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Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 2 — 1875
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1) Fox, Part I. No. 86.
2) Mionnet, II. p. 95. No. 12.
rather anedited ^chaetfche Bimdesmfinzen u. 8. w. 179
The word denoting the value k, but lA and IB as numerals can be explained if this view were not contradicted by that switch to tetradrachms IIA and IIB.
In a following essay I will discuss the coins of Eorinth and other cities treat the inscription Wear TPIH and A or AlO.
Athens, September 26, 1874.
Paul Lambros.
*"*«
188
literature.
Rf. M AGRIPPA COS DESIG is again incorrectly read and explains: the T in TER is a not very clear lish monogram consisting of I and T, i.e. imp. divi iuli f. iter. lÜTir r.. p. c. Augustus never made his third triumph publicae constituendae. The coin belongs in the end of the Year 716, when the Triumvim iterated their office and Agrippa
Consul designatus was.
A.V.S.
Numismatic studies about the later Roman Imperial period, with special reference to the
INUnzmarIcen.
I
If one considers the comprehensive numismatic literature of the three If you look at the last centuries, you will immediately notice that the coins of the later Roman imperial period so far only to a relatively small extent have drawn themselves. It is also quite natural that this numismatic studies focus on an earlier standpoint especially had to concentrate on those sections which sluggish to explain those cultural periods, for which the general consciousness most naturally the greatest Interested: from a scientific point of view Naturally, every period also deserves numismatic ones relationship attracts researchers' attention to the same extent. This requirement even occurs with increased strength when one speaks of a period whose written records leave as much to be desired in many relationships as it does
Apart from the peculiarities in the representation and inscription, Art style and texture of the metals, which are a natural
/«•ttM-hiift r NDini^m 11. 1^
190 Dr. P. Brock,
The result of the development of events is reflected in the coins of the later Roman imperial period, these offer in the Contrasts with the earlier ones represent another oddity, in- that from the middle of the third century onwards marks on them begin to occur, which have no actual connection with types or transliteration. This is something in that respect not entirely new, as you can often see on the coins of the time Republic finds isolated letters, numbers or figures ^), which in one way or another relates to the expression must have had; from the time of Julius Caesar 2) but These stop completely and, as noted, only last three years. hundreds later, although in a slightly different way than earlier here, found again. At first glance it might seem that some of Nero's bronze coins were an exception. ven made the signs, not infrequently on these Find II, I and S ; but you can despite the differences Opinions about the meaning of these symbols^), not at all doubt that they are the value designations of Dupondius, of the Ace and the Semiss are ^), which are on the coins of the Republic were stated in this way, and consequently have the characters mentioned do not relate to the expression in the meaning that they are called actual coin tokens that could. Only under the reign of Emperor Philip Minted coins contain such symbols which, as the following will show, belonging to the class mentioned seem; and since she, in this her first appearance, during the Empire, characterized by a striking regularity quality, which at least partly also comes from older ones
i) Eckhel, D.N.V. V. pp. 75-79.
2) Eckhel, V. p. 77.
3^ Cohen, description historique des monnaies frappees sous I*empire Romain, Suppl. XI—XVI.
4) Kckhol, VI, pp. 282 - 287. Mommsen, Slide of the Roman Coin Essence, p. 762.
Namitmat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, 11th s.w. 19t
has been noticed by Mttnz researchers without having any actual have made a mistake to investigate what I'm behind hides this phenomenon, one can perhaps hope that a more detailed investigation will make it possible to make some clarifications to gain knowledge about their meaning.
I. Peculiarities of the coin stamps at the time of
Philip.
The first thing that catches your eye is that the brands from the reign of Philip only on silver and on one individual golden coins occur, whereas they do not exist at all the copper coins can be found, although the depictions lungs and inscriptions, which are derived from the brands on those slides, also usually occur on these. In the king There is a small collection in Copenhagen copper coin from the Empress Otacilia with one of these Brand ^); but the stamps with which it is embossed are intact are of the same size as those of the silver coins, and there it does not have the SC characteristic of copper coins, one cannot doubt that the said coin only an impression in bronze is if it is not an anima sub- aerati is. On one near Wellenheim 2) with a suspected one The copper coin described in the field does not need to be returned. to be taken into account, as this letter is according to the description seems doubtful; in this respect, really on the first There was a letter attached to the coin you thought, ipt it in any case strange that the corresponding silver coin belongs to the suite on which the coin tokens appear come; see more about this below.
It is also of interest to note that the brands divided into two similar groups, namely the Latin
1) Rtmos, OtadlU 39.
2) No. 13,004.
14*
192 I>r. P. Brock,
Numerals I, II, IM, IUI, V and VI, and the corresponding rend Greek A, B, F, A, € and C ? as well as that she always attached to the reverses of the coins Bind, during you can also see examples of brands from a somewhat later period, attached to the averses.
Furthermore, they are only ever used on certain specific levels. Verses found^ by using the Latin numerals only six of the ones marked SAECVLARES AVCG seen coins and always in the sections of these occurring men, while the Greeks, who were usually in the field are appropriate by using only € exceptionally in sections is found only on six other specific varieties be dripped; and of all it is considered a constant rule, that each individual brand has a specific representation and Transcription heard.
Except that these trademarks are not represented in this way by a other on the coins minted during the reign of Philip be met, but rather adhere to certain reverse transcriptions and representations, EckheP has already pointed out the inter- essante phenomenon brought to attention that they too connect to certain averses by using the Latin numerals characters I, II, V and VI and the corresponding Greek A, B^ E and C ^^^ ^^^ the coins of the older Philippus be hit,
IN and
r only on those of the son and
llll and A only on those of the Empress Otacilia.
If you now take a comparative look at the...
Eckhel and that of Cohen in his description historique des
monnaies frappfies sous Tempire Romain described suites
of coins with the brands mentioned, seem to be some
1) vn, pp. 325, 326, 330.
Nnmismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. w. 193
There should be agreement, especially in relation to the Latin numerals, which do not allow the results Eckhels is to be regarded as completely safe, since it is essentially different the one, by the way, very important, imperial Collection in Vienna were won, while Cohen opposed it had far greater material, not just in the years after Directories published at Eckhel's time, but also in the large state and private collections, some of which can be found in Our time can be explained much more easily than in the past. His work mentioned above must therefore be considered the most reliable and most complete record of Roman coins available today comes to light, can be viewed. It therefore becomes necessary before continuing on the basis laid by Eckhel builds to first examine whether the arguments cited by Cohen deviations, with the results from the most reliable catalogs held together and supported, are of such a kind that they Essentially modify Eckhel's rule; but like the following Remarks will probably show, it is through one On closer inspection it is certainly clear that the main rule Essentially the one put forward by Eckhel still remains the exceptions only serve to supplement them.
To make the overview easier, we will first do one Compilation of Eckhel and Cohen's information from the previous of these brands.
Eckhel Cohen
VlI, 8. 325, 330.
SAECVLARES AVGG
I. A lion Philip Father. I. A lion Philippe pöre
Eckhel
VII, p. 325. 330.
Cohen
SAECVLARES AVGG
B. TRANQVILLITAS AVGG. Philip Father.
r. VIRTVS AVGG. Ph.
filias.
A. PIETAS AVGG. Ota cilia.
VIRTVS AVGG. Ph.
father.
NOBILITAS AVGG Ph. pater.
B. Same transliteration. Phi lip p6re 102 (AI,).
r. Same circumscription, with Mars Ph. fils 48 (^.j.
O. Ph. fils ibid. (-«.).
A. Same transliteration. Ota cilia 18 (JS.), against not on No. 14 — 17 (PIETAS AVG), 19 (PIETAS AVG N) or 20—22 (PIETAS AV- GVSTAE).
E. The same transcription with to the two emperors Horses. Ph.pörellOf^.), 111 (^^., after Vaillant).i)
C. Same transcription. Ph. p6re 40 (JR.)
The first agreement that we encounter here is It says that Cohen says he got the coin from the older one Philip with the lion as a representation and with a star
1) It is of course this coin that is in the catalog of the collection Marquis de Moustier, Paris 1872, under number 2958 incorrectly with the in- font AOVEN-TVS is used instead of VIR-TVS; you will be- note that the silver coins are listed first and with the itevert- transcriptions in alphabetical order, and that these, which are the last of them is, just after a coin with VIRTVS AVO follows. The ordinary one Coin with ADVENTVS AVOO and Philipp alone on horseback is number 2949 described in silver and No. 2960 in bronze; Cohen, given the opportunity Have to examine the collection of the Marquis de Moustier, also mentioned not the coin in question, which would be Iran alone, and the at The auction f&f these and the eleven previous coins from No. 2953, from which five 8 pieces were excellently received, paid insignificant price, 26 tf.f clearly shows that it is the above-mentioned ordinary coin with VIRTVS AVOO and e must have been.
196 Dr-P. Brock,
in the section instead of the sign I. One I haven't found such caps mentioned anywhere else, and Cohen also kindly informed me that there is no such thing in the French collection, while he is not able to state where he encountered this variety.
By examining the royal Coin collection in Copen- However, it became clear to me that Cohen was wrong has; because the silver coin from Ota described by Samus cilia with the hippopotamus and the mat IUI ^) also seems to be present a glimpse of stars in the section instead of the indicated given brand; But if you look more closely, it shows it turns out that the stars are in fact just the number IUI of are of a slightly different form.
What's coming soon from Cohen after Lavy's catalogue The mentioned coin with II and a lion is located on this, according to a statement by the director of the Lavy Mint ' Collection in Turin, Mr. Comaglia, at the instigation of me A closer examination of this question was carried out in which That is the usual brand I and not as stated in the catalogue. is given, 1 1 .
Cohen also mentions one under the older Philipp No. 81 Coin with III, which number according to Eckhel's cone Son's coins belonged; a mix-up of portraits Because of the similarity of the transcriptions, this could be the case here be thought possible; because although there is a big difference between the ages of the older and the younger üiilipp, just as their facial features are slightly different, one becomes one Poorer preservation naturally often raises doubts the relationship can excite. However, it appears that Cohen did not commit any confusion here by the According to the print he sent me,
1) Ramus, OUcilla 37-38.
Nninismat. Subjects about the later Roman Empire, etc. 197
is undoubtedly that of the older Philipp. The motto. located namely in the French collection, and Cohen notices In addition, he met a similar one with Mr. Rollin; at Wiczay ^) and in the Naples collection ^) were also corresponding ones found. It is therefore most likely It can be assumed that these copies are due to an error in the .netare were created, namely by the fact that an obverse stamp with the portrait of the father used instead of that of the son- that is, or, what is the same thing, to the head of the older Philip a Kevers stamp, which otherwise only belongs to the coins of the Sohr nes was used. The number 1 1 1 also corresponds to the type, insofar as it is even possible to specify which one Animal of the deer family is shown here; because as As you know, there is some ambiguity in the relationship to the Tknl perhaps due to the fact that most numismatists, which have dealt with these coins, not sufficiently natural- were knowledgeable about the different animals differentiate. Even if the coin is not hybrid, comes The sign III does not necessarily conflict with the rule E^hels; It can be thought that perhaps there is poorly executed VI (or Ul, because V and U change on these coins ^) , is ; and considering that the last- mentioned characters (VI, Ul) only on the coins of the older Philip with a gazelle^), or as it appears in the corrections to Cohen's 4th volume and in the suppl. p. 250 says, an an- tilope, and the very same animal on the coin mentioned here Therefore, it is at least fairly obvious to assume that guess that they are actually the same coin as Cohen's described under No. 87; through such an assumption
11 2393.
2) CaUlogo del muteo nazionalc di Napoll 1870, II, No. 11, 925.
3] Cohen Ph. p. 86.
4) Ck>beii Ph. p. 86, 87.
198 I>r. P. Brock,
every difficulty disappears. That a poorly executed one V I or U I on coins of this period look like a 1 1 1 Anyone with the letters on them will certainly be able to Philip's coins are familiar, have to confess^).
Endlieh mentions Cohen under the older Philipp No. 82 a silver coin with a hippopotamus and the symbol IUI, both of which, according to Eckhel's cone, belong to the coins of Otacilia belong. Here it is certain that there will be no confusion in terms of reference to the portrait, representation or brand can lie. It is then apparent that the coin is hybrid; because it only occurs in Wiczay; and as another individual cium for this it can be stated that Eckhel ^j according to Vaillant especially a copper coin with the younger one's head Philip and a hippopotamus mentioned this way also a deviation from the same also with the copper ones Coins apply ordinary rule that the hippopotamus for which is characteristic of Otacilia's coins. The same ab- Normality is also described by Cohen as being in the French collection. mentioned 3) ; but the one he hired for this set price clearly shows that they are considered a great rarity must be viewed; I haven't seen it in any other way either drawings such mentioned have been found; only in the big one Coin finds made in 1856 near Veillon in The Vendöe seems to have been excavated such a copper one to have been a coin *) . It is also quite significant that no copper coin of the elder Philip with the hippopotamus representation occurs.
As a general comment regarding the
1) See e.g. 6. the image of a golden medallion of the elder Philipp #4 on PI. VIII in the 4th volume of Cohen's work.
2) VII, p. 325.
3) Ph. f. 73; There are no corresponding ones in Süber either.
4) Revue numism. fr. 1857. P. 69.
Namismat. Information about the spiteful Roman Empire, etc. ^%i
led deviations from the rule Eckhels should be nor beige^ It can be seen that from the well-known finds of Gmnh forms 1), especially in Gaul, sees that there are particularly 4ie were Philip's capes, which were recast are 2). In the interesting one excavated in 1830 Finds at Damery in Champagne came next, except approximately 4000 exceptionally well-preserved copper Mttn zen from Gonstans and Gonstantius, also 2000 silver coins before, mainly from Philip to Postumus, and several thin molds in which the people who were cast in them were still there Masks with the images of Caracalla, Philip and Postumus found >) . There is certainly reason to believe that here in the fourth century a branch of one of the great Gallic ones Mttnzofficinen, and that here, except for the mints, zen of the reigning emperors to mint the bad silver ones Coins from the last century, which are still in circulation were, perhaps even at an imperial event^ after- has poured. Under these circumstances, 09 is not surprising that when you sometimes see coins from the third century can meet, which is not entirely consistent with the usual agree.
The inconsistencies in relation to the Greek Numbers are of no importance either; because if Eckhel says that A is on the coins of the elder Philipp PMTRPV COS 1 1 1 PP occurs, and Cohen that this brand only occasionally on coins with this inscription and with Mars ^) is found, while on the other hand he seems to indicate - what By the way, also through the directories that I looked through,
1) Ctylus, Recueil d'tntiquiWs I, p. 286, Num. Chron. 1838-39, pp. 147-165, 1871, 8.28 — 41, Akerman, Roman coins rclating to 2) RcTue num. fr. 1857, p. 118, note 1. 3) RaTue num. fr. 1837, 8. 176. 4) Ph. p. 62. 200^' P-Biock, and confirmed by the specimens which I have examined - that they do not apply to coins with the mentioned circumstance schrifty or with Pax or Felicitas ^) appears as a representation, there is no mismatch here. It is beyond that not just the number A, which is sometimes omitted; that- The same seems to be the case, at least according to several directories to be the case with the other Greek numbers ^) . It is of even less importance when Cohen says, that C can also be found in sections ^] while ESckhel seems to have only noticed this sign in the field; for this mark is usually displayed in such a way means that it is difficult to decide whether they are in the field or located in sections. However, it should be mentioned that you can find variants for € in some directories, which Cohen did not or does not take into account can take ^) . But these are apparently poorly developed or poorly preserved 6. Further is in the Cataloge Layys ^) N mentioned instead of A; but according to the description of the mottos, which I gave to the director of the collection, Mr. Comaglia. Thanks, is it certain that it was a failed book? is the stick that is attached to the specimen mentioned.
Furthermore, Cohen uses, certainly for typographical reasons,
1) Ph. p. 63.
2) Ramus (Ph. f. 43) does not mention T in the inscription VIRTVS AVOO; By the way, this mark actually exists on the royal collection preserved £) copy; however, it is missing on a corresponding coin in the French collection, on which Cohen, by the way, certainly for no reason, in the thinks you see an O on the right side of the field, see above. As examples of Catalogeu, in which coins on which the Greek letters are omitted are cited, we would like to mention: Wcllenheim 12,961 (AJ, 13,026(A), 13,054(r), Gr^au 3279(B), 3281(6), 333Ur).
3) Ph. p. 110,111.
4) Museum Müntcrianum No. 6711 E or O, Cataloge del moteo nazlonala di Napoli II, No. 11,957 6, 11,958-09 0, Thomsen 3359 C, GabelenU Gatalog P. 122 No. 1050 e.
5) II, No. 3572.
NomismAt. Discussions about the late Roman Empire, n.s.w. 2M
the character G instead of C? while Eckhel one with the Wiri^- A more accurate character is used. ^) The main thing is, that Cohen's statements are entirely consistent with those of Eckhel on the distribution of the Greek numerals on the Mttn- To match the three imperial people. If Cohen on the other hand, states that the letter O aif^iner in French Silver coin dM jttngeieB from the Italian collection Philipp appears with VIRTVS AVGG, which inscription, how He also noticed that he was used to wearing his son's helmets is accompanied by the mark T^), so this is a completely new one Brand , which does not fit into the order passl^velehe JBckhel observed on the coins mentioned here. Cohen gave me sent an impression of the coin mentioned, without incident to express his opinion about the brand in question in more detail; but the supposed letter O is extraordinarily small, while the Greek numerals A—c^ are always much larger are; it is also located in the right city of the field, while the other Greek letters £i is always on occur on the left side ^) , and if you take the print with it the specimen kept in the Royal Danish Collection* compares plare, the vemiemtliGlie O seems nothing other than to be part of the figure's fluttering clothing. Because I no similar coin in the numerous lists which I have looked through, found mentioned, is probably here- lich on Cohen's part again one of the errors one can commit so easily when coins of the ones mentioned here Period not k fleur de coin are.
i) Compare Wellenheim 12.951, where C is used sUtt a. either out typographical reasons, or because the lower part of the alphabet is different has been.
2) Ph. f. 48. ,
3) CaUlogo del fliliseo nazionale di Napoli 12,058, 12,069.
202 I>r. P. Brock,
U. Whether it can be assumed that those with brands all the unforeseen orders from Philip's government
shaped at the same time.
The previous comments have therefore shown that, even if you take a few individual coins from the reign Philipps can cite which do not quite lead to the same result kl relationship to the brands lead to the one to which Eckhel come, but in terms of number they are completely disappearing in comparison with the large quantity that belongs to him observed rules, and at least not of the kind that it would overturn the correctness of that rule. Before But let's move on to actually examining the meaning of this Brands go, it will be necessary to come to clarity whether all the coins marked with this are at the same time and so on are minted in the same office, or whether this is not the case.
Fortunately, some of these coins offer sufficient chronological data to determine the year in which they are shaped. It is completely clear in this respect the mtnze with PMTRPV COS III PP; this must be necessary minted in 1001 after the GTttndnng of Rome (248 AD). be. The same applies to the caps with the Latin Zidu- characters, as these all have the transcription SAECVLARES AVGG have and will soon come with their depictions of the she-wolf Romulus and Remus and the various animals which Circus to glorify the millennium celebration of Rome this- nen had to definitely point to the year mentioned which the said celebration ^ despite the differing reports there- may have been held by the writers of antiquity must. At first glance it might seem superfluous. This is particularly noticeable in the last-mentioned coins. ken; but the following will show that there are masks, which, despite the inscriptions, remind us of the jubilee celebrations.
Numismat. Investigations into the spitei« Roman imperial period, etc. %^
I
but for a long time after this they are shaped without errors of the monetary arose za.
So while there are seven of the zw(^ mentioned here with Marked coins were immediately said without any difficulty can be proven that they were minted in the year 248, bietan the remaining five with the Greek numbers B, F, A, 6 and C ) however, does not represent a specific date. With relationship You can now pretty much rely on one of these." Certainly specify a more precisely defined period within which Who it must have been shaped by, namely that of the younger Philipp with VIRTVS AVGG and F. Man ymA JiAmUeh notice, that not only the silver ones ^), but also the corresponding one copper 2) coin always on the obverse the head with the has the title of Augustus in the transcription; and since it is now with a Wed There is a high degree of probability that he is received this title in the year 1000 (247) ^j, the minting is time of the coin mentioned is determined in that it is not y The one of the coins mentioned, which is in the collection of the Duke of Blaeas, is silver and has the Reverse inscription PMTR P II COS RR*). If Cohen takes her in- which in the place where he describes it, puts it in the year 245,
n Ph. f. 48.
2) Ibid. 77.
3j Eckhel VII, pp. 333, 335, 33(i. VIII, pp. 439, 443.
4) Ph. f. 20.
204 I>r* P* Brock,
because the older Philipp ^) sent very similar coins to the dicRem Years, this justification is insofar as it is really the head the younger Philipp is. According to what was noted above, throw. The most natural thing is to assume that it is a hybrid Coin is which, after the younger Philip Augustus had been minted, but with incorrect use of one older Reyers stamp. It is characteristically straight for the period mentioned here that one is not alone numerous Confusion between stamps that were made at the same time include, but also often cases in which the two stamps apparently of different ages, and as noted above These confusions may at least partly be caused from the numerous recasts of the coins of this period here. The fact that the coin just mentioned was not made in the year 245 is shaped, becomes highly likely through that while there is a lot from the following year 246 coins of the elder Philip with the third tribunate ^), On the other hand, not a single one with the head of the younger one Philip appears; This clearly shows that the Coin of the Duke of Blacas due to a (later) error mo- netarii was created. This becomes even clearer if you... the years 247 and 249 are considered, of which there are numerous coins zen with the fourth and sixth tribunates, both with the head of the older ^) than the younger Philipp *) ; it shows it is therefore that among the coins of the son of the Moments from when he became Augustus, but not before, very The lapel stamps often bear the titles of the older Hiilipp. have been used. That from the intervening years
1) Ph. p. 49 (i4/., in the French collection), 50 (JB., ibid.); cf. the corresponding copper coins 173, 174, to which corresponding ones with the The son's head is missing.
2) Ph. p. r,l— 53 (Jl.), 175—176 (^.).
3) Ph. p. 57-61, 64-66 (J«.), 177-182 (>C.).
4) Ph. f. 21-27 (i«.), 62-63 (^.).
Nnmismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 8. w. 205
248, the frequent occurrence of coins with the fifth Tribunate with the father's head regardless ^j , no such thing can be proven with the portrait of the son ^). certainly strange when you consider that both There are so many examples in the previous year and the following year presents to the community in the lapel stamps; the explanation this phenomenon, which hardly presents any great difficulty is based on the result that I came to when considering the Mttnzmärken have come, will be given below. — Cohen, however, later has to check the accuracy of the introduction of the Mtnze for the year 245, because in the reports Comments on the fourth volume and later in the Suppl. p. 253 he them in the year 248; Here he seems to have the meaning, which of the obverse with the title of Augustus in relation to the has the determination to have recognized; but although this be- correction is undoubtedly an improvement, I believe that a justified objection to his view of TR P II in the reverse inscription of the coin as your own Tribunate of the Son can be made; because this one is coming otherwise never before on coins; it is only his second consulate, which is found on some of the secular coins^), such as the father's third on the corresponding ^) , but otherwise are it is always the father's title, which is on the reverse of the Son's coins are hit ^j . Since the coin, by the way no closer indications for their dating from 248, in which Years later, the younger Philip became a tribune for the second time clothed^), I believe that you can't go any further
1) Ph. p. 62, 63 (Jl.) 183— 18Ö (iC.)-
2) On a bronze medallion named after Vaillant, cf. Ph. f. 51, Naturally, there is no connection here with the fifth tribunate.
3) Ph. f. 42 (^A/.l 74—76 (^.).
4) Ph. p. 88 (iÄ.), 193-195 (iC.)-
5) Eckhel, VIII, pp. 441-443.
6) Eckbel, VU, p. 334; yersame VIU, 8. 441-443.
Z«itMhrifl f. NaniaiB. U.lÖ
206 I>r. P. Brook,
can be considered to be the time of its minting as falling in Jabre 247-249 determine.
The second of the Mttnzea of the younger PhiHi^ with the Aogastus title, which Cohen places before 247, is a copper one VOTIS DECENNALIBVS ^), to which there are corresponding des SUteren Philipp gives ^) ; This product comes in gold and silver do not prescribe. Cohen puts them both in the year 244 and When it comes to your father's, you probably don't become a special person Can object to this ^j, since it is precisely that At that time it was very common to anticipate Vota on the coins; You can see this clearly in the fact that there are Decennalmtnzen from the next preceding and succeeding emperor ^) gives, who have ruled for such a short time that they did not vote so- hitis can be characterized, but rather point to vota suscepta have to. On the other hand, I cannot admit that this is the case Son's coins set with this reverse in the same year should be, because the obverse writing certainly testifies against it. In this respect it cannot be assumed that there is a mistake here 1er of the monetary is available, through which the reverse stamp of the older Philipp with VOTIS DECENNALIBVS to an averse with the head of the younger Philip being used as an Augnstus that is - which, by the way, is a fairly rare occurrence of these coins in comparison with the father's decennal coins almost seems to suggest^) - nothing else is left when she was born in the year in which August's son was born
1) Ph. f. 78, 79.
2) Ph. p. 213-215.
3) Eckhel VII, p. 321. VUI, p. 481.
4) Maximinus Thrax. 43 (Jl.), 100-102 (.fi.), Bilblnus 14, 15 (i«/'., Jl.)» 32, 33 (^.), Pupienus 22, 23 (.4^., Jl.), 43, 44 (^.), Gordlan IH, 170 (Jl.), 345, 346 (/E.), Trajanus Dacius 56 (Jl.), 111-113 (^.), Hereniiios Etntscas 27 Im.), Hostilian 60 (^.), Trebonianus Gallos 75 (Jl.), 122—123 (A), Vo- lusian 81 (Jl.), 120, 121 (^^.), Aemilian 31 (M.\ 54—57 (J2.J.
5") Compare Cohen l. c.
Nnmismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 207
247, to set. The analogy of the Decennal dances of the heraldry nins Etrnscns ^j and Hostilians ^) , which only with the Augnsto»- titles occur in the obverse script, speaks to a high degree for that. On the other hand, it cannot be said that it is a matter of lasiaQ DecennalmUnzen with the title Gäsar^), and da.ne are quite common ^) , the possibility is attached, that they arise from incorrect use of older obverse stamps. can be standing. By the way, this lapel also comes, as far as Volusian is concerned, on coins with the Augnstos title the obverse. ^)
If with consideration for the Decennal Coins of the Government Phi- However, I believe that a different interpretation can be put forward can, for which there is perhaps even more to be said than fttr the above- mentioned*. If you notice that the person in question Inscription does not only appear on the copper coins, derea Coinage as known to the Senate, and one remembers, that this early beginning of Philip's reign was natural the mood was less favorable for the usurper because he the way to the throne through the murder of the universally beloved had paved the way for young Gk)rdian, Kami certainly allowed it to doubt whether one should immediately get ^ Decennalm ounces for Philipp struck, especially since he was at the time when he was emperor was, far from Rome. You can certainly get out of it In ancient times before Philip, such coins were exhibited, which in... the beginning of the reign of the emperor in question must, namely from Maximinus, Balbinus', Pupienus and Gor- dian ni. However, this phenomenon can be solved without any special Explain difficulty. The former, which is the brutal one
i) Herennias Etmscus 27.
2) Hostilian 60.
3) Volusian 120.
4) Cohen 1. c. (in the French collection), Wiczay /£. 2723, Ramus 4, Tergl. Kckhel VII, p. 307.
5) Volosian 121.
15»
208 Dr. P. Brock,
was the representative of military despotism in everything, and before that who was thrown into disarray by his violent procedure Senate was afraid, although as emperor he never went there himself Rome was naturally able to cause this very easily I tied coins with this inscription, which he himself put on them silver coins were minted; but that the Senate only consented under duress can certainly be assumed as certain. become men. This is opposed in a different way Matter in Balbinus, Pnpienus and Gordian lU.; because these Emperors were precisely the Senate's champions against this Soldierhood^ and in the occurrence of vota deoennalia The copper coins of these can certainly be seen as an expression the real mood of the Senate, similar to this one half a century earlier in the copper coins of Pertinax had manifested with these votes ^) . Philip, which again represented military history, had to, as above noticed, of course at the beginning with some reluctance from him Senates are considered, and presumptive evidence of this, taken from coins, should also be mentioned below; he However, he was not a cruel tyrant, but tried hard Gentle to win the higher orders, and it seems from the Incidentally, only sparingly stored coins show that he, which one can also say of him as a Christian, but without Doubt the mood is at least partly to his advantage was able to change. It is therefore not an obstacle the assumption that his decennal coins were made by such later in his reign. The The fact that he is not like his closest predecessors and successors Follower had this type minted in gold and silver, is, moreover, highly characteristic, and if one also consider that the decennal coins of young Philip,
1) Eckhel VU, p. 144.
Numismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 209
which only occur in copper, always the Augustus have titles on the obverse, — and in addition, from the from the time when he received this title, including certain glemen- relationship between the father and him in relation to the reverse stamp ^) seems to have been - these coins are in the period 247-249 must be set; by the Alexandrians But perhaps you can still get one of these emperors' caps get closer to the timing. In the fifth Alexandrian Years of Philip (from August 29, 1000 (247) to August 28, 1001 (248) began in Alexandria, probably because of the millennium celebration of Rome, large copper capes to shape the portraits of the imperial family, and from that following years August 29, 1001 (248) to August 28, 1002 (249) you can find a palm branch on these^). This appears otherwise only in the tenth Alexandrian year ^) , and it seems hence the fact that it has a reference to the vota decennalia. If He, however, was already on Philip's Alexandrian marches sixth Alexandrian year appears, during which he According to the Roman calendar, he reigned partly in the fifth year, some had ruled for a full five years. It seems reasonable to assume that here too he made some references to the customary lichen vota ^) must have that is hereby designated shall: votis qninqnennalibus solutis votis decennalibus susceptis. The inscription VOTIS DECENNALIBVS is therefore certainly in Agreement with this must be explained: that like Philipp successfully completed the first five years of his reign had brought [which must be understood by this], the Senate him an equally happy completion of the following fttnf years of his first decade. Such or
1) Eckhel, VIII, p. 442.
2) StlJet, The dates of the Alexandrian imperial coins 8. 60-62. 3| Kckhel, IV, p. 4) Sallet 1. c. 8. 62. 210 !>'• P-B«>ck, In any case, a somewhat similar designation is quite usually on such Roman coins from a somewhat late teren time M. So, according to these assumptions, these coins are either minted in 248, when the Qninquen nalia of the elder Philip in the course of his fifth reign were celebrated every year, perhaps at the same time as that Säcalar celebration, or in the year 249, if you correcter only after the actual course of his five-year government Section celebrated. With greater accuracy you can see This certainly cannot be determined, because, as is well known, it ends The coins highlight that there is no particular practice regarding them these celebrations have prevailed by soon being held in the years in which the person concerned or in the fifth or tenth were ruled for years, soon by the real Ver- run from five or ten years after the start of the government were calculated. What can you say about determining time? of the coins mentioned here means, at least 4 pieces, that the Gohen dating of the son's coin, 244, is is correct; but apart from the reasons mentioned for the purpose The father's at a later point in time speaks at Wiczay^) described bronze medallion with the inscription V IC- TORI AE AVGVSTORVM III ET II COS and with two Goddesses of Victory, holding a shield with VOTIS X ^j, in high Especially for this; because the gonsulates point to the year 248.
The investigation carried out has therefore provisionally led to the conclusion that Results showed that seven of the twelve coins mentioned were not before the year 1001 (24 S) and one not before the year 1000 (247) can be embossed.
So what remains are the four with the Greek numbers* characters B , A , € and C • There is hardly any way for these
n Eckhel, VII, p. 438. VUl, 8. 478.
2) 2582.
31 Comp. Cohen, IV, 8. 204, No. 14.
Nomismtt. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period. etc. 21 1
prove a secure datam; but if you compare with that, that they remember two other coins with the previously unknown ordinary numerals of the same type, of which the one with A is proven to have been minted in the year 1001 (248), while one can at least say about the other with T that it cannot have been minted before the year 1000 (247), It seems reasonable to conclude that they all happened either at the same time as the coin whose mark is first in the number row has to have been minted, or at least only after this, so at the earliest in the year 248. That the Greek numerals do not before the last-mentioned year, also wins in high degree of probability because the coins, which with the very corresponding series of Latin numerals symbols, which are also something previously unknown, are provided, cannot have been minted before the year mentioned, as the In* Writing and the depictions of the millennium celebration of Rome
remember. If you soon note that both
*
the Latin and Greek numerals are entirely based on this distributed in the same way among the three imperial persons, one can go one step further and claim that all the brands belong to the year 248 alone.
As a more external confirmation of the view stated here About the time of the appearance of the coin tokens is said to be at least It can be added that not a single coin has been dated with certainty Years 244, 245, 246, 247 and 249 occur, which with such chen marks, and because it is for this investigation It is important to highlight all the coins that have security is assumed to have been minted in years other than 248 it will be necessary to investigate the reasons look for what their ideas about these years are based on will.
The coins mentioned are from Cohen Philippe pöre 6, öuppl. 1, 7, 37, 38, 45, 46, 47-61, Suppl. 3, 64-66 and 107,
212 Dr. P. Brook,
and Philippe fils 4, 10, 18-40, 45-47. The time- determination is safe with regard to Philippe pÄre 47 — 61-, Suppl. 3 and 64 - 66, on which the tribunates are given are, and the same applies to the corresponding numbers 20-27 of the son, compare what was noted above. Phil is against this. p6reNo. 37-38 with LIBERALITAS AVGG II only with some Uncertainty in jßin certain year, 247 i), set by it It is only a guess that this distribution of gifts is carried out by the His son was appointed Augustus this year and with regard to No. 107 with VICTORIA CARPICA also seems to be possible in some doubt which year it should be set. ^) Eckhel believes that it must have been minted in the year 247, and there is certainly evidence for that also some things; if Tillemont but a confirmation of this in the coins with ADVENTVS AVGG 3) finds what to do in his opinion, the return of the father and the son This assumption is that Rome should be referred to after the victory completely incorrect. He sticks to the fact that the AVGG has two Augusti must mean; but since the younger Philipp, as often noticed that this title only got this title in the year 247, the coin should could not have been minted before this year. It is then every- farlls highly strange that this lapel isn't at all appears with the head of the younger Philip, and already here- This leads you to the fact that the coin comes from one must come from earlier times. Soon it will be necessary to remember who* the fact that AVGG, as is often the case, is for Augusti et Augustae may be used, or perhaps rather by the entire imperial Family: Philippus Augustus, Otacilia Augusta and Philippus
1) Eckhel, VIT, p. 322.
2) Eckhel, VII, pp. 321, 323. Tillemont, Histoire des empereurs PhUippe, Article IV
3J (ohen, Ph. p. 6, 7; compare that above about No. 295Ö in the S«mmlfiDg of Marquis of Moustier Remarked.
Numismat. Investigations into the later Roman Empire, etc. 213
Caesar. There can therefore certainly not be the slightest doubt remember that the coin was issued on the occasion of the arrival of the imperial family to Rome was influenced by the Orient, shortly after Philip became emperor in 244 and later became emperor another indication of this can be cited. — Finally mrd it is certainly accepted by everyone without contradiction that Phu. pöre No. 45-46, PAX FVNDATA CVM PERSIS also if minted in the year 244, and Tillemont ^] also appears, that he sees no reason why Occo sent them to the year 245 has set. This remark of his is quite correct, I believe but even being able to claim that one is based on numismatics Ways to get the result that the mentioned coin earlier than the one marked ADVENTVS AVGG. Like that Transcriptions refer to two events somewhat separated in time. nen, namely the peace that Philip made with the Persian king Sapor concluded immediately after Gordian, who joined the war which had started with no small amount of luck, was killed was - and the arrival of the new imperial family - in the capital in the same year, I also believe that No. 45-46 were coined immediately after the peace with the Persemians, but not in Rome, but in Antioch, which city at that time still minted autonomous coins 2) ; because in this city Philip came a short time after Gordian's death, and it was just here at the Easter celebration in April that he faced similar resistance from the church his bloody deed ^) , as was often the case later in the Middle Ages happened. That the coins mentioned are in the OfScin Antioch are coined in this way is very likely ; because here Vespasian had earlier ^} at the time when he was not yet
1) PhUippe, Art. II.
2) Eckhel, III, pp. 287, 292, 300, 303.
3) Tillemont, Philippe, Art. II.
4) Eckhel, VI, 8. 319-320.
214 I>r. P. Brock,
had become master of the capital, gold and silver monks Let his influence be shaped by acting as an Eaii^r by virtue of his imperinm Beeht had to shape these metals, while the copper Coinage belonged to the Senate^ which was in Rome. Philip was in roughly the same position at the time mentioned here. like Yespasian in the period mentioned, and since the Sol- data were used to giving money when changing the throne to receive, there is much to suggest that the new ruler, who owed his dignity to the army, as soon as possible had coins minted with his image to make gifts to use distributions, and what could be more natural than that? that, in order to flatter the soldiers, he called the Persian War, in to which the Romans under his predecessor were not insignificant The advantages they had fought for were depicted on this. I will I do not use it as an argument for the oriental origins of the I thought the coin was based on its style because it wasn't particularly special different from that of the other coins of this emperor to sdn seems ^] ; the style is allowed, if it is not exactly barba- is barbaric or barbaric, only with some caution when undermining Searches about the minting places of the later Roman imperial coins are consulted; as an eye-catching one But I will only describe strangeness as the characteristic fact state that this coin is only minted in silver, but not in bronze. It appears, therefore, that the Senate, which certainly As noted above, Philip was reluctant to acknowledge the peace conclusion with the Persem by the expression correspondirender did not want to glorify copper coins because he was lucky At the beginning of the war under Gördian there were hopes for a more peace than the one so hastily concluded by Philip, must have woken up. Now it can certainly be assumed that can be seen that the senatorial copper coinage almost always
1) Compare the illustration in Cohen, IV, PI. 17 No. 45.
Namismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 215
exercised in the capital itself and not elsewhere is^ and a Zengniss from a writer of AtterthuBis was shared in the above report by Yes- pasian, and of a 2ieit, which corresponds to the period mentioned here Much closer, you have an undoubted numismatic one Proof by a written certificate from a simultaneous Writer confirmed. While it is namely by Glodius Albimis when Caesar gives coins in all three metals - a fact, this is Herodian's report that Septimius Seyerus brought coins with him His image, therefore in grain, shape Hess, confirms: there is On the other hand, there are no copper coins from him as Augustus, iadem he was at war with Septimius Seyerus at the time and so, regardless of the Senate's preference for him rather than Septimias Severus, was excluded from the Roman office ^) . From the second the rival Septimius Severus, Pescennius Niger ^ non-copper coins also occur. You can see From this it is clear that, although the power and prestige of the Senate had always decreased, especially in the times of Military despotism, but one has the right to copper coins shape, respect. Only Maximinus Thrax seems to be an exception to have made of this; because you often meet barbarian from him rian copper coins ^), which are undoubtedly in Germania are shaped. It was precisely in those areas that he was... was always at war, and since he was never in Rome as emperor^ Perhaps he found it easier to ignore his concerns? can put, which are just as big and even bigger Tyrants feared violating the Senate's right to coin coins; it is yes but on the other hand possible that the mentioned copper coins of this emperor are among the not rare imitations of Greek and Roman coins include which
1) Eckhel, VII, pp. 162 164.
2) Cohen, IV, 8. 88, note 1.
216 I>r- P- Brock,
from the surrounding semi-barbaric or completely barbaric peoples. are shaped.
So if I am in the shortage of copper coins with the Inscription PAX FVNDATA CVM PERSIS, in connection with the news that tells the story of the Kegiernng Phi- Lipps has kept, I see proof that the silver nen coins with this inscription in a different office than that must be shaped by the capital, I will draw attention alertness to an objection which may could be done against it. You could actually refer to the fact that there are copper coins from Philip with a There is something similar in transcription and representation, namely PAX AETERN[A] i), which by the way is also available in gold and silver come^), and that these were coined for the same reason could be thought of ^) , although no specific people, like on the coins mentioned above, it is mentioned with which the Romans had peace. But it cannot be accepted that these coins were minted at the beginning of Philip's reign. are shaped because, as Cohen shows, they are also associated with the Heads of the son occur, which always appears on this one Augustus title in the transcription^). They are also outside neat ordinary in contrast to the others, and this one confirms the assumption that they are not on the occasion of a particular historical event, but only a representation position of one of the many personified terms which are used by the Romans were worshiped, included; because it is well known that the coins on which certain historical events are depicted mentioned, are usually far rarer than the others. If Added to this is that the coin is marked PAX FVN-
1) Cohen, Ph. p. 167-172.
2) Ibid. 42-44, cf. 41.
3) Numismatic magazine for 1869 (Vienna), p. 95.
4) Ph. f. 14-17, 57-60.
Nnmismat. Investigations into the spiteful Roman imperial period, n. s. w. 21 7
DATA CVM PERSIS is likely based on what was noted above lently minted in the Orient, their greater rarity is reported. This can be explained by the fact that the Aospregong in such distant offices not on such a large scale as happened in the Hanptofficin in Rome, and that it happened in Europe was not as widespread as those minted in Rome itself. Many- Many explanations about the numismatics of the ancient world can easily be thums will only come about through future oriental finds Asia in the future in greater connection with the European givilization is coming ^) . — By the way, it's supposed to be about that For the sake of completeness it should be noted that Mttnz marks on the gold and silver coins with PAX AETERNA, if Regardless of what has been said, one should still be inclined to do so it should be considered as having made peace with the Persians, consequently in the year 244, prompted to look, 'never occur.
Let's now turn to the coins with ADVENTVS AVGG, we come across the interesting fact that this are also embossed in bronze^). It seems from this that go that the Senate upon the arrival of the new emperor in Rome bows to the events and delays its entry wonderful, while he had to wait and see attitude and agreed to make peace with the per- To give sem his stamp of approval avoided jiatte. The silver coins with ADVENTVS AVGG are, in sale same as those with PAX FVNDATA CVM PERSIS, quite ordinarily, which has already been cited as proof of this could be that they are at least for the most part ^) in
1) Compare with this some changes in Waddington's Voyage en Atie Mtneure au point de vue nomismatique , in Revue num. fr. 18Ö1 p. 149 ff. — In the large fund that was discovered in 1856 near Veillon in the Vend^ were dug, were among approximately 30,000 coins from Nero to Oallienos mid Poftnmufl only a few minted in the Orient. Revue number. fr. 18Ö7, a. 68-69.
2) Cohen, Ph. p. 124.
3) Compare below.
218 I>r- P- Brock,
Rome, unless this is the case in the European Union clearly said; because at the time we are here busy, Adventus undoubtedly always means on fairs the arrival in, the capital. Only later, when fixed Mttnz- offices were built all around in the empire, this can Word means the arrival of the emperor in another city ^1. The coin with ADVENTVS AVGG in silver is out of tone of decent rarity, when Philip's head has a laurel wreath carries 2) ; But this jewelry on silver coins had to be rarely mentioned even under Gordian's reign. catch by the older denarii, on which the bust portrait The emperor was decorated with this, just at that time began to be mined very sparingly during the Most of the silver was only minted as Antoniniane, whose characteristics, except their size, as far as the emperor is concerned;, how well known the ray crown is. Now here are the actual ones Denarii from the reign of Philip were even rarer than others Gordians occur, not at all with the head of the younger one Philipp find himself and after a while stop this completely ^, one has in this gradual decrease in their quantity external judicium that the mttnze with ADVEMTVS AVGG was coined at the beginning of his reign, but not as some have assumed after the above remark, in Years 247 ^) .
1) Eckhel, VII, p. 497, VIII, pp. 7-8.
2) Cohen, Ph. p. 7.
3) Cohen, IV, p. 174, note 2.
4) I have no regard for Cohen IV, p. 204 no. 4 Vaillant cited BroncemedaiUon and the ibid. P. 205 No. 6 after Wiczay 2573 recorded copper coin taken without SC, which flbrisuit next to the Cohen's description in that the son's head is shown as uncovered will, would confirm the above assumption; compare hlertii Bckkel, VII, pp. 320 - 321, 380. Furthermore, one can still find it in completely new works the opinion recorded that the coins with ADVENTVS AVOO spiterldii were minted under the reign of Philip; see Catalog del nmseo Mtionäle di Napoli, U, No. 11,948.
Nomismat. Discussions about the later Roman Empire, etc. %\Q
What finally belriflit Ph. f. 4, 10, 18, 1% 28-40, 43-47, one will notice ^ that these all sound the years » 244 - S46 originate from the head of the younger Philipp in the transcription only has the title of Caesar. At the same time maybe another those of the coins of the elder Philip, which AVG instead of AVGG in the Beyersnmschrift have ^J . This opinion ^) is however somewhat uncertain, as there are also Augustus coins from the younger Philip with AVG instead of AVGG, compare the following.
After it has been done in this way through an investigation of the numerous coins, which date from the years 244 - 247 and 249 can be executed, it has been shown that not a single one from these coin stamps, you may perhaps be allowed to do so here a more external confirmation of the above through observation see the result of the coins won with these symbols, according to which they are seen as characteristic of the year 248 have to. There is another way in which the correctness can be The ability of this opinion to prove itself, namely through a concern tung of the younger Philip's coins. It's already up mentioned that this, from the moment he Augustus title, usually with the same reverse stamps how the father's are shaped. Eckhel^ says like this: Ajo, Phi- lip filio, ex quo Augustus dicfus est, demptis quibusdam ludo- rum saecularium numis communes cum patre numorum aversas feet; but the exception does not only apply to coins SAECVLARES AVGG, but as a whole from everyone in the year 248 minted coins. To make it easier to oversee Here is a list of the coins of the younger generation mentioned by Cohen
1) C^hen Ph. p. [2, 5] silver HedalHons, 8, 39, 67, 68, 92—94, 103— fDö, 108, 109 golden and silver coins, 115 BroneemadAilloii, 123 (ver- same obfl 114), 155, 161, 199 - 203, 20(} (^r^ich however Ramw 157-158), 206-210 copper coins.
2) CaUtogo del miiMO nationale dl Mapolf Fl, 8. 275-276.
3) vni, p. 442.
220
Dr. P. Biorfc,
Philip with the title of Augustus, with those of his father kept together, shared.
Philippe fils Philippe p6re
No.
1. Silver medallion Golden a. silver symbols 2, 3. AEQVITAS AVG . . 8
4. (Caesar) = 5
5. AETERNITAS AVG (maybe AVGG, cf. Wiczay 2460) .... II
6. AETERNITE IMPER . 12
7. ANNONA AVGG (d'En-
nery 1761) 13, 14
S. CONCORDIA AVGG . 17 9. FELICITAS AVGG
(Miounet) no similar one
Snppl. 1, 2. FELICITAS IMPP 19
10. (Caesar) lOVI CONSER- VAT or CONSERVA
TORI no similar
Snppl. 3. (Caesar) IVNO (for
lOVI) CONSERVAT . likewise
11. LIBERALITAS AVGG
II (d'Ennery 1762) . . likewise
12. LIBERALITAS AVGG
III also (248)
13. LIBERALITAS AVGG
MM (d'Ennery 1764) . . likewise
11-17. PAX AETERNA. . . 43
18. (Caesar) PIETAS AVGG no similar
19. (Caesar) PIETAS AV-
■■■ GVSTOR ' as well
20. PMTR P 1 1 COS «PP . 49, 50, compare above
21. PMTR P IUI COS PP 57
22. PMTR P IUI COS PP 58—60 23-24. PMTR P VI COS PP. 64
Namismat. Subsections about the spiteful Roman Empire, etc. w. Sgl
No.
Philippe fils
25. PMTR P VI CO& PP .
26. Same transcription . .
27. Same transcription . . 28-39. (Caesar) PRINCIPI IV-
VENT or IVVEN TVTIS or PRINC IV VENTVTIS . . . . Sappl. 4. PRINCIPF IVVENT (Av. AVG, hybrid) . .
40. (Caesar) Ameth 6 = 41
41. ROMAE AETERNAE .
42. SAECVLARES AVGG Cippns with COS II. .
43. SAECVLARES AVGG III goat
44. SAECVLVM NOVVM
45. (Caesar) SPES AVGV- STOR
46. (Caesar) SPES PVBLICA
47. (Caesar) VICTORIA AVGG according to VaillaBt. .
48. VIRTVS AVGG . . .
49. VIRTVS AVG (WeUen- home 13055} ....
50 - 54. Bronzemedailloiis Enfermt dances
55. LIBERALITASAVG[G]
I I Mob. TheapoU I, p. 626
56. LIBERALITAS AVGG
III
Snppl. 5. MILIARIVM SAECV LVM Cippos with COS 1 1 1 (hybrid, in the firanzOsi- see >SMiilnng). . .
Zviitehrifi f. Namiam. 11.
Philippe pöre
compare 65 compare 65 66
no similarity
likewise
69-72
compare 88, Snppl. 5, with COS IM (248)
compare 81 , gazelle,
compare above (248) 89—91 (248)
no similar one 101
compare 105, 106 no similar (248)
109
no similar one
likewise (248)
163
16
222
Dr. P. Bnek,
Kf Philippe fils
57-60. PAX AETERNA. .
61. (Caesari PIETAS AVGG
62, 63. PMTR P IUI COS II PP
64-70. (Caesar", PRINCIPI IV-
VENT or IVVEN
TVTIS
71, 72. SAECVLARES AVGG
Goat
73. SAECVLARES AVGG
hippopotamus
74-76. SAECVLARES AVGG
Cippns with COS II. .
Suppl. 6. (Caesar) SPES PVBLI-
CA ;^the Sanunlang Char-
vets in Paris) ....
77. VIRTVS AVGG . . .
78, 79. VOTIS DECENNALI- BVS
Philippe pöre
167-170 no similar one 181, 182
no similar one
also .248)
likewise, cf. above (248)
compare 193-195 with COS III (248)
no similar one likewise (248)
213-215.
From this compilation it emerges, firstly, that the coins of the younger Philip with the title of Caesar on them Averse are more commonly embossed with lapel stamps, which were not used for the head of the older Philipp. The Exceptions to this (4, 40, 46, 47) present no difficulty As far as No. 4 is concerned, which, according to what was noted above, is probably inaccurately described by Cohen by Know that AVGG has to be read instead of AVG, it must be remembered that This coin is not in the French collection: By the way, Cohen doesn't say where he met her also depends on the prices set for them in comparison with the following with the same reverse to the title of Augustus suggests that she is not ordinary with the title of Caesar. The The coin must therefore certainly be classified as a hybrid like No. 40, which is listed in the collection in Vienna,
Nimdsmat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 223
and since the two reverses are also connected to the head of the younger If Philip appears with the title of Aagnstas, it is all the more so It is more understandable that some people with older averse attitudes with the Gaesar title incorrectly minted copies can occur. There is no reason to dwell on number 47, as it only follows thmls Yaillant is cited, at least in Cohen's case, it is partly inaccurate seems to be described by Yaillant ^) (who, moreover, says: Hie nunmius argenteus rarus est) the title of Augustus in the Has obverse writing. No. 46, on the other hand, is in the French version. Collection; but since I didn't find them in other directories met, she is undoubtedly one of the ones in this area mentioned period so frequently occurring errores monetarii.
On the other hand, it turns out that the relationship is reversed was when the younger Philip became Augustus by the The main rule at that time was community with the father with respect look at the lapel stamps, and let's look at the design You can easily see that it wasn't just the coins that were taken SAECVLARES AVGG (No. 42, 43, 71-76, compare that those listed above) which do not follow this, but rather that this also applies to the other coins minted in 248 applies. So you never see the surroundings on your son's coins. writing PMTR P V COS III PP, which is based on that of the father so common is^j, and the inscription LIBERALITAS AVGG 1 1 1 with the two Kaisem as type ^) , which are certainly the highest is probably to be set in the year mentioned, please note the coins of the elder Philip, while on the other hand whose side the representations on the coins of this, which Relation to the liberalitas mentioned ^), not to those of the son are found. From the coin with SAECV-
1) n, 320.
2) Ph. p. 62, 63, 183-188.
3) Ph. f. 12, 56.
4) Ph. p. 159-161, cf. 39 and note, YU, p. 260.
16^
234 ^- P block,
LVM NOVVM with the head of the younger Philipp was indeed There is a silver example in the collection of Count Salis. hand ^) (like the same coin with the head of the Empress Otadlia in the collection of the Duke of Blaeas in Gold is cited ^) ; these isolated specimens seem but to be hybrid when combined with the many similar both Silver rather than copper with the head of the older Philip be equalized ^) . Finally, it is in the highest degree character- ristic that the coins minted only in copper with MILIA- RIVM SAECVLVM only with the heads of the older Philipp^; and the Empress^), respectively. with COS III or nothing on that Oippus, occur while there is no similar with the head of the son with COS 1 1 on the Gippus ^). The coins with SAECVLARES AVGG and Gippus, on the other hand, are for everyone three imperial persons have different stamps in common However, it has been used for each, using that of the older philosophy lipp 7] always have COS 1 1 1 on the Gippus, that of the son ^) COS II and the Empress^} nothing. It is therefore certain good reason to assume that the conditions described under Ph. f. No. 48 bene silver coin with the mark F and the similar copper one No. 77 were minted in the same year; because the coins of the older Philip do not have similar depictions, while on the other side that of the latter with the letters
1) Ph. f. 44.
2) OtacUia 29.
3) Ph. p. 89-91, 196-198.
4) Ph. p. 162-164, cf. the compensation PI. IX with rack view of the Form MILIARIVM instead of MILLIARIVM and Suppl. pp. 250 and 252. Eckhel Vn, pp. 324, 325.
5) OUcilia 46-48.
6) The copper coin of the Younger period kept in the French collection Geren PhUipp with MILIARIVM SAECVLVM proves, as Ck>hen Suppl. No. 5 noticed, by the COS I M instead of COS 1 1 on the Gippus as a hybrid.
7) Ph. p. 88, 193-195.
8) Ph. f. 42, 74-76.
9) Otacilia 26, 66-68.
Namismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, o.s. w. ^^^
B, E and C marked silver coins lOS, IIQ, iU 904 40 and the kupl^rQeii 905 corresponding to numbers 102 and 40, 165, 166 (Nos. 110, 111 are not considered in B]r0iice found] not with the head of the son Torkoupten. Sni look The overview will also show that the other deviations All information comes from older, unreliable catalogs, which often don't even touch the averse; this applies from Nos. 9, 11 and 13, cited after Mionnet and d'Ennery, wd what the latter two numbers with LIBERALITAS AVCrO As far as II and UM are concerned, it's probably nothing Anything else is considered either incorrectly read or stamped. schneider incorrectly cut ciphers ; the last seems to be the Case with having to be with Uli; because in Galin's collection in Arras ^) there is a similar example and mark- chant also mentions such a coin ^]; Baron de Wille puts this presumed fourth liberalitas in the year 249 ^] . Something Something similar undoubtedly applies to No. 55, somewhat po- exactly according to Mu8. Theupoli led; the obverse is here stated. Finally, as far as numbers 7 and 49 are concerned, to which it is If there are similar ones of the older Philip, then the complete For the sake of clarity, it should be noted that the averse of these in the ca- talogen d'Ennery's and Wellenheim's are not specified.
m. Whether it can be assumed that all with trademarks marked coins from Philip's memorial tent in the
OfBein zn Rome are minted.
According to the considerations made above, the equality timeliness of the coin tokens is probably obvious; the next The question then becomes whether it can be assumed that the with
1) Cohen, Snppl. 8. !253.
2) Lettres sur la namismatlqae et rhistoire. Paris 1851, 8. 385,
3) Ibid. 8.395.
2 28 ^' P- Brock,
has been taken; for he comes both on the silver Coins of this emperor ^) than those of 4iB son Volnsian^) and dm J^stilian ^) in front, and often with beige-alged stamps, which is on the coins of Philip with this Tjrpns gate- come and will be discussed in more detail below should. Finally it is noticeable that he is in connection with Averse occurs, in whose transcriptions Hostilian OVAL OSTIL COVINTVS*) and Volusian IMP C V AF GAL VENO VOLVSIANO AVG^) are called, names, which never appear on the copper coins, and in those there is reason to see a kind of Hellenism or Provincialism ®) . All of this suggests that at least some of these Coins may have been minted elsewhere than Rome.
Another coined during the reign of Philip Coin that only came to light in more recent times men is also of great interest, especially in the Jubilee is marked, but necessarily in a different one Of&cln than in the capital. It's the one in the A silver coin from a French collection Pacatianus, the usurper completely unknown in history. You According to Cohen, it has the inscription ROMAE AETER[N] AN MIL[L] ET PRIMO and, as a Roma type, has a winning goddess and a lance seated ^j. Cohen believes that Paea Tianus ruled in the Orient by the style of his coins seems to indicate that ^) ; in any case it will take some time
1) Gauus 59-61.
2) Volusian 68.
3) Hostüian 29-31.
4) Ibid. 30-31.
5) Volusian 68.
6) Cohen, IV, p. 259, note 1, p. 288, note 1. Eckhel, VH, pp. 363, 354, ▼see 369-370.
7) Cohen, Pacatianus 7, compare the illustration on PI. XI.
8) Cohen, IV, p. 229. Others have speculated about the locations where the coins were found. assumed that Pacatianus ruled in OaUien or Pannonia; Cohen 1st c. Eckhel, vn, 8. 339. .
Numismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 229
long since you have seven varieties of your caps knows, and es.ist Ifobl according to the mentioned ]|||pze at the natural Most likely, he is just leaving the thousands of celebrations used has to make a pipe ^j. , ^ ,. Kjfi*
Although there is no mention of it:; ji|^ doubted can be that in the year 2tö properUek JMM^e Mttnzen were minted outside the capital, I do ask, that all with Mttnz stamps from the Office of Rome have run out, prefer the brands I - VI can't do it at all Doubts prevail; because partly it is on and for itself the natural Most likely, Latin numbers are used in the Latin capital. len used to describe the names which consist of an or should be placed on the coins for another reason, theUs are the relevant inscription SAECVLARES AVGG, and the depictions - the she-wolf with Komulns and Remns, and the animals that are used in the circus to glorify the gods anniversary celebrations were used - a completely long-lasting A guarantee that these coins will be in the capital are shaped. Although the others with Greek numbers Don't immediately announce their mint in this way, only perhaps with the exception of the coin with the titles of Emperor, who most naturally thought of Rome guide, it must be remembered that one is not the Greek Number row, which is used for the coin tokens, on its own alone, but that it is necessary because of the new and unusual in their appearance the corresponding Latin, which have exactly the same phenomena what is presented must be held together. Greek Letters, although certainly rare, are not complete unknown on Roman coins from the period before Philip^ I
1) It has now been proven that the one called Marinus by the writers Usurper in Mosten and MARinus Pacatianus are identical. The &i4f Marinus is PhUipps]. Father. Compare Waddington Inscr. de Syria p. 491. A.t. 8.
2 28 ^' P- Brock,
has been taken; for he comes both to the submenus coins of this emperor ^j than those of his son Volnsian^] and of the Hostilian^), and often with attached stamps^ who would like to yor at the coins of Philip with this type? come and what will be discussed in more detail below should. Finally it is noticeable that he is in connection with Averse occurs, in whose transcriptions Hostilian OVAL OSTIL COVINTVS4) and Volusian IMP C V AF CAL VENO VOLVSIANO AVG^) are called, names, which never appear on the copper coins, and in the^ one could reasonably see a kind of Hellenism or provincialism All of this suggests that at least some of these Coins may have been minted elsewhere than Rome.
Another minted during the reign of Philip Coin that only came to light in more recent times men is also of great interest, especially in the Jubilee year is marked, but necessarily in a different one Ofticin than in the capital. It's the one in the A silver coin from a French collection Paeatianos, a usurper completely unknown in history. You According to Cohen, it has the inscription ROMAE AETER[N] AN MIL[L] ET PRIMO and, as a Roma type, has a winning streak goddess and a lance seated ^j. Cohen believes that Paoa Tianus ruled in the Orient by the style of his Mttnaen seems to indicate that ^) ; in any case it will take some time
1) Gallus 59-61.
2) Volusian 68.
3) Hostilian 29-31.
4) Ibid. 30-31.
5) Volusian 68.
6) Cohen, IV, p. 259, note 1. P. 288, note 1. Eokhel, VII, B, ▼see 369-370.
7) Cohen, Pacatianus 7, compare the illustration on PI. XI.
8) Cohen, IV, p. 229. Others have because of the fund taken that Pacatianus in Gaul or Pannonlen Eckhel, vn, p. 339.
Numiimat. Submissions about the later Roman imperial period, etc. 229
Ung feherrcKdit habeo^ there are seven varieties of its coins knows, and it ; According to the above-mentioned scenario, Ifi^ is the most natural Most likely he is celebrating the 1,000th Juiripi celebration benntat has to cause a stir ^} . ^
Although it is doubtful according to the Angeftlhrtwjriib can be that in the year 248 actually Ittaiiwbe coins were minted outside the capital, I know that all coin stamps are issued by the Office of Rome have run out, prefer the brands I - VI can't do it at all Doubts prevail; for partly it is in and of itself the natural Most likely, Latin numbers are used in the Latin capital. len used to describe the names which consist of an or should be placed on the coins for another reason, some are the relevant inscription SAECVLARES AVGG, and the depictions - the she-wolf with Romains and Remus, and the animals that are used in the circus to glorify the gods last year's celebration - a perfectly long guarantee that these coins will be in the capital are shaped. Although the others have Greek numbers, Don't immediately announce their mint in this way, only perhaps with the exception of the coin with the titles of Emperor, who most naturally thought of Rome guide, must be remembered that one is not the Greek Number series, which is used for the coin stamps, IDr itself alone, but that it is necessary because of the new and unusual in their appearance the corresponding Latin, which have exactly the same phenomena everything that presents itself must be held together. Greek Letters, although certainly rare, are not complete unknown on Roman coins from the period before Philip^ I
1) It has now been proven that the man named Marinus by the writers Usurper in Moesia and MARinus PacAtianus are identical. The &t6g Marinus is Philip I's father. Forget. Waddington Inscr. de Syria p. 491. A.v. S.
230 Dr. P. Brock,
I just want to briefly mention that they are also sometimes found on coins from the Bepublik period ^) ; From the closest one but the previous government, namely Gordian, there is, except for a few Roman bronze medallions ^j , on which also Greek Insdirift is one in the French collection Really Roman copper cap of second size with N€IKH OnAO<|>OPOC in the frontispiece and on the architrave of one Temple with the inscription VICTORIA AVG and with full constantly Roman averse ^) . This coin is completely missing I know SC, but there doesn't seem to be much emphasis on this ^) , since there is a very similar coin there ^) , which, by the way, certainly has the Greek inscription on it Temple is missing, has the Senate's mark on it. Mionnet mentions a similar one with HART VICTOR and ©EOY OTTAO<|)OPOT 8). Later in the second half of the third In the 19th century, Greek letters were used very frequently Coin tokens used for offices, which were undoubtedly in the Latin niche parts of the empire. I finally want it draw attention to the significant fact that it It's not just the coins with Roman numerals that are at the same time in bronze, without brands, but that the same is also the case with five of the six with Greek chen marks, and that the obverse of the copper Coins correspond to the reverses in the same way as at gold and silver coins. Of those with Latin according to the older Philipp's mttnzto, which is provided with niche numbers. chen in this way
1) Eckhel, V, p. 75 ff.
2) Cohen, 198 - 201 and the note thereto.
3) Cohen 333.
4) Compare, Cohen, IV, p. 152, note 1. 51 Cohen 334.
6) Cohen, IV, p. 167, note 1. Mionnet, 2nd edition, I, p. 401.
Nnmismat. Undersnohnngen about the later Roman imperial period, etc. 231
Cohen -dS. No. 189 (Leo) No. 75, 76, 77, (78) (A/.,At.)
" " " 190 (she-wolf) " 79, 80 (Ak)
r, “ “ 191 (Hirsch) “ 83, 84 [M.)
" " " 292 (Antelope) " (81), 86, 87 (^.)
and, strangely enough, No. 82 i^jR.) with a hippopotamus and Uli, which belongs to the coins of Otacilia none in copper, which, as noted above, results in the following clearly shows that it is an error monetarii.
From the coins of Otacilia correspond
Cohen M. No. 65 (Hippopotamus) No. 27, 28 (A/. Ai.).
A copper coin of her (No. 64) with a gazelle proves itself by the fact that the corresponding wedges are made in silver. is hit, also as an error monetarii.
Finally correspond to the coins of the younger Philip • Cohen [JE.], No. 71, 72 (Goat) No. 43 [JR,]
On the other hand, there is also No. 73 (^.) with the hippopotamus no equivalent in silver, therefore also an error monetarii.
The coins with the Greek numerals also offer if a striking correspondence with the copper coins From those of the elder Philip correspond in this way
Cohen Jr. No. 62, see No. 63 (PMTRPV COS III PP)
No. 183-186 [JE.], “ “ “ 102 (TRANQVILLITAS AVGG, cf.
Suppl. p. 251) No. 205 [JE,], " " 40 ;NOBILITASAVGG)No.l65, 166(^.).
On the other hand, there is not yet one that has the golden and silver coins No. 110 and 111 (VIRTVS AVGG) correspond to corresponding copper coin hit.
Of the coins of Otacilia correspond to Cohen AI. No. 18 (PIETAS AVGG; Nos. 54, 55 [JB.], like the (^.) No. 14-17 'PIETAS AVG) No. 49 - 53 [^.) and the (jR.) No. 20-22 (PIETAS AVGVSTAE) No. 50-58 (^.) correspond, whereas AI. No. 19 i PI ET AS AVG N) no corresponding speaking in bronze seems to have.
232 Dr-P-Brock,
Finally corresponds to the coins of the elder Philip Cohen Jr. No. 48 (VIRTVS AVGG) No. 77 (^.)
This seems doubtful; to be closed, that all the nut stamps are gold and silver Mints are minted in Rome.
I.T. Yen the meaning of the brands on the during the Philip's minted coins.
Having shown above that the Mttnz marks ans of Philip's reign only occur in the year in which Rome had its millennium celebration, and that the The coins in question are undoubtedly all from the Office of the Main city, we will investigate what conditions interpretation these signs had. That they are on one or There is no doubt that other ways indicate this celebration; if but some are of the opinion that the numbers I — VI, which on the coins with the reverse inscription SAECVLARES AVGG and occur with various animals, the day in the series of festivities can indicate at which the wild were given up to the animals in the arena, this is what it is Opinion, as Eckhel remarks ^j , entirely reprehensible; because except that such an explanation with the representation of the she-wolf, which Romulus and Remus suckles cannot be united, At the same time, you miss the reason why these brands are on the corresponding copper coins are omitted. It is also told by the writers of antiquity, that the festivities only lasted three days; but yourself If you look at the words of Jerome: tribus diebus ac noctibus '^) to arrive at the number six, the nights with- If you wanted to calculate, such an explanation would be possible even if you
1) VII, p. 326.
2) Eckhel, 1st c.
Nomisnut. Below details about the later Roman imperial period, n. s. w. 233
apart from the fact that she doesn't do anything with the depiction of the wolf to be united cain, to be quite unnatural, as well as how You can't prove with such a person who they are certain representations with their constant marks in conjunction bond with certain averses can be found ^} . Iddiel has therefore given up hope on the opinion of these figures to find and believe that they have no further meaning, but that they are just notae monetariorum^); says the same thing he from the Greek numbers, which no one has ever used before tried to explain, and of which he says: Ceterum nullus in iis sensus reconditus, [neque aliud fuerint quam indicia, qui- bus monetarii opus snum distinxere ^) . You have to be sure about this agree with Eckhel; these signs are undoubtedly real lic mint marks, which are not closely related to the Representations or transcriptions exist, and it is probable This is what Eckhel means when he says, as stated: nullus in iis sensus xeconditus. Since in Eckhel's time one usually who viewed the coins as inexplicable puzzles^), it is easy to understand that he is referring to the above. limited, although one is certainly on the other side could expect that Eckhel, who himself is the most striking Regularity of occurrence of the group mentioned here of brands emphasizes that there is a strong focus on this phenomenon have seen a request to investigate the reason for this would.
Through the result obtained above regarding the time of However, given the presence of these brands, I believe that it is possible
1) It is therefore surprising that this is still found in more recent works can find an explanation that has been sufficiently refuted by Eckhel; compare Smyih, Descriptive Catalogne of a Cabinet of Uoman Imperial Large Btass Medals, Bedford 1834, p. 264.
2) VU, p. 326.
3) vn, p. 331.
4) Compare a strange tax in Bekkel V, 8. 78.
234 !>'• P- Brock,
is to provide an explanation that is very simple and natural- lich is and which moreover is carried out by the fact that one from a somewhat later period a strange analogue can have for this purpose. I believe that because of the great coinage that the thousand-year celebration requires made maneuverable, was forced to do so on an interim basis to enlarge the Roman office by one For the sake of greater order and better control in six has been divided into sections, of which the first, second, fifth and sixth the coins of the elder Philip, the third that of the son and the fourth that of the Empress, and each has its specific two reverses, one with Latin, one with a Greek mark, but this division is gone again - fell after normal conditions returned were. That such an event at this special opportunity was necessary will become clear when one considers think how numerous the staff in the Roman office were must be; this does not arise solely from what occurs Lots of coins from those times, on which you can see in Relationship to die cutting and embossing on one extremely primitive standpoint, which one far more numerous workers than our time requires, demanded. But you also have a very characteristic stic report in several ancient writers of a rebellion that occurred a little later, among the government Aurelians, was caused by the Monetariem and which just shows what size these mostly slaves are. ven and freedmen existing corporation had reached, since this revolt Aurelian was 7,000 men of the best ner troops cost. Yes even after the monetizers more were distributed all around in the empire, in that fixed coin offices in various larger cities were aimed, in part probably to prevent a repeat
Numismat. Underlines about the later Roman Empire, n.s.w. 235
To escape holuDg from such tumults, traces appear, that they were still so numerous that they were public Security and peace could be threatened. You can see namely to Sozomenus, that at the time of Julian Apo- stata feared that the numerous monetarists in Cyzicus in Association with other similar corporations and the Christians want to cause trouble in this city^).
According to the explanation presented here, it becomes obvious why the trademarks, other than that they are for the specific re- verses are characteristic, also in connection with certain Averses can be found, and one also understands why they are are omitted from the copper coins. Partly would namely the characters I, M, etc., attached to them, as the value designations As, Dupondius, etc. are considered to be that can, of course not what misunderstanding possible in relation to the gold and silver coins could be thought of; partly by leaving it out Of these, just as much more external than those already represented by the SC brand indicated formal independence of the senatorial copper coinage from the imperial gold and silver coinage denotes want one. However, this independence is not great The coins actually had meaning sufficiently clear evidence; you just need a look on the coins of Severus Alexander, Maximinus, Gordians and Philipps to notice that almost every depiction
1) Revue number. fran^aise 1848, p. 168, note 2, Sozomenus, Hist. eccl. V, IT), 6 — 7: ^j^nrjyoQivae
236 ^T^' P- Brock,
Position and inscription in copper as well as in gold and silver is embossed; However, the further back in time you go^ the greater the differences one notices on the copper ones Coins in relation to the representations and inscriptions of the gold and silver coins, so that what is a rule in the third th centuries, an exception is the first Roman Kaisers is. One cannot therefore doubt that »the senatorial embossing is gradually becoming the same as that The prestige and influence of the Senate decreased and became ever greater Dependence on the imperial gold and silver coinage has come, and it can certainly be considered certain. that the whole expression at the time^ with which we We are concerned here, although the coinage law is between The Emperor and the Senate were divided into a united office took place. Like the relationship in the former imperial time has been. we don't know for sure. Liyius says, as is known that the coin office in his time was in the temple of Juno Moneta was who was listed on the spot where Marcus Manlius had lived, namely [on the part of Capitoline hill, which was called the castle ^) ; that Incidentally, the topographers are very divided about where this is Temple that has now completely disappeared is well preserved know ^) . Whether he only used it for copper coinage at the time of Livy or whether precious metals were minted here at the same time are not clear from his report; the Letiete is dodi certainly in and of itself the most probable and thereby becomes confirms that the establishment of the coin office in the temple of
1) Livy, VI, 20, 13: Adjectae mortuo notae sunt publica ona, quod, qoum domus ejud luisset, ubi nunc aedes atque ofüdna Monetae est, latom ad popolum est, ne quis patricius in arce aut Capitolio habitaret. VII, 28| 4 — O: DicUtor . . . inter ipsam dimicationem aedem Junoni Monetae vovit . . . ; locus in trce destiuatur, quae area aedium M. Manlii CapitoUni fuerat.
2) Platner and Bunsen, Description of the City of Rome, B. 1. P. 38, 348 ff.; Becker, Uaudbuch der Romanen Antiquities, I, pp. 392, 393, 408, 409.
NamiflBiftt. Discussions about the later Roman imperial tent, n. 8. w. 237
Juno Moneta in the third century before the birth of Christ This happened at about the same time that the Romans were minting silver introduced gear. Saidas ^j says, as is well known, that when they were defeated in the war against Pyrrhus and the Tarentine GMd. They were allowed to beg Juno, who replied that she would do this would not do without if they fought the war with justice and that they therefore worshiped Juno by determined that the coins would be minted in their temple the should; it is then close to Hultscb'^; to close, that, since the silver coinage according to Pliny and Livy in the year 269 was introduced, five years before the first Punic wars ^) , and after the Tarentines were defeated *) , It must have been these coins in particular that were used in the pel of the goddess are shaped. Certainly both written and representatives of antiquity ^) than of modern times ^j claims that Silver coins were minted as early as the time of the kings. the; but even if this was really the case, At least in the first centuries of the Republic, perhaps because of the prevailing strict principles ') , quite the expression of these was given up and it was only in the third year - a hundred before the birth of Christ, when one through the contacts with southern Italy and through the course of the times, political conditions changed the necessary
1) Mommseu, History of the Roman Mint System, p. 301, note 36.
2) Greek and Roman metrology, pp. 200-201.
3) Plinio« Hist. na\ XXXIII. 3, 44. Argentum signatum anno urbis 485 (269) V annis ante primam Punirom bellum. Eckhel, V, p. 16.
4) LW. XV. epit. : Victis Tarentinis hinc primum (486^268, compare Mommten, p. 860, note 33) populus Romanas argento uti coepit. Eckhel ibid. Compare Livy, IV, 66: Nondum (349) argentum signatum erat. Kevue number. fr. 1859, 8. 322, Baron d'Ailly, Recherches sar la monnaie romainc, I, p. 12.
5) Varro, Eckhel. ibid., Festus, Soetonius and others. Revue number. fr. 1859, p. 323 If.
6) The Duke of Luynes in Revue num. fr. 1859, p. 322 ff. ; Baron d'Ailly, I.s. Oof.
7) Reme nom. fr. 1859, p. 369.
Zi'iuohrifl f. NnnifiB. II. 17
^38 ^'- P- Brock,
ability to leave the outdated copper coin base had learned. In addition, it is now almost always common assumption seems to be that of the Roman Coins given to the royal period by a forger in the have been manufactured in more recent times ^), which means that the Duke von Luynes with extraordinary erudition and intelligence The reasons given for leading to the above-mentioned period lose some of its convincing power. Mau can therefore certainly not doubt that in any case the silver introduced in 209 before the birth of Christ coinage linked exactly to the temple of Juno Moneta and that it was continued there in connection with dung with the previously existing copper embossing, which probably must have been placed at the same office. and later with the gold stamping, in any case until the end the public and, according to Livy, at least something into the cai- ser time: that of the government of August in all three metals with triumvir auro argento aeri ilando feriundo occurring In any case, coins seem to indicate that little- At least back then there was still a certain level of community in relationships the expression existed. Meanwhile the change had to happen the state constitution, how to get more and more out of it original fiction that the general public, although in modified cir form, still existed, removed, also a large entrance Exercising influence on coinage. The emperor had that The right to mint gold and silver is reserved to the Senate left to the copper minting, and since the autonomous minting offices cinen, which still existed throughout the empire at the beginning of the imperial period passed, gradually in the range of a relatively short one time in the western, essentially Latin half-part heard while they were still a couple of centuries into the
1) Cohen, Suppl. S. a.
^.
Numismat. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 239
Greek provinces held, the claims had to be made, which were placed on the Roman coinage in the imperial period, be far bigger than before. It is therefore easy to think that the Temple of Juno Moneta, which existed in the times of Republic may have been sufficient, soon became too small This is to be the mint office in the capital of the world empire but whether the sharper contrast between the Gold and silver embossing on one side and the copper embossing on the other hand, it can also lead to a separation in the relationship What may have led to Officin cannot be said with certainty. That is to say, because there is no report of it. The apparent cial difference that occurred under the first emperors Reference to the representations and transcriptions of the golden and silver coins on one side and copper coins on the other hand shows, in comparison with the striking Sameness in this relationship later, seems closest to a different administration in the former period to interpret how it is also strange that the coins with 1 1 1 V I R A A A F F not after the August government come. Likewise is the complete lack of copper Coins from the Othos government. which occur in a period occurred in which far more copper than precious metals was minted ^ , very significant, which is also the reason why this has not yet been reported. clarified phenomenon must be assumed '^'i . About this finally comes in Rome in 1509 “in via quae ducit Lateranum« inscription found in 115 AD Birth, in which Officinatores monetae aurariac argentariae be called Caesaris ^) : these words mean the closest thing that the Imperial Office be controlled by that of the Senate
1) Kckhel, VI, p. 304.
*2) Mominscn has IM in this journal. I p. '24'2 iz<'/.c:;!t . like the lack the copper coins de*} Otho is to be explained. A. >. .S.
'^') (irutor, 74. 1.
17 •
240 ^^' P- Brock,
has been separated; because at that time, according to Piutarch, \) and Solinus 2) nor the temple of Juno Moneta. On the other However, it must be noted that the mentioned Authors do not add, like Livy, that the temple belongs to them Time was used as a coin office, and from the nickname the Juno, Moneta, cannot be concluded, because he existed, before the temple of the goddess was used as a coin office 5*) . In and of itself it is nothing to be regarded as an obstacle, that although the right to mint coins is between the Kai- was divided between the Senate and the Senate, but with regard to the Ad- administration and technical execution have a certain dimension. community may have existed. In the one mentioned above The name of a freedman appears on the inscription Felix presented who was optio et exactor auri argenti aeris, and III VIRI A A A F F are often found in inscriptions from the later ren emperors mentioned ^j . It must also be remembered that from the end of the first century after the birth of Christ certain similarity in representations and inscriptions Coins in all three metals had started, which was is particularly striking on the coins of Nerva. I am therefore most inclined to assume that even if a period was among the first emperors, in which it was because of big difference between the representations and inscriptions
1) Plnt. Rome. 20: "i2/xfi oil Tariog ^ttr, o/iov rrj» 6 rfjs Aioyijtrig laog foTiv.
2) C. Julii Solini CoUectanea rernm mcmorabilium , recogn. Th. Mommsefi, I, 21 (p. 10, L. l - 2): Ceteri reges quibus locis htbiUverunt dicemns. Tatins in arce, ubi nunc aedes est Junonis Monetae.
3y Comp. the passage from Suidas mentioned above: ... "jfffar Montray, roifi* iarl avfjißovlov ; Cicero de div. 1, 4;'), 101: Cum terrae motus factna esset »Ut- que pleua procuratio fierct« voccm ab aede Junonis ex arce exstitisse, quocirra Junoncm illam appellatam Monetam; cf. Livy VII, 28, 7-8 about the miracles those who followed the dedication of the temple. and from the organizers us, who were met on the occasion, Becker, I, p. 409.
4) Eckhel, I, p. LXXIX.
NumUnut. Investigations into the later Roman imperial period, etc. 241
At least not the gold, silver and copper coins It is unlikely that the emperor's office was may have been separate from that of the Senate (so that this last probably remained in the temple of Juno Moneta, as best with the fiction of the continued existence of the Republic, while the imperial loan was established elsewhere must have been, which place cannot be specified in more detail In any case, this ratio does not last very long may have lasted, but already towards the end of the first Century AD birth must have stopped. This one Opinion will also agree with what Preller said at the time states in which the office from which the above-mentioned In- the document is a certificate and must have been created; he says namely, that this was not done earlier than some time before the government Trajang may have happened as Nero's golden house had been lying on the spot in question *) , and right there now The coins of Nerva are in contrast to the coins of the previous There was quite a striking similarity in the approach of the emperors It is allowed to draw attention to representations and inscriptions certainly be assumed that the Münzofißciu, if they ever been shared. at least from this one had been collected from that point onwards. Still in the last quay At that time the mint office was in the same place as below Government of Trajan: because in Curiosum urbis and Notitia (regional nes urbis Roniac cum breviariis suis] is in the third regio close to the Flavian amphitheater a Moneta imagines; On the other hand, the temple of Juno Moneta is not mentioned. especially mentioned in the eighth region, but only Capitoliam as a whole.
There can therefore be no doubt that the claim at the time of Philip in one Ofticin for all three metals
1 ) Prcller, the Cepions of the city of Itom, .S. 12 yrs. Becker, i. Th. 3rd Abth. p.26G.
242 Dr. P. Brock,
took place, and a reported one cited by Wellenheim ^) White single copper coin with a letter in the field there is clear evidence of the exact connection, which lies between the imperial and senatorial influences. in that this letter was apparently caused by an error. ler sneaked into the stamp. The corresponding one The silver coin is part of the loan. which with Marks are provided (PMTRP V COS III PP with Mars and although the catalog contains the letter of the mentioned kupfenia coin as an F, one can certainly assume that that it is indeed an A like on the silver coin; if the coin, as it seems from the description, bad has been preserved, it will not be unlikely that the remains of an A were incorrectly genomized for an F
V. The coins from the jubilee year 218 without stamps.
There is still a question to be answered regarding the Slttn- zen of the year 24S, namely what the reason for this was can, (it says only the specific group of twelve varieties which is provided with the trademarks, while this one is not on the other coins from that year. The The fact is certainly quite simple that the sixth division of the Officin did not occur at the beginning of the year, but then first seeder. The millennium celebration was just beginning April 21st, and of all the coins of the year 24S, which are without brands, it is as shown below should be, not unlikely that they will be in the beginning of the year were minted.
What first is the coin with PMTR P V COS III PP with Fax or Felicitas, which, as noted above, is not the case
1» No. 13001.
Nuuiismat. l'ntorsuihunfrL'ii about the later Roman Empire. etc. w. 243
is provided with a trademark, while such a mark is often found on the whose coin has the same inscription, but with Mars as a representation position {is found, so it is interesting to note that from every year from 210 to 240 sillicrne milluzen the imperial titles with Pax or Felicitas as a representation has * , while Mars not only relies on the silver ^ but also att<.»h on the copper^ only occurs in the year 2 IS. It is now certainly used to be similar, the coins with new ones Tribunates or consulates of the emperor at the beginning of the year, in which he once again clothed these dignities. I don't leave this out of Philip's own coins close because, according to him, coins from Alexandria and Sinope and according to imperial constitutions until the year 2 19 must have prevailed •■ ; on the other hand, this certainly goes from the Milnzen of the Trelxiniaun (Jallus with the fourth tribunate made \nr by this emperor, regardless of the difficulties which This opinion corresponds to the reports of the historians according to Eckhel, only at the beginning of the 19th century «Bihres 2') l may have been inked, and with even greater .'Security from the coins of the riallieniis with the sixteenth Ti'il)nnat ', by which this emperor killed March 20, 2üS ** became. Ks cannot therefore be doubted. that the Mint with l'ax or Felicitas belongs to the type which is catch every year in l'ndauf was placed. Things are different on the other hand, with the type Mars: because this was so far
I I r..|,iii 4."^. r»l--.Vi. .'i>- DO. \\:', — ».17, %frt!l. the kii]>-L':iH.'ii .Miiiizfii ITj — i;ti. K \-\M\.
'2l I ..J:..II t'i"2.
I I ( 'ilii'ii 1 "!{.
l, \.r-l. IJr\irr iiuiii. Ir. \^'u , S. 'ilT. mt;:1. 1'1'K
'y\ Ki-khi'l. VII, >. ii'JT. A. \. Saliet , Dif Daroii I'T .iM.xaiiiJriiii^rheii Ktl- M'rniiiiii7.";ri. S. (>0.
r,i MI, s. :;•;:..
7) Kikrl. VII. S. WXk r..|,i.|». (ialllMlllH .W.O.
242 I>r- ^' BrcK'k,
Has taken place. and one mentioned in Wclleulieim ^), White single standing copper coin with a buehstabeu in the field there is clear evidence of the exact connection, which lies between the imperial and senatorial influences. in that this letter was apparently caused by an error. ler has included himself in the stamp. The corresponding one The silver coin belongs to the group that belongs to Brands are given away (PMTRP V COS IM PP with Mars), and although the catalog copper the letter of the mentioned If you strike a coin as an F, you can certainly say that (let CS in the tliat be an A like on the silver coin: if the coin, as it seems from the description, bad received ij>t, it will not be unlikely, ilass the remains of an A were incorrectly genomized for an F are.
V. The coins from July 348 without stamps.
There is still a question to be answered regarding the coins. zen of the year 21S. namely what the reason for this was can be that there is only the specific group of twelve varieties is which has the trademarks, while this one does not appear on the other coins from that year. The The fact is certainly quite simple that the sixth division of the Officin did not occur at the beginning of the year, but then first seeder. The millennium celebration took place first April 21st, and especially the coins of the year: US, which are without brands, it is as shown below should be. not unlikely that they were at the beginning of the year were minted.
What first is the coin with PMTR P V COS III PP with Fax or Felicitas, which, as noted above, is not the case
1 ) No. 13004.
Numia Diat. l'iiteräuchuiigen about the later Rüiuian imperial period. etc. n/a 243
is provided with a trademark, while such ones are often on the other side. whose coin has the same inscription, but with Mars as the symbol position is found, it is interesting to note that that from every year you get from 2!*) to 249 silver muuzen the imperial titles with Pax or Felicitas as a representation has \ , while Mars is not only based on the silver '^, but au
i:*.». IM— in;.
•J) (■...hail «)'J.
■li ViT^l. Mv.We lltllll. Ir. \^'ü. S. 'JI7. MTll]. l'l'^.
fi) K<'k)i«'I. \'II. >. iVJT. A. \. Sjilli't , Dir l>;i!fM 'l-r .ii'-\itii
♦») VII. see ;u',.-,.
Ti Krkhil. VII. S. :;'.i:». Chi-n. «i.illirnij-. 4»'.o.
■•-) liiiiboii. V. wxi. j>lih'I. vji, <. :;(»4.
244 ^^- P- Brock,
not displayed on these annual coins been ; and since it is precisely this one which of the two coins zen with Philipp's titles from 24 S sometimes with the mark A occurs, and this does not occur at all on the other with Pax or When Felicitas is found, it is evident that these are two coins were not subject to similar rules.
What will soon be the coins with SAECVLVM NO WM concerns (insofar as these are issued by the capital's office) gone-and SAECVLARES AVGG with Cippus, which are also without trademarks, is of course not an obstacle niss to assume that they were put into circulation can serve as proclaimers of this shortly before the jubilee celebration. ser, as the same applies to coins minted only in copper with the inscription MILIARIVM SAECVLVM.
Finally, it can be safely assumed that the coin the younger Philipp with LIBERALITAS AVGG III, which also without a brand, is one of those designated as a precursor to the celebration. Minted coins belong; because it must be remembered that it from the year 248 was not a coin of the Younger, as was the case from 247 and 249. Geren Philipp with his father's titles inscribed on the reverse exists, so that this lapel probably replaces the one in the two borrowed from his father's coins in other years occur his >vird, which, as noted above, undoubtedly emerges the beginning of the year. It's also for and for probably at the beginning of the year, in which the empire was to begin its second millennium, and which, from the very beginning, creates a certain celebratory years before any other, even before The actual feast days are preceded by a distribution of gifts of the later big celebrations took place, and that in particular the coins with SAECVLVM NOVVM, MILIARIVM SAECVLVM, SAECVLARES AVGG with Cippus and LIBERALITAS AVGG III [both those mentioned above-
Numismat. Information about the later Romanian imperial period, etc. 245
mentioned with the portrait of the son like those partly
•
speaking of the older Philipp, as a kind of invitation to celebration were used. For the equation I want this Coin of August with the herald, who belongs to the ludi saeculares invites, and with the inscription AVGVST DIVI F LVDOS SAE(culares promittit). It is also characteristic that that while there are three of each of the years 245, 247 and 249 various representations in connection with the titles of the older Philip as reverse inscriptions on silver coins ^ There is only one used in 24S, namely fax The coins with Mars certainly not according to the above to the usual ones put into circulation at the beginning of the year- belong. So it is certainly undoubted that the upcoming standing millennium celebration, even before the sixth healing the Officin became necessary to have a certain influence on the expression aaspracticed and some modifications in the otherwise known following rules of the same. .
It was noted above that an analogue of a something later time the explanation given here of the mentioned coin* trademarks confirmed by the government of Philip. Under Diocletian and his next successors you can see that Offices in Rome, Carthage and Aquileia into several abbeys lungs were divided, each in a similar manner Minted coins for certain imperial people.
Copenhagen.
Dr. P Brock.
1) Cohen 47-50. 54-61, 04-66, see Suppl. •].
About the coin, which is believed to be Arcadian
Achaean covenant.
The coin with the monogram X discussed on page 138 probably does not belong to the Arcadian city of Charisia, but is the oldest coin of the Achaean League.
The head, of course, bore a certain external resemblance that of the Arcadian tetradrachms, this alone explains it through the neighborhood of Achaia and Arcadia, the head is probably copied from that of the tetradrachms. And if you do that Comparing the originals of both coins, there is no similarity so big. The style of the Achaean coins is not alone younger^ more tangible differences can also be stated: the Arcadian Teti-adrachms have a very high relief, this Achaean one is very flat; on the tetradrachms The forehead hair is almost continuous in long wavy lines on the shoulder, on the Achaean it is short; on the te- In tradrachnia the beard gradually sets in, on the Achaean coin in a straight fixed line; on the tetradrachms the leaves of the wreath lie close together, on this one Achaeans they stand alone, far from each other.
When I met Dr. A.v. Sallet on the Achaean coin attentively maclite and he them with the Arcadian tetra- Compared to drachmas, I remembered Charisia, but added immediately added that it could not be allocated to this city, because their bronze coins always have the small monogram X^,
J. Friedlaender, About the coin considered to be Arcadian, etc. w. 247
and their coins from the Achaean League even have both Monograms X and yP next to each other. This is what I want Emphasis should be placed on the hypothesis that because one of the Arcadian tetradrachms has XAPI instead of OAYM, the X of this Achaean coin refers to Charisia.
“That only one city name can be searched for in the X,” As it is said on page 139, I would doubt it all the more leave the field of sweeping as monograms of city names filling the page and serving as a type are rare.
Accordingly, I believe with Cousiuery that this is aehaeische The coin is the oldest in the federal government. Because the federal coins are fall into two easily distinguishable rows. The first um- summarizes the much simpler and better cut ones that are in the 25 years of the covenant before Aratus; they are quite rare. The second row orders from the common ones with symbols and initials of the cities, they belong in the hundreds ten years until the destruction of Corinth. Most of the time they are fleeting and unsightly, but some of them are well cut. The The difference in style is clearly explained by the different denseness of time and the diversity of circumstances.
The small auricles on the Arcadian tetradrachnoid Men OAYM and XAPI are not yet certain explain; Mr. Dr. Inihoof's assumption that they were artists names, is determined by the smallness of the letters and by the The place where they stand is quite acceptable. Bcamtennames, as he also suggests, would probably not stand on the rock.
The Monogranmi X comes except on the Achaean Federal coins also appeared in Thessaly, and means on coins by Larisa Cremaste, where it is written on the picture of Achilles, which Thetis wears, while the front represents Achilles' head represents the name of this local hero; on the coins from Thebae Thessaliae, where X is a small symbol, but again it means Achaia, the other name of Phthiotis.
2 IS J. Friedlaender. prefer the coin believed to be Arcadian, etc.
It probably had the same meaning on an as yet undiscovered clarified coin, which one would also like to claim for Thessalian Baltics. It is first from Harwood, selecta numismata graeca IS 12, been published. Then I found a copy in the collection lung of the late preacher Bellermann and gave him the Notes about it, which he wrote in a short essay “about a rare Brouzem ounce with the monogram of the Achaean Bun- des, Bonn 1859”. Now it's time to do the research A beautiful example from the collection ended up in the K. MUnzkabinet, which corrects the previous descriptions.
JE, Miil. Oak wreathed youthful head to the right.
Bf, X around REYMATIÖN (here declining).
J. Friedlaender.
Alexandrians of Pescennius Niger and Gordian III.
with an enigmatic inscription.
(^Plate VI, 1 and 2).
The two published strange things here for the first time Alexandrian imperial mottos belong to Mr. Rollin and Feuardent in Paris. Mr. Feuardent, the author of the next one Work about Alexandrians, which was discussed in our magazine has been published with commendable liberality of these interesting pieces and the originals are included sends.
1. Pescennius Niger.
Hf, •••n€CK NirPOC IOYCTOCC6B Head of the Emperor
with laurel wreath to the right. Bf, year not recognizable. Ship with full sails driving left. Indistinct signs (waves) below.
^, 6th plate VI, 1. Alexandrians of Pescennius Niger are as good as complete not known, although one cf. Zoega, num. Aeg. 247 note I] An Alexandrian influence can be expected from him. Delivered see of Sestini's extremely dubious publications he himself later rejected it ;s. my details of Alexandr. Kaisenn. 43 f.}, is only one that appears to be very inadequate. hold and perhaps by analogy with the above clear and undoubted coin not read correctly by Keichardt in Numerical chron. Made public in 1861.
250 A.V. Sallet,
Hf, •••NirPOC AI-- Head with ray crown to the right. i?/'. L B Naked figure with cornucopia. EVER. 6.
Here Niger would be called Alxato^, not as on the previous lying, lOYCTOC. Both forms of the Latin name Justus come from outlaws in Greek cities Emperor's coins. Unfortunately the year is ours Coin not visible, otherwise preserved, notably the quite good and characteristic head, is almost perfect. The type of the back, similar to Commodus' Potin- Coins appearing are undoubtedly the imperial ship dar (ZEBAZTO<|)OPOZ it is called Nero in Alexandrians, Zoega p. 27 No. 64. — The coin is not a copper one Potin coin. Copper coins of the same size are also available elsewhere at that time before, e.g. B. in Septimius Severus.
2. Gordiaii III, as prince.
Ugh. MAN rOPAIANOC OC C€B Portrait of the Prince without wreath to the right.
Rf, L A Eagle leftRhin, looking back, one in its beak wreath. Pot. f., plate VI, 2.
The legend on the front is enigmatic. The coin otherwise completely similar to those known under Balbinus and Pupienus embossed pieces by Gordianus Caesar, but here instead of the Caesar title clearly OC C€B. Mr. Feuardent assumes the title O Q^vyyEvr^^ CGBofTTwi/. But off- see that there is a similar title of the young Gordian. As far as I know, it cannot be proven, but that would be too much laconic and incomprehensible abbreviation of the new and incomprehensible ordinary title o avyyevTjQ Seßaotwv in OC C€B very on- falling. There is also no thought of any O€o{j C^Baatov {vl6g). to think the letters are clear and undoubtedly OCC€B. I hardly believe that further Gonjicireu will lead to a satisfactory
Alexandrians of Pescennius Niger and Gordian III. a. b. w. 251
sufficient result fUhii; and almost want to - one last thing, of course Means! — assume that we have one here among Alexandrians However, it is an extremely rare case of an error in the stamp have to accept schneiders; which belongs to the hand of the monetar common ending OC C€B, like BAABINOC C€B, nOYniH- NOC C€B etc., is erroneously used instead of the title of Caesar the end of the transcription is set. But the error may happen later perhaps soon recognized and the stamp destroyed, which would explain why we only have this so far an example of the extremely strange coin nen, while other Potin coins of Gordianus Caesar are quite have come to us in larger numbers.
Finally, I want to note that with the Gordians There is definitely no overcoating in the coin.
A.V. Sallet.
Aurelian's co-regent on Roman billondenars.
(Plate VI, 3-9.)
'Among the Roman Billondenars we find Aurelian a whole wedge of seemingly meaningless and uninteresting Reverse depictions, which have always been considered completely indifferent kept, never looked at closely and always described incorrectly. practice, we have a very strange experience for the people of that time. relatively important, unique testimony of its kind of a well-known historical event which seriously shakes the power of the Roman emperor and without the speed and energy of Aurelian would have come to an end.
Well known and certainly in most collections are the following backs of Aurelian's Billondenaren, which For the sake of convenience, I'm following Cohen's description here give:
Coh. 98. FIDES MILITVM. Standing soldier right- to line up the globe with Victoria and Aurelian who is depicted in war dress, holding a scepter at an angle^ is provided. Coh. 152. PIETAS AVG. Aurelian standing to the right, holding a scepter and above a burning altar sacrificial; Opposite him a standing soldier, a Holding bowl, with Parazouium * .
1) Should Coh. 153 not be the same MQnze?
A. V. Sallet, Aarelians Mitreg«nt on Roman BiUondeniren. 25p
Coh. 210. VIRTVS AVG. Anrelian standing to the right War dress, holding a lance and the globe, him opposite a standing soldier holding a small Vic- toria and holding a spear at an angle.
Coh. 204. 205. 212. VIRT MILIT or MILITVM or VIRTVS MILITVM. Same representation.
The description of a fifth back of Aure- I want lian's GU)ldmtnzen and Billondenaren, as perhaps... if it belongs here - as will be shown later - the same include here:
Coh. 8. A/, CONCORDIA MILI. Two standing gon cordien, with field symbols.
Coh. 66 — 70. PB. CONCORDIA MILI and MILIT. Two standing Concordia etc.
As for the description of the first coins listed, So here we immediately find something striking: always with that “Soldiers” depicted together by the Emperor, who all too often appear in... Coin descriptions appear, but upon closer inspection, tung usually as a completely different, very specific person, like Roma, Virtus etc., turns out. In order to get to the correct explanation of the To get to the types described, you have to, as always, the same, namely the caps of those emperors who were short ruled before and shortly after Aurelian. A consideration of the material carefully collected by Cohen, from Philip I. now has the following result. The representations'
1. Standing warrior, a globe with Victoriola one others with a spear held at an angle is sufficient (FIDES MILITVMK
2. Sacrificing warriors, one with eagle scepter, the other with Parazonium on the side (PIETAS AVG for Aure- Uan, PIETAS AVG6 in others).
Ztitackrifl f. NnnUm. II. 18
254 A.V. Sallet,
3. Standing eagles, one with a lance and globe others with Victoriola and spear held at an angle (V I R- TVS AVG for AureUan, VIRTVS AVGG for others), can be found exactly the same or with small differences since Valerian and Gallieuus, up to Galerius, with several emperors, sometimes with other inscriptions than those given. The The costume of the head of the two figures is not so small always quite sure, but it always seems to be the laurel wreath be. — In the following list the metal is only mentioned notices if they are not Billondenars.
1. The two standing warriors, one carrying the globe Victoriola towards the other, who holds the spear at an angle sufficient, we find in Aurelian (FIDES MILITVM Coh. 98;, similar to Numerian (VIRTVS AVGG and AVGGG Coh. 75-82), in Diocletian (without Victo- riola, FIDES MILITVM Coh. 157), similar to maxi mian (CONCORDIA AVGG, Banduri AI., Coh. 10), et^vas different at Constantius Chlor us (CON- CORDIA AVGG ET CAESS, the big Berliner gold medals; .
2. The two warriors sacrificing over an altar, one with an eagle scepter, the other with a parazonium at Valerian (PIETAS AVGG Coh. 95, our plate. VI, 3), in Gallienus (also, Coh. 419, our plate. VI, 4), by Aurelian (PIETAS AVG Coh. 152, ours Plate VI, 5), similar to Tetricus with his son (PM TRP etc. Coh. 10), similar to Numerian (VOTA PVBLICA Coh. 86), at Carinus (VOTA PVBLICA Coh. 139 - 148), in Diocletian (VOTIS X, d'En- nery^, in Maximian (VOTIS X Coh. 450).
3. Two standing warriors, one with a lance and a globe, the other with Victoriola and spear held at an angle, We find it at Valerian (VIRTVS AVGG Coh. 168,
Anrelian's co-regent of the Roman Billondenars. 255
our plate VI, 6), in Gallienns (like Valerian, Coh. 687, 688, our plate VI, 7), in Aurelian (VIRTV8 AVG Coh. 210, and VIRTVS MILITVM Coh. 212, Our plates VI, 8 and 9).
So these and similar types do not appear in Aurelian still in the following emperors: Valerian, Gaul, Tetricus with his son, Numerian, Carinus, Diocletian, Maximian, Con- stantius Chlorus. That means only if - how The characters are also named correctly in most of the descriptions - there are two regents (or more) delt, either both Augusti or Augustus and Caesar ^) . The »The figure called Soldier on Aurelian's coins is therefore evident a certain one, the co-emperor or co-regent of the other Coins of Valerian, Gaul, etc. in all the details of the clothing the person corresponding to the description and attributes, as shown in the formations will prove (Plate VI, 3 - 9).
So we are most likely dealing with one of these Equal to Aurelian, or at least in the same proportion of a co-regent who stood with Caesar. aure But lian has neither a co-regent nor a Caesar Had Rome. — But it's not difficult to decide who person depicted. It's certainly not Tetricus; firstly was He was probably never recognized on these official monuments, though also suffered at first out of necessity; also would if Tetricus would have been an official co-emperor, the inscription on the specific Aurelian's musical dances are not always AVGusti, but rather AVGG, Augustorum. You should do this too after the use of that time expect when the co-regent only Caesar would have been; in the plural will be used in later Kai- At the time, Augustus and Caesar were usually called AVGG, Augusti.
1) Probui, Coh. 417, would be an assumption; But it's not Mars there, like on other coins, e.g. Anrelian with FIDES MILITVM?
18*
256 A.T. Sallet,
So 68 is a fellow who is almost the same as Anrelian. legend, who was neither AngnstoB nor Caesar, and that is Vaballath, the nominal ruler of the Orianti, whose real mistress of his mothers, the Empress and Queen Zenobia, and who in his Syria had those well-known Syrian Billon had denarii minted with his and Aurelian's heads. Zn Va- ballath, the Vir Consnlaris (Rex?) IMperator Dnx Romanomm^ The ^Yrtaxtiiog AYT oxQatWQ CvQotrjydg PW fiaiwv also fit very good the martial types and inscriptions FIDES mi- LITVM, VIRTVS AVG, VIRTVS MILITVM.
Whether the mentioned types of two goncordia, with the Inscription CONCORDIA MILITum, referring to two rulers are related, still remains doubtful; with Maximian and Con- stantius Chlorus come with the name CONCORDIA AVGG also presents two Concordia, with these apparently in Relationship between two regents.
In any case, the relationship between the other coins is the same Aurelian on Vaballath pretty safe, and these coins are strange in that we see from them how large con- cessions even in the European-Roman Empire ^) Aurelian the dangerous Empress-Queen of the Orient had to do before Unfortunately for them, they become completely independent searched.
When it comes to the coins discussed, you would like to remember the free Certainly false news from Trebellius (Gallienus, Cap. 12] remember: (Gallienus) Odenatum participato imperio Augustnm vocavit ejusque monetam qua Persas captos traheret cudi j'ussit.
Should be my view on the coins discussed here confirm, they should also apply to the chronological one
1) In the section of the coins in question are - after the specimens the Berlin collection (where the described R/, FIDES MILITVM is missing) •— only offline names, S, T.
AareliAOB lütregent on Roman fiiUondeiuren. 257
Determination of Anrelian's coins follows a resnltat; that fifth Egyptian desire year of Yaballath, equal to that second of the Anrelian, is the last of the former. Into this The year marks the open indignation of Yaballath and his Matter Zenobia. The many Romans will surely celebrate their defeat. schen Billondenare Aurelian with the inscription RESTITVTOR ORIENTIS.
A.V. Sallei
The alleged testimonies of Wendisclien insert in
Denmark(.
In the first volume of the magazine ftlr Nnmismatik, Mr P. Brock a treatise: “Very important zengnisses of valuable "We have had a number of attacks in Denmark," which had already occurred earlier, if also in a somewhat more learned and long-term form, ans BÄarboger for N.O.« was known here. Both because of this older acquaintance as well as the Grande that I was with the finds mentioned in the treatise and other accompanying As I am familiar with the current circumstances, I would like to mention the following Remarks.
Mr. Brock says on page 338:
- “But if you think about everything carefully, be strange if one does not choose from the numerous and rich containing coin finds from the Middle Ages, at least in certain periods marked by particularly strange events, individual groups could be singled out, in relation to which one might be entitled to do so, the reason for their burial to look for it in a definite historical fact.”
The Verfiusser refers to such strange events the years 1043 and 1259, and he wants that the well-known ideas of the Wends in these years Burying several simultaneous finds have caused this. Man This would become a new tool, a new numismatic tool Theory for determining the time of burying a find
S. Bergsöe, The mentioned. Testified ▼. Wendi's invasion of Denmark. SM
have to guard, according to which the older theory - determination by Weight, soldering, types, transcription, missing pieces etc. — would have to be addressed in the best possible way.
“Nunismatic Ghronide” has long had what Dr. Broek also mentioned in his Danish treatise, before the like warned about numismatic fantasies and believes that the numismatic liiatiker must deal with the purely numismatic yield. suffice. Mr. Brock, however, must make such an agreement mung and such a relationship among his finds the turning periods have discovered that in this case There would be no reason to ignore the well-intentioned warning of Num. Chronicle to be taken into account.
The Farve find in Holstein, the Louns find in the north JüÜand and the Nylarskerfnnd on Bomholm should then be taken by the terrible events that occurred during the battle at Lyrskovshede in 1043.
We know of northern coin factories, between 950 and 1050 buried, about 200 different ones, which over the course of known to the numismatic world over the last 100 years." which are. But if a sum of money is buried, that is it Possibility to find them even if there is no numismatics would exist. Furthermore, the oldest finds are the rarest occur. Of finds buried between 950 and 1050, may one therefore, since the last century^) of which 200 were given to us has, certainly reckoned on 1600 as a whole; that gives through- an average of 16 per year. If you consider the countless wars,
1) It can be seen that many finds had to be expanded upon in earlier centuries one from the speech of the Swede Johan Skytti to King Jacob I of England in 1617. »Non jam commemorabo , qaantos divitiarum Acervos et qfuum ingentes pecuniarum thesauros Britannici homines in regnum Sveciae et Oothlae ante aliquot centenorum annorum spatia et curricula importarint, quod qüldem praeter Historicam fldem evidentius ex eo comprobatur, quod ab hominibtu no$irU fuTkdoi et agroi exeolentibu$ immensi nummorum Brittan: cumuli superioribus annis in terra reconditi, jam in publicum hominum conspectum producantur. (Hildebrand, monnaies anglotaxonnes. Pag. XXIX.)
360 p. Bergiöe,
Feuds, feuds and unrest, among all the others, less so interesting bourgeois and criminal stories of a crime If you combine this with this, you will see that it is for fantasy tasia is an infinite material, and that you can never finish it that would, even very probable reasons for the to set up a trench. It really seems better to me, his Powers of a detailed examination of these rich treasures of the 1 0th and 1 1 . century. How much is there left? to do I How many numismatic clarifications, how many certain ones and precise determinations can only be obtained through them I And If you want even more, you want to know what digging in hides. have occasion, then the small differences indicate Find a constant lying down, so that it seems precisely against Mr. Brock's theory that the acting- the and probably often robbing Vikings - regardless of whether in time of peace or war - the custom was to have one To deposit part of their money in the ground because they are nobody in the country that they wanted to confide in. The Swedish antiquarian, Dr. Hildebrand, has known- lich in his interesting work on the Anglo-Saxon Coins show that most of the finds were on the large Trade routes are made, and if you take those masses of finds on Bomholm and the southeast On the side of Gülland, things get difficult for the story be, there were so many warlike events in those places. ways that would be necessary to achieve Brock's theory. hold on to rien.
What concerns Mr. Brooks' turning idea in 1259 will happen be sufficient to shed more light on his coin cycle. He consists of the following finds:
1} Herlufsholm find
2y Oesterhäsingefond
3) The Vindfimd
The alleged evidence of military incursions in Dinenuffk. Ms
4) Find, »deMen man see lu erinaeni sokeiiitc
5) Lilleborg discovery
6) Vrendernpfand
Finds 1 and 2, which are real, well-known finds, let's skip it for now.
The Vindfund, a find that was left behind in the Mttnssammlung made by the late Eamm^rherm Yind and consists of 192 coins heavily covered with earth (although they were in a small package for themselves). To be part of the Oesterhäsing find. Don't vote alone The coins from the Vind Fund vffit those from the Oesterhäsing Fund exactly match, but even the ratio between the different coin groups is the same in both finds, a Circumstance that is so rare that it almost proves that the two finds must be one and the same. In everyone In this case, it is not acceptable to take this find with you into the cycle, before it is proven that it is such a thing; you could otherwise divide a larger find into many smaller ones and out of it do a Mttnz cycle.
The find of which it is said “especially since it seems that one remembers a very similar find in ancient times among the estates of a deceased person among similar ones Circumstances (packages?) to have found" - etc. is how you can see, useless; it is probably a sample of the same Oesterhäsing find.
As for the Lilleborg find, I will just remark know that in outer Buinen you can often find coins from different which takes place in the Middle Ages. The time determination dnieh Coins from Erich, Abel, Ghristopher and one of the Waldemars (the Waldemars ruled 1157-1375) is so vague, dam this find, as well as the Vrendernpfand, which is in the German Texts are omitted, not only because of their large size
262
S. Bergsöe,
status from the theater of war, as nnbraaehbar at the Mttnz- cyclns must be removed mass. So there remain
the discovery of Herlnfsholm
1 piece by Waldemar dem Greats (1157—1182) 101 pieces by Waldemar IL 1202-41 10 pieces from Abel 40 pieces from Christofer I. 40 pieces by Jacob Erlandsen? 3 pieces with Rex 7 pieces without inscriptions.
the Fnnd Ton Oesterh&singe
8 pieces by Waldemar 11.
1202-41 14 pieces from Abel 4780 pieces from Christofer I. 282 pieces from Bishop Peter Bang
n.s.w.
One can easily see from the relationship in which the number of Waidemars U. coins to the total number of Coins in every find states that these finds are not the same can be timely, and that the discovery of Herlnfsholm ans Seeland is somewhat older than the Oesterhäsing find Funen is. The author himself seems to do so in his Danish To admit texts, but tried to do so regardless. Reasons to mention their simultaneity, but to address them would be too extensive here. These two finds at different which provinces and different times form so in the That the mentioned cycle of simultaneous and related finds. You can see that the ground beneath you is disappearing, so... ultimately there is no reason for Brock's theories to give faith.
I can also say that there is no numismatist here has confidence in Brock's hypotheses.
We assume that the Mttnz finds are very ntttElent are to shed light on historical events; us but don't want to mix historical events with private ones Burials are a nuisance, which is what Appianus may have said.
The alleged evidence of Wendish influences in Denmark. 263
The sensible nomismatist does not suffer any harm from this Publication of such theories, and in this respect they could lines appear redundant; Nevertheless, I asked her to go to the magazine ao&o because fitl theories with an inter- an essential glimmer easily alerts the young non-mismatic lead people to wrong paths; nnd the historian who doesn't Numismatists rely on this, and rightly so if they do has never been contradicted. In doing so, he does something for numismatics Honor goes to those who deal with it more the obligation to be on your guard and back- to sightlessly reject everything that is wavering and doubtful.
Andigaard-Randers.
S. Bergsöe.
The coins with the inscription idn«
• •
The investigation into the much-discussed Eapfermtlnaen with the inscription I DN^ • • (see last about them Friedlaender, the osk. Coins p. 38, Mommsen, the onterital. Dialects p. 6. 9. 313] is at a different stage thanks to a find in Pompeii kicked. There are Tliore in front of the Hercidan Summer 1873 graves made of Samo stones aii%edeekt, in which, in addition to the skeletons, also contain numerous clay vases, both painted and pressed, including two copies of those Mttnze have come to light, unfortunately they too without the two of them clearly visible after the 9th letter. No other coins were found in these brick tombs. found; So the place of discovery is Pompeii for their determination great importance, especially since other safe locations Notes about other examples of these coins do not exist. Whether by those assigned to the middle of the third century Knowledgeable people like vases to determine the time of the coins decide. Reported in the Bulletino of the Roman Institute 1874 pp. 156-159 about the location, number and location stalt of the graves A. Mau, about those found in the graves Subjects of the speakers ibid. pp. 159 - 167. Dass Millingen and Mommsen this coin correctly with Uria-Hyrina and Nola brought together is therefore the highest probability raised; However, the interesting one remains to be solved for the time being Ask what stanmies there are between the Greeks and the Bömers was the middle group, which in the third year minted a hundred such coins, even after Gorssen's most recent Compilations about Etruscan language monuments in Gam- panic. Dr. F.v. Duhn.
Coins from Olympia.
After the earlier attempt to create a series of Greek stories about women, xen with the ITamea of Olympia and with the gift to connect the layer of the national shrine, has been stated ^), .I think now five coins in total- to hear passages that have an undoubted relationship to that Temples at Älpheios and the strange DenkiDälem Peloponnesian influence is counted za will earn.
First an Elian silver coin, of which I only have one wax coin abdnick in my hands, which came to me in Athens from the other side was communicated. He shows Rome the one flying to the left Eagle with the snake in its beak and a fish symbol in it
fields; at the kevers in a recessed square one to the right striding, lightning-strolling Zens with one of his wings raised roaring eagle on the outstretched left. At the same time the Transcript OAYMP IKON, whose letters are used to express the
1) PlBdw DDil FriedlMDdei, B«ftrt(« i ZeliHbtM n, 8. 138.
r UMnii Mflaiknade 8. i
266 Enist Cnttiiu,
Room are distributed so that four on the right, four on the on the left side of the Zensfignr. The fifth and the sixth are written in such a way that you have to turn the coin back, om see the letters in their correct positions.
Secondly, an Elian didrachm of outstanding beauty name, a gem of the British Moseam, which I learned about through the Courteous kindness of Mr. Stuart Foole an electric guy sit after which the woodcut was made. The Honze shows the laurel-crowned head of Zen, which corresponds to that of J. Fried- countries in the academic reports of the Academy 1874, July, No. 2
corresponds exactly to the one shown, with the slightly rubbed part font FAAEION. On the other side, one looking towards B Fringe head with earring and a headband attached to the temple is covered by a projecting curl; about At the nape of the neck the hair is aofgebnndeo in a rolling knot. In front of the head is the clear inscription OAYMPIA i).
Thirdly, one that was lost by Count Prokesch-Osten in Germany. Inngen of the Vienna Academy d. Knowledge oh. 1854, plate m, 84 issued gold coin, which was given to him from Gastnoi in 1848 has come to other eliscben muozen. She has on the pre- on the side the wreathed head of Zen towards L., on the sweep side P tZ A with three flashes arranged in a triangle
1) Tetmnthllch iit dlete HaoM fdentiicli with the bat Hlonnet, E.g. IT, p. 176 described, vo die Beielchnang der Sunmlnng nnkUr did. You 4l^e- formed Eiampln belongs in the B Coins clay Olympics. S07 halves. He assigned them to Pisa in agreement with Borrell Olympics too. Weight 2972 Par. Size Bompois (M^dailles grecques autonomous frapp^es dans la Cyr^naique 1869) has disputed this allocation, but the same The place name at which offense was taken is written on an unambiguous Feliciously Elisee Mttnze again, which L. Mttller in his Supplement to the Numismatique de Tancienne Afrique p. 24 different has made public. Finally there is a corresponding gold coin in the Eabinet of Mr. Count Behr-Negendank, from which I just received an imprint from his God. It shows German lich the name Pisa and only differs from that Yoran standing mttnze that the head of Zeus is turned towards B
The five coins are for now i^ue evidence of the future in connection with the coinage of money with the Greek saints thttmem and secondly very strange monuments elian State history. I try from both points of view to discuss them in more detail.
Since then my essay on the religious character of the Greek coins are printed <], the number of fact- things that point to the origins of the Greeks have increased considerably. have the Chinese church closed during temple services; a conclusion, to which the hieratic character of the coin field alone justified, as was the hieratic style of the coin relief, which
1) Berl monthly report. Academy Jnni 1869 and NamUm. Chronicle 1870 p. 91.
268 £™*^ Curtiiis,
the style of the work on temple equipment speaks. Then there are the religious symbols, whatever more numerous can be discovered on the coins ^) , the eponymy spiritual offices n. A.
If, as a rule, the civil communities use the temple places have taken away the right to coin money, individual shrines are Thümer still left in possession of it, and not only those that have remained centers of autonomous states, such as B. Delphi, but also other sanctuaries have one although limited emission of money can be claimed you knew, for example, the Branchid sanctuary near Miletus^) and Elen- sis, the only district in Attica that had its own coins. We can see analogous conditions at the Zen shrine Assuming Kasios, the place where Cassiopeian coins were minted, which survived until the times of Caracalla (according to P. Lambros at Postolaka “Coins of Kerkyra etc.” p. 51). Finally we also know Orthia in the hollow Elis as a holy place and festival location without civil autonomy but with coin-operated ity 3).
Regarding the Mtnz legends relating to shrines, believe me I also have the inscription of the Messenian ore coins 1OfiM to be able to count: because it seems impossible to me to do this ^Idwinaioi MeaarpfLoi to interpret, so that the Pelopon- Nesian Messenians from those living at the fretum Siculum should be differentiated; rather stays, likes close Analogy by Ilvx^tay ^Elevd-iQia et al. ^Idto^ala add or, as is more likely, ^Idto^iXTag (sc. Zeus) *), always the Relation to Ithome as the holy seat of the national god,
1) Imboof-Blumer, ZarMilnzkundeundPaliographieBöotiens, Vienna 1873, p.78.
2) According to the documentary evidence of the coin inscription: 17 iy /fMfitfp iiQfi sc. SQuxfAri (Monthly Report 1869 p. 470).
3) Peloponnesus II p. 102.
4) 0. Jahn, Nnove Memorie p. 17. Friedlaender and v. SaUet, K. MQns- cabinet 1873 n. 106.
Coins from Olympia. 269
the Bei^höhe, which had the same meaning for Messenia like the Lycaion for Arcadia.
Two other Mttnz legends in which one expresses the could recognize a formal reference to an old shrine too unsafe to be used for our purpose; I mean the IZMHN on Boeotian coins^), in which one, if the reading put forward by Eckhel first but doubtfully should be confirmed by other copies, an allusion on the Ismenian hill opposite Eadmeia would recognize his apoUo shrine, and secondly the even worse authenticated name of the Messenian festival site near Andania, Kamasion, which K. Rochette on a coin with Zeus throwing lightning ^) .
But what is strange is the whole relationship between Temples and monetary systems that we know based on the instructive Stone document that we have about that Messenian sanctuary have ^) , among the officials of the same can prove one people whose special activity is focused on the mint industry. stretched. The name of the same only appears in one place Inscription before where after that made by Conze and Michaelis Paper impression, as Sauppe tells me, APPYPO KOnOZ in reading is. One could therefore be led to conclude that this is a There is evidence of a documented attested äqyvqononBiov in Kamasion, see below want. Meanwhile, one becomes according to the unmistakable There is no gap between the sixth and seventh letters can avoid reading with the editor aQyvQoaxoTtog. But I know the meaning of this, which only occurs here official name in such a way that the bearer of the same is considered one of the Sanctuary employed coin connoisseurs and coin viewers functioned,
1) Imhoof Blamer a. a. 0. p. 34.
2) R. Rochette M^m. de Nam. p. ITS.
3) Saappe, Mystery paper from Andania, Abh. the God. Getelltch. the Science 1860 8. 23.'^.
Z«itMkrift f. NnrnUa. U.19
270 Ernst Curtias,
about the types of money that had full currency, from which they did not completely valid or worthless. He should dam them. who collected the outstanding monies and charges, to the ropes stand [To7g iyXoyBvovroiq Tct diatpoga XeivovQyeUw 6 d^yv- Qoononoq) .
The fact that the priests did not accept any coin is evidence Among others, Gebranoh, known at the Hermes Oracle in Pharai, according to which those who receive a message there had, a certain native mttnze a T^yS/iMfia i/ccx^Qiovn had to lay down on the altar before they emerged. distant 1) .
So the Jews also paid the bounty to the temple Temple coin and the biblical story of the interest penny is based on the fact that what comes from the deity in prayer had to be judged, was only payable in holy coin.
The treasure from which the temple coin was minted, apart from the regular Temi)ele income, enlarged through special donations. In such a way the inscription dvid^xcy refers to and which relevant What it had to do with anesthesia is evidenced by the inscriptions knew the cash register of the Geßaai:oq)OQi/.ay from which the expenses for the victim, but especially the ötavofi^ elg %ovg iq>^ßavg were disputed 2).
Nowhere is the relationship to a central saint thum as clearly as with Elis. Because not a Greek state has all political yorparts, which the board (nr^o- OTaaia) of a national temple site, with such wisdom Gonsequence exploited; All of Elis was that by foolish conspiracy lazily sanctified temple land of an originally outside his Borders of a sanctuary and that's why the guys are there all of his coins are at home in Olympia.
1) Break. VII, 22.
2) Neubauer. CoDimentationes Epigraphicae p. 50.
Coins from Oljmpia. 271
Zeus appears on them in two ways. to- only as a nature god who descended into storms and thunderstorms xawa&ßanig and lUQavviog. As such he never described the blazing lightning strikes the holy marks of the land; through a In a flash he had shown the place in the Altis where his temperature pel was built. As an äQyixeQavvog he had one there ancient earth oracle ^) . The symbols are meant for this nature god Zeus. Bole of lightning and the eagle, which with its excellent stretched wings to cover the rain dispenser [Zevs aq>iaiog) seems to draw^] and with other animals (snake, hare) connected, which he fights or carries away as booty happy landmarks (öioarjitilai), which symbolize Zeus' death lichen sends, suggests. Zeus is also a lightning wielder the victorious fighter of the giants and this representation forms the transition from the natural side of God to the ago- nistic. Zeus stands as a role model for all victors Reverse of Elian didrachms and numerous copper coins. This motif is further carried out in the lapel types, where the Nike emanating from Zeus rushing to the left with his arms outstretched Hand brings the wreath or sitting on a two-tier base holding the palm branch. As the board of the Olympic Agone is Zeus also became the peaceful national god of Hellas and so we see his crowned head with the dignity which Attic art in its highest perfection in his face was able to give, depicted on the Elche coins.
While with Zeus the development of the local cult through the agonistic motives to the political meaning interpretation of a national deity can be clearly followed, that is The second theme of the Elian coins, Heracultus, is always one remained part of the landscape. But here is the original jump in Olympia can be demonstrated even more clearly. your saint-
i) Peloponnesus II, 110.
2) Finder and Friedlaender, contributions to older coinage p. B7.
19*
272 Ern« C-rrrii.
tham was donated in the grove of Zeas tüü the Skillimtiem - This Caltus would be at a time when the land- "Pi."ati" has an excellent meaning in the Peloponnesian see west coast, adopted by the Eleem: the Heraion would be a common festival place for the two Xaehbarlanders, like the sanctuary of Artemis Limnatis between Messenia and Laconia: it would become an amphictronic sanctuary. whose Goddess would become the national deity for both landscapes, so that The Peplos was woven together for their temple image: yes as Pisa has long since been destroyed and an independent Pisatis has long since been created- was visually sore. This ancient symbol of religious association remained sister. nnd after vrie vor united annually on the There are two Jnng-franen each in each of the Eleian and four Pisaian towns to enjoy working and playing together in Olympia. Damm also has the nickname %>ilr/irria on the coins nnd is. according to the historical circumstances, f The coins of Elis are the natural complement to the early ones Zenscnlt regarding representations. Hera appears on the dam on the main page with Zeuss}nnbolen on the tick page bound. Exceptionally, both rear sides of the head are as follows the gem number 2. that of a particularly festive Crelegen* name may owe its origin.