Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 1 — 1874

1) The coin at de Sanlcy right. nam. Jad. t. XIII, 6 is just another one been misread that the changed position of the letterea disregard Hess. The examination of the corresponding Pariaer paste ia The Berlin Mint Cabinet convinced me that Garmcci (diss. arch. ToLDp-SS Note 1) The inscription suggested this correctly on the whole The copy does not differ from the Mflaxeo shown above on p. 229 below b at de Vogflö Rev. named 1860 t. XIII, 3 n. 4 and in the Berlin Mint Cabinet The abduction at de Sanlcy is after the paste and under comparison The better-preserved specimens mentioned can easily be arranged in the following way:

^^/ o^p

m and to add: p v ex

Jewish rebellion coins from the times of Nero and Hadrian. 231

«

had happily deciphered the inscription on the main page, was for the Clarification of these coins gained solid ground, and you can now based on the same claim that a "priest Eleazar^ j,tm the first years of Israel's liberation^, as has long been certain- The deciphered inscription on the reverse states that coins were minted in Judaea. What time we have to understand by this liberation, has already been shown.

B. Simon, Prince of Israel.

2. h(X1l£r> \XiW2) \\V13W y,Simon, Prince of IsraelVs''. palm branch within a laurel wreath.

Ä/. hvrW^ {rh^ifl nnx T\2W ^.First year of operation freedom of Israel^. Five-string lyre of wide shape.

i9S. 6. In the royal coin cabinet in Munich; cf Madden Jew. coin. p. 178, 1; de Saulcy right. num. Jew. p. 160 tons. XI, 2; de Vo- güe Rev. num. 1860 p. 288, 4; Bayer de num. hebraeorum p. 26.

3. (ivrm^) X^K^a pyOKr. Palm branch inside a laurel wreath.

Bf h^yO"^ {Th 3W) "(Year II of Freedom) IsraeVs^ Lyra of the same form. M, 4%.

Formerly in the Wigan Cabinet*), Madden Jew. coin. p. 178, 2. The addition of the inscription on the reverse of this coin, which I am suggesting here requires justification. The after the Figure clearly visible word INIt!^"^ takes up so much space one that with a symmetrical distribution of the letters only four or five letters to complete the inscription can expect. I believe that these are only those mentioned above I from the analogy of the other Simon coins of the second group to be allowed to conclude, although the same are mentioned in the inscriptions on the main

1) According to a friendly communication from Mr Feoardent The coin is now in the possession of Count Gaben in Paris.

16*

since« differ from the coin described here in that, dam they bear the name^“Stmof»" without the title "Prince IgraeC»". If this explanation is correct, we have proof reason more for the treatment, that the one with the data rülS SxiIf^hxaSlnnN provided coins of the first group and the coins marked with the datam htOB" IH*? DST second group of an era. Because if it's true- It is apparent that the prince of Israel, whom the coin no. 2 is identical with Simon ben Gamaliel, the contemporary Eleazar's ben Ananias, there is no base, the coin no. 3 tivra another Simon, who bore the title Naat, znzotbeilea Both coins are, although in some important points different, of decidedly the same kind. It would be pure arbitrariness They only want to share them with different people because the type of annual name and the expressions for naming the era differirea from each other.

G. The same without the title: “Fortt laraePe”.

i^.

120 4. "-otmon" within a laurel wreath, the obeo

I(w)

is decorated with a gemstone and below by Bfinder is kept together. The whole thing is decorated with a pearl circle enclosed.

^ htnvr tH ^■Sf “Year II of the FteOmt Itragi' Two-handled vase. M.SV^

In the royal coin cabinet in Berlin, also in the Suun-

Jewish Aa&tandBmünsen from the times of Nero and Hadrian. 233

long of the Würtemberg Begienmgsrat Caspar von Pfau, see its catalog numiamatum cmtiquorum. Stuttgart 1745 p. 582 and the illustration on the V. of the catalog included in this catalog servile Tafehi^); then Eberh. Hanber y, messages from the Jewish commonly called Aamaritan coins '^ {Kopen^ Hagen and Leipzig 1778) p. 16 no. 23 and plate no. 23.

This coin corresponds exactly to the large ones in shape and type Caper harvests of the first year; which on the front with the inscription hxilP^ K^IPJ pyD» r» Simon, Füret IsraiCs,'' ver- can be seen (de Saulcy rech. num. Jud. p. 165 t. Xin, 8; Bayer de number Heb.-Sam. p. X and title vignette)*).

5. d. h. [j'llyOlE^ ^Simon^ within a chain-shaped

winding wreath. The whole thing in a pearl circle. ly. Same inscription. Three-string lyre from wider shape. &. 4.

Reichardt Number chron. 1862 p. 277, 24t VI, 1; afterwards repeated on Madden Jew. coin. p. 168; 5.

These and the ones above under No. 2 and 3 described coins with the broadly shaped lyre are the same as those just mentioned great Eupfermünzen of the first year, such as de Saulcy (Bev. num. 1865 p. 23 f.) already noted, in style and types of the Mass of riot coins determined to distinguish and form with the one just under No. 4 described coin of the Berlin Mint cabinetS; which is the previously*) missing counterpart to the the aforementioned copper coins of Prince Simon, an easily separate group.

If you now take into account that up to now this group

>) I owe the above notes about the origin of this coin to Mr Director Dr. JuL Friedlaender.

*) The size of our coin is as shown in the illustration provided here. formation can only be seen by chance from that of the coins listed above different.

s) Levy Jew. Coin. p. 124.

234 ^* Merzbacher

analogous pieces with the inscription DlK^T m'^Hl, which, like was shown above; certainly belongs to the time of Barcochba, not have found ; will be allowed to claim that us Here is a coin group peculiar to the first uprising, which is probably due to a Prägherni; namely Nasi Simon is to be attributed to ben Gamaliel

I probably say to a Prägherm because one despite the great relationship between these coins, the differences can be seen when comparing them according to their inscriptions. give, must not be ignored, j, Simon Nm% larail^ is the inscription on the front of the coins of the “first year^, “Simon*” without any addition on all coins of the “Year IP — except for those under No. 3 coin discussed — . The Lack of the proud title from the first year on the coins of There is something so strange about the second year that one probably If you were offended by it, you could grab the coins with it The name “Simon*” should be awarded to the synhedral president Simon. On the other hand, you have to take into account that the style Relationship of this coin group to a different division than the one proposed here is very unfavorable. I believe therefore, we may assume, Simon ben Gamaliel have the title hx^BP VC02 for reasons unknown to us his later coins were suppressed and not only the coins zen with the vase and the lyre, but also all the coins the name “Simon*^ and the date of j^year II of let freedom leraile*' beat.

D. Coins with the name “Jerusalem*'.

6. ohtSHT “Jerusalem.*' Four-columned temple fa^e, in the middle a locked gate; above in the star section.

R/l inscription as before. A bunch of different ones Branches (Jnyi)^ next to it a cedar fruit (ir\r\^). 3L 7%; 12gr.

Jewish riot movement from the time of Nero and Hadrian. 235

In the collection of Mr. Infante of Seville. Vasquez Qneipo essai sur les systömes m^triques et mon^taires des anciens penples (Paris 1859) Vol. I pp. 551 and 555; Garrucci diss. arch. n p- 34 note 2; cf. de Saulcy right. num. Jew. tXI^3p. 159; de Vogü6 Rev. num. 1860 p. 287 note; Woide at Bayer de num. bebr.-sam. p. Xu, 2.

According to Delgado's judgment, the coin is through to me kind mediation from Professor Dr. Emil Hübner in Berlin was communicated, undoubtedly genuine and, as he believes, imprinted, without the traces of the Mheren stamp being confirmed with any certainty are recognizable. — A similar coin is in my possession of a Mr. Sal. Lurje in Mohilew. I had several years ago Opportunity to see the same in Berlin. She weighs 16.2 grams Authenticity is doubted.

Levy and Madden have — I don't know which one Reason - the coins of this category are ignored and only the corresponding coin of the first year (de Saulcy calc. num. Jew. t XI, 1 p. 158) and one with the same inscription Copper coin of the year II (Reichardt Num. chron. 1862 p. 276, 26) mentioned. But they certainly deserve this disdain not; for they teach us that the authority (perhaps the syn- hedrinm), which in the first year of the first uprising silver Coins minted under the name “Jemsalem*^, also in the following Years next to Simon ben Gamaliel (see his coin in de Saulcy right. num. Jew. p. 168 tons. XIV, 4) continued this influence. So offers a new reason for the argument proposed here Classification of rebellion coins; because it is very noteworthy that we are among the coins, which because of their date second uprising must be assigned - with exception a presumably counterfeit copper coin^) — none so far

M Reichardt Number chron. 1862 p. 216, 19 describes the same as follows: L on either side of a palm tree. ^f^ D^B^n'» nnnb •<'«• freedom Jenaalem'i*. Grape leaf M. 4.

236 ^' Merabacher

have masks struck in the name of Jerusalem. Man So you can probably say that they also have this name The coins released are only used during the first initial stand. were beaten.

Second challenge.

7. read pyOlP »Simon* within a wreath.

Ä/ Dhem"» nnnh “the freedom of Jerusalem'i''. Kng, Top right palm branch. M.4.

De Saulcy Num. chron. 1871 pp. 251, 64.

8. Inscription and type as above.

^f. (she) hltTD rWfh mutilated instead of the chosen one borrowed inscription given above. Three-string Lyn of elongated shape. JEL4.

De Saulcy a. a. 0. No. 65.

On the reverse side of the last-mentioned coin you can see the letters. . . HM€H... on the left side of the Tjfm] These are the best of the legend: (A)HMa^x^^ CHoMrfo; one perhaps earlier Antiochene style. The front sides of the According to de Sanlcy's judgment, both coins are of the same type Stamp.

This fact, as de Saulcy wisely observes, is very well suited to justify the reservations about the hypothesis- Accordingly, only Barcochba coins are attributed can be, if re-coining leads us to its authorship"^) Because according to this system you would get the Mttnze No. 7 the first,

The inscription on the front is, as I remember it, from Hein Reichardt kindly left me prints, “fibeize said, very appreciated, ao that I cannot suppress the suspicion that this is where the Filachoiis lies of a skilled financial engraver. Another Fdliang from Mfinse by Mr. Reichardt, who defended them against Levy's concerns (Num. Chron. 1864 p. 179) wfire very desired

>) Levy Jfld. Coin. p. 121.

Jüdisehe AnfetandamUmMm ans der Zeh Nero's und Hadrbn's. 237

the no. 8 have to assign uprisings to the second. We against it können ohne Bücksicht auf den zufälligen Umstand der Umprä- gong, which in this particular case is not even conclusive^ according to the rule given above claim that both coins belong to the Barcochba period.

Die Gleichheit der Stempel der Vorderseiten dieser Coins just proves again how right it is is, all coins that have the inscription dSiPIT m'^Hl "For freedom Jerusalem" s ^ wear - no matter whether they over- prägt oder nicht überprägt sind, — dem zweiten Aufstande to share,

Munich.

Dr. Eugen Merzbacher.

The Imperial Upper PontMcat

Of all the imperial titles, the most important is the Designation as pontifex maaimas. Emperor and Augustui certainly precede it, but not because these are noble titles, but because they are not titles at all, but rather integral parts of the names are; which was then retained when these designations had lost their value as names and official names had become. But apart from that the primacy of the supreme pontificate over all secular dignities, even before the tribunician power, already under Augustus carried out with such determination that individual fluctuations partly of a different kind'), partly particularly with regard to the position of

>) To the last position, i.e. to the one chronologically assigned to the title coming put the title poniifes maximut some inscriptions of the Aognstn (Orell. 209 by St. Haarice; Orell. 248, correcter in my inscr. Helvet. n.8, of customs; C. I. L. III, 6070, of Epbesus). In the hens with tmp. Cae$ar divi f, Augu$hu imp. XX )( porUif, maxitn, tribun. poiest XXXIIII (Cohen Aug. 271) the chief of staff apparently had to do so because of the superior imp. meant to also have to give first place to the one behind; how then In general, the strange re^el that imperator only becomes the name, imperaior with the number to the titles, that one before the Oberpontificat, that one is to be pursued, has understandably been frequently injured and, above all where imperaior only stands once, there is constant fluctuation As was generally the case under Augustus, the title paniifeg maximu$ claims the first place, a look at Benzen's inscription shows- index p. 58.

The Imperial Pontificate. 239

unusual title pater patriae^) shows nothing more^ than that the public the well-considered intentions of the new monarch not immediately acquired by you. Among the successors The official sequence of titles became more and more common fixed. How decided the Supreme Pontificate was in the same period for so long he remains at all, even the first passage claims^ everyone knows numismatist and every epigraphist'); and the carrion takings of to critically examine the rewards that the coins offer, then- kenswerth such a work would be like'), is not mine Intention. But I would like to point out one fact, those with the preferred position of the Supreme Pontificate in the Imperial time is related and the aach for the namismatics of some importance is. It can be shown that not only Augnstas, but also the later emperors of the first two As a rule, dynasties do not share the supreme pontificate with the rest Governmental powers are not the same, but separate and transferred later. have taken. The determining reasons here, partly for the Date prescribed for priestly elections according to Roman order, partly to discuss the special significance of the supreme pontificate, is unlikely to be of interest to numismatists; but probably

^) So there are 68 coins of Augustus with Caesar Augustus divi /. father patriae )( poniif, maxim. (Cohen Aug. 184, 185), and encountered in inscriptions a similar wavering in this title several times.

*) The clearly arranged lists of the emperor's inscriptions C.I.L.III p. 1108 f. present the rule and the exceptions. The latter almost exclusively concern the title pater patriae, which is abusive, but not rarely takes first place.

") For example, Caligula's coins all follow the rule with taking the small bronzes with the inscription r(emi88a) CG, which all- borrowed the series of offices to give: coe, des. III (or cos. tert, or coe. quart.)^ pon. m., ir, p, III, p. p. Accordingly, one would like to assume that the firlass the hated tax the thanks for the granting of the consulship ftlr 40 and 41 was, all the more so since this emperor was again the citizen's election. shaft znrfickgab. — Show the coins struck by Vespasian in Ephesus also proves to be un-Roman in that they consistently represent the Supreme Pontificate ignore.

240 ^-MommBen.

It seems appropriate to check the coins here. With such; who just mention the names or a single office, However, this can be caused by the non-mention of the Supreme Pontificate the defect cannot be closed; but where the Aem- successes occur, although in the brief form that the limited Baum demanded, but according to constant laws, there is the absence of the noblest dignity if not the sure proof, so dodi a strong presumption that the emperor at the time of pre- I didn't have the same idea. I'll briefly summarize what me in this regard from the writers, the inscriptions and became known through coins

That Augustus only after the year 741 d. St. took place Death of Lepidus on March 6, 742 by the Roman people It is known that the Supreme Pontiff was elected.

Tiberius took over the government immediately after Augustus' death August 19, 14 AD, but the Supreme Pontificate only on March 10, 15*). The coins of this emperor showing an official success are correct agree with this in that those marked tr, pot XVI, So the Supreme Pontificate was not defeated before June 27, 15 name, but in the Begel that of the tr. p, from XVII onwards*).

Oaius, who came to the throne on March 18, 37, calls himself von Beginning of his reign to Chief Pontiff; and it is this to that extent in order than the priestly elections to take place in March and the new emperor, especially since he was already pontiff was'), could immediately be created chief pontifex.

By Emperor Claudius, who came to government at the end of January 41, To my knowledge there is also no document from Asm Lack of the Supreme Pontificate for the first weeks of his reign tion could be concluded; It is therefore very possible that he too only became chief pontifex at the beginning of March

>) G.I.L.I p. 388.

*) The coin with imp makes an exception. VI! tr, poi. XVII (Oohen Tib. n. 5, 6, in a fiash order, while Eokhel 6, 187 gives the correct one). •) Orelli-Henzen 5396.

The borrowed chief pontificate. 241

Nero took control on October 13th. 54. On all of them Coins that share his head and that of Matter show both the end 54 beaten with imp.^ tr. p. as those from the beginning of 55 with imp.y tr. p,y cos^y lack the upper pontificat. On the other hand, Nero's coins alone lead as far as they can an office success ao&own, this title all at the top the series with disappearing ones and certainly not in the beginning exceptions belonging to his government. Apparently those are Coins the only ones in the first six months of his regiment beaten; and you can clearly see here that it is based on one Joint rule of mother and son was created, which was dangerous But the boy very soon emancipated himself.

Galba, recognized as ruler after Nero's death in June 68, died on Jan. 15, 1969, has only some of his coins with tr. p.y another with p. m., tr. p.y sometimes also p. p. means that nothing seems to stand in the way of the assumption, that the latter all belong to the second, the former at least the majority after the first skin of his short reign belong; No more definite results can be achieved here.

We now know about Otho from the newly discovered Arval act that, although he had already joined the government on January 15, 1969 reached, but the committees of the new chief pontiff were not until March 9th were held; a few weeks later, on April 15th. he committed suicide. So the coins that call him pont max. nen, belong to the last month of his reign.

Vitellius was recognized as emperor in Rome on April 19, 69, appointed Supreme Pontiff on July 18^), executed at the end of December So the coins on which it is called p, m., tr. p, are all after, which only ends with tr. p. probably without exception struck on July 18th. Tr. p. alone is common on gold and silver, on the copper almost unheard of'), so that the Senate with the

1) Tacitas bis 2, 91. Sneton Vit 11.

*) I find no exception as Gohen 98: Ä, ViMliut imp. tri. p, )( urbem retiihUam: «. e.

242 '^' Mommsen.

He waited for his right to mint for the new emperor seems until he receives all the imperial dignities, in particular also had the supreme pontificate. This is all the more remarkable because as well as from Nero at the time when he was still the supreme pontificate was missing, there are only gold and silver coins. This will be the case probably be the reason why there is no copper from Otho It's not exactly like there was no time; but if the Senate had waited until March 9th because Otho wasn't there yet. was permanently installed, it will be installed after five days had left Rome, continued to hesitate with the minting, until he knew which winner he would have to obey.

Vespasian, although since December 69 also in the main City recognized, is still mentioned in an official document dated March 7, 70^) just tr, pr., cos. 11, and it is therefore more than probably that he was responsible for taking over the supreme pontificate the Sacerdotalcomitien will have waited for March. This also confirm how, in general, Eckhel*) correctly established emphasizes the coins: all of Vespasian's coins from the year 69 and A portion of those struck in the year 70 are recorded by the official authorities without the Supreme Pontificate The phenomenon is repeated here too. tion that it is likely that it will happen before it is taken over The coins used are all gold or silver).

As far as I know, there is no document from Titus simultaneous assumption of the regiment and the supreme pontificate contradicts. He was already pontiff under his father's reign. mng and (quotes this title in the place that would otherwise be the upper

>) G.I.L.III. p. 849.

') 6, 842. But that he only assumed the Supreme Pontificate upon his arrival in Rome I took over at the end of the summer of 70, is saying too much

*) Among all of Vespasian's copper coins, the row of officials with the In Mfinzen's usual completeness, I only find three (Cohen 289. 847. 470) without the Oberpontificat with the Anfechrift com, II, tr. poL, while analogous Qold and silver flasks from the years 69. 70, even if one how cheaply the Ephesian ones are eliminated, and are present in abundance.

The kuMrliebe Chief Pontiff. 243

pontificat takes; Apparently he asked him to come with him At the same time as his inauguration (January 33, 1979), he died.

The opposite is true with DomiHau. He was Fontifex already as Caesar') and as the first time after his reign starts (September 13, 1981) there are medals from him, but also here again only in gold and silver, which call it nm-pont^ifex)*). Is a certain time after his start, but before it expires of the year he became head poutifex.

I didn't see anything similar with the following emperors. come, and it is in the nature of the matter that such The self-limitations of Absolutism do not have any Danes. Domestic That may be allowed here and finally one too Oberponliiicat pertaining perception, to which very obvious Oefahr to the numismatists from the field don't say anything about it. I'll put that right away It's just a perception and I'm not capable of it Explain perceived zn. Like all other Angusti drives Küeer pins the title Pontifex Maximua aof hundreds of Inscbril^n, including not a few documents of his own law firm; And it would be strange if he was the only one Augnstiis, who was more senior pontiff than emperor, of this title would have abstained. Nonetheless, this is on the money conscientiously the case. Although the ones from the first three re- years 138*), 139*) and (probably*) 140 largely the Oberiwntificat in the usual way; but also Already in these years the series of offices often appears without the

») Orelli 764.

*) Eckfaet e, 876. Cohen d S9-31.

■) HH p

'} Hit poni. «IM., fr. p., eot. II: Cohen 19-29. 394. 395. 398. 643. 649. 734. 743-746. add. 4. 6. 46. 90. Also p. p.: Cohen 30-33.

*) Hit pont. HMu., (r.p., CO*. III: Cohen 746—748.

(

i

244 ^« Mommsen.

Oberpontificat at the top, which until then had only been a rare appointment met ^ and from 141 onwards the same disappears from the Coins almost entirely^). Anter Marcos is also often found the series of offices without the chief pontificate, and by no means just in the years in which this omission was reflected in the consideration Veras could explain. Only with Commodos does it work to some extent the old consistency returns. I can't find any explanation of this striking appearance.

^) I only find the following statements in the Gohenacfaen register, which will probably disappear in good visibility: p. m., ir. p., eo$. IUI (üohen 439 (nnaicher). 666-668; p. m., tr. p. VIIJ, eo9, IUI, p. p. Cohen 736; p. m., ir, p. XX J, eos. III (üohen 669. 670.

Th. Mommsen.

The coins of the East Frisian chiefs.

Some time ago, two of the rare East Frisian Hänpt ling coins ended up in the K. Coin Cabinet, and I thought about it They were careful to tell both the few who had already done so existing pieces have little significance as literary aids. teaching^). So I turned to Anrieh and received it There are many grateful conclusions there, as well as impressions of the ones the Emden Society for Patriotic Antiquities Only a few coins were preserved, and what was found to be most valuable pointed out, a handwritten essay by J. D. Wiarda, the Ge- Shift clerk of East Frisia about the coins of this part of the country. This essay contains the material, of course, incompletely and un- ordered, and the descriptions are not enough, as well little of the illustrations that accompany it. Mr. Dr. Grote has I used to have these papers in my hands for a long time, and it's closed regret that he did not publish his work on this series of coins blicized; some lithographic tablets that he had engraved, I have seen them and they are vain, but even they do not seem to be published.

From Emden I was directed to Leyden and got through the tried and tested support of Mr. Th. M. Boest

^) An approach from Goldeway in the weekly East Frisian nights judge 1748 no. 26 et seq. gives no descriptions. The names of the Qeld BtQcke are named after him: Flindrioh, Schaaf, SessUng, Syffert, Krumsteert, Oert- chen, Witt

17

246 *^* PeaceUender.

Imprints of the valuable coins that his friend Mr Baron Hooft van Iddekinge owns Mr. Roest accompanied this Consignment with faithful and clean drawings, which he copied himself I give my best to both of them Thanks for your kindness and liberality

Based on this material, I have come up with the ones I know which have become captains' capes, just a lovely one - sees, the descriptions are abbreviated, the small ornament rates and Characters not specified because such accuracy in my opinion science is only burdened with ballast, the heraldic exposition pressures are avoided^), to the right and to the left in the usual way used in a generally understandable sense, not in a heraldic sense.

This collection is certainly not complete, not even once all districts, still less all important chiefs, are lost. kick. What is particularly striking is that of Foodo Ukena, who who was the most powerful chief for years, now has no coins are known, although it is likely that he coined it Hopefully they'll still find each other, and I'd be happy if they did my attempt one of the numismatists of those (regen, Mr Dr. Grote zu Hannover or Chief Librarian Dr. Merzdorf in Oldenburg, caused it to be improved and perfected. permanent.

Here are coins from: Emden, Hisko Abdena Imdo Abdena Hamburg rule Ulrich Cirksena Faldern, no name Brookmerland, Ooko I

Eeno OckoH

1) So are the Krens begleÜeDdea four Sponiriders here, like it is brought here, called stars

The knees of the East Frisian chieftains. 247

enrichment land; Ulrich Cirksena?

Norderland^ Udo Ukena

Edzard Cirksena Ulrich Cirksena without a name.

Mormerland?

Rttstringen, Sibet Papinga. The "History of the Chiefs of East Frisia" has Hemmo Snar (Emden n. Anrieh 1846), as far as the sparseness of the Qnellen is possible, enlightened; it exists almost exclusively as a feud of the captains. Everything that is not intended remains cheap here the coins are used, to the side. On the other hand, a few words are needed ttabout the unusual titles that the chiefs have on the Lead coins: capitalis and praepositus.

The chiefs were drawn from the ancient community judges. Gate gone. Riuchtar or redgera - counselor - was theirs original name; and Latin: Consules, the last mentioned German title accordingly. But they were too Richter is sometimes called capitales. At first every company had I think these officials were elected from among the landowners, or perhaps The order in which the office is held among all determines more owners. In the beginning the term of office lasted one year, later, for a longer period of time, the judges also called their judges to war communities and led them. But over time received the larger farms, the “noble herds” have the privilege that theirs owner held the judgeship; this quality of the noble The flock was called the righteousness or glory that was privileged The wealthy families then probably inherited each other's wealth exercised his power, they fortified their courts into castles and grew gradually becoming chiefs and rulers of their surroundings approach. When and how they received the right to mint and first practiced, you don't know. They call themselves 'on the coins and in Certificates Capitalis, rarely Capitaneus.

Pra^ositns means spiritual dignity. After Suur Ge-

17«

248 *^* Friedlftenden

Layer of the monasteries in Ostfriedland p. 8 were the Decans or Fröbste - as is well known, the middle authority between the bishop and Pastors - often married in East Frisia, they practiced the world- lic power at the place of their seats, and bequeathed it to their sons ecclesiastical dignity as well as one's own possessions. The church had to ultimately approve of these riots. Pope Alexander VI approved by a decree issued on February 5, 1493 to the Bishop of Münster let bull that lay people and people married the deanery or held the dignity of provost because the business of the bishop and of its officials because of the unruliness, wildness and stubbornness bility of the people in these areas cannot be achieved without the support could be accomplished by the provosts. (The certificate: von Wicht, East Frisian land law, preface p. 116).

These strange circumstances had arisen in this way: from time immemorial Since then there have been priests' marriages in this remote country- stroke while pregnant; As early as 1219 a chronicle writes: ecclesiae iure hereditario a filiis sacerdotum possidentur. Something later the custom seems to have been limited to the higher clergy to have, because in 1272 the chief Wilbert wrote Eppenga issued a command that the pastors should sub pena proscriptionis say Mass regularly; wanted by the deans and provosts he knows nothing, quod plurimi decani contra iura patribus suc- cessissent absque dispensatione sedis apostolice, et maxime quod essent pateme incontinentie imitatores (Westphalian document book, third part by Wilmans, Münster 1871, No. 910). Well The deans or provosts were initially from the The most distinguished families were elected in order to increase their position to gain respect; These distinguished provosts soon broke too the secular power itself, and so became chiefs, and if they married, the worldly one could too spiritual dignity passes from father to son. In the Emden's Abdena chieftain family seems to be the spiritual one If there were several sons, the office went to the eldest to have been inherited, while everyone else had the title of chief

The MfinEen of the East Frisian H&uptUnge. 249

led; the youngest takes over secular power according to Frisian law shaft inherited ^); if there was only one son, he became provost and chief at the same time. This is shown by the Abdena family tree to Emden:

Wiard Provost and chief lived around 1312

Luert Provost and chief f 1358

Frerik Wiard Luert Emico Kampo

Probst chief chief chief chief chief

1358—1379 at the latest.

and Regent tl379

Hisko

Provost from 1388 and chief from 1379,

1 1429 (1427?)

Imelo

Provost and chief

1429—1431.

<

It is said of the five brothers: qnorum primus praepo-

positive; old Wiardus praefecti nomen et honorem tenuere,

Fratres et agnati honoris titulum eundem, rem non item, more gentis ferebant (Ubbo Enmiius rerum Fris. hist 1616 p. 211).

Documentary evidence for the union of the titles of provost and Chief can also be found: Wy Hisseke (Hisko) provest and hoevetlinck tho Embden (1406 and almost as well 1409)'); Wy Imelo iho Oisterhuisen , Frerik tho Larrelte, and Ailt provest tho Hinte hoevetlingen etc. (1444); So here is one of several listed Chiefs, the last also provost

^) Campo aetatis beneficio, qni minimus inter fratres erat, iure patrio in parentis locum prae caeteris in imperio praetorio successit, rectorque oppidi dictDS fuit. (Ubbo Emmius Rerum Fris. hist. 1616 p. 211.)

*) Here Hisko means: Chief, otherwise the chiefs of Emden lead only the lesser title Drost or praefectus.

260 J* FiiedlMnder.

EMDEN.

The StelloBg of the Abdena family seems to be significant here. tending city to have had a different origin than that of the other chiefs; They were, it seems, initially DroBten^ Praefecti;, the Count of Bayensberg which owned possessions in this area, and then the bishops of Mttnster. Alone if This relationship to the latter can also be proven to have existed in the fifth tenth century ^ so there can only be a nominal It may not have been that the Abdena were actually so independent than the other chiefs. They also shared the title of provost with the secular. The oldest chief we know of have is that

Ptobrt EUko,

which was driven out by Eeno ten Brook in 1413 and in 1427, according to Others in 1429, died without returning to his city to be swept. His previously unknown motto, a unicum, is owned by Baron Hooft van Iddekinge in Leyden. M 17 million HHIilSKO ?POPOSITVS PITA' prepared tet lion, on the left, bingeL behind his gaze

/{/: MOS nOV D «M Grosses Ereuz,«until

reaching the volume of the music. Plate VII No. L The Luck of the V/. will have included Z*CS: et capitalis.

Imdo Abdena

the son of Hisko, was born with his father from Keno in 1413 Brook was expelled and only returned in 1429 when the power of the ten Brook's was destroyed by Focko Ukena. Stand by this he also in the subsequent fights. He was born in 1431 by the Hamburgers caught by cunning and brought to Hambui^ where he only died in 1455. So his coins are only in the Minted in both years 1429 and 1431, therefore rare.

The MtUuen of the East Frisian hills. 251

& 24Mffl. ♦lltt«LO. P'POSIT. Z. CAPIT. ÄSftD' Aufgerich- The lion to the left has the coat of arms on it. Rf. SaOna nOVn in TSmOD« Large cross to reaching to the edge, in the corners ISSEtttO', Plate Vn No. 2. In the collection of Baron Hooft van Iddekinge. This Copy of Egl. Mtlnzkabinets differs somewhat in the labels from, on the Vf. it says l'XfflaD, and on the ^/l SSLOUemSi nOVSS in nsaaD. mer the m has the form Sa, otherwise it stands almost always M next to H.

The name Amed(a) that Emden uses here seems otherwise does not occur, but the forms show Aemden Aembda Aemeda, which can be found in documents, that the sound of the first Syllable to which a is related, specifically Aemeda stands for Ameda close to the church.

The coat of arms has four fields and a central shield. The Eagle in the first and fourth fields is Brook's, the lily in the second and third is perhaps that of Osterhusen; but The Faldem statue below also has lilies. The Middle shield is too small to clearly see whether it is contains what appears to be an upright lion.

Emden in the possession of the Hamburg residents.

After Imelo's capture in 1431, he kept his Mother Fossa the castle and the semblance of rule, but Ham- burg actually dominated Emden as a subject city, and minted coins there, perhaps already during Fossa's lifetime, who died *1436 or 1437. In 1439 Emden became an Edzard Cirksena, but in the years 1448 to 1453 The people of Hamburg owned the city again, and in 1463 Ulrich received it Cirksena returns them as a deposit. The Hamburg Mttnzen can i.e. minted in the years 1431 to 1439 and 1448 to 1453.

252 ^' Friedlaender.

M 29MiIL ^HMOnorn NOVn aMttDCCnSISHHa? on- facing lion, left-liin.

!{/: * BflCnttDiarVS DOMinVS OaVS Grosses Cross reaching to the ribbon; lies in the middle on it the Hamburg coat of arms, and around it- The same is written in the corners MSMB'.

Mader contributions VI 130, Wiarda plate 1 1 and V 2, Goedichen's Hamburg coins and medals p. 344. The letters at the end of the transcription of the J^. are stated differently, they seem to be et caetera to mean, although this makes no sense here Gaedichens leads a. a. 0. two small coins with the same types. The stamps are in Hamburg.

THrich Oirksena

after his brother Edzard's death in 1441 the rule in Elmden until 1448, in the years 1448 to 1453 Hamburg led the desire again.

The E. Mttnzkabinet has the following from the Adlersche Collection from Flindrich. Since Ulrich is called capitalis here, So the coin was minted before 1463 where he got the title Count von Norden received the following year after that After the people got used to the title of count, he took East Frisia as Count of Lehen.

M 30 million * VLRIOVS CMPITÄL TR« (€avi)D«nSIS. The Harpy of four stars (they are rather spurs) wheels).

!{/: MOnenm nOVS D« aMOecnSIS Cross over covering the entire field, four stars in the corners. A complete copy with SMDCCIISIS is in the Enyp- Hansen's catalog p. 343 no. 6329 and 6330.

On a smaller coin (“half groschen^) in the Knyp- Hausen's catalog no. 6331 and 6332 is called Ulrich OQCPITaCL TRff nORDO while the R/l fflOfi« HO V2S OMDflQaSIS asked

The coins of the East Frisian chieftains. 253

Wiarda cites (No. 15) another coin: “Ulric. Capit. Emden. The Harpy. Bf. Moneta nova tre Emdens. cross, there- between four eagles." The eagles are certainly in the corners of the Ereocese. Wiarda says “Here Ulrich runs the Brookmersche Coat of arms as the chief of this country."

Denarii from Emden without the captain's name, from the 14th year There are changes in Schellhass's catalog no. 726 by the gentlemen DDr. Erbstein has been described.

FALDERN NEAR EMDEN.

This place; now a part of Emden, has a coin embossed with the inscription Falema, without the chief's name. You is in the excellent catalog of the Schellhass collection No. 685 described and shown, which the gentlemen DDr. hereditary have published stone; they have the right answer first found.

iR 17 MilL * D«VS «ST TSLVtsOi «T O(mega) (The L and P are monogrammatically contracted). B.S. MOnerrn D« FlSLttRniS Cross, in the win- four lilies.

Deviating from Mr. Erbstein, I would like F2SLttRfl3S read and not FSSIIffRim (Fallerna), the form I for L is not probable, and that which they adduced as proof I in 2ELPb2E is perhaps explained by the fact that here L and P are pulled together so that the second short stroke of the L is in P is also found in Suur p. 108 in a Latin Document from 1401 written the name Phalren, otherwise Feiren Fair Yalderen, but never two L.

Messrs. Erbstein prove that Haiko Ayelt does this coins, whose father Haro was provost in 1388 Hisko was killed in Emden. The castles were already there in 1408 from Gross- and Klein-Faldem from Keno ten Brook and from Hisko sanded. So the coin may be older than this year. The Mr. Erbstein's reasons are obvious.

254 J* Fri0dlAend«r.

BBOOEMEBLAND.

The Chiefs; Sitting at Oldeberg, they initially led the way Named Eenesna, after her ancestor Eeno, but an Eeno who died in 1376 called himself ten Brook (zn dem Brook, Brook is our brook, swamp). £one of this Eeno's sons was called OckO; served for a long time as a bitter (miles) in Naples, from where he probably returned in 1376^. He ruled as more powerful Lord in Brookmerland until he heard from his brother's daughter was murdered in 1391 because he withheld her father's inheritance. His widow Foelke continued the feud and prevailed the help of the Focko Ukena. Her son Eeno, also powerful, ruled until 1417, he was succeeded by his son Ocko 11, against whom Overpowering, a general alliance of the Hanptlmge was formed whose head was Focko Ukena, the former general of ten Brooks, He defeated the Ocko on the "wild fields" near Upgart on October 28, 1427 and took him prisoner. Ocko had to have all of his Possessions and rights cede to the winner, who is now the became the most powerful chief. Only as Focko in 1431 by Edzard After Cirksena was defeated, Ocko was freed, but his power increased He didn't reach again, he died in 1435 in the north.

We have coins from Ocko I, Eeno, and Ocko IL Ocko I drives the track miles.

Ocko 11376 (D-1889.

Flindrich. M 30 million * DIU OOKOIUS MILITIS SchUd with

the Eagle of the Brook. ^f. MOnOTn Dtt BROOQC

Ereuz, in the middle of which lies a lily, in the wind

keb stands for OaKO. Wiarda plate 12 and ¥3.

The Brook's eagle otherwise has an erone above each wing,

Here stars are drawn above the wings in the illustration

M 17 Mill. * MOnBu OOKOniS MILITIS The same type

like on the previous one. I^f. MOüAmS D€t BROCK

The same type as the previous one, without the stars

The MlliiMn of the eeifiieasee H&optliiige. 255

tt above the wings. KINGL Mttnzkabmet, and with ge- wrestle with discrepancies in the baron's collection Hooft van Iddekinge. Wiarda panel VI 3, Grote Ta- fel m 8.

Keno, 1389—141&

& 18 MilL K€CnO DOMiaCCLL IS BROOSS SchUd with the Brook's eagle. lif. MOnOTai: D« BROa In the field there is a decorated Ereoz in its corners K6CIIO is written Wiarda No. 6, plate VI 4, Grote Board m 2. The title of domiceUos, which Keno also has in its seal leads, probably only has the meaning of dominus.

Keno's name doesn't have a smaller coin, but that's it

otherwise so similar to the description that one would like to share it with him.

& 15 MiU. MOnet Oet BROOCS same shield. RA MO-

noms DCC BROan cross. Large panel III 3. Wiarda leads two more dances (No. 5 and 7): “Ken. Gapit. BrokensL i{/I Benedictam sit nomCn." And: ,^Keno Dn. Bro. J^. Moneta de Broc."

0<^n 1418—1487 (t i486).

Jl 20 MilL * OOKO DOMiaOL' Da BROa The ge- crowned eagle, a crown over each wing. H/l HhMO- IlCnm OaaOniS OeC bro. Large wreath above reaching the entire column, in the corners OOCQtO. (Wiarda plate VI 2, Grote plate HI 4 slightly different).

M17 Hill. Similar to the previous one, aof the V/. DOMiaOLL' and BROan, anf the 2^ MOnOTn BOVIC DOC BROOQS. (Emdener Sammlang, Grote Tafel m 5.)

& 19 MiU. *OOKO DOMiaOCLL D« BROOQC SchUd with the eagle, above each wing a small evil one. BA MOnOm Oa BROaaaX A crown. (Grote panel m 6.)

256 *^* Friedlaender.

M 17 million * OOKO DOMiaeCLL' Dtt BROOBS KröBter Eagle, ^/l MOSOTn nOVn P« BROan Crowned Eagle. (Wiarda panel VI 1, Grote panel IE 7.)

M 17 million * MOnern D« BROOQC cross, in the win- keln OaKO. left/l The inscription of Vf. Schüd with the eagle. (Grote Tafel EI 9).

The BROffCKIiS is different on the third of these coins.

AUKICHEBLAND.

Wiarda says (Cr. 16): “In a printed document Some coins sold in Emden in 1765 are one of Ulrich Cirksena mentions: Ulric. G. E. Hegen, ac Dom. in Aurike (Ulri- cus Gretanus Electus Regens ac Dominus).^

It is doubtful that this statement is correct; the Inscription differs from all others. But it is very comfortable It is possible that Ulrich also influenced this; since after 1435 too the Auricherland came to the Cirksena's.

NOBDEKLAND.

Brenneysen says in his East Frisian History: Aurich 1720 (Th. I Cap. 5 p. 38), to which Joachim pointed out “Focco Uken also had musical instruments sounded, so it was really act." These coins are not known now, if not those under Mormerland that were erroneously assigned to him by Wiarda mentioned were meant. But

Vdo Ukena

Focko's second son, who was bought by the Hamburg people in 1432 was struck, minted a gold guilder, which Mr. Ober- librarian Dr. Merzdorf in Oldenburg owned; in the Bevue numismatique Beige n Series Th. I 8. 349 Plate XVII 7 is this one Coin published

The coins of the OstfiriesiBclieii H&uptlmge. 267

S * MOÄffTn nOVK VDOäIS ORI coat of arms with the lion facing up, to the left; in a six- pass.

!{/: CäPITMLIS m nOROn nV«. The type of

Front.

The incomprehensible final words from both sides are probably filling

just the empty space and perhaps mean Christ and Ave (Mary).

^A small coin is listed in a coin list

which has the inscription: Udo Gapitali'in Norda^, says Wiarda

(No. 10a). Since he doesn't mention that this is a golden one, so

Is it made of silver? Unfortunately, nothing more is known.

After Focko's death in 1435, Norderland came under protection Edzard's. The following coins are witnesses to this.

Edsard Oirksena as Chief of the North.

Flindrich JR 30 million * €tDS2SRD CSSPITnLIS TR« ttOR- DfillSIS. The Harpy surrounded by the four stars. Rf. MONSTlS nOVn O« NORDflCnSIS Cross, in the angles four stars.

Wiarda No. 10 b and 11, plates n 1 and V 5, Grote Plate lY 1. There is an example in the Emden collection plar, on which the stars around the harpy are not are visible.

Ulrich OirksenEi

Following the example of Udo Uckena, Ulrich Gold- coins.

A guilder has: *MOtt VLRiai ODSP Itt ttOROn around the Shield with the harpy and the four stars, which is in one Dreipass is on the S^/l %TSÜDT0i LVD€tRVS 9P\% the standing saint (as bishop). This coin became postulate Called guilders because they correspond to the guilders of the postulated bishop of Utrecht Count Rudolf von Diepholz is imitated; this one was elected in 1423 but not employed until 10 years later; its in the

258 ^' Friedlaender.

The guilders minted in the meantime were called PoBtnlat - Gnlden. Wiarda No. 20 Plate n 3 and Vn 2, Grote Tafel lY 2 *(nnd inaccurate Table 1 10).

Saint Ludger was a Frisian and was already preaching Charlemagne introduced Christianity in his homeland, later he became Bishop of Münster.

A second gold guilder, in the Eönigl. Coin cabinet, has the same Inscription of the Vf. around a trefoil in which the imperial orb is depicted is placed on the Ef. SffiHDTVS PÄTRVS is about the standing h. Peter, between his feet is a small coat of arms shield. Mader contributions VI 129 describes this coin according to the Illustration in Joachim's collection of mixed notes Th. m P. 63, it is also depicted on Grote Tafel lY 3. On both guilders the OL is on the Ef. wrong

There is also a Flindrich, which corresponds to the Edzards described, except that VLRIOCVS is written here Specimen, formerly in Adler's sanunlung, is located in the Eönigl. Coin cabinet, a second one in the Eönigl. Collection in Hague. Also Wiarda Tafel ü 2 and VH 1, and Grote Tafel IV 5 depict him. Plate VH No. 4.

A smaller mttnze is probably half a Flindrich, it is 22 million tall and has the same types as the Flindriche Edzard and Ulrich. The inscriptions are VLRIO OaCPITSL TR« NORDflCn and MOH« ttOVSS D€t HORD« (Wiarda Panel Vm, 3 and Grote Tafel IV 6, Knyphausen No. 6328). A slightly different example from Baron Hooft's collection van Iddekinge has on the Vf. BORD'. Eme other is in quick- Hass' catalog No. 686 described and half named Sttlber

The following Flindrich is evident from a somewhat later period:

Jt 29 million VLRICIVS aSSPITSSL TR« NORDflCllSr Slanting shield with the harpy and the mortals nen, above a helmet with a lily as a helmet decoration, on either side of the shield are two large stars. Bf. MO- norn nOVn D« nORDOOlSIS decorated cross

The monks of the ettfrledseheii chieftains. 269

ttreaching over the entire field; in the angles four

Stars. (Wiarda panel YHI 1, Grote panel IV 4).

Plate Vn No. 5.

Mr. Baron Hooft also owns a slightly different coin

yan Iddekinge, she has anf the Vf. HORDQCIir. Both are too

described in the Enyphausen catalog p. 343 no. 6326 and 6327.

King Ludwig had the golden lily as a helmet decoration

Saint of France to an Edzard Cirksena chieftain of

Greetsyhl, who accompanied him on his crusade.

In Baron Hooft's collection there is a find by North without a chieftain's name, but with the harpy.

& 29 MiU. BOnaDiarVS. DOMIHV. OaVS BOS'. Har- pye (without stars). Bf. * MOnffTK »OYK »OR- DflCnSIS Grosses Kreuz bis an den Rand reichend; in the angles four stars.

MOBMEBLAND.

The “small” described by Wiarda No. 9 remains questionable Coin with the inscription: Monet Tre Moir (terrae Mormeriae); on on the other side an unrecognizable figure, perhaps a lion. This is undisputedly a coin from Mormerland, because the lion was the coat of arms of the same."

This allocation, which is based on the word Moir and the “un- "identifiable" lion, can certainly not be considered undisputed. Wiarda's following allocation (No. 8) is certainly erroneous: “one small caps with a lion on one side and an M on the other; since the lion was Focko Ukena's coat of arms and the M Mormeria will probably refer to this as a motto be from Focko."

BÜESTBINGEN

the landscape south of Jever on the western bank of the Jahde. Edo Wiemken the elder, who lived around the middle of the 14th century He was chief in Ostringen for a hundred years and left behind a daughter

■

260 *^* Friedkeader.

Frauwe, married to Lübbe Sibeths; deren jüngster Sohn Sibeth is called Sibeth Papinga by the ancient chroniclers. Sibeth's first wife was Tetta, Eeno's ten Brook daughter^ and Through her, Sibeth received Eeno's property in Ostringen and Büstringen. In 1420, Sibeth was mentioned in a document by King Sigis mouth: called a man who is honored and sworn by the confessor In her second marriage, Sibeth married Focko Ukena's daughter Amke. In a battle against Edzard Girksena of Gretsyhl in In 1433 Sibeth was wounded and captured and died soon afterwards. There is one in the possession of Baron Hooft van Iddekinge Coin with Sibeth's name for Büstringen^ almost a unicum.

M 18 million . SIBODI .... RVSTRIIlGinoZO . . Rising

Lion to the left.

Hf. g SttOBÄTKo RVST . . Get the same lion.

Plate Vn No. 6. The inscriptions should probably be added 4H Sibodis in Bustrin- gia et Ostr. and Moneta nova Bustringiensis. The O in the name is clear; it's not a 6C. This coin differs from the only one previously known; which Merzdorf coins Jeverlands p. 28 no. 10 has published; off several times. That one has the inscriptions: ^HSIBffDI.

in. RvsüRinea and *Monorn novis RvsüRineo. The

Types are the same.

Merzdorf gave him Jeyer coins without Sibeth's name. shared.

The rare coin of Countess Theda of East Frisia; the Focko Ukena's granddaughter is also mentioned here; although she is strict taken not to be one of the chief coins. Thedar was Uko Fockena's daughter; Ulrich Girksena married her; to bring together the old supporters of the Fockenas with the new monar- to reconcile the Chinese form of government. After his death she ruled as Yormundess to her sons.

M 20 MUl. SaO TffDa aOITIS OSTFRISI« sign with to the left of the upright lion. lif. acn. D. SaaaaaLXXIII Large cross up to

The coins of the Eastern Liechtenstein chieftains. 261

border reaching; four stars in the corners. (In the Emden collection. Wiarda plate n 4 and YIII 2, Large panel V 1). According to Wiarda, the lion is the ükena's. Plate VH No. 7.

Merzdorf has the coins from Jever in its own store published in 1862, and published in Schell- Hass' catalog no. 665 - 667 are some; partly the identical table specimens that Merzdorf had described, repeated. Wiarda mentions in the manuscript often cited here No. 18 a coin of Tanno Düren which, if his statement is correct; differs from that described. He says: 'The following A letter from Bremen contains a coin with the Transcription Tanno Gapit in Je, on the other side Ben sit nom^ Dni.^ The following coin of the Eönigl. Coin cabinet also appears still unknown: M 22 million * MOnOTK nOVK ffDOnl' CSP IffV Erect lion to the left. R/. D2S PlSa« Dtt« in DlffBV HRS cross with four lilies in the angles.

Berlin May 1, 1873.

J. Friedlaender.

18

I'd rather check out some Regensburg oenars

more recent finds.

Anyone who found the Saulburger or Reichenhaller and those Grote's great monograph on Bavarian coin collection (Grote's Mttnzstudien Vol. YIII Issue 1) is familiar with the difficulty ability of all research in the field of medieval nu- mismatics of Baiem and the neighboring territories, as with the The importance of this group is surprisingly far-reaching International validity is probably acceptable. That's why it can also be used The smallest relevant contribution should not be spurned in order to ftlr later classification prepared and as material for now unfeasible summary work can be used. The construction of the railway in Denauthal between Regensburg and Kel- home, which has already led to many archaeologically significant discoveries. covers, the Nu-

about some Regensburg denarii from recent finds. 268

mismatics, albeit a small yield. Unfortunately, an un- Favorable coincidence of research only accounts for a small part of the whole The coin treasure that came to light was made available Because of an explosive shot on the hanging of the Ringberg Profile 496 not far from the post office was open, most of them went the same is immediately irretrievably lost again because he was torn into the air by the explosion and into the thrown into the swampy backwaters of the Danube next door became. But 10 pieces were still able to be picked up a strange combination of French and German Coins revealed.

Because two pieces of Hesse turn out to be later Carolingian half- denarii, one of which is in Av. CARLV8 REX, in the Rf. AQVI-TANIA showed, while the other one was unknown liche /?/. in Av. contained the transcription LVD0VICV8 REX Two others, however, turned out to be identical to those at Poey d' Avant, Monn. fiodales de France Vol. III p. 319 no. 6384 wrote and pl. CXLVIII no. 23 depicted coins from Amiens.

The remaining 6 pieces offer the 5 types shown above which, through their apparent relationship with the Coins from the Saulburg find leave no doubt about their southern allow German origins to exist. The ones from« the illustration in Individual visible legends consist of the transcriptions HA6INRICVS and HAClSßeramus da^su occasionally RAdPONIS.

These previously unknown pieces about the 10th century. up- add, apart from their own Tj'pus, allow the other found Carolingian and French feudal coins, On the other hand, going down over the 12th year does the same thing once common type impossible, which, as is well known, with the 2nd half of the 12th century changed its shape completely the so-called half-bractrate form, in which it then reaches remained at the beginning of the Wittelsbach line of dukes. The

However, the time of origin narrows even further through comparison

18*

264 ^' Beber.

Bavarian and royal coins, primarily from Begensburg coined, which barely lasted the full century from 1060 to 1160. allowed to increase and the probability even in the second half of this period.

The inscriptions, however, indicate what the place of discovery also suggests. points to Regensburg as a preferred location by RAdPONIS probably just one of the numerous abbreviations or variants the writing system that was also documented frequently in the 10th and 11th centuries wise RADASPONA can be considered. This location determination mung is further supported by the name of the main saint and patrons of the old Begensburg Abbey of St. Heimeramus, which appears here in a similar position, such as B. Budpertus in the Coins from Salzburg.

To ducal Bavarian or royal officials However, coins minted in Gensburg are unlikely to be thought of here, since with these the character of the coin herm is on the one with the name provided main page, namely DVX or REX is probably never missing, while in the Bev. the indication of the place of minting is also not carried out the name of the local saint used to be replaced. EjS remains therefore only the choice regarding what was mentioned but not in more detail Characterized Henry to a bishop or maybe something However, far less likely, to the abbot of St. Heimeram think, which has been in power since Carl the Great santen position (cf. Bied, Cod. chronoL diplomam. episcopatus Batis- bonensis. Batisb. 1816. p. 39. no. XXXYHI) the Mttnz right prevails temporarily legally exercised or usnrpirt. For both cases the profile header would also start with the Pednm match the last recorded half-denarius. But let's keep it Congratulations of the bishops of Begensburg with the results listed nits together, then Bishop Heinrich I of Wolfratshausen, the 1132 - 1156 the cathedra of St. Heimeram held the time be the one who has the most coins in question would be attributable to probability.

Also the difficulty of getting the start of the coin eligibility

About some Regeas citizens denarii

a Finds.

265

of the bishops of R«getisbnrg, the mentioned one appears Given the initial position, no means are binding. The exercise will namely from the 13th year. known as a long-established standing and practiced in common with the Bavarian dukes Rightly treated (Lori, collection of the Bavarian Munzrecht Vol. I p. 9 no Otto met the bishops Gottschalk of Freising and Hartwich of Salzbni^ obtained, “Begensbnrger” Hunzen in Freising and Salz- Barg zn hit, (Lori Vol. I p. 6 no. IV n. V) not questionable Lord, that the existing authority of the bishops of Regensbni^ gave the suggestion for this.

Another find, this one in June. year to Znholfing in Niederbayem did, threw more Lieht to a slightly later one period. Although of quite considerable numbers, he received but no coin that has not already appeared before, if A large part of it cannot yet be determined beforehand could. A third of the whole mass is that of Beierlein, the Bavarian coins of the House of Witteisbach, nnter no. 20 nnd no. 22 to Duke Heinrich XIII (I) of Lower Bavaria, Ludwig des Strict son, 1253-1290 divided denarii, namely to 149 stacks for the former, 96 for the second type. The following Bavarian denarii date back to earlier times:

1 piece to Ludwig I the Kelheimer 1183—1231. Beier little DO. 10. 4 pieces on Otto II the Illustrious 1231—1253. Beierlein no. 12 0. 13. For a later time: 15 pieces by Ludwig the Bavarian 1294—1397. Beierlein no. 48.

266 *■• Rö^o''-

To abroad:

6 denarii from Albert Count of Tyrol 1248—1254. 2 Matapano of Venice, Ranier Zeno 1252 - 1268 and Lor. Tiepolo 1268-1274.

The majority of the find, however, does not yet consist of two or incorrectly determined, but found more frequently in Bavaria Types with the same reverses, therefore from the same place of minting, their description by the illustration given above might be superfluous. The first obverse shown is 134, the the latter 183 pieces.

Two circumstances now seem to suggest that the The two types of twins, which have long been in question, did not just occur at the same time like the majority of the other coins in the find that have already been identified, but also belong to the same mints and mints. First of all, the style, alloy and manufacturing technology are all the same the same as the well-known ones minted in Regensburg Bavarian denarii, so that there are no denarii in the mixed pieces difference is noticeable. Then they form the majority of the land on ducal Lower Bavarian soil, and even in it Coins found in the middle, so that even the number of notorious the ducal side stands back against them

But even if through these circumstances the identity of the time and the mint is beyond any doubt, so it should seem inadmissible, even to the Lower Bavarian Prägherm or his coin ally, the bishop of Regensburg or his relative coin descendant, the Duke of Upper Bavaria attributable. Because initially there is a complete lack of the usual ones Heraldic animals, other characteristic symbols, which back when the state coat of arms had not yet fully developed had, were never completely missed, and to the princely or spiritual emblems such as crown, flag, infuI, pedum, etc. Furthermore, the weight appears to have decreased, albeit by a small amount. giving way by adding the coins to Heinrich Xm of Lower Bavaria (Beierlein no. 20 and 22) an average of 1.04 gr.^ the ones in question

About some Regensburg denarii from recent finds. 267

Types, on the other hand, only hold 0.96; which does not count as coincidence can, like the experiment possible in this case hundreds of pieces hardened.

These phenomena are unlikely to be related to the note be associated with the fact that Duke Otto II the First Laughed, who fell out with Bishop Albert of Begensburg was to ban the Regensburg mint in his lands in 1253 and make pennies of such low value in Landshut had 15 of them taken for 6 good old Begensburgers, because the small difference in weight with the same alloy, like The denarii in question were the ducal ones from Begensburg jointly episcopal and ducal mint would show to those who have gone, such a well-known minor value of the former in traffic cannot be explained.

On the other hand, another note seems to provide clarification. In In 1280 there were again difficulties in the combined ducal Bavarian and episcopal Regensburg coinage emerged. The Begensburg minters had theirs or the city? Use coins that are lighter in weight placed, and thereby the interests of the duke and the bishop, with whose stamp they were placed in the same curs, essential damaged The two allied coin princes decided to (Lori, Collection of the Bavarian Mint Law L 16 p. 12) their coins to build facilities in Wörth and Straubing, up to Begensburg an agreement was again reached regarding equivalence (which happened soon. Lori I. 17 p. 14). The present ones but in their character indifferent types than those from Begensburg to denote denarii, which in a presumptuous manner during That schism was issued by the city, may;e to the little risk in the area of medieval numismatics belong.

Franz Reber.

To the OttlrlesiKhen mint candy.

1. Occo ten Brock der Aettere, chieftain of Brokmer- country (1376-89).

* MOBfiCTK * D« » BROan* a in the middle of

a four-petaled rosette throughcbbrocbeneB Kreaz, in whose

Angles OQKO B/. 4< DUl'! OaKOltlS* MILITIS sea image

with a crowned eagle, in the field three Erenzbeo.

(In my collectionX

Zn the mighty Stett HänptliDgen, which the East Frisians about

since the end of the XIII. nnd the beginning of the XIV. Jabrbnnderis

commanded, included the ten Broks, as their boss Keno ten Brok,

Judge (Consnl) from the north applies'). His grandson Keno HilmerBna

had a permanent barg near Oldeborg in Brokmerland, and felt

the title of chief of Brokmerland, Marienbave and Anricb-

have. Due to his death (1376) it fell under East Frisian law

the paternal headquarters in Oldeborg belonged to his younger son Ibmel

in, who, however, soon followed his father in death*). Occo

>) Wiarda ottMea. History Vol. I p. 273. 327. *} Keoo'a younger daughter Doda, vennShtt with Edzard Cii^Miia, was the ancestors of the subsequent Oatfriean BegeDtenbiuiw. Viuda I, 329.

Tsar East Frisian monetary history. 269

was in Neapolitan military service when his father died, And only with Mttbe did he and his sisters manage to do so who did not shy away from him to resolve this relationship, because Queen Johanna, moreover, as a tippy woman in the History was known to the young, spry Bitter with more than maternal ounst granted.

Returning, we soon see Occo involved in feuds how they corresponded to the character of those times. The most important, The one he had to fight was with Folkmar AUena, Chief of Osterhusen and Hinte. This one had Adda, one Daughter of Occo's named brother Ihmel in marriage, and could from Occo, despite the judge's verdict, a severance payment because of the Don't let her father get Keno. So there was nothing left left than to call the decision of arms, and if so Occo remained victorious against Folkmar at Loppersum (1379). He didn't think he was capable of doing so in the long run his enemy and his numerous allies with the same to resist good success, which is why he decided to give up his long-awaited lands, Brokmerland and Anricherland, the castles Elderhusen, Süderhusen, Loppersum, Girkwerum, the church and the tower to the north, the then Count of Holland, Duke Albrecht von Baiem was made a fief (1381). The weapons rested for a while until Folkmar went on the attack again Occo unexpectedly arrived in Aurich, where he had moved his headquarters invaded. Occo asked for an interview with Folkmar, and it came but no agreement was reached, rather Occo became one when he came to his wanted to return to the castle, stabbed^).

This old Occo, not his grandson of the same name (1415 to 1433) belongs to our coin, which was already Wiarda I, 467 doesn't describe it exactly. It proves this more surely than you His whole character used the word militis, because he was the only one who used it Title*). The coat of arms does not completely correspond to that on seals

») Wiarda I pp. 331, 334, 336.

*) Miles can also be found on coins of the Count

270 ^- I>»u>«)l>supp.

applied, which as the coat of arms of Hanses ten Brok has a special crowned eagle with outstretched crowned wings, Tielicht the limited Ranin requested that the crowns be omitted The Eagle's Wings Cause Causes '). Another note ours Occo, on the site of Rnhwedel, is in the namismat period. 1840 Tb. II, 3 shown, and in the text, where it is not mentioned is known, described as follows:

5Monerr3i*..0(crc* Adierecbiia nf. *Mon«TK*

Oa* B. OaiE*9 Cross, in whose angles OOKO. 2. Imelo Abdena provost and chief of Emden 1428-1431. + l5MflLOfiPPOStT5ZBa3IPIT"

Emden has existed since around the beginning of the 14th century among officials to the Abdena family. The first one in the year 1312 under the Emsiger chiefs as Drost von Emden (Drusta tho Emutba) is called Wiard*). His great-grandson, Provost Hisko, plays an important role in the story. He fled before Keno ten Brock the Young, the son of the former

Kidnre (T. d. Chijs, Overijuel Tf. I, 9 and tl-17, 20, Tf. 11 23, 88, XX, 1, 3, 6, 6) and TbibaDta n. Florennes (Chilon, Icb Mignenrea de Florendea, Bnuelles 1868 Tb. 1, 1 and 2).

i) Wiudft I, 466, 465.

*} Wisrda I 312, 339, 11 61.

On OalfnesiBchen coinage. 271

commemorated knight Occo ten Brock, who besieged him in Emden, with his son Imelo iiach Groningen (1413), whereupon his enemy took possession of the city, and from then on he became the chief ling wrote about Brock, Aurich and Emden. In the peace of Briel (1421) became Occo ten Brock the Younger, the son of the in- between deceased Keno, confirmed in possession of Emden'). Meanwhile, the powerful Occo ten Brock had taken action A numerous alliance was formed, at the head of which was the brave Focko Uckena, chief of Leer, stood, and so did Hisko belonged to his son Imelo, the latter a daughter of Focko had married. Near Upgant on the so-called wild fields the allies under Focko won a bloody and devastated decisive victory (1427) and took control of Occo Gross were the fruits of this deed of arms: Focko kept to himself Auricher and Brokmerland and took the title of chief Ten Brock, also gave his comrades a considerable amount customs of the prey, and so Hisko in particular came back into the Possession of Emden. But he was not to enjoy this happiness for long happy, because death overtook him the very next year. Imel Abdena followed his father in the pursuit of Emden. However Focko Uckena's enemies did not remain idle, yes the power, too Whichever one he had swung up only had her circle increased, and the nobles were particularly annoyed that he Occo Brock was still being held captive. They went to the so-called called the League of Freedom together and elected their leader first the elderly Enno Cirksena, chief of Gretsyl, and as who rejected it because of his old age, whose son Edzard, and initially set their sights on Emden. Only the solid one The city could only be approached from the sea and from the allies lacked a fleet. They therefore moved the hamburgers in the covenant, who accepted it all the more willingly than they did Emdener because of the support given to the pirates

*) Wiarda I 409.

272 ^- Dannenberg.

The trading city has long been a bad reputation stood. The people of Hamburg sent under a peaceful agreement walls of ships, invite Imelo to a festive catering, took him treacherously when he innocently followed the invitation. caught and led him to Hamburg (1431), where he lived for 24 years remained in prison until his death (1455). Forced to do so They surrendered the city and placed a strong garrison into it, even if they have the loss of sight and the appearance of desire Imelo's mother, Fosse, left behind. After their deaths (1437) But the people of Hamburg in Emden wore themselves completely as gentlemen*) and fortified it strongly. Soon (1439) she left it, true- apparently only for appearances, to Edzard Cirksena, whose Brother Ulrich then ceded it again to Hamburg (1448), finally However, by treaty of 1453, even if initially only 16 years old*).

So far there is no mask of the old chiefs of Emden, and in particular none of our Imelo has been known yet. It is not likely, even in the short period of his reign been shaped a lot. The present piece closes may his character make the Erom, which is popular in the Netherlands, which, as is well known, featured a lion and a long cross led. But the lion is not just an imitation here - watch, because it forms the coat of arms of the Abdena family*), ver- But it is probably the quartered shield that the lion has on his chest bears, whose fields unfortunately except for a lily in the fourth field cannot be recognized, only from an imitation of other eroms started to explain. The name used here is strange. form Ameda, perhaps an echo of the BOmem us

>) Wiarda I 452, II 44.

*) They also minted in Emden see Mader VI p. 130 and Hamburg Mz. n. MedaUlen exuberant. v. d. Ansh. d. Association for Hamburg business and re- digirted by 0. C. Gaedechens, Hamburg 1854 p. 343.

*) Wiarda I 475, 476, II 18, 24, 48.

*) Wiarda H 59.

Tsar Oitftiuuchen MfinikuDde. 273

It was handed down to Amisia of the Ems river or even to the Latins Place name AmiBia'), while Emden is otherwise mentioned in the old documents under the name Emeden, Emetha, Emnda or Emotba comes'), also on the slightly later Qoldgulden with Kaiser Frederick III. names*) the corresponding adjective form Emdenais appears. But FßrstemaDn leads (Old German Name Book II 60) also uses Amasia as a city name. In any case, ours compels us MUnze, Ameda as a new name form, the transition from Amisia or Amasia to Emeda, Emetba vermittehid, to enter.

3. Edzard Cirksena, chief of Gretsyl, Norder- und Brokmeriand, —1439.

* «DSICRD: anPITlCLIS • TRa-nORO« Harpy, by 4 stars accompanies fif. iHOHOT - n ■ nOV-3S • BOR- OflNSId long wreath separating the inscription, with a star in every corner. (In my collection.)

These chieftains from the glorious city of Gretsyl With the gender of Girksena we are already in the above met as the head of the League of Freedom According to Imel Abdena's capture, Edzard went after Foeko, and conquered his castle was empty, whereupon Foeko fled. Jealousy against But the Hamburgers brought about an alliance with Foeko. But that The latter's thirst for revenge soon fueled the war again. Den The decisive factor was the bloody battle at Bargerbuhr (July 25, 1432), the Foeko the victory and his closest friends, his own son Udo and the brave Sibeth Fapinga, his son-in-law. After this decisive victory, the Confederation took more and more

■) Wiarda U M>.

*j KöUer Duk. K&b. '2833. Could be a new episode p. 85 no. 91.

274 ^* l^Annenberg.

grew in power, the Glegners were scattered to the four winds. Truly there had been a ceasefire, this state of peace should soon be sealed by universal recognition; man worked on an equalization in Bremen, and it succeeded. It a general amnesty was issued and the refugees returned back. Focko's death (August 29, 1435) was a new guarantee for the continuation of peace. Edzard reaped the rewards of his Good fortune in arms and his ruler's virtues, he who has been around for a long time Chieftain of the Korder new country was now also of the natives of the northern old country, even while they were still alive times from Udo Fockena's widow, Byrne Idzinga, to her head lings accepted, after her death (1439) Edzard also took their castles in possession, and was now chief of Gretsyl, Norder- and Brockmerland, and after his father-in-law Martin Sitting death, also from Behrum'). Meanwhile the war had the i. J. 1437 broke out between Holland and the Hanseatic League was, East Frisia also set in motion, some of the earlier The expelled chiefs, Imelo von Osterhusen in the lead, sat down stuck in Larrelt, but the alliance succeeded in recapturing it the Hamburgers (October 29, 1438). After another field against Tanno Eankena, one of the nobles who fled, Edzard armed himself against Hajo Harles, chief of Jever, as him the plague struck him one day after his wife Frouwe (im September 1439) succumbed. He was followed by the reputation of an affable and brave gentleman, whose wisdom and prudence made difficult decisions relationships that most of his comrades knew succumbed. He was survived by his father Enno, who was very old i. J. died in 1450, but he had descendants in both of his families Marriages are not decided, hence the leadership on his with passed over to brother Ulrich, who was equipped with similar gifts, who, ling from Auricher Land, Norder Neuland, Esens and Stetsdorf, despite the adversaries, to the colonel and chieftain of the Emden,

1} Wiarda I, 470.

Kur Oatfiieuachea Uflniknnde. 375

Anricher, Norder and Leerer adgeDOmmeD warde, and by name His inheritance was Hans to set far above those of the other nobles.

UOuns have been known about this Ulrich for a long time'), whereas Edzard appears here for the first time in numismatics, if we have an inaccurately described ron Wiarda (I p. 467) or Different copy (with Nordeneis instead of Norde) on the side whose identity, by the way, is also unknown due to lack of information Dorcbmessers cannot be determined is the tsar's explanation of the coin There is little to say: the harpy with the stars is well known the coat of arms of Cirksena and Norderlaodes, capitalis terrae Nordensis or capitanns in Norda niuinte sieb also Ulrich bis to obtain the title of count, from which he and his successors came to constantly refer to themselves as comites Frisiae oriental. These coins of Count Enno I and his successors until Extinction of this regent Hans and seizure of the country Prenssen (1744) have been known for a long time and especially to us through the directory of the collection of Count Karl zu Sun- nnd Knyphausen (Hannover 1872) in a rich series flown

4. Edo Wiemken the Younger, chief of Jcverland, 1468—1511.

* MOn«* nOVn- «DOH") OnP l«V lion llnkshin.

Bf. * 01t* PKfla * ona s m * oiaev urs' Erenz

with a lily in every corner (BiUon). K. Museum.

1) Mader critical contribution VI p. 129 a. OrDtea B1. f. UOnzk. II 8. 106. *) Whether fiCOoU' or ffDoHl' is not entirely certain.

276 ^* DAnnenlterg*

In the files of the trial between the Count of East Friesland and Fräalein Maria von Jever can be found (in the Ol- denburg. Archive Scrin. m, B. vol. 27) a letter dated April 4th 1552, in which Miss Maria; around which already their advance to prove that the country was responsible for driving; the one with Imperial commissioners commissioned to record the evidence, Ludolf von Warendorf^ Cathedral deans of Bremen and Segeband von der Hude, provost of the St Ansgarii Church there, indicates^ that some church governors in the country still have old monasteries, which their ancestors Hajo Harles, Tanno Dfiren and Edo Wiemken had it minted, I found what they could use as evidence of the coin shelf assigned to the same, with an signature, bring them to the files and ask them to be submitted against the drawing compare, and if such conform has been found, this too to take the file but send the coins back to her. The concept of this letter is a duplicate of the drawings

attached*).

Among these drawings is the one above Flindrichs, but with the following transcriptions: * SßOna^caDVRIl^c

aD0ni84ca2i;P4ciav: n/: ytiOTi*PTiaasaL*ouei*m*D\

OB^UMS. According to this drawing she is in Grotes BL for Mzkd. U plate XXII 326 shown, and then also in Merz- village coins and Med. Jeverlands (p. 29 No. 14).

However, a copy of this coin has not yet been available Made an appearance. It was therefore questionable what sense the Transcription of the H. S. had to be enclosed. An error had to be from the drawing It's probably more likely that it was done by a die cutter, but Grotesque conjecture, which instead of the incomprehensible Edurh the common nova suggested to read, could not because of the relative nit-wise boldness appear questionable. They were wearing it ged. Drawings following certification: “Dysse Afmalinge der Monetaries are of weapons, figures and likenesses are impressive

1) Grote El. f Mflnsk. II p. 283.

Tsar Ostfriesifloben Mflnskonde. 277

vnde vullenkomen of words tho words written and painted; I'd be cheating on Laurentias Michelis, from Key! violence apenbar No- tarius vnde schriuer, myt dttsser miner handwriting Hebbe ditsnl- uige where before painted vnde tekent with miner Hant painted vnde ock shunned" *). But you can see that the “apenbare notary” was not a big Mttnz connoisseur. This is not intended to affect his honor of office. be palpable, we see the same violations when transmitting the Gothic Mtlnzin inscriptions into the Latin written form also in the numerous Mttnzbttchers of the XVI. century infinitely often gone. This is quite certain in one case or the other. obvious: here only commercial and there only legal stic purposes, which then focus on scientific sub- tilities that interest us were not received. Minima non curate Praetor!

a. a. 0. p. 256.

H. Dannenberg.

19

Talking MQns«

r riedlaender wrote in an article in the Wiener nomismatiBchen Magazine in 1870 for the first time about the strange Tarentine Didrachmon: rider to the right ^f. Taras on the dolphin right- there, in the field P, all around TAPANTINUNHAAI Si 5% (over- gang style, probably not long after 400 BC. G.) made annotable and through those of him Taqavxivfav ^fu . .j Half piece of the tare tiner, inscription also read the legend of the ancient Segestans Didrachmeh CEC EST A XIBEMI (declining): Sirsfna Z^ß ^gu . . Segesta Zib half piece interpreted, while this was previously seen as Sfyeara Zhß BtfUj I am Segesta Zib, read and interpreted. That neither Segesta in such ancient times, nor Taranto, ever “whole pieces^, tetra- drachmas, have minted, should not attract attention according to Friedlaender, since the tetradrachm was the large piece of money that could be used everywhere and both in the neighborhood of Taranto and in the Segesta's was minted in mass and certainly also in these cities, so they probably wrote their didrachms as semi-circles. could describe pieces of the ordinary tetradrachm.

That not, as we would expect in Sicily, on the old Segestan coin HEAAI, but rather EMI, would not be striking, as we also find on old coins from Himera IMEPAION

Bedende Mflnsen. 279

(and even A93MI; the Tetradracbmon with PEAOH'; Arolseii; Find print in Berlin^).

Value designations are not uncommon on coins; means like that “H on very old small silver coins from Rhegium^ AUifae^ NeapoliS; yes from Segesta himself^') Hemiobolion. HMI is too a common inscription on the weight balb pieces (e.g. finder and Friedlaender, contributions e.g. old coin box Plate IV. No. 1).

The reading AMI instead of EA/VI at Segesta is definitely apo- cryph, which is AMI of the Metapontine tetra- and didrachms Official name.

These are essentially the arguments that Friedlaender to justify his opinion^ that EMI and HMI mean half- Piece of the tetradrachm — which is known to exist in some areas (nanjQ was called — sets up.

Certainly Friedlaender's entire proof is entirely correct. composed of several links and decorated with the usual numismatic table with caution, without any fantastic admixture so that the matter is unified according to the material available to him had a high degree of probability and probably most people Numismatics! "has been considered safe").

But a monument has now been discovered which... the real existence of talking MtLn, which Friedlaender doubted zen beyond any doubt, and it should be compared this coin and the Segestan and Tarentine coins mentioned with other monuments perhaps the whole thing itself is different what I will try to prove in the following pages wants. Of course, as in most cases, that's where it is when it comes to interpretations of difficult inscriptions, an absolute one Certainty cannot be achieved, but we are entitled to

i) Friedlaender, Berl. Sheet I p. 137.

*) But here it's probably not 'BfitoßolMy y but HtfuoßoUoy- complete. Because £ta is not possible here in such ancient times.

*) Saunas doubts the interpretation and promises something related to it Essay (Sul tipo de* tetradrammi di Segesta. 1871 p. 6. Note 1).

19*

280 A.T.8a]let

equals a relative degree of probability of that In* to strive for scriptural interpretation.

There is a bis in the collection of the Bank of England now only, very old gold stater with a grazing deer (fallow deer) to the right. ^f. Qnadratun incnsam^ from three squares existing. EL. 3-^5. The deer is very clear undoubted legend AAAS2lM32IOV\3A4>'); d. i. declining: ffosroQ €fi$ (ftifACCj also ipasvoq slfAl (f^fuc: “I am the sign, the character, tpatvoq.^ The latter is a genitive of unknown meaning; Newton introduced this coin in the tenth volume of Nu- mismatic Ghronisle published in 1870 and suggests that they may be minted in Ephesus.

The first point we need to consider is this Authenticity of the coin that Borrell acquired in Smyma in 1825 and Newton were read and published for the first time in 1870 has. The good-sounding names of the two informants Newton and Borrell must not stop us from answering the question of whether eight or not to raise anything at all. Even the best connoisseurs are been deceived and the matter is important enough to go without one jurare in verba magistri to examine objectively.

When the stater became known, no one could read it. Mionnet (p. vi. 213) gives it to Erythrae and reads: AN- NOZEMIZEPY. But now the inscription is very clear the most precise records of palaeography') with the best books written in letters; so if the coin were fake, that would be the The forger was more learned than the scholars who received his work fell into his hands. But that is completely unthinkable for the year 1825.

.1) Nor the EpsUon in ^mvo^ is not quite denüioh Ea but seems, as Newton also thinks, a c rather than a | or W For our Zweek But this is equally valid.

*) See Newton a. a. 0. and the alphabet tables at Kirchhoff (Stad. s. business d. Greek alphabet. 1867) to which the Asia Minor alphabets concern- ensuing steUs. Only the R is not represented there, but is in the Al- phabets of the nearby islands.