The Ancient Coins of Italy — 1903

A very interesting series of aes gravcy was issued in Arimi- num(5). It does not appear to be earlier than Tan 268. The weight of the pound is higher than that of the Roman pound. The ace (museum of Pesaro) weighs 396 gr.

TuDER (today Todi) was, at the same time, one of the main cities 'of Umbria. Located on top of a hill which dominates the left bank of the Tiber (6) on the limit of Etruria, and became a Roman colony^ it received, under Augustus, the name of Colonia fida Tuder (7). Silius italicus speaks of the importance of

1. La Monnaie dans rantiquilé, 1863, p. 113.

2. Mommsen, Hisl. Roman coinage,

3. Uv., Ep. Vell. Put, 1, 14; Strabo, V, i, 11. See Mommsen, C. 1. 1., 11, p. 76, 217.

4. StraboD, V, i, 11; Pol., III, 61.

5. See for types: Sambon, Becherchei^ pl- VI, and Garrucci, Monete delV llalia antica, pi. LIX and LX.

6. “Ëxceiso sumini qaa Tertice monti. Deyezurn lateri pendet Tuder » (Sil. Ital. VI, 645).

7. Frontin, De col.^ p. 214.

OMBIUE 87

cult of Mars in this city (i); but the currencies don't do it no allusion. On one of them we see a sow with three small; Marchi and Tessieri thought that the legend of the sow nursing her thirty little ones could not apply to this currency; but it is not easy to deny it.

Tuder has a numerous serious A'aes series, issued from ^en- around 290 BC. (2); we find among the types the eagle and the horn of abundance which also appear on minted coins.

1. IV, 222; wine, 462.

2. See for types: Sambon, Recherches, and Gamicei, Maneie deW Italia antica, pi. LV and LVI.

UMBRIA

BRONZE COINS

Arimmiim (after 268 BC).

155. — Bearded head with conical laurel pileus, left. (Vulcan?). Granite around the edge.

155 a

if Warrior to the left^ going cautiously to the attack while hiding bearing a large oval shield; in the exergue, ARIM (o) or ARIMN {to). iE*-*. 5—15.

(a) C. of BerUû, 6 gr. 25; 5 gr. 15; 7 gr. 15; 6 gr. 85. — C. of London. — C. of France, 5 gr. 96. — G. of Glasgow, 4 gr. 72 and 4 gr. 69.— G. of Turin, 5 gr. 48; 5 gr. 69. — (6) C. deNaples. — G. London. — C. of Berlin, 5 gr. 6. — G. of Milan.

Tader (2nd half of the 3rd century).

156. — Hairless juvenile head, right, topped with a species of pe- double edge tase or with leather lining and attached under the chin. Granite around the edge, i^ Sow standing right. with three little ones, two of whom are at home miss; above, ^03*1^ VT. Granite around the edge.

I «.40-100.

Kircher, 9 gr. 25. — Donkey. coll. Borghese. —G. of London, 9 gr. 23. — C. of France (c”), 6 gr. 46. ​​— ​​L. Sambon, 8 gr. 52.

UMBRIA

157. — Head of Silenus, right, crowned with ivy. Granite perimeter.

ij Eagle standing left, wings outstretched; in front of SQJ^'VK or 9a3i^VT or gag^fV'T- Granite around the edge.

J£3i/2.4.8—20.

C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 95; 3 gr. 85; 3 gr. 70; 3gr. 90; 3 gr. 60. — G. of London. — Kircher, 3 gr. 80. — C. of Naples. — C. of France, 4 gr. 33; 4 gr. 12; 3 gr. 84; 3 gr. 10; 4 gr. 01 (Luynee).—C. of Glasgow, 3 gr. 11 Oaa-f VK). - G. of Turin, 3 gr. 84; 3 gr. 78 (3a3TVT) 3 gr. 71; 3 gr. 50.

158. — Juvenile head of Pan, right, with horns on the forehead. Granite around the edge.

158

^ 3Q3TVT » Cornucopia loaded with grape clusters sin and ears. Granite around the edge. I * 1/2-3 15—25,

C. of BerUn, 1 gr. 85; 1 gr. 80. — Kircher, 1 gr.75. — Coll. Mad- dalena, 1 gr. 63.

PICENUM

The Picentios had early concluded a treaty of alliance with Rome, a treaty which was scrupulously respected by the latter until around 290 BC. AD, that is to say as long as the Gauls Senons threatened her. They were a peaceful people, and Rome which had already established a colony at Hatria^ Tan 289 BC. (1), had a good quickly proved right when in 268 she decided to conquer the whole territory ('i).

The Picenum left us a fairly numerous series of serious aes and only one coin minted. The serious aes carries (3) names of cities: Hatria, Firmum; it belongs to the second century, and offers this particularity than the pound (indicated by a p), much more heavier than the Roman pound, rises in the first issues ions up to 410 gr. (4).

The coin minted belongs to Angona and dates from 268 BC. circa AD. This important city of Picenum was located on a promontory forming a curve (5), hence the name d^A-pwiy. It was the only Greek settlement on this part of the Adriatic coast; it was said to be founded, around 380 BC. B.C.^ by Syracuse exiles

1. Tiie-Live, EpiL, XI; Madvig, De coloniis, p. 298.

2. Flor., 1, 19; Tite-LiTe, Epit., XV; Oros., IV, 4; Eatrop., II, 16. —Pliny falsifies the Picentios had 360,000 men at the time of the Roman conquest.

3. Garracci, Moneie delC Jtalia aniica, pi. LX, LXI, LXU.

4. L. Sambon, Research, pi. SEEN. — Garracci, op, /., p. 32.

5. «c In ipso flectenUs se orae cubito. » Pliny, III, xiii, 18.

92 PICENUM

who wanted to escape the tyranny of Dionysius the Elder (1). We do not know when Ancona fell to the power of the Romans (2); but the details of the campaign of the Sempro consuls nius Sophus and Appius Glaudius, in 268, provide a glimpse of the complete mission of the entire region.

The coins, all in bronze, bear the head of Venus, goddess principal in this city and whose temple was celebrated by Catullus and by Juvenal (3).

I am giving a reproduction of a pretty mask of Silenus in bronze, similar to that of the aces of Hatria and found at Ancona; he shows the artistic taste of this region. The same mask is seen on Tas of Hatria.

1. Strabo, V, iv, 2. 'Ayxàv *EXXYjvtç. JuTénal, 4, 40, calls you “Dorica Ancon”.

2. Pliny mentions it as a Roman colony, III, xiii, lit.

3. Catullus., Carm., 36, 13; Jut., Sat. IV, 40.

Bronze mask found in Ancona. (Fitzbenry Collection.)

I

PICENUM

93

BRONZE COIN

Ancona (after 268 BC).

159. — Head of a woman, right. (Venus), with laurel wreath and earrings; behind, Z-Grènelîs around the edge.

f( Right arm bent, left, in the hand, a branch; above, two stars with eight rays; below, ArKHN. Granite perimeter. A^». (pi. II). 15-40.

C. of Berlin, 9 gr. 95; 5 gr. 60; 6 gr. 9; 7 gr. 55. — C. of London, 7 gr. 49. — Coll. Garrucci, 5 gr. 70. — C. of Glasgow, 6 gr. 86. — . from Turin, 5 gr. 67. — C. of Naples (Coll. Santangelo).

LATIUM ADIECTUM

The coins of Latium adiectum are not very abundant and do not appear that towards the end of the 12th century, then during the 3rd, it is that is to say at the time when Rome, breaking the resistance of the populations Latin, established colonies in each region forming like a safety barrier.

This coinage became the privilege of cities dependent on Rome, colonized by it and which by their strategic position were called upon to render great services to the metropolis. They served at the same time as commercial stops and, if sometimes they were drawn into the insurrectional movements of the old Italic race, fighting for its independence, we generally docile to the orders of Rome, chained out of interest as much as fear. It is likely that Vaes serious had the same origin as the coins struck.

Alba Fucens, Aquinum, Cora, Signia have minted coins. Alba and Signia have symbols of their own; Cora and Aqui- num reproduce types borrowed from other currencies countries. The most abundant coinage is that of Alba.

Alba Fugens (today Alba), T^'AXôa ^ouxiv(ç of Ptolemy, was located on a high hill (Colle d'Alba) 3 miles from the lake Fucin, at the foot of Mount Yelino (1); she was on the territory of the Eques, near that of the Marses (ôfjiopouaa MapasTç) (2).

1. Pliny, lil, XVII, !.

2. Strabo, V, m, 13.

96 LATIUM ADIBCrUlI

L. Sambon and, after him, Head, Garrucci etc. have established that it is well to this city that the coins to the legend belong APBA) 6t not in Alba Longa, as we believed for a long time. Alba received a Roman colony of six thousand men Tan 303 ay. J.-G. (1), and we know that the establishment of this colony was one of the causes which determined the Eques to resume the weapons.

The coinage of Albe is certainly later than Idkdeductio from the Roman colony and consists of small silver coins weighing 1 gr.25 and Ogr. 60, concave in shape, often with a design very rude. The unit of 0 gr. 60 has for types a head of Mid- nerve, wearing the Corinthian helmet, and the symbol of Jupiter, the eagle resting on the thunderbolt, with which Rome proudly adorns itself; the coin of double weight shows us on one side the head of Mer- cure, of the other, a griffin. Some authors attribute to Alba a numerous series of serious aes (2).

SiONiA (today Segni) occupied a high hill at the corner NW of the Volscian mountains. The Roman annalists re- date back to the VP century the foundation of this city, and Livy tells us says that the ancient population was renewed around 495 BC. AD by a Roman colony, that is to say during the campaign of dictator ManiusValerius against the Volscians, the Eques and the Allied Sabins. Sîgnia was a stronghold for the Romans of great importance, since it dominated the valley of Trerus and could facilitate communications with Praeneste. In 340 BC BC, the inhabitants of Signia were in arms against the Romans (3). Returned under the domination of Rome, they remained They were faithful even in the Second Punic War. The coin yage dates from the beginning of the third century; the types, of a drawing elegant, present a head of Mercury next to a dolphin and a caduceus, and an emblem composed of a mask of Silenus or Marsyas and the anterior part of a wild boar.

The city of Cora also minted silver coinage; but

1. Tito-LÎTe, X, 1; VelI.,I, 44. Appien, Hann., 39.

2. Head, Rist, Num., p. 22. Garracei (p. 73) objects to this attribution^ saying that these coins have never been found in the territory of Alba.

3. Titê-LiTe, Vm, 3.

LATIUM ADIECTUM 97

in such a small quantity that so far only one copy has been released. came to us.

CoRA (today Cori) was on the border of the country of the Volscians. It appears to have been founded at a very ancient time and to be become an important city. Virgil and Diodorus considered it as a colony of Alba Longa. Livy, speaking of the events ments from the year 503 BC. BC, indicates it as “Colonia Latina” and said that she was in revolt against Rome (a Eodem anno duae co- oniae latinae, Pometia et Cora, ad Auruncos deficiunt"). We don't know almost nothing of the history of this city; but the same Livy (1) tells us that the year 330 BC. BC its territory was devastated by the Privernates under the command of Vitruvius Vaccus, which indicates that at that time it was under the de- dependence of Rome.

The style and weight of the didrachm of the C.'de France remind us carry around 300 BC. J.-G. The head of Apollo on the obverse is modeled on that of the didrachms of Suessa Aurunca; the reverse is pro- probably inspired by Hippokontiste throwing a javelin, which found so frequently on the coins of Taranto until around 280 BC. BC and which also appears on a rare coin Neapolitan. Cavedoni suggests seeing in the young rider wearing the Arcadian pileus and shod with endromides, Coras, father of Gatille and Tiburce, founders of Tibur (2).

Aquinum (today Aquino) was in the country of the Volscians. We do not find it mentioned at the time of the war between the Romans and the Volscians; his name only appears during of the Second Punic War (3). This is why we attract borrowed its coins in very recent times. They have the same types as certain pieces by Calés, Suessa Aurunca, of Caiatia, Telesia (Samnium) and Teanum, and it was thought that these pieces belonged to a political confederation against Rome. Minervini(4) proposes the year 209 BC. AD, during

1. Tite-Uve, VHl, 19.

2. Sery., ad Aen., VII, 672. See Gamicci, Italia antica^ p. 74.

3. Ut. 26, 9, 3. SU. It., 8, 405; 12, 528. See Mommsen, C. L £., 10, p. 51 and 530

4. BulL arch. Nap., 1857.

m LAIIUM ADIEGTUM

which twelve Latin colonies refused the new levies ordered by the Senate. L. Sanibon(i) attributes the series to Tannée 216, thinking that Rome, exhausted by the defeat at Cannae, had to leave it to its colonies to provide for their own safety. Head (2), based on the style, and Gabrici (3) based on an examination of a find made near Pietrabbondante {Bovianum Vetiu), reported attempted to mint these currencies at an earlier time (around 263 BC AD). We had already reported a coin from Suessa Au- runca with the type of the rooster obliterated by a Campano-Roman type with the legend ROMANO (^) and which seemed to refer us more or less around this time. My opinion is that we should not think of a political confederation against Rome^but quite simply to a commercial convention, even favorable to Rome. We will see in the chapter of the currencies of Gampania and especially of Sidicines, Aurunci and Ausonians, how does this agreement tion took birth and was able to develop; it will suffice for us to say here that Aquinum, very populous, was one of the main cities on the old Via Latina which led from Rome to Gapoue. See- sine of Calés, Teanum and Suessa, it brought a con- siderable to Campanian trade.

1. Research f p. 121-122.

2. HisL Num, p. 23 (268-217 BC).

3. Notizie ScavL AUides Lincei, 1900.

4. Garrucci, pi. LXXVIl, 22. See M. Bahrfeldt, Monete Campan(hromane.j Riv. Num. Milaut 1899, p. 11. At the British Museum I saw a coin of Aquinum re- struck on a Neapolitan coin with the types of the head of Apollo and the andro bull ephalus crowned by Victory; the original type is almost completely obliterated.

LATIUM ADIECTUM

SILVER COINS

Alba Facens (c. 280-263 BC).

160. — Head of Mercury, right, wearing the winged petasus. ï{ Flying Griffon right. ; below, APBA*

Rough drawing. Obverse convex; concave reverse.

A” (pi. II). 20-30.

C. of Berlin, i gr. 25 and i gr. 18. ^ C. of London, 1 gr. 18 and Ogr. 98. — C. of France. — C. of Naples (FiorelU, 630 and Coll. Santan- gelo, 376). — C. of Glasgow, 1 gr. 05. —Coll. Maddalena^ 1 gr. 18. — Sale Sotbeby, 1900, 1 gr. 16 (75 francs).

161. — Head of Minerva, right, with Corinthian helmet decorated with a

egret.

t{ Eagle standing, right, on a thunderbolt, turning its head below, APBA* Drawing better; concave reverse. A*. 30—50.;

C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 42 (broken). — C. of London, 0 gr. 53. — Coll. Gamicoi, 0 gr. 60. ^ G. of France, 0 gr. 62. — Coll. Santangelo, 0 gr. 55.

162. — Head of Minerva, right, with Corinthian helmet.

i{ (Without registration). Eagle standing, right, on a thunderbolt,

wings outstretched. HAS*. 15 — 25.

C. of France, 0 gr. 57 (Luynes). — C. of Berlin (uncertain). — C. of Naples (Fiorelli, 631) and Coll. Santangelo, 0 gr. 59. — C. of Turin, 0 gr. 59. — CoU. Garrncd, 0 gr. 60. — Coll. Maddalena, 0 gr. 54.

163. — Head of Minerva left, wearing a Corinthian helmet.

100 LATIUM ADIEGTUM

û (Without registration). Eagle standing, left. Summary drawing.

JRi «/♦. 2(M0. Ctoll. Sir H. Weber.

Signia (c. 300-280 BC).

164. — Head of Mercury, right, with winged butterbur; on the edge of neck, a small dolphin; in front, a caduceus.

i^ Mask of Silenus or Marsyas and anterior part of a wild boar, attached; below. SEIC and ^EIC (1), or ^EIC (2) and 3EIC, or SEId and SEI

JSL«. 25-40.

C. of Berlin, (1) 0 gr. 54; (2) 0 gr. 55 and 0 gr. 62. — C. of London (l),

0 gr. 58 and 0 frr. 56. - C. of France, 0 gr. 54; (2) 0 gr. 50 and 0 gr. 70

(Luynes). — C. of Vienna (2). — C. de Naples (2) and Coll. Santangelo

(2), 0 gr. 67 (without caduceus î) and 0 gr. 54. — C. of Milan (2), 0 gr. 70.

Cora (c. 300-280 BC).

165. — Laureate head of Apollo on left.

i{ Rider, on the right, wearing the pileus, the chlamys stapled to shoulder and fluttering in the wind, on a galloping horse; he throws

from the hand of dr. a javelin; below, CORANO* Didrachma. Unique. JSl^. 500.

G. of France, 6 gr. 07.

LATIUM âDIEGTUM 101

BRONZE COINS

Aquiniim (c. 263-250 BC).

166. — Head of Pallas, left, with Corinthian helmet with egret. Grënetis around the edge. (Sometimes the head is very small small dimensions.)

ij Rooster standing right; in front, A^VINO (1) or An-VINO; der- behind, a star with eight rays. Granite around the edge. Litra? (nice style). M * »/2 (pi. II). 15-25.

G. of France, 6 gr. 30; 5 gr. 75; 5 gr. 24 (Lnynes). — C. of Berlin, 6 gr. 07; 6 gr. 50; 6 gr. 75. — C. of London. — C. of Naples. — C. of Siskin, 5 gr. 74.

167. — Head of Pallas, left, as in the previous n**. Granite

perimeter. ^ Rooster on left; in front, A^VINO; behind, a star. Granite perimeter. & *. 20—30.

C. of Naples (n° 632). -^ C. of London.

168. — Same types with OMIV-/) A- -Ê *. 20—30.

a of Naples (634). Coll. Santangelo, 6 gr. 68.

169. — Head of Pallas on the left, as in the previous n°. Granite

perimeter.

1. The open O is frequently seen on archaic Latin monuments and on pottery found in Campania. See at the Louvre Museum a small vase with Tins- cription ^AIITVRNI POCO^OM ; see the coins and pottery of Cales. The form of Q (fl>)i on the contrary^ is not seen in any inscription.

102 LATIUM ADIECTUM

ij Rooster on the right; in front, ACViNO {a) or ACVINO (*); behind, a star. Granite around the edge. iE*. 20—30.

(a) G. of Berlin, 5 gr. 90. ^ G. of France, 4 gr. 55 (c3). — Atti dei Lincei, Notizie Scavt, 1900, 7 gr. 15

170. — Head of Pallas, as in the preceding n^; but turned to right. Granite around the edge. ^ (A)r^VINO* Rooster on the right; behind, a star with eight rays. Granite around the edge. & ♦. 20—40.

G. of Glasgow, 5 gr. 44.

The Arch of Trajan, in Benevento.

SAMNIUM

The vast province commonly referred to as Sam- nium included different peoples. The Pentrians and the Hirpins, occupying the entire center and south of the region, were the most important; to the northwest was the small tribe of the Cara- Cenians, mentioned by Ptolemy; to the southwest the Caudinians, whose city, Caudium, remained famous in the history of struggles between Rome and the Samnites. Samnium was limited to north and northwest by the country of the Marses, the Pelignians and Frentanians, all also of Sabellian origin; to Test by Apulia; to the south by Lucania; to the southwest and west by Campania and Lazio. Almost everywhere the ground was bad, the country crisscrossed in several directions by the ramifications of a node from the Apennines, with their snowy peaks; also life was harsh there, a life of warlike peasants.

When the inhabitants of these arid mountains became too numerous, colonies were expatriated, especially in spring (vei* sac7'um)y and legends told that several colonies had been led by animals dedicated to Mars: the Picenians by

104 SAIINIUM

a woodpecker (picus) I\es Hirpins by a wolf {hirpus), the Samnites pro- first said by a wild bull. The Samnites passed the mountains of Benevento, mingling with the tribes of the Ausones, and reached as far as Apulia; a strong contingent invades the Cam- basket. Irregular bands of Hirpins, Picenians and Frentanians went to form, beyond Silarus, the people of Lucanians, so disastrous to the Greek colonies.

These peoples often united among themselves, each retaining their own independence under the authority of a chief {meddix tuticus); but their alliances were never very complete and did not have enough cohesion; they always ended up giving in to the Roman forces.

We will have to successively study the currencies struck by the peoples of Sabellian origin scattered in Italy: those of the Samnites-Campanians; those of the Péligniens^of the Frentaniens, of the Lucanians. Speaking of the coins of Campania we examine nerons a long series of coins minted by the Samnites in this very country; only then will we talk about coinage in silver from two Samnite cities: Allifae and Flstelia, placed on the limit of Campania, because it is linked to this series.

There are two other silver coins that can be attributed to Samnium fogs, although the purely Hellenic style of One of them hardly authorizes us to consider it as struck in this country.

The first has on one side a woman's head, the hair in a tight veil around the forehead and falling behind in folds capricious; we read the Greek inscription there, in Doric dialect, ^AYNITAN; on the reverse is seen the spearhead of the Samnites, the (xauvtov, in a laurel wreath..

The Attic style of this rare coin is very pretty and goes back in the second half of the 4th century. Garrucci believes she was struck by the Tarentines on the occasion of their alliance with the Samnites.

The second wears a diademed female head (Juno); behind, I. (the same acronym is found on coins from Nola) and, on the other hand, verse, Hercules kneeling, hugging the lion; around, the inscription nEPinOanN OITANATAN, that is to say “currency of the Pilanates, officers for the defense of the border. »

These parts are bad slyie; also, the idea of Garrucci which

I

SAlfNIUlf 105

thought they were struck at Taranto, is it unbearable. They offer a frequent feature in the Samnite coinage of the Campania (Nola): Tempreinle impasto, due to rusty corners. I place them at the end of the 4th century, and agreeing with the opinion of Mommsen, I attribute them to a mercenary establishment la- coniens detached on the border of Samnium by the Tarentines. It is possible that Tarentum, after the death of Archidamos, was thus cleared of the mercenaries who came with this Spartan leader.

Millingen, L. Sambon and Head classify these coins in the city of Peripolium in Bruttium on the border of the Locrians, of side of Rhegium, and believe that the Locrians had enlisted Spartan mercenaries for the guard of Peripolium (1). But Mom- sen (2) points out that Strabo (V, iv, 12] mentions re-establishing ment by the Tarentines of a colony of Pitanates in Samnium and that two of these rare coins were found in a small treasure discovered at Campo-Laurelli near Campobasso, in the Samnium itself.

Silver coinage was only minted in abundance during the years 91-88 BC. J.-G. while the sabellic populations made a last effort to claim their rights and escape under the yoke of the Romans. At the beginning, eight peoples of Sabellic origin were in arms: Marses, Peligniens, Picentins, Vestins, Sam- nites, Frentanians, Marrucins and Lucanians, the first four speaking the Latin language, the others, Oscan. One of their leaders, the telesin Quintus Pompaedius Silo was the soul of this noble war for independence; his name and those of other leaders: Gains Papius Mutilus and Numerius Lucius Marii f. are read on the italic deniers. These coins were probably minted first at Côrfiniumy, main seat of the Confederates; then it Aesernia or Bovianum. The first broadcasts are early Latin characters, sometimes Oscan characters; some, in the name of Q. Pompaedius Silo, to have currency among the Marses, the Péligniens, the Picentins and the Yestins; the others, in the names of C. Papius Mutilus and Numerius Lucius, for the needs of populations speaking the Oscan language. Later, after submission

1. Thuc, lit, c. 99.

2. History of Roman Coinage (ed. Blacas), t. 1.

106 SAMNIUM

sion of the Marses and other tribes of the north and west, we minted only coins with an Oscan legend.

The guys are very numerous and proclaim with pompous naivety the successes and aspirations of the rebels; they imitate wind those of the Roman Republic, even those of the consuls and generals who supported the Standard of Rome, while donating giving these types a meaning specific to italic independence. The Confederates claim the old name of Italy, under the protection of their goddess Bellona; the bull (veitelio) of the sacrum worm sam- nite often appears on coins with Oscan legends, and even, on one of them, trampling underfoot the Roman she-wolf. The picture of the goddess Libera is also in favor. On a rare denier issued under the authority of General-Consul G. Mutilus, is inscribed the ethnic, Safinim; we see the Samnite warrior next to the bull water lying down.

There are a certain number of anepigraph denarii which must be can certainly be attributed to the Italic rebels. On one from them we see a character getting off a ship and giving hand to a Samnite chief, allusion to the promise of help from the part of Mithridates, king of Pontus.

We will describe the currencies of the social war in each clown aside.

The other Samnite coins are all made of bronze and date back tent in the 3rd century; most of them "belong to colonies Roman: Telesia to the west, quite close to Campania; in the center, Aesernia and, towards Apulia, Benevento and Aquilonia {Lacedogna). The minting of these coins is explained by the position of the cities and their importance for Campanian trade with Rome or with Apulia, but only the coinage of Aesernia was really amplified dant. The finds of coins made in Samnium show that the coins of the main cities of Greater Greece, as well as Vaes grave Latin, were current in this region in III* century.

Telesia (today Telese) was a fairly considerable city, located in the Galor valley (1), on a branch of the

1. Ancient authors agree on the attribution of this y'iWe to Samnium.

SAMNIUM 107

via Latina, which from Teanum, in Campania, led, by Allifae^ in Benevento (1). Only one copy of the currency is known. both the inscription ^ia3T (Tedis) (2); the types (head of Palias. ^ coq) indicate that Telesia was part of the monetary alliance and commercial which already united Cales, Teanum, Suessa, Aqui- num.

Aesernia (today Isernia) in the Yulturne valley, ap- went to the Pentrian region. It only enters history in 295 BC (3); at that date it was already in the power of Romans (4). It received the privileges of a “Colonia Latina” in 263 BC BC at the start of the first Punic war. His mon- naies are of a very pretty design and testify to the opulence of the city. The ethnic is in the genitive plural AI^ERNINOM, AISERNIM; in AISERNIO and AI$ERNINO there is omission of the final M, as in ROMANO for Romanom, later Romanorum.

On some coins with the head of Vulcan, we read Tiuscription VOPCATIOM ^ the accusative, which we sought to explain quer assuming the dedication of a statue, with the name of the people and the verb ôvéOrpce implied.

The type of other bronze coins of this city is modeled on that of the Neapolitan litrae. These parts belong to a monetary alliance of cities having interests with Naples common; alliance roughly equal to that which had been concluded between the cities of Latium, the Sidicines and the Aurunces (type in rooster). On the latest broadcasts, we see the acronym |2 which is found on the coins of Neapolis^ of Suessa, of Compulteria. Mr. Ga- briel (5) published a conjecture that I had communicated to him. In my opinion, these coins were struck under the direction of a only master farmer who had the concession of coinage for all these cities; either that he personally went to each cited for the manufacture of currency, or that he minted them in a single workshop (Neapolis). The idea was suggested to me by a do-

1. Ilin, Anl., pp. 122, 304; Tab, Can, See Moinrnseo, C. /. L,y IX, p. 203.

2. Coll. Santa Gelo, Naples.

3. A, U. C, 491, Uv., Ep. 16; Vell. I, 148.

4. Tite-LiTe, X, 31.

5. Linceif Dec. 1900.

108 SAMNIUM

document from the Archives of Naples which mentions, in the 15th century, the obligation for the towns of Abruzzo to address the mon- born from Naples every time they wanted to renew the corners of their cash. The engraver of the corners, Liparolo, went to Âquila with apprentices and mules loaded with tools, and the “Cedole” of the Aragonese Treasury drowns the costs of this de- storage.

The blanks of Aesernia's coins have often burst under the hammer blows from Touvrier; we probably used old demonetized coins whose type was obliterated by a strong percussion of the new imprint.

Alalies (Malventum?}. Millingen (1), following Avellino (2), attri- first bought these coins from a town called Mêles (Molise?) mentioned by Livy; then to Malventum (3) (Bénévent) called by the Greeks MaXoevroç. The two attributions were contested tees (4). The inscription is a mixture of Greek and Oscan elements MALIC2 — (MAHE2 — MAIIE2?). The types are modeled on the Neapolitan coins before 280 BC AD

Beneventam (today Benevento) was located near the river Calor, in the center of the road that led from Apulia to Campania (via Appia) (5). In 274 BC. BC, the city was already in power of the Romans and Pyrrhus was defeated under its walls. The Romans there established a colony in 268 (6) and changed the name of the city MaXo6yT6ç (Maluentum) and that of Benuentum (7). The currencies are subsequent to the deduction of the Roman colony; their type is modeled on the didrachms with the legend ROMANO” having on one side a head of Apollo, on the other a free horse. Around the head we Benuentod bed; on the reverse, POMPRO or PROPOM- We discussed much about the meaning of the word written on the reverse. Millingen and Ch. Lenormant saw in it a magistrate's name PROPOM =

1. Ancient Coins, pi. I, 2.

2. Supplement ad IL vet, n., p. 48.

3. Num. de Vanc, Italy, p. 223. Fpiedl&nder, Oik, MUnzen, p. 67. Garrucci, o. c.

4. Dressel, in the Zeitschr, fur Num., XIV (1886), p. 171 f.

5. It was the main station between Gapoae and Venusia.

6. Livy, EpiL, XV.

1. A, U. C, 440 (Liv. IX, 27, 14).

SAMNIUM lOd

Probus; Mommsen very generously suggested reading POM- PRO (1)'i Garrucci bringing this PROPOM closer to the PROBOM of monaaies of Suessa Aurunca, interprets Propom by “proha moneta” and sees it as an allusion to a monetary convention.

Aquilonia. There were two cities of this name in Samnium, moon in the Hîrpins region (today Lacedogna); the other in the Pentrian region (probably Agnone), near Bovia- num clothed (Pietrabbondante). Most numismatists have attributed the currencies with J1RIMMV5|V)IFI (Akudunniad) to this second town (L. Sambon, Head); Garrucci joins in, having had knowledge of two examples found near Agnone. The question is still controversial; but style (2) and types seem to indicate TApulia, therefore the region of Hirpins, and Lacedogna appears to be a corruption of Akudunniad. L'Aqui- lonia of the Pentrians was destroyed in 293 by the Romans (Titus Live, X, 46).

1. Mommsen, C. /. L., IX, p. 136.

2 It is also necessary to compare these coins to the coins of Calés and Teanum to the type of the ioq The same head of Pallas is found on the coins of these islands and in Apulia on those of Caelia. The type was provided by the beautiful gold staters of Pyr- rhus.

Bronze from the 3rd century. (Naples Museum).

110 SAMNIUM

SILVER COINS

Samnites (around 330 BC).

171. — Head of a woman to the right. with local hairstyle consisting of a veil tight at the front and falling behind in numerous folds; around, MATIMYA^. Circle.

ïj Spearhead (the aauviov) in a laurel wreath. Obol (pretty style). iSL* »/2-i i/3 (ft. H) 50-120.

C.de France (Coll. Luynes), Ogr.15, 0gr.60. — Coll. Evans, 0 gr.6n.

PiUnaUe Peripoli (around 330-300 BC).

172. — Head of a woman, left, diademed and adorned with jewels (Juno?); behind, >£• Granite around the edge, i^ Hercules, kneeling right, hugging the lion. Around the edge^

PEPinOAnN PITANATAN. Granite. Obole (summary style).

A * 1/2-4"/3 30— with full legend, 100- C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 67. — C. of London, 0.62.

173. — Same head left.

ij Same type as that of n*' 172, but turned to the left. Obol. iSL 4 4/2 30—100.

Gamicci, pi. XC, 12.

The design of these coins is summary, the impression of the coin is often impastoed. The legend is almost always incomplete.

SAMNIUM 111

BRONZE COINS

Telesia (around 260 BC).

174. — Head of Pallas left, with Corinthian helmet with egret. Grënetis. i^ Rooster standing right; behind^ an aslre with eight rays; in front,

^laaT. (Tedis). Granite around the edge. Litra (?) Single. iE*150.

Coll. SantaDgelo, G. of Naples, 4 gr. 15.

Aesemia.

I. — Types of Campano-Samnite Monetary Valor, (Circa 280-268 BC).

175. —Laureate head of Apollo, left; in front, ARENNINO; behind, pentagon. Granite around the edge, i^ Androcephalous bull, facing right, head facing; above, a Victory flying to the right. and crowning him; below, N- Litra. I* "/". 3—8.

G. of Berlin, 6 gr. 15.

176.— Same types; in front of the head, ARERNINO or AISERNINO;

behind the head, M or N-

i^ Under the bull, N-

Litra. iE* 1/2. 3-8.

G. of France (Luynes), 6 gr. 67. — a of Naples. — G. of Turin, 6 gr. 59.

112 SAIINIUM

177. — Same types; behind the head, pentagon or M* i^ Under the bull, T-

Litra. I* */". 3—8.

G. of Naples. — G. of Berlin, 6 gr. 40. — G. of London. —Goll. Maddalena.

178. — Laureate head of Apollo, left; behind, oval shield. ^ Androcephalic bull, moving towards the right, head facing and

178

crowned by Victory hovering in the air; to exercise gue, AI6ERNIN0. Litra. I*

G. of London.

179. — Same types; to Tex. AI«5EltNI0.

Litra. I* V2. 8—15.

G. of Berlin, 5 gr. 65.

180. — Same types; under the bull, |2; in Tex., ARENNINO* Litra. I* */î 8-10.

G. of France (Lnynes), 6 gr. 60. — G. of Naples.

181. — Same types.

ij 12 and in Tex., A5ERNIN0 {sic).

Litra. I* */*^. 8—10.

G. of France, 5 gr. 80. — G. of Berlin, 6 gr. 18.

182. — Same types; e.g., AI^ERNINOM.

Litra. I* */2. 20—25.

G. of Naples (GoU. Santangelo), 5 gr. 97.

IL — 7local types (after 268 BC).

183. — Head of Pallas, left, wearing the Corinthian helmet with

grette and decorated with a snake; in front, AI^ERNIO or AISER- NIO; behind, club. Granite around the edge.

r

SAMNIUM

113

i{ Eagle, right, tearing apart a snake. Granite around the edge.

Litra. I.*«/2(pl.n).8-15.

G. of France, 7 gr. 50 and 6 gr. 53 (c") (Luynes), 7 gr. 57. — G. deBer-

lio, 6 gr. 81. — G. of London. — C. of Glasgow, 8 gr. 29. — G. of

Naples (Santangelo). The head of Pallas is modeled on that of the di-

drachmas of Cales.

184. — Head of Vulcan, right, wearing a conical cap (pi-

leus) surrounded by a laurel garland; behind, pincers; in front, VOPCANOM or VOKANOM. Grenelis around the edge.

^ Jupiter in a galloping bige, to the right, throwing lightning.

At the exergue, AISERNI(NO) or ARENNINO-

Litra. I* »/». 5^15.

G. of Berlin, 7 gr. 76. — G. of Naples.

185. — Same types; but the head of Vulcan turned to the left;

in front, VOKIANOM or VOKANOM. At AISERNINO or AI^ERNINO-

Litra. &*^. 1—5.

G. of France, 8 gr. 20 (c*), 5 gr. 72.5 gr. 92.5 gr. 55 (Luynes), 4 gr. 53.

» G. of Berlin, 7 gr. 38; 7 gr. 43. — G. of Naples and GoU. Santangelo.

— C. of London. — G. of Glasgow, 7 gr. 97.

186. — Same types as n* 185 with the legends VOKANOM

etijAI$ERNNIO(^c). Litra. I*-”. 3—8.

G. of France, 6 gr. •*GoII. Santangelo.

187. — Same types, head to left. ; in front, VOPCANOM; behind,

pincers. Granite.

i{ Jupiter leading a bige towards the right. and throwing lightning; the horses crowned by a little Victory which flies above, right. ; in Texergue, AI^EI^NINO-

Litra. I.4-5. I--5.

116

SAMNIUM

i^ Warrior standing left. (breastplate, crested helmet, cnemides, shield and spear] holding, with the hand dr. extended, one step tëre. Granite around the edge.

Litra. ^* */s-5, 15—40.

C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 71 and 6 gr. 50. — G. de Fraoce (Luynes), 6 gr. 96. — C. of London. — C. of Naples. — C. of Milan.

FRENTANIENS

The Frentanians, of Sabellic origin, occupied the region between the Apennines and the Adriatic, circumscribed by Apulia, the country of Marrucins and Samnium. Livy (1) tells us that in 319 BC. BC, they were in arms against Rome, but that Tan 304, with the Marses, the Marrucins and the Pelignians, they sent deputies to the Senate to obtain a treaty of peace and alliance. At the time of the invasion of Pyrrhus and during the second Punic war they remained faithful to Rome.

We have coins from three cities: Frentrurriy Larinum and Pallanum,

Frentrum took its name from the river on the bank of which it was located, the Frenter (today Fortore); historians do not no mention of this city; but the name suggests that an- ciently it was the capital of the Frentanians.

On the coin we see on one side a head of Mercury whose the cult was very widespread among the pastoral populations of the Latium and Samnium; on the other, Pegasus ready to take flight; on both sides we read the legend Frentreei in Oscan letters. The style of these coins is very pretty, but bears the characteristic signs ristics of the art work of the “mixobarbari”.

Larinum (today Larino) was considered by some ancient authors (2) as belonging to TApulia (Daunia), by

1. IX, 16.

2. Stephen of Byzantium says Aaptva irô).iç Aauviwv; see also Mela, II, 4, 66.

9

118 FRENTANIANS

others as part of the country of the Frentanians. Caesar (2) || distinguishes the territory of Larinum from that of the Frentanians and

I TApulia. Under Augustus, Larinum was incorporated into Apulia (2nd re-

§ region); but later, an interpolation of the Liber Coloniarum puts

I Larinum among the civitates regionis Samnii, with the other cities

j frenlaniennes (3).

I Its currencies are very varied. The first broadcasts,

/ Greek legend, AAPlNnN (c. 260 BC), imitate left-

i lie the Campanian types at the head of Apollo; but around 250 BC.

BC, coinage seeks its models rather on the side of TApulia and bears Oscan inscriptions, PADINOD and PADINEI; after 217 money becomes very abundant, and we find there represented local legends^ notably that of a herofren- tanien, fully armed, launching his horse. We suppose that this guy refers to Opsidius, prefect of the Frentanians, who distinguished himself in the battle of Liris against Pyrrhus (4).Cavedoni points out that in the last series of coins of Lari- num, there is. always some connection between the types of the obverse and on the reverse.

\ These pieces, although belonging to an era of decadence,

L; have great originality of design and a lot of character:

I see the energetic and living features of the head of Mars or of a

j^ young hero, wearing the feathered Samnite helmet (5); see this

dolphin turning around while jumping out of the water; there is a study there masterful. The little Centaur running to the right, the nebride to the wind, a big branch on the shoulder, also looks good and reminiscent of the prettiest Greek terracottas of the 3rd century av. AD All these drawings were copied from famous works

I 1. Pliny, m, XI, 105 (cfr. 103): Larinales cognomine frentani] Plol., III, 1, 65.

i 2. B.C, I, 23.

3. See Mommsen, C. /. L., youI. IX, p. 69.

4. Flor., 1, 18: Apud Heracleam and Campanule fluvium Lirim, Laevino consule • (280 BC) prima pugna quae lam alrox fut ut Frenlanae praefectus Obsi- » dius inveclus in regem lurbaverit coegenlqne preiectis insignibus praelio exce- \ dere. See Dionysius of Halicarnass XVIII, 2.

5. Among the Italic peoples, the Samnitcs in particular, helmets were often decorated with feathers; Lucanian vases have provided us with numerous examples.

,' It is from there that the use spread to Rome. Valèrc Maxime describing the appearance of

I ^ Mars Gradivus in 282 BC. J.-C' says that his helmet was decorated with two feathers (VaU

Max., I, 8, 6).

FRENTANIENS 119

of the time, but this does not destroy the fact that the engraver was an artist of real merit.

Pallanam. The coins with the Palacinu inscription are attributed to dubious statement. L. Sambon (1) gave them to a city (Palacium) presumed in Umbria. Garrucci (2) reading the caption one way erroneous (Palacnu instead of Palacinu) thinks of the Pelignians who would have been called Palini or Paligni and whose name would have been thus correctly written by Diodorus (3). It remained a memory of the cult of Jovis Palanus.

The Itineraries (4) mention a town called Pallanum in the country of the Frentanians, between Histonium (Vasto d*Aimone) and Anxanum (Lanciano). Romanelli (5), Zannoni (6d and Caraba (7) put this town near Atessa, in the surroundings of Monte Pal- lano, and we cite the modern village of S. Maria di Palazzo where Ton re- sought replacement of iuvanum; but it is difficult to do enter this location in the route of the road which from Larinum led to Ortona.

1. HechercheSj p. 64*

2. 0. C, p. 77.

3. XX, 90.

4. Tab, Can.; Rav. 4, 51; 5, 1. Mommsen, C. /. L, vol. IX, p. 204. 3. Vol. III, p. 43.

6. Car ta del Regno di Napolit fol. 4.

7. Ann, Inst, 1854, p. 27.

120

FRENTANIENS

BRONZE COINS

Frentrum (around the middle of the second century BC).

195. — Head of Mercury on the left, wearing the winged petasus; devaul, h3QTM3a8 (Frentreei); behind, the caduceus.

]{ Pegasus on the left, taking flight; underneath, tripod; to Texergue, 1-30111308.

Lilra. &* */*-5. 6 — with readable captions up to 20.

C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 62.7 gr. 84. 7 gr. 60.7 gr. 15.7 gr. 16.6 gr.50. — G. of France (Luynes), 6 gr. 67. — C. of Turin, 6 gr. 34. — C. of Naples.

Pallanam (around the middle of the 2nd century BC).

196. — Hairless head of Yulcan on the right, topped with the conical pileus; behind the neck, pincers. Circle around the edge.

196

i| Winged head of Medusa facing; two snakes around his neck.

Around: PAL A C INV- Grènetis.

Obol. JE3. 50—100.

G. of Milan. - Donkey. Coll. Borghesi (J. Sambon, CaL, p. 3, n» 32, pi. I). — C. of France (Luynes), 3 gr. 90.

FRENTANIENS 121

197. — Head of a woman (Minerva) to the right, wearing a helmet with visor decorated with a winged dragon; on the cap, a griffin.

Grënetis around the edge.

PALA i^ In an oak crown: riNV

Unique. &K 100.

Kircher Museum, Rome.

Larinom (around 268 BC).

I. — the ypes campaniem with Greek inscription,

198. — Laureate head of Apollo, left; in front, AARINflN* Granite around the edge.

1^ Androcephalous bull walking right, head facing, neck rumbled by a Victory. Lifra (summary drawing). -£*V*-”. 30--60.

C. of Naples. — C. of London, 5 gr. 28.

II. — Aputian types with Oscan inscription in Latin characters (around 250 BC).

199. — Head of Minerva to the right, wearing an italic helmet with grette and lateral feathers. Granite.

i{ Lightning ; above, MDINOD (Larinor). Circle around the edge.

Lilra(?). -£•* (thick flan). 15—40.

G. of Naples (Coll. SaDtaogelo), 7 gr. 15. — Coll. Maddalena.

122

FRENTANIENÇ

200. — Head of Minerva a. left, wearing a Corinthian helmet. Gre- netis.

i\ Free horse galloping to the right. ; above^ a star at sixteen

rays; below, PADINEI (Larinei). Litra (?). J^\ 25—50.

C. of Naples (CoU. Saotangelo), 8 gr. 52.

lll. — Local types, — End decimal system of m* s. av. AD

Variations in style and weight indicate remission of these currencies had a fairly long duration. 201. — Hero's head to the right, wearing a Corinthian helmet with grette and decorated with feathers. Granite. ^ Rider on the left with conical helmet with plume, shield

round with episema and lance in stop; the horse runs at all costs speed. Above, V; below, PADINOD; in the exergue, #•###. Grit or circle.

Sometimes, a star as a countermark.

Quincunx. iE«. 2—8.

C. of Berlin, 13 gr. 45.12 gr. 63, H gr. 30. — Turin (with V?), 11 gr.61, lOgr.35, lOgr.ll. — C. of France. — C. of Glasgow, 13gr.76.

202. — Same types; the V is missing from the i^ Quincunx.

G. of Berlin, 10 gr. 75.9 gr. 95.

i£5 V«. 2—8.

FRENTANIENS

123

203. — Head of Jupiter to the right, crowned with oak. Granite.

i^ Eagle to the right, wings outstretched, thunderbolt in claws; to the right, PADINOD; above, V; in Texergue, ••••. Granite. Sometimes, a star as a countermark. Triens. iE6.5—10.

C. of Berlin, 10 gr. 73. — C, from Glasgow, 8 gr. 25.

204. — Same types; the head of Jupiter is crowned with laurel. Triens. I*-". 2-5.

C. of France (LuyneB; in the field, cootremark: star in a circle), 11 gr. 30. — C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 70.7 gr. 05.6 gr. 53.

205 » — Bearded head of Hercules on the right, topped with the remains of the lion. Granite.

T^ Bearded centaur running to the right, a branch on the shoulder;

below, PADINOD; above, V; in Texergue, •••. Ouadrans. iÇ/ «/*"5. 3—5.

C. of Berlin, 9 gr. 03.

206. — Same types; hairless centaur; missing the V sign. Quadrans. J^^ V*-*-* V2. 2-5.

C. of Berlin, 6 gr. 63 and 5 gr. 34. — C. of Turia, 6 gr. 06.

207. — Veiled and laureate head of a woman, right. (Thetis?). Granite.

^ Jumping dolphin right. ; below, PADINOD and ••; y.

Circle around the edge. Sextans. ;e3.4 i/2.4_3.

G. of Berlin, 5 gr. 01.3 gr. 62.

124 FRENTANIENS

208. — Same types, without the V.

Sextans. I» «Z^-* */2. 0.50-2.

C. of FraDce. — C. of Berlin, 5 gr. 15 and 5 gr. 68. — C. of Glasgow, 4 gr. 56.

209. — Laureate head of a young man with emerging beard (it is said

would be a portrait: Opsidius?) to the right. ; behind, V or <. Gre- netis.

i^ Cornucopia loaded with fruits and ears of corn; around,

PADI — NOD and value mark, •. Uncia. I^ i-î.io— 20.

c. from Berlin, 3 gr. 73. — C. of Glasgow; 3 gr. 88.

210. — Same types, without V.

Uncia. &^-^ V». 10-20

C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 38 and 3 gr. 82. — C. of Naples (Coll. Santangelo).

211. — Head of Diana to the right, bow and quiver near her neck. Granite.

ij Dog running right; above, a torch; p.,r|7^r|; ^

Texergue, V. Semuncia. iE«.20— :W.

G. of London. -- Coll. Santangelo (Naplee), 3 gr. 80.

212. — Laureate head of Jupiter on the right.

^ Crescent and star; above, (rA (?)• -^•

Garrucci, XC, 37.

SOCIAL WAR

Gorfininm — Aesernia (90-89 BC).

GOLD COIN

Minias Jegins

213. — Head of a woman (Libera) to the right, crowned with ivy.

i^ [nstruments of the cult of Bacchus: the cist covered with the

'^y^:.:'m

213 ^

nebride and the thyrsus adorned with strips; in Texergue, IHI • ^11-31' 1111(1) (Minatius Jegius son of Minatius). Stater (Attic system). Unique. Or.

G. of France (Layoes), 8 gr. 47.

Several DumismateB considered this currency to be false published by Friedlftoder {Aimali deir InsL Arch.^ 4846 and Osk. Munz., 73). Garmcci is convinced of its authenticity and believes that it was struck by Mioatius Jegius to support the courage of the Confederates, remind them of the promises of Mithridates and make them believe that they had received gold from Asia. Roughly the same types are found on a Roman denarius of G. Yibius (attributed to Tan 38 BC), and also on bronze coins of Amisus Ponti, from the 1st century. before Tèrc (Hunter, ft. XI, 4; Head, H.N,, p. 425). The style of Taureus by Minius Jegius is even identical to that of some silver coins from Amisns.

1. The Oscan letter ^ gives an intermediate sound between t and e; but it is difficult to specify this sound before the ending is.

126 war: social

SILVER COINS

I. — With names of consuls.

Q. Pompaedios Silo.

214. — Head of a woman on the right (ritalia), crowned with laurel and adorned with jewelry; behind, ITALIA- Grenétis around the edge. ^ Eight standing warriors (four on each side) serving lies on a young pig that is supported by a kneeling man. In the background, a military ensign. In Texergue^Q-SILO* Granite. Denier. Unique. ?^*

C. of France, 3 gr. 45.

G. Papius Matilus.

215. — Bust of a young warrior, right, with emerging beard (Mars?), wearing a feathered helmet; between the helmet and Tai- grette, %; behind Taigrette, VN3ThD (Veitelio). Granite.

^ Four warriors, two on each side, taking the oath on a pig supported by a kneeling figure. In practice gue, • > • HnNNn • > (g. paapii g.).

Denier (careful drawing). iS.* 15—30.

. €. from Berlin, 3 gr. 96.3 gr. 73. — C. of France, 3 gr. 90. - C. of Glasgow, 3 gr. 87 and 3 gr. 62. — G. of Milan. — C. of Naples (Coll. Santangelo). — G. de Tarin, 3 ^v, 74, etc. — G, from London 3 gr. 9î; e\ 3 gr. 63,

SOCIAL WAR 127

216. — Head of a woman to the right, adorned with jewels and wearing a helmet

with fins decorated with a wavy crest which ends in a griffin head; behind, a garland; below (a) or X ITALIA [b). Granite.

^ The Dioscuri (star above the head, lance at the right hand) on horses going in the opposite direction and which rear up; the riders turn their heads to talk to each other (type of the denarius of C. Servilius M. f.) In Texergue, • > • inTïFin • > • Granite.

Denier. JÇL*. 100-150.

(a) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 50. — (6) C. of France, 3 gr. 95.

217. — Same head, behind a crown; below, X ^l-TVHl {to)

or X 9JhTVW [b). ^ As in the previous n^. Denier. R.* (pi. II). 100-150.

(a) C. of BerUn, 3 gr. 71. — (a) C. of Naples and (b) Coll. Santangelo. — (a) C. of France, 3 gr. 60. — (6) Luynes, 3 gr. 90. — (a) C. of London, 3 gr. 91 and 3 gr. 70.

Compare with number 228. These 8 coins have a very careful design.

218. — Head of a woman to the right, adorned with jewels, with decorated helmet

fins. Around the edge, between two circles of rubble, ^hTVm • > • HTTNnTT • > (g. paapiei. g. muteil.).

1^ Warrior standing, facing (head to right), holding his lance, the other on the hilt of his sword; he puts his foot down left on an indeterminate object having this shape )00( At his feet, to the right, a bull seen from the front and half-length; in the field on the left, VNSThD (from h. to b.). Granite perimeter.

Denier (careful drawing). al*. 150—200.

C. of Naples. — Coll. Santangelo.

219. — Head of a woman on the left, adorned with jewels, with helmet with egret, the richly decorated skullcap; in front, ^hTVttl • > (from b.

128 SOCIAL WAR

in h.) {a) or under the neck, ^hTVItl • > • {to). Granite

perimeter. 1^ Warrior standing as in the previous n^; on the right, a bull

coated and an issue letter R, j etc. ; to left, HIlklISN^

(from b. to h.) = safînim. Denarius (rough drawing). A* (pi. II). 80-150.

G. of Berlin (R and t), 3 gr. 90 and 3 gr. 95. — C. of Naples (R). — G. of France (4), 3 gr. 80. — Laynes (S), 3 gr. 19. — G. of London (t), 3 gr. 96 and 3 gr. 94.

Millingen {ConM.^ p. 187) think that this coin could have been minted sword by the Samnitee remained alone to fight and sb for that, at the place of ltalia, we registered Safinim.

220. — Head of a young warrior (Mars?), left, the helmet adorned with a

egret, feathers and embossed ornaments; in front, 4VTTi48m3 - ^l-TVm (Muteil. embratur=Mutilus Impe- rator). Granite.

i^ Two warriors standing, facing each other, with bare heads, holding a spear and a sword, taking an oath on a young pig that holds a kneeling man (type of gold coins of the nor“s. av. BC to the legend ROMA and the denarii of Ti. Ve- turius); at the exergue, >• inRRn>* Grenétis.

Denier (variable style, sometimes summary).

iîl^ (pi. II). 30—50. G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 11.3 gr. 95. — C. of Glasgow, 3 gr. 80. — Goll. Santangelo. — G. of Naples. — G. of Turin, 3 gr. 53. — G. of France*, 3 gr. 90. - G. of London, 4 gr. 04 and 4 gr. 01.

221. — Same types. Captions: 4VTR44hN3 - ^IhTVm.

ij inNïin>-

Denier. HAS*. 30—50.

G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 49.4 gr. 04.

222. — Head of a woman to the right. (Libera), crowned with ivy; of- before, aVTRQaMÈ • ^HVW (sometimes Tinscriptioti

SOCIAL WAR 129

starts above the head and ends below the neck). Gre-

netis. i| Bull on the right, finishing off with a blow of his horn a she-wolf who

collapsed. In Texergue, innnn>*

Denier (variable style). Jfii* (pi. 11). 150—200.

C. of Naples. ~ Coll. Santangelo. — G. of France, 3 gr. 68. — G. of London, 3 gr. 83 and 3 gr. 72.

223. — Same head, inscription, QVT ROSktia • MhTVW.

1^. Same types; the bull and the she-wolf face left.

M*. 150—200. G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 87. — C. de Gotha. — G. of London.

Numerius Lucias.

224. — Head of a woman left, crowned with laurel; in front, star; behind, VH3TH3. Granite. ^ Warrior standing, facing (head to right), holding hands • dr. a spear, Taulre on the hilt of his sword; to his

feet, right, bull lying, front. Around the edge, WHO WDV^ • IM (ni. luvki. mr); to Texergue, a letter of issue sion: fl or 8. Granite. Denarius (rough drawing). iSL*. 150—200.

G. of Berlin, 4 gr. 05 and 3 gr. 8. — G. de France (Luynes). — G. Glasgow, 3 gr. 64. ^ G. of Naples (Santangelo).

II. — With VH3Th3 or ITALIA inscriptions only.

a) Oscan inscription.

225. — Head of a woman left, laureate and adorned with jewels; behind, VN3ThD. Granite.

130 SOCIAL WAR

i^ Warrior standing, facing (head to right) holding hands Dr. a spear and placing his foot on an undetermined object (volume?); on the right, a lying bull. In Texergue a

letter of issue, R (1) or p| (2), g (3), > (4), fl (5), 3 (6), I (7), I (8), >| (9), KM (10), V\ (11), n ​​(12), * (E and ^) (13).

Denier. ^*' 3-10.

The style of these pieces varies greatly; some are quite pretty drawing; others of very barbaric work.

(1) C. of Berlin, 3 gp. 7. — C. de Naplea et Coll. Sanlangelo. — C. of Glasgow, 3 gr. 81. — C. of Milan. - C. of London, 3 gr. 15.

(2) C. of Berlin, 4 gr. 45.

(3) G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 82. - C. of Milan. — Coll. Santangelo. - C. of London, 4 gr. 27.

(4) G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 88.4 gr. 03. - C. of Naples. - Coll. Santan- gelo. — C. of Milan. — G. of London, 4 gr. 02.

(5) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 84.3 gr. 48. - Coll. Santangelo. - C. of London, 3 gr. 88.

(6) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 28. — G. of London, 4 gr. 04.

(7) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 75. — C. of Turin, 3 gr. 56. — C. of London, 3 gr. 58.

(8) G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 93.4 gr. 03.3 gr. 70. - G. de Naples et Coll. Santangelo. - C. of Milan. - G. of London, 3 gr. 87 and 4 gr. 08.

(9) C. of Turin, 3 gr. 38.

(10) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 82. - G. de Naples et Coll. Sanlangelo. -C. from Milan. - C. of Turin, 3 gr. 47. - C. of London, 4 gr. 07.

(11) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 74.4 gr. 02. - G. of Milan. - G. from London, 3 gr. 62.

(12) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 76. — G. of London, 3 gr. 69.

(13) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 74.3 gr. 95. - G. of London, 4 gr. 21.

226. — Head of Bacchante to the right, in a laurel wreath.

i^ Bull on the right. slaying a she-wolf; above, N; des- under, VN3ThD (a) or VN^3Th3 (A). Granite.

Denier. ^*- ^00.

(a) G. of London (Ane. coll. Blacas). - (6) G. of Naples (Santan- gelo).

227. — Head of a woman to the right, adorned with jewels, with decorated helmet

SOCIAL WAR 131

fins and a wavy crest ending in a head of griffin; in front, X. Grènetis.

^ The Dioscuri on horseback, holding their lances at rest and galloping pant towards the r. ATexergue, VH3ThD(a) or VN3Th3 W- Denier (careful drawing). here,*. 30—50.

(a) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 84.3 gr. 95. — (6) C. de Frauce, 3 gr. 60 and (a) Coll. Luynes. — (a) Coll. Santangelo. — C. of London, 3 gr. 82.

b) Latin inscriptions.

228. — Head of a woman to the right, adorned with jewels and decorated helmet

as before. ; behind a crown; below X ITAHA.

Granite. j^ The Dioscuri on horseback going in the opposite direction (type of

money from Idigens Servilia); in the exergue, ITAI^IA- Denier (careful drawing). iSL*. 200.

C. of France, 3 gr. 50.

229. — Head of a woman to the right, her hair held back by a headband;

pearl necklace at the neck. Granite.

^ Victory seated on the right. and holding a palm in his hand; to Texergue, ITAPIA- Grènetis. Types of the Porcia gens. Denier (careful drawing). Unique. i&^. 200.

C. of France, 3 gr. 96.

132 SOCIAL WAR

230. — Head of a woman to the right, adorned with jewels and crowned with laurels

laugh; in front,

1^ Italy, seated left, on a pile of shields, holding from the hand of dr. a spear; Sword under the left arm. Behind she, the standing Victory which crowns her. In the exergue |TA- LIA; in the field, an issue letter: C (l) » E (2), F(3).

Denier (variable design). HAS*. 15 — 30.

(1) C. of Naples. — (2) C. of France (Luynes), 3 gr. 95. — C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 76. — (3) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 75.4 gr. 06.

231. — Same types; behind the female head, the ITALIA legend

and to Texergue of the i^, a letter of issue: A (1), B (2), C (3), 3 (4). F(5). Denier. iSL*. 15—30.

(1) C. of Milan. — C. of Naples. — C. of France (Luynea), 3 gr. 98.

(2) G. of Naples. — C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 82. — (3) C. of Naples. — (4) C. of London, 3 gr. 82. — (5) C. of London, 3 gr. 86.

232. — Same types; behind the head, ITALIA; in front of XV|. Gre-

netis.

^ In the exergue, a letter of issue, D ('l)f E (2), F (3), G or

a (?) (4). Granite. HAS*. 20—30.

(1) G. of France (Luynes), 3 gr. 96 and C. of Parma. — (2) C. of Milan. — C. of London, 3 gr. 58. — (3) G. of France, 3 gr. 85. — (4) C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 92 and G. de France (Luynes).

233. — Head of a woman on the left, laureate and adorned with jewels; behind,

ITALIA. Granite. i^ Eight warriors, with uncovered heads, standing (four of each side) taking an oath on a pig supported by a young kneeling boy. In the background, a military ensign. At the exergue, a letter of issue: A (1) » B (2), C (3), D(4). E(5), I(6). M (7), N (8), 0(9), P (10), Q(ll), V (12).

SOCIAL WAR 133

Style changeable; some very rough work.

Denier. iÇl*. 5—15.

(1) C. of France, 3 gr. 95. — C. of Naples.

(2) C. of Naples.

(3) C. of France, 3 gr. 53.4 gr. 05. — C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 96. — C. of London, 4 gr. 03.

(4) C. of Milan. — G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 91.

(5) G. of BerUn, 3 gr. 93 (Gat. Berlin, pi. II, 20).

(6) C. of France, 3 gr. 75.

(7) G. of Naples. — G. of Milan. — C. of Berlin, 3 gr. 81. — G. of London, 3 gr. 98.

(8) G. of Naples. — G. of Milan. — G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 76. — G. of London, 4 gr. 16.

(9) G. of Naples. — G. of London, 4 gr. 01.

(10) C. of Berlin, 4 gr. 09. — G. of London, 3 gr. 73.

(11) G. of Naples. — G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 76. — G. of London, 3 gr. 93.

(12) G. of Naples.

Garrucci (XCI, 2) read P on a play; maybe it's P.

234. — Same types; sometimes the head is diademed; on the reverse

six warriors and at the exergue two letters: AX (a) — CT {to) -QSW. Denier. iîL^ 15-30.

(a) G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 81. — G. of Naples. — {b) G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 91. .— (c) G. of Milan (six warriors).

235. — Same types; on the reverse, a number, || (a),

III W, Mil (c), V (rf). Denier. HAS*. 5—15.

(a) G. of Naples. - (b) G. of Berlin, 3 gr, 75.3 gr. 85 (in front of early, I). — (6) C. of Naples. — G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 70. — (d) G. of London, 4 gr. 11.

236. — Same types; head to the right; in Texergue a number: 'I' (a), III (6), linen (c). Denier. ^*- 5—15.

(a) G. of London, 3 gr. 62. — (6) C. of Naples. — G. of London, 3 gr. 98. — (c) G. of London, 3 gr, 98.

10

134 SOCIAL WAR

237. — Same types; head to the right; sometimes six warriors ij; at the exergue, two letters: BV or a number. Denier. JR*. 15—30.

C. of France (Luynes), 3 gr. 80. —G. of Berlio, 3 gr. 91.

III. — Without inscriptions.

238. — Head of a woman left, laureate and adorned with jewels.

^ Eight warriors (four on each side) taking the oath on a young pig held by a kneeling man. At Tarrière- plan^ a military ensign; in Texergue, a number of emissions

sion: || (a) or |||| {b) or A (c) or X (d) or |||X {e) or ||||X if) orAX(?).orXX(A). Denier. JSL*. 5—15.

(a) G. of Naples. — G. of Milan. — G. de Beriln, 3 gr. 95. — G. of London, 3 gr. 82. — (6) C. of Milan. — G. of Berlin » 3 gr, 94. — G. of London, 3 gr. 80. — (d) G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 71. — (e) G. of Milan.

— (/•) G. of London, 3 gr. 62. — {g) G. of France. — (h) G. of London, 3 gr. 80.

239. — Bust of a woman to the right, helmeted and with Tegide (Pallas); der- behind steals a little Victory which crowns it. Granite.

i^ Two warriors joining hands; that of g. holds a spear; that of dr. seems to have got off a ship from which sees the bow behind him. (It has been suggested that this guy might allude to Tambass^Ede whom the Confederates sent to Mithridates and the relief promised by the king. (See L. Sambon, Bech,y p. 192). In Texergue, a number: | (a), Il (*), III (c), llll {d)y A {e), illlA (/). Granite.

Denier. I^\ (PI. II.) 20-30.

(a) G. of France” 4 gr. — (6) G. of Milan. — G. of London, 4 gr. 02.

— GoU. Santangelo (Naples). — (c) GoU. Santangeio. — (d) G. de Ber- flax, 3 gr. 92. — (e) GoU. Santangelo. — G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 65. — G. of London, 4 gr. 22. — (/) G. of Naples.

SOCIAL WAR 135

240. — Same busle of Pallas crowned by Victory, but turned left. Granite.

i^ Warrior standing frontally, head to the right, holding a spear the hand of dr. and pressing the left foot. on an undetermined object mined; to his right, a tree whose branches support four shields; to his left, a bull seen half-length and standing throwing towards the dr. At the top, an emission figure: IIIIV (a), XI (*).

Denier. iSl*. 20—30.

(a) C. of France (Luynes), 4 gr. 08. — (6) C. of France, 3 gr. 95.

241. — Bust of Dioscurus to the right, the laureate pilos and surmounted by a star.

^ Helmeted woman armed with spear and shield (Pallas). She guides a galloping bige to the right; above, T ('') or star and III {b) or ox's head and two globules (c) or satyr's head {d) or ram's head and 2 {e).

Denier. iÇL*. 20—30.

(a) C. of France, 3 gr. 65. — G. of Berlin, 4 gr. 21. — G. of London^ 3 gr. 83. — (6) L. Sambon, Recherches, — G. de Londres, 4 gr. 21. — (c) G. of France, 3 gr. 91. — C. of London, 3 gr. 75. — C. of Berlin, 4 gr. 02. — (

1\

242. — Bust of a woman on the left, with helmet (egret tied in braid) and breastplate; behind, |. Granite. ^ Naked warrior whose head and body are covered with a

136

SOCIAL WAR

animal skin. H poses the maia dr. on the head of an animal (wolf?) lying at his feet. Grënetis. Denier. HAS\*. 100—120.

C. of France, 3 gr. 95. — Coll. Maddaleua. — C. of London, 3 gr. 89.

Roman denarius recalling the reconciliation between Rome and the Italiots (82 BC).

CAMPANIA

The coinage of Campania is one of the most interesting that antiquity has bequeathed to us. The fertile soil of this region was early coveted by various peoples: Greeks, Etruscans and different Sabellic tribes alternately dis- whore (1); finally the Romans gradually established themselves there in masters. But the Hellenic element took refuge in Neapolis^ the city enchanting, always lasted despite the infiltrations of the race sabellique and continued to practice in Italy, even on the powerful Rome, the influence of its intellectual and artistic culture, while that the rest of Campania was inhabited mainly by mixo- barbari.

The history of Campania during the 5th and 4th centuries is very hectic; but, at the same time, very little known. Almost all the documentary scholarship is transmitted to us, confused and fragmented, by the annalists of the century of Augustus who, often, do not seem to have drawn from direct sources.

The currency, very abundant, having varied types, le- genders in various idioms, bearing numerous traces of political and commercial vicissitudes, can, in these conditions tions, be of great help to the historian and the archaeologist.

From the point of view of art, it also includes teaching precious. First under Ionian influence, then by Attic and especially Syracuse examples, the camp engravers

1. Et hoc qaoque certamen humanae voluptatis tenure Osci, Graeci, Umbri, Thu- sci, Campani (Pliny, 111, ix, 8).

138 CAMPANIA

Those who achieve a very high degree of perfection; but, during the second half of the w^ century, the Samnite invasion abruptly stops their progress. We then witness the such interesting developments of a resurgent art in the middle of disparate situations, among mixed populations, under the domination tion of the harsh mountaineers of Samnium.

We will first study the coins of Cumae and Neapolis^ the two large Greek homes; then those of the populations Samnites or osques and municipia of Roman creation.

Here is the ranking:

I. — Cumae.

II. —Neapolis.

III. — Coins of the Samnites-Campanians: Cumae or Palaepo- lily(?) — Nola — Hyria — Fensernum — Aliphae (Samnium, near Campania) — Fislelia (limits of Samnium and Gampania). — Uncertain coins h Osco-Etruscan legend IDN9H-

IV. — Coinage of Oscan or Hellenic cities after the invasion Roman sion: Nuceria — Compulteria (on the limit of Sam- nium] — Capua — Atella — Calatia — Velecha — Caiatia — Venafrum (?) — Suessa Aurunca — Cales — Teanum.

V. — Coins minted by the Romans to have currency in Gampania, in Samnium and in Apulia.-

CUMES

The elders always considered Gumes as one of the first first Hellenic colonies detached on the western coast of Italy; but it is not easy to determine, according to their testimonies contradictory generations, the date of its foundation. This is why some historians have proposed to fix it in the tenth century (1); others (2), after a more critical examination of the texts and the from the excavations of the necropolis, in the vm* only, shortly before the great colonization movement which took place at that time.

Strabo (3) says that it was founded by emigrants from Chalcis in Euboea, united with others from Cyme (from Eolia?); maybe, according to Scymnus of Chios (4), must we admit that two groups differ- A number of colonists successively occupied Cumae; first the one of Chalcis, then that of Cymé which gave the name of Kuiatj to the city. We even thought of Cyme of Euboea (5).

These questions will always remain uncertain.

It was, according to Livy (6), after a long stay in the neighboring islands, the Pithecuses, which the Chalcidians managed to settle on the coast. This people, occupying both banks of the strait

1. Gurtius, Hist. Greek, I, p. 544.

2. Beloch, Campanien im Alterthvm, 2nd ed., p. 55. Helbig (1884, L'Epopée ho- America) following Max Duncker (1881) thinks that Cumae was founded after Naxos of Sicily, i.e. after 735 BC. Thucydides (vi, 3) indeed cites Naxos as the oldest Greek colony in the West.

3. Strabo, V, 4.

4. 236-239.

5. Holm, Arch, Storico prov, Nap., I.

6. Vlll, 22.

140 CUM

of Messina, with the important colonies of Rhegium and Zancle, had secured the free route between Sicily and Campania; also was he one of the first, and for a long time, the main intermediary diary between the Greeks of the Archipelago and the Siculian populations and Italians. The Chalcidians were joined early by the Co- Rinthians and the Samians, and an establishment of the latter is reported very close to Cumae, at Dicaearchia (Puteoli) (1). From another side, the rival traders, Milesians and Phocaeans, used of Sybaris, to address the main markets of Italy. But this distant past has only a weak relationship with the coinage of Cumae.

Cumae seems to have started to mint coins in the first years of the 5th century under the domination of the tyrant Aris- todema Malachos. The oldest currency is a drachma of 5gr. 42, corresponding to 4/3 of the Euboico-Attic distance (2) and having, on one side, the remains of a lion's head between two heads of wild boar (3), suspended as an anathema and, on the other, a bivalve shell, a mussel (mytilus gallo-provincialis) (4), if However, it is not the shellfish commonly called ham^ neau”, so common on the coasts of Italy (5).

But soon the monetary system changed (6) and we struck first didrachms and euboic obols, then di- drachmas and obols of Phocaean weight. There was even a long hesitation between these two systems. The spoils of the excavations from the necropolis of Cumae indicates that this city was large-

1. Stephen of Byzantium. — Mommsen (C. /. L, vol. bliss.

2. Imhoof-Blumer, Directory of Ni/m., 188 ^ p. 94. It was also proposed to see an aeginetic drachma of reduced weight. (Head, Hist. Num., XLII, p. 30. See also J. Friediander, Zeit. fur Sum„ 1881, p. 99 f.).

3. J. J. Barthélémy (ilcarf. des Inscr. et B.-L., t. 47) and Mionnet (I, p. 114, n<» 139) thought there was a frog on this coin.

4. Imhoof-Blumer and Keller, Tier und pflanzen-bilder, p. 53. The Arerne lakes and Lucrinus were renowned for the cultivation of shellfish (Hor., Epode, 2«, 49; Sat. H, 4% 32).

5. The Romans made sheets from the long byssus that covers these shells.

6. Around 490 BC. almost all Chalcidian colonies in Italy and Sicily (Rhegium, Zancle, Naxos, Himera), under the influence of Attic trade, abandonment born the Chalcidian or Aeginetic system for the Euboic system.

CUMES 141

supplied by traders from Asia Minor and from Athens; but it is likely that several products held by indirect routes: through Sicily, through Velia, through Rhegium and until around 4ÎX) by the Phoenicians. On the other hand, Cumae spread these products far and wide. We therefore easily understand its hesitation in choosing a monetary system. She seems even for some time having simultaneously struck mon- naies according to the euboic system and others according to the pho- system céen. It is this which ends up prevailing.

To the Euboic system belongs an extremely rare currency type of nymph head (1), the rare didrachms and several obols to the type of the head of Pallas wearing the Corinthian helmet (2). A drachma from the G. of Berlin could also be attached to it.

We also struck, at Cumae, at the beginning of coinage, half- gold obols, from the Attic system, weighing G gr. 35. For a long time we doubted the authenticity of these pieces; but we can compare to contemporary and similar gold coins of rEtruria (3). Head (4) observes that, on the basis of a report between Tor and Targent of 1:15, the half-obol of gold from Cumae cor- corresponds exactly to the primitive stater of 5 gr. 44; which allows to attribute it to the first years of the 5th century.

The coinage of Cumae was never abundant; it's all at more at the end, towards the last quarter of the 5th century that it takes a certain tain development.

The types of primitive currencies gave rise to names- many dissertations. Several explanations have been proposed for that of the lion's remains between two boar's heads. Millin- gen (5) and L. Sambon (6) recalled the pretension of the Cumains

\. See n<»2*>2. Compare the coins from the Auriol treasure.

2. A few examples of this type, with a very pretty design, seem to me to have Hee at- tribes at a slightly more recent date than that assigned to them by Head.

3. See our drawing n® 3, p. 37. (Etruria) Garrucci gives the design of a currency dV of the C. of France, of the value of an Attic diobolus, having on one side a head of Nymph; the authenticity of this piece has been questioned. 11 exists a false corner of Becker, described by Pinder, but it is a bad copy of the coin of G. de France.

4. Hist, Num,^ p. 31. See also: Hill, Handbook,

5. Donkey, corners, pi. I, p. 4. — ConsJd., p. 121.

6. Research, p. 137, n. 1. Pausanias (VIII, 21).

142 CUMES

to possess in the temple of Apollo the tusks of the wild boar of Erymanthus. Cavedoni (1) suggested there be an allusion to i- caearchiay occupied by Samians, that is to say a type of al- bond between Samiens and Gumains. This opinion was later adopted Millingen. Avellino (2) had thought of the fable of Circe and the metamorphosis of Ulysses' companions, which earned him the approval Garrucci bation. There is no need to say that all these conjectures will also be uncertain until we have no other elements to judge.

. I give the drawing of an interesting didrachm to the guy from the female head, belonging to the Euboico-Attic system (8 gr. 42). This coin exists in two copies in the C. of Naples (coll. Santangelo) and was probably struck in the first years of the fifth century.

The design of the head is archaic and full of charm, the hair, arranged on the forehead and temples in two rows of curls, falls on the nape of the neck in a braid which, raised by strips, folds on itself in the shape of an co; the eye is in almond, the slightly upturned nose, the smiling mouth, the lower lip slightly advanced, chin prominent (3).

This didrachm shows to what high degree of perfection the glyptic was on its way to Cumae, under Ionian influence.

We are very embarrassed to give a name to most of the female heads drawn on the coins of the 6th century and the beginning of the V% as well as for the numerous female statues mines from the 6th century, devoid of precise symbols or accessories. For the heads of the Cumae coins, Eckhel(4) proposed the name of the Mermaid Parthenope; others, less insightful, thought to the Sibyls (5); Millingen (6) saw it as the personification of the city

i. BulleL InstiL, 1840, p. 9.

2. Ad Italiae numos, Suppl., p. 11-12.

3. Among the female heads drawn on the coins of this period, there are one which presents a great analogy with that of Cumae; it's a small room (1 gr. 18) with incus reverse, which was part of the treasure of Auriol (See De la Tour, Atlas, pi. It, 10). The beautiful didrachm (Cnidus?) published by Poole (Gat. du C. de Lon- dres) and attributed by him and by Head to Velia (Lucania) must also be mentioned.

4. D. iV. K., t. 1, p. 111.

5. Poole, Cal. British Museum, p. 87.

6. Syll, of anc. coinSf London, 1837, p. H, and Consid,; Dressel, Cal, Berlin, p. 89.

CUMES 143

of Cumae and was the first to note that some of these heads are surrounded by the “KVME” inscription while at reverse we read: KVMAIO^.

The Gumains therefore put on their currency the image of a nymph Cyméy whom they venerated as tutelary goddess of city (the Tu/ïj zoXew;), just as in Neapolis we put, with a analogous meaning^ the head of the Mermaid Parthenopeet to Terina, that of a Ligée-Niké.

The didrachms at the head of Minerva, belonging to the system euboique, were studied by Millingen (1) and by Sir H. We- ber (2). The reverse of these coins is very interesting. The ancient people had observed that parasitic crabs which shelter in the shells of molluscs, joined forces with them and took their food with them. Millingen drew attention to passages from Aristotle (3), Pliny (4), Aelian (5), Athenaeus (6) relating to this particularity of the life of the crab (crab icivvoTiQpr^ or mvvoçuXa^). Athenaeus and Pliny say that the parasitic crab aver- tit the mollusk of the approach of an enemy, touching the co- keel with its pincers.

Millingen later changed his opinion, probably because of the size of the crab which is not that of a parasitic crab and he preferred to see it as the representation of an enemy of the mollusk. He cites in support a passage from Oppien (7), where mention is made of a common belief in the 2nd century, on the marvelous instinct of the crab who, to seize the oyster, would wait patiently that the shell opened to slide a stone inside.

Sir H. Weber thinks that, on the coinage of Cumae, the crab makes an effort to open the shell with its pincers.

In any case, this guy is a very interesting example in the history of art, of the careful observation of nature.

i. Unpublished Greek medals ^ Rome, 1812 and Syll. of, anc, coins, 1837, p. 11 and 12.

2. Ined, greek coins, Num, Chron., 1896, part 1.

3. De animalibus, lib. V, cap. 13.

4. N.H., IX, 66.

5. De natura animcUiumt 111, 29.

6. Deipnosoph., 111, 38.

7. Halieat, 11^ 169-180.

144 COMES

We know three types of this currency, the first of the coll. Evans (1), archaic in style, wears around the head of Pallas Tethnique, ^OIAMV>l, the second (2) of the coll. Weber, of summary drawing, shows, around the head of Pallas, the name of the city in the nominative, KVME; the third (3) (C. of France — G. of Milan) from a more recent period and very pretty drawing, around of the head the legend KVMAIOA/- I^a head of Pallas, on the first first issues, is modeled on that of the corin- thiennes.

Parasites or enemies of the mollusc are represented also on other Gumes coins. On an ar- chaic we see a plant attached to the shell (4), this could be a summary indication of the byssus which are used* green several shells; on others, we see a water rat watching for the mollusk (5); on still others, a kind of seagull or duck (6). The black duck (oedemia nigra) is very fond of mytilus^ hence, in France, the common name of “mussel duck”.

For a very long time, for the minting of photo system currencies céen, we used two different types simultaneously: that of the remains of a lion between two boar's heads and the one with the nymph head; on the reverse, always the bivalve shell, except in a single case where the head of the nymph was placed on one side and the name KVME! on the other, the remains of a lion and the heads of glier (single didrachm from the Luynes coll.) (7).

On some types the influence of the Syracusans is manifested, preponderant in Gampania, since, intervening in favor of the Gumains threatened by the Etruscans, they had crushed in the surroundings of Gumes, the fleets of their main rivals, the Etruscans and the Garthaginians (474 BC) - On a didrachm from this time we see a copy of the famous decadrachm

1. No. 290.

2. No. 293.

3. NO. 294.

4. No* 253 and 238.

5. No. 263.

6. No. 276.

7. No. 256.

GUMES 145

Syracuse, the Demaretion (1), and this is the only example where, on the coinage of Cumae, the female head is crowned with laurel. On another, more recent coin, the episema shell of Cumae is surrounded by four dolphins chasing each other, type constant of the Syracusan currencies (2).

The art of glypticism, at Cumae, after some noble attempts, begins to become stylized, then, around 460, to become completely impoverished- ment: the drawing of the heads becomes thin and summary. This p- period of artistic decadence is followed, after twenty of years, by a renewal of art; but this new blossoming is arrested again by foreign influences; instead of style pure and idealistic Hellenic style to which the models were to lead Attic and Syracuse, we see on the coins a style weird which certainly has a lot of character, but which con- contrasts with the technique and feeling of the Hellenes. The instructions scriptions are often faulty: KYMION and ^OIW/iV>l (3) — Y>IMAIO< (4) — KYMAON (5) — IOY>l (6); we find these same characteristics in the Samnite coinage of Nola, Hy- ria^ etc. Roughly similar effects occurred in Sicily, during the Carthaginian invasion.

This disturbance in the artistic traditions of the old chal- cidienne could only have come from the Samnites. The annalists of the century of Augustus, generally so poorly informed about ancient history Greek colonies, tell us that Cumae, seeking to stop the Samnite invasion, succumbed and was almost completely destroyed and its inhabitants took refuge in Naples. Some place this event in the year 428 [Dionysius of Halicarnassus (7) — Diodorus (8) ]; the others, in the year 420 [Livy (9)].

Strabo (10), after repeating these indications, gives us a

1. No. 259.

2. NO. 269.

3. No. 282.

4. No. 285.

5. No. 286.

6. CaL from the Briiish Muséum (Poole), p. 90, no. 33.

7. 15, 6.

8. XII, 31 and 76.

9. IV, 37 and 44. See E. Pais, Storia di Roma, II, p. 210.

10. V, 14, 4.

146 CUMBS

contradictory information, saying that the Samnites had mixed with the Greek population; still in his time, there are would have had traces of Greek institutions.

It has already been noted that these historians have described in a very confusing way the events of the Samnite invasion, between mixing their story with legends. It is very likely that the population Greek city of Cumae, falling under the domination of the invaders, has not been completely destroyed or driven out; but that it has retained, on the contrary, for some time yet, its municipal organization and even its coinage (1). The sentence of Velleius (2): Cumanos osca mutavil vicinia^ seems to us hint at a slow transformation. This was also the opinion of Millingen (3): “Despite such a reversal of fortune (occupation by the Samnites) the manufacture of coins was not discontinued and we have some, although in small numbers^ which are certainly posted' ries at the time in question, > This numismatist even thought that the coins of Cumae could go down to the year 377 av. AD In my opinion, someone was wrong to completely reject his hypothesis.

Among the types of this period, I will cite the following: Head from woman to left. i^ Scylla to the right, her arm extended forward with a gesture of threat; in front of her, the bivalve shell of Cumae (4). The monster is hideous; its chest is covered with scales, behind on his back stand two dog heads; its tail is armed with ten- tacules. The ethnic is followed by the letters M, initials of a magistrate. On a second coin, of summary style, we see, on the verS;Another marine deity, half man, half fish (5); it is probably Glaucus. We also thought of Aegeon.

i. It is also possible that Cumae was troubled by civil dissensions. The Sam- nites were able to massacre the dominant race and rely on groups of discontented people.

2. 1, 4.

3. Sylloge^ 1837, p. 14, and Consid, p. 128. Minermi also believed that Cumae had continued to mint its coins after the Samnite occupation (Oss, p. 3^). Almost all the other numismatists: Mommsen, Garrucci, Head, Evans, are from Tavis contrary and even based on the style of the last emissions of Cumae, stopped strictly in the year 421, and on the supposition that Thurium minted money from the first year of its establishment, to chronologically classify the others coins from southern Italy.

4. No. 277.

5. NO. 279.

GUMES 147

On a third coin, of a more careful style, or, for better said, more Greek, is represented above the shell, Cerberus tricepha]d^(l). Scymnus de Chie(2), in his poem geographical, said that it was shown near the town of Gumes, see sine of Lake Avernus, a Kerberion famous for its underground oracle rain and that Ulysses had come to consult him. This piece and another of the same style, having on the reverse, above the shell, a grdn barley (3), carry behind the head of the nymph, the letter î, ini- tial of a master coiner. At this same time, initials names of coiners appear on the coins of the Sam- nites-Campanians, at Hyria and at Neapolis.

Attention has often been drawn to the resemblance of the drawing from the coins of the Samnites-Campanians to the KAMPA-legend NAME* with that of certain Cumae coins. It is wrong that Coins with the KAMPANOM legend are attributed to Capua; they could have been struck at Cumae or at Palaepolis (Parthenope). We know of some didrachms with Cumae types of style excessively summary; it's probably fake money dated from the end of the 5th century. There are two who gave birth- poses many hypotheses. One of them is in the museum of Naples; Fiorelli and Garrucci read $|^311V>

I believe that there is nothing to be learned from these inscriptions, they are the work of ignorant forgers and the populations of these regions must have been singularly uneducated for a drawing so barbarian could have deceived them. The inscription of the Milan coin has been retouched with a chisel and, therefore, can no longer provide useful indication.

A final didrachm from Cumae imitates the types of Neapolis: on one side, a female head adorned with jewelry; on the other, the tau- androcephalic body crowned by Victory (4). We thought that this coin could have been struck in Naples, Fan 4S81,

1. No. 290.

2.y. 340, ed. Müller.

3. No. 291.

4. No. 298.

1

148

CUMES

when this city welcomed the defectors from Cumae; we attri- fog also in the year 327, because we saw there an allusion to the pact then concluded between the Neapolitans and the Samnites (1); but these two dates are also implausible because the types of this coin are modeled on those of the coins struck Naples around 350-340. Cumae, in 343, shook off the yoke of the Samnites; it was at this moment that she must have struck this extremely rare didrachm to Neapolitan types.

1. See L. Sambon, Recherches, p. 137.

Attic style lekythos, found at Cumae. Naples Museum.

GUMES

149

GOLD COINS

(After 500 BC)

243. — Corinthian helmet on left. Grenelis.

^ Mold (point on left), around KVME (t;^)- Grènelis.

Attic half-obol. Unique, at»/». 300.

C. of LoQdres, 0 gr. 35.

243

The G. of France has the following currency whose authenticity has been contested by some authors (1).

Head of a woman to the right, hair in a sphendoné (style archaic). Large gravel.

243(1

A>l

^ Mold (point on left); around KVME - rrz- Large grit.

ME Attic Diobolus. Doubtful /^.

C. of France, 1 gr. 37.

1. Percy Gardner, Num. chron., 1886, p. 168. This coin is published as authentic in the R. N., 1903, pi. XIX. We transcribe KVMEO” and effectively- It looks like there was an O on the coin; but the form Ku(i.éb)v, used to such a remote time, is impossible. There is a corner of Borker which is a bad place Very good copy of the coinage of the G. of France. Garrucci {èlon, Halia ant.^ p. 81) men- there is a copy in the C. of Turin, probably coming from this wrong corner.

he

150 CUES

SILVER COINS

I. — lion's skin between two boar's heads.

a) Drachma of 5 gr. 42 (1/3 of the euboic stater or drachma eginetic of weakened weight, system of chalci- colonies diennes of Italy and Sicily) (after 500 BC).

244. — Remains of a lion's head, facing, suspended between two wild boar heads in profile. Large grits.

^ Mold (point on left); around KVME? ! ttz)' Large rubble.

ME' Concave area.

Drachma (thick flan). Unique. I^^ 150.

C. of France*, 5 gr. 42 (c*).

b) Enhoic(?) drachma (around 480 BC).

245. — Remains of a lion's head between two boar's heads. Granite. i^ Mold (point left) having on the shell, to the right, the letter ^.

Around, legend boustrophedon, . Granite,

Drachma (nice archaic work). iS.* */*■' (pi. Il) . 80 - 150. C. of Berlin, 4 gt. 02.

GUMES

151

c) Phocaean didracbmes (around 480-400 BC).

246. — ​​Remains of a lion's head between two boar's heads. Granite.

^ Mold (point at g); around, ^OIAMV>l (>.,^,1,,V

Didrachma. iîL*-* «/2. 40—£0.

C. of France*, 6 gr. 58 (this coin seems stuffed).

247. — Remains of a lion's head between two boar's heads

(beautiful drawing). Granite. ^ Mold (point on left); around, KVMAIO^- Grenetis. Didrachma. P^*

C. of Berlin, 6.gr. 2 (furred?-.

248. — Remains of a lion's head between two boar's heads.

Granite. 1^ Mold (point on left) having on the shell, on the right, the letter y\.

Around, KVM AIO^- Grènetis. Didrachma. N.*^l^-^. 50-80.

Coll. Sir II. Weber, 1 gr. 60. Compare with numbers 245 and 310.

249. — Remains of a lion's head between two boar's heads.

Large grits.

i^ Mold (point to right), surrounded by four dolphins chasing each other hunting.

1

152 GUMES

Didrachma. Unique. A**/^. 150.

C. of London* (8), 7 gr. 66. Compare* with n<» 269.

250. — Remains of a lion's head between two boar's heads.

Large grits. ij Mold (tip on right); above, a grain of barley; around,

KVMAION {a) or KVMAIOV^ (*) (starting at the top).

Large grits.

Didrachm (summary style). iîL* */^. 25—40.

c. of Lodres, 7 gr. 04. — C. of Berlin* (19, 20), 7 gr. 54.7 gr. 10. — G. of France (Luynes), 6 gr. 97.

251. — Remains of a lion's head between two heads of health

glier. Granite.

i^ Mold (point on right); above, sea conch; above- under, KVMAION. Granite.

Didrachm (summary style). A* */*. 40—60.

G. of Naples (Santangelo, 822).

II. — Head of the nymph Cyme. a) Eaboic system (after 490).

252. — Head of the nymph to the right. (very prominent relief, beautiful style archaic)^ The eye from the front and almond-shaped without pupils, the wavy hair falling on the nape of the neck in a knotted braid had the form of co; on the forehead, two rows of curls. Grene- tis.

252

^ Mold (point left), topped with a cantharus; around, KVMAION (retrograde). Granite.

Didrachm [ivès beautiful archaic style). P^* (pi. 11). 150—200. c. Naples lie (Coll. Santangelo, 8 gr. 42 and 8 gr. 10 -strongly oxy- dice).

CUMES 153

b) Phocaean system (480 — around 400 BC).

253. — Head of a woman right, eye facing, wavy hair

and tightened by a strip falling on the back of the neck in chi- bursiform gnon. Guilloché salient circle (compare the coins of Taranto). ^ Mold (point to right), topped with a marine plant; au- tower, in boustrophedon: — ^^^ — . All in one

Ky

concave area. Circle and grit. Didrachm (beautiful archaic style). iS.*. 60 — 120.

G. of London, Vgr, 58.

254. — Head identical to the previous one. Guilloché protruding circle. i^ Mold (point to right), surrounded by the inscription, in boustro-

ON

phedon: ; above, a dolphin on the right. Circle and

AMVDI gritted.

Didrachm (beautiful archaic style). iïL* (pi. IIJ. 60—i20.

G. of France* (Luynes), 7 gr. 67

255. — Head of a woman to the right, eye from the front, without pupils; the che- wavy hair, held by a row of pearls and tied behind co-shaped rear. Around, retrograde legend, 3MV)I (starting at the lips). Circle and grit. ^ Mold (point to right), surmounted by two aquatic birds, One pecking, the other preening its feathers. Around, legend:

— -— - . Circle and grit. IAMVjI

Didrachm (beautiful archaic style). JÇL*. 60—120.

G. de Berlio, 6 gr, 75 (oxidized). — G. d’Arolseu.

154

CUMES

256. — Head of a woman to the right, eyes from the front, wavy hair and surrounded by a row of pearls; braid tied behind shaped d'(\); in front, KVME. Circle and grnetis.

t^ Remains of a lion's head, facing, suspended between

two boar's heads, in profile. Garnetis. Didrachm (beautiful archaic style). Unique. iîL*. 300.

C. of France (Ltiyaes), 6 gr. 85,

257. — Head of a woman to the right, eyes from the front, wavy hair; two rows of curls on the forehead, bursiform bun; necklace. In front, traces of the legend, KVM€* Circle and grenetized.

i\ Mold (point to right), on which a bird is perched (to right, head turned left); around, retrograde legend, ^OIAMVJl (starting at the bottom, left). Garnetis.

Didrachm (good archaic style). iSL'. BO— 80

C. of Milan*.

^38

258. — Head of a woman to the right, similar to that of the previous number; but of smaller dimensions, the eye in profile. In front, 3MV3I. Circle and grnetis.

cuMts 155

f| Mold (point to right), topped with a marine plant (com-

IO(piMt«)N pare n° 253); around, -- . Circle and pebbles.

Didrachm (fairly good archaic style). N^^ *'^-*. 50—80.

G. of Naples* (Saatangelo), 7 gr. 60.

259. — Head of a woman k dr. (imitation of Démarétlon) (1), adorned of jewelry (necklace and earrings of this Q shape). Wavy hair, falling on the nape of the neck in a bun

bursiform, is surrounded by a laurel wreath. In front,

ICVME (from h. to b.). Granite. ïj Mold (point on the right); around, ^OIAMVDI (starting in

top, left). Circle and grit.

Didrachm (good archaic style). Unique.

AV (pi. II). 100. C. of London*, 7 gr. 80.

260. — Head of a woman to the right, of small size; the hair

wavy, falling into a bursiform bun. Granite.

i^ Mold (point to right), surmounted by a star with six rays;

V v"*») Dl around, the retrograde legend, . Grit and circle.

Concave area. Didrachm (lean archaic style). A'**. 30—60.

C. of Berlin (2), 7 gr. 68.

261. — Head of a woman. Dr. ; the hair wavy and tight by

a row of pearls; bun falling on the nape of the neck and tied in the form of (\). i) Mold (point on the right); above, a glans and a globule;

around, — .Greneiis.

1. This coin was probably struck in 474 after the victory over the Carlha- ginois.

156 GUMES

Didrachm (fairly good style). A^ */«*. 30—60.

C. of France (Luynes), 7 gr. 50.

The pieces described under n<>' 262-268 are of an archaic style neglected, they offer a very low relief having the appearance of a sketch and are often defectively typed (1).

262. — Head of a woman to the right. ; hair surrounded by a large band

water and raised towards the top of the head; earrings of this shape: Q and collar. Circle and grit.

i^ Mold (the tip on the right), topped with a grasshopper, on the right. ; below, IAMV3. Granite.

Didrachma (skinny drawing). A^ */***. 30—60.

C. of Berlin (4), 7 gr. 24.^ Donkey. Coll. Sambon, 7 gr. 39 {Research, ft. X, 5).

263. — Head of a woman to the right, diademed, wavy hair and

forming a bun; earrings of this form, Q; pearl necklace. Granite.

i^ Mold (point on right); above, water rat, right, pretending

watch for the mollusk; around, retrograde legend:

lAMVX (starting at the top, left). Circle and grene- tis.

Didrachma (skinny drawing). A* */* 30—60.

I G. of London (4), 7 gr. 52.

264. — Head of a woman to the right, adorned with jewelry (earrings:

Qj ; hair wavy and arranged in large rolls around the forehead and temples. Granite.

i^ Mold (point to right): above, water rat to left; au- below, IAMV>|. Circle and grit.

Didrachma (skinny drawing). A* */*. 30—60.

G. ;of Naples (Santaugelo).

265. — Head of a woman on the left, her hair raised by a

wide headband; behind, a stork. ^ Mold; above, a fly; around, KVMAION-

1. We find the same style on industrial products from the first half of the 5th century. Compare with some Atlantic style vases found in Italy.

CUMES 157

Didrachma (skinny drawing). jSL* */«. 30—60.

Ck)ll. Seltman. - Donkey. Coll. Bunbury (Cat 1896, 1, lot 30).

266. — Head of a woman on the left, her hair in a kékry- phale.

i^ Mold (point on right); above, an owl; around,

^^^-^■-"-^>'. Granite. AION

Didrachm (summary style). A* 30—60.

C. of France* (Luynes), 7 gr. 07.

267. — Head of a woman on the right, diademed, wavy hair and

forming a bun; earrings of this shape: %^, necklace. Granite.

^ Mold (point on left); above, a bearded head of a Satyr; around, KV MA ION (starting at the top, right). Grene- tis.

Didrachm (summary style). HAS**/*. 30—60.

C. of London (5), 7 gr. 62. — C. of Florence.

In the Berlin Museum we keep a didrachm of a style excessively curious:

268. — Head of a woman to the right, almost monstrous features, The eye

very large, with indication of the eyelashes.

lAMV^I ij Mold (tip on right); around, . Circle and grit.

Didrachm (imitation style, very rough.) JSL* V^-». 30.

C. of Berlin (7), 7 gr. 6.

The type of coins described under numbers 269-27-2 derives obviously from that of the Demaretion (V. Head, Syracuse, pi. I, 11 and 12), but this is a more recent interpretation of the currency Syracuse and which, I believe, must be placed after 470.

I

■

158 eu M ES

269. — Head of a woman to the right, adorned with jewelry (earrings

of this form V” necklace); wavy hair, held tight by a strip and falling on the nape of the neck in a burly bun siform. In front, KVMAION; behind, a shoot of laurel. Granite.

i^ Mold (point to right), surrounded by four dolphins chasing each other hunting.

Didrachma (good transitional style). jSL (ft. H). 100—150. C. de France' (Liiynes), 1 gr. 37 {c*). — C. of Milan.

270. — Head similar to that of the previous n*; around^

KVMAION. i{ Mold (tip on right); above, an arch; below

KVMAION (starting on the right). Didrachma (good transitional style). JS.* */*-*. 40—80.

G of Naples (Santangelo), 7 gr. 62. — C. of London (3), 7 gr. 60.

27.1. — Head design similar to that of the previous n**; the che- hair tied behind in the shape of a <\); around KVMAION or KVMAIOM. ^ Mold (point on left); above, a fish, left. Double circle.

Didrachma (good transitional style). R^^. 40—80.

C. of Naples* (Santangelo), 7 gr. 74. — C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 67.

272. — Same head to the right. ; around, KVMAION.

CUMES

159

ij Mold (point on right); below, a mollusk, the nautilus;

around, KVMAION. Granite. Didrachma. I^\ 40-80.

C. of Naples (Santangelo), 7 gr. 47. — Coll. Huoter, Glasgow, 7 gr. 64.

The coins which follow retain the archaic stiffness; Naples also, around 435, minted rough style coins and frozen. These broadcasts are followed by those which seem to indicate the influence of the Samnites.

273. — Head of a woman on the left, short, wavy hair, i^ Mold (tip to the right); above, pistnx to left. ; below, VlOIAMV>|. Large grits.

Didrachm (good transitional style), R.^. 40 — 80.

C. of London* (10), 7 gr. 49. — Goll Arolsen.

274. — Head of a woman on the left, wavy hair.

^ Mold (point on right); above, a seahorse; above- under, ^OIAMVX- Large rubble. Didrachm (good style). R<^'^ */^ (pi. II). 40-80.

C. of Milan. — G. of France (Luynes), 7 gr. 09.

275. — Sheet metal of a woman on the left, her hair wavy.

v{ Mold (point on left); above, a fish, left; around,

KYMAION. Large grits. Didrachm (good style). iS^^ 40—80.

G. of London (9), 7 gr. 57.

276. — Head of a woman on the left, wavy and decorated hair of a tiara.

160

GUMES

i^ Mold (point left), on which a seagull is perched

(the mussel duck?); around, KVMAI^^! Large grits. Didrachm (good style). HAS*. 40—80.

Tbsp of BerliQ* (6), 7 gr. 48. — G. of France, 6 gr. 55 (c*).

277. — Head of a woman on the left, her hair wavy and raised at the

top of the head, earring of this shape: ^. i^ Monster Scylla, right, right arm. extended forward^ index finger

stood up and made a warning gesture; in front, a mold; around the edge, KYMAIO^ — M. Didrachm (mixoharbari style). iÇL*-^ */-. 150—200.

Coll. Fox then C. of Berlin* (17), 7 gr. 60. — C. of London, 7 gr. 53.

278. — Head of a woman to the right, wavy hair adorned with a

tiara. F^Scylla on the right; below, a mussel (tip to the right) and Tins-

description, ^OIAMV>|. Didrachm (fairly good style). A” (pi. II). 150—200.

G. of France (Luynes), 7 gr. 18. — Coll. AroUen.

279. — Head of a woman to the right. like that of the previous n*".

i{ Marine divinity on the right. (human bust and fish tail).

— Glaucus(?); below, a mussel (point on left) and KY-

MAIOA^. Large grit or without (Luynes).

Didrachm (mxxobarbari style), Rc> (pi. III). 150—200.

C. of Naples (Santangelo), 6 gr. 98.— C. of Milan* (neglected style and stuffed). — G. of France (Laynes), 7 gr. 52.

CUMES

161

280.

— Head of a woman to the right, her hair wavy and arranged in

bulges, ïj Mold (point at g); above, a grain of barley (1); around,

retrograde legend: MOIAMY>l (a) or Mo|AMY>l (A). Gre-

netis(2). Didrachm (often summary drawing, mixobar style)

bari). ^^-^ 20-40.

ia and 6) C. of Berlin (10 to 12), 7 gr. 40; 7 gr. 47; 6 gr. 06 (furred).

G. of France, 7 gr. 42. — GoU. Topsail, Glasgow (5), 6 gr. 95. 11 there are

one in the C. of London (35), thickened and which has completely lost its

silver coating; another (33), also lined, has the inscription

IOY>l.

2g 1

281. — Head of a woman to the right, her hair curly and decorated with a tiara, i^ Mold (point on left); above^ a grain of barley; above- under, KYMAIO^. Granite. Didrachma (style of mixobarbari^ sometimes very somber mayor). iSL*-3. 20—40. C. of France* (Luynes), 7 gr. 06.

282. — Head of a woman to the right, wavy hair adorned with a diadem (clumsy imitation of certain coins of Terina).

1. Compare the reverse to that of the latest issues of currencies of the type of the remains of a lion between two heads of a wild boar.

2. These and subsequent coins generally bear the traces of a long circulation culation.

I

162 CUMES

i\ Mold (left pan); above, a grain of barley; around, MOIMAV>l (or KVYWION) (a) or KYWION {sic) (b), Grè- neiis.

Didrachma (mixobarbari style). ?^* */--'^, 20—50.

(a) C. of Fraoce*, 7 gr. 30 and 7 gr. 10. — [b) C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 3.

283. — Head of a woman to the right, wavy hair adorned with a tiara.

i^ Mold (tip to the right); above, a grain of barley; to the right, K;

on the left, the rest of the legend: YMAIO^* Didrachm (good style). iSL* ^'^-^ (pi. II). 20-60.

C. of Berlio* (16), 7 gr. 58. — C. de Fraoce (Luynes), 7 gr. 40.

284. — Same types.

^ Legend: >iYMAI; the mold on g. Granite. Didrachm (barbarian style). G. of Liondres, 7 gr. 48.

JÇl”. 20.

285. — Head of a woman to the right, wavy hair adorned with a tiara.

285

1^ Mold (tip to right); above, a grain of barley; to the right,

Y>IMAIOI (IvJi;.aTcç)(l). Granite. Didrachm (fairly good style). iïL^ ^-*/*. 40—60.

c. from Naples* (Santangelo), 7 gr. 32. ^

1. cfr. NOAAION or NOAAIOI; KAI/.PANON or KAMPANOL

CUMES

163

Next to the bizarre style coins that we have just seen describe and which appear to us to be the work of mixoharbari^ we find coins in good Greek style (nos. 286 to 291) betraying the ad- miration for the coins of the great Hellenic city, Thu- rium.

286. — Head of a woman on the right, her hair wavy and decorated with a tiara.

i| Mold (tip on right); above, a fish, right. ; above- under, KYMAOW [a) or KYCOAION (*). Granite. Didrachm (good Greek style). iSL*-5. 30—60..

(a) Glasgow c.* (3), 7 gr. 09. — {b) C. of Berlin, 7 gr. 40.

287. — Same head, right.

i^ Mold (point on right); above, a star with sixteen rays;

below, KYMAIO^- Grenétis. Didrachm (good style). R.^ */*-5. 30-60.

C. of France* (Luynes), 7 gp. 13 (c*). — G. of London (12), 6 gr. 58 (furred). — C. of Berlin, 6 gr. 93.

. -— Same head, right. i^ Mold (point on left); above, a crab; below, KYMAION. Granite.

164 CUMES

Didrachma (boa style). A* '/^-^ 30—60.

C. of LoDdres (13), 7 gr. 22. — C. of France* (Luynes), 7 gr. 40. — C. from Florence. — C. of Naples (Santangelo). — Coll. Maddalena then Seltman. This currency is generally in a poor state of conservation. vation as a result of long circulation. The design of the head is identical to that of some Neapolitan coins struck around 420.

289. — Same head to the right.

^ Mold ; above, an owl (?).

Didrachma. iS.*.

Donkey. Coll. Bunbury (See Catalog 1896, 1, lot 31).

290. — Head of a woman to the right, similar to the previous one; der-

rièrere, J.

^ Mold (the tip on the right); above. Cerberus, right, with three heads, two of which face right. and the third on the left; below, KTMAIO^. Granite.

Didrachm (good style). iSL”. 100-— 150.

G. of London* (it), 7 gr. 35. — Aûc. Coll. Bunbury. — C. of Naples.

291. — ■ Same head to the right. ; behind, J.

i| Mold (tip on right); above, a grain of barley; for- tower, KYMAIO^. Granite.

Didrachm (good style). N<^. 20—40.

C. of London (4), 7 gr. 42. — G. de France* (Luynes and former funds)

PI. II

IS9

^

192

160

«^9

214

I.

18 days

W^

^5»

259

283

A. Sam BON

Pbototjpie Berthaod, Pant.

\

CUMES

Î65

mr. — Head of Pallas.

o) Enboic system (around 490 — after 480).

- Head of Pallas on the right, wearing a Corinthian helmet; at perimeter, MOIAMV)! (ICAW behind the head, ME in front). Granite.

ij Crab (pinnotkeres) watching for a mussel (mytilus gallo-pro-

vincialis). Hollow area.

Didrachm (beautiful archaic style). A* *^*. 200.

Coll. A. Kvan8, 8 gr. 33. [Coll. Norihwick, then Bunbury (Cat. 1896, 1, No. 32)].

. — Head of Pallas on the right, wearing a Corinthian helmet. At perimeter, gMV>l (KVM in front, Ê behind). Circle sail- lant (1).

i^ Crab watching for a mussel (point left). Hollow area. Didrachm (basic archaic style). jR* */«. 200.

Ck)ll. Weber% 8 gr. 25.

294. — Head of Pallas to the right, wearing a Corinthian helmet (very beautiful drawing). Around the edge, KVMAION* Grénétis.

1. Compare with the primitive currencies of Taranto. Evans, “Horsemen” o/* Tarentumt pi. 1, 5 and 6.

12

166

CUMES

ï{ Crab watching for a mussel (poiate right). Hollow area. Didrachm (beautiful style). ^* V«. 100—200.

C. of Milan*, 8 gr. 37. — C. of France (Luynes), 8 gr. 45. — CoU Weber, 7 gr. 48 (sic).

b) Phocaean system (around 420 after 400).

295. — Head of Pallas on the right, wearing an atheist helmet with grette and olive crown.

2tt!i

i^ Mold (point on right); above, dog holding a snake

between its paws; around, KVMA(ION)* Grènelis. Didrachma. ;r*-* U^. 60 -120.

G. of London* (6), 7 gr. 28. — C. of Berlin (18), 7 gr. 46.

296. — Head of Pallas on the left, wearing the Athenian helmet with

grette, decorated with laurel and an owl. i{ Mold (point on left); above, a grain of barley; around,

MOIAMV>l and O. Grènelis. Didrachma (mixobarbari style). isi* V2 (ft. m), 60—120. C. of France (Luynes), 7 gr. 15.

297. — Head of Pallas on the right, wearing the Athenian helmet at ai*

grette and decorated with laurel, ri Moule (tip to right); above, a snake; around,

^OIAMV>l- Grenetis. Didrachm (mixobarbarï style). R^ i/2. 60—120.

C. of Naples, 7 gr. 38.

N>I>LES 167

IV. — At€C Neapolitan types.

Phocaean system (around 343).

298. — Head of a woman right, adorned with jewels, hair encircled

with a headband. ij Androjcephalic bull walking slowly to the right

(head facing); a Victory (flying on the right) crowns him. A

rexergue, KYMAION.

Didrachm (summary style). JÇl^Mî-s (pi. III). 300.

C. of France • (Luynes) 7 gr. 50. — Adc. Coll. Garrucci (?), legend confused. — The GoU copy. Lauria published by Minervinl [Osserv.yp, 31^ ft. 111, no. 3) has the description KYMAION. We knew already a copy in the Coll. Northwick of London (Mionnet, t. I, p. iU-115). On Tex. of the Coll. Luynes the last two letters are cut off by the edge, but I don't believe there is Vd reported by Garrucci.

Obols and subdivisions (after 500 — after 420). I. — With head of Pallas.

299. — Head of Pallas to the right, wearing a Corinthian helmet without

egret. Granite around the edge, i^ Shell (mold); above, the letters KV, separated by

a small shell (scallop); below, MË^> Grènetisau perimeter. Euboic obol. HAS** */*. 12—20.

G. of Berlin, 0 gr. 70. — C. of London (broken). — C. of Naples et al. Santangelo, 0 gr. 19.

300. — Head to the right. as before (nice style), the hair

long escaping from under the neck cover. v{ Shell; above^ a small shell (scallop); at

perimeter, KYMAION-Grénétis. Euboic obol A*** */«, 12—20.

C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 69.

301. — Head to the right. as before.

168 NAPLES

i^ Shell on which is the letter W (overstrike?); below- sus y>[ ; below, AM-Grètetis. Euboic obol. HAS"-' */*. 12-20.

C. of Loodres, 0 gr. 78.

302. — Same head to the right. Big Grèaetis.

i^ Shell on which is the letter M; above, KVM*

Granite. Euboic obol. JR*-* */*. 15-20.

c. from Naples* (Santaogelo), 0 gr. 82.

303. — Same head to the right. Granite around the edge.

^ Shell; above, V>| ; underneath, a grain of barley. Granite

around the edge. Euboic obol. HAS*-* */". 12—20.

G. of Naples (Santangelo), 0 gr. 70.

304. — Head to the right. as before (more advanced style).

i^ Shell; above, KVM; underneath, a grain of barley. Gre- netis around the edge.

Phocaean obol. iSi*-» */«. 42—20

G. of London, 0 gr. 52. — C. of France* (Laynes), 0 gr. 67.

305. — Head to the right. as before.

Shell; above, a bird; alongside 7:A (KV). Grene- tis around the edge. Phocaean obol. iSL*-* */*. 10—15.

C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 62.

306. — Head to the right. as before. Granite. i{ Shell; above, a snake. Granite.

Phocaean obol. HAS*-* */". 12—20.

G. of Naples* (Santangelo), 0 gr. 62.'

307. — Head to the right. as before. Granite.

^ Shell; above KA; below, dolphin. Granite. Phocaean obol. iÇL *-^ */^ 12—20.

G. of Naples (Santangelo), 0 gr. 52.

GUHES 1Q9

308. — Head to the right. as before (variable style; sometimes

long hair or double neck cover).

i^ Shell; above, V>l or »| or Y>|. Gritted to the tower.

Phocaean obol. jçi*-* »/*. 5—15.

C. of London. — C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 51.0 gr. 53.

309. — Same head to the right.

1^ Shell; above, KV or KY. Granite around the edge. Phocaean obol (sometimes summary style).

jç^i-i i/î. 4«.io.

C. of London. — C. of Berlin, 0 gr. 51.0 gr. 53. — C. of France (Luynes), 0 gr. 60.

310. — Head of Pallas.

t{ Wheel with four spokes; globules in the spaces. 1/4 of an obol? HAS*/*. 8—15.

c. of London, 0 gr. 14.

II. — With a Corinthian helmet (after 500 — around 480).

311. — Corinthian helmet without egret, right. Granite

perimeter. ]^ Shell; above, KV; below "ME. Grènetis. Obol. R}. 15—30.

G. of Berlin, 0 gr. 68 (oxidized).

312. — Same helmet” on the right.

^ Shell; above, V>l; on the shell, M (compare

with the n*" 247). Granite around the edge. Obol. R.^ */2. 15—30.

c. from France* (Luynes), 0 gr. 76.

312 314

313. — Same types without T^ on the shell.

1/8 of an obol? HAS*/*. 5—10.

G, from London, O.gr, 08 and 0 gr. 07.

170

GUMES

314. — Same helmet, on the left. ^ Shell (without inscription). 1/4 of an obol.

C. of fieriiQ% 0 gr. 12.

iSl*/^ 10—20.

III. — With an daaphio (after 500—around 480d.

315. — Dolphin to the right. ; below, V>|.

^ Wheel (?) with three spokes; in each canton, a globule.

315

1/4 of an obol.

G. of London*, 0 gr. 14.

A*. 15-30.

316 — . Dolphin on the right.

i^ Wheel has four spokes, a globule in each canton. 1/4 of an obol. iSl»/«. 5-10.

C. of London, 0 gr. 14.

Scylla. — Bronze wall lamp found in Magna Graecia. (Ane. Coll. Gréau.)

Panorama of Naples.

NAPLES

SILVER COINS

Literary documents relating to the founding of Neapolis are obscure and often contradictory. The most professional version bable that we can draw from it seems the following: a city called Parthenope would have existed from a very distant time on the hill of Pizzofalcone, which dominates the Gulf of Naples;.ce could be an ancient trading post of the Aegeans of Rhodes (1). The Gumains would have colonized it during the 5th century; but then, concerned about the rapid progress of their colony, they themselves would have destroyed it (2). After 474 BC. J.-C. j the Gumains would have

1. Strabo, XIV, ii, § 10. Cf. BusoU, Griech, Gesch., 1, p. 395. On his situation ▼Hear Gapasso, Napoli o Palepoli, 1855, p. 2; and Pais, Slor. di Roma, ii, p. 472.

2. Lutat. apud Philarg. in Virg., Georg,^ IV, 564. Mommsen (C. /. I., vol.

172 NAPLES

found in the necessity of giving Tessor back to this colony, probably to prevent other peoples from coming settle there and create an outlet that would paralyze their own commerce. The new city spread out at the foot of the hill Pizzofalcone, along the sea, and it was populated by the Gu- hands and by a core of Pithecusans; we gave him the name of Neapolis(l). To the early colonizers, others were added successively: a new contingent of Ghalci-» dians (2), then the Athenians (3), and the city, thanks to its reuse position, prospered quickly.

Freed around 450 from the yoke of Gumes, it suffered in turn the influence of Athens and Syracuse, nevertheless escaping any domination. Between 420-390, threatened by the Samniles, who had invaded Gampania and captured Gapoue (Vulturnum) and Gumes, she had to endure their military interference. silence (4). The Samnites probably occupied around 390 A.D. ancient Parthenope of which they made a citadel, intended to hold the Neapolitans under their yoke (5).

Neapolitan coinage began around 460-450. The drawing of didrachms belonging to the first issues is thin and hard (6); we see two guys there, one with the head of Pallas, wearing of the Athenian helmet, with a spherical cap decorated with a garland

casts doubt on Lutalius' account; but this tradition seems to have some truth. See £. Pais, Slor, délia Magna Grecia, and G. de Pelra, Le origini di Napoli, R. Acad. Arch.i Naples, 1903.

1. Strabo, V, iv, 7, — Lutat., loc, cil, — Scymnus of Chios, 251-252. — Plin., N, H,, UI, IX, 62: “Neapolis Chalddenaium et ipsa Parthenope a tumulo Sire^ nis called.”

2. Strabo, V, iv, 7. I proposed to see in these Chalcidians a core of Rhe- gians abandoning their city after the expulsion of Anaxilaus. (The Poliliche Vicende di Neapolis, Acad., Naples, 1903.

3. Strabo, V, iv, 7. A fragment of Timaeus of Tauromenium mentions the arrival in Naples of an Athenian admiral, Diotima, and the institution of torch races, fieloch {Campanian, p. 28) and Ë. Giaceri, VAlessandra di Licofrone, p. 240 put around 440 the Attic colonization of Naples; they relate to the interference attic the name of Phalërc (Lycophron, Aiexand., v. 717, 721. Stephen of Byzantium, 4»a- >T)p). De Petra, origini di Neapolis, thinks that Diotima came to Naples around 426-425. See also L. Gorrera, Le più antiche moneio di Napoti, 1902.

4. Strabo, V, iv, 7.

5. A. Sambon, Le Vicende poliliche di Neapolis, Acad, Arck. Naples, 1903.

6. Almost everywhere, around 450-440, Italic art suffered a decline and became thin and hard. Athenian examples gave new artistic impetus.

NAPLES 173

d^olivier^ Another with a feminine head, her hair surrounded by a band water and raised behind or falling in a bursiform bun on the nape of the neck. These two types were created around the same time and sometimes it was used simultaneously (cf. nos. 318 and 369). The female head (the Mermaid Parthenope) was probably modeled on that of the coins of Syracuse (transitional style^ reign of Hiero 1*'). The androcephalic bull which is seen on the reverse of all these parts are of a design similar to that of the last didrachms from Laos and some Poseidonian coins an- later than 450. It probably represents the river god Aché- loUs, father of the Sirens (1).

The Tethnique inscription is, in its complete form, >VEOPOAITEZ» often retrograde or boustrophedon, some times starting in a horizontal line at Texergue and ending in vertical column (xtovr^Scv). On the oldest currency to the type of the head of Athena, we read on the obverse: NBOPOAIJIKON (retrograde) = “Neapolitan strike”, and, on the reverse, A^EOPO- AITEZ (retrograde) = Neapolitan people. Around 430-425, we find let's end in HZ; at this time also began the use of the Doric dialect (n® 373).

These currencies follow the Phocaean system and their weight balances between 7 gr. 66 and 7 gr. 34.

Small coins (oboles, ^ obols and quarters), some of which some date back to the first years of coinage, we show types identical to those which adorned the coins of Gumes around 460: on one side, the head of Pallas wearing a helmet Corinthian or only a Corinthian helmet; on the other, a

1. Ovid., MeL, XIV, 87-88: Aeheloiadum Sirenum; SU. UaL, XII, 33-34: Par- Thénope Acheloias, It has been pointed out that the Teleboi who settled in Gapri (Virg., Aen., VU, 733-5; Tac, Ann., IV, 67) are found in small islands (Teleboides), between the Acamanic and the island of Leucas (Plin., Hist, Nat., IV, xn, 53). He is interesting to note that in the 4th century. Naples still had commercial relations ciaui with TAcarnania, because the types of some Neapolitan coins of this period imitate those of the coins of Acarnania (n»» 419-422) cf. Imhoof-Blumer, Mûnzen die Akamaniens, N. Z. Wien, 1878, p. 14.

The representation of the anthropoid bull is frequent on Sicilian coinage; in Italy we can cite an incus didrachm from the Chalcidian city Rhegium (around 500) and the currencies of Laos. A metapontine didrachm from the first half of the v« s., the legend A^eXoio aeOXov recalls games instituted in honor of this god, who is represented in human form, his forehead adorned with horns.

174 NAPLES

shell (mytilus gallo-provincialis) (n*' 397-402). One second series, more numerous, presents, on the obverse, the head of Pallas wearing of the Corinthian helmet or a female head and, on the reverse, the part anterior of the androcephalic bull in the swimming attitude, as on the litrae of Gela (n'" 403-419).

This androcephalic bull protome is also seen on a didrachm from the collection of Luynes (Phocaean didr. of 7 gr. 60). Instead of the name of the people, we read that of the city, JH0nH3N, in Ionic dialect (n° 317). He seems to have been struck around 460 and offers a great resemblance to coins of Freeze. L. Sambon and Head All excluded from the Neapolitan series (1) and in fact the style is different from that of the primitive coins of Neapolis. If he is Neapolitan, his strike must have depended on circumstances. exceptional situations where the town of Gela will have played an important role so much.

We have just cited a didrachm from Neapolis struck around 450 BC J.-G. to the type of the head of Athena, the helmet decorated with olive trees, surrounded by the inscription ^EOPOAITIKOWj ©and we saw there an allusion to the first struggles between Athens and Syracuse.

Other coins from a more recent era attest to the in- Athenian fluence on Neapolis, probably emancipated at this time time of the yoke of Cumae and the Syracusans. These parts are divide into two groups: some, thin and hard in design, seem to belong to the years 430-425 and roughly repeat the same types of the didrachm with the legend ^EOrOAITIKO^; the others, of a pretty Attic design, where the influence of Thurium is evident, can be attributed to the years 415-350(2).

1. L. Sambon {Research j p. 142) writes: “The style of this didrachm recalls excavates that of the ancient currencies of Syracttse and Gela. This is also why the NEHPOAIZ legend perhaps alludes to one of the political vicissitudes Gela ticks of which the history does not mention. I owned one for a long time charming diobole from Naxos with the legend NEOPOAI — (today in G. of Berlin) — about which we can only make conjectures.” Gar- rucci {Italia Anty p. 83.), Bechtel {lonische inschriften, p. 2) and Petra (The data di due greek money. Atli del congresso storico, Roma 1903) believe it to be Neapolitan, I cannot subscribe to the opinion of de Petra who believes it was struck in 424 BC. J.-G.

2. A fragment of Timaeus of Tauromenium, who wrote during the first half of the 3rd century, tells us that Diotima, an Athenian admiral, came to Naples during the war between Athens and Syracuse, and, on the orders of an oracle, had sacrifices made at

NAPLES 175

I even wonder if we should not completely dismiss the idea of Attic rinûuence for the latter and see only Pin- fluence of Thurium who had abandoned Athenian politics. Some of these coins are of summary design and we we will see that they were largely struck by the Samnites- Campanians, either in workshops neighboring Neapolis, or in Naples itself.

The first series presents on one side the head of Athena wearing a helmet with a spherical cap and no egret; on the reverse, the tau- standing androcephalic body. We often see in the field an ear of wheat or a grain of barley, indicators of soil fertility, as on the coinage of Gumes, which, at the same time, was melting on all his broadcasts a grain of barley. Registration is often repeated on both sides, as on primitive coins; this inscription is sometimes in Doric dialect, NEOPOAITAl (1)> sometimes in Ionic dialect, NE0P0AITH2; it is sometimes retro- grade, sometimes in two lines going in opposite directions (boustrophé- don}, the ending being superimposed.

The second series consists of pretty style coins, inspired by the remarkable coins of the Histor engravers and Molossos of Thurium, some can even be brought to light side of the works of these masters without the comparison do harm. The inscriptions are NEOPOAITE^, NE0P0HTE5, NEOPOAITHZ; the return to the letters P, long E and S being due to a affectation of archaism which seems to prevail at this time (2).

the Nymph Parlhenope and instituted the torch race according to Athenian rites. Thucydides (1.45) mentions an admiral of this name shortly before the Peloponnesian War and it has been proposed to interpret the fragment of Timaeus as alluding to a embassy sent to persuade the Neapolitans to take part in the expedition against Syracuse. From Petra (Le origini di Napoli, R. Acad. Arch. Nai.oHj 1903, p. 9) think that Diotima came to Naples around 426-425 and would like to coincide with this dates the beginning of Neapolitan coinage of the Thurian Alhéna type. But Thucydides (VI, 88; cf. VI, 103; VII, 53, 5i) teaches us that an atheist trireme- Nienne visited the Campanian coast in the winter of 415-414 BC. J.-G. and the second series to the type of Pallas seems to me to date from this period; after 410 you should not give to this type a meaning of Athenian interference, it must rather be related with the importance of the large panhellenic colony Thurium.

1. Ahrens., De dial. gold,^ p. 192.

2. Dressel believes the coins in this series are older than those I classify as years 450-430 and its attribution is based on the composition of the legend^ which is: NE0P0AITA2 and NEOnOAITHI on one of these series; NEOPO-

!

176 NAPLES

We also find the following shapes on design coins summary, struck by the Samnites, after 390 BC. AD: NEOPOHT^, NEPOHTEi, TH^NEPOAI (s^e).

A currency of the C. of Naples is very instructive for the classification tication of these parts; on one side she has the head of Pallas in pretty style, the helmet decorated with an owl (type of Nola-Hyrîna), and on the other the androcephalic bull standing in archaistic style between two boustrophedon inscription lines^ ^EOPOHTHZ(l).

The coinage of the type of the head of Pallas continued until the middle of the 4th century; one of the last broadcasts shows us the head of Pallas with helmet decorated with an olive branch on which perches an owl and, on the reverse, the androcean bull phale crowned by Victory (n®* 394 and 395).

While these two series of coins bearing the effigy were minted of the Attic Athena, the minting of the mon* nays to the type of the female head (the Nymph Parthenope). We we have a numerous series whose types undergo the same modifications of style that we observe in the series at the head of Pallas. Towards the end of the 5th century, a type which adorned the reverse of some of the primitive coins (n® 318); that is to say, Victory flying above the bull and crowning him; the bull walks slowly and turns its head towards the viewer. The design of these new pieces (n^ 334, ft. III) is identical to that of the first emissions of the type of Thurium (no. 374, pL 111).

Some coins from the beginning of the 4th century are