The Ancient Coins of Italy — 1903

G. of LoDdres (App. 1), 1 gr. 07.

The following currency is anepigraph.

609. — Laureate of Apollo on left, hair falling free

lies on the back of the neck.

^ Protome of the swimming androcephalic bull at right. ; au- above, a dolphin on the right.

Obol fraction (summary style). I*. 1—3.

G. of Berlin (253), 1 gr. 76.

Neapolitan coins minted in the name of Rome.

II. — Head of Apollo, ij Protome of the androcephalous bull. POMAinN inscription (around 326).

610. — Laureate TV of Apollo on the right. (garland with three rows of leaves), the crescent-shaped hair on the nape of the neck, i^ Protome of the androcephalous bull to the right. ; on your shoulder, star with six or eight rays; above, PAMAION*

Obol fraction (beautiful style). I*. 30—50.

G. of Vienna, 4 gr. 85. — G. of France (Luynes), 3 gr. 20. ^ G. of Naples. — Glasgow, 3 gr. 14. — Goll. Imhoof-Blumer, 3 gr. 55. — Goli. Bignami (Gampidoglio), 2 gr. 48.

256 NÂPLBS

611. — Same types. Disfigured legend.

(Summary style). iE. 20-40.

C. of Milan.

III. — Head of Apollo, standing androcephalus bull.

(320 - 280).

612. — Laureate head of Apollo right, front, NEOPOAITHI (from h. enb.); behind, »rintetis. ^ Androcephalous bull, head facing, facing right. ; au-

above, a star with eight rays; below, M; in Texergue,

E-Grètetis.

Litra? iE»-»*/*. 10-20.

C. of BerliD (187), 10 gr. 23. — C. of London (158), 10 gr. 65. — C. of Naples (1139), 10 gr. 15 et al. Santangelo (1170), 10 gr. 10.

613. — Identical types, legend and acronyms.

Hemilitra? (Very nice style). I^

C. de Millan, 6gr. 43. — C. of Naples (Goil. Santangelo) 1169.

614. — Same types (without legend?); above the bull, star

and increasing; sometimes, below, M; to Texergue, E (^) Hemilitra? M^ V*-*. 2—5.

C. of Naples (1140), 6 gr. 85. - G. of Berlin (221).

615. — Same types; before the head of Apollo, NEOnOAITHN;

behind, <|). On the i^, above the bull, a dolphin on the right; in the exergue,

AIO (see number 582). Hemilitra? iE**/«-M5— 25.

C. de BerUn (188, former Coll. Fox), 10 gr. 84.

NAPLES 257

616. — Same types and same legend; behind Apol's head lon, Mr.

At i^, above the bull, star with eight rays;k the exergue^ MA {to) or MAO {to).

Hemililra? I*-* 3/4. 2—5.

(a) C. of London (168), 6 gr. 07. — C. of Berlin (189), 5 gr. 50. — (b) Ane Coll. L. Sambon (Minervini, Osserv,^ p. 68).

617. —Same types and same legend; in front, NEnPOAIT(flN)

(summary style) or NEOnOAITHN (very pretty style); der- back of the head, K-

At i^, above the bull, a dolphin on the right. No letters in exergue. Granite on both sides.

Hemilitra? I ^-3 3/*. 1—3.

C. of Berlin (204-205), 4 gr. 45 (registration seems NEOTTOAIT sic), 4 gr. 87. — C. of London (166), 5 gr. 25. — G. of Naples (1158-59). ~C.de France (Luynesj NEflPOAIT, 3 gr. 90 (summary style).— C. of Berlin (206), 2 gr. 66 (summary style). — C. de France NEO- POAITfin, 5 gr. 22. — Carelli, p. 27, DNA, 262.

618. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, K-

At i^, above the bull, a caduceus. Granite of both sides.

Hemilitra? (exquisite drawing, inscription in very small characters) teres). I 3-3 3/4. 1-3.

C. of Berlin (203), 5 gr. 21. — C. of Naples (1 165) and Coll. Santangelo (im-79). — Coll. Sambon. — C. of France, 3 gr. 39. — Carelli, p. 27, DNA. 255.

258 NAPLES

619. — Same types and same legend; behind the TV, E-

At the i^« above the bull, a caduceus. Sometimes a mo- nogram (AN?) in the exergue. Granite on both sides. Hemililra. j£3 1/1-32/3. i_3.

G. of Berlin (202), 3 gr. 98. — G. deNapIes (Coll. SantaDgelo), 1180.

620. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, A-

On the i^, above the bull, lampadouca torch; au- below, uncertain letter.

Hemilitra. I"*/*. 1-3.

G. of Naples (Santaogelo) 1181-82. » Coll. Samboo. — Carells p. 27, DNA. 264.3 gr. 33.

621. — Same types and same legend.

At i^, above the bull, a club; below, K; has.

the exergue, a star with eight rays.

Hémililra (slightly dry drawing). /E^ 1/*. 1—3.

G. of London (167), 3 gr. 75. — G. de Naplcs (1166). —Goll. Sam- good. —Garelli, p. 27, DNA. 252.4 gr. 82.

622. — Same types; in front of the head, NEOrOAITEHN; behind, >|. At i^, above the bull, a spike on the right.

Hemilitra. I” 1/2. i__3.

G. of London (178), 3 gr. 98 and 3 gr. 28. — Coll. Sanlangelo 1183. —Garelli, p. 27, DNA. 253-54, 4 gr. 26 and 4 gr.

623. — Laureate head of Apollo to the right; behind, an amphora. Without

legend. v{ Androcephalous bull going right, head facing; au-

on it, a garland; below, AE» Grènetis. Without legend. Hemilitra. I** '/^ 3~8.

G. of Berlin (219-220), 6 gr. 60; 6gr. 81. — G. of London, 7 gr. — G. of Naples (Sanlangelo), 1188.

NAPLES 259

624. — Tele laureate of ApolIoD to right. ; behind, sometimes O?

Without legend.

i{ Androcephalic bull, the side facing, going to the right; au- on it, a fly (bee?); below, sometimes the monogr. K; in the exergue, NEOnOAITfîN.

Hemililra. iE^.s 1/2, |_3^

C. of London (163), 3 gr. 15. — C. of Berlin (209), 3 gr. 93. — C. from Glasgow (92), 4g r. 66. — C. of Naples (CoU. Saolangelo), 1192. — C. of France, 4 gr. 12. — Carelli, p. 27, DNA, 270, 4 gr. 36.

625. — Same types and same legend; behind the TV, £•

At i^, above the bull, a Phygian helmet; below,

Hemililra. j£3-3*/i. 1-3.

C. of Berlin (210-12), 4 gp. 25; 4 gr. 15; 3 gr. 97. — C. of London (164), 3 gr. 60. — C. of Naples (1141-43). ~ G. of Glasgow (93), 3 gr. 49. — G. of France (Luynes), 3 gr. 45. — C. of France, 4 gr. 18. — Carelli, p. 27, DNA, 277, 3 gr. 74.

. — Same types and same legend. At the i{, above the bull, a tripod^ sometimes between the

letters I, E or 1 (?), A; below, 3. Hemililra. I 3. 1—3.

C. of Naples (Coll. SanUngelo), 1187. — Carelli, p. 27, DNA. 259- 261.4 gr. 05; 3 gr. 79; 3 gr. 33.

627. — Same types and same legend.

At the i^, above the bull, a dove^ with outstretched wings^

in a crown \ below, M« Hemililra. I 3-3 1/2. 1^3.

C. of Naples (1161-62).

628. — Same types and same legend; behind the door, /p.

At the ri, above the bull, a bunch of grapes in a crown.

260

NAPLES

Hemilitra. I«-3«/î. 1—3.

C. of LoDdres (162), 3 gr. 30. — C. of Naples (Ck>ll. SaoUngelo), 1190-9i.

629. — Same types; behind the head, ^ or A (sometimes the crown which surrounds the head of Apollo has three rows of leaves).

At i^, above the bull, a star has eight rays in a crown; below, A; in Texergue, NEYTTOAITjQN (Com- (see numbers 241 and 560).

Hemilitra. I 3 i/«^ i/a. 8-20.

C. de Napies (1151) and Coll. SaaUngelo (1189). — C. of London (162). - C. of Berlin (213), 4 gr. 84. - C. of Glasgow (94), 6 gr. 35. — Coll. Maddalena, 4 gr. 21. — Carelli, p. 27, DNA. 267.4 gr. 41.

630. — Same types.

At F^, above the bull, a bust of Bélios facing between the letters <|>-|; below^ the monograms 7SÀ and /E; & the exergue, NEOrOAITHN.

Hemilitra. &^ */*^ */3. 1—3.

C. of London (160-161), 3 gr. 90; 2 gr. 95. — C. de Napies (llo6- 57). — C. of Berlin (208), 3 gr. 87. — G. of France, 4 gr. 93.

631. — Same types.

At i^, above the bull, a bust of Helios facing between the letters (|>-|; under the bull, £ only; at the exergue,

NEOnOAITfin.

Hemilitra. I 3 i/«-4. i— 3.

a of London (159), 3 gr. 80.

632. — Same types; behind the head, Bh

At i^, above the bull, a rooster between the letters -|; to

the exergue, NEOnOAITHN- Hemilitra. iE» */«. 1— îî.

c. of Napies (1148).

1

NAPLES 261

633. -- Laureate head of ApoUoQ on the left; in front, NEOnOAITHN;

behind, Z. i{ Hydrocephalus bull, head facing, going to the right; at «

above, an owl on the right. ; below, E; ^ Texergue, a

dolphin. llémililra (exquisite drawing). X.^'^ */*. 1 — 3.

G. of London (114), 5 gr. 30 and 4 gr. 10. — C. of Berlin (192),

3 gr. 41. — Carelli, p. 27, DNA, 240, 3 gr. 84.

634. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, E-

At ^, above the bull, a bunch of grapes on a vine leaf; below, monogram /\ which can be read XAPI; with the exergue ^E (fl), ME {b) or 3M {c).

Hemilitra (compare didrachm no. 486). A^ */*. 1—3.

C. of London (ni(a)-17i> (6), 4 gr. 45 and 4 gr. 15. - C. of Berlin (195-7), 4 gr. 15; 3 gr. 58; 4 gr. 27. — G. of Milan. —Goli. Santangelo (1195). — Carelli, p. 27, DNA. 246-248 (a) 4 gr. 41 and 4 gr. 15, (b) 4 gr. 05.

633. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, A- At i{, above the bull, a cantharus; below, E. Hemilitra. &^-^^lK 1-3.

G. of Berlin (198), 4 gr. 49. — G. of Glasgow (100), 4 gr. 79. — G. of Milan (with A), 4 gr. 45.

636. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, ZP.

At i^, above the bull, a thunderbolt; below, E-

Hemilitra. j£3-3«/i. 1—3.

G. of Berlin (199) 4 gr. 57. — G. of Glasgow (99), 4 gr. 75. - CoU. 8anUngelo (1198). — Garelii, p. 27, DNA. 237.3 gr. 38.

637. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, /E. At i^, above the bull, a lyre; in the exergue, |2. Hemilitra. A 3-3 i/t^ ^_^

Goll» Sambon, Paris, 4 gr, 07.

48

ifilPLES

638. — Typical metnes and even legend; behind the head, CIBI in

monogr. At i(, above the bull^ a winged seahorse; in the exergue

IZ.

Hemilitra. i»3*/«. 4—3.

G. of Naples (1149). — G. of Berlin (193-94), 4 gr. 48; 3 gr. 62. — G. of France, 4 gr. 07. — Garelli, p. 27, DNA. 244.2 gr. 66.

639. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, E-

At the i^, above the bull, a round shield with episème {star eight-rayed); below, a4^; ^ Texergue, a sword in its sheath,

Hemilitra. iE^'*/*. 1—3.

G. of London (!70), 3gr. 80. — G. of Berlin (200), 4 gr. 77. — GoII. Santangelo (1196).

640. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, /p. At i^, above the bull, a shield; inTexergue, A- Hemilitra. JEa-3«/«. 1—3.

Donkey. Goll. Lauria (Minervini, Otserv.t p-68).

641. — Same types and same legend.

At ïj, above the bull, a flower between the letters E-P;

below, ^. Hemilitra. I.^-» «/«. 1—3.

G. of Naples (Goll. Santangelo), 1197. — À Tellino (Garelli, p. 27,

DNA. 242) describes a copy with vase (?) between the letters E'Pl

below, ^\ in Texergue, IZ.

642. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left; in front, NEOTTOAITHN;

behind, A or K. i^ Androcephalous bull, head facing, going to the left; above, a cantharum between the letters E-fl; in Texergue,

Ain. I

Hemilitra. At 8-» */«. 1—3. |

G. of London (175), 4 gr. 65. - G. of Berlin (190), 4 gr. 03. — G. of Glasgow (101), 4 gr. 34.

643. — Same types and same legend. î

At ^, above the bull, a cantharus; in Texefgue, Ml A- I

Hemilitra. I.3-3 “/*. 1— 3. !

G. of London (176), 3 gr. 80. — Garrucci, LXXXV, 37. '

NAPLES 203

644. — Same types and same legend; behind the door, CI*

At ij, above the bull, an eagle on the left returning the

head; below, K- Hemililra. I 3-3 1/2^ 1—3.

C. of London (173), 3 gr. 25. — C. de Berlia (191), 3 gr. 40. — C.

of Naples (1163-4) and Ctoll. Santangelo (1193). — C. of France,

3 gr. 26.

645. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left.

ij Androcephalous bull to the right, head facing; above, a bucrane adorned with strips; in Texergue, NEOTTO- AITHN.

Hemilitra. jg. 3.3 fps^ ^ 3^

Coll. Sambon, Paris, 3 gr. 84.

646. — Same types and same legend.

At ij, above the bull, a grasshopper.

Hemilitra. I^ */*. 1—3.

Coll. Sambon, Paris, 4 gr. 49. — GarcUi, p. 27, DNA, 235-6, 3 gr. 79 and 2 gr. 87.

647. — Same types and same legend; behind the head, >p. At j ij, above the bull, a lyre; below, E. Hemilitra. /Ë,3-»i/4^ 1—3.

G. of Naples (1152).

649 650

648. — Same types and same legend.

1^9 above the bull, a serpent,

Hemilitra. I 3-3 1/2. 1—3.

C. of Naples (Coll. Santangelo), 1194. — (Carem, p. 27, Adn. 234, 3 gr. 54.

649. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left; behind, E-

i^ Androcephalic bull on the left, head facing; above,

264 NAPLES

a cornucopia; below, the Oscan letter f) or |^; in the epigraph, NEOnOAlinN. Hemilitra. I^-ai/i. 1^3^

C. of Berlin (207), 4 gr. 07. — C. of Naples (1153-5). — C. de Glas- gow (95;, 3 gr. 65. — CareUi, p. 27, Adn. 273. — Col). SamboD, 4 gr. 44.

650. — Laureate head of Apollo on the right, surrounded by four dolphins

phins chasing each other. Grônetis. i^ Androcephalous bull, the head of profit^ going to the right. At the

on it, a trident; in Texergue, NEOnOAITfîN Litra of reduced weight? (Often thick flan).

j£ 3-4 1/1-5 d/i. 3—10.

c. of London (192-194), 6 gr. 90; 7 gr. 45. — C. of Berlin (21518) 6 gr.20; 6gr. 05; 4 gr. 30; 4 gr. 39. — C. of Naples (1144-47) and Coll. Santangelo (1173-76). “CareUi, p. 27, DNA, 271-3, 5 gr. 33; 6 gr. 21.

IV. — Telephone of Apollo.

f| Androcephalous Taareaa crowned by Victory.

a) Around 270-240 BC. AD

651. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left; in front, NEOTTOAITON;

behind, a lyre. Grènotis.

^ Androcephalous bull, head facing, facing right. and cou- purred by a Victory hovering in the air.

Litra of reduced weight? I*. 1—3.

c. of London (227, Cat. No. 22 of Poole, is of Nola).

f

633. — Same types and same legend; behind the head a letter of *emls< sion, B. At f|, under the bull, 2 ^1 to Texergue, |2« ^^- 0.50—3.

C. of Naples (SaataDgelo), 1201-2.

653. — Behind the head, B.

At i^, under the bull, E; in Texergue, IJ. HAS*. 0.50 — 3,

C. do Naples (Santangelo), 1200. — Carelli, p. 26, DNA. 187.6 gr. 31.

654. — Behind the head, B; i*icn to the i^ or |2 under the bull.

C. of Glasgow (103), 4 gr. 98.

655. — Behind the head, f-

At l^, under the bull, OZ* C. of France, 4 gr. 36.

NAPLES 265

656. — Behind the head, F-

At ^, 80U8 the bull, |2. J^ ^* */*. 0.25—3.

G. of Naples (1161-68) and GoU. Santangelo (1203-4). •

657. — Behind the head, A-

At ij, under the bull, |2; in Texergue, Pfl. A**

G. of Naples (1169-70) and Coll. Santangelo (1205). —Garelli, p. 26, DNA. 189.4 gr. 83.

658. — Behind the head, E.

At l^, under the bull, tfB or ME; î^ Texergue, |2* ^*» 0.25—3. G. of London (219). — G. of Naples (1171) and Goll. SanUngelo (1206-7 — ME?)• — Garelli, p. 26, DNA, 186, 6 gr. 15. — Coll. Samboa (MB)i 5 gr. 67.

659. — Behind the head, Z.

At i^, under the bull, |I. I*-4 1/2. 0.25—3.

G. of Naples (Santangelo), 1208. — Carelli, p. 26, DNA. 192.6 gr. 46.

660. — Behind the head, H.

In the yew, under the bull, 01; “IVxergue, \2, i£^-* */2. 0.25-3.

G. of Naples (1172).

661. — Behind the head, H.

At ij, ^ ; to the exergue, |2. iB** «/«. 0.25-3.

G. of London (225). — G. of Berlin (159), 6 gr. 44. — G. of Naples (1174), — G. of Glasgow (113), 5 gr. 15.

662. — Behind the head, H.

At ^ only 12. . iS^ */«. 0.25—3.

G. of Naples (1173) and Coll. Santangelo (1209-12).

663. — Behind the head, Q. At i{, under the bull, |2.

G. of Naples (1175) and Goll. Santangelo (1213-14). — G. de Kranec.

664. — Behind the head, |.

At l}, under the bull, |2; in Texergue, ><. I 4-4 4/2. 0.25—3.

G. of London (210). — G. of Naples (1179). — Coll. Sambon, 4 gr. 68.

665. — Behind the head, |.

At ]^, under the bull, g; in Texergue, |2 (a)” or only |2 “ous the bull (6). • I*-* */^. 0.25—3.

(a) G. of Naples (1178). — (b) C. of Naples (1176-7). — Carelli, p. 26, DNA. 201.5 gr. 33.

NAPLE8

666. — Behind the head, |.

At ij, 80U8 the bull, |2; in the epigraph, WE- &^ 1/2. 0.25-3.

C. of Naples (Santangelo), 1215-17.

667. — Behind the head, K.

At 1^, BOUS the bull, |1; in the exergue (?). J£4.4 i/t. 0.25—3.

C. of Berlin (160), 5 gr. 45. - CarelU, p. Î6. DNA. 203.5 gr. 49.

668. — Behind the head, K.

At ij, 80U8 the bull, BZ; in the exergue, |2. J£44 l/î. 0.25—3.

C. of Naples (Coll. Santengelo), 1218. - C. of France, 5 gr. 82.'

669. — Behind the head, A.

At ij, 80U8 the bull, |2; in Pexergue, KE. &^* i/i. 0.25-3

6 i.t^^^^"' '"'^^ '* ^'"- ^'"'""«*'" <*^*^)- - C- ^« Gï»*«ow (104)!

670. — Behind the head, Mr.

In the yew, 80U8 the bull, |2; in the exergue, KE (a) or rieo (6).

-S4 1/Î-5. 0.25—3.

rJr^^; f' ^r'^T.iif ■*'' ^ «"•• **' ' «'• ^^- - C. of Naples (1181-6) and Co”. SanUngelo (220-24). - C. of London (211). - (6) C. of Berlin (162) 6 gr. 12. - CareUi, p. 26, DNA. 208.6 gr. 26.

671. — Behind the head, N. At fJ, 80U8 the bull, P.

C. from France, 6 gr. 20.

672. — Behind the head, N.

In the yew, 80U8 the bull or in the exergue, |1. JE4^ l/« 0 25-3

C of Naples (1187.89) and Coll. Santangelo (1225).- C. of Berlin '(165-6)', IZ'kI f' ^J' ■" ^- ^' ^"^"^^ (212). - C. of Glasgow (105 and 1 12 to 1 exergue), 214.6 gr. 87 and 6 gr. 36.

673. — Behind the head, î.

At ij, 80U8 the bull, |2; in the exergue, ME- C. of Naples (Santangelo, 1226-7).

J£^ 1/2”. 0.25-3.

M*rA l/î. 0.25—3.

NAPLES 267

674. — Behind the head, E.

At ij, under the bull, I2; in the epigraph, KE- ^^ */2. 0.25—3.

G. of Naples (Santangelo), 1228.

675. — Behind the head, r.

At i{, at the exergue, |1. JB^ i/«. 0.25—3.

C. of Berlin (167), 4 gr. 89. — G. do Naples (1202-3;.

676. — Behind the head, ï; legend NEOnOAITflI (“c).

At ^, under the bull, >. iE*** i/2. 0.25—3-

G. of Naples (Santangelo), 1233.

677. — Behind the head, ï.

At ^, under the bull, IZ9 in Texergue, 1^. ië.^^ t/2. 1^3.

G. of Glasgow (109}, 5 gr. 53. — G. of London (217).

678. — Behind the head, O.

At i^, under the bullj |2; in Texergue, X 2TT. &^ ^/^'. 025—3. G. of Berlin (168), 6 gr. 96. — G. of London (213). — G. of France.

679. — Behind the head, Q.

At i|, under the bull, IZ9 in Texergue, OZ- M^* W2. 0|25—3. G. of Naples (1190-91). ~ G. of Berlin (169), 5 gr. 58 (c').

680. — Behind the head, O-

At ij, under the bull, N. -«.♦-♦ */*. 0.25-3.

Garelli, p. 27, DNA. 216-217, 6 gr. 21 and 4 gr. 51.

681. — Behind the head, O-

At i^, under the bull, OZ; in Texergue, |Z. iE*-* '/*. 0.25—3.

G. de Undres (221). — G. of Naples (1192). — G. of Glasgow, 4 gr. 34. — G. of France, 4 gr. 95.

682. — Behind the head, P.

At i^, under the bull, |2. M^ */«. 0.25-3.

G. of BerUn (170), 5 gr. 20. — G. of Naples (1193).

683. — Behind the head, P.

At ij, at Texergue, |2. -^*. 1—3.

G. of France, 6 gr. 55.

684. — Behind the head, P.

At ij, under the bull, |Z; in Texergue, M. ^4-4 1/2, 0.25—3.

G. of Berlin (171), 6 gr. 37. — G. of Glasgow (108), 5 gr. 44.

[

268 NAPLES8

685. — Behind the head, P.

At i^, under the bull, |2; in Texergue, I, A*-*

G. of Naples (Santangelo), 1237.

686. — Behind the head, P.

At i^, at Texergue, |2. -«•*-* */*. 0.25—3.

C. of Naples (1194). — G of London (223). ^ G. of Glasgow, 4 gr. 08.

687. — Behind the head, < or J.

At i^, under the bull, |2. I*^ */*. 0,^—3.

C. of Berlin (173-75), 6 gr. 90; 6 gr. 50; 5 gr. 02. — G. of London (215).

688. — Behind the head, (.

At the Y{y in the exergue, |2. ^^ */«. 0.25—3.

C. of London (224). - G. of Naples (1196) and Goll. SauUngelo (1241).

689. — Behind the head, J.

At l^, under the bull, |2- i^^^ '/'. 0.25—3.

G. of Naples (1199-1200) and Goll. SanUngelo (1250).

690. — Behind the head, J-

To ij, to rexergue, 12- iE^* «/*. 0.25-3.

G. of Naples (1197-98) and Goll. SanUngelo (1246-9).— G. of Berlin (176), 5 gr. 76. — G. of Glasgow (112).

601. — Behind the head, Y.

At i^, under the bull, M|. I*-4 i/2. 0.25—3.

(Nola?) Garelli, p. 27, Adn. 229.6 gr. 72.

692. — Behind the head, X. ^ ♦"♦

Garelli, p. 27, DNA, 230, 3 gr. 84.

Some of these issues were used for retyping — on a large scale — of demonetized coins from Aesernia, Calés and Suessa. I believe that the so-called alliance currencies between Naples and Suessa, Naples and Calés are only reprints where one would have neglected to obliterate one of the sides. The find of Pietrabbondante (I) provided many of these restamped coins.

. Here is the description of the copies which were published as making allusion to a political alliance:

1. Gabrici, Ripostiglio di Pietrabbondante, N. S., Lincei, Dec. 1900. There was more than sixty coins re-struck on Welsh coins; others were retyped peated on coins of Aesemia, Teanum and Nola.

NAPLES 269

With SVESANO.

693, — Laureate head of Apollo on the left; dcTant, NEOnOAITHN; der-

back, T- t^ Androcephalous bull, head facing, going to the right, crowned by Victory hovering in the air; in the exergue, (S)VESANO*

G. of Berlin (p. i47), 6 gr. 89.

694. — Same types; in front of the head, NEOTTOAITHN.

At 1^, under the bull, |2; in the epigraph, ^VE5^AN(0). /E*

G. of Naples (Minerviai, Om., pi. VI, ii).

With CALENO.

695. —Laureate head of Apollo on left; in front, NEOTTOAITHN; behind, P. I^ Androcephalous bull, head facing, facing right; above, a

fyre ; below, C; in the exergue, CALENO* JE. * * '2.

G. of Vienna (Garrucci, LXXXV, 33).

696. — Same types; in front of the head, NEOPOAITON.

On the l^, below the bull, an atre with rays; in the exergue, CALENO*

G. of France (Garracci^ LXXXV^ 32).

b) Around 240-210 BC. AD

097. _ Laare head (rApollo on the left. Granite.

^ Androcephalic bull, head facing, facing right. and cou- hummed by Victory hovering in the air; in the exergue, NEOnOAIT or NEOnOAITHN. Granite. Litra of greatly reduced weight. iE* */î-3^ 1—3.

G. of Berlin (f 82-84), 2 gr. 07; 3 gr. 04; 2 gr. 44. — C. of Naples (1208-17).

698. — Same types; behind the head, M; at i^, at Texergue, NEO- NOAIT. Litra or Hemilitra. 'HAS*. 1—3.

G. of London (230), 1 gr. 40.

270

NAPLBS

609. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left; behind, a dolphin. Grëneiis. i{ Androcephalous bull on the left, head facing and crowned

by Victory; in front, <|>| ; in the exergue, NEOTTOAIT* Litra. HAS**/". 1—3.

G. of London (229), 2 gr. 77.

698

699

700. — Laureate head of Apollo on left. Granite.

i^ Androcephalic bull (head facing) to the right^ court, by the

Victory; in front, ^\ ; in Texergue, NEOTTOAITHN- Ultra. I* */". 3-5,

C from France, 2 gr. 33.

701. — Laureate head of Apollo on the right; behind S (ITT) - Grènetis. i{ Androcephalous bull on the right, head facing, crowned

by Victory; the inscription NEOTTOAI — TON» begins starting with the exergue and ending in front of the bull. Granite. Litra (very summary style). A«*/«» */3. 1—3.

G. of Berlin (185), 2 gr. 66. — G. of Milan, 3 gr. 03 and 1 gr. 55.

702. — Same types; behind the head, AH; at ij, in front of the tau-

reau (bovine head?), AH; register NEOTTOAITAN begins coming behind the bull and ending in the exergue. Litra (summary drawing). I* */*. 1—3.

G. of London (231), 2gr. 25.

702

703

703.'— Same types; to the v{ in front of the bull, P; in Texergue^ '. - NEOnOAIT.

Litra. J£«. 1—3,

Coll. Sambon, 1 gr. 41.

NAPLES 271

704. — Laureate head of Apollo on the right, on the other side a crown.

i^ Androcephalous bull, head facing, going to the right and

crowned by Victory; in exergue, NEOFFOAITnN. Litra or hemilitra? iE* */". 1—3.

G. of Berlin (186), 1 gr. 15.

V. — Télé ymle. ^ Tripod (After 300—260 BC).

705. — Manly head with short hair, beardless and laurel, turn- born at left. i^ Tripod; left, NEOPO; to the right. AITHN or NEono - AITHN or NEOP — OAlinN or NEono — AITHN or ono3M- AlIflM (Carelli)). Hemilitra of reduced weight? (nice style). IS.^. 0.25 — 3.

G. of Naples (1549-23). ~ G. of London (199-202), 2 gr. 63; 2 gr. 43.

711

These coins have been found very often in excavations of Cumes with objects from the end of the w^ or the first half of the 3rd century.

The style of some of these pieces is very pretty, it has a lot of a stroke of analogy with that of the monnies of Macedonia; we designate generally the head as being that of Apollo, but this de- signing is very doubtful. It's the same head that is on the obols with the type of Heracles choking the lion.

706. — Same types; behind the head, a star at 4(1) or at

8 spokes (2). Granite.

Hemilitra (variable style). j£". 0.25—3.

(1) G. of Berlin (212-274), 2 gr. 38; 2 GP. 33; 2 gr. 31 and (279-280) 2gp. 41;lgr. 92.

707. — Same types; behind the head, a star with 4 or 8 rays;

between the ends of the tripod, Bl*

272 NAPLES

Hemilitra. &^K 1 -3.

G. of Berlin (270), 2 gr. 82« — G. of London (195), 2 gr. 28. — Ca- reread (164).

708. — Same types; on the reverse, Kl-

Hemilitra. &^K 1-^.

G. of Berlin (275), 2gr. 16.

709. — Same types; behind the head, M. i( NY (very pretty style).

Hemilitra. I*-3. 1-.3.

C. of London (196-197), 2 gr. 80; 2 gr. 75. — G. of Berlin (276-277), 2 gr. 65 and 2 gr. 21.

710. — Same types; behind the head, N (1) or n (2) or Z (3).

Hemilitra. I". 1—3.

(1) GareUi, Adn., n» 382, 2 gr. 20. — G. of Berlin (278}, 2 gr. 83. — (2) GareUi, Adn., no. 383, 1 gr. 84. — (3) G. of Milan.

711. — Same types, more recent style; behind the head, a

cornucopia (1) or ear of corn (2). Hemilitra. I*. 0.50-2.

(1) G. of London (203) 2 gr. 55; (204) 2 gr. 48; (205) 1 gr. 70. — G. of BerUn (281-282), 2 gr. 63; 2 gr. 19. - G. of Naples (1254-59). — (2) GareUi, Adn., n» 387.

712. — Same types; behind the head, a club (1) or pedum (2).

Hemilitra. I*. 1—3.

(1) G. of Naples (1260-63). —G. from France (Luynes), 2 gr. 75. — (2) GareUi, DNA,, n» 386, 1 gr. 84.

713. — Same words; in front of the head; behind (1), or in front the head, X; behind, A (2) (summary style).

Fraction of lilra. I«. 0.50—2.

(1) G. of Miiao, 3 gr. 50. — (2) C. of London

714. — Same types; behind the head, monog. jp (TAP). Fraction of liter. A*-*. 1—2.

GoU. Sambon, Paris, 1 gr. 33.

715. — Manly head left, with short hair surrounded by a headband, i^ Tripod and NEoPo— AITflN.

Fraction of liter. I*

G. of Beriin (287), 1 gr. 12.

NAPLES 273

716. — Same types; in front of the head, a letter, TT? ^NEofTo—

AITON {sic). Fraction of liter. iE*"* */«. 1—2.

C. of Berlin (288), 0 gr. 93.

717. Manly head on the right, beardless and with short crowned hair

with a laurel wreath. Granite.

^ Tripod and NEOnO-AITHN.

Fraction of a liter. iE.^-* */2. 1—2.

G. of London (208), 1 gr. 90. Sometimes the very crude style (C. of London), 1 gr. 73. — Carelli, DNA, ^ n» 393, 1 gr. 18 and 394.0 gr. 82.

718. — Same types; behind the head, OPO- Fraction of liter.

G. of London (207), 0 gr. 82.

719. — Same head to the right. Granite. i{ Tripod ; to the right, PO; for-

tower, NEOnOAlinN. Hemilitra. I*-» */s. 1-3.

G. of Naples (Santangelo), 1 gr. 29.

720. — Same guys, a club across the neck.

Fraction of liter. iE** «/«. 3—5.

G. of London

721. — Same types; behind the head, a club; under the neck A(Y); to i^, NEOPO AimN. Fraction of liter. iE*. 1 — 2.

G. of Berlin (289), i gr. 41.

VI. — Tetelaurea of Apollon. ^ Lyre and omphalos. (After 250—200 BC)

722. — Laureate head of Apollo to the right, behind XAI or XAI or XA. Granite. ^ Lyre and omphalos; above Tomphalos, a serpent with

g. ; in Texergue, NEOnOAITHN and club. Litra? iE^-s. 0.50—3.

G. of Naples (1218-20). - G. of London (234-4). — C. of Berlin (261-2), 6gr. 40; 6 gr. 21. - Garelli, Adn., no. 342 to 346.

274 NAPLES

723. — Same types to the right, behind?^ Sistrum (?) lyre and omphalos;

in the exergue, NEOHOAITnN. Litra. A". 0.50—3.

SamboD, 5 gr. 83.

724. — Same types; behind the head, AA or ^. i{ in field»

left, quiver with baldric. Litra. &^\ 0.50—3.

C. of London (238-9).

725. — Same types; behind the head, ^/M or AH. ^ Victory te-

wearing a crown and bands, flying above the omphalos to crown the lyre; in the field, flam- beau de cours or a sistrum. Litra. . &^\ 0.50—3.

Coll. SamboD, 5 gr. 83. — C. of Berlia (264-265), 6 gr. 89 and 5 gr. 08. — Carelli, DNA,, n* 340, 5 gr. 28.

720. — Same types; behind the head, AH* ^ Victory like previous. crown. the lyre; in the field, left, a palm decorated with strips. Litra. it.*-5. 0.50—3.

C. of Naples (1221-2).

7:26 bis. — Same types without the acronym AH* At the i^ rosary of tré- foot (?) Litra. iE.*-”. 0.50—3.

Garelli.

727. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left; behind, I.

1^ Omphalos and Lyre; in Texergue NEOnOAITHN and palm

decorated with strips. Litra. iE*-«. 0.50—3.

c. of Naples (1223).

728. Same types; behind the head, HP* ^l ^ Texergue NEoiTOAI-

TflN and palm decorated with strips. Litra. A*-”. 0.50—3.

G. of Naples (1226). - Garelli, Adn., n° 353, 5 gr. i3.

729. Same types; behind the head, HPA (or A^A-AF)- ij In the

NAt>LBS 2^

éhamp, palm decorated with strips and in Texergue, NEo- TTOAITHN and laurel branch decorated with strips. Litra. I.*”. 0.50—3.

C. of Berlin (255-6), 6 gr. 90; 5 gr. 63.— C. of London (236?) yPA and 245 with AP. —Caralli, 153.

730. — Same head to left; behind, helmet. i{ Lyre and omphalos; to

Texepgue NEOTTOAITfftl and trident on the left, surmounted by letters PO. Litra. iE.«. 0.50—3.

C. of London (242). — C. de Berlio (258), 5 gr. 23. — G. of Naples (1227). — Coll. Sambon, Paris.

731. — Same types; behind the head, AA. i^ A Texergue, NEO-

nOAITHN and trident on left. Litra. I". 0.50—3.

C. of London (235), 2 gr. 73.

732. — Same types; behind the head, innO. ^ Palm on left. of the

lyre; in Tex., NEOTTOAITHN and below a rudders between A — P. Litra. I*-'. 0.50-3.

G. of BerUn (257), 7 gr. 20. — Coll. Sambon, 6 gr. 33. — GareUi, Adn., n*» 354 to 357.

733. — Same types; behind the head, A2. ^ In exergue, caduceus

ag. Litra. &^^. 0.50—3.

G. of London (237). ^ G. of Naples (1224). - San. (1274). — Ga- relU, Adn., no. 348, 5 gr. 54.

734. — Same types; behind the head, AY- ^ A Tex., thyrsus. Litra. iE*-”. 0.50—3.

G. of Naples (1225). — CareUi, DNA,, n* 359, 6 gr. 36.

735. — Same types; in Texergue, bow and quiver,

Litra. &^. 0.50—3.

G. of Naples (1229).

736. — Same types; behind the head, N or NY* ^ A^i above

Tomphalos, an arm and two stars with six rays; to Texergue, trident on left.

276 NAPLES

Lilra. iÊ^. 0.50—3.

C. de Bertin (259), 5 gr. 70. — C. of London (246).

737. — Same types; behind, (Df. i^ In the exergue, ear or branch

laurel on left. (1) or bow and quiver (2). / Litra. J£*-^ 0.50—3.

(1) G. of London (240). — ]2) Carelli, Adn., no* 360 and 36i, 7 gr. 90; 8 gr. 44. •

738. — Same types, i^ AP above Vomphalos.

Litra. &^\ 0.50—3.

Coll. Sambon. — CareUi, DNA.^ n» 368, 6 gr.

739. — Head of ApolloQ on the left, between the letters | — TT; the whole

in a laurel wreath, i^ Lyre and omphalos; au- top of Vomphaloiy a bucrane with strips around

horns; in the exergue, NEOnOAITQN Grènetis.

Litra. R.'^. 1—3.

G. of Berlin (266), 5 gr. 43. — C. of London, 6 gr. 38. — Carelli, Adn., no* 349 to 352.

740. -Same types; behind the head, ^.^K Tex., NEOnOAITHN

Litra. HAS*-". 1—3.

C. of Berlin (267), 5 gr. 58. — C. of Naples (1231-33).

741

741. — Same types; behind the head, £. i^ In the field, a caduceus. Litra. I*^”. 1—3.

c. of Berlin (269 270), 6 gr. 25 and 6 gr. 24. - C. of Naples (1234-6). •-^ Coll. Sambon, 6 gr. 01.

NAPLES 277

VII. — Bust of Diana, i^ Cornucopia (250^200 BC).

742. — Head or bust of Diana to the right, the quiver near the neck.

Grenelis. ^ Cornucopia filled with fruit (the tip finished sometimes with the head of a beast or equipped with fins and ban* debts); to left. NEOPO; to the right. AITHN. Granite. Hemilitra? I «-3. 0.25—3.

C. of Berlin (293), 1 gr. 04 (with fins). — C. of London (262), with fins. » Carelli, Adn., n«« 414-419.

743. — Same types, NEOPO on the right. ; AITHN left. of the tripod. Hemilitra. &^'K 0.25-3.

Coll. Sambon, (Nice style), 2 gr. 08.

744. — Same types. f( In the field, left, ^A*

Hemilitra. I «-3. 0.25-3.

G. of Berlin (291), 1 gr. 76. — Santo. 1311. — C. of France (Luynes), 2 gr. 05. — Carelli, no. 177 and Adn., no. 422 (with AP).

745. — Same types. ^ In the field, left, AY; strip at-

tower of the cornucopia. Hemilitra. I 2-3. 0.25-3.

C. of London (255).

746. — Same types, in front of the bust of Diana, AH. ^ The horn

of abundance sometimes ends in a tawny head.

Hemilitra. I^^'K 0.25—3.

C. of Berlin (297), 2 gr. 47. — C. of London (256), — Sant. (1312< 14). — Carelli, Adn., n° 420, 2 gr. 77.

747. — Same types; behind the bust, S»

Hemilitra. M^\ 0.25—3.

C. of Berlin (298-99), 3 gr. 11; 3 gr. 25. — Carelli, Adn., no. 421. 3 gr. 43.

19

278 NAPLFS

748. — Same types. ^ NEnnOAl inscription— TON (*»0; in

the field, left, PO- Hemilitra. iE*-”. 0.25—3.

C. of London (257). — Carelii, DNA,, n* 423, 3 gr. 07.

749. — Same types. f( In the field, left, |.

Hemilitra. I*. 0.25—3.

G. of London (258).

750. — Same types; behind the bust, 9. i^ In the field, to the left,

A or A. Hemilitra. A*. 0.25—3.

Ck>ll. Sambon.

751. — Bust of Diana left, without quiver; behind, a

dolphin; in front, i\ Cornucopia and NEOPO— AITfN; in the field,

to the right, (t>|. Hemilitra. &^. 0.25—3.

C. of France. — C. of London (259).

Vni. — Tétc ▼irile. ^ Horseman (250—200 BC).

752. — Beardless virile head (Dioscurus) with short hair, with

Dr. ; behind a star. Granite. ï( Rider galloping left, extending his right hand with a gesture of command or encouragement; in Texergue Tins-

-PU0„ •^^Oj^.Tn" «. s^ônôifïi °" "'"'SELF-

Granite.

Hemilitra? I*. 1—3.

C. of Berlin (303, 304, 306), 2 gr. 57; 3 gr. 55; 2 gr. 25. — Carelii, DNA,, nos. 396 and 397.

753. — Same types; under the horse, 2.

Hemilitra. I*. 1—3.

G. of Berlin (305), 3 gr. 01.

754. — Same types; behind the head, star with 6 rays. t| Under the

horse, NY.

NAPLES 279

Hemilitra. I'-*. 1 3.

G. of BerUn (310), 3 gr. 68. — Carlli, Adn., no. 407, 3 gr. 95.

755. — Same types, i^ A2; in the exergue, an ear (1) or a cluster

grapes (2). Hemilitra. iES-*. 1—3.

(1) G. of Naples (1241). — G. of London (249). — (2) San. (1278) — Carelli, DNA, No. 402, 2 gr. 61. — Coll. Sambon, 2 gr. 70.

756. — Same types. i{ Under the horse, AH-

Hemilitra. I 3*. 4 3.

G. of Naples (1242). — G. of London (253).

75 y. — Same types, ij Under the horse, A Y.

Hemilitra. jE3-4. i^s,

G. of Berlin (308 9), 2 gr. 97; 2 gr. 21. - G. of Naples (1243). — G. of London (250). - San. (1282-5). — Garelli, Adn., n*» 405 and 406.

758. — Same types, i^ Under the horse, 0| ; in Texergue, club. Hemilitra. jes-*^ 1_3^

G. of Naples (1248). — G. of Berlin (312), 3gr. 69. - G. of London (251). — Garelli, Adn.y n» 413, 7 gr.

759. —Same types, ij Under the horse, PO. Leg. : NEOTTOAITflN

^„ NEOnOAIT , .V

Hemilitra. jE^-*. 1—3.

G. of Berlin (311), 3 gr. 93. — G. of Naples (1245-7).— Saot. (1280- 81). — Carelli, Adn., n«>» 410-412, 3 gr. 38; 2 gr. 10; 3 gr. 28.

760. — Same types, ij Under the horse, ^A; in Texergue, a

palm.

Hemilitra. iE^-*. 1—3.

G. of Berlin (313), 3 gr. 41. — G. of Naples (1237-9). — San. (1279). — Garelli, Adn., n»» 397 and 398, 3 gr. 43; 3 gr. 13.

761. — Same types. i{ Under the horse, XAI.

280

NAPLES

Hemilitra.

C. of Berlin (314), 3 gr.

I 3^. 1_3.

762. — Same head to the left'; behind star, i^ Same rider ga-

loping to left. Please note, NEOPOAimN. Hemilitra. AK 1—3.

Coll. SamboD.

763. — Same types; behind the head, |n (1) or star and |n (2); a

laurel wreath frames the head, i^ NEOPOAITfl'^. Hemilitra. I^^. 1-3.

(1) C. of Berlin (301), 4 gr. H. — (2) Coll. Sambon, Paris, 2 gr. 62, — C. of London (254).

764. — Same types, i^

NEOPOAIi

Hemilitra.

C. of Berlin (302), 3 gr. 16.

I. 3-*. 1-3.

County from the late Roman period. (Vienna Museum).

Angers, imp. Orientale A. BURDIN and C'% 4, rue Garnier.

PI. III

ÎÎ5

it

0M

mpmt

mm

fji'j

A. Sam GOOD.

Pliotolypy BertIiRuil, the year»

THE

SAMNITES-CAMPANIANS

Classification.

I. — COINS WITH THE KAMPANOZ LEGEND.

II. — HYRIA. III. — VESERIS. IV. — NOLA.

V. — ALLIFAE. VL — FISTELIA.

VII. — IRNTHIANS.

^

O oo0.uQ ^

Italic warriors on a Tase from the 4th-3rd century BC. J.-G.

COINS WITH THE LEGEND KAMPAN02

(Cames oa Palaepolis).

The history of the occupation of Campania by the Samniles is almost unknown and we have absolutely no idea what they were, the time of this invasion, the conditions of the major part Campanian towns.

Cumae seems to have often found himself in antagonism with his own colony, Naples, and, on different occasions, the two cities were enslaved to one of the powerful peoples who disputed Thegemony on the coasts of the iMediterranean. Syracuse, in its struggle against Athens, had not been able to extend its influence in Campania as much as she Taijirail wanted; but she had enough power to stop, in turn, the ambitious aims of its rival, which, for a time, dragged Naples into the radius of his influence.

Ancient authors (1), evoking distant and confused tra- ditions, tell us of Etruscan domination in Campania, domination still formidable towards the second half of the 5th century, especially at Vultumum, and which would have been stopped by the Sam-

1. Veil. Paterculus, I, seen; cfr. K. 0. MOller, Die Elrusker, EinL, W, !; t. I, p. 168. — Strabo, V, p. 242. — Polybius, II, xvii, 1. — Pomp. Mela, II, iv:

28i IIONALS TO THE KAMPANOl LEGEND

niles(l). These rough moatagaards would have first seized Vulturnum — in 438 BC. BC according to some, in 424 according to others annalists — surprising the garrison with a clever stratagem Etruscan (2).

Without denying, with Niebuhr, the fact of a distant occupation Etruscan, we must consider the peoples occupying these regions as having, towards the second half of the fifth century, no connection military with Tetruria and already forming a race apart, which, offering low resistance to invasion, will blend easily with the sabellic race (3); it clearly appears that, thanks to the influence of Etruscan trade, predominant until around the middle of the 5th century, the vestiges of Etruscan traditions spread until the middle of the 4th century. We have proof of this in the mon-

Capua a Tiucis.... condita. — Tite-Liye, IV, 37. — Galon (apud Velleiam, I, 7), says that Gapouo and Noia were founded by the Elruscans around 470 BC. i.-C. ; but keep asserting tion, in contradiction with other texts, is in itself very unsimilar when 03 thinks of the conditions of the Etruscans after the battle of Cumae.

1. Pais believes that the Samnites, having destroyed the Vulturnum of the Etruscans, founded the town of Capua (today Santa Maria Velere), some distance from Vulturnum, and that the ancient city which had become an unimportant town took the name do CasUinum (today's Capua) which, according to the etymology given by Varro for Casinum, could mean “the ancient city; » the fact that grammarians and the Roman annalists sought to derive from the Oscan or Latin (a campestri agro) the name of Capua would be in favor of this attribution, but it could be that the Sam- nites would have simply shifted the political and commercial movement in favor of an ancient Greek establishment which already bore the name of Kaicvx.

2. The same legendary trait is repeated for VoUiniei (Valère-Maxime, IX, 1 Plorus, I, xxi; Zonaras, Ann,, Vlll, yii; cfr. Miebuhr, Rôm, GeschicfUe, I, 124; III, 546; Strab., p. 2*2; Liv., IV, 37).

3. The supporters of Etruscan domination in Campante until the Samnite invasion, have patiently collected all the literary texts and all traces of elements Etruscans in Campania. 0. MQller commented on the literary texts and assembled a first core of Campano-Etruscan elements \ Stein {De Capua velere,, p. 35) has indicated the local names common to Tetruria and Campania; Raoul- Rochettc, Excavations of Capua {Joum, des Savants^ 1853, p. 1-16) pointed out the traditions Campanian tions which appear to have an Etruscan origin and Etruscan names latinized in Latin inscriptions from Capua (Felsioius — Velleius — Lartius — Maecenas -:- Volumnius); others have published terracotta vases found at Nola or in Capua "and even in Sucssula, S. Agata de Goti and Cumae bearing graffiti composed of Etruscan or half-Oscan, half-Etruscan elements (Lepsius, Inscr. umbr. and dare, tab. XXVI, n. 33, p. 83. — Mommsen, VnleritaL Dialekle, taf, I, n. 14-15. — von Planta, Gramm. d. osk.-umbr, Dialekle, II, 527-330, 638-639), and I will cite a new example: an archaic vase from the coll. Canessa found at Capua and bearing the graffito A\\V4 A • A few years ago, we found in Capua

IF COINS WITH THE LEGEND KAMPANOZ 285

Dayage of the Hyrietes and the IrnthieDs, whose legends are com- posed as part of Etruscan elements - in artistic taste local industries, — in the city construction plan* like Pompeii which recall the plans of Etruscan cities. Even the coins with Oscan legend from Gapue, in the 1st century BC. BC, mix Greek, Etruscan and Latin elements.

The most serious effort to stop the Samnite invasion would have been done by the Gumains, and the invaders, according to Strabo (1), would have taken cruel revenge, around 428 or 420. Strabo (2) also tells us that Naples itself, probably a few years later, had to submit to the yoke of the Samnites.

The Samnite invasion therefore appears to have been facilitated by the jealous sies and discords of the Campanian cities, by the absorbed struggle bante between Athens and Syracuse, by the infiltration channel, in Gampania, of Samnite serfs or mercenaries in an era before laughing (3).

There is great interest in closely following the clues provided by currencies, on the commercial movement and on the organization politics of the Samnites in Gampania; that's why I thought it was useful to group together all the Campanian currencies of this people, contrary to the classification adopted by my predecessors ciers.

We have already studied a series of currencies which will be-

a terracotta plaque published by Buecbeler in Rhein, Mus., 1900, p. 1-8, and having a long Etruscan inscription from the second half of the 5th century or beginning of iv*; but the authenticity of this piece is not above any suspicion. However, these indications can also be explained by the influence of Etruscan trade.

On the other hand, if Telruria had dominated part of Gampania in the ▼* century, this domination would have had its weight in the fight with Gumes, and the excavations of Gapoue would have provided us with numerous Etruscan elements. So far we have not found in Gampania no official monument of the ^4rusques and if the taste for luxury foreigner can explain the essentially Greek physiognomy of the furniture of the Capuan tombs, before Samnite domination, an Etruscan military occupation would have led a sufficiently considerable number of Etruscans into the city for us to found traces of these votive inscriptions in some tombs (A^AIOVM or others), so common in the necropolises of Etruria and Umbria.

1. V, 4.

2. Ibid,

3. This slow infiltration of the samnite element towards Vulturnum could illuminate sion the partly fanciful account of Tite-Uve on the occupation of Gapoue (IV, 37).

386 COINS WITH THE KAMPANOZ LEGEND

appear to have been minted at Cumae and Naples under the domination of the Samaites. We will now first deal with a series bearing the inscription KAMPANOZ — KAMPANON and which has was probably struck at Palaepolis (Pizzofalcone hill, Ancient Parthenope). It is necessary, in my opinion, to completely reject the attribution of these coins to Capua, so energetically supported by Father Garrucci. We can only hesitate between Pa- laepolis and Cumae (1). These coins have on one side the bull an- Drocephalus of Naples, on the other, sometimes the head of Pallas, sometimes that of the Nymph Parthenope. The guy at the head of Pallas is that of Thurium, as it had been imitated in Naples after 415 BC. . AD; I don't believe it is earlier than 400 BC. AD, and it appears to have been used at least until 380 BC. The type with a female head imitates that of the latest TV shows Cumae.

Millingen (2) had assumed in KAMPANOM a form par- particular derived from the Aeolic dialect; Mommsen(3) saw the

1. These modDaies were attributed to Capua by the following authors: Pellerin, Additiont, p. 18. — Eckhel, D. n. v., I, p. 108. ~ Raoul-Rochette, Excavations of Capua, p. 81; f attributes the Campanian medals to Cauoue, not as the own currency of Capua, but as currencies of the GampanieiiB) masters of Capua, — Millingen, Rec, of med. Greeks, p. 11, n. 4. — Ch. Le- normant, Inlr. in Véiude of painted vases, p. 89: We do not hesitate to give at Capua of the Etruscans the silver coins which bear the legend KAPPANON or KAMPANON; and p. 47: The Samnites do not seem to have had currencies that were their own {\). — Garrucci (0. cit., p. 87) believes that Capua was formerly called Kâitna and that the coinage to the legend KAMPANON predates the Samnite occupation and belongs to the years 445-435 ay, AD — Head, Hist. Num., p. 27.

The following authors, on the contrary, spoke out in favor of TaUribuUon in Naples: Avellino, Opusc, II, 167, abandoning the atlrib. at Capua (Op., II, 27; Mon, Ined., 1-2). — Imhoof-Blumer, Wiener Num. Zeils., 1886, p. 222. — From Petra, The Ongini di Napofi, R. Acad, Arch., Naples^ 1903. — Imhoof-BIumer compares one of the

coins with the legend KAMPANOZ with a coin with the legend •^^^' mt

(our n. 388); but this last coat could also come from a Samnite workshop.

It has also been proposed to attribute them to Hyria (Fiorelli, Oss., p. 3). The guess by Friedländer (Osk. MUnzen., p. 34) that they could belong to a colony of Campanian soldiers established in the island of Ischia seem untenable, because the time of this occupation, as demonstrated by the inscription from Ischia which makes it known to us, is well after the minting of these coins.

2. Consider, p. 140.

3. Annali di Num, by Fiorelli, I. — Raoul-Rochette read KAMPANO for

COINS WITH THE LEGEND KAMPANOZ 287

genitive plural of an Osquegrecized noun, as well as daus AOYKA'. NOM,, and ^l brought it closer to the genitive plural ROMANOM; but he seems that the last letter is a ligma couohé; we find still the neutral nominative in its purely Hellenic form in the inscription Ka[JL7uaviv (sou& heard, àpY^piov), at length contested, but today indisputably established parnin copy at P. D, C. of the Coll. Maddalena (PI. lV,.no 1). We We have also seen on the coins of Gumes, KYMAlOi and KYMAION, and we will frequently find, on coins^ de Nola_de]at the same time, NflAAIOi. NflAAION and NnAAIfiN. On some copies we see J-OV^A'ÎMAH^TIflT'èmpTaçâiiïîé" guttural sound >| ; on others, KAr*PANb-M» effect of an assimila- fairly frequent occurrence (1).

The didrachms with the KAMPANOZ legend are very pretty. drawing; their strike must not have lasted many years; but they appear to have been in circulation for a long time, as they are found almost always in poor condition.

We have every reason to believe that this coinage alludes to a first Samnite confederation. From there would have come the name of Campania as designation of the entire region. Also the merc- Oscan naries who left Gapue in 412 BC. AD for Sicily, would they have taken, after the occupation of Antella, Aetna, Alaesa, of Nacona and other Sicilian towns, the name of KaiJ.:cavot(2). Diodorus of Sicily(3) tells us that the name of the Campanians \ena.ii of the fertility of the country they occupied; it would therefore be taken from the radical campus belonging to the Oscan and Latin languages; maybe would it have been used to designate the region conquered by the invaders? sisters: the peoples of the plain. Some authors base themselves on these currencies to suppose that Gapoue already existed before the occupation

KAMPANOr (implied, AHMOY), like RECINO and MESSANO; but it was wrong to separate M do KAMPANO* i. cfr. AAPPAION and AAMPAIfîN.

2. Head, Hisloria numorum, p. 104, 119 and 139* — G. F. Hill, Coins of antiquity Sicily, p. 182.

3. 'Aicb TYi; àpsn); toO itXvjffîov xeeiilvou icsdiov. The same author says that the Campanian people began to have their own name and organization from Tan de Rome 309 (445 BC): xaxoc piàv ttjv 'IraXtav xh lOvoç tôv Ka(iicavfi>v frjwiTtri (L. XI!, 31).

288 COINS WITH THE KAMPANOZ LEGEND

cupaiion of the SamDites, not far from the Etruscan town of VuUur- num, under the name of Ka(iiica(l); but we have seen that nothing does not authorize the attribution of currencies inscribed KAMPANOM, to Capua. This attribution would have led to a very important for the history of Campania in the 5th century. av. AD, thus summarized by Raoul-Rocliette: The Campanians formed a tta- tion^ a political state^ of which Capua was the principal city. I will endeavor to demonstrate that the main seat of the Samnites- Campanians was first in Cumae, then in Nola.

1. Garracci, 0. C, p. 87. KlaoMo {ASneat und die Penaten, t. H, p. 1114, 2244 c) pointed out that there was a Campania in the worst case (cf. Yarro, apud Will be, ad Virgil. Year III, 334; Etym. Mr. ▼. Kà(iico;).

COINS WITH THE KAMPANOI LEGEND 289

SILVER COINS

a) Head of Pallas (c. 400—380 BC).

765. — Head of Pallas on the right, wearing an Athenian helmet with egret and decorated with an olive wreath (branche with two shoots); sometimes, under the head, N- i^ Androcephalous bull walking slowly to the right; in front of him, a marsh bird on the right. Double line base. Above the bull, OMAIMAH; below, M {sigma lying down, end of the legend). Phocaean didrachm. jR*-* */2 (PI. IV). 50—150.

C. of France, 7 gr. 55. — C. of London, 7 gr. 08. — G. of Berlin (5), 7 gr. 34. — C. of Florence, 7 gr. 40. — C. of Naples (Coll. Santangelo, with N under the neck, 610 and 611), 7 gr. 47. — Cl of Milan (0>^AnMAl) C”, 5 gr. 97. - Coll. Lobbecke, 7 gr. 10. — C. of Berlin (4). 7 gr. 30. — Carell (Aveilino, p. 17, n» 1), 7 gr. 33. — Dressel, Cat. Berlitiy \U, 1, observes that the first letter of the legend of no. 4 of this catalog, which was interpreted as a K" seems retouched with a burin; it could be an H transformed into >!•

766. — Head of Pallas to the right, similar to that of the previous number cede; sometimes, sAll your heads, A-

i^ Androcephalic bull walking slowly towards the right. ;

above, KAPPAMO; in front, M; underneath, a bird

swamp. Double line base, Phocaean didrachm. JR*-* *'*. 50—150.

290 COINS WITH THE KAMPANOZ LEGEND

C. de Berlif] (3), 7 g. 23. — C. of Naples (766) and Coll. Santangelo (MM),lgr. 40.7 gr. 55; 7gr. 10; 7 gr. 07. — a of France G”, 6gr. 80. — C. of London, 7 gr. 28. — Coll. Maddalena* (re-typed coinage of Cumae; »ou8 the head, A)» 7 gr. 30. — Coll. Philipsen (under the head, A). — Friedlftnder (Osk, MUnzen, pi. V, 3) gives according to Pellerin (Additions, p. 18) an incorrect drawing of this piece, with a pegasus on the helmet}.

767. — Head of Pallas on the right, similar to those of nos. 765 and 766. i^ Androcephalous bull walked slowly towards the right. ; au- above, iOMAn>IA(«c).

Phocaean didrachm, R.*-* */2. 100—150. .

G. of Munich, 7 gr. 15. AvelHno {Op,, I, p. 151) and Gayedoni read on this moonaie the legend ^O^AAIflA? hence the erroneous attribution in Arpi.

768. ^ Head of Pallas on the right, similar to that of n^" 765.

i^ Androcephalous bull walking slowly to the left; above, KAMPANO; behind, M; in Texergue, fish to left.

Phocaean didrachm. jci*. 60 — 150.

G. of Naples* (Sanlangelo, 607-609), 7 gr. 10 (example drawing summary). — C. of fieriin, 7 gr. 16.

769. — Head of Pallas to the right, similar to that of No. 765.

i^ Androcephalous bull walking slowly to the left. Double line base. Above the bull, KAMPANON- Phocaean didrachm. R.^ V» (PI. IV). 100-150.

G. of London, 7 gr. 12. — Coll. Maddalena% 7 gr. 68.

770. — Head of Pallas on the right, similar to that of No. 765.

f| Androcephalic bull going left; above, KAMPA-

NO(N); in Texergue, two laurel branches.

Phocaean didrachm. iÇL*^ */«. 100—150.

C. of Berlio, 7 gr. 45. — L. Sambon, 7 gr. 49. — C. of London, 7 gr. 12.

COINS WITH THE LEGEND KAMPANOZ 291

b) Head of Nymph (around 400—380 BC).

771. — Nymph's head to the right, wavy hair (compare with the last emissions from Cumae). v(Androcephalic bull running to the right, the leg an- exterior of left. flexed. Double line base. Above the bull, KA (ligated) nPANOl; below, snake to the right

nor

Phocaean didrachm. isi*-* «/«. 150—300.

C. of France, 7 gr. 40 et al. Laynes 7 gr. 70. — C. de Berlio, 7 gr. 17. — C. of Naples, Coll. Saotaogelo, 7 gr. 40.

HYRIA

The Oscan city which inscribes on its coins Telhnique Hyiietes^ HyiHani, Hynnaexy is unknown in history. Research careful research has established that this coinage was made in Nola; he is the most abundant among Samnite coins and finds vailles indicate that it was widespread throughout Campania, in Samnium (1), in Apulia, in Lucania (2) itself.

Here are the hypotheses proposed for TidentiOcation of this city and the principal facts suggested by the study of coins.

Avellino first attributed the coins of the Hyriëles to Uyrium from Apulia (3), then, convinced of their Campanian origin, to Sorrento(4). Millingen(5) having a find in their hands of Campanian coins including several pieces of Nola and Ilyria, first drew attention to the great resemblance between the currencies of the two cities and sought the em- placement of yria towards the mouth of the Sarno. Fiorelli (6) cited a passage from Hygin (de limit., p. 197., Goes) where mention is made fine Hirrensium on the via consularis which from Naples leads to Gapoue, a little before Voppidum Atellae, and he thought that we could read Hyriensium or Hyrinensium, Cavedoni (7) proposed

i. Find of Campo Laurelli, 1854 (Sambon, RechercheSf p. 29). — HoleSize of Benevento (Eyans, Horsemen of Tarenium^ p. 214). — Find of Campobasso (Garrucci^ Halia Antica, p. 93).

2. Find made in Lucaoie (year 1865). Sambon, Recherches, p. 36.

3. Op. of the Campanian Hyriëtes.

4. £upp(vTov and in some manuscripts of Strabo: Supatov and SOptov. This hypothesis, subsequently abandoned, was taken up by Ch. Lenormant (/a/r. at Vétudes petVi/s vases, 1845, p. 87” n. 1) and by A. do Longpérier, A. N,, 1844, p. 247 eiCEuvres, 11, p. 294-300: HYPIETEZ for the YPIENTEI-

5. Med. Greek uned.^ Rome 1812 and Comid., p. 137.

6. Ann, Num., 1, p. 33.

7. Bu/L InsL, 1850, p. 199.

1

294 HYRIA

to see in Nola and Hyria the different names of the same city inhabited by two peoples. Around the same time, Friedlânder(l) and Mommsen (2) took Hyria for the Palaeopolis of Nola. The one hypothesis was opposed by Garrucci, but accepted by Head, which went even further, starting around 340 BC. J.-G. the coinage of Nola, after the complete cessation of that at name of Hyria (420-340 BC). L. Sambon (3) thought of Salerno and the Irno River. Beloch (4) recalls about these currencies an incursion of the Daunians into Campania which seems to bear witness lin passage from Polybius: xi xeSti xi xatà KaicjYîv: -rtjç 8è \ieaoyoAo\) ti IJlW xpoç Tùç àpxTouç KaXY)V5t xal Tiavîtat xaTStxoîîji, za 5è icpoç la) {jLsatuji6piav Aauvioi xzt N(«)Xavo{ — In mediterraneis ad sepiehtrioneni sunt Calent et qui Teanum inhabitant^ ad ortum vero et meridiem JJaunii and Nolani. It is true that we wanted to correct Aauviot by KauîTvot.

Finally, Imhoof-Blumer (5) and Dressel (6) confirm with new new comparisons the fact that the currencies in the name of the Hyrinaei were struck in the workshop itself of Nola.

The role played by the Hyreites in Campania was certainly very large. Their currency, abundant, had a wide radius- commercial management; the types are imitated from those of Naples, Thurium (7) and, importantly, those of Crotone and Poseidomia. Whatever region they once occupied, it is obvious that they exercised a decisive action on the confederation tion of the Samnites-Campanians.

The first coin struck by these people bears the legend HVPIETE^ and the acronyms A$i- We can compare it with di- Neapolitan drachmas in summary style (n^* 333 el 391] and one of which carries to v{ these same letters A^ - Its affectation of archaism seems to indicate a date shortly before 400; but he is pro-

\, Osk. Munzen, 1850, p. 31.

2. Bial, from Roman coinage^ I, p. 162.

3. Research f p. 157.

4. Archivio Storico per la prov. Napoletana, 1881.

5. Wiener Num, Zeitschr”, 1886.

6. Betchr. der ant, Mùmen d. Konigl. Museen zu Berlin, lit, p. 98.

1. See at no. 178 the curious imitation of the Thurian didrachm, in the Toiseau type flapping its wings, attril)ue to Phrygillos.

HYRIA 295

bable that it is one of the first currencies struck by the Sabeliic tribes in Campania^ because I do not believe that these people plades began in the first years of their reign a coinage in their name, and I strongly hesitate to register the dates 420 BC. AD proposed by Head (1>.

The most beautiful coins of Hyria are copied from the coins of Grotone and Poseidonia having a three-quarter female head, wearing a stephanos or metal crown with rich decoration; it's the head of Juno, who, under the name of Hera Argeia or Areîa, had a very famous temple on the banks of Silarus, not far from Poseidonia (2), and who, under that of Hera Lakinia, was venerated in the old and famous sanctuary at the top of the promontory Lacinian, decorated by the brush of Zeuxis.

The majority of coins of the type of the head of Pallas offers legends that have almost no relation to the language osque as it was written in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC; they are composed of sabelic elements, but with a few letters more clearly Etruscan than those found in the inscriptions of Crecchio and Gupra maritima. They undergo furthermore in their inQexions the influence of Hellenic contact:

HVPIETE^ - YPIANOZ ~ YDINAI — AHiat et flHIOV — flMIQT—TDINA and YPINA; as on the coins of Fis- telia, the usage is to write indifferently from right to left or from left to right, while later prevailing in the cities osques of Campunia the invariable rule of right-hand writing on the left. Some pieces have points above or below letters Y and | ; we assume that the sound of Tinitial of the name is*ap- close to the O and the I could have an intermediate sound between I and E; which brings to mind the name Oupeiov given by Strabo to the town of Hyrium in Apulia.

From *Vpix derives 'Tpti^TYjç; but this form was quickly abandoned for TptvaTo^. YPINA and YPINAI may be abbreviations for YPINAI02, YPINAION or YPINAIflN.

We see that the same corner of the obverse was sometimes used to

1. Head, lUsi, Num,, p. 32. The dates have generally been pushed back too far by a few one of these currencies.

2. strabon, lib. VI, p. 252.

296 HYtllA

the minting of coins to the Hellenic legend N£lAAION and for others to the hybrid legend VDINAI (!)• This is what made us think ser that the two peoples inhabited the same city or that, h side of an ancient citadel occupied by the Hyrietes, another quarter tier rose, occupied by a Samnite tribe and called Aovla-Nola. We know that on the Cippus Abelianus we read NUvlù which seems to cor- answer Nova (2). Perhaps we should even think about the merger of the Etrusco-Campanians, of which the Irnthîans would have been the last offspring, with the Samniles; contact with Poseidonia would bring to mind the surroundings of Sarno. But in the state of our current knowledge, too bold hypotheses cannot lead to nothing. It is necessary to group the facts and observations that can guide us in the way forward.

The Samnites often changed the names of their cities or at least they substituted their patronymic name on the coins. mic. We can cite, outside of Campania, the example of Mamertines in Messana and that of the generalized name of the Samnites- Campanians, in Alaesa, Entella, Nacona. This is how around 400 BC. BC, the Samnites, masters of Cumae and Palaepolis, recorded on (eur currency the name Kot\jsT:xi6ç; probably for the same reason the invaders of the mouths of the Sarno take the name Tp'.^^Teç; but the literary documents do not allow us not decide whether the name Nola existed before the Sam occupation nite or if it was used at a later time to designate a new city which would have been formed next to reestablishment of the Hyrietes and would have been admitted to Pisopolitia.

We cannot study the coinage of the Hyrietes without examining ner at the same time the other currencies minted in Nola. These These are of several kinds: coins in the name of the Nolains; — anepigraph coins or counterfeits of Neapolitan didrachms tains; — coins in the name of Véseris, Samnite citadel at the foot from Vesuvius and six miles nap. of Nola.

1. Mein%, ud coio identical to the head of JuDon from the front a tight for the mon- nayage to the legend YPlNA* and that to the type of Bellerophon killing the chimera and the legend ^ENÎEP. Cfr. Imhoof-Blumer, Wiener Zeit. f, Num,^ 1886.

2. Mommsen, Die unlerit. dial., p. 283. — FabretU, C. /. /., CCLIir, u » 2783 and p. 1243.

HYRIA 297

Priedlànder sees in the coinage of Nola three distinct periods- tinctures:

1** The coinage of the Hyrietes alone. — 2<> Before 350 BC. AD: the simultaneous coinage of the Hyrinaei and the inhabitants of Nola. — 3<> The coinage of Nola alone.

This classification seems admissible to me, except for the dates which I think I can fix as follows:

1® Around 400-380 BC. BC part of the coinage of the Hyri- naei. — 2® Around 380-335 BC. BC the simultaneous coinage of Hyrinaei, of the inhabitants of Nola and those of Véseris. — 3® Towards 380-327 anepigrapke coinage. — 4* Around 335-327 the mon- Nola swimming alone. — 5'' Around 260-250 municipal coinage of Nola under the supremacy of Rome.

The coins of the Hyrinaei are almost all of a very pretty style. I describe under the numbers 781-784 some rare pieces of sin summary. The general impression one feels at the sight of this coinage is that the Samnite artists had quickly trained in the teachings of Hellenic art, and that of their imitations lions exudes a very good style. Certainly, some of the corners the oldest are the work of ilaliole engravers; but there are very beautiful ones which have a particular character and are indeed the work of Italic artists or of MixobarbaHy and the art of the Mixobarbari in Campania is not to be disdained. We will see demonstrations vigorous applications of this art in the female heads of the mon- swimming with the legend NflAAIOZ- This art was born from the fusion of elements Etruscan, Italiote and Oscan ments.

The coinage of the Hyrinaei is not only very pleasant, it is also very judiciously adjusted from the point of view of weight and technique; some currencies offer a particular curious feature for that time: a large protruding circle intended to prevent friction of the part (see No. 113). The corners of These pieces are very pretty.

All the malpractices of Samnite coinage seem concentrated in anepigraph coinage or with con- fuses whose singular evolutions I have highlighted.

21

Yew

298

UVIIIA

SILVER COINS

i. — Didrachms at Pallas Island

(c. 400-335 BC).

772. — Head of Pallas to the right, wearing an athenieo helmet egret and olive-crowned. 1^ Androcephalous bull running to the right, head (from proHl)

lowered, left front leg bent; above, HVPIETY^; BELOW, between the legs, AS4* Phocaean didrachm (assignment of archaism).

^4i/i-5(pi. IV). 150—200.

C. of Berliu, 6 gr. .)5 (c'). ^ L. Sauibou (luihoof-Bluuier, Zeit. f, Num. Wieti, 1886), 7 gr. 48. - C. of Glasgow, 7 gr. 29. — GoU. Sir H. Weber (Ane. Coll. Buabury, no. 36), 7 gr. 49. Copies of Berliu and Coll. Weber come from the same area. Imhoof- Blumer {Zur Milnzkundt Grossgriechenlands. Zeit. /*. Num., Vienna, 1886, p. 206) and L. Sambon {Research^ p. 157) maybe the ^ is not not a letter; one offers a plant; the second, a harpoon.

773. — Head of Pallas to the right, wearing the Athenian helmet with egret,

decorated with an olive branch on which perches a

owl. Protruding circle around the edge.

r] Androcephalous bull walking slowly to the right;

above, flMIQV and flMMV(a) — AMMV(A) — flMiaV(c)

flMiat (rf)- av\\Q\{e).

HYRIA

299

Didrachm (pretty Hellenic style). i^^ ^. 10—25.

a) Coll. luihoof-Blumer (C. de Berliu), 7 gr. 30 and C. of Milau, 6 gr. 57.-6) C. of Munich, 7 gr. 29. — c) C. of Naples. — d) C. of Frauce, 7 gr. 42. — C. of Milao (filled), 6 gr. 57. — Carelli {Avell, Adn.t 4 and to), 7 gr. 23 and 7 gr. 44. — e) Garrucci, Halia Antica, p. 93.

774. — Same types; the side of Fallas turned to the left] inscribed, flMMV. Didrachm (pretty Hellenic style). A\*^. 15—25.

Coll. Garrucci, llalia Anlica, pi. LXXXiX, 4.

775. — Head of Pallas to the right, similar to that of No. 773; but without the protruding circle around the edge.

1^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the right. ; above, YDINA or YI^INA(«) - YPINA W - fl^li4t(c) — flVll-

QY(d). Didrachm (pretty Hellenic style). *A\*-^. 5 — 20.

F

300 IIYUIA

(a) C. de Berlio (12 and 13), 7 gr. 28; 7 gr. 32. — C. of MilaD, 7 gr. 43. — C. of Naples. — (6) C. of LoQdres (lO-H), 6 gr. 75 and 7 gr. 16. — (c) C. of France, 7 gr. 42. — (d) C. of France.

^

you

116. — Telephone of Pallas on the right, similar to that of no. 775, but

in the style of the Mixobarbari, careful drawing, i^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the left; above,

YDINAI(a) or YMNAlW or Y^INAI(c) or YDIKAI (rf) or

VDINAI {e) or Yt^lNA(/*) or Y^INA {g) or YPIA^AW- Base

double line. Didrachm (good Mixobarbari style). HAS*-*. 5 — 15.

(a) C. of Milan, 7 gr. 29. — (6) G. of France, 7 gr. 15. — C. of Naples. — C. of Berlin (8), 7 gr. 19. — (c) C. of Berlin (9), 6 gr. 97. — C. of Naples. — (d) C. of France* 5 gr. 15. — (e) C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 04. -» {f) C. of Naples. — {g) C. of Naples. — {h) G. de Napies. — In CHrellf, Adn, AveHini, p. 31, n^ 32 is described one of these currencies with the legend Y^MYA (weight 7 gr. 08).

777. — Head of Pallas to the right, similar to the previous one; style

cared for Mixobarbari. i\ Androcephalic bull stopped standing towards the right. Above,

V^INA {a) - YDINA(*) - YDINA [c) - YDINfl [d). Didrachm (good Mixobarbari style), JE*-'. 5 — 15.

[a) C. of France, 7 gr. 12. — (*) C. of France, 7 gr, 24. — C. of Naples. — (c) G. of Milan, 7 gr. 13. — (d) C. of Milan, 7 gr. 43.

HYRIA 301

778. — Head of Pallas on the left, similar to that of No. 773

(nice style). ^ Androcephalous bull to dr. ; below, a bird flying

wings; above, f\W4W* Double-lined base. (The

reverse is of a mediocre design, imitating the beautiful didrachm

of Thurium signed <)>.) Didrachma. JÇ^-;?!. IV). 30-60.

C. of Florence (Fiorelli, Osseiw, 1843. pi I, n» 2). — Coll. Sambon.

779. — Head of Pallas on the left, similar to the previous one.

^ Androcephalous bull walking to the right; above, ASMia» [a] - flmaV and flMI^Y {à} - flMÎ^Y (c) - flMMY(rf) - RHIDY {e) — flMMY (/")•

Didrachm (pretty Hellenic style). iSL*-^. 10—20.

(a) C. of France, 1 gr. 29. — (6) C. of France, 7 gr. 50. — (c) C. of France, 7 gr. 32 (the very small bull). — (rf) G. of Naples. — (e) C. of Milan, 7 gr. 45. — (/O C. of Naples, Santangelo, 7 gr. 42. Uoe of these coins are re-stamped on a didrachm & the NEOPO legend~ AITHZ and the type of the androcephalic bull crowned by Victory (Carelll, LXXXIV, 6. — Avellino, Op. II, IV, 8d.

780. — Head of Pallas on the left. (One of these corners was also used

for the minting of a coin from Nola with the inscription NO- AAIflN. See Cat. from Berlin, PI. IV, nos. 49 and 49 a).

1^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the left; above, YDIA'AI {a) - YDI'nAI [a) — YPINAI [c) — YDINAI (d) - Y^IA'A(^) — tJ^INfll (/■). Double line base.

Didrachm (nice style). A** (pi. IV). 10—20.

(a) C. of France, 7 gr. 05. — {h) C. of Berlin (5 and 6), 7 gr. 15 and

6 gr. 77. — (c) C. of London (8), 6 gr. 93. — (d) G. of Berlin (7), 5 gr. 16 (furred). — (“) G. of Milan, 7 gr. 42. — (/*) G. of France,

7 gr. 40.

781. — Head of Pallas on the left, similar to those in the numbers

previous ones, but of summary drawing, i^ Androcephalous bull going towards the right. ; above,

ANIQY- Double line base. Didrachm (Mixobarbari style). iÇi*^ (pi. iv). 10—20. G. of France (Luynes), 6 gr. 71. Garrucci reports a copy k

the legend, flUISY.

302 HYRIA

782. — T(He of Pallas on the right, summary style.

1^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the right. ; above,

RME^Y* Double line base. Didrachm (summary style). M*-\ 10—20.

C. of Glasgow, 7 gr. 06.

783. — Head of Pallas on the left, summary style.

^ Androcephalic bull going towards dr. ; above,

fiME4Y. Didrachma. f^^^. 10—20.

c. from Berlin (24 and 25), 6 gr. 75 and 6 gr. 05 (thicket”). — Find from CampobasBo (Garrurci).

784. — THe of Pallas on the right, wearing an Athenian helmet with

egret and decorated with an olive branch (without the owl).

784

i^ Androcephalic bull moving towards the left; above,

Y^INR- Double line base. Didrachm (summary drawing). JÇL*-^. 10 — 20

Coll. Sir H. VVeher.

785. — Head of Pallas on the left, similar to number 780, but drier in style; behind, f.

^ Androcephalous bull walking to the right; above,

YPIANOZ. Didrachma. A^ ^ 10—20.

1

HYRIA 303

C. of Berlin (2-4), 7 gr. 4; 7 gr. 31; 7 gr. 34. — C. de Undres (12), 7 gr. 09. — C, from Glasgow, 7 gr. 43. — Coll. Imhoof-Biumer, 7 gr. 47. — C. of France*, 7 gr. 42. — C. of Naples, 7 gr. 07. — Coll. Madda- lena (157), 7 gr. 50. - Garelli {AvtlL Àdn.) 30 and 31.7 gr. 03 and 7gr. 08.

786. — Same types and same style; but the head of Pallas is

turned to the right; behind the helmet neck cover^ sees reset f. Didrachma. i^*-^.

Carelli, Ft. 84, i6.

787. — Head of Pallas on the left, similar to that of No. 785 and

of the same style (sometimes from the same corner); behind, r« T^ Androcephalous bull going towards the right. ; above,

AMM Y (a) — IVkiliY (*) - RMMY (c). Didrachma. A^^, 10-15.

(a)C. from Berlin (15-17), 7 gr. 08; 7 gr. 27. - (6) C. of Berlin (14), 7 gr. 35. — C. of Naples. — (c) C. of Miliin, 1 gr. 43. — C. of Naples.

788. — Head left, identical to that of the previous number, but

without the r*

i| Androcephalic bull to the right. ; above, AMM Y (a) —

flMMYW.

Didrachma. A*-^. 10—15.

(a) C. of Berlin (18), 6 gr. 42. — (A) C. of London (6), 7 gr, 40. — Carelli 84, 7.

789. —Head to left, identical to that of No. 785; behind, f.

i^ Androcephalous bull to right. ; above, RMMY; au- below, r. Didrachm, iîL*-^. 10—15.

C. of London (5), 6 gr. 89. — Coll. Imhoof-Blumer (Niim. Z«î/. Wtcn., pi. V, 4), 7 gr. — Coll. Sambon.

790. — Head of Pallas on the left, in the same style as those of No. 785-

789.

i^ Androcephalic bull on the left; above, AMMY; at-- below, O-

Didrachma. iÇL*-\ 15—25.

C lies Naples (u» 951), 7 gr. 10.

1

304 HYRTA

791. — Head of Pallas similar to those of the preceding n°«, but different in style and turned to the right; behind, the mongr. /E or /Z.

v{Androcephalic bull to the right. ; above, flMMY; above- under, /E.

Didrachma (corners often impastoed). HAS***. 15 — 25.

G. of Glasgow, 7 gr. 16. — G. de Fraoce, 6 gr. 45 (filed to the edge;,

— Garelli 84, 3 and AveU. DNA, 13.7 gr. 33. — The same acronyms O and

/E are found on coins with NOAA and NFL markings*

AAinN.

II. - Nymph head in profile (around 380—350 BC).

792. — Head of a woman on the right, adorned with jewelry, hair

surrounded by an embroidered headband tied on the forehead and forming slingshot from behind (piçtaOsaçevîovtj). Compare with coins of Naples n° 341 and those of Nota n^ 799. i^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the right. ; above,

fl^lQY. Didrachma. HAS*-". 150—300.

G. of Glasgow (furred). — Carelli, LXXXIV, 8 and ADN, p. 31, no. 14. — G. of Naples (Sanlangelo) filled. — L. Sambon {Research, pi. XI, 28) gives the design of an analogous currency, with the legend YPANOZ {sic) weighing 7 gr. 08; I have not come across this piece.

793. — Head of a woman to the right, her hair surrounded by a broad

headband. This is the style of the Alifae coinage, No. 818. 1^ Androcephalous bull on the left; above, YDINRI- Didrachma. iE«,P1. IV). 150—300.

G. de France (Luynes), thickened. — L. Sambon {Research, p. 157) cites a similar coin, with the legend YDiNA and weighing 7 gr. 28; I don't know her.

HTRIA 305

111. -* Head of Juno facing (c. 380—340 BC).

7i94. — Head of Juoon, three-quarter view, inclined to the right. She is adorned with jewelry, hair floating around the face and escaping from a high tiara with ornaments at the bottom relief and in the round (two griffins and palmeltes.) (Com- parer Eiitey Céram.j I, pU XXIX, Dict. Daremb. and Saglio, fig. 4006). Often, on the right. of the head, an f.

i^ Androcephalous bull going towards the right. (the bull, of a vigorous drawing, often has the movement specific to ox yoked to the plow, left front leg forward, the right back dragging, the neck outstretched, the arched tail; we think of the campi laboHnï). Above, AmSY(û) — AMiaY(^) - AmiY(c) - A\\l4Y(d) —

AMMY(«) - n*iMY (/) — n*iiaY or nmat(<7) -

nMiat'(^) — flM'iaY(*). Single or double line base. Didrachma. Z^*-» (PI. IV). 40—300.

(a) Coll. SamboD. — [h) Donkey. Coll. Evans (pi. I, 3), 500 fcs. — Coll. Maddalena, 7 gr. 50 (651 FCS). ^ Imboof-Blumer, 7 gr. 37 and 7 gr. 36 (with p). — (c) C. de France et Coll. (^uyoes, 7 gr. 67 (with F). — Find of Béaévent C* (Evans, Horsemen of Tarenlum^ p. 214). — C. of London (13), 7 gr. 39 (with Tj. — Coll. Garrucci. — (d) C. of Vienna, 7 gr. 51. — C. of London (14), 7 gr. 06. — C. of Berlin. — (e) C. of Munich, 7 gr. 32. — Coll. Lobbecke, 7 gr. 26. — (/) Coll. Imboof-Blumer, 7 gr. 36. — Rollin and Feuardent cardboard boxes, 7 gr. 32; 7 gr. 19; 6 gr. 88. — C. of Berlin (28), 6 gr. 75. — C. of Naples, 7 gr. H. — (p). C. of Munich, 7 gr. 30. — C. of Berlin (26), 7gr. 25. — (h) C. of Berlin (27), 7 gr. 23. — {i) C. of Naples, 6 gr. “2. — L. Sam- good {Research^ p. 157, pi. XI, n* 27) gives the drawing of one of these coins with the legend YPIANOZ; I don't know where this room is.

306 HYRIA

795. ^ Tele de Junon^ of three quarters as before; to dr., r.

^ Audrocephalic bull on left, as before; au- above, YPINA; between the legs, r*

Didrachma. jÇi*-«. 100-300.

C. of Parma. See Garrucci, pL LXXXIX, 8 and fmhoof-Bliimer, Wiener Num. Zeitachrifl, i886, p. 210.

FENSERNIA (Véseris?)

Eckhel (1) was the first to publish the currency of Fensernîa; he Attributed to Grotone. Avellino, reading from a second copy the name ZENZEP--M proposed a city mentioned by Livy and called in the different editions sometimes Cerfennia, sometimes Censennia; this scholar having become aware of a third copy with Oscan legend on which he read Fretemum, suggested then 7Hfemum{i)j the ^(xepvov of Ptolemy, which he identified with present-day Termoli.

Millingen(3) claimed the Campanian origin of these pieces and proposed to search for the location of Fensernum at the foot of the Vesuvius, very close to the small river Veserisy cited by Livy (4).

Garrucci (5) and Imhoof-Blumer (6) provided other arguments ments in favor of the attribution of Millingen. The first fit note that the type of the Chimera, ^rup xvsouva (Pindar, 0/. XIII, 128, ed. Heyne), was probably suggested by memory of the conflagrations of Vesuvius, and, confirming the reading of the caption, mVMQS^MSS* drew attention to the resemblance between Aisemia and Fensernîa – we must add Frentei*num –; Imhoof-Blumer observed that some issues had been hit swords with the obverse corners of the didrachms of Hyria; he concludes that the coins of Hyria and Fensernia were struck in the same monetary workshop.

\, D.N. V, 1, p. mr.

2. Opvscofi, 11, p. 134; lil, p. 8i (ZENZEP...) and Bull. Ark. Nap,, 1846, p. 25.

3. Cona, p. 205.

4. L Vill, c. XIX.

5. Italia ArUiea, p. 93.

6. Wiener Num, Zeilschrif/, XVIfl, 1886 and X, 1878.

308 FENSBRNIA

It is useful to compare the type of reverse of the coin Fensernia (Bellerophon killing the Chimera) with a camp vase nien from the Canessa Collection (1), belonging to the end of the iw or the beginning of the third century.

The inscription of these coins is sometimes in Osque, sometimes in Greek characters.

' Garrucci notes that the initial 8 simply plays the role of as- piraeus: Fensemum z= Sensernum; but he is wrong to read earlier 2ENZEP and sometimes $EN$EP; the legend is always ^ENtEP.

1. A. Sambon, Vases antiques^ Paris, 1904, p. 4i, n» 124.

i

FENSERNIA 309

SILVER COINS

a) lascriplion osqac (around 360 — 335 BC.-Y....

796. Tele of Juno almost from the front (slightly turned to the right) decorated with a high tiara with reliefs (griffins and palmettes) from which the floating hair escapes; pearl necklace neck. (Compare with the coins of Hyria.) laughed Bellerophon on the Pegasus which flies towards the dr. The hero is wearing the petase and raises his hand dr. armed with a spear, preparing to pierce the Chimera. Around the edge, the ins- description inviiaaiMas.

Phocaean didrachm (Mixobarbari style),

R.^ «/« (PI. IV). 150—400.

C. of FfQDce (Luynes), 7 gr. 38. — C. of Parma. — Coll. Garruccl (ÂDC. Coll. Fanelli). —Adc. Coll. HofTajanD.

b) Inscription in Greek characters (around 380 — 335 BC).

797. Same types; the head on some examples is of a very beautiful drawing having a great analogy with certain coins of Hyria, on others it is of the same style than that of n' 790. On the reverse, the inscription ^EN(EP-

A few copies have been reported which appear to be anepigraphic. phes; but it could be that the inscription had remained outside flan.

Didrachma. ie.*-* goes. 150—400.

(a) C. of London (p. 128), 7 gr. 41. — C. of Naples. — C. of Vienna^ 7 gr. 20. (Beautiful style.)— Coll. Santangelo (Naples). — Coll. Imhoof-Blu- sea, 7 gr. 32. (Beautiful style. — See î^um. Zeits., 1886, Vienna, pi. V» 9.) — C. of France (faintly visible traces of the inscription ^ENtEP)f 7 gr. 35. — (to) C. de BerUn, (p. 102), 7 gr. 41; 7 gr. 25. — Imhoof- Blumer (Num. ZeiU”, 1886, pi. V, 10).

310 FENSERNIA

798. Same types. These currencies often have in the field the letter

r, initial of the coiner; it is located at dr. of the head between

two locks of hair, and on the reverse, in front of the Pegasus.

Didrachm (often in beautiful style).

ie.4^4i2(Pl. IV). 150-400.

C. of Londrcë (p. 128), 7 gr. 13. — C. of Parma. — C. of Berlin, 5 gr. 79 (c*). — Coll. SanUiigcIo, Naples, 122, 22. ~ 7 gr. 29. — Coll. Maddaleua.

NOLJL

The oldest mention of Nola would be that of Stephen of Byzantium (NcoXa) made after Hecataeus of Miletus, who wrote around 520-500 BC J.-G., if however it is not an interpolation posterior. Nola would have been, according to Hecataeus, a city of origin italics, IloXtç Âûjovcov.

According to some Latin authors, it was founded by the Tyrrhenians (1); others attribute to it a Hellenic origin and speak of the establishment of a Chalcidian colony (2).

Mommsen points out that the name is purely italicized: Novla (3), probably Nova. Garrucci is inclined to believe that the city, of Italic origin, was occupied by the Ghalcidians and quickly influenced by Hellenic culture. But this scholar misunderstands the time and character of the Nola coinage which he wants to contain exclusively in the period of this hypothetical Chalcidian domination. As for the infiltration hel- lenic from a fairly remote period (v* century), practical excavations queries in the necropolis of Nola have sufficiently established it. We knows that the large quantity of Greek vases from the belle époque of art, found in this locality, was once attributed to a indigenous manufacturer of numerous Athenian vases. But the opulence Attic products as evidenced by the furniture of the tombs, seems to be attributed mainly to the privileged conditions

1. Calo nfi. Vell. Palerc. Lib. I, cap. 7. — Solinus, cap. 2; the passage of Solin menlioDne Nola to Tyriis that the oo corrects Sola to Tyrrhenis, We also proposed a Slyriis name of a people of Euboea (R. Rochelle, HisL colon, gr,^ t. lit, p. 119); but the correction seems too subtle.

2. Jusliuus, lib. XX, cap. 1. - SU. llaL, lib. Xill, 161.

3. Nàvlù on the cippus abellamis.

n

312 NOLA

of Athenian trade, which, via the Sarno, entered Campania and spread in Samnium and Apulia.

When the Samnites had occupied Capua, Cumae, the promontory tory of Sorrento. the citadel of Palaepolis and as far as Pompeii Véséris at the foot of Vesuvius, Nola, with the small port of Pompeii, seemed to them the most useful point for the centralization of their military and commercial activity. In their first attempts expansion, they eagerly sought the support of the populace Hellenic and Elrusco-Campanian lations^ directing their profit as much as that of the intermediaries the trade of Poseidonia and Thurium, supplied mainly by Athens. Among the annalists of the century of Augustus, Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentions the relations of the inhabitants of Nola with the Greeks, in full 4th century: Kal a^ôSpa tsjç "EXXigvaç iawaÇojjLévwv (N(i)Xav

The coinage of Nola has so far been insufficiently studied. 11 dates back to the Samnite occupation and sheds light on the period of this domination, better than excavations can do, badly known from the last century. If we bring the clues together with the texts provided by this coinage, we can establish with great plausibility the following facts: from 360 BC. AD, we minted at Nola the greatest quantity of Samnite cash, and considerable numbers of coins were even minted there. name of the Hyrietes, Oscan or Etrusco-Campanian people, whose history is unknown to us, but whose commercial activity cial — very large, judging by the number of coins — was closely linked, under Sabelle domination, to that of the inhabitants of Nola, since until the last years of the in- dependence of the Samnites in Nola, they had their coins minted in this city, the same corners of the obverse often serve to the minting of cash in their name and that of the inhabitants of Nola.

Nola probably must have been the seat of an Oscan confederation of Campania, and the Roman annalists, applying themselves to represent feeling the Samnite domination as devoid of organization, thus seek to justify Home's intervention. Nola was no only a stronghold of very high importance, but it also facilitated, for more than half a century, a wide

1. Excerpl., p. 2315, cd. Rclske.

NOLA 313

ment of Athenian trade, and became, through this very trade, rich and prosperous, she enthusiastically welcomed the culture Hellenic, so much so that, for a long time, the furniture of its tombs made scholars believe that it was a city essentially Greek. It is around her that the Oscan resistance is grouped against the Roman invasion; it is she above all who holds for some time under the Samnite yoke Naples, already ready to throw itself in the arms of Rome. Most of Nola's coinage must be placed between 360 and 325 BC. AD

Here are our observations on these currencies:

1^ Use of purely Greek legends with inflections io- niques (nominative m. NoiXaTo;, nominative n. NoiXaTov, genitive plural Noi>Xa(0)v); sometimes these texts are faulty or mixed with Oscan elements (NnAAIQIN, NiniAAnN, NOOAA..)-

2* The style varies greatly. Most of it has a characteristic special territory testifying to a new art strongly influenced by Greek models, but drawing boldness from his youth * unforeseen. On a few pieces, the Hellenic prototype is seized up close; but the reliefs are more accentuated, the features more capricious, sometimes with a superb appearance (nos. 800 and 801); on others, the image is drawn with naivety and clumsiness a little heavy, although rarely devoid of charm (n^* 802- 805). Completely clumsy attempts are rare (n^" 815).

3** Nola's monetary workshop worked to counterfeit the currency of Neapolis, probably to give a greater extended to the circulation of its own cash. These counterfeits lessons are very abundant.

A^ On the coins of Nola, the head of Pallas is topped with a helmet decorated with an olive shoot on which perches a owl. This symbol seems to allude to Athens whose com- merce found an important outlet in the Oscan towns at the end of the 5th century and during the 4th; it is at a later date and exceptionally that it appears on Neapolitan currency (n"" 394), while, from 360 BC. around B.C., it is fre- about the coins of the Samnites-Campanians of Nola, Hyria, Allifae, Fistelia. The first example of this symbol, in Italy, is seen on the coins of Velia.

It is at a much later time and of complete decline

22

"1

344 NOLA

political and commercial to which small currencies belong silver and bronze litrae of the Neapolitan type.

The Romans had crushed in 314 BC. (1), at Nola, the last deny vestiges of independence. Nola, deprived of her freedom, continued nevertheless to be an Oscan city, and, at the beginning of the iiith century, it had to receive the privilege of minting coins. She in usa; but its trade was destroyed, its main resources dried up, its population reduced. Nola, who had fought by force with Rome, of commercial activity with Naples, no longer lived except by Neapolitan commerce, providing for its modest enterprises by small change to Neapolitan types. The poverty of these issues is attested by the small number of copies per- came to us.

We will give the description of the currencies of this second period of the monetary workshop of Nola in our chapter: Mon- flooding of the Oscan towns after the Roman invasion.

1. C. /. L., vol. X, p. 142.

NOLA 315

SILVER COINS

1. — With head of JVymphe (Imitation of types of tapies).

(Circa 360—325 BC).

799. — Head of a Nymph on the right, in a pretty style (compare with the n* 341 of Naples), adorned with jewelry, hair held back by an embroidered headband (a Greek one) tied on the forehead, i^ Androcephalic bull moving slowly towards the left, the

head facing, sometimes slightly inclined to the side; a Victoire hovers in Tair and places a crown on her forehead; at the epigraph, NflAAIOZ- Double line base or beaded line. Phocaean dîdrachma. ^^* «Z^. 20—50.

C. of London (4), 7 gr. 34. — G. of Berlin (13), 6 gr. 97. — Coll. A. Hubert*.

800. — Head of Nymph to the right, as in the previous n*», style less graceful, but vigorous, prominent relief.

v(Androcephalic bull (face plate) walking slowly to the right and crowned by Victory; in Texergue, NHAAIOZ.

Didrachma. A*-* */2. 20—50.

C. of London (3), 7 gr. 35. — C. of Berlin (9 and 10), 7 gr. 20 and 7 gr. 33. — C. of France*, 7 gr. 20 (rusted corner). The head is hit sometimes with a heavily rusted corner. Garruci publishes an example to please his collection on which he seemed to read under the cunt of

k

316

NOLA

“ t

the nymph, >IOIAOY (KotXou). The rnoonaies to this type present often burrs or traces of rust which could suggest to letters.

801. — Same types and marl style, the head of the bull slightly

tilted sideways; in Texergue. NHAAION {to) or NnAAION-

Didrachma. i^L*-* y* (PI. IV). 20—50.

(a) C. of Milan, 6 gr. 93. — (6) C. of Berlin (11 and 12), 7 gr. 28;

7 gr. 09. — G. of France, 7 gr. 40 (very nice copy). -- 6 gr. 95

(c«J.

802. — Head of a Nymph to the right, without jewelry, decorated hair

with an embroidered sphendoné. 1^ Androcephalous bull going to the right, and crowned by the

Victory; in Texergue, NHAAION. Didrachma. A*-« «/«. 15-»d.

Coll. Sambon*.

d

802

\

803. — Nymph's head similar to that of the previous n"*, but

turned left. (The design of this head was engraved on an old corner whose imprint had not been entirely erased, so that the hair from the previous head tooth forms like a veil in front of the profile of the new effigy. This same corner was also used for broadcasts at legend NEOPOAITHI. (Naples, p. 179 and no. 355-360.)

ij Androcephalic bull to the right, head tilted to the side, neck purred by Victory; at the epigraph, under a double base line, NHAAinN.

Didrachma. here*-* «/*. 15-30.

Coll. Sambon*.

804. — Obverse struck with the same die that was used for the coin

previous.

NOLA 317

i{ Androcephalous bull on left, crowned by Victory; to

the exergue, under a single line, NnAAI-- Didrachma. iÇL*-*V2. i5-«30.

C. of France*, 7 gr. 10.

805. — Head of Nymph to right. (variable style)^ adorned with jewels, the

hair surrounded by a sphendoné often embroidered; a

large lock of hair stands up on the forehead as a

horn.

i^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the right, and crowned

by Victory (compare with the reverse of nos. 364 and 65

of Naples); in Texergue, NOAAinN (a) or HniAAnU [à).

Didrachma. iSL*"^ */*. 15-30.

(a) G. of Berlin (16-19), 7 gr. 02; 7 gr. 08: 7 gr. 26. — C. of London

(in the Naples series). — C. of France, 7 gr. 03. — C. of Milan,—

(6) Carelli, pi. LXXXlll elAdn. Avellinii, p. 30, no. 6.

^10 W^P

803

806. — Same types; the bull on the left; in Texergue, NHAAinN (a) or NnAAION(^) (variable style, sometimes summary). Didrachma. ^^^ */« (Pl. IV). 15—30.

(a) G. of Berlin (19), 7 gr. 15. - C. of Milan. — C. France, 7 gr. 19. — Coll. Luynes, 7 gr. 15. — (6) Donkey. Coll. Maddalena. •— Coll. Sam- good.

II. — With head of Pallas (360—320 BC).

807. — Head of Pallas on the right, wearing an Athenian helmet with egret, the crown decorated with an olive wreath on the what a perch an owl, ïj Androcephalic bull standing right. ; above, NOAA- Phocaean didrachm. A*-* */* (PI. IV). 25-50.

C. of Milan, 6 gr. 90. — C. of Berlin (8), 7 gr. 56.*— Donkey. Coll. Burgundian*.

318 NOLA

808. — Same types; but with his head turned to the left. Didrachma. iÇL*-* V*.

Carelli, Adn, (Avelliuo), p. 30, u*» 1, 7 gr. 13.

809. — Same types, the head of Pallas at dp. ; under the bull, O-

Didrachma. A*-*V*. 25—50.

Coll. SamboD (The obverse is struck with a rusty die). — C. of Naples et al. SantaDgelo. — C. of France, 7 gr. 22. Compare with the coins of Naples (nos. 359 and 362).

810. — Same types; the androcephalic bull is turned left;

no letters in the field. Didrachma. JÇL**

Carelli LXXXlll, 1.

811. — Head of Pallas to the right, as in the previous n*; behind ^,

/E or uncertain sign ^. i^ Androcephalous bull to right. ; above, NHAAiriN (a) or

NnAAiniN (A); below, /E. Didrachma. I^^* */2 (PI. IV). 25—50.

(a) C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 25. — Donkey. Coll. Wotoch. — C. of Naples and

Coll. Sanlangelo (copies with 3\ behind the head, Cat. 1320-

23). — (b) C. of Milan, 6 gr. 97. — C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 28; 7 GP. 14;

7 gr. 18. — C. de Frauce, 7 gr. 15; Coll. Luynes, 7 gr. 40.

812. — Same types, but the androcephalic bull is turned to

left; behind Pallas's head, Z or 3; under the tau- water, /E. Didrachma.

Find of Bénéveot (Evans, Horsemen of Tarentum^ p. 213). — Carelli pi. LXXXIV, 4.

813. — Same types, without monogram on the reverse. Didrachma. A*^ */^.

Carelli, DNA, (Avellino), p. 30, nos. 3 and 4; 7 gr. 03 and 7 gr. 33.

NOLA

319

814. — Head of Pallas on the left, of the same type but different style (with this same coin we struck coins having at i^ lu legend YDINAI). i^ Androcephalous bull to right. ; above^ NflAAIflN ; au- below, /E Didrachma. N.^ 3/4-5 (pi. iv). 25—50,

C. of Berlin (PI. IV, 49 A), 7 gr. 18.

815. — Same head to the right, summary style (often struck with rusty corners). ^ Androcephalic bull on left; above, NiniAAriN {sic);

below, ^. Didrachma. iSl** V*. 20—30.

C. of Berlin (filled), 5 gr. 86. — Coll. Samboo, 7 gr. Carelli cue one copy with NOAAimN and /E (LXXXIll, 5). DNA, (AvelliDo) no 5, 6 gr. 98 and Garrucci on other with NOOAA • • • (p. 92; nos. 22-25).

Coins with a counterfeit Neapolitan legend, or anepigraphic coins phes probably struck by the Samnites at Nola.

We have already described some of these pieces (n** 343-349 and 353-360); we give here the drawing of a coin with legend Active probably minted in Nola's workshop.

Counterfeit Neapolitan legend coin, struck in Nola.

1

\

320 NOLA

You can add the following:

816. — Head of Juno Laciaia, three-quarter view to the right, with headdress

a richly decorated polo shirt (seahorses, palmette).

Granite. (Compare with the coins of Hyria, n<^794 and

795.) ^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the right, head facing

and slightly inclined to receive a crown that a

Victory hovering in the air places it on his forehead; below,

FA YKI m ; in Texergue, confused legend. (Compare with

the coins of Naples no. 3i7-360). Phocaean didrachm. AL* “Z”-” (PI. IV). 150.

G. of France (LuyQes).

817. — Nymph's head to the right, adorned with jewels, hair encircled

with a sphendoné, a lock raised on the forehead. (Com- adorn the didrachm of Hyria with female head PI. IV n"* 793.)

i^ (Anepigraph) Androcephalous bull going to left. (head of face), crowned by Victory.

Phocaean didrachm. A*^ */*. 15—30.

G. of Milan.

817 bis, — Head of Pallas on the left, the helmet decorated with a branch of

laurel on which an owl perches, i^ Androcephalous bull walking towards the right. ; above,

confused legend, M^AFOM (?)• Double line base.

Phocaean didrachm. iR* i/«-5, 40.

G. of Gopenhagen, 7 gr. 40. — See Imhoof-Blumer, Wieti. Num. ZeiUchrifl, 1886, p. 224, pi. V, 15.

ALLIFÀE

Millingen (1) based on TassertfoQ de Suidas que 'AXi6aç, in its meaning of death, was the name of a river of Hell: 'ÂX{6ac to vexpo^ f) luota^jLOi; èv aSou, proposed to allocate the mon- relates to the legend AAAIBANON to a town, unknown in Tbis • tory, which would be to be found near Cumae, in the region where the Gbalcidians took pleasure in evoking the memory of the entry of the Underworld described in TOdyssey.

AvelUno (2) agreed with this hypothesis and gave it a plus great semblance of truth in recalling that not far from Pozzuoli and from Cumae rose Mount Ollibanus whose name could be a corruption of 'AX{6a<;. Cb. Lenormant saw in Alliba a colony of Cumae. He first wrote: “Alliba who after having been Greek at the flourishing Vepoqae of Cumae, later adopted the le- gendes Samniles” (3) and, then, modifying his thought, “Alliba which undoubtedly did not survive Cumae, its metropolis” (4).

Friedlânder (5)^ Sambon (6) and Garrucci (7) also gave their adherence to the Millingen hypothesis. Garrucci based his attribution especially on the fact that the types represented on the coins with the legend AAAIBANO are appropriate to a city maritime; but H. Dressel (8) demonstrated by numerous com-

1. Former corners, p. 7 and 8.

2. Suppt, ad ItaL numism., p. 12.

3. Inirod. to the study of vases, p. 40.

4. Ibid., p. 87. It was even proposed to include in Alliba the new name given to Cumae after its destruction by the Samnites.

5. Osk. Munzen, p. 25-26.

6. My. of the Italic Peninsula, p.

7. Italica Antica, p. 91-95.

8. Hisf, und philol. Aufsdlzen zu Ehren, E. Curtius, p. 2S1 et seq.

322 ALpiFAE

paraisoDS that the choice of maritime types does not necessarily indicate certainly a town in the vicinity of the sea. Garrucci proposed yet to separate the coinage to the legends Alliba and Alleifa, which seemed Campaoian to him, from the one with the legend Alifa, Alifha, which he believed to belong to Alifha of Samnium. I believe that this division is not good There is nothing surprising in Thesila- tion between the forms Alifha, Alleifa, Alliba; the inscription P||f|8PI of a rare small piece of the C. de France — which unfortunately was lost — shows us that the Sabellic pronunciation was Alifha; but already the didrachm of the Campanian type and the le- Osco-Hellenic gende indicates hesitation in the choice of letters whose sound corresponded to the sabellic 8, and it is proven that the d> Greek rendered this sound imperfectly.

The Sabellic city 'AXXi^at (Strabon V, m, 40) was located on the western slope of the Samniles Apennines, near the Vul- turne, not far from the location of modern Piedimonte from Alife. Antonin's Ultinary Book (p. 122 and 304) indicates it by the name of Alifas; the manuscripts of Livy (VII, 25) bear AUiphae, AUifa, Atiife^ Alife and Alifoe; its monuments most often have the form Allifae (Mommsen n° 3939, 4757, 4770, 4778: ORDO AND POPVLVS ALLIFANORVM). The Egg excavations in the old necropolis of Allifae showed that the city was very sensitive to luxury of the Hellenes and also open to Etruscan trade and to that of the Greeks of Campania. The obols to the legend AAAI- BANON were found in large numbers mixed with obols from Fistelia and a few rooms from Neapolis. The didrachm at the legend AMOHA of the Berlin Cabinet comes from Piedimonte from Alife. These coins have never been found in the neighborhood of Cumae.

The choice of maritime types on the Allifae coins is due probably to the trade that this city maintained through the Vulturne with the maritime cities of Campania: Scylla and the mold certainly indicate relations with Cumae, who, as we have already said, continued to have a certain importance commercial presence, even after the Samnite occupation, while the dolphins, chasing each other around a hairless and laurel head, are reminiscent of Syracuse, which, after the defeat of Athens, dominated Italian markets

ALLIFAE 3^

N

The types of didrach/ne are those of Hyria; but a few obols have the sigoe X interspersed with the legend as on hemi-oboles of Neapolis and Fistelia. Other currencies have a bearded and laureate head, next to a dolphin; we could see a representation of Glaucus.

It is probable that the inhabitants of the Samnite city Allifae played an important role in the political vicissitudes of Campania and we are even tempted to establish a rapprochement between the name of this town and the patronymic of the Nucérins: A^t^- Alafatema said.

324 ALLIFAE

SILVER COINS

I. — Atcc legend Alifha (around 360—330 BC).

818. — Head of Pallas to the right, wearing the Atheoian helmet with egret, decorated with an olive wreath on which rests a owl.

1^ Androcephalic bull (head of proGl) walking slowly towards the left. (double line base). Above, A^hO-HA*

Campanian didrachm. HAS* */*. 200 — 500.

C. of Naples (Coll. Saotaogelo), 2 examples. including a thicket. — Museum of Propaganda (today at Vati^ao), Rome. — C. of Berlin (furred), coming from Piedimonte d'Alife.

819. — Lion's head to the right, mouth open. Gritted to the tower. ^ The NPI8FI inscription interrupted by the sign, J. Hemi-obolus. HAS*. 100.

This coin passed through the Tnzzi collections of Naples, Braun of Rome, and De Luynes. EUe was published by Prledlftnder in the Annali Numism. by Fiorelli, fasc. 1, p. 10. The Duke of Luynes Tayait placed among the uncertain Satraps of Phoenicia. We don't know what she became.

II. — With Alliba or Allifae.

820. — Juvenile head to the right, laureate and surrounded by three dolphins. Granite around the edge.

ALLIFAE 325

i| Monster Scylla on right, holding right hand. lowered one octopus and g. extent, a fish; underneath, a mussel; above, Tinscr. AAAIBANoN and AAAIBA^o^.

Obol (pretty style). iR* */^ 10 - 15.

G. of Berlin, 0 gr. 69; 0 gr. 63; 0 gr. 62; 0 gr. 66. — 0. of Naples et al. Santangelo. — C. of London, 0 gr. 62; 0 gr. 61; 0 gr. 60. — G. of France — Coll. Maddaiena. — Garelli (Avellino, Aiin.^ i-6), 0 gr. 667; 0 gr. 63; 0 gr. 61.

821. — Same types; Osco-Hellenic hybrid inscriptions: VAAIBAAK)^ (1) — AAM8AN0N (2) - AAIBANON (3) — AASAMOiV (4) - kMSMOH (5). Obol. (Short work.) A* */*. 5—15.

(1) Coll. SamboD. — (2) Coll. Sanibon and G. of Berlin (?). — (3) C. of Milan, 0 gr. 60. — C^) C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 63. — (5) Egg excavations at Piedimonte of Ali fe. ^

8-22. — Laureate and bearded TV on the right. (Glaucus?); sometimes, of- before, a dolphin. Granite. i^ Monster Scylla to the right, holding the right hand. lowered one octopus and g. extent, a fish; below, a mold; above, AAAIBAMOM- Obol. (Basic work; the head is often stuffy.)

;ç^i-i «/2. 10—20. C. of Naples, (772-80). — C. of Milan, 0 gr. 57 and 0 gr. 61.

823. — Same types; incorrect legend, OIIOAA or AIAX^N• Obol. (Short work.) A* «/2. 10—20.

Coll. Weber, 0 gr. 60 and 0 gr. 54.

824. — Laureate head of Apollo on left. ; in front, APPIBA-

i{ Scylla on the right, the double-faced head, holding the right hand. an octopus and ht g. a shell; above and below below, a swan on the right. (In the swan we could see the demons of the sea, OaXadaaç Sa{[ji.ovs;. )

326 ALLIFAK

Obol. HAS" "/*. 10—20.

G. of Berlin (9) » 0 gr. 72. — C. of London (6), 0 gr. 12. —Carelli (Avellino, Adn.j 7), 0 gr. 7i.

WITH Alleifa.

825. — Oyster.

^ Inscr.-retrograde, I3AM around the sign I. Hemi-obolus (summary style). i^i« 50—100.

C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 31.

FISTELIA

Coins bearing the Oscan legend ^V^T^IS — ^IV^T^IS and the Greek transcfiption (|)|2TEAIA gave rise to names many attributions. Ignarra [De Palaestra Neap., p. 261) and Maz- zocchi {Tab, HeracL, p. 590) already knew them, but ingenuously attributed to Paestum; among the pro-arguments dues in favor of this strange conjecture, let us cite the inscription M^^l on the reverse of an incuse coin of the Poseidoniates, and we may be surprised to see Millingen [Consid., p. 43) do again allusion to this inscription as an indication of an alliance between Poseidonia and Fistelia. Guarnacci [Orig. itaL, t. II, p. 227) attri- drank the coins with the legend ^V^T^IS in Fiesole.

Avellino [Op., III, p. 86) first thought of Plistia (Tile-Live, IX, 21) or Plistica (Diod., XIX), the modern Pletia, near Saticola, on the Campanian limit of Samnium, and then, less judi- faithfully, to Histonium, in the country of the Frentanians [Bull. Aap.^ IV, 27). Millingen [Ane. corners, 1801), Ch. Lenormant (Revue Num.y 1844, and Introd, with painted vases, 1845, p. 87, note), Mommsen [Hist. My. rom., p. 161, note 2, and Annali Num. by Fiorelli, Rome, 1846, issue. I), Friedlander {Osk. Munz., 1850, p. 28-33) attributed rent these coins to Puteoli, Lenormant, ruling out “V explanation attempted after the fact” by Strabo (V, p. 245) and giving rise to his fantasy, built hypotheses upon hypotheses: c the remains of the Hellenic population of Cumae, transported to Dicaearchia, were reduced to making for the Samnites, their new masters, coins in the name of Phistelia, name under which the Osques appear having designated Dicaearchia, and which became the Poteoli of the Latins. Mommsen observed that Puteoli and ^VMT^IS or Tabl. ^IV^T^IS were also plural forms of the 2* de-

328 FfSTELIA

clinaisoQ. All these authors indicated the points of contact with the cities of the Gulf of Naples, especially with Gumes and Naples.

However Gavedoni, in the reprint of the plates of Ga- relli, retained its attribution to Samnium, based on- all about the provenance notes collected by this collector insightful. This provenance can no longer be doubted, and Millingen {Cùnstd,^ p. 199) and Garrucci {0. C, p. 94) were moving forward without knowing that the coins of Fistelia are found wind in Campania. It is the trade of antique dealers which brings to Naples; but their usual origin is Sam- nium or Textreme Campanian limit towards the countries of the Caudi- niens and Hirpins. ^

The attribution to Samnium, little by little, began to make followers. Minervini (Bull. ArcL Nap,. N. S., 111, 130) published the result of excavations carried out in a necropolis in Campo Laurelli, near Gampobasso, where the Fistelia pieces were in abundance; he proposed to place the Furfulae men- tioned by Livy (XXIV, 20) and whose manuscripts give of such diverse transcriptions: Filulae, Fugifulae^ FuifuloCy Fur- sulae, Fuisulae, Fulsulae, De Pelra [Condiz. délie citâ itaL, p. 86) accepted this hypothesis. Fabretti (C. /. 7., 1867) did not know choose between Campania and Samnium: in the intro. to p. ccLXiv he gives these coins to Samnium; in the Glossa- rium, in the name ^IV^T^IS* he writes: in nummo SamniticOy and in the name IZTEAIAf i^ nummo argenteo qui pertinet ad Puteolos. L. Sam- Bon allowed himself to be seduced by the attribution to Puteoli; but he knew perfectly well that the coins of Fistelia were never found in Pozzuoli and rarely in Campania; he was looking for the explanation of this provenance in the following facts: a As for the provenance Samnite nance of the coins of Phistelia, it can also be explained by the revolutions of which Campania was the scene during the fourth century BCE. Samnites forced to flee before the Roman legions did not fail to take into their mountains all the precious things they had in their possession.

In 1878 the question was taken up in favor of Samnium by von Duhn {Bull. Jnst.y 1878, p. 31), who had the opportunity to witness to the excavations of the necropolis of Piedimonte d'Alife of which were came out in great abundance the obols of Fistelia. He also had

1. Millingen {Ane. corners, p. 7) reported a find of 700 Fistelia obols and Allifae; but unfortunately it does not indicate the locality.

FISTELIA

examined the collection of Canon Pacelli of Telese containing

more than 50 coins of Fistelia all found in the locality

even, and had knowledge of a manuscript from the last century: \

History of Telese by Petrucci, giving valuable indications

on finds of coins in the vicinity of Telese.

Petrucci thought that Livy's Fuisulae was in the

Samnium Gaudinien, on the site of modern Faicchio,

not far from Telese (Cfr. Trutta, Ant. Allifane, p. 26f. — Corcia,

Story released from Sicily^ t. I, 14).

H. Dressel later gave, in 1884, a complete notice of the coins found at Piedimonte d'Alife, striving to demonstrate that the coins of Fistelia cannot have been minted or in the center of Samnium, nor in a city on the Gulf of Naples; and that the choice of types cannot in any way be invoked as proof that the city was located near the sea; but he doesn't not pronounced definitively, and in the Catalog of the Museum of Berlin (111, 1, p. 95-1894) he still classified them in Gampania. Garrucci, in 1^85, agreed with Avellino's first hypothesis, attributing these coins to Plistia^ near Saticola; he observed that in the Roman and Parmesan editions of Livy, published in 1472 the name is written: Philistia.

From this investigation it emerges:

1"" That the coins of Fistelia were found in number considerable in Samnium: in Alife, in the surroundings of Telese, near Gampobasso; the Piedimonte excavations of Alife and the Pacelli collection by Telese, composed exclusively of pieces collected in the region, gave almost complete series of the different types and all the rarest varieties; it's from the necropolis of Âllifae where the quarter of an obole comes from is the legend yUS\\$9 so far unique (1).

2"" Bilingual registrations are in favor of attribution to a town located on the limit of Samnium towards Gampania. He It should be noted that, while the Samnites established in Gampania were still writing the legends of their coins at this time in Greek characters, the inhabitants of Fistelia rarely do this and

23

330 FISTELIA

only, alongside the Oscan legend, on obols intended on the regional trade menu. Their commercial objective is therefore rather Samnium itself than Campania, because I don't think that the official use of osque in Gampania is as old as that they claimed to be.

3* The coinage of Fistelia is the only one that has preserved the true physiognomy of sabellic art.

4*^ The coins of Fistelia are not found in the neighborhood swimming from Pozzuoli or Cumae.

Most of the coins of Fistelia have on one side a virile mask with short hair, of summary work, and the other a dolphin, a grain of barley and a mussel; but others currencies offer types that we find in the world swimming of Gampania: the head of Pallas from the front as we do we see it on aces with the legend ROMA and on Oscan steles j

of Gapue, the head of Pallas and the protome of the androceus bull

phale modeled on the coins of Neapolis. Two rare mon- naies show us a virile head next to the inscription Vn^ll^ (1) (retrograde). It's an essential magistrate's name- osque element zrOpsîus (C. /. L,, iX and X).

i. Zvetaieff, Sylloge inscribed. oscarum^ n. 55 upsim = Opsiorum, Cfr. H. Dressel, *

Numism. Beitrage aus dem Grabfelde bei Piedimonte d^Alife, 1884, p. 9.

FISTELIA 331

SILVER COINS

(c. 380—350 BC).

826. — Head of a Nymph almost full face, hair decorated with Vampyx and partly floating around the face. (Imitation of the Neapolitan coinage, n** 335.) 1^ «^1 V^T^IS. Androcephalic bull (head in profile) walking

to left. ; base formed by two lines. Didrachm (nice style). jÇL* «/«-s (Pi. ly). 60—150.

C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 22. — C. of France (Luyncs), 7 gr. 45.

827. — Same rough sketch, oscal imitation of the head

described in n^ 826, Pearl necklace at the neck. Granite.

i{ Androcephalic bull (head in profile) walking left. ; au- above, 8I$TPV$; base formed by two lines; in Texer- gue, dolphin on left.

Didrachma. ;ç^4.4 i/î-i 3/4. 10-25.

C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 51; 7 gr. 32; 7 gr. 27; 7 gr. 45. — C. of London, 7 gr. 54. — C. of Naples (657-58). — C. of France, 925-926. — Carelli (AveU., Adn., i and 2), 7 gr. 54 and 7 gr. 18.

828. — Same head (often from the same corner as the previous number), i^ Same types. 8RTPVR(i) — 8I$TPVI^(2). Didrachma. R.^* »/2 (PI. IV). 10—25.

(1) C. of Berlin, 6 gr. 82 and 6 gp. 13 (furred). — C. of London, 7 gr. 14. — (2) C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 68.

332

FI8TELIA

829. — Nymph's head to the right, adorned with jewels. (Imitation of n*» 341 of Naples). !^ Androcephalous bull walking left. ; above, SI5Tl'YM. Didrachma. A*^ */*.

Garrucci (PI. LXXXIX, d» 18).

We can also attribute to Fistelia, because of the great ana- drawing logy, the following currency anepigraph.

830. — Head of Juno, three-quarter view, inclined to the right, the hair

floating around the face and escaping from a high tiara

with relief ornaments. f^ Androcephalous bull walking slowly towards the right. and

crowned with Victory. Double line base.

Didrachma. iSL ^Pl. IV).

C. of Berlin (PI. VU, 101), 7 gr. 39. — Coll. Selmin 7 gp. 45. - C. of London (13). — Coll. Santangelo. M. Poole (British Mnseum Cat., Italy, p. 94) attributed these coins to Naples, thinking that they had could have been struck during the sustained siege against the Romans in 327-326 BC AD; Mr. Dressel proposed to attribute them to Poseidonia (R. Museen zu Berlin, Besch. der Antik. MUnzen^ III, i, p. 161). I thinks that they can only belong to the workshops of Fistelia or Nola and that the odds are in favor of Fistelia. They are located wind still in poor state of conservation, having had a long traffic.

831. — Beardless virile head (mask, without neck) from the front with hair

short, curly hair. v{ Dolphin, barley grain and mussel; around the mussel, the

leg. ^IVm^JS (“) or ^IPVT^IS [h) or VVTI8 (c). Obol. jCi. 0.50^1.

(a) C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 58; 0 gr. 65 (2 copies); 0 gr. 57; 0 gr. 62; 0 gr. 52. — C. of London, 0 gr. 52 and 0 gr. 46. — Careili (Avellino, Adn., 14- 20), 0 gr. 66 and 0 gr. 56. — (6) C. of London, 0 gr. 67. — (c) Careili (Avellino, Adn., 21), 0 gr. 46.

FISTELIA 333

832. — Same mask, different style.

i( Mold and barley grain; above, ^IV^T^IS- Obol. iSL*-iV«. 1-3.

G. of France, 0 gr. 58.

833. — Same mask.

i| Barley grain and mussel (anepigraph?) Obol. A*-»i/2. 1-3.

C. of London, 0 gr. 72.

834. — Hairless virile head (with neck) from the front. Around the edge,

i| (Anepigraph) Dolphin, barley grain and mussel. Obol. A«-*«/«. 10-15.

Coll. Gajaniello (Piedimonte d'Alife, Egg foailles) 0 gr. 73.

835. — Same head; around the perimeter, 0I2TE — AIA {a) or |2TE —

AIA (b) or 02TE - AIA {c) or 0I2TEAA {d) or 0I2TE-

AAD {e). i^ Dolphin, barley grain and mussel; around the perimeter, ^IV^T^IS

or ^IV^T^IS. Obol. HAS"-"*/". 3—5.

(a) G. of France. — C. of BerUn, 0 gr. 68; 0 gr. 59; 0 gr. 53; 0 gr. 62; 0 gr. 63; 0 gr. 65. ^ G. of London, 0 gr. 77; 0 gr. 64. — G. of Naples. — {b) CoU. Sambon. — (c) Piedimonte d*Alife, Egg excavation. — (d) G. of Naples. — (e) G. of Naples (Goll. Santangelo), 0 gr. 62.

836. — Same head; around the perimeter, 0I2TE — - AIA-

T^ Mussels, barley grain and dolphin; above, IV^Y^IS* Obol. A*-**/«.5—10.

G. of France (formerly GoU. Dapré).

837. — Same head; left^ 0.

^ Dolphin, barleycorn and mussel; below, ^|V

Obol. iSL**«/«. 10-15-

G. of Naples (Coll. Santangelo).

838. — Same head, different style; to the right, //.

ij Mussels and barley grain; above, ^IV^-f^lS. Obol. A«-* 4/«. 10—15.

C* from France.

334 FISTELU

839. ^ Head of Pallas to the right. with Athenian helmet decorated with a

olive branch, on which an owl perches, i^ Anterior part of the androcephalic bull to the right. (swimming),

above, V43<^|$. Obol. A«-««/2. 25-50.

C. of BerliOi 0 gr. 60.

840. — Head of Pallas to the right. as before.

i{ Same type as above. ; above the bull, ^IV4'f$l$. Obol. A'-» Vî. 25—50.

MinerYlni, Osiervazioni Numiamatiche^ Pi. IV, 7 and p. 13.

841. — Virile head beardless from the front; around^ name of magistrate.

^||^nV = 0psiu8. ^ *i^lV^T^I$ the letters divided two by two, in the

spaces of a large x (very careful drawing). Hemi-obolus. AV«, 30—60.

Coll. A. Evans (Piedimont d'Alife, foaille Egg.). Posted by Fried- Iftnder (Osk, Munz.) and more correctly by H. Dreasel {Ntun, Bei- trOge au» dem Grabfelde hei PiedimonU d'Alife^ 1884, p. 8), 0 gr. 325; 0 gr. 275.

842. — Head of Pallas facing, the helmet decorated with three egrets. ^ -^IV4'f^l8> the letters divided two by two in each

space between the legs of an x. Hemi-obolus. HAS"/*. 20—40.

C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 34 (PI. III, 47). — C. of France (934).

843. — Virile head beardless from the front; around, ^|V4<^I8- ^ Wheel, a globule in each canton.

1/4 of an obol (very careful drawing). HAS*/'. 40.

Coll. Evans (Piedimonte, Egg. uniqae excavations), 0 gr. 15.

FISTELIA 335

ANEPIGRAPHIC COINAGE

We have every reason to believe that the following anepigraph coins belong to Fistelia. They were attributed to different countries; but since Carelli's research, it is a fact known that they come from Samnium. Also the attribution of Waddington (Babelon, Inventory, no. 7174; pi. XX, fig. 13) at the Lycia is absolutely devoid of plausibility. Dressel {Cata- logue-of the Berlin Museum, III, i, p. 161) describes them under the heading: Unbestimmte Mûnzen Campaniens und Samniums.

844. — Head of a woman almost full face, flowing hair, a

pearl necklace at the neck. This head looks a lot like that of the didrachms of Fistelia engraved by international artists digenes.

j(Lion running left; in Texergue, a serpent. The lion is copied coins of Heraclea. The reverse is often concave.

Obol. iÇLi-i 3/4. 0.50-1.

C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 64; 0 gr. 62; 0 gr. 59; 0 gr. 57. — C. of London, 0 gr. 63; 0 gr. 66; 0 gr. 54. — G. of Naples, etc.

845. — Same types; a star above the lion.

Obol. Ai-4 3/^0.50-1.

G. of London, 0 gr. 53; 0 gr. 50. — G. of Naples. — Excavations of Piedimonte from Alife, 0 gr. 525 and 0 gr. 475.

846. — ​​Same types; the lion turns his head back; above^

a helmet; in the exergue, a thyrsus decorated with strips. Obol. iSli-*3/4. 1^3.

G. of Berlin, 0 gr. 58.

847. — Same types; the lion runs to the right. In the exergue, a

snake.

336 nvnuk

Obol. A«-»3/*. 1—3.

C. of Naples.

Garrucci gives an example. with leg. ^V4(T^l8); but he took for letters the ends of the cheTeax. See these currencies: Dress up! (HisU und phil. Àufsâize zu Ehren E. CurUui^ p. 250-258 which publishes a certain number of these pieces collected in the excavations of the Piedimonte Necropolis of Alife and again in the Zeitsch, fur Numism., XIV. 1886, p. 170.

IRNTHIBNS 337

COINS AT THE LE&ENDE loeMH

OR iDNeh

Irnniii (Salerno magpies?)

Eckhel, Cavedoni and Garrucci read about these IDN&D currencies and IDN9 that they played Irnor and Irno. L. Sambon and Gar- rucci think that there was a town named Irnum near Sa- lerna, on the banks of the river Irno. Garrucci IDN0I's readings and IDNOlco do not seem accurate to me. Beloch [BuiL. deW Inst,^ 1877, p. 34 et seq.) places this city in the Picenum and suggests the name to'Arinthe or Arnthe, The most probable reading is b^ihie or Irnthni. These coins are always found in Campania; we even found two in Oscan tombs at Pompeii {Giorn. degli Scavi, 1874, n. 21). The type is imitated from the coins of Nea- polis and those of Cumae; although very crudely made, it does not appear to be later than Tan 300 BC.

338

IRNTHIANS

BRONZE COINS

(around 300 BC)

8i8. — Laureate head of Apollo on the right.

Fj Androcephalic bull standing left. ; above, IDNAH (“

C. rie Lon«ire8. -• Cnrelli» 85, I, 2, 3, 4.

849 — Same types; register IDN9H (<7) or IDN&h {to) or IDeNH(c)or(IDN®)NI? W. Fraction of obol. I". 10—30.

(a) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 66; 2g, 93; 3 gr. 82; 4 gr. 04; 3 gr. 46. — (6) G. of FraDce, 3 gr. 20. — (c) C. of France, 3 gp. 20. — (rf) C. of Berlin.

850. — Same types; iascr. H®kia|- Fraction of obol.

C. of London. — C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 85.

I”. 10—30.

851. — Head of Apollo to the right. ; identical to the previous one.

^ Mold ; around the edge, three dolphins. Granite.

Fraction of obol. I* */*. 20—40.

c. from London. — G. of Berlin, 2 gr. 42. — C. of France. — C. of Napies, 2 gr. 30 and i gr. 77.

PL IV

A. Sambon.

CAMPANIA

under ROMAN DOMINATION

The accounts of the annalists of the century of Augustus on the occupation Roman of Campania are not sincere; they are probably clearly on confused traditions in which we had sought difficult to attenuate or remove anything that was not in the spotlight of Rome and often, anticipating the date of the final submission of certain cities, they seem to condense in a few years, and under the appearance of easy triumphs, long and painful struggles. The submission of the Gampanians in 343 BC. AD and that of Sidicins, to cite a few examples, are incomprehensible and the establishment of Roman prefects at Capua in 318-314 is not hardly more likely. As Mommsen Ta observed, the events ments of the first Samnite war are obscured by a de- sort of anecdotes and legends. Mr. Pais(1), regarding falsifications- literary cations of that time, very well summarized the doubts which hover over the stories of Diodorus, Dionysius, Appian and everything from Livy; the currencies confirm these doubts. . Rome skillfully took advantage of the jealousies of the camp towns. niennes, but these towns retained longer than say the Roman historians, a semblance of independence, and

1. Sloria d’Italia-Roma, 1, p. 64.

'^

342 CAIIPANIA UNDER ROMAN DOMINATION

even still at the end of the 4th century the Roman Iagereace was there precarious. The Romans had probably concluded a treaty alliance with Capua in 343 BC. AD, treaty that they began rent to be violated as soon as Samnite resistance was broken; from another side Talliance concluded in 327-326 BC. AD with Naples seems having assured this city of great commercial advantages importance. The embarrassing Samnite supremacy disappeared, the competition Tarantine ence diminished, Naples quickly got rich and its coinage, very abundant from this period, is the best their proof of the commercial expansion that Rome left him take under the vigilance of his weapons.

But if Naples, with its powerful navy and its numerous ba- merchants, held a preponderant place in the market of Campania and central Italy, attracting successively ment the merchants of Syracuse, of Rhodes, of Antioch, Alexandria, there were other very prosperous centers in Campania. fathers by the abundance of their agricultural productions and who, all by maintaining close relations with Naples, used to their advantage benefit from competition from foreign cities, such as Marseille, which approached Italy mainly via Velia and Poseidonia.

Between Yolturne and Naples, which had remained very Italian despite the infiltration of the Mixobarbari, had condensed, around Topu- slow Capua, that Livy, on the occasion of the events of the year 343, calls urbs maxima opulentissimaque laliae, an im- bearing the Oscan population, formed from successive fusions of natives, Etruscans and Samnites. In the towns of Ca- poue, Calatia, Atella and GompuUeria (near Samnium) the official language was Oscan, and in the overflow of the dense agricultural population of this region, these mercenaries were recruited naries and these active and cunning peddlers in whom revived the ancient nomadic spirit of an important element of their race, and who spread foreign customs and ideas from town to town.

Further south, not far from the mouths of the Sarno, was Nuceria Alfatema that a scoliast places among the multa oppida of the Pe- lasges, but which was then essentially Oscan and which sheltered probably the last descendants of the Samnites-Campanians of Cumae, Nola and the vicinity of Vesuvius; through the small port of Pompeii, it had to maintain relations with Lucania.

GAMPANIA UNDER ROMAN DOMINATION 343

Strabo tells us about his trade using the port of Pompeii: N(oXt)ç 8à xal NouxepCzç xal 'Axsppûv... àarfvetév êdriv i/i no(JL7CTQ(a, wapi Tw Dixpv^p xoTap-û xai Se^otAévo) Ta (popT(a xai èxicépLiuovTt (Strab., V, 4; 8).

Outside of Campania, yers the northwest borders, in the half-Oscan, half-Latin country of the Aurunci and the Ausoni, had emerged at the end of the 4th century BC. AD, Roman colonies, scale along the major strategic and commercial routes that put Rome in communication with the south of the peninsula. Next to it, the turbulent Sidicins, retained a remnant of independence dance, although they were bruised and bent by the conquest Roman, and exploited trade with Samnium, placing Oscan inscriptions on their coins. These countries were more later included within the limits of Campania.

The earliest dates have been suggested for the coins of these cities. miscellaneous; I believe that in general we have taken the beginnings of some of these coins. That of the colonies Romans of Suessa and Cales do not seem to me to predate Tan 280 BC. AD; it can be distributed between this date and 268, even 250 BC. AD; that of Nucérie seems to belong to the same era. The coinage of other Oscan towns is not ancient. laughing at the year 268-240 BC. AD; it died out around 211 BC. AD

The monetary rights therefore seem to have been granted to them by Rome or have been exceptionally exercised voluntarily by cities during or shortly after the expedition of Pyrrhus^ and we understands that Ropie was on this occasion lavish with favors municipal while limiting the political freedom of rural towns niennes.

Alongside these coins, Rome had spread in Campania and Apulia a coinage cut on the Neapolitan system, but both the ROMANO inscription; he must have had class with the big ones cast bronze parts. Mommsen attributes to the year 338 BC. AD, the first issues of this coinage, and A. Evans seeks to corroborate this hypothesis with data from a find made near Benevento. I consider these currencies to be beautiful more recent, because most of it offers analogies striking with the coins of the time of Pyrrhus and I hesitate strongly to adopt the attribution of these pieces to Capua. I am

344

CAMPANIA UNDER ROMAN DOMINATIONS

convinced that a large part of this coinage was struck at Suessa and Calés, and that another part is even foreign to the Campania.

Here is our classification. Cities are those which, according to limits fixed under Augustus, were part of Campania:

I. — Suessa, Cales, Caiatia. he. -^ Teanum Sidicinum. mr. — Nuceria Alfaterna.

IV. —Nola.

V. — Capua, Atella, Caiatia, Velecha, Compulteria.