardly be thought of.
3. It exists between the types which are on the quinaries and sesterces of the Quattuorvirn appear and on contemporary events are to be referred to, and those which refer us to the Quinars and sesterces of the Mint Triumph, which was still influential in 708/46 virn and prefects meet, a very surprising similarity ity and kinship. The same bust of Victoria (you can see perhaps rightly claims that they have the features of Calpumia stretch) we find on the one hand on the averses of the two quinaries of P. Sepullius (Bab., Sep. 9. 10 = Coh., Sep. 2. 3), on the other hand on the obverses:
n Ztschr. f. N. IV. P. 129/130.
The dictatorships of Caesar and others coins d. five first Uli viri a.a.a.f.f. 197
a) a quinary of III vir. L. Papius Celsus (Bab., Papia 4 = Coh., Papia 4);
b) a quinary of (III vir?) Valerius Ascisculus (Bab., Valeria 22 = Coh., Val. 20);
c) the Aurei and the gold quinary of L. Munatius Plancus, pref. urb. (Bab., Munatia 1 - 2 and 3 = Coh., Mun. 1—3), with the one on all three coins existing legend of the obverse: C. CAES. DIC. TER.;
d) the coin of the prefect C. Clovius (Bab., Clovia 11 = Coh., Clovia 7), with the legend: CAESAR. DIC. TER.
What we learn from this is this: There was a time when... which the Senate exclusively mints quinarees and sesterces Hess. I specifically say the Senate because it explains this will, which is why L. Munatius Plancus and C. Clovius, the Caesar's Magistrates were to make an exception. This is a year in which on the one hand the old triumviri, on the other hand but the new magistrates, the Quattuorviri, have already made their mark. It is also a year in which Caesar was dictator tertio and achieved a victory. So only the year can do this 708/46, namely the time after the victory of Thapsus. Caesar was still at the beginning of the year 709/45. ter., but no longer after the victory of Munda, at that time he already the. quarter.
4. That Caesar after the glorified on these coins Siege at sea had to return to Rome, both go out the quinare of Sepullius (Bab., Sep. 9 = Coh., Sep. 2), which on the reverse has a standing Fortuna with the tax rudder shows, as well as from an ace of the legate Eppius (Bab., Julia 21 = Coh., Eppia 1), which has a Prora on the reverse shows, while the obverse shows the inscription C. CAES. DIC. TER: carries. The meaning of Fortuna with the rudder (the happy return to sea) teach us two other coins. Bab.,) Antonia 43. 44 = Coh., Ant. 33. 32).
Journal of Numismatics. XIX. 14
198 F. k- Ganter:
Af. Head of Anthony: ANT. AVG. IMP. III V.R.P.C.
RF Fortuna with the rudder, in front of a stork: PIETAS. COS. Here we have an aureus or Denarius of the Consul L. Antonius, the i. J. 713/41 by Caesar the Triumvir in Perusia was besieged and his brother's return from Egypt desired. (Bab., Sempronia 12 «= Coh., Sempr. 11)
Af. Head of Caesar (Triumvir): DI VI IVLL F. Rf Fortuna with rudder: TL SEMPRON. GRACCVS III VIR Q.D.
This aureus is due to the return of the triumvir Caesar the battle of Philippi. On the other coins of the same Mint master (Bab., Sempr. 10. 1 1. 13 = Coh., Sempr. 8. 9. 10). The victory at Philippi is clearly evident again: there are signs of victory Roman standards, the plow plays on the distribution of the fields, to the redistribution of the Roman Empire under Antony and Caesar 1 ) alludes to the scepter. So it's also about in our case, the Quinar of Sepullius asked for a return Caesar 1 s at sea: it can therefore only be the return after Thapsus' victories are meant to be because Caesar from Spain country has returned. That also points to the same year Title C. Cae8. the. ter. on the ace of Eppius, whose Reverse indicates a naval expedition
5. Cicero writes to his friend in 708/46 Q. Cornuficius (ep. ad fam. XII, 18, 2), the governor of Cilicia: istie (i.e. near Cilicia, in Syria, where sex. Caesar was murdered by Caecilius Bassus in 708/46 was) bellum est exortum, Uc (in Italy, where Cicero wrote the letter wrote) pax con8ecuta est. This is exactly peace, which by defeating the Pompeian party Thapsus was achieved, but it only lasted a short time. This one Joy in the regained peace, as she feels after one
x ) Cf. L. Ganter, the provincial administration of the Triumvirs, this. 8tra8sb. 1892, p. 2 fg.
The dictatorships of Caesar and others coins d. five first IUI viri a.a.a.f.f. 199
Long-term civil wars are quite natural, too the coins express their expression. Here again there are probably coins of the Quattuorvirs, as well as those of the Triumvirs:
a) Bab., Sep. 10 = Coh., Sep. 3: Rf. A Viktoria with
the peace palm (Quinar).
Bab., Sep. 11. 12 = Coh., Sep. 4: Af. Mercury, the God of trade with Caduceus. RF Gaduceus, a symbol of peace (2 sesterces).
Bab., Julia 39 = Coh., Aem. 14: Af Head of Pax: PAXS. Rf. Two joined hands: L. AEMI- LIVS BVCA IUI VIR (Quinar).
b) Bab., Valeria 23 = Coh., Valeria 21: Af. cornucopia, sym-
bol of peace (sestertius). Bab., Papia 5. 6. 7 = Coh., Papia 5: Af. (= Af. from Bab., Sep. 11. 12): CELSVS. Rf. Lyra, symbol of peace (sesterces).
These Quattuorvirn coins provide clear evidence that they were already minted in the year 708/46, because in the year 709/45 peace is achieved through the new fight against the Pomeranian pejaner no longer exists in Spain.
To make matters worse, there is also a similar type on the quinaries of the triumvir L. Papius Celsus (Bab., Pap. 4 = Coh., Pap. 4), and the Quattuorvirn M. Mettius (Bab., Mettia 2 = Coh., Mettia 2): a girl who is the serpent of Juno Sospita feeds (cf. about the meaning [Salus] Babelon H, p. 283). Here too you can see the direct succession follow the smaller coins of the Quattuorvirn to those of the Triumvirs.
From these investigations it follows: 1. that the small coins of the Quattuorvirn P. Sepullius Macer, M. Mettius and L. Aemilius Buca were not minted at the same time as the denarii are on which Caesar's head appears, but as a whole earlier, namely around the middle of the year 708/46 until April 709/45 (i.e. until the time when the first denarii
14*
200 F - L. Ganter:
were minted with Caesar's image); 2. that the office the Quattuorvirn is not a one-year event, but rather of a longer duration has been; 3. that L. Munatius Plancus soon after End of the African War in 708/46 Prae- has become fectus urbi.
For better orientation we give at the end The following chronological overview of the coins of the Quattuorvirn L. Flaminius Chilo, M. Mettius, L. Aemilius Buca, P. Sepullius Macer and C. Gossutius Maridianus:
A.L. Flaminius Chilo.
1) IUI VIR PRI. FL. Venus head r.
RF L. FLAMINI. CHILO. Victoria in a n.r. traveling Biga standing. (Compare B, 1.) (Bab., Flam. 2 = Julia 44 = Cohen, Flam. 2.) Denarius.
2) Head of Caesar to the right
Rf. L. FLAMINIVS. IUI VIR. Juno with scepter and Caduceus, standing, n. 1. (Bab., Flam. 3 = Julia 45 = Cohen, Flam. 3.) Denarius.
B.M. Mettius.
1) Head of Juno Sospita to the right, behind a snake.
RF M. METTI. Victoria, in a n. r. moving Biga standing. (Compare A, 1.) (Bab., Mettia 1 = Coh., Mettia 1.) Quinar.
2) Head of Venus to the right
RF M. METTI. Girl to the right walking and a snake feeding. (Cf. Bab., Papia 4 = Coh., Papia 4,) (Bab., Mettia 2 = Coh., M. 2.) Sesterce.
3) CAESAR DICT. QVART. Head of Caesar to the right, behind Lituus.
RF M. METTIVS. Juno Sospita with shield and raised Lance in a n.r. moving Biga standing. (Bab., M. 3 = Julia 31 = Coh,, M. 6.) Denarius.
4) CAESAR. IMP. Caesar's head r. M behind Lituus and Simpulum.
The dictators Caesar and others coins d. five first Uli viri a.a.a.f. f. 201
Rf. M. METTIVS. Venus Victrix n. 1. (Bab. , M. 4 = Julia 32 = Coh., M. 4.) Denarius. 5) CAESAR. IMPER. Head of Caesar to the right
Example = 4). (Bab., M. 5 = Julia 33 = Coh., M. 3.) Denarius.
C.L. Aemilius Buca.
1) PAXS. Head of the Goddess of Peace r.
Rf. L. AEMILIVS BVCA IUI VIR. Two placed one inside the other . hands. (Bab., Julia39 = Aemilial8 = Cob., Aem. 14.) Quinar.
2) Diana head with crescent moon to the right.
Rf. L. AEMILIVS BVCA. A star in the middle. (Bab., Julia 40 = Aemilia 19 = Coh., Aem. 14.) Sestertius.
3) CAESAR IM. P. M. Head of Caesar to the right, behind a crescent.
Rf. L. AEMILIVS BVCA. Venus Victrix n. 1., upright. (Bab., Julia 34 = Aem. 13 = Coh., Aem. 15.) Denarius.
4) CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO. Head of Caesar to the right
Rf. L. BVCA. Venus Victrix n. 1. , upright. (Bab., Julia 35 = Aem. 14 = Coh., Aem. 16.) Denarius.
5) CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO. Head of Caesar to the right
Rf. L. BVCA. Venus Victrix half-undressed, sitting to the right. (Bab., Julia 36 = Aem. 15 = Coh., Aem. 17.) Denarius.
6) CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO. Head of Caesar to the right
Rf. L. BVCA. Caduceus crosses with a fascis, in the gaps a hatchet, two nested laid hands, a globe and the name L. Buca. (Bab., Julia 37 = Aem. 17 « Coh., Aem. 18.) Denarius.
7) L.BVCA. Venus head with diadem r.
RF Endymion. (Bab., Julia 38 = Aem. 12=Coh., Aem. 12.) Denarius.
D.P. Sepullius Macer.
1) Bust of Victoria to the right
Rf. P. SEPVLLIVS MACER (m.d.) 1 ). upright
1) «with the watch dough, i.e. h. the one to the left of this designation The name on the coin in question is written in a circle in the direction
• = Coh., Sep. 4.)
202 F - L - Ganter:
standing Fortuna, n. 1. turned, i. d. r. Hd Rudder, i. d. 1. H. a cornucopia. (Bab., Sep. 9 = Coh., Sep. 2.) Quinar.
2) Bust of Victoria to the right
RF P. SEPVLLIVS MACER (m. d. p.m.). To the right walking Victoria, i. d. r. For a laurel wreath, i. 3) Bust of Mercury to the right, a caduceus on the shoulder. RF P. SEPVLLIVS (m.d.). Winged caduceus. (Bab., Sep. 11 4) = i5" o* } variety (Bab., Sep. 12 Rf. = 6). ' Sesterces. 5) CAESAR IMP. Caesar's head to the right, behind it a star. RF P. SEPVLLIVS MACER (m. d. p.m.). Venus Victrix n. 1. turned, i. d. 1. Hd. a scepter, on which There is a star at the bottom, i. d. r. Hd. a little Victoria. (Bab., Julia 46 = Sep. 1 = Coh., Sep. 5.) Denarius.
6) Variety of 5) with the legend CAESAR IMPER. without Star on the obverse. (Bab., Julia 47 = Sep. 2 = Coh., Sep. 6.) Denarius.
7) CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO. Head of Caesar to the right
Rf. P. SEPVLLIVS MACER (m. d. o'clock) = 5, however instead of the star under the scepter a shield. (Bab., Julia 48 = Sep. 3 = Coh., Sep. 8.) Denarius.
8) = 7).
Rf. P. SEPVLLIVS (m.d.) MACER (d.d.). The type «= 5. (Bab., Julia 49 = Sep. 4 = Coh., Sep. 7.) Denarius.
9) CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO. Caesar's head to the right with that dressed in priestly headscarves.
wrote what the hand of a clock describes; G. d. Clock time = against the Clock hand, means the opposite direction.
The dictatorships of Caesar and others coins d. five first IUI viri a.a.a. f. f. 203
Rf. P. SEPVLLIVS (m.d.) MACER (g.d.). The type *= 7. (Bab., Julia 50 =Sep. 5 =Coh., Sep. 9.) Denarius.
10) CAESAR PARENS PATRIAE. Caesar's head to the right with that dressed in a priestly headscarf, with an apex behind it and in front of it a litus.
Rf. P. SEPVLLIVS (m.d.) MACER (d.m.). A rider to the right with the pointed hat of the Dios cures, a second horse on d. 1st hand leading, i. d. r. For the sake of a goat. A wreath in the field. (Bab., Julia 51 — Sep. 6 = Coh., Sep. 10.) Denarius.
11) CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS. Temple on four pillars.
Rf. = 10). (Bab., Julia 52 = Sep. 7 = Coh., Sep. 11.) Denarius.
12) Bearded head of M. Antonius to the right. with the priestly Wearing a headscarf, prefericulum behind, lituus in front.
Rf = 10). In the field a palm tree and a wreath. (Bab., Antonia 2 = Sep. 8 = Coh., Sep. 12.) Denarius.
E.C. Cossutius Maridianus.
1) =D. 10).
Rf C. COSSVTIVS MARIDIANVS A. A. A. F. F. The Name written across the cross, the title in the gaps standing. (Bab., Julia 43 = Coss. 2 = Coh., Coss. 2.) Denarius.
2) = D. 9).
Rf. C. MARIDIANVS. Venus Victrix n. 1., d. 1st Hd. on e. Shield supported on e. Globe rests (Bab., Julia 41 = Coss. 3 = Coh., Coss. 3.) Denarius.
3) CAESAR DICT. IN PERPETVO. Otherwise = D. 9).
RJ. — B.2). (Bab., Julia42=Coss.4=Coh.,Coss.5.) Denarius.
Altkirch in Upper Alsace.
Dr. Franz Ludwig Ganter.
Contributions to Greek numismatics
(With plate HI.)
Elis.
1) Vf. Eagle with spread wings to the right. flying and with
a turtle in his mouth (belly up)
holding, whose head he tears with his beak.
Rf. Zeus naked in a recessed square, striding to the right
and with the raised right hand hurling the lightning;
The eagle sits on his left hand facing right
spread wings. All around, starting on the left
under the right hand of Zeus and running downwards,
the inscription hOHnHVAO (declining), so that at the
left side of Zeus four letters, between the feet
two and the remaining three are on the right side.
Dm. 23 mm, weight 12.03 g. Berlin coin cabinet.
Shown plate III, 1.
The Berlin Coin Cabinet recently acquired this coin
acquired; she is unique and very because of her representations
interesting because we are based on the Elian coins known so far
the eagle either fighting the snake or about to
to tear a hare, a lamb or even a bird,
saw 1 ), while on this new coin he saw the turtle
pursued. That the eagle, in addition to other animals, also
It is well known that turtles are persecuted. Because he did the same because of her
Since he can't tear the hard shell apart, he grabs it with his
Claws, floats up with her and releases her from above
1) Compare Imhoof-Blumer and Otto Keller, animal and plant pictures on coins and gems, p. 28 and plate IV, 36, 37 and 38.
A. Lambropoulos: Contributions to Greek numismatics. 205
Stones fall down. After thus shattering her shell, he eats her up. By such an eagle from on high dropped turtle became, as the ancients say, the tragic poet Aeschylus killed. (See such an illustration position at master builder, monuments of classical antiquity Volume I page 34, n. 36.)
In this magazine 1 ) there is already one by Ernst Curtius another coin was published by Elis (= B), which on the front is completely different from the current one (= A). but the baking side is very similar to her; she is located is now, it seems, in the Paris collection 1 ). On the Obverse of this coin is the eagle with outstretched Wings shown flying to the left and with its beak holding a snake in the middle, which is wrapped around his body twists and, her head above that of the eagle, lifting, about to bite him; see on the back we, as in A, in the recessed square Zeus, naked to the right striding, hurling lightning with his right hand; on On his left arm stands the eagle with outstretched wings, and all around in the same way stands the legend HOXIIHVAO, with the difference, however, that on both sides of Zeus four letters, and between the feet only one, the P, is located. Until now, B has mistakenly had OAV/WPIKOM read, while the fourth letter seems like an exact description direction shows, not an M, but a clear P, after which older spelling, just like on A.
For stylistic reasons I believe that A without a doubt is older than B by one or two Olympiads. The eagle of Front is at A, especially in the wings, after the older way, and sees the oldest coins from Elis*)
1) Volume II p. 265.
2) See good phototype of this coin at /. AapiiQos, iltkon6vtnj*os
3) Compare Gatalogne of the Greek Coins in the British Museum, Pelo- ponnesus, PL X, 1—3.
206 A. Lambropoulos:
and the oldest of Chalcis 1 ) very similar, while on B the development of the eagle's wings and its head, like also from the general arrangement of the snake unmistakably reveals an advanced art; the lost deep square of the back is larger at A and as a result also the figure of Zeus, whose upper body is in proportion to the feet seem a bit too bulky, while the body is very drawn in in the middle, so that the breast is, so to speak, masses forms a triangle, whereas on B the body has one certain more natural and symmetrical arrangement come; the distance between Zeus's feet is wider and the the left foot in front is larger in relation to the right. Furthermore, the inscription on our coin also teaches that this be older; because the artist had the first time It seems that there was no other model for the letter his eyes and had not calculated from the outset how many letters he had to put on each page to to achieve a certain symmetry, but he sat without Calculation, having started from the left, the inscription away, and brought up, completely unconcerned about the symmetry the left side four, below, between the feet, two, and the remaining three letters on the right side. The Die cutter of the other coin, on the other hand - it is true - apparently the same artist - had the older coin before his eyes and avoided, although the room in that of Stamps made by his hands for the affixation of the Inscription was lower, but still that asymmetry by it calculated the wedging of the letters from the outset and then four on each side and one between the feet incision.
Curtius a. a. 0. cites the passage to explain that coin of Thucydides 2 ): “nolipov yaQ ysvopivov ttqos ^Qxddcov etc
1) Compare Magazine for Numismatics Volume in, p. 217, Act II, 5 and Volume XVII, Plate I, 3. Numismatic Chronicle X, p. 31 and PI. m, 23.
2) V, 31, 2.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 207
AmQsdtaig, xal ^HXeinav naQaxXtj&forTwy vno AsnQeatäy ig Svppaxiccv inl irj yptfsia %ijg y^g xal Xvtidynay %6v noleftov, *Hle1o* tijy yijv vefAopiyoig avxotg toXg AsnQsdtaig tdXayxoy iza£ay %& Ju %& Vlvpniu ano(piQew"; and those of Pausanias'): “id-iXovtit pip örj ol AenQsätai iioXqa ilvat %&y AQxddwy, Almost everyone has this opinion without further examination matter accepted. But if we look at this coin in more detail and more precisely, in comparison with other coins and others Monuments of art, examine, it turns out that the same cannot possibly belong to the middle of the fifth century, but must be older, either from the end of the sixth or at least the beginning of the fifth century. The The style of Zeus appears to be much older than that of the statues Athena's Temple of Aegina, in general, has the Shape very similar to that discovered at Olympia bronze statuette of Zeus throwing lightning, but is in
l) Y, 53.
208 A. Lambropoulos:
Style even older than this 1). Olympia was also located a statue of Zeus, almost similar to the present one both coins, and a work by the Aeginete Aristonous, like Fausanias reports 2 ): “IlQoeX&ovi* de oXlyov Zevg lc%t nqog aviifyovxa zttqa^xivog %6v fjhov, äetov sytöv tbv OQVi&a xal %jj itiqa x&v %siqwv xeqavvoV inixsnair de avt<2 xal inl zfj xecpaX^ 6%i These coins from Elis bear a great resemblance to the Arcadian, not only in style, but also in the presentation positions. About this in more detail below. There is no indication of how on the present two coins otherwise common practice, the ethnic group of the name of the Eleans, but only the possessive OAVNPIKON. As known, was the inscription on ancient Greek coins Generally placed in the genitive plural of the Ethnikon. Find it There are also coins from some states that contain the possessive have, but the addition of the same as it has been up to now was taken does not seem to me to be a satisfactory one. This Appearance of the present two coins with the legend I believe OAVNPIKON will help resolve this issue. 1) Compare Carrion excavations of Olympia IV, plate 24, and Fartw&ngler, Bronze found at Olympia, a collection of the K. Academy of Sciences in Berlin 1879.
2) V, 22, 5. '
3) Compare Brunn, History of the Greek Artists 3 1, p. 69.
4) See Catalog of Greek Coins in the British Museum, Peloponnesus P.I. X, 11 and 12.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 209
The possessive is found, except for these two coins Elis, also on coins of the following states: in the Peloponnese the oldest Arcadian coins have the inscription Aqxccöixov, in various ways, according to the times, HOflOAMA, ARKADIKOM, APKAAIKOIM 1 ) written on coins from Pheneos is the Legend (DENIKON; in central Greece can be found on the oldest coins from Phocis, with various alterations, (DOK I, which can only be added as a possessive; on coins from Delphi in Phokis is the inscription DAAOIKON'), and in Thespiae in Boeotia OESPIKON. This is also found Possessive MOHITMIAD in Phaestos on Crete, HOMITAA^ia, ClIA/TIKßN») among the Bisalts in Macedonia, TEPMEPIKON near Termera in Caria, NAHAIKON near Nagidos, IOAIKON at Soli and TEPEIKON near Tarsus in Cilicia.
About the complement of the possessive in general Eckhel expresses himself in the following way *) : “hoc autem possessivo subintelligi valorem monetae dubium non videtur, qui quidem in numo dissimnlatur, quod ex volume, et usu quotidiano satis eat cognitus. Esset autem compositum quoddam ex dQccxpr), ut didqaxpoV) tQiÖQaxpoVj aut ex oßoXog, tQioißoXoy, nsvtdßokov etc. aut in genere vox vo^as^a . .. . 4t5). This opinion of famous scholars almost all accepted 6); they grasp the possessive as a nominative, and supplement accordingly
'OXvpmxov, Idqxadixov, vofiHffJia etc.
As is well known, the ethnic group in the genitive plural is die Rule, as in general also in the inscriptions of the
1) Compare Magazine for Numismatics UI, p. 290 ff. Act VII and VIII, and Peloponnese nut p. 169 ff. and PI. XXXI and XXXII.
2) Compare Revue Namismatiqae XIV (1869-70) p. 149 ff. and Zeitschr. for numerals. XIII, p. 61, Tai. III, 1.
3) Compare (Catalogue of Greek Coins in the British Museum) Macedonia (etc.) 8. 140.
4) Numi yeteres 8. 234.
5) Compare also the same Doctrina Numorum veterum, Prolegoraena Generalia Gap. XVII, 8 8. 96.
6) See Revue Namismatiqae XIV (1869-70) 8. 152, and Zeitschr. for Nam. IX, p. 25.
210 A. Lambropoulos:
Greek coins the genitive predominates; the letter O the last syllable appears on the coins of the time before Eucleides, as also later with some states that had the old one Type of writing either due to habit or other reasons have retained for some time, instead of the Q, i.e. Aqytiov, faXsiop, 2vQ
IdQyslwv, fctXsiav, 2vqctxoaUov xtX. elpl tiijpa or naTpa or
xöfifjia or xa^axt^). With the coins that the Posses siv™ and belong to the time before Eucleides, it is difficult to decide whether the O is used here instead of the short O, i.e. h. as a nominative, or, as with the later ones, also instead of
1) Compare, (Catalogue of Greek Coins etc.) Ionia 8. 47 and PI. III, 8.
2) See Svoronos, Numismatique de la Crete ancienne I, p. 158 and PL XII, 21.
3) Yergl. (Catal. of Greek Coins etc.) Thrace etc. p. 201 and Head Historia Namorum 8. 240.
4) Magazine for Numismatics III, 8. 242.
5) About the word fapix??'? yergl. also Aristotle Politics. A, III, 57 a. We could also add rippa to Schol. Aristoph. nnb. 246 “rov ro- (AHtfjwnos tnj/uaCvovrog dvo, tot* rofu/iov Wog xai xo jvp/ua iov rttvnwfiivov Xalxov tj xQWov" etc.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 211
long Q, i.e. b. as genitive plural. Absolutely not but can we add the word vopiapa because most of these coins at least from the middle of the sixth century belong to hundreds, while the word vo/u/^a is much younger and is only found in the tragic poets; rather only the words <%u*, naTpa, xoppa xtk come up. into consideration, so e.g. 6. 'OXvpmxoPi y AQxad$x6r, Oevucov, Oaxixov, Jalcpixov [ctpt crisffta, naTfux, xofipcc xiL]. The situation is different if we interpret the possessive as a genitive. In this case must be supplemented by another genitive of a noun to be buried; this noun is formed with grosser Probability from the present coins with OAVPPIKOP. Olympia, as is well known, was not a city whose inhabitants as an exception, although they are under the state of the Eleans stood, could have minted coins, which are in the legend bore the name of the city, but simply a place where the various sanctuaries lay, and the Panhellenic Agons took place, to which Greeks from all countries came together collected, and that is why Curtius quite rightly says: “am The furthest one went was by actually spending the money 'OXvpmxov vofjuGfta called ')" . On the state's coins the symbol shows always write the name of the Eleer. It is therefore likely that like Head also believes 1 ), that the coins, which are the possessive OAVNPIKON have, either from the priests of the temple of Olympian Zeus or of the archons of the Eleans, perhaps- easily from various votive gifts, on the occasion of The agons take place for those from everywhere together, streaming fighters and the pious spectators in memory have been beaten; perhaps were for the same purpose also those of the coins with the name of the Eleer embossed, which depicts the Nike, a wreath or a palm branch holding it as a symbol of victory. The adjective olvpmxds is very common; Pausanias only uses this when he
1) A.a. 0. p. 273.
2) Historia Numorum 8. 354.
212 A. Lambropoulos:
always 6 *OXvfAmxd$ äyooy says. So we can use the possessive in the genitive plural supplement, as *Olvf*mxäv [ayaivap (or S&Xwv) dfil (sfipa, naTfjLccj xöfifia xtL] as above. Stranger- wisely we only find the possessive on the coins of this those states of Greece proper - from the Others we see, since we lack more precise information about it, here from 1 ), — in which such agones took place. That's why I believe that we all use these inscriptions as genitive plural can understand, and, like the possessive OAVNPIKON above, can complete. It is likely that these coins came from From time to time on occasion the Agone either from the Priests of the temple from various votive gifts or income, or from the rulers of the country in which such Agone took place, were struck as a reminder; maybe These coins were also used as prizes, as some agons no GtsyavUcu , but xq^atltai, were, such as B. the Pythia, which were initially an agon %{^a%i%^, and then a dxsyavixtiq were 2).
Arcadia was fragmented into various small gantons, which, independently of each other, often get into disputes and wars involved and never, before the foundation of Megalo-
1) In general, compare Lenormant, La Monnaie dans PAntiquitö II, p. 9 f. nnd the work of Babelon, which has just been published, Les Perses Achemenides, les Satrapes et les Dynastes tributaires de lenr Empire, Cypre & Phenicie (1893) p. XXVIL
2) Furthermore, this is clearly and unequivocally related to some coins by Metaponto from the fifth century, which has the inscription AXEAOIO AOAON show. (Compare Millingen, Ancient Coins pl. I, No. 21 and p. 12, de Luynes, Metaponte, pl. I No. 13.) You have it here too Letter O of the word AOAON, as far as I know, as a short O, therefore Nominative, assumed. I am of the opinion that it is more correct if we here the O as a long ß, i.e. h. Genitive plural, to understand, by analogy those Athenian amphoras filled with oil, as prizes in the Agons were awarded, and the inscription, in older times, from the right to the left IM^rhOVOAHaOahaOAHOT, later from left to right TßNAOHNHOEN AOAflN, have. Compare Builders, monuments of classical antiquity, Volume II, p. 1152.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 213
polis by Epaminondas around 370, formed a political unit, also had a political center 1). How about- The Greeks in general, even if they were from the same nation, never once united, but rather engaged in almost incessant disputes ities and wars and as a common bond only some large sanctuaries, notably that of Olympian Zeus had where they were in certain periods of time after the Ekkecheirien the wars were temporarily interrupted, came together to see the common agones, the so-called Panhellenic Agons, to celebrate together, united on a small scale also the Arcadians, who do not have a political alliance formed, but still recognized that they belonged to the same tribe belonged and had the same religious legends, in certain Periods on Mount Lykaion, its sacred summit 2 ), brought their sacrifices there on the altar of Lycaean Zeus and then celebrated the Agone, the so-called Lykaia. To These Agons came from all over Arcadia and also from the other Greece, the participants together 3); after The place where these agons took place, they could be Arcadian Agone ^AQxadixol aydoveg are called, as well as after their Places also the 'Oivpmaj "laSpia, Nipea received their names have 4). Now there is the temple of Lycaean Zeus and these Arcadian Agones were the only association for all Arcadians, so it is very likely that either the priests or with these together the heads of the Agone from the first Half of the sixth century from time to time these Having coins struck as a reminder, and at the same time as common coin for the use of the entire arcade. There are only parts of it, i.e. h. trioboles, tri- bemiobolia, obols and hemiobolia; drachmas and staters
1) See magazine. for Numismatics Volume IX, 8. 25.
2) Pausanias VIII, 3, 8 “. . . . ih oqo( far» to Jvxatov xalovai dl apib xai "Olv/unor, xai ItQtiv htQot tuk jiQxadtav xoQviprjv."
3) Compare Pindar Olympion. VIII, 83 and there also Scholiast.
4) Yergl. above (p. 212 Anin. 2.) TflN A0HNH6EN ABAflN.
Zeiuekrift for numismatics. XIX. 15
214 A. Lambropoulos:
you don't get hit. It seems that one has as drachmas those of Heraia used, which, between Olympia and Lykosura, at this time the most important of the Arcadian cities and their first coins, as can be seen the style, with the common Arcadian coins coincide in time 1 ); Initially the staters were from Aegina in use and later that of the neighboring Elis, namely those who have the legend OAVNPIKOIM 8 ), and in the representations correspond to the Arcadian coins agree, with both Zeus Aphesios on one side show. In general, the coins of Elis agree those of Arcadia in the illustrations on one side always agree, and also go in style, adding art gradually progresses, always close together; it is even likely that both states contractually adopted the same type have, because both these oldest coins and those around The mid-fifth century coins agree with each other agree, as you can immediately convince yourself when you see the (Greek Coins in British Museum) Peloponnesus, PI. X No. 11 and 12 Coins from Elis shown with those from Arcadia P.I. XXXII No. 7 and 8 compares. But even after years 370, when, no doubt after the foundation of Megapolis whose founding many shrines from other Arcadian Cities moved here and a temple of Lycaean Zeus
1) Imhoof-Blumer (The Coins of Acarnania, p. 107: cf. also of the same, Monnaies Grecqnes p. 196) believes that the oldest Arkadi- French coins were struck in Heraia. But if you take this with you the eldest of Fhokis, with whom they are contemporaneous, and the eldest of Corinth, one can clearly see that in all of them The same art and the same style prevails throughout the ages; that's why I believe that Both the Arcadian and the Phoenician coins were struck in Corinth have been. In Corinth there is also without a doubt the coin of Thaliadai, an Arcadian town, not far from Heraia and Lykosura, which was published by I. Lambros (ntkonowqaos atk. 117); because The swastika, which it shows on the back page, appears to us in this one Point in the recessed square only in Corinth.
2) Compare also Peloponnesus LVIII.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 215
was built, the new common coin of Arcadia was beaten, the same agreement can be found again, by the Arcadians on the main side of their coin the attached the wreathed head of Zeus, which is now also on the Coins from Elis were the usual mint design.
Around the beginning of the second half of the fifth century border, it seems, the embossing of the older common Arcadian coin was completely destroyed during this time Most of the cities of Arcadia already mint their own coins Hesse and had these in use. During this time, e.g. B. Pheneos, in the north of Arcadia, produced his own coins those based on the common ones that have been circulating so far Arcadian coins, the legend (DENIKON appears, which in in the same way as the other such inscriptions above, should be added. These coins are very rare, and It seems that very early on the inscription of the Ethnikon, «MENEQN 1) began to be coined. On the front of the coins The head of Hermes is depicted by Pheneos because of this the Pheneates particularly worshiped and held festivals celebrated honors, the so-called Ermaien, as Pausanias described judges 3 ): “Gsoov de TifKaCiv'EQfAtjv 0€V£atcu pdfatita xaläytova ayovötv *EQpcua xal vaog ititiv 'Eqpov deep* xal äyaXfia Xl&ov".
If, as stated above, there is no political agreement in Arcadia bond and there was no political center, that's the thing but completely different with Phocis. If we don't have any of that either If we know the details, it is clear that from time immemorial 22 cities of Phocis a political association (xowöv 1) In later times 2) vm, 14, 10. 3) Pausanias X, 5, 1 “Big dt ry* ix Jtkftay tv&tlay avaGTQfipayj* ix Javküfog xal lovrt ini tä 7iQOC(ü f forty olxodofirjpa tv aQUTTtQp Trjg odov xalov- [itvov 4>(oxixöy 1 ig o dno ixaoTqs nokttas avriaffw ot <#»aix«»f." 15* 216 A. Lambropoulos: the following: v Aßa^ "Apßqwsoq, ^ApyixXeux, IdvtixvQa, JavXig, JsXifoi, jQVfjiccia, 'EXciteux, *Eq&%6q, *E%tdap6ia, Aidcov, AiXcua, Medeäv [o Oooxixog], Nsüv, naponevg 1 ), Ilaqa7io%ä^io^ ZtetQig, TWfywViov, Tqa%i$ [jJ 0ü)xixrj], ' YdpnoliS) OXbyovhOV xai Xaqddqa. The famous oracle was in the Phocian city of Delphi Apollo, where in honor of this, as is known, the so-called Pythia, after the ceremony the second among the four big ones Panhellenic festivals took place. The Pythians had theirs Names, as well as the Olympians, Nemeans, Isthmians etc. of the place where they were celebrated, the land near Delphi was called Uv&(*v and the city of Delphi also IIv&oS 1 ). From the the cities mentioned above, which formed the Phocian league, He didn't mint his own coins with his own types, apart from that from Delphi (of which below), but it was very early the common Phocian coin minted by all cities of the federal government was in traffic'). It seems this imprint according to the style to be at the same time as the Arcadian 4 ), and in the first half of the sixth century BC. Began to have. It is very likely that these coins came from From time to time, on the occasion of the agons taking place, were struck, for the reasons mentioned above- been spoken about more extensively. Since the Pythia took place in Phocis found and were the only agones of the Phocians who the sanctuary of Delphi (until the end of the holy war) I believe that this is why, as above, they had a part Lycaia Arcadian, as well as the Pythia in general Phocian
1) Strabo IX 3, 14 "6 vvv 4>avonvs"*
2) Herodotus I, 54: “o KQoiaog ... nifitfmg avng ig jlvd-ai, Jtlyovg dtogitrai) nvd-OjLuros avrwr 79 nkrjS-og xar' avÖQa dvo xia)v toitv". 3) In a somewhat later period, some of them, such as Attxua and Nscjv, influenced own coins, but not with their own types, but with those of the Federal. See Dr. Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies Grecques p. 150. 4) See above p. 214 note. Contributions to Greek numismatics. 217 see and could narrowly call Delphic agones. The Pythia was already known because of the fame of the oracle Since ancient times it has been a common festival for all Greeks and because of this numerous strangers streamed out all parts of Greece come together here. I hold it therefore it is very likely that the archons of the Phocians at the time of the Agone as a reminder 1 ) or at all for the traffic of the numerous strangers flocking here, Fighters, spectators and merchants, as foreign money, namely at the beginning of the sixth century, certainly not easy in Payment was taken, these coins beat Hesse, which the legend in the possessive, The Pythia have always been every eight years and only with celebrated with musical games, and were an agon x^parfri^. Only after the so-called first holy war, in the third Years of the 48th Olympiad, d. h. in the year 586, as with the Order of the festivals that were entrusted to the amphictyons 1 ), While the Delphics had previously done this, in the Pythien also, as in Olympia, the gymnastic agones with training end of the chariot race, introduced, and from that time on began to be counted according to the Pythiades and the festival every four years to celebrate. But since in the first Pythiad of the gymnastics sche agon was an agon x??/""*"??, I think it is very probably that it was only during this time that the first Phocian Coins have been minted in which the prices are also given
1) Compare also Head, in (Catalogne of the Greek Coins in the British Museum) Central Greece Introduction p. XXIV.
2) See Central Greece p. 1 5 ff. PI. III, 1 ff.
3) These were also called *Af4ip*xivov$xd a&ka (Heliodor Al&. A \\
218 A. Lambropoulos:
Winners, as a local coin, were paid because the Coins from Delphi younger teind and even more those of Amphictyoncn. The style of the coins is consistent with this period also completely agree. It seems that the Pythian gained Agon immediately received great fame after the first Pythiad, because in the following Pythiad, i.e. h. in the year 582, the- the same from an xq^azitriq an atstpavit^g; moreover, it was also introduced the chariot race, and the tyrant of Sicyon, Cleisthenes, who earlier fought during the holy war against Kirrha, who had been a military commander, won with his team a victory.
The reputation of the shrine is growing day by day had at the same time the growth and enrichment of the city Delphi, which with full right to use the sanctuary ruled, even if this authority was controlled by the Phocians. was disputed, so that this city with Elateia was the most famous of the Phocian cities. That's why wanted they are because they rely on the help of the Amphictyonic League hoped, whose members were sworn to abide by every to punish the destruction of the sanctuary with all our might break away from the common alliance of the other Phocian cities and manage the sanctuary alone; but since, as it seems, When she couldn't find a convenient time, she initially held back. Only after the Persian Wars, perhaps because initially the Phocians who had been forced to side with the Persians rose up Delphi and separated itself completely from the Phocian alliance to make independent; but this attempt failed. Later Around 455, the Phocians joined the Athenian alliance; At that time the Lacedaemonians undertook because they had the great Influence that the Oracle of Delphi had throughout Greece had, feared, and the same from the influence of the Athenians who wanted to snatch away the Phocians, in the first year of the 83rd Olympian piade, d. h. in 448, the so-called second saint war. They snatched the oracle from the Phocians and gave it to them Delphin, who were so independent of the Phocian alliance
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 219
were. But soon after the departure of the Lacedaemonians The Athenians, under the leadership of Pericles, appeared and did themselves masters of the oracle, which they gave back to the Phocians gave. This also forced the Delphics to... to rejoin the Phocian alliance. It seems to have later the Delphics tried to regain their independence is looking for, or the Spartans have obtained the same for them, since im Peace of Nicias, d. h. in 421, their complete un- dependence and autonomy recognized by the Athenians themselves has been 1 ); They retained this independence until the Austro-Hungarian Empire Break of the Phocian or Holy War in 357 (Ol. 105, 4), where the sanctuary was taken by the Phocians and was robbed.
None of the Phocian cities had any of their own during this period Have coins hit with your own types 3 ), but all needed the common coin of the Phocian League; alone At this time the Delphics made an exception of this cone by creating your own coins with your own types and your Names shaped. Because of the political reasons stated above It seems that the Delphics did not appear until the following Pythiad the Persian Wars, d. h. in the year 478, on the occasion of The agones began to take place, both as courant money for the numerous strangers flocking together, as well as to explore reminder to have your own coins struck. Sit on this one them, in imitation of the common Phocian coin, the Inscription in the Possessi vum, AAACDIKOM 3 ), which can also be found is complete, like the other such inscriptions above. The The style of the coins also corresponds to this period.
How in Phocis there was a political alliance and center also existed in the neighboring country of Boeotia from time immemorial
1) Thucydides V, 18 “ro cT Uqo* xai w rswv tw h JtXpois tov J An6Utoyo( xai Jtlfopg avtoyofiovs tlvat xai avrorfAftc *<*• avro- tfixovg xai avtwy xai Trjg ytjg rijt iavttov xarä tä ndiQa."
2) Yergl. above 8. 216 note 3.
3) Yergl. Revue Numismatique XIV (1869-70), p. 150. Journal. for Numismatics XIII, Act III, 1.
220A Lambropoulos:
the outstanding cities under which the small remaining ones were organized, a political volume (ro xowov %&v Boianaw), At the head of which stood the strongest city, Thebes, which Confederation matters were managed according to their will. The xoivög tivXXoyog %&v Boimtwv took place in Eoroneia near the holy thume of Athene Itonia, where the federal festival also takes place so-called nafissomnaj were committed 1). Among the others Cities also included Thespiae, which belonged to the league always, like Plataea, in a hostile relationship with Thebes stood. During the Persian Wars the Boeotians had only the Thespians and the Thebans helped Leonidas sent to Thermopylae'). But there is no hope There was more rescue left and Leonidas took the allies to the rescue Because of the retreat, only the thespians remained there voluntarily side and went with him to his death while being held hostage battered Thebans 8 ) themselves when they asserted the superiority of the Persians saw and fled to them. Soon afterwards they destroyed Persians the city of Thespiae, which had already been abandoned by its inhabitants, at the instigation of the Thebans, who pointed out that The Thespians showed no friendly disposition towards the Persians had 4). In the Battle of Plataea fought with the others Greeks also 1800 thespians together, and after the victory Thespiae became again, it seems, with the help of the Athenians made, which is why later the Athenians always had one in Thespiae had a strong influence. In the Peloponnesian War, after Battle of Delion in 424, the Thebans found the Youth of the Thespians had fallen in that battle, opportunity to throw down the ramparts of Thespiae because the Thespians were friendly to the Athenians 6). Although they tried
1) Pausanias IX, 34, 1 ; Thucyd. V, 88.
2) Herodotus. Z, 202.
3) Herodotus. Z, 222.
4) Herodotus. ff, 50.
5) Thucyd. IV, 133 “Ol Brifiaioi Stcnumv jti%ot mgitilov, intxaXicayrtg ^Amxuifiov, ßovXo/aevoi piv xal «**, naQsarrjxog de §aov, tmtdq xctl lv ip ikqqs 'A&tjvaiovs /ud/fl ot& fy ccvTwr av&og amaldlti".
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 221
The Thespians soon returned to the influence of the Thebans escape, but they didn't succeed 1). Finally, after that Peace of Antalkidas in 387, the Thespians became of released the Thebans from their dependence; in the year 378 Agesilaus restored the ramparts of Thespiae, and Thespiae now became the starting point for the Lacedaemonians the Thebans, against whom also the Thespians, of the old hatred because of, fought eagerly. Soon after the brine was withdrawn But the thespians, as it seems, came from the demons Thebans forced back into the Boeotian League. Epami Nondas allowed them to join in 371 before the battle Leuktra to withdraw because he believed that they belonged to the Thebans are hostile. Since the thespians after the victory of the The Thebans, fearing their revenge, took control of the city abandoned and took refuge in the mountain fortress of Eeressos, The city was apparently immediately destroyed by the Thebans. disturbed and later, probably after the Battle of Chaeronea, restored by Philippos.
The thespians, apart from the muses, worshiped Eros, whose oldest idol was there in ancient times was raw stone; later Praxiteles made a statue of Eros made of Pentelic marble and later Lysippus another one Bronze. In honor of Eros, all five were celebrated in Thespiae Years of gymnastic agones, the so-called 'üfyarfcha or *EQÜna, and in honor of the muses musical agone MovösXa-, it is very probably that these two agons were %{^a%Xxa%, like one can conclude from Pausanias, who says: »neQioixovai
di xal ävÖQsg %6 äköog [iv 'EXix&v*], xal eoqtyv xs ivtav&a ol 0€ The Boeotian League had a very early, perhaps earlier, 1) Thucyd. VI, 95 “Kai o Qtamiw* (ti^fo? Iv rtp nvroj £4pt», ov nolv wrrtQor, im&i/itvos rolg tag «ßtf«f J/otr 2) Pausanias IX, 31, 3. 222 A. Lambropoulos: the Phocian, striking a common coin; a A little later, many of his cities also shaped their own Coins on which they put their name in the ethnic group. Thespiae, on the other hand, had for unknown reasons from the beginning do not allow your own coins to be struck; it is likely, that it used those of Thebes, from which it was almost dependent, and which gave him the right to mint, a symbol of independence, perhaps not granted. Only after the year 387, when the thespians became free, as above led, they had their own coins struck on which they put their name in the Ktetikon, like OE^PIKON, 0E£PI etc., perhaps intentionally in contrast to the other Boeotian ones Cities that always only used the ethnic group. I I think it is very likely that these coins too opportunity for the agon to take place for the numerous strangers coming together, both to remember and as prizes were offered to the winners. These thespians Agone, d. h. the 'EQmidia or *EQoStia, are, as from Athenaeos appears to have been very famous in ancient times 1 ), and it That's why a lot of people from everywhere came to the competitions Tespiae together'). The thespians voted in imitation the inscriptions of the other places APKA^IKON, OAVNniKON, (DENIKON,
1) Athenaeos Xm , p. 561 e: “SeenuZs re r” 'EQwtitia iipwa, xa&amQ % A&ijya*a ^Afyvalot xal 'Olii/uma 'HAfioi, 'Potfioi r$ ta "AXtHt".
2) Compare C.I.G. 1590.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 223
2. Vf Hera head to the right with a slide decorated with palmettes
that; the inscription from bottom to right HOBAAq. Rf Eagle almost from the front in a wreath of olive tree leaves standing, head turned to the left, the left Wings fully spread, the right one too, but backwards turned towards the back so that only the upper part of the sees the same; on the right the inscription PO. The letters are pretty hidden, so you can't see them right away can see; above the wing and at the leaves of the The wreath has the P and the O under the wing. 25mm. Weight 11.08 g. Coin cabinet in Berlin. Shown plate III, 2.
3. Vf Hera head to the right with the one decorated with palmettes
tiara; below the inscription FA. Rf In the wreath of olive tree leaves eagle almost in the same Way, as written on the first coin; in the field PO, namely on the left side between the wreath and the eagle's wing the letter P, and on the right under the wing the letter 0. 25 mm. Weight 11.08 gr. Berlin Coin Cabinet.
Shown plate III, 3.
If you look closely at the two coins you can see slightly certain differences. On the main page is the header the first as a whole is smaller than that of the second and of better style; the nose appears in front of that, so to speak straight line not as prominent as on the second, and the Mouth is not as open and drawn in as on the other, whose chin is quite large; moreover, that lies Ear also more natural, while on the second it's a bit too lies low. In general you can on the first coin in the face a certain resemblance to those coins from Argos, which also has the one on the front Hera head and on the back the Diomedes with the Palla
224 A. Lambropoulos:
have dium 1). The reverse of the two coins also shows differences; like the head of Hera on the front, so is it the eagle on the first coin is smaller than on the second, and the Arrangement of the letters of the inscription, as said above, different. It is difficult to decide which of the two coins is older; in my opinion it might be the former; but the time In any case, the difference between the two is very small.
In the Numismatic Chronicle 1892 there is another elische Coin was published, which was the same on both sides has types, but is of a younger style; on the back of the same you can read the inscription AI (?) above the eagle's head *).
As already known, there is none on the coins other state such a great diversity of types and Images like those of Elis, which are therefore used for numismatics mathematics are very interesting in every respect; but despite this diversity, we cannot be certain of any of these coins. attribute meaning to a certain time. It can be done in space I only mean the older ones according to the Eunst style in comparison both with each other and with the coins of other states date approximately. For stylistic reasons, these are To attribute coins only to an approximately specific time.
A more precise determination of the time at which the hera- head adopted by the Eleans as an image on their coins some political reasons, like this one, are very correct Gardner cited 3). The coins of Elis have from always always on one side the eagle; an exception to Only a few coin series make this rule, such as: b. those coins that have the Zen head on the front and have a flash on the back 4 ), and also those which has the head of Zeus on the front and the back
1) See phototype of these coins in J. Lambros, nekonovytjffos,
niv. IB, ag. 2.
2) Numismatic Chronicle XII, p. 195, plate XVI, 1.
3) See Numismatic Chronicle XIX, 8. 238 “the Coins of Elis”.
4) See good phototype in Lambros mion6wrjaog t niv. 2r, dg. 8.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 225
show the nymph Olympia with the inscription OAYAM1IA 1). It There is also a large series of didrachms and sections, which has the head of Hera on the main page and on the back have the lightning. Finally there is a large series which on the front only the head instead of the whole body eagle, and on the back shows the lightning bolt; in this series There are didrachms that show the eagle's head in full elevation. relief, and parts of excellent artistic style. On the didrachms there is a vine leaf under the eagle's head 2 ), which sometimes has the inscription AA "); on a didrachm The eagle's head stands on a round shield to the right and the F is buried underneath 4 ); found on the pieces As if on a drachma, under the eagle's head is the lizard, and on other smaller denominations either no addition at all sign or a vine leaf, or the inscription PO, as on the present two coins, or finally the F. How Imhoof-Blumer very correctly noticed*), the lightning is correct on the back of the didrachms, which has the inscription AA have, in complete agreement with the lightning of those didrachms, which represent the head of Zeus on the front; you can even claim that some of them have the same stamp had been used. There are three rows of these coins distinguish; firstly, didrachms and those of the partial pieces that have the leaf under the eagle's head; Generally the eagle's head is turned to the left and the beak is wider and shorter; on the back these coins agree with each other both in the flash and
1) See phototype of this in Iltlonöwtjow, ttiv. Z dg. 1.
2) From the grape leaf daily. Duchalais in Revue Numismatique (1852) p. 14 ff.
3) Gardner (cf. Nun. Chron. XIX, 8. 244 2, PL XUJ, 2) has Read AA, but Imhoof-Blumer has every right to read AA cf. Monnaies Grecques p. 168). There is also one in the Berlin Coin Cabinet Such a coin on which you can clearly read AA.
4) See Num. Chron. XII (1892) p. 195 PL XV, 16.
5) Monnaies Grecques p. 169.
226 A..Lambropoulo8:
also the same style as a whole 1 ); secondly, those pieces which have the F and the lizard; the beak is here pointier; The flash on the back is designed slightly differently and not in the wreath. Finally, thirdly, those coins which have the inscription PO; the beak is even more pointed than with all others; on the back they are from the different from others, but completely consistent with each other, the wreath is better arranged by making the leaves more regular and stand closer; this third row is undoubtedly the one youngest of all.
At the beginning the Eleans always have this on their coins whole eagle, as well as Zeus and Nike in full figure, set; the deviation from this rule, i.e. h. no longer that whole body, but a part of it, the head, deliver, seems to be based on both the art style and the Reasons to be discussed below began around the year 435 have.
We noted above that those coins which depict the head of Zeus in high relief on the main page, and those of the didrachms, which represent the head of the eagle with the inscription AA, almost completely in the back agree with each other that even some without a doubt emerged from the same stamp. So it follows that that the two types are almost simultaneous. On the part- As stated above, pieces are mostly found under the head an emblem of the eagle; on some of them we see this Leaf, which is also found on the didrachms; also in There is complete agreement with the style; both, didrachms and parts, therefore belong to the same time. Further
1) There is also some difference between them Didrachms, which simply have the sheet without any inscription, and those where it is marked with the inscription. On the former is the The eagle's beak is wider, the leaves of the wreath are on the back narrower, and a certain difference can also be seen in the lightning. Des- I half believe that these are the older ones.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 227
is somewhat correct in style and in the flash on the back the diadrachmon, which has the head of the Adler and the letter F engraved underneath those who have the lizard under the eagle's head show; It is therefore very likely that these too belong to the same group. It is found on some under the Head of the eagle with the inscription PO; These are, as I said, the youngest of all. Didrachms, which are under the head of the Adlers do not have such an inscription; the di- Drachmas with the eagle's head have no similarity in style with those of the parts that have the inscription PO have, and on the other hand there are no parts which on the head of Hera on the front and the head on the back Eagle, as the present didrachms have. I hold it therefore it is very likely that only didrachms, which has the head of Hera on the front and the back represent the eagle, beaten, and on the parts, what was already in use, on the main page the head of the Eagle and on the back has the lightning bolt depicted with it But the difference is that you can see the same thing under the eagle's head PO inscription, which also appears on this document. drachmas with the head of Hera is attached, so that you can could recognize that they belong to the same Beihe. Also to the didrachms, which have the head of Zeus on the front depict the lightning in high relief and on the back, and which, as already mentioned, almost simultaneously with those Di- are drachmas with the inscription AA under the eagle's head there are no parts with the same types. Like It seems that they didn't hit anyone with guys like that, but the usual types, which are used for the parts were, used, with the differences but that one under the head of the eagle instead of the leaf, which the earlier ones had either other symbols or nothing at all. To Explanation of this procedure can be seen as very likely- It can be assumed that the Eleans were at this time when they were on the
228 A. Lambropoulos:
The front of their coins only has the eagle's head instead of the whole body, then the head of Zeus and, a little later, that of Hera began to be placed for easy distinction of the individual denominations imitated the Corinthian system; for as the Corinthians always do on one side of their coins the Pegasos and on the other for the staters the head of the Athena and, for which drachmas attached the head of Aphrodite, So the Eleans also placed the one on one side at this time Lightning and on the other the head of Zeus near the staters and then Hera, and in the parts the head of Adlers.
Gardner bets by selecting the different coins of Elis arranges according to her style and other criteria those that show the eagle's head on the main page represent, very correctly, those who have the head of Zeus; for except the back, in which they are complete with each other match, the style is also completely the same; both types are of excellent style and very high relief, even the head of the eagle, which can be seen in this perfection no coin of any other ancient state finds. After these, Gardner used the didrachms lined up, which has the head of Hera on the front and the The back has the flash, which is from the same row and You can also find different parts of the same style. Maybe Gardner has listed these coins here because, firstly, they are if almost have high relief, and secondly on the back too represent lightning. But if you look at these coins more closely checked - and there are a large number in the collection from Berlin, - so you can immediately see that it's because of the style cannot possibly be listed here, but rather a later one period, namely the following fourth century. Furthermore, it is also from the inscription HPA, which Most often found on the diadem of Hera, it can be seen that These coins cannot possibly belong to this time Gardner assigns. Furthermore, the lightning is completely hidden here.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 229
formed differently than on the coins listed above. This period undoubtedly includes both: Style as well as because of the legend HOIBAAI and the inscription PO, the two present coins with their parts. Although it is true that these are not in high relief, like those who have the head of the eagle and of Zeus have been carried out, but one has to be careful in this respect think, firstly, that these coins are younger, and secondly, that the stamp was made by another artist, while the Stamps of the coins with eagle and Zeus heads either from the the same artist or by different ones, but the same belonged to school.
To explain the inscription PO, Gardner had already, at the instigation of the known parts, what this means The same also finds, said that it is the name of the engravers, and that's why he already had these Polykletus attributed to the younger 1 ), as are the coins with the Sheet under the eagle's head and the inscription, like him AA had read, the artist Daedalus from Sicyon. We have already stated above that this inscription on the Sheet should not be read AA, but AA. The opinion Gardners that these inscriptions are the names of the stamps schneider is certainly correct, since in this time, as is I don't know the names of the archons on Greek coins can find 2 ) ; and that's why I believe that the inscription AA, in all probability, the name of the artist Alka- menes, firstly because the name of none of the others well-known artists of this period starts with AI, and secondly, because Alkamenes spent a long time in Olympia with Phidias before 431 has worked. It's not unlikely, I think Eleer den Alkamenes, a famous artist of that time, who was commissioned to create the stamp, and this
1) Cf. (B. Mus.) Peloponnesus, Introduction p. XXXII.
2) We will discuss such inscriptions in more detail another time Trade Peloponnesian coins.
Magazine for Namuu«tics. XIX. Ytf
230 A. Lambropoulos:
the first letters of his name were put into the stamp set, probably with the permission of the Eleans, who were at that time Phidias also got his name from the gold ivory statue of Zeus was allowed to be installed, in contrast to the Athenians who never allowed it. We already have stated above that these coins correspond to those which Depicting the head of Zeus in high relief, are almost simultaneous. It seems that the Eleer soon after the consecration of Phidias made gold ivory statue of Zeus on their coins have placed the head of Zeus for the first time, and it is very probably that we have a free image in the image of these coins Have a copy of the Zeus head of the much famous statue like it can also be seen from the olive wreath. Consequently we can with all probability the didrachms, which have the head of the eagle, around the year 43J>, than the Athenian ones Artists in Olympia worked, put, and those who depicting the head of Zeus in high relief, a little later, d. h. soon after the consecration of the statue of Zeus by Phidias. With The style of the coins also corresponds to this period. The Coins marked PO are, in my opinion, not Polycletus the Younger, as Gardner meant, but Assign Polykletus to the older one. The Temple of Hera at Argos was after he died in 423 (Olym. 89, 2), as a result of carelessness of the priestess Chryseis, was burned down 1 ), immediately rebuilt by the Argive architect Eupolemos- built, and in it the famous gold plate made by Polykleitus Ivory statue of Hera placed around the middle the 90th Olympiad, d. h. was consecrated around the year 419, which is why Pliny 2 ) says that Polycletus fought in the 90th Olympiad has bloomed. After the dedication of the statue, they immediately Argives on the main side of their coins as the main image Have Hera's head cut in instead of the usual wolf. A little earlier, in the year 421, immediately after the peace of
1) Thucyd. IV, 133.
2) 34.49.
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 231
Nicias, the Eleans had joined forces with the Argives against the Lake demons allied because they were the apostate of Eli's lives. Preats supported. During the alliance with the Argives The Eleans also had the head of Hera on their coins Coins were introduced, as it was the same for both states System was in use. So it is very likely that the Eleans credit Polykletus himself with the creation of the stamp commissioned who was still alive at this time and moreover was also a famous bullfighter, and that Polycletus was exceptional mark the first letters of his name on the stamp buried. For all these reasons I believe that this Coins from around 418 BC BC are to be taken into account. To this one In addition to the style, the legend HOI3AA3 is also correct. while Polycletus the Younger the following fourth century belonged to, and flourished especially around the 102nd Olympiad.
C o r i n t h.
The great diversity of symbols on the Corinthian these coins are known. The question why Corinth, the largest trading city not only in the Peloponnese, but also... one can rightly say, from all of Greece, one such a large number of different inscriptions on his coins has remained unanswered until now. Maybe it was for trading purposes. Almost all of these come Marks on coins of other countries as coin images. It The description of some coins from Corinth may be included here. There is room for various symbols that have not yet been included have been published. 1) Vf. Head of Athena with Corinthian helmet to the left. In
Field on the right Heracles standing to the right with a lion
dressed in fur and drawing a bow; above Tl. Bf. Pegasos galloping to the left on a ground line.
Below? 22mm. Weight 8.56. Coin cabinet closed
Berlin. Illustrated plate HI, 4.
-16*
232 A. Lambropoulos:
Heracles can also be found as a symbol on others Corinthian coins, but not exactly as on the previous lying coin. Compare Coli. Santangelo n. 11026—27.
2) Vf. Head of Athena with Corinthian helmet to the right. Tm
Place Dolphin on the right and Zeus on the left on a base standing to the right, naked and with the right hand throwing lightning; The eagle is on the left hand. RF Pegasos to the right standing on a ground line, the Bending your whole body backwards and your head leaning down and drinking. Below? 22mm. Weight 8.09. Coin Cabinet in Berlin (Prokesch East). Shown plate III, 5. In the Catalog of Greek Coins in the British Museum, Corinth etc. p. 16 n. 167, PI. IV, 13 is another coin been published, the front of which is from the same Stamp like this one, but a completely different one Has back side. Head believes that instead of Zeus, Poseidon represents who holds the trident with his right hand, and carries the dolphin on his left hand. The back side of the The present coin is from the same die as the reverse page of the Stater, which appears in Corinth, p. 39 n. 345, PI. Vn, 7 has been published. Compare also the same catalog p. 147 n. 169 a.
■
3) Vf. Head of Athena with Corinthian helmet to the left; in
Fields on the right as a symbol of pine cones. Below the inscription AI. RF Pegasos flying to the left. Below? 25mm. Weight 8.57. Berlin Coin Cabinet. Pictured plate.
IH, 6.
«•
4) Vf. Similar to the previous one, but with the difference that
the inscription AI between the head and the pine tree pin stands. Rf. Similar to the previous one. 22mm. Weight 8.58. Coin cabinet to Berlin.
5) Vf. Head of Aphrodite with earrings to the left; in the
Contributions to Greek numismatics. 233
On the right there is a pine cone as a symbol. Below
at the ends of the neck the inscription AI. RF Pegasos flying to the left and below ?. 12mm.
Weight 2.42. Berlin Coin Cabinet. Pictured plate.
III, 10. In Corinth p. 55 n. 453, PI. XIV, 5 is a bronze coin published, which also includes the pine cone and the inscription AI has. So it belongs, as can be seen from both the suffix and the inscription AI, as well as on the back, can be seen the same row as the present coins and all are at the same time. The pine cone can be found as an image on coins Coins from Pronni on Cephallenia. Compare Postolakka, Kaxa Xoyoq rwv aQ%a(a>v vofuojfiarcoi' raiv vr\Gv>v KeQTtvffas xrk. ccq. 954 ff. and the notes there.
6) Vf. Head of Athena with Corinthian helmet to the left. In
Place an Ionian capital on the right. RF Pegasos flying to the left and below ?. 19mm. Weight 8.32. Coin Cabinet in Berlin (Prokesch - East). Shown plate III, 9. As far as I know, the Ionian capital can be found elsewhere only, as is known, on Elian coins, where the eagle on the the same is shown standing, and also on coins from Croton (see Catal. Br. Mus. Italy, p. 349).
7) Vf. Athena's head to the left with collar and Corinthian
Helmet decorated with a wreath of olive tree leaves is decorated. Behind in the field Nike to the left walking and holding a ribbon with both hands. RF Pegasos flying to the left and below ?. 22mm. Weight 8.34. Berlin Coin Cabinet. Illustrated plate HI, 8. As is well known, the Nike is often found as an accompaniment on Corinthian coins; but so far, as far as I know, No coin has yet been released with the helmet on it the head of Athcna is wreathed, as in the present coin, and the Nike stands as a symbol. Compare Corinth etc. p. 26, PL XII, 1-8.
234 A Lambropoulos: Contributions to Greek numismatics.
8) Vf. Head of Athena with Corinthian helmet to the left; in On the right there is an amphora as a symbol. Including E. EJ. Pegasos flying to the left and below f. 20 mm. Weight 8.55. Coin Cabinet in Berlin (Prokesch-East). Shown plate III, 7. To my knowledge, no stater has been published yet on which the amphora can be found as an emblem. The- The same also appears as a symbol on drachmas (Euboian System) with the Chimaera.
Dr. Alexander Lambropoulos.
A community mint of the cities of Sommerfeld and Guben.
In the magazine “Contributions to natural, economic and political history of Upper and Lower Lusatia for this Year 1790. Published by Dr. Christian August Peschek, Zittau* is p. 48 ff. various things about the town of Sommerfeld and published from their history. The author of the essay, Mayor Dr. Guide in Eottbus, reports in that this city already has the right to coin Heller exercised before 1362; the heller would have been on the on one side a lion, on the other the head of the h. Wenzlav had; 36 pieces would have one Bohemian penny later 12 pieces would have been minted to one groschen been. The author drew this message from his hand- written chronicle of Sommerfeld, which M. Johann Joachim Moeller wrote it, but, as Guide himself says, it lacks there is proof.
These Heller are now nothing more than Bohemian big boys parvi, which, since Sommerfeld belonged to Bohemia at the time, in This city had course and in later excavations the Chroniclers may have taught the opinion that there were here the Heller coined by the city of Sommerfeld can be found. look. We find a striking correspondence with the above Message in what the Zittau town clerk Johannes von Guben 1 ) reported in his yearbooks in 1362, namely:
1) Scriptores rerum read. N. Series, I. Vol.
236 R. Scheuner:
and in the same year brighter things went on with their lives eyner syten and on the other syten Sente Wenceslaus howb, czwelfe a big time ago, and you were born in the same year So our 1 ), that we gave XXXVI this year in front of you pragmatic little ones.
Then M°CCC°lXTIj was thrown vz lighter nuwe, di
had a crowned one on a system, and di vmme-
write what rex Bohe. on the other syten vaz eyn live
And he didn't have any writing: he liked to go to the village
a groan.
With the latter Heller is undoubtedly No. 810
Donebauer's collection of Bohemian coins meant
The picture corresponds exactly to the description. This coin
which Ed. Fiala 2 ) to Henry of Carinthia (1307-1310)
according to Johann's undoubted chronicle
von Guben as a stamp of Charles I (IV) from 1363
and the Donebauer catalog needs to be corrected accordingly.
The former Heller, from 1362, coincides with Doneb.
840/41, is also a purely Bohemian stamp (parvns).
It is clear, however, that the city of Sommerfeld Heller
shaped, even before the year 1411, because in
This year King Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia confirmed the same
the right to do so again.
The original of the relevant document is, according to the information provided by the The magistrate of the city of Sommerfeld can no longer be found. After The Zittau contributions read as follows:
Wier Wentzlaw became Roman king by the grace of God home to more of the kingdom and king at all times know and make it known publicly to everyone with this letter which those who see or hear him read, that is through better tion and increasingly the will of the city to Sommerfeld Mayor Rathe and the citizens there, our dear ones
1) unmere = disrespected, according to the note in the script.
2) Description of the collection of Bohemian coins and medals Max Donebauer by Ed. Fiala.
A community coin from the towns of Sommerfeld and Guben. 237
have received this special grace, and do in which by virtue of this letter and royal. makes Behem, that they have to strike a coin in wages in their city the enough and go vff sulche grain y vff payment and addition, as they previously met with the burgermeisters and Burgers of the city of Zhu Gubbin have beaten above all, unhindered, and peeped about it Captain between Lusitz and all of our captains and Subjects and defeated who are now and in time will be serious and festive with this letter the citizens of Zhu Sommerfeld to our previous ones Grace does not hinder nor err in any way, but thereby/handle protect and shield, sullen, as dear Our grave disgrace should be avoided for them. With original This brief is sealed with our vf-printed inseal, give in Prague after the birth of Christ fourteen hundred years and then in the eleventh year of Tuesday to Sant Thomas- Days of salvation, doubtful our kingdom of the native in the nineteenth and the Roman in the 36th Jarel
Per D. Conr. Epim. olom. Johannes de Bamberg. This document is mentioned, as is the one from 1454, in which King Ladislaus confirmed the right to mint, in which Inventory diplomaticum Lnsatiae inferioris, as in Leitz mann's guide to the field of German coinage and most recently in E. Bahrfeldt's “The Brandenburg Cities- Coins from the Kipper period u p. 53. Coins of the city of Sommer- However, no field has been found yet.
But it is clear from Wenceslas IV's document from 1411 shows that the town of Sommerfeld was already Heller before this time shaped, together with the city Guben. If we don't know much about the latter either Medieval coins are now known, this guides us The fact that both cities used coins together, maybe on the trail, and I definitely think in the picture
238 R- Scheuner; A community coin d. Cities of Sommerfeld and Guben.
Finding such a community heller couldn't go wrong be. This is the coin that Friedensburg has in his Works »Silesia's coinage history in the Middle Ages, Part IF under No. 636 to Sprottau. But he says of him: “This Piece looks a bit strange in the row of Silesian Heller, for none of them supports a multi-towered building and it The usual eagle shield is missing. u A three-towered building but is the coat of arms of the city of Guben. 1 ) The middle tower was a little taller and didn't wear a crown at that time. Against the correspondence with the representation shown above There is no objection to the coin.
The town of Sommerfeld had two towers in its coat of arms, between which a lion stands; hovers over it Head with two wings. 2 ) On the representation of this, something The city of Sommerfeld has a complicated coat of arms because of the In any case, the smallness of the coin and the larger stamp costs renounced and preferred as a sign of their community To have the initial letter S minted on the coin, whichever As is well known, we often encountered this procedure at that time.
Precisely the fact that the above coin is Friedensburg doesn't really want to fit into the ranks of Silesian Heller, Rather, it seems a bit strange to him in this society, speaks in favor of my advocacy, the same as a vote View the community coin of the cities of Guben and Sommerfeld.
Rud. Scheuner.
1) Compare Berlin coin sheets, 1883, p. 396. Jentsch, The city coat of arms from Guben.
2) Compare Zittauan contributions a. a. 0.
Literature.
Coin history of Pomerania in the Middle Ages. Written by Hermann Dannenberg. With 47 panels of coin and seal illustrations. Berlin 1893. Published by Adolf Weyl. Once again the industrious pen of the tireless one has Mr. Author our literature with a valuable work enriched, which first appeared in A. Weyl's Berlin coin sheets. appeared and now in book form, increased by the indispensable Illustrative illustrations are available. Dannenberg was responsible for this work called like no one else, yes, we were allowed to, so to speak, from them demand from him: after he broke ground 30 years ago He did this in this previously completely undeveloped area the most and most important ones since then in Pomeranian soil The finds that have come to light are processed and even the pre- studies delivered on the results that have now been published all previous research summarizing works. It was It is to be expected from the outset that this work will be an excellent one Performance will be, and this expectation is something you can probably do say, has come true. This is not the place to be with Mr. author about his well-known position on the question, to what extent the task of the numismatic writer stretches, to the right; we have to accept that In this book too, the coins are in incomparably higher proportions consideration and utilization has been given as the documents, and that, regardless of the title of the book, the perhaps expect the satisfaction of further demands Let's say, the actual history of coins is briefly discussed. What remains, namely the description, explanation, explanation
240 literature.
division and dating of the existing stamps shows us Dannenberg's well-known strength again in a shiny way Light and all the more beautiful because this time its material is exceptionally something that was really difficult to deal with: the abundance of unwritten and coins with ambiguous depictions is in As is well known, Pomerania is a very large one.
As far as the book as a whole is concerned, first of all I would like to... Order of the coins should be mentioned: it is essentially the chronological one. Follow some stamps from the oldest times another six groups: denarii up to around 1200, then 25 mm in size Bracteates up to around 1250, denarii and small bracteates up to 1325, coins of the cities, consisting of Witten and Pfennigen, finally coins from the diocese of Cammin and the dukes. The The advantages of this type of arrangement are obvious, but Especially when it comes to Pomeranian coins, theirs are also making a difference Disadvantages noticeable in that not all characteristics of the same Mint or even just the same mint stand continuously line up next to each other. So we just need the safe coins of the Rügian princes to two, that of the diocese of Gammin Look for and get three positions from the collective activity of the individual princely mints is difficult to position. Next is on an interesting and, where not the Costs are counteracted, a highly imitable innovation to draw attention: the author gives all the nor do Pomeranian coins of most of the 39 of him reused finds in illustrations, thus making it possible a more rapid review of its statements. This one from him Self-drawn illustrations retain their old glory complete loyalty. We also get 28 tablets with seals presented, in relation to which only information would be desired, which principles were decisive for their selection. The The family tree promised to us in the foreword is the author unfortunately remained guilty.
Finally, a few details should be touched on become. First of all, I would like to express my desire for one allow a precise description of the Lupower find. Author mentions just as much of it as is necessary to ours to stimulate curiosity. This great treasure has to
Literature. 241
may have contained more than the three types shown for the history of coins in other areas as well To be values, at least to me they seem to have characteristics from that Start of coinage of a country of particular interest to be. You may like the scientific treatment special difficulty, but what good does that mean? Dannenberg say? The author is the same bravely accepted the extremely inconvenient discoveries made by Sarbske and Filehne body gone. Is he not yet fully clear about this? have been able to achieve this, we must console ourselves with the fact that that it also applies to the finds from Wolkenberg, Oross- Briesen and comrades are no different. I'm very afraid we We will be with groups of these fellow finds until further notice have to be satisfied without any specific allocations to be able to set up: lily, ray and flag seem to be there to prove to be just as ambiguous as here, for example, of the princely image and buildings. — Regarding Aniswalde's first find I completely agree with Dannenberg, his No. 61 is No. 637, not 638 of my book, which explains the alleged contradiction fixes. On the other hand, I can say what the second find by Arns- As far as Walde is concerned, my opinion is that No. 48 was only minted in 1460, don't give up: I think for this rare, now in 4 copies Heller represented in my collection (No. 556 mine Book) no other allocation, the coin also looks better even younger than older. You will meet with any of the several possible explanations as to how this piece falls under the im General older found companions have to come to terms with it. Finally I would like to take a firm stand against the Pomeranian express the origin of Bracteate No. 26, since it is not only in Rodewitz, but also in Lusatia Finds by storks (Lausitz. Monatschrift 1799 p. 605) occurred. The griffin is a very popular animal in Slavic heraldry, and in the factory relationship emphasized by Dannenberg The piece with Jakza's bracteates suggests that that maybe someone else, not yet known “Knäs” struck this most interesting coin
F. Friedensburg.
242 Literature.
Le B on J. de Chestret de Haneffe: Renard de Schönau Sire de Schoonvorst. A financier gentilhomme da XIV e stecle. Bruxelles 1892. 68 p. 8 T0 and 1 copper plate. (From the 47th vol. the M6moires etc. published p. PAcad. R. de Belgium.) The author, with his excellent numismatic Work we have often dealt with unrolls here the life picture of a man who also has a reputation in coinage importance, so that a clarification of its so far conditions that have not been sufficiently recognized, not just for the historiography riker is important. A link in the north of Aachen resident von Schönau (Schononwen) family, sixth son von Raes (Erasmus) IL called Ulpich (von Ülpenich) joined us Reinhard poor in life, according to the words of the same Historian de Hemricourt: “ilh n'avoit nul patrimoine de peire et de meire, dont ilh pouwist on cheval nourir". But extraordinary gifts of mind and body helped to him wealth and infiuence, so that we follow him in history from Cologne, Geldern, Jülich, Luxembourg, Liège and Brabant the middle of the XIV century as one of the most respected everywhere Meet the big ones. This is characteristic of him and his time The way he laid the foundation for his fortune. In war namely between Edward III. of England and Philip VI. from France In 1340, William V, Margrave of Jülich, placed on the side of the former and thereby a guilt- claim against the same, which he is responsible for collecting Reinhard sent to London. Eduard didn't have enough money, offered but at the payment point cloth, the clever Reinhard considered the Economic boom, because the war had an impact on exports to Flanders prevented, so accepted the offer and then sold the goods in Bruges with a profit of 6000 Royaux d'or. But he made it seem to his client that he had been given... Bruges was offered far below the estimated value and so achieved he wanted the Margrave, who was in need of money, to authorize him to do so to sell at any price, which would earn him another 2,000 royaux created* Hemricourt therefore called it “sage et subtle”, while we would use other expressions. Now it went along Our Junker moves quickly forward, we see his strong arm and even more, his good money and his wise advice
Literature. 243
sought after by all the princes of the neighborhood and well rewarded. Archbishop Walram of Cologne in particular was deeply in debt to him, and King John of Bohemia, who voted for the Wanting to win the royal election of his son Charles, he obliged against Reinhard for Walram's debt of 64,000 Royaux and 15,500 6cus d'or (June 15, 1346), which also includes an original King Charles's report dated May 6, 1348, in which Reinhard, knight and bannerman since 1346, for the first time as lord von Schönvorst appears, a title that he always uses from then on keeps; He probably only got this one south of then Reichslehn in Aachen was acquired. Soon after, in one Document dated March 3, 1349, Reinhard appears as “gemeyne vickaris in all valuable things of the eirwirdichen in Christo Vader's ind us heren, heren Walravens ertzebischofs zu Colne". but after his death, which occurred soon afterwards, he chose Wilhelm by Gennep, the imperial protégé's competitor, win, whose choice he also knows how to enforce. From be- But Reinhard's acquisition is of particular value to us Lordships of Yalkenburg (Fauquemont near Mastricht) and Montjoie from the estate of Johann von Valken, who died in 1352 castle and Montjoie; on April 4, 1354 he received the imperial commission Loyalty with Yalkenburg, but sold this much-controversial one Owned as early as (in August?) 1356 by the aforementioned William V. from Jülich. We see Reinhard as a Brabant vassal1). on the side of the much-pressured Duke Wenceslaus, and in 1357 whose interest as an envoy of his imperial brother, von this one with the dignity of a marshal (“nostre am£ marechal,” "imperialis nostre curie marescalcu&") to England go. Multiple state and financial transactions, some of which are here not to speak, fill the time until his wife's death, April 25, 1368, which marked a turning point in his life. For the following year he made a division there, that he gave Schönvorst to his eldest son, the knight Reinhard including the state of Cornelimünster, the second, Johann, gave the reign to Montjoie, admittedly with significant
1) “want hi onse rait, ridder end man eat,” say Wenzel and his friends his wife Joanna of Brabant.
244 literature.
the restrictions and reservation of his possessions on the left bank of the Meuse. Now he seems more himself to have withdrawn to Brabant affairs. But after Duke Wenzel on August 22, 1371 near Bastweiler Lost freedom and war glory against Wilhelm VL von Jülich had, our hero disappears from the story, be it that he owed this largely to his carelessness He couldn't get over the defeat, even if he was with him his sons had a dispute over a new marriage rathen, in short, we only learn from one of his four The contracts concluded with his sons on August 7, 1376 stated that he would briefly... previously died as a Knight of St. John, leaving behind a The will “that had been sent to them from Rhodes” was sealed from her father and other lords of salvation. John of Rhodes a. This usually corrects itself (also from Grote in his family tables) assumed approach to the year of his death in 1391.
We have a safe monument to this mighty Lord, from his 3 seals depicted on the accompanying copper plate apart, in his Plorenen (with + RH'D'D . — VTOiKffB), like the author against Perreau, who gave him to an older man Reinhard von Valkenburg 1305-32, explains convincingly, in accordance with Chalon, v. d. Chij's and mine, in the Vienna numismat. Magazine XII, p. 173 expressed request view. But you have to give him no less credit for the silver coins* at least the turnover penny with the king seated because he sees those of his contemporaries as bohe- mouth of Trier 1354-62 and William of Cologne 1349-62 exactly the same, even if Bohemond's successor Guno struck similar coins in 1362-88, so A look at the rest of its character leaves no doubt, that they fall into his first years. To exclude On the other hand, because of his supposed year of death, 1376, they are included Turnosgroschen denoted by the family coat of arms with 9 balls from the nineties. H.D.
To coat the study of numismatics.
Lecture given at the 50th anniversary of the Numismatic Foundation (Je fastened to Berlin on December 4, 1893.
As with historical studies, two large areas of to divorce each other, antiquity and the In more recent times, this is also the case when studying coinage as an auxiliary historical science used to these two "territory" from each other. Nevertheless, they have Most experienced numismatist always pointed out that one such a divorce is only permissible to a very limited extent; form yes, the earliest Germanic coins from the time of the nations migration is only the continuation of the Roman imperial coinage, and on the other hand, the coin series of Eastern Rome extend into the year 1453. Only a few are granted it, both in the area ancient, as well as modern coinage, scientifically to be able to work, but no one should feel compelled to do so today evade, sieve to familiarize yourself with the results on to be found in areas far away from him, and before All with the method by which they are found. Under Given this prerequisite, it may be permissible to carry out a to provide an overview of the study of ancient numismatics more than just in the early days, only this part was taken into account sighting has been found.
Zritohrirt for Knmumitik. XIX.
17
246 B- Because;
Those created during the collapse of the Western Roman Empire The Germanic states of the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Vandals, Burgundy and Franconia are all initially completely under the Power of the monetary economy that they have in their newly conquered countries found. The temporarily prevailing intervention of Justinian and his successors in the countries of the West have led to this leads that Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals and Burgundians Coins of Justinus II, Justinian and Anastasius re-minted have, even the earliest Anglo-Saxon silver coinage, Late 6th or early 7th century, the she-wolf with the twins VRBS ROMA will be given a coin from the Carau sius'), who ruled Britain in Diocletian times. had prevailed. With the decline of Eastern Roman influence in the West and the simultaneous strengthening of the But the coin also takes on different types of states and valuation takes on its own form.
Encountered in the middle of the long rows of medieval types a repetition of the stamps of the later Roman imperial time *) first under Emperor Henry II (1002-1024). Denarii of the Strasbourg Mint') show the imperial head instead of with the
1) Keary, Num. Chron. 1879 (N. S. 19} 44, Tf. H n. I. - For theae and the imitations mentioned below are also missing elsewhere no analogies, even with the mnhammedanian coins, daily. H. Nntiel, Featschr. the Numismatic Society of Berlin (1893) 132, [and a- going useful ice lecture at the March meeting of the Numismatic Society 1894].
2) My friends Regional Court tsrath Daunenberg and A. Menadier I for the various instructions that you gave me in this section have given, owe a special thank you.
3) Dannenberg, The German coins of the Saxon and Franconian Kaisewide. p. 350 f. Plate 40 n. 916, 917.
On the history of the study of numismatics.
247
Imperial crown rather with the ancient Roman radiant crown decorates, as the flip side, a church. Another denarius of the same Kaiser shows his half-length portrait HEINRI IMP again with the radiation crown and on the reverse side a figure dressed in antique clothing with the ball in the right hand, the staff in the left, and the inscription VICTO ria 1 )* a completely unmistakable imitation of the Sol invictus of the Gallienus coins. According to the area of minting, this coin is to Henry's victory over the stubborn Lorraine nobles obtained from Fleurus (September 12, 1015). A very recent one that came to light in the royal Cabinet in Berlin Worms denarius from the time of Henry III, or at most Henry richs IV. S ) copied with careful reproduction of the lines of the tiken Originals, which is also based on a copy of the above p. 245 The Berlin Cabinet is a bust of the Empress Helena, and has to read backwards from the outside the stamp- Schneider and probably also his client only partially understandable transliteration FL. IVL. HELENA AVG. It is this one Coinage, which is apparently related to that time lively promoted veneration of these saints, like others Rhenish churches also in Worms from the tradition in more detail relationship seems to be brought. s ) An Austrian denarius of the 12th century offers the two at the foot of the standard seated prisoners of the Roman coin with VIRTVS EXERCIT from the Constantinian period 4).
1) Dannenberg 457 plate 53 n. 1179, 1179 a.
2) Dannenberg II, plate 81 n. 1646, cf. Menadier, Deutsche Münzen p. 240.
3) The task of local research will be to determine whether not also in documents somewhere that is safe. Helena with the Worms church in is connected.
4) Vienna Numisrn. Clock 1888 Plate IX, 27 a, 27 b. Dannenberg II, Plate 90 n. 27 a, p. 696.
17»
248 R - Holy
In all of these cases we have done so consciously. to imitate Roman influences, the content of which is reminiscent of the Middle Ages. official mint master or at least his client is completely familiar, and used by him to allude to contemporary comrade events is used. However, this remains the case note that all of these coins come from the areas of the old Roman cities come from where finds of empress coins are common enough occur.
A century later the Angustal emperors followed Frederick IL, where he wore a laurel wreath as Roman Emperor on the Ks. the eagle appears; they are at the same time as Niecola Pisano 1 ), that strange forerunner of the Renaissance in Northern Italy.
Not much later, but also the first beginnings may have been made from coin collections. Because in 1335 is supported by a note from Oliviere Forza (or Forzetta), one respected rich merchant from Treviso, who lived in Venice A certain Simon wants to buy manuscripts and antiquities known from whom he plans to buy 50 coins'). It has to At that time there was already a flourishing antiques trade in Venice have, and what else we learn about this time leaves this The message seems entirely credible.
The course of development that numismatics has followed is inseparable from that of the collections. The re-
1) Hünti, Les preenraeura de la Renaissance p. 5.
3) Hüntz, Les preciirsears p. 38. Lee arte an cour des Papes II 183 according to ÄTogaro, Trattato delle monete di Trerigio in Zanotti'a Nnora raccolte delle monete e xecche dltalia IV 151 and Federigi, Hemorie treTigiane zero opera di design, Yen. 1803 I 178, 164.
On the history of the stage of numismatics. 249
revival of classical antiquity in the studies of Italian African humanists also looked at the coins. had led, for which Petrarch 1 ) already shows interest. That at These first beginnings of coin collections attracted attention ity initially to Roman coins, especially from the Ice Age, soon but also turned to the ranks of the Roman Republic by the nature of the finds on the soil of Italy given yourself. The fact that the coins are a Means offered, the portrait heads of the marble works, bronzes and Determining gems didn't contribute in the least Worn to encourage coin collecting, and it does Around the middle of the 15th century the peculiar discovery It seems that the numismatic knowledge of human beings nesting circles are incomparably better than the archaeological ones; In addition to the safe determination of the imperial portraits, they are still ongoing the most naive information, where it is an explanation of myth- logical representations. Finds in Lower Italy and Si- cilia are already bringing Greek coins into collections, although the coin legends here are often not yet certain can be read, and through trade relations The Venetians and Genoese will soon also be coming to the Orient Greek royal coins added« The interest that comes with it is taken from the coins, but is only based on the posed personality. This is how Cyriacus of An- cona between 1426 and 1431 to a pious countryman near Erakli, ancient Perinth, perhaps as a spirit licher lived, a silver coin with IMP. CAESAR VESP. AVG. CENS, because it bears the image of him who was responsible for the suffering of Christ took revenge 2 ); and in 1432 after King Siegesmund Siena sent a gold coin of Traian with OPTIMO PRINCIPI, to set before him his example in the good deeds,
1) Petrarch, EpistoL de rebus famil. XVIII 8 ed. Fracasetti Yol. II 439
2) See Cohen, Description des monnaies imper. I 390, 297” — Fran- cisco* Scalamontias, Vita Kyriaci Anconitani in: Colacci, AnticMti Picene T. XV 131 f.
250 R - Because:
which he would have shown Cyriacus' hometown of Ancona 1). Such demonstrative relationships such as those drawn in by Cyriacus here, form what is new about his gifts and differentiate them from those that Petrarch once told the Emperor Charles IV. had honors. If Poggio in coins and busts by rows Searching for portraits of emperors and scholars, these emerged Consequences of themselves as collections increase, and in In 1517 Andreas Fulvius was able to publish his Illustrium imagines Bomae Joa. Mazocchius published, which were soon followed by German ones and other expenses were shared. The fact that such por- traits that had not yet appeared in coins Imagination has been added and the order has been arranged the editor faced serious accusations for a long time to come. To what extent a collection had already been built at this time The inventory gives an idea of this Esteschen collection from 1494, which contains 437 gold coins, 3385 silver coins 3 ), numbers that were difficult to remember at the time. probably have been achieved by someone else. This Example given by Italy then in the 16th century, where the humanist movement spreads further north, more general imitation found; Hubert Goltz knew that the middle of the century according to his travel report in Italy more than 380 collections, in France around 200, as many in the Netherlands, and 175 in the Rhineland and the southern In Germany, it goes without saying, by far Most of them are not very extensive, but nevertheless worth noting Evidence of how collecting activity had spread, at a time when there were no public collections at all could be speech.
The scientific utilization of ancient coins has began in France. Under Louis XII. had
1) Scalamont. a. 0.89.
2) E. Müntz, Le8 arts au cour des Papes II 141 after Campori, Raccolta di catalog and inventories inediti, Modena 1870, 28.
Tsar history of the stage of numismatics. 251
Guil. Budaeus 1 ), who collected himself, his dissertatio de asses already completed, which was only published under Francis I is. Guillaume des Choul, grand bailli of the montagnes of Dauphiné brought in his Discours sur la r&igion des anciens Romains (Lyon 1556) already a large number of coins in copper engraved for illustration. Belonged to the seventeenth century It is good practice to collect coins in France The same even existed to a certain extent in the Huguenot movements role played. In Italy, in addition to the collection of medicines, all those of the Gonzaga in Mantua and the Este in Ferrara, which have become important in Germany, those of art thoughtful Habsburg Rudolf IL, who on his coins and Medals themselves appear in the habitus of a Roman emperor, and finally that of the highly educated Swedish Queen Christine, their collection based on the engravings available to him (not based on the originals) the Dutchman Havercamp (Hagae Com. 1742) has described. 2)
If Jacobus de Strada*) and Guil. de Choul 4 ) the numismatic matics as the basis of their antiquarian and mythological have done studies, the man from Würzburg, Hubert Goltz (1526-1583), who lived in Venloe, for the first time a more comprehensive treatment of the coins was carried out. His Fasti Magistratuum et Triumphornm Romanorum (Brugis Flan- drorum 1566), like his two works on imperial history, the one dealing with Caesar and the civil wars, the second Augustus, are based solely on the coins, incomparably further His thesaurus was designed according to factual aspects ordered gods and cults, the imperial ranks, titles, legions*
1) Guil. Budaeus, Libri V de asse et partibus ejus. Venet. in aed. Aldi 1522.
2) Nummophylacium Beginae Christinae. Cum commentario Sieb. Havercampi, Hagae Com. 1742.
3) Epitome thesauri antiquitatum hoc est imperatorum Romanorum iconum ex antiquie numismatibus quam fidelissime delineatarum. Lugduni 1553.
4) Disconrs de la räligion des anciens Romains Hlustres des medals et figures retirees from the marble antiques. Lyon 1556. Nene edition 1567.
252 R - Because:
coins, magistrates, colonial coins, etc. should be summarized; A special work about Sicily was then published independently and Greece. A the entire area of Greek coins comprehensive, for which he had only partially engraved the plates, was interrupted by his death, and only subsequently by Lud. Nonnius published in Antwerp in 1620. The endurance, with which Goltz collected his material over many years of travel has collected is highly worthy of respect. Nonetheless We should warn against using coin descriptions today, that only occur to him, or that which is easier to encounter may be used by later people based solely on his information; because obviously through the abundance of the new one he found He allowed himself to be seduced by material, and now it has also remained with him to fill gaps in his copper plates with fictitious coins complete. But a quite considerable part of what you accused him of being forgeries can be explained by inaccuracy speed and volatility, partly also due to the fact that The inexperience that has to be gradually overcome in these studies clarify. Also Eckhel's strict criticism 1 ), which in a more comprehensive way Executes what Norisius, Morell, Spanheim did for individual games had already recognized earlier, must not prevent us from recognizing that that it is hub. Goltz's merit is to put the Greek coins first to have made it accessible to antiquity studies. Goltz is not the only one in the history of ancient studies remained, who put in a great deal of hard work and work himself destroyed again.
Fulvius Ursinus, Goltz's contemporary, who set himself a task of a more limited scope, the description of the Roman family coins (Rome 1577), on the other hand, has a pattern created a valid work. Like the creation of the collections in this area in Italy is unequally facilitated by the local finds, the historical interest in these series scholars there a closer one, and the whole character
1) Eckhel Doctr. Num. I Proleg. GXLI, and before in his Descriptio numorum Antiochiae IX.
On the history of the study of numismatics. 253
These coins invite you to study as if by themselves Here too, scientific research was first initiated been. Patin, Vaillant, Morell and later have addenda can deliver enough, but the framework of the whole thing is there Fulvius Ursinus already before.
Since the beginning of the 18th century, the numismatic matic studies a change in that the older ones Italian collections, which up to that point had the richest holdings had had, gradually made their way abroad; while Italy has so far had the most important collections, From now on they can be found in Central and Northern Europe, where exactly in the Roman border provinces, in Dacia and on Lower Rhine, particularly valuable finds come to light, which once, it seems, at the time of the migration of peoples Barbarian tribes arrived and are now welcomed here. Other- On the other hand, those created by the royal houses win from now on Collections that are gradually becoming state collections predominant importance over private collections, which last teres are gradually absorbed by those, a process that which continues to the present
A new direction in numismatics begins with Ezekiel Spanheim (1629-1710), who traveled extensively around the world has acquired comprehensive knowledge of the most important collections, with his sharp philological training in which he around that time, like the first philologists, in the various the most remote and remote areas of classical antiquity science has penetrated, the authors everywhere with help of monuments seeking to explain. He has the Berlin collection First help lift the lungs, then the big one has to act on his drive Elector Lorenz Beger to Berlin to administer the same appointed. Spanheim's main numismatic work is his dissertation tationes de usu et praestantia nummorum 1 ); in that time In keeping with contemporary taste, he often indulges in excursions, but
1) First Romae 1664. Editio IL Amstelodami 1671. Editio nova (in 2 volumes) Londini Amstel. 1706. 1707.
254 Ä. Because:
No other of his contemporaries embraced the discipline in such a way wide and clear view, and in this respect it stands out among all its predecessors Eckhels definitely for the most important and astute must apply. As envoy of the Prussian king in London he has understood how to attract like-minded people into his company; is the first numismatic society we learn about Founded by him in London in 1703.
Since the work of the numismatists is mostly for the following period with the activity on one of the larger collections in more or are less closely connected, there is a consideration The same applies to the individual countries automatically France is ahead. Charles Patin, born in Paris in 1633, A doctor by profession, and like his father Gui, still a godmother under the influence of the humanist school of Scaliger and Salmasius standing is accompanied by Colbert, who has a lettre de cachet against him had been forced, his fatherland to leave, and then took up a chair in chi- rurgy preserved (f 1693). More than the two big collections lungs of Roman coins, has its Histoire des m&Lailles maintain their reputation for him for a long time to come. On Jean Foy Vaillant, born in 1632 in Beauvais, died in 1706 in Paris, and also a doctor by training, S6guin took notice, and through this Colbert persuaded him to travel send to make coin purchases for the king's Eabinet; He visited Italy twelve times and traveled to Greece and Egypt and Persia, brought rich spoils for the royal collection home, and placed his extensive studies in a stately one series of writings that gave him a place in the French cesan academy. Andr. Morell from Bern native engraver, had come to the French court; from his Thesaurus Morellianus is the one that appeared earlier Part containing the Roman family coins for that time an excellent work in its arrangement and criticism, although the author was only allowed to finish the plates. Havercamp's voluminous commentary on this work
On the history of the study of numismatics. 255
not the same benefits; the longer time after Morells Imperial coins that had appeared dead were still in the tablets left incomplete, and are not by the editors supplemented with Morell's care. The also at the Royal Cabinet in Versailles and since 1741 De Boze and especially his successor worked in Paris Jean Chr6tien Barth61emy (in office since 1753), who headed the numismatic matic part of the commentary for the Voyage de jeune Ana- charsis had edited, making this collection the richest Europe made. Scientifically, of course, they become far-reaching towered over by Josephe Pellerin, who built his great one in 1762 and 1763 The main work Recueil de mädailles was published, and then until In 1778 there were a number of extensive supplementary volumes to follow.
T. E. Mionnet (f 1842), by Barth&emy as early as 1795 moved to the Paris cabinet, where he worked for 47 years was, in his Description de m&Lailles (1806-13), which also next to the stock of Greek coins there collection was created, but then in the supplement (1819-37) Apart from later additions, these are only available to the author pieces accessible from the literature describes the extensive richest inventory of Greek numismatics, which exists to this day; in a more concise form he has the Roman ones Coins brought« The layout of the work is complete geographical arrangement first carried out by Eckhel; what distinguishes it is, as far as the author is able was, after autopsy, to describe his great security and conscientious criticism of the authenticity and inauthenticity of the piece. What Mionnet gave for the Greek coins, Henry then gave Cohen, died in 1880 as Bibliothecaire au däpartement des M6- dailles et antiques, tried to supply initially for the Roman Coins of the Republican period, then in more detail for this those of the imperial era. The subtle Duc de Luynes (f 1863) partly through his own excellent works about Greek and Oriental numismatics, partly indirectly
256 R. Because:
through the many suggestions he gave to fellow researchers, Baron d'Ailly deserved the area of the older ones Roman coinage, which preceded the ranks of the so-called family coins are processed in a comprehensive manner; both have in a generous spirit their rich frivolous collections to the Parisian Eabinet bequeathed. l ) Of the two Lenormant, only the one is closed busy son (f. 1883) in the last years of his life A larger work, La monnaie dans l'antiquitä (1878), began in a certain sense intended to renew Eckhel's Doctrina, but torso remained.
In Germany it was on Spanheim's recommendation Palatinate Lorenz Beger brought to Berlin by the Great Elector been called, as he had previously done the collection of the Count Palatine had described describing the Electorate of Brandenburg; that brilliantly presented work in 3 volumes (Thesaurus electoralis Brandenburgicus 1696. 1702) becomes inedible due to the The author chose to treat the text as a dialogue 2). A similar but less extensive adaptation of the Gothaer Eabinets is presented by Christian Siegism. Love. The middle point of numismatic studies in Germany but transforms that time in Vienna, where in the collections of the ruling family, which were presided over by a number of learned Jesuits, gradually becoming one A whole school of capable researchers grew up, Fröhlich (1700-1758), Ehell (1714-1772), Neumann (this reigning Augustinian canon 1744-1816) and, towering over them all, Joseph Hilarius Eckhel (1737-1798). His Doctrina Nummorum (1792-98), which appeared in the The first four volumes cover the area of Greek, in the three following that of the Roman coins until the fall of the Eastern Roman imperialism is the main work for the ancient numismatics, richness of content, security
1) The third person to be added here is the man who died on January 13, 1894 Henri de Waddington.
2) Quod scribendi genas, nisi Veneres Charitesque calamum ducant, torment Begero numquam adfulsisse videntur, obscuram mobstarnque efficit ora- tionem: Eckhel D. N. I Proleg. CLV1I.
On the history of the study of numismatics.
257
the method and conscientious research have remained unmatched. The system initiated by Harduin and Pellerin for Division of ancient coins is consistent here for the first time carried out that the total of the Greek coins Coinage of Hispania, Gaul, Britain, Africa and the ancient Orient are included, as are those Italy, whereas they are grouped together as Roman coins those in the name of the Roman state in and outside Rome Republican period and the imperial period. The distribution of Greek* coins, given here The meaning is then again a geographical 1 ), that of the mints
Bo8-
1) Eckhel distinguishes between large, self-contained areas: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa arranged in the following manner will:
Asia
Cimmerian porous
Pontus
Paphlagonia
Bithynia
Mysia
Troas
Aeolis
Lesbos
Ionia and present Islands
Caria and previous nearby islands
Lycia
Pamphylia
Pisidia
Cyprus
Lydia
Phrygia
Galatia
Cappadocia
Armenia
Syrian kings
In the Catalog of Greek coins of the British Museum it is only mentioned in this Ton Eckhel differed that Euboea was directly connected to Boeotia is. Given the close relationship in which both landscapes relate to each other
Western Europe
Hispania
Gaul
Britain
Germania
Italy
Sicily Eastern Europe
Taur. Ghersonnes
Sarmatia
Moesia
Thrace
Macedonia
Thessaly
IUyricum
Epirus
Korkyra
The Middle Greek landscapes
Peloponnese
Crete
Euboea
the smaller islands of the Archipelago
Commagene Palmyrene Seleuki8 Goelesyria Trachonitis Decapolis Phenicia Galilee Samaritis Judaea Arabia Mesopotamia Parthia Persia Bactria Africa Egypt Cyrenaica Syrtica zeugitana Numidia Mauritania.
258 R. Because:
in the individual countries an alphabetical one; the royal ranks are housed behind the rows of city coins. At The Roman coins are separately republican and imperial period; In that one, the older ranks stand in front without any restrictions. official names, they are followed by the so-called family coins alpha- betic; The imperial coins are listed chronologically according to the rules ments in an orderly manner, then again so far for it Titulatures in the epigraphs are sufficient after years, whereas Those that cannot be classified according to this are always put at the end. are presented as nummi vagi. The meaning of Eckhel's system, that one does not wrongly follow the example of his great contemporary Linn6 compared, it is clear from this that all larger ones Coin collections today are arranged according to him, the catalogs of the individual collections follow it, and the further numerical matic literature has had to join in with him. Leake's Try to simplify the same thing he did in the Numismata Hellenica was used, and in the former his collection, now in Oxford, has proved to be quite misguided, but attempts to even stricter geographical or chronological groups form, each time damaging the clarity. By Eckhels This is a major systematic work just seven years earlier published with great effort but uncritically as a compilation
and which has not yet been fully resolved to date Question whether the so-called coat of arms coins, which are currently almost universal Evia should be assigned to Euboea, but not a row can still be assigned to Athens, This deviation may be justified. That point of the corner This is the arrangement against which the strongest objections arise not here at Euboea, but in the ancient view of love, which forms the border between Europe and Asia through the Tanais Cimmerian Peninsula is added to that, the coast of Phanagoria but already to Asia. If you want to change Eckhel's arrangement, do so It is advisable to end with the Borysthenes, and the Taurian half- to combine the island with Asia, which initially means that the currently standing separation of the cities of the Bosporan Empire ceases, and these, which with Olbia, Odessos at any time only insignificantly related to but so closely related to the towns on the south coast of the Ponte have stood, are also externally united with these.
On the history of the study of numismatics. 259
worked lexicon Christoph Raches antiquated, after it had just been completed.
In Italy there is a rush to create collections at any time still found satisfaction in scientific pursuits But with the coins it is perhaps precisely because of this and through them fondly carried out antiquarian studies in the back reason pushed. After Paruta, the Prince. Torremuzza the coins of his fatherland Sicily undergo a comprehensive examination subjected to writing. By far the most active Italian numismatic The mathematician was Domenico Sestini, who produced an impressive series of published works up to 1830; a younger one Eckhel's contemporary, he worked in the revolutionary period and during a busy traveling life during Napoleonic rule and gradually got to know all the larger collections. His works, which are difficult to understand in their entirety, often suffer in volatility of descriptions, erroneous readings, etc., But just as often he also showed the right way 1). From Among the more recent, Garelli and Cavedoni must also be mentioned and, far superior to them, the Principe Borghesi, the excellent experts on Roman epigraphy and numismatics Of course, this never happened in a larger context work. He and Cavedoni deserve the credit for caring* Same and precise description of the finds Coins from the period of the Roman Republic these series all- to have gradually brought it into a chronological system then further expanded by Theodor Mommsen and only to his has been fully utilized. The relatively large one Security that we use today for dating the individual series of the family coins won is primarily due to the
1) Friedlaender, Berliner Bl. f. Mflnz- Siegel- and Wappenkd. IV 16: 'Among all the countless manias which he described in his works, I don't think it's one that would later turn out to be the work of a fraud. had meadows'. These words of Friedlaender, Sestini's fleeting moments themselves very sharp criticism (see also 0. pp. 19-28) remain worthy of note, especially since today, where people have gotten used to it, Sestini is actually only treated with disdain zq treat.
260 R - Because:
numerous descriptions within and outside of Italy coin discoveries made, a work that was carried out in the offers Greek numismatics with disappearing 1 ) — extensive utilization of the finds has so far occurred Only happened with the Bactrian coins - unfortunately almost has remained completely neglected. An improvement here would be a worthy task for our German Archaeo- logical institute in Athens, and he cannot accept the same occasionally enough recommended.
In England, where the collection of the British Museum only since the beginning of this century has their steadily growing has gained importance, it is the rich in private ownership that found collections to which the study of numismatics connects. The most important English numismatist 18th century is Charles Gombe, who owns the rich collection by the anatomist Hunter in Glasgow, then Payne Enight at the British Museum. Colonel Leake, the excellent topographer graph, partly wisely acquired a rich, Collection of Greek coins now in Oxford created, and often with luck the coin finds also happen used for his topographical and geographical work. Also worth mentioning here is Ackerman, the founder of the Numismatic Chronicle, and notably William Borrell, who lived for a long time as English consul in Smyrna, and whose work, in the first series of the Numismatic Chronicle published, not paid for.
Today the large public collections are... Gabinet de mödailles in Paris, which is part of the library national forms the British Coin Cabinet in London museum, and in Berlin the coin cabinet of the Royal Mu- seums are probably pretty equivalent to each other. From The Parisian Eabinet with its holdings is the furthest away from them. testing back while the London collection at the beginning of this
1) The works of Arth belong here. J. Evans Qber Taranto (Num. Chron. 1889) and about Syracuse (Num. Chron. 1890 and 1891).
On the history of the study of numismatics. 261
Century has taken off, and the Berliners only under the careful leadership of Julius Friedlaender has gained importance. Friedlaender has them throughout the year 1870 created favorable conditions for artistic endeavors the two largest private collections Europe, that of the English General Fox and that of the Austrian Reich diplomats Acquire Prokesch East later nor those for the oriental coins perhaps no less important Guthrie collection'). The three cabinets mentioned The closest is the Imperial Collection in Vienna, then Munich, where the old art-loving electors already lived had collected, and the later King Ludwig I as crown prince showed keen interest, so that the older collection Cousin&y could be purchased there, as well as the collection in the hermitage days to Petersburg, Copenhagen, Gotha, Dresden.
The rich soil of Italy and among the provinces of The western half of the Roman Empire comes closest to him- That of Gaul had the material for the Roman one at an early stage Numismatics accessible in incomparably greater completeness help, as is the case for Greek numismatics was. The collections of the 16th and 19th centuries show the latter 17th century mostly what Italy and Sicily supplied them, These two countries, however, in abundance. To the east Achaia is always open to Venetian trade been in their possession for a time, as was Crete and Cyprus and the coasts of the Levant; in the coin The impact of these can be seen on the collections' holdings Already recognize trade relations at that time. Like that knowledge of Macedonia and Thrace only this year- hundred through more intensive mercantile traffic and more frequent travel to the country has been expanded, so
1) About the history of the Berlin collection Tgl. especially: To History of the Royal Museums in Berlin. Festschrift s.F. her five« rigj. existence. BerL 1880. P. 5 ff. P. 185, where Friedlaender mentions the same treated in detail.
S«iUekrift for lfunim*tics. XIX. ]£
262 R. Weil: On the history of the study of numismatics.
also involved the discovery of new coin series and extensive sales. The increase in those previously known has kept pace. The cousin who lives in Salonika as the French Consul General has made a special contribution to this; but still until Most recently there are coins from previously unknown dynasts and unknown cities appeared. In an even more striking way is the gradual development of Asia Minor Numismatics has benefited, as the number of Mints there can still be multiplied almost every year. Since the English have established themselves in Fenjab and their armies penetrated the upper Kabul Valley, and Russian travelers 1 ) reach these areas from the north, also has this most remote area of Greek culture, the ancient one Bactrian-Indian Empire, with its royal ranks in ancient times Coin science has found its place, which in this case even the main source for the history of these countries during the Centuries after Alexander the Great. similar- At least this is the case with those of Greek culture nor touched Himjarites in Yemen, and the Axumites in Abyssinia. But at the same time there are limits reached, within which the Greco-Roman trade once existed traffic spreads or at least has an indirect effect. has meadows.
1) With the rapid advance of the Russian armies into Central Asia and against the Hindu Kush the trade relations have so far apparently can't keep up yet.
Rudolf Weil
Two books from the Görlitz Mint.
In the treatise “The Coins of the City of Görlitz” in XVIII. I have presented the volume of this magazine on p. 61, that the city of Görlitz is a weak attempt Settled in 1430 - it was not until 1448 that pfennigs were minted and Hellern seriously resumed and that two handwritten There are still books available that give us quite detailed information Official information about the activities of the mint in the period of 1450 to 1469 give.
These are two books bound in pigskin is in the manuscript cabinet of the Upper Lusatian Society of the sciences. The smaller one, L H 284, which we have If you want to name it briefly because of A, it is 12 cm wide and 30 cm high and 2 cm thick. It doesn't have an inscription, instead of the same There are four notes on the envelope relating to the coin noted, which are crossed out again with a double cross are. It contains 73 sheets, mostly written on both sides, some pages remained blank. Various pieces of paper, which usually only got to their current location by chance, are loosely included, but are carefully paginated.
The larger book - B - (L I 268) is 22 cm wide, 32 cm high and 2 cm thick, contains 98 sheets and an insert of 13 sheets with mostly crossed out notes. It bears the inscription
Liber rationum eorum que in monetam praesentantur et
a monetario percipiuntur. Dii wasted bene.
18*
264 R- Scheuner:
Below there are two verses with signatures, which only are partially and so faintly legible that at first the decomposition numbering caused difficulties. They are taken out Horatius and read:
Inter spem curasque timores inter et iras Semper crede diem tibi diluxisse supremum.
Oratius poeta.
The writing of this book is clean and beautiful. It's the one Fair copy of a diary about the coin and contains more details Information about their activities in the years 1460 to 1469.
The smaller book A, which begins in 1450, is different in content from the previous one; because it is a kind of manual for the cash register, which is located in the coin. was specially managed, and as such contains a colorful notes of payments written in a dishonest way to one another, Loans of money, credits, etc., which after being in the various books were transferred, crossed out, as you can see on the outside of the cover.
The official's notes are extremely varied Coin in this book. Payments are made for the various served the most important purposes; Advances given on cloth deliveries and also without any special support; Contributions paid to buildings, e.g. B. the bastions and the Frauenkirche, and interest is paid for the city.
On the other hand, significant amounts were again added to the cash register borrowed when larger sums were needed to purchase silver.
To list the entire content in its details here, would be tiring and beyond the purpose of this work; for For us it is mainly a matter of getting everything from the To use books that somehow relate to the coin.
We see from the records how the Bath of the city Görlitz from time to time decides to return its own coin to put four gentlemen into action as administrators of the the same appoints him as he employs the mint master and with him makes the contract and what the mint masters are called.
Two books at the Görlitz Mint. 265
We learn that the “good old” Görlitzer Pfennige b% were spread so quickly that one soon got to 4 loth and as early as 1465 it passed to 3^ Loth, and even 31öthige pennies minted. We continue to hear how much metal is being minted was and how much minted money was delivered, so that you now have an idea of what meaning had the coin for the city at that time. We get further an insight into the arithmetic skills of our ancestors They didn't always do the right thing in their examples, but they did often content with the approximate, sometimes perhaps so from considerations of convenience.
Unfortunately, in the smaller book A we find time from 1450 to 1459 no coherent report on the activity of the municipal mint, and it can be assumed that that little or no minting was made after 1452 until the year 1460, when the council, the elders and the jury A council and a TF were asked to start coining again. The first page of Book B tells us about this as follows: 1) Anno dm. millesimo sexagesimo, sabbato post Valentini (February 16, 1460) as the council, eldest and sworn against zcu monczen anzcuhebin council and a were his and himself with master Hansze monczemeister present the one from the gemoncztin gewegin mr. 4 gr. (only 2^ gr. were indicated) sets, which are crossed out again and replaced by 4}-. zcu sleschaczt adir zcu lone gebin (sal crossed out) vnd her allin departure tragicin sal in the fewer and white.
Item only in departure, which is calculated by master Hansze, Sal he on his lone ye in front of the wise mr. 1 mr. gr. abbehin losin.
Item master Andres, goldsmith, from the Moncziszin
zcu grabin, ye from the gemoncztin mr. 1^
Item master Petir Behmischem, avoid the ice,
*) All numbers are in the original in small Roman letters. Expressed in letters, but reproduced to me in Arabic numbers.
266 R» Scheuner:
zsu machin dos restin, from the sticks adir vndereiszen
from sinem stole vnd eiszen, ye made from a newe 4 gr. Item from the vnder sticks, which he against zcusampne
pushes, and from his ice stands, ye from a 2 gr. Item from the obirices of vnszin iron and sinem
stole newe made, ye from the ice cube 1 gr.
Item from the same obireiszen that he iced from vnszin
irstosst vnd von sinem stole stelit, ye abir vom eisin 1 gr. Item from the obireiszen that he dirstoszt and not newe
stelite, from two 1 gr.
Before this master was hired, Hans managed Niclas or Niclus the mint master's office, but he likes the city have become too expensive; for he related, as on the inside the pigskin cover at the end of book A can be read, 7 gr. wages from the coined mark. From the above communications you can see that with Master Hans you only get it with 2 1 /» gr. was looking for, but had to grant him 4 gr. From this one As a wage he had to keep the necessary mint workers, because it There is no mention of workers' wages anywhere. That this one But the rate was very high, as we will see below.
As early as April 18, 1461, a new mint master appeared, Merten Heyderich, probably only as a representative at first wise for Hans. The latter appears on September 16, 1461 again and lasts until the middle of the following year, but on July 10, 1462
Merten Heyderich was accepted as a munczmeister
in all manner and form, as Master Hanns did in front of him.
worked on the lone and erbeit, and on the same day
zcu poured and eaten answered 213 mr. gewegin
breslisch weights.
His wages were supposed to be like Hans's, but were From then on the first pour will be charged at 1 l / 2 gr.
There were also four gentlemen administrators for the mint master Gentlemen of the Mint called, superior, whose obligation 17 and also from page 52 b
Two Bacher from the Görlitz Mint. 267
of stream A can be seen. On the piece of paper, which is a draft was, since the year but not the date is filled in, it says:
anno dm. etc. Ix j ° am
as the council then presided over the moncze and bill of exchange Seiffrid Goswin, Andrews Canitze, Bartholo. Hersberg vnd Joh. Bebirstein has entpholin, habin en the camerer calculated ynd in good gr. bemisch, Misnische, Phenigen, Hvngarisch and the pagament is ready and all the debts are answered 1074 ß. 35 gr. vnd the state poor and rich cto do good and Orbarn Sallin and Wollin, but what he said was broken I have the advice and cameren zcu escape, who also like it Helffin and Rathen Wollin.
In the other place mentioned above, the provisions revise Walter on February 16, 1461 the stocks in the mint, whereby Urban Emerich, mayor, Andrews Ganitz, treasurer, Gre- Gorius Selige and Seiffrid Goswin are mentioned. True- Apparently they were the predecessors of the administrators just mentioned, two remained in their positions, the others became new elected.
These gentlemen administrators took care of purchasing the silver and copper, tartar, iron, etc. and weighed them Mint master the metal in the right proportion to each Cast off. I leave what is written on p. 3 of Book B is written here, follow it verbatim. It is the first "feeding off" of Master Hans, and all the following ones look like this, one side is the same as the other, only the dates and numbers are different:
Item sabbato post Valentini master Hansze, monczemeister replied and was eaten by the third person
5527s mr. gewegin.
Item dorusz an czenen gegossin 540 mr. gewegin.
Item an check zcenlein answer 4 scot.
Item restat that in the fewer abegangin, in the tegel and herd
blebin is 12 7s mr. minus 4 scot.
268 R-Schenner:
Item to moncztem money and assigned answer sabbato post Cathedral of Petri 97 mr. r/2 scot gewegin.
Item eidem on his lone eodem the 1 mr. gr.
Item replied on Thursday before Invocavit
33 mr. minus 3 scot gewegin. Item sabbato ante Invocavit an moncztem money answered
98 mr. gewegin. Item master Hansze on his loen 2 ß large eodem the. Item abeschroth answered feria quinta post Invocavit
44 mr. 3 scot
Item replied to moncztem money 13172 mr. gewegin.
Item to moncztem money answered 11972 mr. 472 scot.
Item abescrot 472 mr. r/2 scot.
Total of gemoncztin money 479 mr. 3 scot.
Item douon master Hansse of gemoncztim money zcu lone
ye from the gewegin mr. 4 gr., facit, so you leave