Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 22 — 1895

51. Sextans with monogram Äff to the right of the prora. Weight 4 sizes In my collection. On three other copies of this one Sextans of my collection is clearly visible that one Overcoating has taken place, however, the types can be used of the old coins can no longer be determined with certainty 1).

52. Sextans with monogram AA to the right of the prora. wt. 3.31 gr. In my collection.

On two other sextants with $ and on one without Attachment 5 ) of my collection is the only one of the old stamp big star can be seen, so that with these three pieces The coin described was also over-stamped by Panormus has been.

Regarding the overprints on the similar Galenic Coin, I refer you to the essay mentioned at the beginning. who in the Ztechr. f. Num. Vol. XII, p. 135.

Individual upper embossings.

53. Quadrans without insignia, weight 4.09 gr., on coin from Cos. Hf. Head of Hercules from the front. Bf. Club, bow and quiver. (Mionnet Vol. III, p. 405 No. 38.) In the Paris Cabinet. Ailly Vol. II, p. 195.

54th ounce without markings on the same coin from Cos. wt. 2.66 gr. In the Paris cabinet. Ailly Vol. II, p. 210, plate 64 No. IL

1) This includes a sextan purchased at the Ancona auction (G. Sambon, Impresa di return year Vm, 1884, No. 2), which is in the catalog 8. 64 No. 711 is usually described with the addition of the 8th, while the large one Animal-rayed star is just the best of the old stamp.

2) The same 8 pieces that appear in A. Weyl's Numismat Correspondens 1892 No. 102/108, p. 48 no. 417 is listed.

90 M. Bahrfeld t: Overstamped Mfinxen a. d. Period of Roman Bepablik.

55. Sextans without markings on a supposed coin from Cumae. (Mionnet, Suppl. Vol. I, p. 246, No. 326.) Head is visible with laurel wreath to the right In the Paris cabinet. Ailly Vol. II, P. 206, plate 63 no. 18.

56th ounce without markings, weight 5.55 gr. From the old coin are only traces of a king's head with a diadem and remains the inscription. A€IA... to see. In the Berlin Eabinet. According to Friedländer, Ztschr. f. Num. Vol. IV, p. 347 possible A Seleucid coin.

Rastatt in Baden, October 1892. M. Bahrfeldt.

Literature.

Hermann Dannenberg, basic principles of coinage. 12° (XVI. 261 p. with 11 plates) 4 marks. Leipzig, J. J. Weber.

If this meeting is the result of various unfavorable If coincidences appear a little late, she may give preference their predecessors claim that they are on a longer term Acquaintance with the indicated book is based. That the Mr. Author, for decades as a collector, researcher and Writer with great success, something excellent would do, it was clear from the start when it became known to which work he devoted his energies. But the one given to him The task was so difficult and comprehensive that one... It would be interesting to see how he came to terms with it would. Now that I've taken the book to Bathe several times and even recently a spiritually related work—the Setting up the display table of a large public mint collection - I think I can say that the book fully meets the high expectations placed on it. You can talk to the author about this or that individual That means something added or left out here and there wish - but that the whole thing, as it stands, is an excellent general overview of the entire coinage of all times and Granted to the peoples, no one can deny and has so much known to me, no one has yet disputed it. The monstrous one Fabric is broken down into five sections representing the Greek and Roman coins, then the Middle Ages, the Orientals, the newer coins and finally the medals; in everyone The mintages of the most important coins are below careful highlighting of the historical or numismatic Particularly interesting pieces are discussed briefly and clearly, however a response to the numerous controversial questions of our knowledge schaft as not affecting the purpose of the book carefully and happily avoided. This section seems to me to be the most successful about the Greeks, which is also the most extensive geographically (136 of 261 pages!): I confess that I included it with true pleasure. He's not just with

92 Literature.

Respect for the importance and beauty of the Greek character, but also especially because of the very fragmented terted literature doubly grateful from all those who Greetings who, like me, lack the leisure, this interesting one To give the same attention to antiquities as own study objects. It is not without regret that I have it still felt that the Middle Ages and especially that In comparison, the German Middle Ages were treated somewhat neglectfully. has been acted upon. The author also gives us here, in its own field, if I may say so, a wealth valuable details alongside the broad outlines of the science, and his information will never be seen as incomplete. can constantly describe. But it still fulfills you - me I would like to say: with envy when you pick something up by chance An example is the treatment of the coins of Gilicia und Isaurien einen grösseren Raum verwandt sieht als auf die that of all of Upper Saxony, i.e. Thuringia, Meissen, Lausitz and Saxony-Anhalt together: there Adana, Mallos, Nagidos and princes like the two Polemo and Ajax an in-depth discussion was found, here the right people have to ringer landgraves, the counts of Blankenburg, Brandenberg, Kirchberg and seven of their illustrious comrades with the Er- Only the Counts of The CVNRATVS LAMPERTVS REX will also be particularly popular. led. I should think that one thing can be done and needed not to leave the other one behind: the bracteates with LVTEGER ME FECIT or with CATI DE BLANCENBVRG e.g. B. would be the No less worthy of mention than the copper Coins of Libya, Byzacene and Syrtica. It's in the stated intention of the book, the educated of ours to interest the people in coin studies: but they will, even if they don't ignore the ancients and don't should pass by, first and foremost, pay attention to them turn to patriotic antiquities, which is certainly true is desirable. But enough, this unevenness is probably clarified by taking the wishes of the person into account Space-limiting publisher: we regret that Mr. Author does not have twice the number of pages available confessed that he knew how to use them. Maybe This wish comes true on the occasion of a second performance situation, which the author may have had reason to do there are some, due to the necessary brevity of the representation to rework areas that have become less clear. Some like that I include passages here along with other related comments Content: they are traditional proof that the

Literature. 93

reporter the book he indicated more than thoroughly has leafed through.

It would be desirable that the tracks mentioned on p. 8 a coinage in iron in more detail at this point would be proven. P. 124 you miss at least one Approximate dating of the Persepolitan coins. p. 141 would have the wonderfully great inscription for the layman EID • MAR should be explained. That on p. 211 the her- Management of the Gros Tournois by the Sarrazinas of Acre (Vol. 11 p. 39 d. Journal) was passed over in silence, probably as well as the failure to mention the Earolu and Lodovici Florene on p. 231 its reason is the dubiousness of the question. To On p. 233 it should be noted that the dragon slayer is on the Polish bracteate with BO probably not Saint George, but Gracus, the legendary founder of Krakow, is the legend von desgen Drachenkampf still lives there today population. Finally, it should be mentioned about printing errors, that General Leyva, besieged in Pavia in 1524, was not "Lava" (p. 249) and that there is Maillet instead of "Mailles". is reading.

That excellent orientating introductions to the whole thing are sent in advance of the individual sections and that careful complex registers are just as lacking in their importance page headings that have not yet been sufficiently appreciated is actually self-evident at Dannenberg. Is to be recognized also the printing equipment: even ancient Hellenic and Lycian Inscriptions are reproduced in the appropriate letters. But the Lord would have for the tablets included in the book Publishers have to do significantly more in the current world They are not very pleasing in shape. They are so small that Larger pieces hardly have to be shown at all can and the recorded ones are not very clear Have to put up with being nested together. In addition, this has Reproduction processes sometimes produce images of poor sharpness result, e.g. B. in the wonderful bracteate of Albrecht the Bear Plate VIII 62 and even the medal of Cardinais Albrecht von Brandenburg XI 89. For such a valuable and stimulating book which, I repeat, does its job so admirably licher Weise löst und über alle Erscheinungen verwandter Tendenz is high, corresponding picture panels also had to be procured become. F. Friedensburg.

94 literature.

Hugo Freiherr v. Saurma-Jeltsch: The Saurmascbe coin collection of German, Swiss and Polish coins, from about the beginning of the penny period to the Kipper period. Berlin, published by Adolph Weyl. 152 pages and 104 plates, size 4°. 40 marks

He is just as tireless as he is active in collecting Mr. Author also in the scientific utilization of his collected coin treasures, and after he first gave us one careful and usable record of his Brandenburg- Prussian coin collection, then with his “Silesian Having given us coins and medals, he is now putting us under His latest collection is available under the title given above: 5933 pieces, all of which have different shapes, 3171 the number, can be shown to us in good illustrations. It It is debatable whether such a thing is more or less less accidental and therefore despite all the effort put in and Monetary sacrifices are necessarily far from complete. agreement on coin monuments required publication, and whether it wouldn't have been preferable, at least that Abbildungen durch Weglassung der schon häufig dargestellten Coins such as the Prague and Meissen groschen, the Hoch- master coins, the Polish Dreigroescher, etc. restrict; one might think that a pictorial representation those coins would have been sufficient, which so far have not been available at all described or not yet shown. The latter would certainly have been enough, but that's why we're allowed to go along Don't agree with the author, because it's sure to happen Some people don't have an extensive library is, with the more objectionable, a favor, and a book with representations of more than 3000, except for the indicated added Polish, but essentially German character Find lovers in quantity, but also the researcher is often in the able to take it in hand, especially since it is still very There are no illustrations of the smaller coin types from the late period Of course, as the title says, we don't have one according to time complete representation of the German and Polish mint being to be expected, and apart from the temporal The thalers and half thalers also have no restrictions taken into account. Within what is indicated here Framework — Germany including Alsace-Lorraine and Lievland - but so much will come to us Intention to be almost complete It is imperative that a somewhat satisfactory situation arises before our eyes. ing picture of the German and Polish coinage in the three centuries from about the beginning of the XIV century

Literature. 95

developed up to the year 1620, because, as noted, not a coin just because it is common or which has already been depicted many times, is withheld, rather we find it most common next to the very rarest, stately rows of Gold coins next to the unsightly and so neglected ones Hollow pennies. And such rarities as well as ineditis is The collection is by no means poor; it would be too long to list them lead; just as an example is the wonderful Carinthian gold guilder No. 3086 Plate Gl by Albrecht II 1335-58, with Albertus D.g. dux Austrie around the Austrian Binding and Carinthian Panther shield Rf. S. Johannes baptista. — The accompanying text is, as in the ged. Silesian mints, extremely scarce hold and is limited to the name of the minter, the name of the coin, any mint, year and Coin mark as well as that which is only stated in general terms embossing, whereas the inscriptions only rarely occur angegeben sind, leider nicht immer wo die weniger deutliche expression or preservation that would have made. It was simply out of the question to do more in this direction The plan of the Lord Author, and we must not blame him, that he expects the reader to do a little more than usual, the main The most important are and should be the images, light prints by A. Fabian & Co. in Breslau, to whom we praise cannot fail in good execution; Of course it will The loyalty to this now so popular process significantly increases The costs of achieving clarity are not just, of course because of limited trees, the cliffs are incorrectly placed, but also some others (3044, 3104), by mistake, which at are difficult to avoid in such a comprehensive work.

Finally, for the benefit and pious benefit of those who... acquire the beautiful work, some improving comments Find space that I came across while leafing through. No. 168 Plate VI is despite the "tercius" of Wenceslaus IV. 1378— 1419, Voigt's error in question has long been recognized - Up the Munich Pfennig No. 420, the second one is poorly made - The embossed letter is definitely Ä, not W, the coin i.e. by Ernst I and his nephew Adolf I 1435-38. The One-sided Henneberger Pfennige No. 565, 566 are significant younger, by William V. 1480-1559, No. 569, on the other hand, the knew Schmalkaldener Beaktreat with tn under the crown of William III 1427-44 (according to Streber) or perhaps by Wil- Helm IV. 1444-80 (after Erbstein). Those on the stamps of The county of Falkenstein called Paul Sixtus Trautson is not the Rhenish one (at Donnersberg), but the one in the Eastern Empire the Ens (see Nos. 1036, 1037). The Turnosgroschen No. 1480 with

96 Literature.

Coat of arms indicates its year 1393 Reinhard IL von Schön- in front, during No. 1482, with the older character of the seated one King, his predecessor, Reinhard I, who died in 1376. should belong. No. 1964, the penny with half a lily and half star is now proven to be Wollin. — No. 1997 is Hungarian (Rnpp plate IX 257), therefore also omitted from the text. calm; These small denarii are often misunderstood and for Brandenburg, Braunschweig, Franconian, etc. held, Here the error is probably caused by Welzl v. Wellenheim III. 4736 in debt. The Hohlpfennig No. 2184, unexplained, but under the stamp of Archbishop Albrecht is from Christian Wilhelm (16)23. No. 2205, the Quedlinburg Denarius with a capital B on Cappe's deceptive word is the abbess Beatrix II settled in 1138 - 60, while his character left him in much later period, that of Bertrade IL 1270-86 or III. 1286— 1308 points. The beautiful gold guilder from Friedrich I. No. 2475 is, like the Schwabacher by Albrecht Achilles, among the Brandenburg would be included to avoid errors but a hint that he is not in the mark, but in Nuremberg was defeated was desirable. The denarius with At the gate (No. 2642) is now Stettin, not Usedom recognized.

Even if such corrections are examined in detail If different ones can be found, then do so These small defects do not significantly affect the use of the book. termination and cannot reduce the gratitude to which we are obliged to the author. May he have joy have seen his collection grow to such an extent that he could one day become a significant addition to it. occasion sees. H.D.

HittheilungeiL from the Hartmann Collection 1).

Copper coins of Abbasid governors.

1. ibrählm ibn sä'ima (?). 22mm. — I: lä iläha illa/lläh wahdahu/lä sharika lahu/fard. — II: mimmä amara bihi/ cd-amir ibraJüm/ (i)bn saimah\ above and below characters.

1. IL

M»

Very strange piece; das fard von I siehe auch Tiesenhausen 2163 and Lavoix 1666, 1673, 1674. T 2163 and L 1673 were defeated by el-mutadid billah (279 - 289); this piece belongs to the same period, if not a later one. — The letters on II Area below are barely represented as ab- shortening a name, such as muhammad may; rather, each individual becomes a representation of a word to be considered; for the mim lies tamm, for the hü lies hakk closest, which words already from Stickel I p. 60 to

1) Communications from this collection acquired in Syria between 1876 and 1887 long see also this magazine IX 85 ff. and XVIII 1 ff

ZeiUchrift for numismatics. XIX. 7

98 Martin Hartmann:

Interpretation of the Sigla are used. The group mh finds apart from this piece, it seems, only on this one M Tiesenhausen 1969 (arminija? 252-255), to Tornberg Number on p. 91 No. 377, where of course the letters in the usually appear connected to one another.

2. Ahmed ibn Marwan. 23.5mm. — I: in line circle

(Dm. 16 mm) lä iläha illa/lläh 'umil/lidijatin', volume

bismittdh durib hädal-fals sana — II: bach/muham-

madun rasülu/lläh minima amara bihiftahmed) (ib}n marwan.

2.I

Compare Tiesenhausen 2463 (after Soret lettre & Dorn 21 f.) and Lavoix 1644. The reading of Lavoix' marwan for Sorets Mrvn is secured by the marwan of 5th, which no other Reading allows. There can be no Bede from Soret's reading and Lavoix 9: € amaa el-fidä kullahu; the book, which was thought to be stabe is not related to the following, which is the latter too small for a lamb, and there is nothing of el-fid there. 'umila lidijatin would mean: “it is made for bloodguilt tf , as if a blood debt was to be paid with this coin; man can also think of 'amal jadaihi "work of his hands". — Soret read out the year 333; the type of piece speaks rather for the second century; the traces of the band legend of 1. point to 17? or 19?

3. Same. 23mm. — Equals 1st; Volume of I completely blurred.

4. Same. 20.5mm. — Type of 1.; I don't seem to have one Legend, but only decorations on the ribbon.

Communications from the Hartmann Collection.

99

5.

Same. 23mm. — I: in a line circle (diameter 17 mm).

iläha iUa/Uäh € amal (?) sts; Edge blurred. —

II: muhammadun rasülu/llah minima amara bihi/ahmed/{i)bn marwan.

IL 5. I.

?\AÄ

(R55

Here, too, the reading Soret- Lavoix's cannot be published, of course not that either 2nd to 4th reads. Is at *amal cd-massig province of al-m., to think?

6. ishäk ibn jahjä« 18 mm. — I: muhammad / lä iläha iUa/ llah wahdahu/lä sharika lahu/(i)bn zakarljä\ two lines- circles, between which (5?) rings. — II: in line circle (Dm. 12 mm) ishak / muhammadun / rasülu/lläh (i)bn jahjä; Rand bismiUäh duriba hädal-fals bimisr sana tis* wdishrin wamCatain.

I

6.

n.

To Abulmah. I 711 became Ishäk ibn Jahjä ibn Muäd im

appointed governor of Misr in 235; this piece is

but from the year 229; the general of the Cha's bodyguard

lifen d-wätik, ishäk ibn jahjä, who Abulmah. I 680 mentioned

can hardly be meant. — Would that be zaharijä of

muhammed ibn zakarija on I not so clearly, one would

7*

100 Martin Hartmann:

to a compilation of this piece with Lavoix in 1665 think; the elements of the name in the illustration at Lavoix however, do not allow the reading of zakarijä, and also above that Area Legend of II will be something other than ishak. be complete.

7. Same. 17.5mm. — I: lä iläha illa/lläh wahdahuj lä sharika lahufi sadl\ three circles; between the two on the outside there appear to be decorations. — II: ishak / muhammadun / rasülu/lläh / (i)bn jahjä\ Margin illegible. See 6.

8. Isma'Il ibn *ali. 22mm. — Tiesenh. 2542. Poole C153 Lavoix 1648.

9. tahir« 19.5 mm. — I: lä iläha illa/lläh wahdahu/lä sharika lahu; Edge: bisür el-mamünije sana ünatain warns-

*atain\ the rest was sanded off, some of it probably from planchet not caught; thick line border on the outside. — II: tähir / muhammadun / rasülu / lläh / el-harit\line circle; Rand: muhammadun rasülulläh arsalahu u. s. w. bis kullihi.

Poole C 160 is probably the same piece. Karabacek already saw (W. Num. Ztschr. VIII (1876) 363) that the reading el-harh at Poole is wrong. The year is certain; the alif ünatain is not clearly visible. It is also certain the eonsonant framework of the name, which is also called acidic el-mamünije could read, and a new one, not yet well-known mint yard. For el-mamünije lies very much close to the arrival of those around the castle kasr et-tädsch- lying suburb of baghdäd of this name (see Yakut I 806 f.* and more often); The Syrian sür can hardly be used for s w r become; maybe an acid = plus shore (see TA III p. 343: schott en-nahr) to think; then the piece would be at one point defeated, which was called the "shores of el-ma'münlje". — The Berlin museum has two identical pieces on which the Place can also be read clearly.

.* •■

Communications from the Hartmann Collection.

101

10. Same. 20.5mm. — Completely the same piece as 9th; just the year is blurred except for three points, which are on follow sana and probably represent ünt(ain); so will too for 9. the spelling without alif must be accepted.

10. I

11. Same. 20.5mm. — Probably the same as 9th and 10th; poorly preserved.

12. El-amir ul-niubarak. 23mm. — I: minima amara/bihi el-amir\double pearl circle. — II: elrmubä/rak; double pearl circle; under rak an ornament (?).

IL 12. I

The allocation of the piece is questionable; the type points to the fourth and beginning of the fifth century.

13. Muhammad ibn cisi. 16mm. — I: lä ilaha üla/Uuh wahdahu/lä sharika lahu/n s w r; line circle; Edge: Ver- adornments? — II: muhamm

(i)bn t uä\ Rand: Traces of a legend.

I. 13. n.

Same as Lavoix 1667. 1668 (infedite). The letters below the symbol on I are safe and confirmed by

102 Martin Hartmann: Communications to the collection.

*

14th and 15th, of which 14th shows it in particular sharpness; it This can therefore be very unlikely, also for other reasons. He was not thought of as Lavoix; it offers itself nassür, pet form for nasrallah (cf. 'abbüd for 'abdalläh etc.), but that would only have to be proven at such an early date, or bisur, “in Sür", which is striking at this point. The type points ouch! die Wende des zweiten Jahrhunderts.

14. Same. 14mm. — The same, worse preserved. 15. The- same. 13mm. — Same, same.

16. 17. 18. Muhammad ibn Musa. 16. 18mm, 17th and 18th 20mm. Described by Lavoix 1666 (inädite). 16. shows L.'s Rev. side, 17. L.'s Adv. side is particularly sharp. About the fard s. to 1.

Addendum. Regarding 6. If repeated by Dr. Useful! After a lively viewing of the piece, the reading proved to be tis waisehrin on the edge of II as less in agreement with the recognizable characters as the other: ftV c ashra. Of course, in 219 there was no governor in Egypt one of the two names of this piece fits. — To 2. In I 'amal adana' means 'Adana province'; the city of Adana was fortified and raised around 190, see Jak. I 179; there- through the reading *amal al-massts is secured for 5th; as Pregortes seem to be Adana and Al-Massls - because these cities will certainly be viewed as such - not yet proven. — Regarding 5. S. what was just remarked on 2.

Berlin. Martin Hartmann.

About a very strange Abbasid dinar Chaliftm al-Watsik-bfflan.

In a letter to Dr. Useful! by D. Sticket

You gave me the print of an Abbasid dinar, nach Ihrer Bestimmung aus Sana'a vom Jahre 232 d. H„ ge- Please let me know and therefore thank you. This Stftck is completely well preserved, a unicum, and in multiples interesting in terms of I congratulate the Kftnigl. coin cabinet to his possession. Abbasid coins from Sfl Darabia are still among the rare ones; in gold Bin out Sana'a some venous pieces in Petersburg, London, Jena, in Paris but eight copies available '), none of which the enigmatic word on the Berliner bears, which indicates your rightly attracted attention, and that I still do never noticed on any oriental coin. The Rev., To begin with this, in the field under the aJew second part of faithByrobolum jJJf || Jjywi II *\+5?, and including the Khalifa name aJJL oüfjjl; as a transcription missio prophetica. — The Adv. offers under the first part

1) The Berliner Ctbinet has 10 »bbwidigehe Dinue «u Swi'fc. ]

104 D. Sticke!:

of the symbolum the Khalifian first name Jüt^. Ja'far, and behind the marginal writing: LäJuoj JujJf f6c$ y>s äLH ^***o

In the name of God this dinar was minted in Sana'a in 232; then a word, its elements, that the last one excepted, are quite clear.. L» jj Jf. Doubtful can

only be whether the last element represents a ^i or ^. — For This word needs to be interpreted.

The assumption involuntarily arises that this element mente are related to the iy++*j main ling; it becomes half a certainty when you realize remembers that as a title of mint lords on coins from the year 195-205 d. H. a ,.wyü*L \J1 ^ö 6 drfödQXfjg, owner of the both ministries (of the sword and the pen), often is read.

Approaching the word form of . . You can also see L*jj Jf

soon an affiliation with ^U^J and ^ U^J. 9 these are the ones

common broken plurals ad formam l)ksd from the singular Ijmuu^; but the text legend does not yet coincide with that fulau form; It has another point between - and j can only represent the Yes hamzatum of \y^ßj. It leads

that refers to a plural form i l**jj . or ^Lvo. , as sometimes Instead of a J a 5 occurs. In any case, our text word shows a schematic, perhaps dialectical, South Arabic plural form

^yyy. If one further considers de Sacy's remark (Gram, arab., seconde 6dit. P. 379): “II arrive quelquefois que les

pluriels irr6guliers donnent naissance k of the duel — e.g.,.*Iä.L*j , pour indiquer les lances räunies de deux familles," so it turns out

About a dinar of the Abbasid Khalifa al-Watsik-billah. 105

with the addition of the , % of membership on the dinar

standing <^U^pl in the sense of the two chiefs, or actually: the person belonging to the double chiefs, not a person belonging to it, but determined by the article, he is only the person entitled to such a designation. It's the one shortest, linguistically possible exclusion of others of the same early bearer of the ..wuunLi Jf ^6. While earlier this title Governors over large provinces, the vJ^^A+Jf, were granted was kept on his dinar from Sana'a which was on the Coin named Chalife Ja'far al-Watsik-billah himself. — This is my solution to the enigmatic word, whereby the The importance of this unicum not only for coin nomenclature, but also from the perspective of language education.

^obilissimat coins.

People are used to seeing the law in pictures and writing Coins appear to the Romans as a prerogative of close imperial family and the consecrated 1) deceased of the to look at the same. However, it joins the Augusti, Augustae, Caesares, Divi and Divae another class, which during For a short time the honor of the right to mint was shared, but has not yet received any particular attention

They are the Nobilissimi and Nobilissimae, which have existed since the Diocletian imperial order alongside the Caesares and the Augustae occur as the closest in rank to these. Off epigraphic, literary and sphragistic sources us a large number of people who have received this title have led, from the fourth century down to the Middle old, known'). Let's add the numisma to these Nobilissimi attested at the table.

On the coins') is Romulus, the emperor Maxentius 4) son, the emperor Herculeus and grandson Galerius 5 ), the first, which appears with the title; but now they are all first

1) An exception is made by L. Vitellius, the emperor's father, who without previous consecration was depicted on coins.

2) More information about the title can be found in the writer's “Constanti- "nic patriciate" p. 27; Du Cange, Gloss. Gr. n. Lat.

3) Cohen, cont par Fenardent T. VII, pp. 182-184.

4) Maxentius himself was called vir clarissimus before his accession to the throne Wilmans 1066; later nobilissimns vir CIL. Afr. 10,382.

5) Epb. Ep. I. p. 216.

E. A. Stückelberg: Nobilissimat coins. 107

struck after the prince's death and consecration 1). This So he enjoys the right to appear on the coin in his Characteristic as divus.

But we have three actual Nobilissimat coins Ladies of the Constantinian imperial family, namely Helena, Fausta and Constantia.

Helena, Constantine's mother, was already married c. replaced by Theodora in 293; an excellent position She therefore did not take her as an emperor's wife, but rather first later, mainly since the autocracy of her son (323) until her death. Under him she received the title of Augusta and that which was only rarely granted to an empress mother and therefore- Coinage law handed down semi-explicitly in history As can be seen from the surviving pieces, not only on not only some offices, but also all imperial mints. The Certainly datable coins 2 ) of Helena with the title of Augusta and the Securitas type now has 320-330; the type with But Pax publica and the dative obverse legend 3 ) is first

1) The coins that still refer to him as nobilissimus after his death nen, prove the inauthenticity of what was already doubted by Eckhel, but by Cohen-Feuardent VII, p. 182 still recorded Viennese medallion, the the Romans add the first name Marcus Aurelius and the title of Caesar; cf. Borghesi, Oeuvres completes I, 155, but the reverse of Maxentius, which from Aug. et Caess. (Cohen-Feuardent No. 79, 80, 87-89, 108) and Augg. nn. (n. 28) refer to the emperor's other colleagues and not on his son.

2) Hettner in West Germany Magazine VI, 1887.

3) The dative version of the inscription as such is certainly allowed should not be viewed as an indication of a deceased person, this is wise nominative consecration legends; the dative is in different Traps can be explained in different ways; it is often found in the living, as a subject or Dedicant likes the spqr. be thought. Seems completely unfounded to me Schiller's interpretation B. K. G. III, p. 200: "The dative makes it probable that that Martinian was not completely equal to Licinius, but rather Apparently an empire should first look for itself in the West." Rhodes also clarification (Coins of Aurelian p. 803), which describes the Davirian coins of the Seve rina is likely to claim for the interregnum after Aurelian's death can hardly be proven. What's strange is that we at Volusianns have the same thing

108 E. A. Stückelberg:

after her death, i.e. h. 335 - 340 minted. Now according to Eusebius 1) the transfer of the Augusta title and the right to mint coincide, the coins must bear the Nobilissima title, which precede those, were defeated before 320. Like hers Although they are rare, they are only minted in exceptional cases been.

The mentioned Nobilissimat coins 2 ) give way to Helena also in various details about the Augusta types of the the same empress. The obverse legend, which otherwise corresponds to the name nor Flavia or Fl. Jul. beifügt, lautet hier nur Helena n. f. Furthermore, the head also shows in contrast to the other types youthful traits; the hair style is definitely different from that otherwise usual fashion hairdresser before and after Helena, whose cha- racteristics since the middle of the third century Neck rising and continuing towards the forehead braid is. Helena herself, as Augusta, wears her hair so neatly. Our coin, however, shows a simpler one, already in Augusta. Shear and then in the Antonine period 3 ) common headdress again, whose peculiarity is a small round hair knob at the back head insists on; this fashion may be through the Empress Fausta, Most of the coins show this costume have been 4).

The reverse of our coin shows a star enclosed of a laurel wreath with a round forehead insert. As a coin

Type with nominative and dative legend corresponds every time the same with the corresponding reverse inscription (Volusiano Rf. Jononi Martiali, Volusianus Rf Juno Martialis.

1) Vita Const. HI, 47.

2) Cohen-Feuardent No. 14.

3) Bernoulli, Rome. Iconogr. II, plate IV, 21 ; Plate V, 3, 8, 9.

4) Perhaps this is a conscious imitation of earlier customs behold, like wearing Greek royal bandages in one's hair; a safe one Archaism is the head posture on Constantinian coins, which is from Eusebius IV, 15 is explained as a pious avio ßUnttv, but in reality dia- as already recognized by Eckhel VIII, 80; as The medallion of Constantine II is a copy of an Augustan type. (Cohen-Feuardent VII, No. 30).

Nobilissimatsmünzeii. 109

The site was opened by Diocletian and functioned until Heraclius. called Moneta of Thessalonica, which has existed since 314 AD Constantine's empire belonged.

The second Nobilissima, which appears as such on coins seems to be Fl. Max. Fausta, the daughter of Herculeus and Sister of Maxentius. Fausta and Maximilla 1 ), their sisters small, enjoyed as imperial daughters of the nobility, like Maxen- tius and Romulus as sons of Eaiser.

Fausta, however, is undoubtedly only able to make coins because of her Married to Constantine I in 307; be- She became a special honor in that she became the emperor's heir gifted, theihaftig 2). These latter received as children the title of Caesar and the right to coin money. The ones that can be safely dated Coins of Fausta range from 320 to 326; others, on which She appears with an 8 ) or two children, I would like to the birth of her two eldest sons, i.e. h. the years 316 and 317, refer. This would result in Augusta coins for theirs perhaps as early as the year 316 as the beginning of their coinage.

However, the Nobilissimat coins belong before that Augustatypes; This also results from the hairstyle, which on the former, as well as on the older Augusta coins (with a child) the pommel, on later ones (with two children in the lapel) shows the said braid. The first one to be considered here is mende coin 4 ) shows a Helena type described in its entirety corresponding type: obverse with short legend: Fausta n. f.,

1) Borghesi, Oeuvres completes I 145 suiv.

2) On inscriptions as oxor Constantini (CIL. X, 678) and noverca the Caesars (CIL. X, 679).

3) Cohen-Feuardent No. 3; the opinion that keeps cropping up, The lady depicted enthroned with the child in her lap is Mary Mother of God, was created because of the nimbus placed around her head. The latter, however, occurs frequently in images of emperors of that period; cf. Stephani: Nimbus and aureole p. 132. Depictions of Mary only appear on later Byzantine coins (Sabatier I, p. 36) and Seals (Schlumberger, Sigillogr. byz. p. 37). Old Christian images of the Virgin Mary see Roller, Catacombs.

4) Cohen-Feuardent. No. 25.

HO E. A. Stückelberg:

Lapel star in wreath. This also very rare small bronze probably came from the same mint and at the same time as the Helena coin must be struck.

Different from the Nobilissimats discussed so far coins is the strange so-called silver quinarius of Fausta. Here is the obverse legend in a dative version and brings the title in written form: Faustae nobilissimae feminae. The head is turned to the left and shows the person being discussed youthful hairstyle with the pommel; the latter is higher here moved up at the back of the head than in those described above Types. The lapel with the legend Venus felix shows the image of the enthroned goddess with ball and palm branch. I'd love to There is a hint of the Empress in this reverse depiction see as a mother, or the same on her wealth of children pull, as with Faustina the Younger and Salonina. In the That is Venus Felix on coins of the latter (Cohen-Feuardent V, Nos. 115-117) is characterized as a maternal deity. The Meanings of the Venus types on the imperial coins go so into each other about 1 ) that we don't have Venus in Felix more than we need to see in Venus Victrix. In the Venus Felix is also notorious like the latter childless empresses as a lapel type. Our Fausta So coin has no relation to the birth of the Caesars (3 16 ff.); I even think she has to get this reverse fall before the birth of the eldest son, otherwise that would be Predicate of Venus not felix, but more like in analogues cases genetrix. At best the legend can be a relationship to express the marriage of the Nobilissima, in this case the coin dates from 307 to 316; the probability The evidence suggests that it was written by Constantinus after the defeat of Maxentius in 312. Wären uns die Prägestätten bekannt, so Hesse sich wohl Find out more.

1) Bernoulli, Aphrodite p. 200.

Nobilissimat coins. 1 1 1

The third Nobilissima that will concern us here is Constantia, the daughter of Emperor Constantiusl. and the imperial daughter Theodora. Her birth in purple and her double imperial Their ancestry entitled them to the Nobilissimat, a title to which she added through her marriage to the Emperor Licinius received extended entitlement. Cohen and Imhoof rank them Constantia to Licinius; but numismatically it belongs, as we shall see, to Gonstantin's reign. your coin, a small bronze, shows the legend Constantia n.f. on the obverse, analogous to the Fausta and Helena types. The head shows one character that cannot be described as youthful. The hairstyle corresponds to the dative Helena and Theodora coins (Cohen- Feuardent VII: Helena No. 4 and Theodora No. 3); in the hair She wears one that is not exactly recognizable but by analogy mentioned types verifiable laurel wreath. About which one Constantia belongs to the portrait, the lapel gives us schluss; the legend reads: Soror Constantini aug. The presentation As the sister of Emperor Constantine, the presenter enjoys this Mint law; She also enjoyed other honors as such and as aunt of the Caesars 1).

Next is found on the lapel, surrounded by a Wreath the two-line inscription: Pietas publica, d. h. a customer giving of the publicly displayed piety of constant tinic house for his relatives; like she also through this Presence of commemorative coins struck on the alleged ancestor or Grand uncle Claudius IL, also on Constantius I, Maximianus Herculius, Helena and Theodora is attested.

The present Nobilissimat coin is therefore from Constantine D. Gr., therefore minted before 337; it becomes more precise dated by the mint note: it reads CONSB, es

1) The inscription in Orelli 1093 is mutilated at the beginning and end Admittedly not to be added at the end as with Wilmans; rather, I)n. fl. Jul. Coustanti. the beginning of the list of names of the Caesars and not that Name of Constantia.

112 E. A. Stückelberg: Nobilisslmatsmünzen.

So the coin belongs to Constantinople 1 ), whose office has one c. 330 were opened. In the same year Constantia died, So probably the bronze is after her death, maybe on the same occasion, was beaten. In this time, But not in Constantin's last years, the format also fits the coin.

That Constantia is not like other imperial sisters (Drusilla, Marciana, Paulina)') was consecrated, and accordingly the title of diva she lacks must not stand out; on the contrary Is this circumstance consistent with contemporary usage? old Constantine.

The above investigation shows that Nobi lissimat coins only under Constantine the Great and only on three ladies of the imperial house were beaten, and first on Constantine's wife Fausta (between 307 and 316), then to his mother Helena, on an occasion that this and Fausta are common (between 307 and 314 and 316), and finally to the emperor's sister Constantia, probably around the year 330.

1) The Greek cipher B concludes a relationship to Con- stantina (Arles).

2) The diva Paulina is not, as is usually assumed wife, but rather as a sister of Maximin I; their Gentilicium Julia (GIG. 4340) points to the sister of C. Julius Maximinus, fits However, not to Hadrian's sister, whose name was Domitia Paulina. has read. (GIL. Sic. Sard. 5054.)

Zurich. Dr. E.A. Stückelberg.

The denarius find from Zweinert

In January 1892 there was a memorial in the village churchyard Zweinert near Drossen (West-Sternberg district) throwing up of a grave a vessel with a significant amount of Coins (1163 whole pieces and 424 halves) found, which were handed over to me for examination. There were with one exception, Brandenburg denarii from the second half of the 13th century, the list of which, with reference to reference to the descriptions in Bahrfeldt's excellent “Münz- The essence of the Mark of Brandenburg follows here.

1. Johann II, Otto IV f Conrad (1266-81). Margrave with 2 helmets )( 2 margraves with domed tower. B 190. 1 piece.

2. Otto IV (1266 - 1308). Margrave between q — q

X OTTO • MÄRCHI Cross. 17 pieces, 38 halves.

A new stamp for B 193 b, different with the dot according to OTTO

3rd margrave between 4 eagle shields )( eagle shield with — • D • B 195. 125 pieces, 110 halves.

4. Otto IV, Conrad (1281-91). Two margraves with Lily stick )( little tree with 2 eagle shields. B 217. 13 pieces, 10 halves.

5. Margrave between 2 towers connected at the top )( 2 helmets on elevation. B 219. 47 pieces, 9 halves.

6. Otto V (1267-98). Margrave with 2 birds)(3 eagles shields with — T — T B 224. 1 piece.

ZtfttMkrift fer Numismatics. XIX. g

114 Ms. Bardt:

7. Seated margrave with OT — TO )( — TTO helmet. B 226. 1 half.

8. Second half of the 13th century. Margrave with

2 keys )( 4 eagle shields. (Salzwedel mint.) B 338. 1 piece, 7 halves.

9. Margrave between 4 crescents )( On a staircase-like Raised helmet between 2 flags, eagle shield above. (Präge- Spandau site.) B 344. 93 pieces, 15 halves.

10. Seated margrave with 2 crosses )( wall with

3 towers, in Thor's helmet. (Desgl.) B 345. 3 pieces.

11. Margrave with 2 spears )( 4 helmets around a cross. B 561. 68 pieces, 36 halves.

12. Seated margrave with 2 towers )( 3 lily sticks, there- between 3 helmets. B 563. 8 pieces, 1 1 halves.

13. Seated margrave with 2 crosses, next to a turret )( Lily cross with 4 helmets. B 564. 1 piece.

14. Margrave between 2 birds and 2 helmets )( Quatrefoil with eagle shield on lily cross. B 565. 3 pieces, 2 halves.

15. Seated Margrave with 2 lilies )( Cross in a quatrefoil. B 566. 3 pieces, 2 halves.

16. Margrave between 2 helmets and 2 crenellated towers )( Cross with 4 eagle heads. B 567. 709 pieces, 32 halves.

17. Seated margrave with sword and eagle shield, above the latter cross )( Large lily between 2 helmeted eagles describe. B 571. 1 fragment.

18. Margrave with sword and eagle shield, above the last teren a cross )( Large cross with a smaller one each in the corners. B 572. 60 pieces, 14 halves.

19. Last time of the Anhaltians. Margrave with 2 bars )( Twin crosshairs with 4 lilies. B 584. 5 pieces.

20. Eagle )(On an arch, under which apparently

The denarius find is clay Zweinert. 115

a rose, tower between 2 flags. Neben dem Thurmknopf 2 ringlets. 1 piece.

At B 676 according to the only known but un- Clear examples of the Berlin cabinet are shown. Also the back of the present piece shows some double blow, but the character is still undoubted. The same thing happens striking on the bracteates no. 47 of the Wolkenberger and No. 134 of the Gross-Briesen find, which Bahrfeldt recently discovered dings (Berl. Münzbl. Sp. 1238 No. 96) to Lower Lusatia which I now consider to be Brandenburg would like.

21. Obol. Star of 8 rays )( Cross in a quatrefoil. 1 piece. Gr. 12mm. Weight 0.4 gr.

22. Pomerania. 2 crowned heads to the side of one at the top in Lilies of the cross )(Ä in a circle, of ringlets surrounded. 1 piece.

There was also (along with 32 unrecognizable halves). a coin of indistinct mint, which was also found in Pomerania. can belong to more people.

I already know that No. 22 is of Pomeranian origin Vol. II p. 144, 9 of this journal, and Dannenberg has joined Vol. IV p. 248, 6. The occurrence of this Certainly Pomeranian pennies in just one piece under so many pfennigs, which are certainly from Brandenburg, are very striking, but must not tempt you to do so, including No. 21, which as far as I know is currently unknown, to be placed in Pomerania. The factory is completely Brandenburg, the cross on the back appears often on Brandenburg pfennigs (e.g. B 566, 672; the former and Sere No. 15), and the star on the main page may not under any circumstances can be pointed to Stargard, whose star is probably everywhere 6 rays shows.

8*

116 Fr. Bardt: The denarius find from Zweinert.

The youngest coin in the find is No. 16; it suits her Number of pieces after the next No. 3, then No. 9. The embossing, which only exist in a few copies, are therefore be older than No. 16, which Bahrfeldt certainly rightly put in the second half of the 13th century. No. 20 will be Therefore, as Bahrfeldt thinks, it does not belong to the Bavarian period can, whereas the entire appearance of the coin, has one gives a somewhat ancient impression. Which of the Otto coins are to be added to the fourth or fifth, Our findings provide no information about this. Do you want it? attach importance to the fact that the site belongs to the possessions of the Ottomans If it belonged to the Niche line, No. 3 should go to Otto V to be ; But I believe that the location alone is not important can be.

Frankfurt a. 0. Ms. Bardt.

About the coinage law of the bishops of Leims.

In the communications of the Numismatic Society in Berlin (III p. 374 ff.), Dannenberg already has one from Mader (Critical Contributions IV Plate 6 No. 85) published denarius decidedly Brandenburg style:

Infused bust with crook and cross staff above a bar; one dot on each side and one at the bottom Rf. ÖO - HR - KD - I * Twin crosshairs with each a point in the angles

assigned to Bishop Conrad I of Lebus (1284-99). Bahrfeldt (Münzwesen der Mark Brandenburg p. 262 ff.) is this Determination for the reasons developed by Dannenberg and has recently (Berl. Münzblatt No. 137 Col. 1216) three bracteates with a spiritual lord, on one of which (No. 21) he thinks he recognizes the letters fl — B in sequence which was also assigned to the same bishops. Both fonts The authors tacitly assume that the bishops of Lebus (like those of Brandenburg and Havelberg) granted the coin justice, they step does not enter into a discussion of this, and Bahrfeldt mentions it only briefly the document from 1252, which will be discussed later (p. 50 and p. 262), in which the coin in the country of Lebus is mentioned happens

The oldest history of the diocese and the state of Lebus is recently from Dr. Breitenbach (the state of Lebus among the

118 Ms. Bardt:

Piasten, Fürstenwalde 1890) underwent a revision in which, albeit always on the basis of welfare brück's history of the former diocese and state of Lebus (Berlin 1829-33), the more recent research and document Results are taken into account most carefully, so that Book about the latest science on this difficult areas provide the most reliable information. The relationships between the archbishops appear in particular from Magdeburg to the country and the bishops of Lebus in clear light, and it is precisely these relationships that matter have not yet been sufficiently appreciated by numismatists. The archbishops of Magdeburg, on the border of Germany residing in the Slavic and Slavic worlds, had already decided early on often the expansion of their power turned their gaze to the East. directed. When the Polish Duke Mesko I (965-92) decided it was good found himself converting to Christianity in 965 The only bishopric established at that time in Posen was given to the archbishop Magdeburg subordinated. In the year 1000 the archdiocese became Gniezno with the suffragan dioceses of Erakau, Breslau and Kolberg was built, while Posen was still under the spiritual authority Magdeburg's suzerainty remained 1 ), but its district remained limited to western Greater Poland. This belonged to undoubtedly also the land of Lebus, since the Polish rule At that time it was still on the left bank of the Oder, especially on the Lebus Plateau. But Magdeburg soon made do no longer with spiritual sovereign rights, but also strived according to material possessions. In 1109 the emperor undertook Henry V against the Polish Duke Boleslaw III (1102 - 38). Feldzug, um die Anerkennung der Oberhoheit des Reiches zu force. He initially turned against the Lebus Fortress appearing here for the first time in history, dealt with but not by storming it, but rather left it this to Archbishop Adelgot of Magdeburg, to whom he

1) Breitenbach p. 12.

About the coinage law of the bishops of Lebus. 119

Ownership of the castle was guaranteed in a document 1). Whether this is the It is not known whether the capture was successful; In any case, this was Soon afterwards the same was back in the hands of the Poles. In year The diocese of Lebus was first mentioned in a document in 1133. nung: Bishop Bernhard von Lebus gave the inauguration of the Attended Strzelno Monastery. As is well known, the green Nothing certain can be determined about the diocese; the same is with high probability 2 ) belongs to Duke Boleslaw III write that Posen's district gradually grew too large. had become and therefore part of a new diocese had to be branched off. The same was assumed Archbishopric of Gnesen, under which it existed until the days of Basel Council remained, although Archbishop Norbert of Magdeburg received its metropolitan rights from Pope Innocence II in 1133 about the Polish dioceses, including Lebus, had have it confirmed. The less it pleases the archbishops long to obtain spiritual jurisdiction over the diocese, They held on to the donation mentioned above all the more tenaciously Heinrich's V based on the idea, on the same one to establish territorial rule. Were the limits of the Archbishopric has already advanced considerably to the east*): on It had a continuous strip on the right bank of the Eiei (the ducatus transalbinus) to the Zerbst area acquired, between 1157 and 1161 Archbishop Wich- man a considerable area around Jüterbogk and through exchange he acquired it on the border between Lusatia and the Teltow lying Dahme. In 1207 he became archbishop Albrecht I (1205-32) from King Philip diocese, castle and City of Lebus (episcopatum, castrum et civitatem Lubuz cum omnibus justitiis et proventibus), and this donation is confirmed in 1226 by Emperor Frederick II in Parma after the death of Boleslaw III, whom we see above as the owner of the

1) A.a. 0. p. 16.

2) A. *. 0. 8. 18.

3) A. » 0. p. 34.

120 Fr. Bardt:

Landes Lebus 1) saw the latter in the division received, it cannot be said with certainty: probably It is given to his son Mesko III (f 1202) as a part Greater Poland may have fallen to him, and it passed from him to his son Wladyslaw Laskonogi (f 1231) was inherited in 1209 Owner of Lebus is mentioned 9). Two moved against him German princes with military power to conquer Lebus Castle conquer: 1209 Margrave Conrad II of Lusatia, who Although he conquered the castle, he probably didn't keep it for long, since Henry I of Central Silesia in 1217 city and Land Lebus to his Greater Polish cousin Wladyslaw Laskonogi, with whom he had gotten into a feud and from whom he apparently had taken, gives back. But in 1224 or 1225 is supported by a new army of Landgrave Ludwig IV of Thuringia against Lebus reported on August 11th Landgraves were handed over by the crew. Very long but the landgrave will not have held the castle either, because since 1225, Duke Henry I the Bearded of Central Silesia (f 1238) permanently in possession of the land that he probably by way of the Treaty of Wladyslaw Laskonogi had received back.

While we don't know what success the donation will be of the country in 1207, the Archbishop of Magdeburg made an attempt after 1226 to settle in the country; At least it seems to the West To have held part of it, because he donated it in 1230 Village of Tzschetzschnow (near Frankfurt) with 100 hooves of the Moritz monastery in Halle*), and there are reports of military trips

1) The country of Lebus included then and throughout this period interesting period not only the current Lebus district, but also the state of Cüstrin, the districts of West and East Sternberg (with the exception of easternmost part of the latter) and the northernmost part of the present one Guben district. Its borders and those of the diocese have essentially changed legally covered.

2) A.a. 0. p. 47.

3) A. a. 0. p. 59.

About the right of the bishops of Lebus to meet. 121

Duke Heinrich, from Grossen, in the years 1229 and 1230 had to take action against the archbishop. The latter (wild fire) but in his attempts to take control of the country powerful, not after, he allied himself with the margraves Johann I and Otto III of Brandenburg, who in turn also if they had their sights set on the land, and stormed In 1239 they took the Lebus Fortress with them, but in vain. In 1244 Duke Boleslaw the Bald of Lower Silesia appears (f 1278), a grandson of Henry I, as owner of the land of Lebus, and under him Magdeburg finally achieves what it strives for Goals: to help against his brother Heinrich III von In order to obtain funds for Silesia, he signed a contract on April 20, 1249 *) one half of the Archbishop Wilbrand . Land completely and takes the other half of it to lend to him. The document literally says:

Sane recognoscimus et tenore presencium protestamur, quod venerabilis in christo pater et dominus noster Wil- brandus, Archiepiscopus Magdeburgensis, et Ecclesia sua nobiscum et cum heredibus nostris fidei puritatem per- petue, que pacis servare vinculum proponentes sibi et ecclesie sue unum de Castris lubus inferius videlicet et finale, medietatem medii nee non medietatem Civitatis et districtus tocius tantum pertinentis ad Castrum ex utraque parte Ödere fluminis cessimus per medium equal lance. Aliud autem finale superius et mediatatem medii nobis et nostris heredibus servantes, que in feodo tenebimus de ma- Nibus suis et successorum suorum. Jus etiam^ quod habuimus in patronatu Episcopatus, prepositure et officio Castellanie nobis sicut hactenus salvum erit, tenebimus camouflage in feodo hec ab ipso cum Supanis et attinentiis quibus- eunque. Dominus eciam Episcopus, prepositus et Clerus omnis in Castro libertatem omni modum retinebunt, quam hactenus habuerunt. Castrenses nostri, quos Lubus habe- bimus, domino Archiepisco jurahunt etc.

1) Riedel, Cod. dipl. Fire. I, 21 p. :W6.

122 Ms. Bardt:

A precise border description of the country then follows Lebus, which makes it possible to reach these borders almost everywhere to pursue today. In a peculiar way, the original determines Customers, apart from the castle and town of Lebus, don't like them division should actually be carried out. Probably is Such a situation never happened because of Boleslaw's situation deteriorated more and more, he was rejected by all supporters abandoned and took over as early as 1250, like the later Polish ones Historians report, however, without mentioning the treaty with Magdeburg from 1249 to commemorate the Brandenburg margraves Johann I and Otto III (of the Ottonian line) the other Boleslaw still owned half of the land 1). Many- The archbishop preferred it easily rather than with the powerless one Boleslaw immediately met with his powerful neighbors Askanien, to put us in agreement as competitors to have already gotten to know the country of Lebus. Between For them it is also an actual division of the Country came, as the document of March 12, 1252, whose is already thought above, results in the upcoming There is talk of dividing the country. Such a combination in two Hanging halves have not become popular, rather they have been Each owner has individual districts on both sides of the Oder assigned. To the share of the Archbishop of Magdeburg included the areas of Müncheberg, Buckow, Sternberg and Fürstenberg, probably also from Göritz, while we Margraves in the area of Müllrose, which Otto III founded dete, Fürstenwalde and Zielenzig see 9).

The following emerges from what has been said. country herren des Landes Lebus waren bis zum Jahre 1249 die plasti- chen Dukes of Silesia, who owned this part of the country Division of the Polish Empire after the death of Boleslaw III had fallen. As such they were sovereigns and had this

1) A.a. 0. p. 101.

2) Wohlbrück I p. 174 ff.

About the coinage law of the bishops of Lebus. 123

Patronage over the diocese and the provost of Lebus, like that Document from 1249 results. For national sovereignty of the bishops in their diocese (whose borders are with those of the country of Lebus coincide) was therefore no space, even less so The bishops' property in the land of Lebus was entirely at that time was less important; In 1252 it consisted only of the villages Seelow (the later town), Wuhden, Göritz, Golescowitz and the market town of Drossen 1). The main property was then still in Poland; the same was only sold much later. One The bishops therefore had a special position of power in the country Lebus not one and the first bishops until the middle of the In the 13th century, very little emerged. Also the Ver- The tragedy of 1249 will not be completed without their participation once the castle and city of Lebus, where they were already at that time resided, is occupied by their men, but by those of the Duke and this only depends on the fact that Bishop, Provost and the entire clergy retained their previous freedoms should stay. Now if the duke takes the patronage over the diocese and the provost, but reserved to the same takes the archbishop's loan, it is now the latter's turn The place of the former sovereign became the sovereign to whom the bishop appears as a subject, and in this The archbishop also immediately appears in his parts of the country on. For the purpose of colonizing the little cultivated and only sparsely populated country ') had Duke Henry of Silesia Significant donations of land were made to spiritual donors: 1225 to the monasteries of Leubus and Trebnitz 400 hooves with the right for the creation of a market town (later Müncheberg), 1226 100 hooves to the Naumburg a. monastery. B., before 1229 250 hooves to the Templar Order, which was later increased by 100 hooves

1) A.a. 0. p. 122.

2) Only Lebus existed as a city from Old Slatic times, thing was not insignificant. Frankfurt was not until 1253, Müncheberg was Founded in 1232, Müllrose gate in 1275, Fürstenwalde not gate in 1250. Targeted is mentioned as a town in 1244 and Drossen in 1252.

124 Ms. Bardt:

were; the latter also received important possessions the right bank of the Oder and in the country of Cüstrin. Based on the Donation of the land of Lebus, which the Archbishops of Magde- castle in the years 1207 and 1226, as mentioned, by the had received from the German emperors, the archbishop now explained Wilbrand declared Heinrich's donations invalid and forced the spiritual property owners to deal with him, something they couldn't do without significant sacrifices of land and people. long. The Archbishop also kept the Bishop of Lebus in complete custody Dependency. It is true that the bishops are mentioned in the document of 1252 the jurisdiction on his above-mentioned monastery possessions left in place, while the other spiritual founders used the same loren; But only half a quarter is given to him as a tithe. Burgenian silver granted by the Flemish Hoof, during According to Silesian law, a whole quarter would otherwise be given became; the other half was certainly drawn by the archbishop Sovereign a 1). But Bishop Wilhelm had to submit to the arch- Bishop Conrad of Magdeburg in a comparison from March 21, 1276') commit to transferring his seat from Lebus to one to move to another location in his diocese that is in that area of the Archbishop (which happened soon afterwards in G-öritz), and recognize that the archbishop is the true patron of the Lebnser be provost. Four parties were appointed to settle all disputes Arbitrators, two from each party, appointed, their chairman but the archbishop himself is! And in 1278 he even had to be a bishop Wilhelm explains that his city Seelow is not to the detriment and to want to sell without the permission of the archbishop 3). Has According to this, the bishop never had sovereignty and they not acquired later either 4 ), it cannot be assumed either

1) A.a. 0. p. 109.

2) Biedel I, 20 p. 188.

3) Riedel I, 20 p. 189.

4) A.a. 0. P. 111 and Hädicke, the directness of the voice and Landstaig- ity of the dioceses of Brandenburg and Havelberg (school gate program 1882 p. 4).

About the Munsrecht of the Bishops of Lebus. 125

that he was in possession of the right to mint. He Of course, it could actually have exercised it, but only against it speaks of his small estate in the land of Lebus and his insignificant position of power. However, we also have one direct testimony against the same in the often mentioned document from 1252 1 ). In the same one that deals with tithes of the bishop in the archiepiscopal part of the country, says Archbishop Bishop Wilbrand literally:

lue quod de nostro, Capituli nostri, nee non et ipsius

domini Lubusani consensu ipsi et sui successores habebunt

in theloneo, moneta et deeima partis ülius, que nos facta

cum Brandburgensibus marchionibus terre divisione con-

tinget, presentibus declarantes recognoseimus, quod assigna-

vimus sibi partem deeimam lucri, thelonei et monete cum

Suis attinentiis et quod sibi dabitur annuatim nominal deeime

dimidius ferto argenti Magdeburgensis de unoquoque manso

flamingos etc.

Bahrfeldt giebt den Inhalt dieser Stelle dahin an, dass Bischof

Wilhelm gave Archbishop Wilbrand the tithe and the coin

left in the Lebus region. However, this is not the case

in the document, rather the literal translation is:

The right that she and her successors (namely the bishops of Lebus) in agreement with us (namely the archbishop), our chapter and not less to the Lebusian lord himself in the customs duties, the coin and the tithe of that part of the country who will have us after the one with the branden- the division made by the Burgenland margraves becomes, we recognize by present that we give them the 10th part of the court cases Customs duties and the coin with its accessories are assigned meadows, and this to them annually as a tithe 4 four pieces of Magdeburg silver from the Flemish hooves will be given."

1) Riedel I, 20 p. 183.

126 Ms. Bardt:

From this agreement it follows, first of all, that at that time There was a coin in the land of Lebus, certainly in Lebus itself, where the seat of the castellan and the state administration was; also the Brandenburg and Magdeburg Voigte had there their headquarters 1). According to what has been said, only one country could do this be a magnificent coin, and this is what the archbishop points to as the current sovereign, the bishop with certain income, but the bishop does not hand over the coin to the archbishop. Who has the income from the coin and others who points to it is the owner of the coin, and that is here the archbishop. About a coin activity of the bishops In any case, this can no longer be said since 1252. This is also clear from the document from 1276, because in this it is stated to settle disputes concerning the coin tithe arise, including the arbitration tribunal set up in this document appointed '). It should also not be ignored that in the A document from 1252 mentions Magdeburg currency; This also suggests that the mint owner was in Magdeburg Share was the archbishop.

So it should be proven that our denarius comes from that Bishop Conrad I of Lebus cannot be influenced. Then But there is nothing left but to give it to the archbishop Conrad II of Magdeburg (1266-77), whose powerful We got to know his current rule as sovereign in the state of Lebus and which Dannenberg') also considers as a competitor, but he has to deny it as a Magdeburg character. If it is now clear that the archbishops in Lebus minted money have, then all concerns that Dannenberg had against it fall away the Magdeburg origin of the coin.

How long the Archbishops of Magdeburg have owned the

1) A.a. 0. p. 125.

2) De secundo quoque lotone petito ratione decime a de decima vini theolonei carnium et monete in nos et in predictos quatuor est sub forma con8imili compromise.

3) Mittheilungen III p. 280 and this magazine Vol. III p. 160.

About the coinage law of the bishops of Lebus. 127

It is not possible to be certain that the Lebus region remained specify. Wohlbrück suspects (I p. 410 ff.) that Archbishop Erich (1283-95) his brothers Otto IV and Conrad (von der Johannine line) ceded his share of the land between 1284 and 1287, so that now the branden- Burgenland margraves the possession they had long desired of the entire country. However, from this assignment, as Dannenberg (a. a. 0. p. 279) does, nothing in favor of Bischofs Conrad I als Münzherrn hergeleitet werden, denn in den The constitutional circumstances of the diocese changed This change of one sovereign means nothing, and just below the exclusive rule of the Ascanians was formed, like Breitenbach (p. 112) clearly shows the country residence of the bishops. Other safe coins from the Archbishops of Magdeburg I don't know about the Lebus mint. Some of the from the silent ones that came to light in the finds from the East Bracteates with a spiritual master are directed here can be, and if you consider that it is a first Area under colonization with only half-finished buildings states, one becomes from the Magdeburgian Coins, especially from the Moritzpfennigs, those for Lebus can separate out which is a fleeting and little show artistic character. I think of this in particular to pieces no. 74 - 84 of the Gross-Briesen find; namely The Moritzpfennig No. 81 has one of the other Moritz pennies pfennigs different and rawer character. Also from the published by Bahrfeldt (Berl. Coin Sheets Sp. 1209 ff.). Some things may belong here. Standing at No. 21 really the letters Q — B (according to the drawing there are more appendages of the flag shafts), so Hesse used them unforced pointing to Archbishop Erich. Also the Wilbrand Bracteates of the Filehner find (Plate 7 No. 240ab) probably belong here.

Frankfurt a. 0. Ms. Bardt.

On ancient coinage.

1. Apollo Karinos in Byzantium.

On the reverse of bronze coins of Byzantium with the laurel-crowned head of Apollo in the obv. is shown Subject mentioned by Mionnet I 377, 93. 94; Suppl. II 243, 229 and in Cat. of gr. c. in the Brit. Mus. Thrace p. 96 No. 37 as Obelisk, in the description of the ancient. Coins [of the E. Münzkab. to Berlin] I p. 147 No. 56 as a “pillar (?) on a rounded, with a network-covered base". Overbeck, Apollon p. 4 describes the type as one Apollo - Agalmatians on the coins of the Epirotic and Illyrian cities similar object, but considers it, in consider that the coins in question came from Byzantium relatively late, it is not impossible that this is really the case an obelisk is depicted. Now, as we know, Byzantium is one Colony of Megara. The cult of Byzantium is like 0. Frick in Pauly's R. E. I 2 p. 2613 notes “on the whole a faithful one Copy of the Megarian Mother City". Reported by Megara Pause. I, 44, 2:

"Eöxi dl iv %& yV[AVa

* xakovpivwv Nv(JKpad

<*XW a °v p>£Y<&H$* tofaov^AnoXXwva ovo(Acc£ov

This Apollon Karinos will soon be alone, soon Obelisk depicted between two dolphins on bronze coins recognized by Megara, Head, Hist. Num. p. 329 f.; Cat of Greek c.

W. Drexler: On ancient coinage. 129

[in the Brit. Mus.] Attica-Megaris-Aegina p. 121 No. 35; No. 36, PLXXI, 13; No. 37-39; Imhoof and Gardner, Num. Comm. on Pause. p. 6, P.I. A, 8. It should therefore not be too bold to assume that we are looking at coins from Byzantium in the obelisk You can also see Apollo Karinos.

2. Some types of coins of Aphrodisias.

Fox, Engravings of unpublished or rare Greek coins. Part II p. 16 No. 97, PL V describes the following coin Gallienus of Aphrodisias:

AY KAI no AI TAAAIHNOC. Radiated bust of Gallienus.

Rf. A4>POAICI6ßN. Meleager attacking the wild boar with a hunting spear. M7.

The explanation of, apart from the fluttering chlamys, Hardly anyone would notice the naked youth figure as a Meleager. peaceful. In a city whose coins are preferably Aphrodite and glorify their circle, one will be the first to one Think of a person who was close to this goddess. Now there are others Coins from Aphrodisias depict the birth of Adonis, see Imhoof, Greek. Coins p. 666 f. No. 422, it is closest can be seen in the figure of the young man Adonis.

Because of Aphrodite's wheel, the following coin would be included Leake, Num. Hell. Suppl. Asia p. 21 be interesting: AHMOC. Laureate young male head to r. RF A4>POA6ICI6fiN. Venus Urania? in long drapery right; in field to 1. above, star; below seated figure to r.; in field to r. above, crescent; below, wheel. M5. The wheel is not unheard of in Aphrodite, see Lajard, Rech, on the cult of V6nus p. 51; 0. Jahn, Ber. d. Royal Sachs. Ges. d. W.z. Leipzig 1854 p. 256; Ann. d. Inst. 29 p. 139; Stephani, C.r. p. Pa. 1862 p. 6; p. Pa. 1863 p. 215; p. Pa. 1864 p. Ulf.; p. Pa. 1865 p. 79 grade 3; Bernoulli, Aphrodite p. 394; Wieseler, God. Gel. No. 1863 p. 1945; Wieseler, De scala symbolo p. 10f., p. 15; God. Newspaper 1879 p. 38. Meanwhile on the

Ztitaduift fer Numismatics. XIX. 9

130 W. Drexler:

Coin of Aphrodisias, the alleged bath is nothing else as a rose. A copy of the coin in question in Berliner Gabinet shows the rose designed almost entirely like a wheel and makes Leake's error easily explainable.

We can safely recognize Aphrodite on one Small bronze from Leake, number light. As. Gr. p. 24:

AHMOC. Laureate head with long hair to r.

Rf. A4POA6ICI6&N. Female, riding on ram, to r.; ram looking 1.; her right hand holds her veil; her left, ears of com. 4K EACH.

Aphrodite on the trestle is made up of numerous sculptures known, Stephani, C. r. p. Company 1869 p. 87-88; bottle, statement typical Argonaut pictures. Munich 1870 p. 4 ff.; Wieseler, God. Gel. No. 1874 p. 327, 329-332; Builder, monument. d. cl. A. p. 94; E. Pottier, S. Reinach, A. Veyries, La nöcropole de Myrina p. 162, 175, 293-296, 462 f., 519; Furtwängler, year b. d. Ksl. D. A. Inst 3. 1888 p. 251; Boehm, ibid. p. 208-217; Duc de Luynes, Num. Chypriote PI. V, 3; VI, 5; Carl Peez, N.Z. 16, 1884 p. 306.

But Leake's description is inaccurate. The type is apparently identical to that of Imhoof, Greek. Coins p. 666 No. 420, plate IX, 28 from his collection described as follows:

Br. 20. — AHMOC right. Bust portrait of the demo with Laurel and robe r. h.

Rf. A

On ancient coinage. 131

This type can also be found in Cat of Greek Coins of cities and princes, collected abroad. . . . London 8 th of July 1874 p. 23 No. 390:

Aphrodisias, AHMOC, youthful bust laurelled. Rf. Thetis on sea-monster, fore-part of goat with tail of fish, size 6, fine and unpublished.

On a Gameo from Apulia in Brit. Mus. is Aphrodite, also with her upper body uncovered and over her head arch-shaped bloated peplos on one over the waves running buck depicted, A Cat. of engr. gems in the Brit. Mus. London 1888 p. 112 No. 809, PI. 6. The posterior part of the Thieres is broken off on the gem, so it is not lets determine whether this is a real goat or a dem Monster of the Coins of Aphrodisias represents a creature similar to was provided.

3. Pigeons on the edge of Deal.

The one from Mionnet Suppl. VI 577, 107 according to Bamus, Cat. num. vet. reg. Daniae I p. 256 No. 2, Table VI, 4 described in this way Type of coin from Cos:

T6te nue et barbue d*Hercule,ä dr., with a massue sur Fäpaule. RF KfilfiN. Grand vase sur three pieds, d'oü varieties trois [Bamus: duae] 6pis. EVER. 6 is to be deleted. It is apparently identical to Mionnet's immediately afterwards recorded under No. 108:

Bust of Hercule Barbu, other; la massue surl'öpaule. RF K&IQN. Vase on a tray; au-dessus, on voit deux colombes qui y prennt leur nourriture. M6. A similar copy is given by Sestini, Mus. Hederv. 2, 240, 32, Table XXI, 4. Ex mus. B. Bavariae. If you look at his figure compares with that given by Bamus, you will no longer be able to doubt the identity of both types. We can probably assume that we are dealing here with some famous art*

have to do with the work of Cos. The custom, the volume of vessels

9»

132 W. Drexler:

Decorating with doves is ancient. Who doesn't remember that? Cup of Nestor, II. XI 632 ff.:

IJocq di dinag mQixaXXiq, o oixo&sv fj/ 6 yeQal6$, XQvafotg ylotifi nsnaQpivov ovata

Gem cutters particularly often have vessels depicted with pigeons. Tölken, explanation d. d. ans. deepened beautiful stones of the royal family Pr. gem collection recorded:

vessel. . . ; on each handle with a sitting pigeon and on the upper part of the vessel with a laurel thread decorated. Carnelian, 7th Class No. 189 p. 384 = Winckelmann, Descr. of the p. gr. du feu baron de Stosch 5, 110, p. 487 f. So agrees with King, Antique gems and rings 2 p. 63, PL XXXIX, 8 illustrated print.

On ancient coinage. 133

Vessel with two doves on the handles. achatonyx, 7, 265, p. 392 = Winckelmann 5, 163, p. 499.

vessel under the handle a lion, his prey eaten, a pigeon on the edge of the vessel. rock crystal,

7, 207, p. 386 — Winckelmann 5, 121, p. 490.

Three pigeons and a parrot sitting on a vessel and fluttering. Brown antique paste with white opaque horizontal stripe,

8, 259 p. 420.

(Compare also 7, 199 p. 386, Rother Jasper: Vessel; on the Rounding the same two doves, which have a floral thread in the Keep your beak = Winckelmann 5, 148, p. 496 f. “Cornaline”.)

Furthermore, Cat. of the coli, of . . . antiques formed by B. Hertz. London 1851 p. 60 No. 1222: Two doves, o sit ting on the edge of a cup.. Cornelian.

No. 1223. A finely executed vase, in which stands a tree; on either side of it, on the edge of the vessel, sit doves. Sar donyx of three strata.

L. Müller, Descr. des int. et cam. ans. you Mus6e Thorvaldsen p. 159 No. 1469. Deux oiseaux (pigeons) assis sur le bord d'un vase rempli de fruits. Cornaline.

Ms. Lenormant, Coli. A. Raite. Paris 1867, p. 95 No. 683. Deux colombes poses sur les bords d'un cratfere, dans lequel Pune boit. Cornaline. Travail grosser.

A red jasper from Coli, de M. de Montigny. Pierre's gr. Paris 1887, p. 15 No. 189 shows two pigeons on the band of a vessel, on the left a pedum, on the right a dithyrsos; an onyx in Musei Franciani Descriptio I. Lipsiae 1781, p. 387 No. 2239 “Vas, in quo insidet columba, ferens palmam tf .

According to Revue des revues 8 pag. 205 in Bull, de la soc. des antiquaire8 de France 1883 livr. 2 when discussing one Lamp communicated by Thädenat (cf. Rev. des rev. 7 p. 230). for the representation of pigeons on a vessel 'oriental Origin claimed.

Some depictions associate the vessel with pigeons Aphrodite. A green jasper at Yivenzio, Gemme antiche per

134 W. Drexler: On ancient coinage.

la piü parte inedite. Roma 1809. 4°, p. 33-36, tab. 7 shows Aphrodite wrings out her hair, carrying a pedestal next to her Pool with two pigeons sitting on the edge; a Roman Medallion of Faustina Jr. Venus fully clothed, right placed at the top of the scepter, an apple standing on the left between a cippus, on which Cupid with a lowered torch stands, and a vessel with two pigeons sitting on the edge, one of which drinks, Froehner, Les mädaillons de l'emp. rom. p. 104 f.; Cohen IIP 162, 290. Imhoof, Greek. Coins p. 713 f. No. 579 describes a coin of Gordianus Pius from Seleucia ad Calycadnum, which depicts “Aphrodite r. standing and looking at yourself in the mirror. Behind her Eros r. i.e., holding a torch with both hands; in front of her a pedestal with a fountain basin, on the edge of which is a pigeon 1. h. stands and drinks". This one is in the Berlin Cabinet Coin is at the spot where you face a second pigeon the first one on the edge of the vessel could be expected, bad preserved, so very well original, in accordance with the medallion of Faustina and the gem at Vivenzio, Two doves may also be depicted on this coin. be being.

W. Drexler.

I A T N

In works and treatises on ancient coinage and the epigraphy of Sicily often becomes peculiar Inscription IATON mentioned on some of Himera's coins is found. The same is only the case in more recent works cited; she didn't know Carelli or Eckhel and was first published in 1857 by Ugdulena, the Saunas she had shared.

Salinas had noticed them on two Himeraic coins; as far as I know, later is the number of coins on which she finds herself, has not become larger. Which is one of them a drachma, which is one of the oldest series of Himera coins heard; it seems towards the end of the older autonomous ones Period of the city, before the Agrigentine conquest in 482 B.C. BC to be coined. An illustration of this drachma can be found in Ugdulena, Sülle monete punico-sicule, plate II, 2, and in the Catalogs of the British Museum, Sicily p. 77. The following Their coin is a didrachm from the younger autonomous Time, i.e. after 472, when Akragas' rule in Himera again had stopped. According to A. Evans 1 ), this is the oldest coin this younger coin series. * Illustration in Ugdulena, a. a. 0., Plate H, 5, where the inscription is only read. . SOUND, and in Brit. Mus. Sicily p. 78, where can be seen. ATON.

Ugdulena read the inscription as 'latop and saw in it, in

1) Numismat. Chronicle 1890 p. 288.

136 K.F. Kinch:

ancient orthography, a genitive of an Ethnikon, which was supposed to denote the inhabitants of the city of La. This The Phoenician name of the city Himera was named after him whatever his name is in one of the Sicilian coins Common Phoenician inscription believed to be found had and which he read as ta. This assumption became a time long accepted and recognized by numismatists. This one However, the interpretation of the Greek inscription was already clear Impossible for technical reasons; in the mixed Himeraic dia- lekte had to ^IccTtjg in the gen. plural, either, in the Ionian, ^laximv give or, in Doric, *lazav. What the Punic As far as the legend is concerned, Imhoof-Blumer later became aware of it made that the correct interpretation of this is ziz, not ia 1). This means that the hypothesis of the city of Ia has solid ground lost; lost Anyone who now cites the inscription I ATON usually bets add that it is unexplained or “mysterious”.

Epigraphically and linguistically speaking, however, the same offers It doesn't actually pose any difficulties, just likes it to some extent It is doubtful why the somewhat unusual inscription appears the coins are appropriate, although here too most of it is can be explained.

The correct interpretation of IATON is certainly that it is in old orthography of the gen. plural of the Greek word ia%6g is, which is a regularly formed verbal adjective from iaopcu and means partly healed, partly curable. Only from this one Our dictionaries have taken the latter meaning as an example. leads, only the analogy with other verbal adjectives allows no doubt that the meaning healed also healed tend has been, and since it seems impossible, the First meaning to use, I suggest, with application the last to translate the inscription as follows: the healed 2).

1) Numismat. Magazine 1886 p. 263.

2) The form of Icao, which is not Ionian - then it would be called Irjiöq — , shows that Dorism was already dominant at the beginning of the 5th century had in Himera.

LATON. 137

This starting point can certainly be taken as fixed. be taken. When further explaining the inscription and The reason for their attachment to coins seems to be against several options.

One can assume that among “those healed” everyone Himereans can be understood. In this case you can avoid trust that the inhabitants of Himera will be able to embossed and this inscription to a happy recovery want to gratefully remember a devastating epidemic. This explanation then had to refer specifically to the well-known, Coins from Selinus that were only a little later in time are based on them Types at some numismatists, but not at Eckhel, one have found a related interpretation. This obvious conclusion Clarification is possible and will perhaps find its defenders; but I myself couldn't make up my mind to agree to it follow, not because we have no news of such an epidemic and recovery — that could be on one coincidence - but because the last coinage was little- is at least ten years after the first and it is unlikely is that after the passage of such a time I have the memory of an older event again in the room, especially after many and far more important ones in the meantime public events — the conquest and liberation of the city including the defeat of the Earthaginians - had occurred.

There is also another and equally obvious one explanation. A reference to “Recovery 44” on objects to find those who come from the city of Himera cannot be found on- be falling. West of this city, within its district, There are and are known to be hot mineral springs always, in ancient times as well as today, visited by the sick have been. The residents feed on these springs of Himera after their city was devastated in 408 had been settled and founded a new city, Thermae, where the city of Termini now lies.

In the surviving Greek literature these are

138 K.F. Kinch:

Sources mentioned for the first time in Pindar. The way on which way this happens is characteristic. In the relevant one Epinicion – Olympus. XII - the poet glorifies the Olympian pioniks Ergoteles, who lived at that time in Himera. This Song ends like this: GeQpä Nvp

The cited passage from Pindar is not only the oldest, where the Himera baths are mentioned, but in my opinion the first to mention thermal bathing springs among Greeks. French writers are talking about. Homer speaks like Pliny the elder remarked, not yet of such baths; also in the following literature, of which of course only a small amount Partially preserved, I can't find anything older than that mentioned place from Pindar. The Ode of Pindar is because of one thing Victory in the 77th Olympiad (472).

The coins from Himera can be used to use this Baths go back further, around the year 500, like this will be shown below from the coin types. So if in recent handbooks and in essays on the thermal Sources raise the question of at what time the Greek Once we've started using them, we can now answer in words: at Himera - the oldest mentioned among the Greeks Baths - the use of these can be traced back to around 500 BC. BC after- show.

The Himeraic baths certainly have an impact in life and in the Economy of Himera and the one later built in its place founded Thermae played an important role. On this- The same is always indicated in the coin types of these cities. If you look through the long row in the British catalogue of coins from Himera and Thermae, that's how you get on one A very large proportion of them find a type that points to the

EATON. 139

Baths relates to the worship of God that takes place there and to the festivals and festivals that were performed there. The frequency of these types and their occurrence also on such coins, where the inscription IATON can be found the assumption that this inscription also refers to it.

The oldest is one of the types mentioned is found on all or almost all coins dated before 472 in Himera are embossed. On the front of most of a rooster is depicted on these; on the back can be found in in the oldest times a quadratum incusum, in some of the more recent preferably a picture of a hen. The latter belongs to the Drachma, which has the inscription IATON. The inscription is there attached along the rooster's chest.

What this image of a rooster represents is essentially lichen von Eck hei 1 ) correctly seen and represented. The rooster is, he says, depicted as one of the attributes of Asclepius. . ., as that animal which, after recovery from the sick was sacrificed to this god. The correctness of this opinion assumed by Eckhel, the type and the inscription are the Coins in connection with each other can perhaps be understood as follows: the cock, the sacrifice offered by the healed. Maybe The type of reverse also belongs to the same series of ideas on; The hen was also often offered as a sacrifice 1).

But Eckhel may not be right when he thinks that that the type of sacrifice indicates a veneration of Asclepius points. This is not necessarily the case. The rooster (and the hen) were not only sacrificed to this god, but also others, perhaps all the deities and heroes of the healing arts The inscriptt in Torremuzza's Veteres. Sicil. 1 11 and in the same Sicil. v£tt. nummi p. 37 published inscription, in which Asclepius and the river god Himeras are mentioned turned out to be a hoax. According to whom at Himera completed

1) Doctrine Number. I 8. 212.

2) Compare G. Wolff, Excursus on Porphyrius: De philosophia ex oraeul. haur., 8. 187 ff.

]40 ELEVEN. Kinch:

Recovery was sacrificed is unknown. Sometimes you find in more recent books Heracles is named as the patron of the baths; But I haven't been able to find any evidence for it to find. It is best to stick to Pindar's words say that they are the “baths of the nymphs”.

After Himera's dependence on Akragas ceased had, it minted coins with completely new types, the painting of which ric composition equals the point of view at which the art of minting coins is now in other cities had reached Sicily. The oldest of these new coinages is, As already mentioned, the didrachm with the inscription IATON. Up The reverse of this coin shows a nymph at an altar depicted sacrificial; next to her is a kerykeion. In section the inscription is attached. Where this sacrificial act takes place, one can conclude from some tetradrachms which of the same Coin series belong to the Didrachm, and of which the oldest are only a few years younger than them. The place is the place at the bathrooms. On the tetradrachms the representation is in Overall the same as on the didrachm; it's the same nymph, in the same clothes and the same attitude and with a similar victims. Alone on the right in the field, where on the Didrachm, which stands at Kerykeion, is the healing spring itself shown. Under her lion's head stands a Silenus, who... takes a plunge in the water flowing down.

If you want to explain this representation, you will be asked by the mentioned simultaneous words of Pindar: “the called "baths of the nymphs". See in accordance with this depicted on the Nymph and Silenus coins. The former is a naiad; there on the so-called Pelops tetradrachm on her On the side that says IMEPA, it is probably the one Eponymous spring nymph Himeras. As far as Silenus is concerned, the Silene and satyrs are the usual accompaniment of the nymphs, and the Silene are, as is believed, originally embodiments percolations of the bubbling waters. Like the bathrooms The custom was to sacrifice, bathe and after healing

1AT0N. 141

Sacrificed again, Himera's nymph is also shown here on flen coins and Silenus is depicted sacrificing and bathing, with the under- ordered person of Silenus by the artist for representation of bathing, that of the nymph to that of solemn sacrifice.

This explanation does not escape my attention- ity that the type often appears on coins of this period of the sacrificing gods certainly does not mean that they themselves sacrifice, but says that sacrifice will be made to them, and the kind of the sacrifices to be made to them. Also on the coins Himeras, this type otherwise has this meaning. . Apparently but it is on these tetradrachms in connection with the A depiction of Silenus bathing was used as a picture, which represents in a graceful mythical guise what the It was customary for people to go to the baths.

On the other side of the coins is one of the festivals pictured that were held at the seaside resort, probably at a frequently recurring, perhaps annual festival, that took place during the treatment period or immediately after it was celebrated. Such celebrations were common in the spa towns; Epidaurus e.g. B. had both a theater and a stadium. The Herald staff, which is on the didrachm of Himera on the side of the Nymph stands, perhaps denotes, as it does on all larger ones Festivals (navfjrvQsig), in which strangers also took part, custom was that heralds were sent to announce the festival announce and pacify {ix$%siQia) for the participants act. The festivals depicted on Himera's coins den, are hippy agones. There is one on the tetradrachms victorious Quadriga depicted, whose charioteer is driven by one is crowned with a floating Nike. On the mentioned Tuesday drachma is a rider (änoßdx^) depicted, in the process of "Jump off the horse while running." The art he is the so-called xdlnfj, an agon, which shortly before had been introduced in the 71st Olympiad in Olympia, but was abolished again in the 84th Olympiad. Refer to this

142 E.F. Kinch:

I to Daremberg and Saglio, Dictionnaire des antiquitäs, Ar- tikel Desultor. It seems that the Himeraeans immediately Agon, who was introduced to Olympia through the introduction fashion had come. But he may also be with them didn't last long; at least the often-mentioned didrachm the only coin on which he is depicted.

It was certainly in Himera's interest to use his coins to to spread the word about the healing effects of his baths. I believe that this reason will be sufficient to clarify why it included the inscription IATON on its coins.

The above suggestion for the interpretation of the word IATON was already written down by me as a coin from Himera with a previously unknown inscription from the Owner Mr. Weber in the Numismatic Ghronicle 1892 p. 187 with pl. XV, 3 was published.

The coin is a didrachm from the period after the Be- liberation of the city 472 and is in its types those mentioned above very similar. But instead of the label IATON it has the new one Coin the word ^OTHP along the sacrificial nymph wrote.

This position alone shows that the word is an epigraph to the nymph is. This is also stated by Mr. Weber taken, who has just become a little doubtful because of that then the masculine form ccotijq is used instead of tswmqa. To explain this, Imhoof pointed to similar male forms. Men pointed out in captions. I am allowed to do so Remember that the form oamJQ is often used as an adjectival addition Words of the female gender are used, so that such there is nothing unusual on the Himera coin. So Aschylus in Agamemnon 664 has about the luck that is Protected Agamemnon's ship during the storm, said xv%n

dk

1) Other examples in Stephanus' Thesaurus, article o

IATON. 143

So the nymph is called the Savior. What is that? for a salvation which she has wrought? You can do it of the recent liberation from supremacy Akragas' think. But it seems to me that there is another explanation to be closer if the interpretation I gave is different of the word IATON is correct. The healing gods and divine Human beings are often referred to in inscriptions and on coins called Savior. As is well known, IcojfjQ and (Jcothqcc are all- common epithets to Asclepius and Hygieia. But they are As far as I know, there are a lot of relevant inscriptions and coins younger, from the Roman imperial period. Should (fwtJQ on the If the Himera coin is to be understood in the same way, then this would be the oldest Example.

K.F. Kinch.

School coins. Awesome pennies.

The “Society for German Education and Schools” geschichte' 4 in Berlin collects news about the existence, Appearance and use of “school coins” and arithmetic pennies. Such messages are requested to be sent to Mr Dr. Karl Kehrbach, Berlin W., Ansbacher Strasse 56 II, to send. In year 1, issue 2 of the “Notices of the Ge- Society for German Educational and School History ul) is a The relevant call has been issued and some coins are involved. been written. In issue 3 of the same year, further further communications made. Here's what we'll learn about it written: There are several 2 to 3 cm wide coins (me- daillen), which probably relate to the school system, been found. On one side there are the book letters of the Latin or Greek alphabet, on which others is a half-length portrait of a man with a stick in his hand Hand, or a man sitting at a table. One of these The coins found have the words in the middle: bono disci- pulo and has the Latin alphabet as its marginal script. One of the coins looks like this on one side:

1) The booklets (ä 2 marks), 5-7 sheets thick, are available in bookstores available from the publishing bookstore A. Hofmann u. Comp., Berlin, Leipzig penalty 135.

H.Voigt: School coins. Calculating pennies. 145

ABCD EFGHIK LMNOPQ RSTVYX Z HANS SCHV

Hans Schu should either be the name of the teacher, or can be supplemented in Hans Schulmeister.

Gredy reports in the “History of the former Reich City of Gau-Odernheim a 1883 p. 220 from a coin in which On the front there is a bust of a man with a staff in the hand and depicted with the Greek alphabet. On the other side in the middle are the words: bono discipulo with the Latin alphabet as a marginal script. These coins are probably used as medals for those who work hard achievements were presented to the student. That coins on Hard-working students were distributed, which is rare Works by Fr. Christian Lesser: “Special coins Which are as good at learned societies as well as on learned people - especially the dear D. Martin Luthem — been coined." 1739 Frankfurt and Leipzig M. Bloch- berger 8°, from which Heineck-Nordhausen in year 1, Issue 3 of the “Mittheilungen” gives the following excerpt:

Of medals that are awarded in schools after completing exams Nibus was given out to hard-working students as a reward.

After Lesser talked about school discipline in general and highlighted that the students were not just punished but must also be rewarded, he continues (p. 371): “Only it is to regret that the Praeceptores are not able to to refresh their subordinates with cash rewards as them Often their salaries are cut so short that they and they Theirs can hardly live on it, so this remains for them authorities over. These would do well if only they were in front of them a few small thalers of commemorative coins on all of them School exams shape, and such well-rounded students, for

Magazine for NnmiimMik. XIX. 10

146 H - Voigt:

Praise for their hard work, handed out by Hesse. Well the honor what the learners would make of it, as well as the The value of such hats, which win the hearts of people, is how a magnet that attracts iron to itself would attract people's minds many students to learn good arts, create more benefits, than the few expenses of such coins would bear.

§ 112. Whether this majority falls under the divine blessed but forgiven wishes, belongs; that's how you find it certainly some authorities who have this laudable habit, through reward coins, the learners of several virtues and hard work have introduced in their schools. Caspar Dornavius particularly praises the magistrate for this the city of Nuremberg.

In Ulysses scholastic. p. m. 105: Harte laudem quasi propriam prae aliis rebus publicis Noriberga sibi vindicat: quae libris, quae vestibus, quae nummis aureis et argenteis, quae munusculis alüs compensavit et excitavit diligentiam atque honestatem eorum % quos schola AUorphina alumnos complectebatur. How about it? a list of which reward coins are available tells the story from the year 1577 to the year 1616, partly distributed at Nuremberg, partly at Altorf: emblemata anniversaria Acad. Norimb. quae est Akdorßi juveniutis exereüan- dorum causa inde ab a. 1577 usque ad annum 1616 proposita ora- tiunculis erud. et nerve, in Panegyrib. Academic. eaplieata Norib. 1617. 4. But because I don't see any of them, so I would like to mention a few others here recently. The beautiful city Bresslau in Silesia, cultivates the hard work of its students Reward schools with similar coins. I have the- same one seen, so on one side shows, one in per- spective tree avenue, in front of which a sun clock, The hours are marked by the sun shining over them which a boy standing by has eight; with the transcription: ZERO . HORA. SINE . LINEA. On the other hand, the City of Bresslau with coat of arms attached below, designated by Jehovah shines; the edge writing is called: ITA.PUBLICOS.SCHOLARUM.

school coins. Calculating pennies. 147

ACTUS. SENATE . VRATISLAVIENSIS . DECORAT. - The Avenue of trees on the obverse is said to be Zweiffels without the school mean in which young people to Baumert of justice be brought up to praise the Lord. The sun, which a line is marked every hour on the sun clock every day, along with the attached Latin script, should be there teaching the standing boy that he should be busy all the time must. For just as the sun constantly revolves around the Earth Creyss If it runs, even a student who is eager to learn doesn't have to be like that the sun, when it stood still in Joshua's time, but like them neat way, since it rises at one end of the sky- rises, and again runs to the other end; such- He also has to use his hard work as a science go to the other because the sciences are not in bed the lazy ones are found. And like that artificial Mahler Hess wouldn't let a day go by because he wouldn't have practiced should draw a line freely through which Afterwards he brought it so high in the Mahlerey; so A student doesn't have to miss a day, even an hour because he shouldn't practice studying when he can do it differently want to achieve something within it. By the lapel of this one There is nothing to remember about the medal other than the coat of arms, as well as the caption, indicate that it is such a coin Order of the Council of Bresslau, which consisted of a captain, 8 mayors, 11 locals, 2 syndicis, and many assessors exists to reward those hard-working students. § 113. That the famous trading city of Hamburg The following proves the same use as Bresslau Coin: The first side shows a double-tipped coin A high mountain surrounded by thorns, over which a Crantz emerges clouds are kept; In front a person is praying on his knees lying down. Around the edge it says: PREC1BVS . PATET . ATQVE. LABORATORY. On the other side an angel shadows them Inscription: BRABEON. SCHOLAE . HAMBURGENSIS. 1,635. The Crantz, which is kept from the clouds, is said to be without

10*

148 H. Voigt:

fallible to suggest the reward. Same as the same above held above the double mountains fenced with thorns, so it teaches, as little as anyone can without effort and Work could climb to the top of such a mountain A student can't achieve Crantz without it Prayer and effort lead to a pleasing reward, which The description also explains, in German it reads: The Crone is dedicated to service, prayer and work. From work and we have already thought about hard work. But that A student can easily combine prayer with their work must, is set beyond all dispute among Christians. Because diligently prayed, half studied. The Spirit of God has Himself prayer, as a means to attain wisdom, in the Epist. Jac. I, 5 instructed, since he says: Such a person among you If you lack wisdom, ask God, who gives simply everyone, and no one moves forward; so it is given to him become. One therefore rightly likes the prayer say: that it is the key to spiritual and secular sciences. You can compare it to a hoof shoe of Pegasi, which opened the source of the well Hipocrene. that this is what the praeceptores diligently give to their subordinates want to sharpen! that the student youth do this take heed and sanctify their hard work with prayer! That's how it would be in many parts of studying with some things Students do better. The other side of this Reward coin teaches that the Hamburg magistrate I had the same embossed.

§ 114. That the capital city of Labach (she!), in the ducal thum Crain, who has the laudable habit of receiving such rewards Handing out coins to the students of the school, something like that teaches the following coin. This appears on one side Coat of arms of the Duchy of Crain, namely a simple eagle, with a bandage pulled and tied over the chest; but the other side has the following words to read: PREMIUM . SCHOLAE . PRO VINCIALIS CARNIOLAE 1584.

school coins. Calculating pennies. 149

Heinecke also draws attention to “Christian Junckers, Dresdensis, Discours from the First Jubilee Festival Princely Gymnasium in Eisenach as well as the demolition of the very first Saxon school medal". Eisenach, Boetius, 1709. Fol. 36 p.

On the other hand, coins are also found, especially in the Middle Rhine areas, of which various probable have been used for teaching purposes. Sir Dr. Falk in Klein-Winternheim near Mainz describes in one Letter to the editor of the “Mittheilungen” volume 2, Issue 1 three such coins in his hands. The First coin corresponds on one side to the one given above Illustration. On the other side is one behind a table seated man pictured, in front of him lying in the middle arithmetic pennies, a book (or adding machine) on the left and a book on the right Purse (?). There are four on the right and four on the left five stars consisting of seven points each. The second coin also has the Latin alphabet, under the last line the year 1553 in Arabic numerals; on the other side Man behind the table. The third has on the downside Man behind the table and in the upper half the writing in the margin: RACING _ MASTER .

Mr. Dr. Weckerling, head of the Paulus Museum in Worms, describes a number of coins of this type (calculation pfennigs) in a letter that appeared in the “Mittheilungen” year- aisle 2, issue 1 was printed. The letter reads:

“These and similar ones can be found in the soil of the city of Worms Pennies quite often. By far most people have one Imprint similar to medieval gold guilders, others apparently younger ones show some kind of mythological or historical one Personality on the one hand. On various occasions Nuremberg is mountain is given as the place of origin. Pennies with the of The characteristics discussed with you are in the same manner as those assumed by me Collection of the local Paulus Museum twelve pieces, sammüich these have been inserted by me in the last few years,

150 H. Voigt:

But I've seen a lot more without that I would have attached value to acquiring it. From the previous There are two that are similar, but in detail again quite different stamps the year 1553. At In both cases the alphabet is divided into five rows, and are V and W distinguished as two letters, 4th row: TV || 5th row: WXYZ, including 1553. On the table a distinction is made between the right hand the tied purse, in front of the hand Pieces of money or arithmetic pennies, on the left hand the to Folding decorated abacus (blackboard). The sign According to what is probably older, there is a penny on the back the alphabet in four rows in a double-framed square stands, 4th row: TVXYZ. In the 5th row are NORMR. Up a fourth, the front is similar to that of the previous one, but you can see several money bags standing and the coins are lying on top both sides of the abacus you picked up. Up the reverse stands out compared to the other coins the head in a double-framed square in four rows Alphabet, but only up to S (PQRS). The fifth one follows Copy with a rather ancient drawing of the front side, two fairly full money bags, the abacus placed like this, that it looks like a box with a heart in front of it. On the Back in the square the alphabet in five rows 4th row: QRSTV, 5th row: XYZ.H. S. The last two Letter H. S. probably correspond to what you mentioned Hans Schu. On the sixth copy is the shape of the table raw and recorded, the legs are not from the master calculator visible, on the table on the right hand you can see a calculator machine {-fp , next to it the enumerated money; above the table the letters G. — S. (probably derived from the previous H. — S.) speaking). On the back in a square the alphabet in four Rows, last row: TV WXYZ. The seventh piece shows similar legal front. The alphabet looks more beautiful on the back embossed, distributed in five rows separated by lines and of surrounded by a beaded circle and a decorative border. Also on

school coins. Calculating pennies. 151

Pieces 8, 9 and 10 are the picture of the math master, the table, Quite similar to the calculating machine, etc., only they carry along Various stamps produced the inscription *HANNS. KRAVWINCKEL. IN . NVR (Nuremberg). On the back, and on 7 the alphabet is surrounded by a circle in five rows. give, but instead of the decorative border the inscription * FLEISIGE, INVOICING . MIGHT . RIGHTEOUSNESS (she!). (The comparison because of this I want to cite another similar penny. Front: Crowned Venus rising from the water, one ointment bottle in hand; the water is indicated by fish Transcription: VENVSPFENNING . «NVRENBER. Back: Fantasy coat of arms surrounded by a circle, inscription: EGIDI KRAVWINCKELL). Pieces 11 and 12 finally show up the front has elegantly curved legs Table in a more correct drawing, the man's feet are reproduced correctly in perspective, not like on pieces 1 to 5 in the old way J.L. At the top is the inscription: RECHE- MASTER The alphabet is written in five rows on the back without intermediate lines and without being surrounded by a circle be, only the decorative edge is like on the previous seventh piece. In both pieces the letters follow like this — TW | VXY&*

Berlin. Dr. H. Voigt

Literature.

Congres international de numismatique, organist and r6uni äBruxelles — par la soci6t6 royale de numismatique de Belgian a l'occasion du cinquantiöme anniyersaire de sa cr6ation. — Bruxelles 1891. gr. 8°. 678 p. With many paragraphs educations. The above abbreviated title announces to us a book, Our literature does not yet have anything like this to show. It but so far there has been no reason to do the same owes its creation. How many coin researchers and coin friends, mainly from Belgium, Holland and the neighboring France agreed to celebrate on July 5th to 8th, 1891 Brussels came together and how they cultivated it Science has paid its toll, that's what those of Messrs. Cumont and de Witte wrote reports on the under the patronage of Sr. Eönigl. Highness of Prince Philip of Saxony - Koburg and the chairmanship of the President of the jubilant company, Vicomte de Jonghe Meetings testimonial. According to a letter from Baron Felix B&hune, follow the history of the society written by a co-founder the essays from the various areas of our knowledge with which the present or absent members expressed their sympathy. About them we give consideration- standing a short account.

Babelon discusses the question of what the object appears to be can be understood that the Nike on Alexander the Elder. Gr. Gold coins

Literature. 153

in the left hand, which is usually seen as a trident, standard, Sailing pole or tropical pole is called, and captures the The results of his investigations are summarized in the final words: “Nous avons dfononträ, que this divinitä (la Victoire) tient ä The main, non pas, comme on the dit g6n6ralement, une armature de tropbäe, mais la stylis (otwUc, GtvXiöxoq, device for Holding the Aplustre) d'un navire: c'est une Victoire athänienne, et eile a pour attribut Tun des emblfimes de la puissance sur les mers. Ce type ä 6t6 inaugurä ä Poccasion des honors without pr6c£dents qu'on dtaerna k Alexandre aux Panath6n6es de Tan 336, and the rappelle qu'en this annäe-lä on acheva de r6tablir, in the temple of Athena Parth6nos, des Victoires d'or, a la place de Celles qui avaient et6 fondues 70 ans auparavant." — Maxe-Werly deals with the origin of the symbols a certain class of coins from southeastern Gaul. He proves that the same cannot be achieved on its own. clarify, but should be seen as a degeneration of the role models. As such, the silver pieces of the Tarraconense in particular have Rhoda served, whose woman's head up to a triangle and whose The back of the rose is deformed into a cross, with various decorations Filling the angles, among other things a torque, which is later in an ear is transformed, which is often contrasted with an eye; A hoe of various designs also often appears a cross angle of this, which was created in the Garonne basin, Characteristics largely attributed to the tolosates. The Illustrations show the creation of many other structures these coins clearly. — This is more well thought out Roman coinage. M. Bahrfeldt makes new contributions to the Stamps on Roman denarii from the Re- public and the first emperor, Gamurrini a Roman semis of the sextantiar foot with etruscan name carved: Arevizies Rs. Crivepe-ve, d. h. Velius Grivibius Arevizii (rope, filius), Francs. Gnecchi reports on Inedita, who Roman excavations from 1890 have brought, among those the most important a bronze medallion from M. Aurel with the previous

154 literature.

completely unknown representation of Hercules and Omphale, and Blanchet on those relating to the Gauls and Germanic peoples Roman coins, a theme that, as far as the Germanic peoples are concerned already discussed by Köhne (in Vol. III, IV of his magazine). has been acted upon, e.g. Th. in greater completeness, because the Characters of Tacitus, Probus and Garausius recorded by him you miss it here. What is new is that it was previously for a Parthian respected figure on the denarius of L. Ganinius Gaüus, coin master of Augustus, is declared to be a Gaul, strange but that Mr. B. does not perform Victoria Gothica because he apparently (see p. 1 24) does not consider the Goths to be Germanic peoples - De Schodt's treatise “la numismatique romaine dans ses rapports avec l'art oratoire* doesn't just have so many Representations of an “ adlocutio u to the object, but also the position of the individual emperors towards the art of oratory, and subsequently Finally, about orthography. Van Werveke explains, that the minting in Trier was not just in 296, but as early as 293 294 at the latest, with small bronzes from Constantius Ghlorus has begun.

The essays on questions from the Areas of medieval coinage. Caron points out Reason for a back seal with MG߀TR D€ ÄliDeXMORDO a tree with 6 branches the coin that was sought for so long Oudenarde in a silent maille with corresponding coin model, Gocheteux discusses the weight and content of the French coins under the Carolingians and up to the leadership of the Mark under Philipp L, Gumont the beginnings of the Merovingian coinage based on Belgian finds Signed the victory coins of King Henry II and Duke Gotfried 1st of Lower Lorraine (from 1017) and the Duke Gozelos I and Emperor Conrad II (from 1037), viscount de Jonghe the still controversial question of whether the few Gold pieces of Charles the Elder Gr. and his son Ludwig money are beings, v. Luzhin the value relationship between the Precious metals in Germany during the Middle Ages, and Count

Literature. 155

Papadopoli bimetallism in Venice in the Middle Ages. Furthermore, de Marchäville proves that Charles IV of France only the gymnastics with KKROLVS HR REX, during the first three months of his government, whereas because of the light weight and the completely unusual kit which should be agreed upon with KMROLVS REX, and if so not Charles of Luxembourg, but a Rhenish one If you want to have Mr. as the author, Gavazzi will join us a grosso by Johann Galeazzo who was beaten in Verona Visconti, who resembles the Milanese, and only St. Ambrose through St. Zeno (S • ZEHVS • VEROHÄ) replaced, Luppi with a Mezzo Grosso from the Diocese of Volterra (+ • PL'O : WLTERR7S Cross Es. + PP • R3SNERIVS Bishop) and Moraleda with a trien of Leovigild with EliVGRA RE, of the ENE under the steps of the cross of the back, however, the remnant of the Byzantine CONOB, very unfortunate explained by omnes nobis obediant. An old riddle solved Hauberg, by convincingly proving that the Imitations of the Dürstadt denarii of Charles the Elder Gr. to recognize giving semi-bracteates, the many with Köhne for the oldest Polish character, in Denmark, perhaps that old royal seats Roskilde, their home; the incoming one Examination of the finds in which they were found from 940 onwards and up to the beginning of the XI. Century, but nowhere so numerous than in the Scandinavian finds, but especially on Zealand can be found leaves no doubt about it. Hilde fire spreads through those excavated in Sweden Roman coins and indicates that with Zeno (f 491) sclili eat the, slightly barbaric solidi to the Ostrogoths in Pannonia, while he thinks that those on Gothland and Bornholm Solidi of Anastasius found by fugitive Herulians, who after the Ostrogoths left, they turned there ▼have been kidnapped. Picque explains a side piece that in the numismatic-sphragistic gazette from December 1885 Only briefly described double penny from Orchimont. one

156 Literature.

newly discovered mint not far from Dinant both Kromstaert's in the style of the Flemish ones by Johann the Intrepid and Philip the Outen, and have the author Bernhard von Burscheid (Bourset, Porcetum), a famous reviled highwaymen, whose mentioned robbery castle Liège destroyed in 1436; The transcriptions are remarkable: + BaRßÄR: FILIVS 5 B6RKÄRDI i DQ: BOR respectively BaRß7SRD:'PRIfla06mT5Rira? DQSBOVRSa 1 ). — Sambon discusses the copper coins (cavalli) of Ferdinand I of Naples, which, according to an ordinance from 1472, has been in force since Friedrich LT. beaten but increasingly deteriorated billon coins were intended to replace, and makes us with those of Amatrice (FIDEUS AMATRIX), Sulmona (with SMPE) and the Ejection coins with the image of the king and his second Wife Joanna of Aragon known. De Witte points this out Denarii from Brussels and Nivelles as similar to each other as they are the find from Betekom provided (Dannenb. 141 and 144) the Count of Louvain and in the period 1030-1040, there the counts as stewards of the Nivelles Abbey whose rights had finally usurped the right to mint, which the same only in 1041 by King Henry III. returned were. — As the only representative of the Muhammadan coinage Prince Philip of Saxe-Coburg appears with the customer a commemorative coin commemorating the founding of the city of Sultaniji 1305-1313 by the powerful Hulaguide sultan Öljaitu. — Newer coins have found their processors in Ercole Gnecchi, which costs a thaler in the Dutch style Leeuwendalder, by Jacob III. Mandelli, Lord of Maccagno, Ruggero, who received one from Ludwig Caraffa, Duke of Sabbioneta (with MO • NO • ALOY • CARF • DVX . SAB) writes, Mac Lachlan, who created the Canadian coinage before 1840 treated, and Fiala, who coined the coins of Messrs. Wilhelm (f 1592) and Peter Wok von Rosenberg discusses their coinage

1) Now in the royal. Berlin Coin Cabinet.

Literature. 1 57

right, probably the oldest in Bohemia, to be awarded King Sigismund to Ulrich von Rosenberg in 1422, and after acquiring the Silesian domains of Reichstein and Silberberg was carried out vigorously here until 1599. Seh ulm an also illuminates the extraordinarily numerous Coin imitations during the 80 years of independence fight of the Netherlands, which was primarily directed at Germans Lean on pattern. But with the explanation of the last (p. 582) You will not agree with the pictured Marypenny can explain, because the saying about the image of the Virgin Mary is true. God we di Hei certainly doesn't mean: trust God, away the Hei, but trust God, then he will help you, according to management of other characteristics, e.g. B. the thaler of Maria von Jever (Madai 1737) with Vertrv God so we h. d. uthelpe, and likewise The final letters of the Rf. are probably the only ones that are included the stamp of the lion indicates to us the coiner, namely D. in B. not to supplement dominae in Brederode and to the Abbess Margaretha von Thoren, but rather on her Nephew Heinrich von Brederode, of whom we have many similar ones have coins with his name (v. d. Chijs, Holland plate 41 and 42), or can be related to Batenburg. Also The author makes an orthographic blunder guilty by constantly choosing Schwarzenburg instead of Schwarzburg writes, which of course is not to be given much credit to a foreigner. The chips have also found their processor vanden Broeck, who gave us the Brussels pennies Treasurer (receveurs et trtsoriers) demonstrates which time from 1334 to 1698. The first, without writing but with Coats of arms are from the period up to 1420, where two patrician Receveurs were in charge, but the craftsmen would soon join in the patricians entered the city administration, and from this time space, until 1496, we have another series of such calculations pennies since the middle of the century with the names of the receveurs, with dates since 1473; from 1496 up to Albert and Isabella, names and coats of arms disappear and appear

158 literature.

in place of the earlier types of arithmetic pennies, those with St. Michael and partly St. Gudula, of course since then XIV century. A table of illustrations illustrates this high beauty of this stamp.

The art medals don't go away empty-handed either. Ambrosoli not only wrote the description to the sculptor Jakob Jonghelinck knew medal of Margaret of Austria with Favente Deodorant, which Armand declares to be Italian, but also one others, still unknown, with the bust of Count Frosper Tedeschi (Todiscus) from Piacenza, Castellani gives a similar if unedited medal on Giov. Peruzzo da Bartoledo from Fano. which he considers to be a work by Matteo da Pasti, and Maz zerolle describes the life of Nie. Briot, the Parisian until 1625 and then presided over the London Mint, and speaks to him the merit usually granted to him as an improver the coinage as well as the better of his medals on the influence and assistance of Guill. Dupr6, the then Gontröleur g6n6ral des effigies returns. A new one-sided one Medal of Charles V with his bust and the unusual Title of Jerusalem introduces us to Morsolin, Picqu6 finally gives an unedited medal of the XVI. Century: with the Portrait of the engraver Cornelius Cort, by Conrad Bloc, which, by virtue of its year 1595, represents the latter's activity moves up by two years; There are comments about both of them Works as well as those of the painter Franz Plön and his brother, the sculptor Cornelius Floris, whose Unedited medals can also be touched upon.

Count Gentili's essays are more general in nature di Rovellone on le collezioni di numismatica, from Valien tin about the eacsimiles of her manuscripts refined educational level of the mint officials of Avignon and Villeneuve lez-Avignon at the end of the 16th century century, from Blancard, who faces the cliffs in design and application who warns the documents that he deserves the place, but Unfortunately, only after the coins themselves are admitted, finally

Literature. 159

by Dirks. This one about antiquities, especially the numerical highly deserving researchers in his Frisian homeland entertains us “des Pompei frisons et de leur importance au point de vue numismatique". He does not use the term Pompeii inappropriate for the living spaces given the name “Terp”. Human and livestock facilities are often very extensive. rich earth embankments, which are still there despite the removal of so many a considerable number are preserved in West Frisia. The numismatic yield up to the Xth century, which this artificial hills consist of Roman coins, of which those by Feins and Onna are particularly interesting, because until the Frisian campaign of Germanicus (16 AD) go, also in a few Byzantine gold coins, in particular were correct genera of Sceattae, which are therefore considered for the would like to consider the oldest Frisian character, and finally in Carolingian coins, which occur in larger numbers.

Sealing, which is so close to coin studies, is also important didn't come away empty-handed. Count Limburg-Stirum acts very much in detail about the seals, which are presented in excellent illustrations the illustrious Gavre family, and Count Nahuys of the Seals, which the united Netherlands during the short administration of the representative sent to them by Queen Elizabeth halter's Count Robert Leicester (1585 - 1587) used, and in which the vain count does not allow his name to be included only, but also to enforce his complete coat of arms knew.

In one word: the present one, with many good details Formations decorated stately ribbon lays a shiny testimony to how in the Belgian numismatic society the old one, known in the names Lelewel and Ghalon, the embodying spirit still lives on actively; may he, despite the changeability of everything earthly, there are still too many of you be preserved for future celebrations!

H.D.

160 literature.

Eduard Fiala, description of Bohemian coins and Medals. First volume. Prague 1891. gr. 8°. 117 p. With 10 plates. Illustrations.

In the final words of his description of the Donebau trees Collection of Bohemian coins, their medieval part Vol. XVII p. 106 d. Magazine been discussed, Mr. Fiala announced his intention, soon a description of all Bohemian character missing in this rich collection to publish, and this announcement has almost come to fruition to follow suit. The work is in six volumes calculates which ones should treat: 1) the coins until delivery beginning of Brak teat coinage; 2) the coins up to the government Ferdinand I takes office; 3) the newer coins; 4) the private coins and medals; 5) the city coins, emergency notes, etc. ; 6) the history of Czech coinage.

This first volume closes in the format like Incidentally, externally it definitely resembles the Donebausche in question Directory, begins with the mostly written forms the pagan prehistory and ends with King Przemisl Ottokar L, i.e. 1230. — The coin descriptions are everywhere understandable and are often explained with illustrations, who deserve the same unreserved praise as those from the from the same (Vitek lithographic) institution Donebauschen. Just a little more clarity would be I would have liked to have been able to look through the long rows similar character to protect eyes and senses from fatigue, In particular, it would have been highly recommended that the Prague public coined by the others, by Breslau? (No. 81, 83), from Pilsen (No. 368), degree of knowledge, etc., to separate, such a strange one Coin like the Biagota (No. 109) not among the many Boleslaw's disappearance, as well as on the other hand It would have been useful to move No. 341 to No. 355 with Edelred rex Ang to be connected and thus at least recognizable to make them just a replica of this interesting Denarius is, perhaps in Jaromir No. 347, which is very

Literature. 161

reminiscent of the Nabburger (Dannenb. 1122), has its side piece. Daring interpretations such as those presented to us in the earlier work are not missing here either: No. 233, on which the double G) next to the Dextera dei by the Hebrew Shadai (holy) is explained, the declaration of the EOrc under the church gable from No. 113 by &r\oa (so, instead of öcogl), and neither is to approve what is said in Nos. 924 and 927 about “the Greek Nose" of Wenceslaus of Olomouc, son of Duke Swatopluk it is said that this is just as inaccurate as the distribution of the Persian Dariks to certain great kings who were referred to Shape of the noses and the length of the archers' arms wanted to support. Also the introduction of a department “Trade Coins” (Nos. 183-236) is unlikely to be applauded have to do the math, F. includes most of Boleslaw's calculations the hand, especially all of the mint master Omeriz Bust portrait. The ones often attributed to Wenceslaus the Saint, Denarii also occurred at Althöfchen and Rummelsburg peculiarly clumsy work (Mzstud. VIII Taf. I, 5, Berl. Bl. f. Mzkd. I plate I, 62) are (nos. 246-249) the first born son of Boleslaw II and Emma who died early assigned, who may have held a partial principality; However, the reason given for this is invalid several finds that are strictly demarcated backwards, e.g from Althöfen, that allocation was forbidden; particularly obsolete also with regard to the Roman imperial denarii, which are not rare in such finds from the tenth and eleventh centuries occur. It is also not entirely understandable why the denarii of the Slavnikid Sobieslaw (No. 253 - 260), which is so clearly announce the Lubic and Malin mints, this be refused without this being replaced by Menadier (Vol. XV p. 121 of the journal) well-founded assignment of any kind another would be set. And it's not just them that will be the same Poland objects to all coins their Boleslaw Chrobry here (No. 301-328) among the Bohemian ones are ranked, even those struck in Onesen and Mogilno,

Magazine for KnmUmatik. XIX. 1 1

162 Literature.

in which the latter, incidentally, plate IX, 113 d. Mith. cL num. Total pictured in Berlin is overlooked. Here again we find “trade coins*, which are particularly those of the nobility Heids character can be called. The transcription is at number 322 on the back, which apparently (declining) INCUTVS, Not reading MISUCAT is no less against some allocations raise objections, e.g. B. regarding Nos. 930-934, which Luzhin describes in his description of the gives the Kakwitz find to Bishop Heinrich Zdik of Olomouc, while the author was a son of the duke who died young Swatopluk with that in mind.

They are particularly attractive because of the extensive more recent finds by Eibenschitz, Senitz, Rakwitz, Mitko- joke etc. the consequences from the late period of the eleventh and from the twelfth century, which disappears so much in Voigt appear small and, in terms of their shape, they belong to the inter- The most edible of the entire Middle Ages are counted, but are missed among the coins of the Olomouc prince Boleskw, son Wratislaws IL and the Swatawa (1090, No. 665, 666), which by Boczek published with Wratislaw's heads.

The information about the various finds is instructive, from which the coins described are taken, more than 100 in number, only a direct connection of the relevant Appropriate messages referenced in comments to the text, as well as regular evidence of the relevant literature ratur was sweet, the a. B. at No. 22, 51, 53, 54 (Witzraitz, Lübeck, Pammin, Farve) is missing, so the review difficult. But the fact that this is not so superfluous is shown, for example, by: B* Note 11, where the find by Lang-Goslin is placed in the year 980 and yet a denarius of Eberhard von Naumburg (1045-1078) as Part of the find is listed, in any case it is Herzog Eberhard von Baiern can be read, as reported by the owner one such was found. Also the news about the Find from Turwia (Tureff) note 10 that it contained Boleslaws is simply not compatible with Köhne's expression.

Literature. 163

legal assurance that they were missing (M6m. St. Pet. V p. 247). *

We therefore owe Mr. Fiala's zeal and hard work two works, which after the completion of the one discussed here the rich and attractive Bohemian coin supply its entirety, supported by faithful illustrations eyes will lead. Individual small wishes, such as: B. a Evidence of illustrations that are difficult to find in the text, will hopefully find satisfaction in the final issue; may it appear as soon as the consideration of thoroughness it permitted.

H.D.

ir

Obituary.

He passed away on January 22, 1892 in Münster i. W., where he lived The jeweler Werner Wippo was alive. He made his way through the Description of some finds from the Rhenish-Westphalian Middle Ages coins, from Gappenberg, Rentrup and Damm (in the journal d. V. f. Gesch. and antiquity. Westf. Vol. 26 pp. 333-356), and in particular- Lich the even more important one from Hessein and Büren (a. a. 0. Vol. 29 pp. 236-255), but also during throughout his long life he gave his best to our science deservedly done, as head of the coin collection of the thought association and by mediating the acquisition of the highly interesting find from Klein-Roscharden (Vol. XV p. 281 d. Magazine) for the local K. Münzkabinett. Who ever gets closer to him? who has stepped forward will testify that he unselfishly was always ready to promote scientific endeavors.

H.D.

About some rare coins from Meilera 1).

(Plate III.)

In the fall of 1890, during a trip to Lower Italy and Sicily, I had the opportunity to meet one small but important coin finds, from around two hundred archaic tetradrachms and didrachms from the cities of Akragas, Gela, Leontinoi, Messana, jSegesta, Syracuse and Himera are standing, to make known. The pieces of six of the Named cities did not in themselves offer anything new or rare. On the other hand, those of Himera are of importance and interest. The same show the following types:

I. Tetradrachmon of the earliest style on a small, thick planchet. Obverse: Biga, going to the left. Lapel: Sacrificing nymph in front of an unadorned altar, and smaller Silenus with a bushy tail, turned to the right, below Bathing in the mouth of a lion spouting water. Above both

1) At the moment when the proof sheets of my work are being printed should be given away, I hear that in the second issue of XIX. Volume of this magazine contains an essay But the Didrachms of Himera appeared with the inscriptions iaton and xothr, and that the publisher also grasp the entere as iataiv, i.e. h. (votive gift) of the healed, explain. Although I haven't read that essay yet, I think but to take the opportunity to express my joy about it speak that my view, unconsciously, is influenced by others and others Tenterer - 8 years ago was divided on this important point.

London, July 12, 1893.

The author.

Journal of Numismatics. XIX. 12

Ißg E. J. Seitmann:

Figures in a semicircle: (IM)EKAION. (Found: A Copy in good condition.) II. Tetradrachmon. Obverse: Biga, going to the right. Above the charioteer in small letters: PEAOY. Reverse: The nymph Himera, standing and her wide Robe spreading out to the left, Af\3M\. In the ab- A pine branch with fruit cones was cut from the obverse. (Found: A copy. Quite well preserved).

III. Tetradrachmon with the types like No. I, but for something later time. IMERAION in the section under the Biga (not above the nymph, like that one). The bather Silenus is shown from the front. (Found: Six specimens plare; five very well preserved, the obverse of the sixth heavily attacked by rust.)

IV. Didrachm. Obverse: Naked rider, with short double scourge in the left, jumping from the horse. The latter is shown in supreme action. In section IMERAION. Reverse: sacrificing nymph. To her right Serpentine staff and iOTHR. (Found: Two specimens plare. Both in excellent condition.)

There were also a dozen that were in moderate condition Didrachms, with the types of Rooster and Cancer.

The Berlin Cabinet has the first of the above coins and purchased one copy each of numbers III and IV, and this essay has its motivation in the request for more detailed information that was sent to me from there.

What now is the chronological sequence of the above As far as pieces are concerned, I have tried to focus on them first and foremost from the stylistic point of view, depending on the degree of artistic ric development, to assess and organize. My arrangement However, this was facilitated by a fortunate circumstance and supported: I had a uniform find of more or less well-preserved coins in front of me. That the same in was in fact a homogeneous one, depends on the stylistic apart from the affiliation and sequence of the finds

About some rare coins from Himera. 167

the following circumstance for certainty. The antiquarian, at who I saw the coins told me that the same few days previously found in the interior of the country by two builders would be. People would have shared in the find. At the moment if he only owned a part; but he would try also buy the rest. Sent after a few weeks He gave me the latter, and I found that this one was also the same period and belonged to the same cities. Later I heard that a tetradrachm like No. III retained in Sicily and a didrachm like No. IV is recently in Numismatic Chronic! e has been described. Will now be in In such a case, the relatively older age of the style Relatively greater degrees of wear are confirmed, so may over the correctness of the chronological order is justified There is probably no room for doubt. In our case they coincide both assessment points. The first tetradrachm was born on mostly lost through wear and tear and it is, stylistically, the most least developed. The Pelops coin follows it in style and conservation. The pieces of the following number, although not all of them are equally perfect, but they are still something more advanced and finer in execution and technique. This in turn corresponds to the fact that there are far fewer of them have suffered through use.

Finally, the two didrachms belong, according to preservation and style, exactly to this somewhat later period.

What now No. I, the oldest tetradrachmon, in particular As far as I'm concerned, I only know of a second copy in the Hunter Collection that is similar to him is known. Although there are also Torre muzza has a tetradrachm on plate XXXV of his work IMEPAION over the sacrificial nymph, of whom he says: Neque aliom vidi praeter hunc. But that differs significantly lich from ours and must belong to a later period belong. Once the inscription there reads, as on most of them Tetradrachms Himeras, IMEPAION, not IMERAION. Also is the altar, as in later Inunian pieces, is flaming

12*

168 E* «T- Seitmann:

shown. Finally comes the Quadriga (called Torremuzza she, apparently deceived by incorrect coinage, a Triga) apparently from different stamps.

Aside from its heavy wear and tear, here's what it has going for it for the old age of our piece. The very fat and small one Schrötling is of early archaic style. That's also true the shape of the letters match. The same applies to the Type of representation, which is the simplest possible is the most unadorned. The nymph's folds are stiff and pulled; her legs are awkwardly spread, her feet clumsily placed outside. Almost more childish and incomplete comer is the way the other side is represented. In the The artist may like the nymph and the bathing Silenus an early sculpture in the Temple of Asclepius near the thermal baths be followed. For the Biga and the charioteer he probably has no model used; either because he lacked it, or because he believed that he could do without it. In any case, the result shows how much practice he needs in depicting the subject lacked. Whether the stamp in the field on the back, left above the nymph, contains a symbol (wheel or grain of grain), Because of a minting error, it cannot be said with complete certainty. determine title. But let's imagine those affected by the error The first letter I M covered the position of the third character — E — supplemented accordingly, it becomes clear that for a There would probably have been no room left for characters. Under no circumstances would he Artists give such a place outside the surrounding and the final inscription. Also through this one Due to the lack of the symbol, this coin stands out, just like that Tetradrachms under No. III, from previously known examples plan off.

I set this tetradrachm to the outermost limit of the Period assigned to these pieces until to the decision of the Akragantine hegemony, 472 a. BC That the early didrachms of Attic weight with cock and cancer mark the time of that reign is undoubtedly.

About some rare coins from Himera. 169

This does not exclude the possibility that, at the same time, duplicate pieces of the same system with other types in a timely manner were given by these guys to those around Syracusan tetradrachms circulated en masse at that time had leaned against it and, as it were, an expression and a meaning strengthening the alliance between Gelon and Theron would be. The Biga appears on both; on these the nymph the Himera River; on those of the Arethusa spring. Turns one that the types on contemporary Greek coins different values, naturally always on top of each other could refer to certain tetradrachms, didrachms and Drachmas (e.g. those from Gamarina, Messana and Selinus) are remembered, those belonging to the same period, separate ones Possess types. In addition, the coins of Himera were distinguished through the great diversity of the people portrayed and things out. Of the former (i.e. gods and heroes) we find on them, except the spring nymph with Silenus, the Pelops, Eronos, Heracles and Hermes, Nike, Athena and Medusa.

Nevertheless, there is an important and decisive one Reason against the assumption of simultaneity of the early Didrachmons and the oldest double pieces: the various ness of their inscriptions; HIMERA for those, always for the latter without the H. There is also an argument against this in relation to our find the fact that the didrachms belonging to it Embossing, which we mentioned above in passing, something else have lost more through use than the oldest tetra- drachmon, although due to their lower severity of deposition been less exposed to use. I'm over this Point spread quite extensively since he after we he assures, provides a firm basis upon which the rest Pieces are assessed according to style and degree of preservation and can be fixed chronologically.

Judging by the degree of wear, this must be the case Coin passed from hand to hand for at least twenty years be gone.

170 E * J - Seitmann:

No. II, the rare Pelops coin, is distinguished by its inscription famous. All I have to say about the same is that I am in the symbol of the section, which Dr. Imhoof-Blumer in his Monnaies Grecques as a date palm branch with fruits described, prefer a pine branch with the big one Want to see fruit cones. This is supported by both the cha- racteristic form of the object, like the content of the legend by Pelops, the bold charioteer and favorite of Posei don, whom the god, as Pindar sings, kidnapped to Olympus. The tetradrachm is perhaps used on the occasion of festive games on the shores of Himera in honor of Poseidon, in which the Winner won the god's holy pine wreath, minted been. The high rarity of the piece (to my knowledge there are only two other copies) seems to be one of the to speak of a similar origin. If that were really the case, then In this tetradrachm we have, so to speak, the oldest known knew commemorative coin, minted for a special occasion and with a specific reference to a specific person: the Patron saint of the racetrack, whose life and deeds were for the Greeks were not fable, but history.

The coin cannot be much younger than the tetra dragon no. I. For better preservation and something Judging by a freer style, however, maybe six to seven years lie between the two; So it probably dates back to 465 a. BC be standing.

The Tetradrachmon No. III brings us a slightly later one Variant of No. I. With the exception of one piece, which, like already noticed, was attacked by rust, are all Specimens in very nice condition, although the embossing not worked equally well for everyone. Anyway, they had- The same thing hardly circulates at all, and the little darling has to go soon entrusted to the earth for safekeeping after their minting have been. However, these pieces cannot be missed either postpone the middle of the century, because essential Reasons speak for their old age. Once is the spelling

About some rare coins from Himera. 171

of the Ethnikon still IMERMON, not IMEPAION. Ahh the way of representation appears, both as a whole and in the individual entities, of a decidedly archaic character. The horses walk in the quietest gait. The design of the car handlebars and the Nike is angular and clumsy. The sacrificial one Nymph wears the robe in the stiff conventional ones Folds of the early art period. Although seen in profile, Her eye is shown en face u, as on the oldest coins. The hair, arranged like a chignon, is backwards through the diadem drawn and protrudes above it in a tuft. Although there are the feet no longer like on the earliest coin (No. 1), forced outwards, but rather they appear to the representation corresponding to the whole figure, seen foreshortened from the front. But the position of the thighs is still awkward Hand is large, fingers spread stiffly. The figure sets consists of angles instead of flowing, rounded lines. together, and attitude and action are typically archaic* A The same or similar applies to Silenus bathing.

Volume X 1890 of the Numismatic Chronicle contains an sentence about "some new artists' signatures on Sicilian coins". In it there is a tetradrachm (Plate XVIII, la). MOIAS3MI and the rooster's pickling house in the section below the Biga of the time around 470 a. assigned because the hair The costume of the nymph is similar to that of our piece, and that Coin should, with the exception of the piece with the symbol of Bades in the field above the nymph, the oldest tetradrachm Himera's. I refer the reader to the illustration piece in the said journal and leave it to him Obverse and reverse of the same to judge whether it is older than that be ours. Since the lapel with the nymph suffered greatly seems to have, one will look more at the for the purpose of comparison Charioteers who have to hold Nike and the horses. I ge- stand that they appear to my eye in attitude and action appear to be more advanced. But it will be our coin If a higher age is granted, then that also ends

172 E. J. Seitmann:

important question that the author raises and answers in the affirmative, namely lent - that the artist's inscription KIMON, which he placed on the altar that coin discovered, is called upon to change our view of it highest age of such signatures on Sicilian coins to be modified very much, because our piece can, as I said, not to have been created earlier than around the middle of the century, since its compared to the Tetradrachmon No. I (which only until 472 a. BC can be moved back) completely perfect Preservation proves that at least twenty years between must lie with them, as parts of a unified find. It cannot be objected that the freshness of the Conservation may be due to the randomness of low circulation. Peace and quiet, because we don't just own a piece of ä fleur de com, sondeyi half a dozen. When I say "twenty" years, So I chose the faster ones (for the sake of the high relief). Wear and tear on Greek coins is expressly taken into account. taken. If you wanted to measure the wear and tear of modern ones If you invest coins, this period would double, like this The freshness of this tetradrachmon is wonderful in comparison to the oldest piece.

Finally, I would like to talk about the same thing in general. notice that, in a technical sense, it is one of the best products nits of the archaic era. The delicate security in the use of the grave burin is a completely surprising one. Note e.g. B. the light veil-like garment of the nymph, which defines the contours of the breasts and shoulders, of the upper arm and the thighs are delicate but clearly lets kick.

We now come to the discussion of the last and most important- first find, the one under No. IV described didrachm with the inscription

As is well known, there is a rare coin, ours in its entirety

About some rare coins from Himera. 173

similar, with the famous inscription IATON. This word can also be found on the obverse of an early didrachm the rooster and the hen, and a lot has been interpreted about it been. Ugdulena in his writing “sulle monete Punico-Sicule (Palermo 1857)" gives a learned discussion of the meaning that the old Punic name of Himera has been handed down to us. deliver. This was called IA, and the residents had the following called the IATOI. Any historical evidence for his claim that Himera was not Greek at all, but rather He naturally suggests that it was a Carthaginian planting city not at. But he means the name IA in the first characters (which he mostly misread) of numerous Sicilian coins Phoenician inscriptions can be found. Now he throws this one, big and small, cheerful in a heap and divides them all Himera, resp. IA too, unconcerned that many of those pieces (it mostly seem to be coins from Panormos) around entire genes rations about the year of the city's destruction (408 AD) reach down.

Meanwhile, let us return to our Didrachmon. Successful it, its inscription in a natural and satisfying way explain, then it should probably be for the correct understanding that similar coin can be used.

First of all, it is clear that the designation €OTHR only can be considered a god or divine hero and, of course, will most likely be related to the deity, at whose altar the nymph sacrifices. On the simultaneous Selinuntian tetra- Drachms and didrachms are the altars in front of which Selinus and bring sacrifices to the Hypsas, through the cock or the surrounding coiling serpent dedicated to Asclepius. On our coin we find the serpent's staff, the attribute of the same god, the name of the savior and preserver is also right actual meaning. The goddess brings him pious Sacrifice, and the people glorify him with festive games, such as she tells us the obverse in the youth jumping from his horse, whose forehead is decorated with the victor's diadem. May

174 E J Seltmann:

you can perhaps connect the inscriptions and read: IMERAIOM £07* HR? Some didrachms by Akragas from the have the same period AKRA on the obverse and CA< on the Downside. Again based on coins from Heraclea Minoa a little later - Greek, not Punic - time The inscription HPAKAEI2TAN EK KEOAAOIAIOY is on both of them Pages distributed. Connecting such divisions seems to that So people didn't seem to be strangers. On well-known ones We read coins as a uniform expression: HPAKAEOY€ Ö2THP0S GASISSN and AIONY^OY «GTHPO* MAPflNITßN. Dem According to linguistic usage our inscription might be in to grasp the same uniformity. Asclepius was considered This has been the case for the residents since ancient times thanks to the widely-famous thermal baths actually as the preserver, and among the religious ob- his veneration in the community undoubtedly increased the first position. Like the rooster — certainly not as a type parlant, be. *7gv£ w&Qots or IpiQa;, but as a symbol of never tiring, watching, healing God - already the The city's oldest coins still adorn its altar the tetradrachm of her last days.

If you stay in southern Italy for a long time, you will aware that there are still many remnants of ancient customs on the body and soul of the people.

Anyone in Naples, not far from the Immacolatella,... If you walk through the pottery market with a careful eye, you will find yourself among them We were able to discover many images of Greek vessels. They are raw and unadorned, poor shards of the world table of gods; but the grace of form has given them the custom true. And in the stalls of the oil and wine merchants you can today, as in Pompeii two thousand years ago, the bulbous one Amphora, not uncommon with its point running into a point End lowered into the ground, find. In his faith, or Superstition, the people have taken the dii minores under changed names were often known. Santa Anna is took the place of Eileithyia, and San Gennaro, whose

i

About some rare coins from Himera. 175

miraculous blood (so the people think) just a few years ago After years of stopping the cholera epidemic, the “savior.” Asclepius" of the Neapolitan. How now, according to popular belief, Christian saints perform healings at certain shrines, to which they seem to lack strength elsewhere, This is how the power of the old gods expressed itself in many holy places in particular. In such smell special The shrine of Asclepius of Himera has holiness and power certainly existed among the Greeks, and who used the epithet €OTHR read on a coin from that city, could only be on these Think of God, even if the symbol of his serpent staff wouldn't have pointed to him in particular.

On a dialect inscription from Torremuzza (Veteres inscr. We cannot rely on SiciL I, 11) because the same is not the case is recognized as eight 1).

That the inscription IATON on the similar didrachm to refer to the same deity with the same epithet, will certainly initially be recognized as a justified assumption, and I propose an explanation of the same, for the justification of which inner probability seems to speak. Through As far as I know, there are parallel examples not proven. Nevertheless, I think that they are more indirect justification dung is not lacking. I want the rare didrachms with me

Note here the following passage from Pausanias (Lib. I, Cap. XXXIV): "Eott öi ^Qconlon; niffii nlr\oiov %ov vao$ §v *Apr

1) Cf. 6. Kaibel, inscr. Graecae Sicil. et Ital., 1890, p. 3*, no. 2*

176 E - J - Seitmann:

mineral content, not intended for the purposes of temple service. could be used. That the soil is volcanic in nature (i.e hot springs), illuminated from another place of the same chapter: Aiywcu dt y AfJ(ftaqdo) (fevyovzi ix Grjßcov diaCTtjva* xr\v yfjv xal wg aixov 6/jlov xal %6 aQpa vnsöil^ato.

If a sick person sees God or the priests over the medical use of the water and, the Following instructions, finding relief for his suffering, he consecrated Gold and silver pieces by using them to enrich the Temple treasure dropped into the marble pool of the thermal baths. On the tetradrachms of Himera we see the satyr kneeling deep in the basin under the much more famous Asklepios source stand. Perhaps she was a victim of gratitude. ability in maiorem gloriam with coins, which in their appearance writing carried an explicit reference to healing.

In general it seems in Italy, among the Greeks and Romans, It is customary to have been the blessing spirits of the streams and rivers to consecrate coins, and so many of these are in The waters were found to be under the Italians The collective name of the Monete dal Tevere, “Tiber coins”, is understood. If they are bronze coins, they often have each other, thanks to protection of the water, the original golden metallic shine is preserved. Nobody will want to claim that coins in such numbers were able to find their way out of the bag into the water by chance. And isn't the custom still alive today? The Roman must When he leaves his hometown, he first drinks from the Fontana di Trevi and drops a copper coin into her basin with it the source spirit that enlivens and refreshes Rome, protecting it into the distance and then back home.

One more point for an approximate determination the time around which our didrachm was created, not without What should be important should not go unmentioned: the H of Inscription «OTHR.

Until the end of the Akragantine hegemony, 472 a. BC, As is well known, the aspirata can be found on Himera's didrachms.

About some rare coins from Himera. 177

On the tetradrachms and didrachms of the later period she disappears. The former now appears on our coin Aspiration sign as ijta, this initially suggests that a certain period of time between those older didrachms and seems to suit ours.

We had the mid-century piece- pointed out, and that too perhaps seems to be the case, for the sake of yxa very early point in time. However, if you wanted it even deeper put, the transition period from the archaic to the Noble style itself has to be drawn to narrower limits than it already is happen. “Local archaism” can be seen as a “savior” here "in times of need" for the coins of Himera. The pithy beauty of the pieces from the transitional period proves that the art of die cutting is loving there found care, and the magnificent tetradrachms from the last years of the city show the blossoming it achieved. It So it might be safest to assume that the use of the fjxa in Himera back to around the middle of the century- is enough, as we did on very early coins another Ionian planting city, Velia.

However, on the small coins one encounters the city, the half-drachmon and the obols, sometimes the old one Aspiration signs. There is undoubtedly an epigraphic point here Archaism, like similar ones on other coins Cities, e.g. B. Crotons occur. It doesn't seem unnatural It is clear that the old spelling is for the small parts received for the longest time, since they probably prefer not to to say: exclusively - - served local needs, while the tetradrachmon and didrachmon, so to speak, international Coins were and, thanks to the uniform at that time You can see coins that circulated throughout the entire island. This The same thing is happening today in countries that... belong to the Latin Coin Association. The acceptance of the French French five-franc coins are not sold in southern and central Italy objected to, and the double franc also finds buyers.

178 E. J. Seitmann:

A willing ganjon, to whom some soldiers are left, accepts probably also the franc. But the small coins will be generally rejected.

Naturally, the epigraphy of the important major Pieces are given greater care by giving them the changes that have general validity created. Regarding the smaller coins, one was less strict and still needed the old and new spelling indiscriminately than the r\xa, as our didrachm proves, had already found its way in. At the extraordinary Freedom that Himera's stamp cutters enjoy with the Epigraphy permitted, this double meaning needs to be used of a sign not to be strange. Apparently of a word For the sake of play, the name on certain bronze coins of the city in KIMAPA. On an Obolos (see Numismatic Chronicle, 1890, pag. 294) the aspirata appears as B, and a The coin of the French cabinet is said to be the Great Greek one V lead.

As far as my chronology of the above pieces is concerned, I am I am aware that they encounter many contradictions must. One will object that pieces are so strictly archaic Stiles like numbers III and IV impossible of the transitional time around 450 a. Can belong to Chr. I could nonetheless I can't come to any other conclusions because I know the material. had to judge how I found it.

I also recommend the following facts of particular importance Attention of our readers: Among the finds were Excellently preserved tetradrachms and didrachms of others cities; e.g. the following:

Early didrachms by Segesta with the declining in- fonts €ArE

Tetradrachms and didrachms from Leontinoi very early Stiles, with the lion's head and the biga, respectively. with the rider

About some rare coins from Himera. 179

on the didrachms. These are between 500 and 466 (see Head p. 130).

A larger number of the early Syracusan tetra- drachmas (along with some didrachms) with the R or X (not ?), which is assigned to the time of Gelon (485 to 478 AD). (see Head's History of the Coinage of Syracuse).

I want coins from other cities of equally beautiful condition I won't particularly mention it here because you don't see them that closely assigned a limited period of time.

Now I remind you again that the time of creation of our relatively well-worn tetradrachmon No. I could not have been any earlier than that of the year 472 a. But in the find we encounter pieces from un- equally beautiful, even exquisitely preserved, which is equally have probably been assigned to an earlier period. I admit that such results of conscientious comparison Doubts about the correctness of their chronological determination awaken in me and that I feel tempted Sicilian coins of the actual transition period to allocate time slightly later than that which they face is currently awarded. I assume that the coins of the strictly archaic style until around the middle of the century reach down, then - and only then - will the freshness of the Preservation of those early pieces from Himera, Syracuse, Segesta and Leontinoi understandable.

The strictly archaic sculptures from the Temple of Athena on Aegina are placed between the years 480 and 460 The reliefs from the Parthenon, which was built in 438 a. was completed, They owe their charm not in the least to something archaic touch. With such examples from the artistically the advanced Greek motherland seems to be the end in itself it is not unreasonable that the outstanding ones Sculptors and painters poor Sikeliotes behind those for one Number - let's say twenty - years behind.

I do not presume to be a subject by my opinion*

180 E. J. Seitmann:

scholars want to change the chronological concept, and I am aware that against the same multiple objections fertilize will be raised. Above all, mine needs Observation of confirmation by other finds from the same time. But I would like to object to an objection in advance keep safe. Let's not say the style of numbers III and IY is individual archaism, the “manner” of an older stamp Schneider, who still worked in the spirit of his earlier period have.

Well, the artist forms his style and sticks to it then, under ordinary circumstances, faithful on the whole. If For example, we wanted to assume that Euainetos was fifty been active in his art for years that he, an early mature genius, the first stamps for his decadrachms 410 cut, his latest products would be around 360 den stylistically very close to the earliest.

But must - or rather can - be a law which applies to the time of perfect art, to the period of find the turning point in which the bud opened up into the blossom?

I have six pieces by Leontinoi from my collection lie in front of me. They are alike in types; in the stylistic development very different. The head of Apollo The first piece seems almost off-putting in its archaic nature Unbeauty. Still, it's hardly going to be that far back be, like our oldest tetradrachm from Himera, because at Of all the ugliness of form, the drawing is in perspective more correct. So let's say, for the sake of certainty, the piece was written around 465. Each of the next four Pieces shows relative progress, and in sixth and last, the head has become that of a beautiful one serious God with curly hair and silent lips that say nothing know more about the archaic smile, refined. This one Coin may have been created around 425, and the artist The piece from 465 could therefore still be in action at this time. stand. But are you supposed to think that he would still be in that one?

About some rare coins from Himera. 181

early, almost childishly imperfect manner? If he wasn't a Hellene but a barbarian - yes. If he wasn't an artist but an idiot - perhaps.

But I must ask for your forgiveness for being so elementary- Mention other things. What I want to say is just this: if the art of die cutting in all, or almost all, Sicilian French cities around the middle of the fifth century had advanced, as was assumed, so should our pieces III and IY (including those of some other cities: see images of the coins from Segesta and Leontinoi) because they could not have arisen earlier, a corresponding one show artistic progress.

But one finally wanted to accept that these fresh ones Pieces came from old stamps that had not been used for a long time, I readily admit that such a conjecture is not unfounded. possibility in itself. But at best it remains very unlikely. That everything that happens in the studios of... Stamp cutters were soon created in the embossing workshops has found use, is certainly taken for granted- be confessed. Certainly there were exceptional cases. But her were naturally rare; so rare that they become the rule confirm. This is how I remember a piece in the collection of the British Museum (which city it belongs to is unknown to me not remembered; but I think it is a Sicilian one). one side shows the free style of developed art, while the other still has the character of the transitional period The use of an older stamp is proven here. But by what? Precisely because of the contrast in the style of both sides, how it develops naturally through accidental use of an old stamp found in the corner. Completely different for our coins, which have front and back sides cover chronologically.