The Ancient Coins of Italy — 1903

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THE

ANCIENT COINS

FROM ITALY

ANOBRft, MP. ORIBNTAUt A. BCHDIN KT C^*, KOR OARNint, 4.

“MUSEUM” LIBRARY

THE

ANCIENT COINS

FROM ITALY

BY

Arthur SAMBON

VOLUME ONE

ETRURIA — UMBRIA PICENUM — SAMNIUM — CAMPANIA (Cumae and Naples)

PARIS

Offices of the c IVXusée >

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6, RDE DE PORT-MAHON, 6

1903

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Amoars goldsmiths or moanayeurs, fresco from Pompeii.

PREFACE

The principles of ancient Italian numismatics were were masterfully posed by Eckhel in his Doctrina numo' rum veteriim^ of which the first part appeared in Vienna in 1792. A new collection of Italian coins was published shortly later by a Neapolitan scholar, Fr. M. Avellino: Italiae vestment ris numismatay 1808, — ad volumen I supplementum 1814. At the same time (1812), a collector, the knight Fr. Carelli, published, in Naples, the first edition of his work became famous: Nummortim veterum Italiae description which been reprinted, more complete and with notes from Avellino, in 1834. Later, in 1839, the work of PP appeared. Marchi and Tessieri on Vaes grave italic.

Under the influence of these multiple efforts, the scientists of all countries began to become passionate about this branch beyond numismatics. An English archaeologist, James Millin- gon, who had spent a long time in Italy, deserves to be mentioned firstly for its: Considerations on numisma^ history of ancient Italy (Florence, 1841), and all the histo-

He PREFACE

Nothing has been learned from his precious teachings. In France, Raoul-Rochette and the Duke of Luynes were keenly interested to the same studies.

In 1850, a third edition of the work appeared in Leipzig. by Carelli, containing 202 plates, and whose descriptions are due to the pen of one of the most learned numismatists of the era period, Father Celestino Cavedoni, librarian and professor at the University of Modena. Cavedoni brought the important addition to his erudition, but without changing almost anything to the Carelli boards. Following this publication, the study of Italic coins and Magna Graecia made progress rapid: in Italy, the dissertations of Minervini and Fîo- relli, in France the writings of Ch. Lenormant, of the Duke of Luynes, of Longpérier; in Germany those of Julius Fried- Lander and especially Mommsen, who, after a few attempts full of promise, published in 1860 his History of Roman coinage (German edition), the first part of which contains an admirable synthesis of all these questions.

Several series had been studied in depth, general ideas nales had opened new paths; at the same time The study of metrology, which Eckhel had deemed impossible, was taken up by Vasquez-Queipo (1859), Mommsen (1860-1865), and Brandis (1866). It was time to summarize their work and finally attempt a general classification of currencies in order chronological. This is the main merit of L. Sam's book. good {Research on the currencies of the Italic peninsula^ Naples, 1863 and 1870), very conscientious work based on the study of numerous finds that the author had the rare privilege of possession. His work gave a new impetus sion: the finds were examined with more care and the museums began to write catalogs raisonnes. It was again from Naples that the example came: Fiorelli in 1866 and 1870, published the catalogs of the Bourbon museum (Collection Santangelo and Old fund) of which Avellino had already understood started writing. In 1873, Foole followed with his catalogue:

PREFACE III

Greek coins in the Britkh Museum. — Itaty\ in France, a brilliant writer, François Lenormant, began publishing tion of his treatise: Money in Antiquity (1879) and, under form of travel memories, his study on the Great Greece (1881), so rich in interesting ideas. - At the same time, a Swiss scientist, Imhoof-Blumer, began to take a considerable place in the field of numis- ancient matics and published with rare accuracy the mon- unpublished works of Magna Graecia, dealing a decisive blow to the outdated method of confusing the hypothesis with the truth in essays weighed down by useless and ambiguous elements gus.

The influx of new materials determined a scientist Jesuit, Father Garrucci, in the writing of a collection designed on the plan of the monumental work of Carelli and Cavedoni; death surprised him (May 6, 1885) at the very moment he was printing the last leaves, and the work appeared at the end of the year 1885. Garrucci demonstrates great erudition; but he got allowed to be led to singular boldness in the field epigraphic, and the confusion in the weights and origins nances of the pieces he describes, is very embarrassing. He didn't care- c an account of the chronological classification of currencies; he has ignored Hultsch's work on Greek metrology Tels are the just reproaches that we can make of him and that we find vera in the critical articles of Percy Gardner {Num. Chron., 1886, p. 168), H. Dressel {ZeiL fur Num,, t. XIV, 1887), and A. J. Evans {The horsemen of Tarentum, p. 5). Bad- Thanks to this, Garrucci's work has taken a considerable step forward to the study of the numismatics of ancient Italy.

In this short review of the works which marked the successive stages of our progress, all that remains is for us to cite Head's volume: Historia Numorum^ where is summarized with great clarity the state of our knowledge in 1887, then the excellent memoir by M. A. Evans: The horsemen of Tarantum (1889).

IV PREFACE

Recently, Mr. Dressel published, with competence absolute, the first half of the catalog of Italian coins of the Berlin Cabinet, and Mr. Macdonald described the series of Office of T University of Glasgow.

I propose to form a new Corpus of these mon- naies, to try a more complete chronological classification, to reproduce by engraving or photoengraving the greatest number of copies possible, to provide information precise and carefully controlled information on weight, module, the origin of each part.

I followed the geographical order of the regions, but not the alphabetical order of the cities, because I believe it is useful to give reader a precise idea of the historical events which influenced the coinage of ancient Italy.

I myself have designed almost all the coins according to the originals and, in the event that I have not been able to examine these originals nals^ I said it. We will also find in the text some drawings of monuments and ancient objects, which will give a summary overview of the arts, industries and commerce of each region, the importance of each city.

The module of money (according to the Mionnet scale) is designated by a number which follows the indication of the metal: Ny a, I.. I also indicate, after the description of each currency, the main collections where the copies that are located I saw or became aware of; a little asterisk if- view the drawn parts.

I thought it would be useful to establish the market price of coins; I gives two figures: a minimum for parts of a con- average servation and another, maximum, for examples please in good state of conservation; we cannot say on the exact value of the jewels that amateurs argue about tries with ardor; likewise, I refrain from any estimation pieces whose authenticity is not yet above any suspicion, of those of which I only became aware through descriptions of ancient authors. Sometimes we will find a

PREFACE V

significant difference between the two figures; this means that he is difficult to find these coins in good condition, which comes in general of the long duration of their circulation. If there are other very reasons for deterioration (defective strike, little type noted, frequent overkeys), I indicate it carefully.

At the end of the volume there will be a notice on the mon- italic painting and one on that of Magna Graecia, considered res as a whole; a bibliographical review and more Several tables will facilitate searches.

I am happy to renew here the testimony of my life gratitude to the scientists and amateurs who kindly read to help me in my work by providing me with prints. I feel the duty to specially mention MM. Babelon and of the Cabinet Tower of France, MM. Head and Hill of the Cabinet from London, Mr. Ambrosoli, curator of LaBrera, in Milan, and Mr. Pais, curator of the Naples Museum.

Etruscan mirror in archalstic style.

Bronze chimera found in Arezzo (Museum of Florence).

ETRURIA

Etruria has reached a very high degree of civilization and this civilization was maintained for six centuries, assimilating the the most brilliant or useful creations of the Orient and the Greece, and at the same time fighting against a direct invasion of Hellenism. But if, every day, new monuments come to enlighten us on the importance of this Italian civilization lique and inform us about the customs and uses of this great people, we unfortunately do not have on history politics of the Etruscans only scattered texts where it is only spoken of them only incidentally and at the time of their complete decline. The power of the Etruscans begins to be seriously undermined. dyed at the beginning of the 5th century. Weakened by their own dissension tions and by the lack of cohesion in their political organization tick; harassed by the pillaging tribes of the Ligurians; threatened at north by the Gauls, assailed by Syracuse which competes with them for commercial and political gemmony in Gampania and along the coasts of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Etruscans cannot do facing, at the same time, so many enemies and little by little their power fades away. They are making a final effort in Gampania, trying with the support of their former allies, the Garthaginians, to seize

8 ETRURIA

rer of Gumes (479 BC), which became one of the most important to Hellenism; but the Etrusco-Carthaginian fleet is repelled by Hiero of Syracuse and this defeat puts fln to the fight. The victory of the tyrant of Syracuse has a great impact- ment in Italy and Greece and Pindar celebrates the ruin of Tetru- laugh. The Samnites, undertaking the conquest of Gampania, continued continue to destroy the Etruscan influence, until a new and a more formidable enemy comes to complete the ruin of this people.

It was especially towards the end of the 4th century that the struggle between Rome and Etruria becomes critical. Etruria, demoralized, still di- targeted, successively loses most of its strongholds; too much late, around 300 BC. BC, allying with the Gauls and the Samnites, she seeks to stop this long-prepared invasion. She made a final effort, from 283 to 281 BC. J.-G., but in vain ment; and from 280 the name of the Etruscans no longer appears on the lists of Roman triumphants.

Etruscan coinage only dates from the beginning of the 5th century; the classification of currencies is still uncertain (1).

Carefully discarding too bold hypotheses, I am mainly occupied in grouping together the currencies offering the same character, style and weight; to the description of each piece I added all the information that was given to me possible to gather about its provenance, and I took on the task of give more exact drawings than those that have been published so far, with a collotype plate of some of the most beautiful known examples.

It is only by patiently continuing this work that we will be able to arrive at a classification which, today, still seems pre- matured.

Here is how I think I can group these currencies:

1. The most disparate classifications have been proposed. See mainly: L. Sambon, Recherches, Naples, 1863 and 1870; Gamurrini, Periodico Slrozzi, 1874, year K/; W. Deecke, Etruskische Forschungen, Heft 11, 1877; Head, History Numorum^ 18S7; Dressel, Berlin Catalog, 1884. Garnieci, in a long dissertation, Monele delV Italia antica, p. 43-46, carefully examines the three questions of geographical classification, chronological classification and systems monetary; but his conclusions are very often fantastic, and he is not prudent to follow him too closely.

ETRURIA

GOLD COINS

1. — Primitive coins without types.

2. — Archaic coins with lion's heads. (Beginning of the \* century.)

3. — Coins with juvenile heads. — Big-style broadcasts century and more recent issues (4th century) in a pretty style.

4. — Seahorse type coin from the Strozzi Collection (false?).

5. — Campanian style coins with inscriptions Velzpapi and Velzu (northern Italy?).

SILVER COINS

1. — With the Thezi or Thezle inscriptions (mid-fifth-fourth century).

IL — Populonia (?).

a) Persian system, around 450. — Chimera (half lion, half serpent) pent).

a) EuboYc system, after 450. — Chimera (leaping lion whose tail ends in a snake), i^ smooth. — Wild boar, smooth.

III. — Amphora and squid. f{ smooth (Persian system, end of the 5th century).

IV. — Seahorse and dolphins, i^ Cerberus. — Hippocampus and dolphins, smooth yew (Persian system later replaced by the sys- euboic tem, iv«s.).

V. — Units with a wheel (euboic system, 4th century).

VI. — Small coins with smooth reverses, with an octopus (system euboic tem, iv** s.).

VII. — Coins with smooth reverse, with a lion’s head style coarse (euboic system).

VIII. — Coins with smooth reverse, with a hare running to the right. or an owl (iv* s.).

IX. — Small coins attributed to Etruria.

X. — Coins of Populonia (Euboic system).

a) Didrachmas, drachmas and half-drachmas with the mask of the Gorgon and the numbers X. A and <|| (2" half of the v* s.).

10 ETRURIA

b) Didrachms with the mask of the Gorgon and the number XX (iv« s.- the * half of the m").

c) Didrachmas with head of Hercules facing (end of 4th century-beginning- I. cernent duui«).

jL d) Didrachms with head of Minerva facing (end of 4th century-beginning-

m cement of the m®).

■ XI. — Drachmas or denarii with the head of a woman (Populonia?),

m (around 360- beginning of m«s.)

M XII. — Denarius with virile laureate head (Populonia?), (around 360-com-

p beginning of the m* s.).

, XIII. » Deniers of Mbtl...

I XIV. — Curt's Pence...

XV. — Denarii, quinaries, sesterces and units of the young head (around 340-250).

XVI. — Quinaries with the head of Mercury (Populonia?), around 350- 250.

XVII. -^ Quinaires with bearded virile head (end of 4th century-beginning- 1^ ment of the iri«).

II XVIII. — Tetradrachms of Persian system with virile head

(iv“s.).

XIX. — Coins from northern Rilalia with Etruscan inscriptions ques (2nd half of the 4th century).

BRONZE COINS

ROMAN SYSTEM

I. — Ounces and half-ounces minted, completing the series of cast coins {aes grave)y 2« half of the 4th century-beginning du iri«).

II. — Coins of Populonia.

a) Series of Tas triental (triens and sextans) {1st half of the 3rd century).

b) Series of Tassextantaire (triens) (2® half of the m^' s.).

III. — c) Alliance currency = Populonia — Vetulonia — Ca- March (?) (ra«s.).

IV. — Coins of Vetulonia (end of the 4th-nith century)

V. Coins with flT • > (ni® s.).

ETRURIA

11

ETRUSCAN SYSTEM AND LITRAE STRUCK UNDER THE INFLUENGB FOREIGN

I. — Vercnas (m* s.).

II. — Peithesa (m* s., around 268).

III. — Coins with incus reverses (archaistic style from the end of the nor"s.).

IV. — Uncertain:

a) Head of Apollo. i{ Crescents and stars.

b) Head of Nubian, ij Elephant. — Juvenile head topped with a remains of dog, i^ Dog (north century, before 250).

V. — Cosa Volcientium (m* s.).

Plating of an Etruscan chariot from the 6th century. (Coll. Dutuit).

Pencil drawing on an Etruscan cist from the 3rd century.

GOLD COINS

I. — During almost the entire sixth century, the cash of mar- Etruscan coins consisted of foreign coins, special- ment of those of Asia Minor, and a certain number has been found number in different places in Tetruria (1).

Alongside these foreign currencies we probably used small lenses of gold, giving a proportionate scale of weight, but having no type, and shapeless ingots of *aes rude or pieces cut from these ingots (2).

II. — The first gold coins, with embossed type, fu- rent struck, towards the beginning of the v«; they are backwards smooth and show, on the obverse, a lion's head, with its mouth open, the skin contracts, the hair bristles, a type that we find on coins from Asia Minor and several Phoenician colonies. Céennes (treasure of Auriol). This guy, moreover, held at that time an important place in decorative art and symbolism religious of the Etruscans (3).

1. Phocaean trade spread especially on the coasts of Liguria and in the vicinity of the mouths of the Amo. See Periodico Slrozzi^ VI, fascic. He, an interest interesting find made in Volterra, containing Etruscan coins in gold and sixty four silver coins from Asia Minor or massaliotes (types of the Auriol treasure), studied by Gamurrini; but very old ones are found singly. See Deecke in MuUer, Etrusker,

2. The heaviest aces of the Etruscan series, probably issued during the first first half of the 4th century, weigh 206 gr.

3. See the bronze ornaments of the 5th century. : end of tank drawbars, handles wall lights (Froehner, Coll. Dutuil). Also compare a coin from the Auriol treasure (H. de la Tour, Allas, pi. I, 292).

ETRURIA 13

These gold coins carry value marks: 4, =: 50 (2 gr. 85) - AXX = 25 (1 gr. 42) - >||X = 12 1/2 (0 gr. 72), and their weights, divided by the value indices, give a weight gold unit of 0 gr.057, which was equivalent to Ogr. 85 silver (liter) and 213 gr. 75 bronze (1), if, as we have every reason to believe, the ratio between metals was 1:15:250.

III. — Another series of gold coins bears the marks of value: AXX = 25 (l gr. 40) and X (0 gr. 57). We find these parts especially around Populonia; they have a smooth reverse and have a juvenile head type. The first broadcasts are crude style; the most recent of a very graceful style, influenced probably by the Massaliote coins of the middle of the 4th century* century (2).

They obviously have a nominal value equal to that of the lion head pieces; but in the last broadcasts we notes a strong increase in silver Faloi which gives For a pale color.

This series must be compared to the silver one that we will describe in § XV.

IV. — Garrucci indicated in the Supplement to his work (Monete del Italia antica, p. 185) a gold coin from the Coll. Strozzi from Florence, having on one side a seahorse and the index A; of the other^ stars. I was unable to examine this coin; I don't then I cannot comment on its authenticity. The acronym A” for a weight of 2 gr. 75, shows that we wanted to indicate the value in silver, and, based on a ratio of gold to silver of 1:15, it would indicate didrachms of the weakened euboic system (8 gr. 25). It is true that in the series of silver coins the hippocampus we find some parts belonging to the system euboic tem (drachmas and half-drachmas) and this standard seems having replaced, during the 4th century, the Persian standard.

1. M. Soutzo, Introd. to the study of the coins of ancient Italy^ not holding no account of the style of the different currencies, strives to prove that they were worth all 50, 25, 12 1/2 aces of 109 gr. 44 (triental ace).

2. See H. de la Tour, AUat, pi. it, no. 580.

14 ÉTRURIB

V. — We have known about two currencies for a long time gold, one with index XX = 20 (4 gp. 67), the other with A = 5 (1 gr. 15), which appear to have been struck in Etruria or in northern Italy, during the second half of the 4th century. We have proposed to attribute these currencies to Felsina (Bononia) and Vol- sinii (Bolsena); they have, Tune (1) the inscription Ifl Afl C^3^ (Velz- papi) which Garrucci transcribes incorrectly: IHflMC^SR (Felznani) and the other V243=|. The unit weight is 0 gr. 233. Mr. Head (2) believes that around the middle of the 4th century the legal relationship from gold to silver, disturbed by the wealth of the discovered mines in Macedonia, under the reign of Philip II, was almost par- everything, suddenly, lowered from 1:15 to 1:12; Mommsen (3), at contrary, is of the opinion that this report, in Sicily, was legally maintained at 1:15. I doubt that coins with inscriptions Velzpapiei Velsu tions predate 350 BC. AD; in all cases they seem to indicate a ratio of 1:16, and 0 gr. 2335 gold equivalent to 3 gr. 70 silver, or one denarius Etruscan of reduced weight, a Campanian drachma, and from 350 BC around one Massaliot drachma.

If these coins are Etruscan, this orientation towards the system campanieu can be easily explained, the Etruscan markets having

1. It was first published by Friediftnder {Beilr., pi. V, n^ 3). Mr. Deecke (o. c.) doubts its authenticity, then, changing his mind, explained the inscription as a man's name: first name (Vel), paternal first name (z) and last name (Papi). KlQgmann, Bull. InslilvlOy 1877, criticizes Deecke for the doubts expressed about this piece. Bt. Soutzo, 0. c, p. 57, proposes to “return it to Campania”. Friediftnder, Zeilschr, f. Num.^ 1817, brings the inscription of this piece closer to the legends inscribed on imitations of Massaliote drachmas. Deecke observes that the form of p* is not Etruscan, but rather Oscan; However, in Etruria there is a rounded p shape which comes a little closer. The other currency has been known since the beginning of the century last. Lenormant, L. Sambon, Poole, Head, Garrucci, Hill hold these coins for authentic. The small one does not seem to have any connection with the statere in the number XX; it has a thin design, almost without relief; all the copies I have examined come from the same area; Tor is of a different alloy than sta< tere. cobviously IflAflI^^S^ and V8^3rl cannot designate the same thing.

2. Syracuse, Num. Chi'on,, 1874. See also on this subject Hultscb, Griech, und rom. MeirologiSi Berlin, and G. J. Bill, A Handbook of gretk and roman coins f London, 1899.

3. HisL of Roman coinage^ 1. 1, p. 131.

ÉTRURIB

15

passed into the hands of the Campaean towns, from the middle of the 4th century key (1).

1. Objects of foreign origin found in Tuscany, for that period, are almost all of campanicn style and often accompanied by coins campaaiennes {Gazette arch., 1879, p. 45; ButL Insliluto, 18S0, p. 50, etlH, lf)8l, p. 26); we can also think of relations with Marseille. Hey! (Handbook of Greek and roman coins) puts these gold currencies in relation to the dVgent currencies that we We describe in § XVIII, what gives a relationship between Tor and the argument of 1: 10.

Etruscan cist found in Capua (Sambon collection).

16 ETRURIA

ARGKNT COINS

Silver coins appeared around 450 BC. AD; some belong to the Persian system (1) — and these are generally the oldest natural species — the others in the euboic system (2).

We sought to determine the commercial relationships which had introduced these two monetary systems into Etruria. Mr. Deecke thinks that the 22 gr. 92.11 gr. 45 and 5 gr. 70 derive from Persian Tetalon; Head (3), following L. Sambon (/fecAer- chei^ p. 57), proposes the weakened eginelic standard, which would have been transmitted by Corcyra. For coins of 16 gr. 80 we are moving rope to attach them to the euboic standard introduced by com- Syracuse Mercy.

Etruria in the 5th and 4th centuries obviously had relations followed with Syracuse; but we find other relationships commercial activities during the 4th century. We must also not lose view that the two stallions, euboetic and Persian (or weakened eginetic), were simultaneously in use in Cyprus, during the fifth century; that in this Island we struck, at a very ancient time,

1. The Persian shekel weighing 5 gr.60 was inaugurated by Darius, son of Hystaspes (541-485); it remained popular among the Greeks under the name of the 9th medical article. Xenophon says that the shekel was worth 7 i/2 Attic obols {Anab., 1, 5,6); Photius and Hesychius, according to ancient sources give the shekel the value of 8 Attic obols. Lenormant pro- poses to give it, according to Herodotus, the name of Babylonian drachma. This century or Persian drachma of 5 gr. 60 was half the silver stater of 11 gr. 20. See Hultsch, MelroL, p. 486 = E. Babelon, Achaemenid Persians^ inlrod. p. ix, and Trailé^ p. 447.

2. This system was studied by H. Xmhùol'hXumec^ The euboic monetary system, Directory of the Soc. French de Num., 1882. The ancient euboic stater weighed 8 gr. 70. The Euboic system was adopted in Athens during the reform of According. Syracuse and other Sicilian cities adopted the Euboico-Atlic system and it is probably through Syracuse it spread to Etruria. See Head, Hist. Num., Introd. ; Hultsch, Grieck. und rom. Metrology, Berlin.

3. Historia Numorum. lutr. uv, Head alludes to the amber trade with Corcyra (0. Maller, Die Elrusker, I, 42, p. 266); but these commercial relations took place at a very ancient time.

ETRURIA 17

smooth-sided moDQaies (1) (at Soli (?), at Salamis and in Vile de Céos) (2) some of which have been published as etrus- ques (3), and that in the series of coins attributed to Soli on finds types presenting a certain analogy with those em- bent by the Etruscans.

The Phoenician trading posts of Cyprus and Lycia may have had being on Etruria, before the 5th century, a greater influence than that which we seem to grant them today. Cyprus especially, placed at the center of the great currents of ancient civilization, become one of the main stages for distant trade of the Phoenicians, must have had frequent contact with Telruria.

During the 4th and 3rd centuries Naples and Marseille disputed also the Etruscan markets.

The currencies of the Persian system are divided into five groups: § L — A first series of Persian system bears the name of a town, rhezle (4). The oldest coins of this city (tetradrachms of approximately 11 gr. 30) have, on one side^ a Gorgon on the run (5d, frequent type in archaic Etruscan art; on the other a wheel. On a didrackm from a more recent period (from beginning of the 4th century), we see a three-quarter head between two snakes, and, on the reverse, a seated sphinx, very pretty design. The head, clumsily modeled, seems to have an expression of sadness. Garrucci, evoking details of the Theban myth, One might see in this an Oedipus problem. Finally a third currency

1. Recent holes show that these Cypriot currencies have a smooth rcTCrs were much more abundant than previously believed.

2. Babelon, Lm Per.fe^ Acfiém.^ pi. XVI and p. 83; Wroth, Crete and Aegean iêlands,

3. Garrucci, LXXl, 25.

4. The attribution to Faesulae of these coins must be abandoned; she was due to a bad reading of the legend (0E^U); Fabretti, C. /. //., p. 431. We sup- posited that some of the types represented on these coins were related to the cult of a lunar divinity ^the Gorgon, the head of a cow. See Head, GiUdef p. 29 and 48; BôtUger, Kunslmyth., I, 425; Preller, Gr. Mylk., 2nd ed., li, p. 47), and others at cult of a Sun god (the wheel); Roscher, Die Gorgonen und Verwandles, sees in the legend of the Gorgon a meteorological myth; the victory of Perseus would be that of the solar hero who kills the demon of Torage. Mr. Milani in his bold hypotheses of the persistence of pre-Hellenic prototypes returned to the old theory.

5. This type differs from the Greco-Asiatic type generally found in Etruria,' because the Gorgon is dressed in a long shirt which goes down to her ankles.

18 ETRURIA

this city — probably from the fia of the 4th century. — weighs 5/6 from the Persian tradrachm tee: on one side is an ox's head (similar to that which we see on a seedling of Vaes grave^ attributed to La- tium) (1) with the inscription QEZVEj and on the other a seahorse.

§ II a). — A second series — very rare — composed of sla- teres and thirds of stater with smooth reverse has for types a monster half lion, half snake (chimera) (2) or the head alone of the monster standing menacingly (3).

These coins could represent the beginning of coinage of Populonia, because all the copies of which we know the origin nance were found near this town. Judging by the style and by several details of the type, these currencies must belong to the same city which, a few years later, struck the currencies of the Euboic system with a lion ready to pounce, that we describe in § II 6.

Bompois (4) and Garrucci (5) give a bad drawing of the Persian system coinage of G. de Gotha; I owe the kindness of the learned curator of G. de Gotha, B. Pick, an imprint which allows me to provide a more exact one. The monster's tail ends with a bearded head of a snake, as on the mon- nays of euboic system.

§ III. — On the coins of a third series, belonging to the Persian system, and also with a smooth reverse, is drawn a amphora from which comes a squid {loligo) waving its fins and tentacles.

Garrucci (6), based on a similarity of words and on a rather uncertain tradition, attributes these coins to Fisc. He does observe that a tradition reported by Pliny (7) and by Ceton (8)

1. Garrucci, XLIV, 1.

2. This is how Ovid describes the Chimera, Mélam, IX, 647-649.

3. This currency, the design of which we are giving for the first time, is part of the Coll. Mazzolini in the C. of Florence; it was found in two copies in surroundings of Populonia.

4. 0. c, n. 6.

5. 0. c, pi. LXXI, 21.

6. 0. c, p. 49.

7. m, VIII, 1.

8. Servius ad Virgil., Aen, X, 169 f.

ETRURIA 19

attested that Fisa had been founded by the Greeks known as Teutaniy Teu- lones or Teutae, and that she had first been named Teuta; in- subsequently, by the Lydians who established themselves there in Iltcai. This is why he brings together the name Teuta^ the symbol of the squid, named TsuOtç or Tcu(>oç by the Greeks.

I have little taste for etymological games; but two of these extremely rare coins were actually found in the we're heading towards Pisa.

§IV. — A fourth series still leads us to the system Eubois replacing the Persian system. The currencies of this series belonging to the Persian system have a seahorse as their type swimming and surrounded by dolphins. The reverse is smooth except on one copy, hitherto unique, of the G. of London, on which, in a raised frame, similar to that of certain coins Macedonians of the 4th century, is represented three-headed Cerberus. These currencies are followed by drachmas and half-drachmas of the euboic system, with smooth reverse and seahorse type. The drachma bears the mark “, the half-drachma <.

I give here the drawing of a gold ring, from the 2nd century, found in Etruria (Coll. E. Warneck, Paris) which has a type analogous to that of these rare Etruscan coins, that is to say Thippocampus swimming and surrounded by dolphins.

§ XVIII. — There is, finally, a fifth series of coins minted tolls according to the Persian system; these are generally reversed smooth and have a laureate head, sometimes bearded, sometimes im- berb. L. Sambon (l), Deecke (2) and Klagmann (3) consider them as very old, struck between 500 and 450 BC. I

1. 0. c, p. 58.

2. 0. c, p.

3. BuileUino delV Inslilulo, 1877, Rome.

20 AETRURIA

believed to be much more recent and probably from the 4th century (1). Their heavy and backward style can deceive at first glance. The latest issues have on the reverse a wheel occupying a small smooth face space, the style of the head recalls certain Gallic counterfeits of Macedonian tetradrachms (2). I believe that for the attribution of this series it is necessary to look in the north of Tetruria and that one can think of Felsina (Bononia)-

The currencies of the Euboic system are divided into several se- laughs:

§ II b). — Alongside the currencies of the Persian system, from the middle of the \^ century, we find tetradrachms of the EuboYque system, which can be attributed to Populonia (3); we see a lion gathering ready to pounce on his prey, and it is a noble image copied, no doubt, from some famous Greco-Asian work tick, since we find examples elsewhere almost contemporaries: in Cyprus (stater of an uncertain king, struck Soli (4) after 450 BC. BC) and Velia of Lucanic.

Another euboic system tetradrachm has type one wild boar running on rocks (5).

§IV. — We have already seen, when speaking of system currencies-

, 1. The Persian system lasted in Asia Minor until the conquest of Alexander the Big. In Macedonia it was introduced towards the end of the 5th century and abandoned under the reign of Philip II.

2. See the coins of the Boii de la Transpadane (H. de la Tour, Allas^ The mon- Gallic naies). The Etruscans frequently went to Gaul and advanced pro- bably to the Cassiterides islands in search of Tétain necessary for the bronze manufacturing.

3. The copy from the Brilish Museum has on the reverse faint traces of a inscription, and the publishers of the catalog, published in 1873, prudently abstained of all reading; Garnicci with his usual audacity in epigraphic matters pro- posed to read R03M (Ncthu), and even drew a new Etruscan city, Nethuna. I give a collotype reproduction of this piece at number 2 of the plate. These

letters appear to be Vi^; but it is difficult to say whether the inscription is thus com- complete, and if it is not due to an overstrike. All other copies have the re- smoothworm.

4. Babelon, pi. XXI, 12.

5 See a coin minted in Ascalon around 350 (Babelon, pi. VI1I,3) and which bears a lion running on rocks.

ETRURIA 21

Persian theme of this section, that the latest broadcasts in type of the hippocampus were struck on the euboic system.

§ V. — I publish, for the first time, the drawings of four interesting small coins of the octopus type, found in the neighborhood of Populonia. These currencies were part of the Coll. Mazzolini; three of them are today in the C. of Florence, a fourth passed into the Coll. Maddalena; they were found in the vicinity of Populonia. The octopus is drawn on the litrae and on the first bronze coins of Syracuse.

§VI. — Often we have also found, near Populonia, small small coins having a wheel on one side, the number on the other | or the completely smooth field. These currencies belong to two classes, the first giving a weight of 0 gr. 85 approximately, equivalent to the Sicilian litra and 1/10 of the slater. from Populonia, to the type of the Gorgon, which we will describe later; the second giving half the previous weight. These coins were minted probably during the 4th century, although their type suggests to an older strike. We can compare them to aces at the wheel of the same shape (see Garrucci, LU, 3; LUI, 1).

§ VII — To the 4th century must also be attributed two rare coins having one a hare running on the right, the other a owl placed on the left, head facing.

I leave aside the curious piece for the sleeping dog guy. Bompois (1) and Garrucci (2) designate the Volterra Museum as depositary of this currency; but for a long time she has not appeared no longer in this museum and it is likely that it will have been rejected as false.

§ VIII. — Another very rare coin has a lion's head, the mouth open, tongue stuck out. It was published by Millingen {Considerations) and weighs 1 gr. 08. She is of coarse workmanship and

4. Reoue archaeological^ 1879, pi. XVIII, 11. See also the old Hunter catalogue. 2. Italia anliea, p. 49. See also Micali, o. c, pi. LIX, 7.

22 ETKURIB

it is difficult to specify the time. Sod weight seems to indicate a recent date.

§ IX. ^ Several small coins are attributed to Tetruria smooth reverse which we give the description in § IX.

Some of the pieces published by Garrucci, pi. LXXI, 25; LXXIH, 24, 25, ^6 (?), seem not to belong to TÉtru- laugh.

§ X. — The coinage of Populonia is regulated on the system euboic. It is very abundant and has been extending since the second half from the 5th century until towards the end of the 3rd; some of these mon- from the end of the 4th century, the inscription flMV^iVi (Pu- pluna). Populonia, which, around the 1st century. av. BC, was only a whole small town — Strabo (1) designates it by the word tcoX{xviov — must have have very great opulence and commercial importance to a earlier era and the source of this wealth was iron which she removed from the neighboring town of Elba. Its most ancient currencies These are those with the mask of the Gorgon (2). Head place around 480 BC. BC the first issues (3) and puts them next to of the latest TEubée broadcasts to this same guy. But the drawing of the mask, while being borrowed from the transitional art of the first half of the 5th century (mouth open, tongue stuck out, grin without exaggeration, hair divided into bands and sometimes lightly (really disheveled) seems to me to have a more recent look. From remains, however difficult it may be to follow the developments of a type style- read and immobilized, it seems difficult to me to admit with Head that the type of the Gorgoneion, accompanied by the number XX, was executed from 350 to 268, and the one with the number “X” from 480; because the didrachm

i. Geogr., lib. V, cap. ii, 6.

2. Gennarelli {La monela primitiva^ p. 81) and L. Sambon thought that these mon- These were common in a large part of the country. Falchi found some Velulonia; but he thinks they are local imitations (Nolizie degli Scavi^ 1894 and 1993). A find of didrachnia with the Gorgoneion has been reported, made in the Duchy of Posen, which would indicate the route followed by Etruscan traders across the European continent. See Duruy, History of the Romans, 1879, vol. 1,

p. LXIX.

3. One of the oldest examples is probably that of the C. of London (Hill, Handbook). On the first broadcasts the mask has a beautiful relief.

ETRURIA 23

with UQ only X is not very abundant and does not undergo notable changes style variations. It must also be considered that the Gorgoneion, since a very remote time, has remained immobilized in Tart Etruscan with all its archaic details.

I think, therefore, that the didrachm with an belongs to the second half of the v«s., and the one with two second half of the 4th century and the first half of the 3rd (1).

Concerning the evolution of this type, I will point out that coins with smooth reverses alternate with those with relief; it's why I consider n* 16 with the index XX and the reverse, with type in relief, as following very closely the coins with a only X> despite the fact that, in the description of these pieces, I was obliged to separate them by a long list of currencies to smooth reverse, some of which seem to be from a fairly recent period. cent. No. 15 has spiral hair like on models old, but it is also recent. We found some one copy in Vetulonia, another in Populonia itself.

The meaning of the numbers X and XX” written on coins to the type of the Gorgoneion and of almost equal weight, caused numerous dissertations (2), and the solution to the problem is not easy, because it depends on other questions which have not yet been been definitely cleared up.

Coins with a single X had to be cut first on

the eubois foot and reach at least the weight of 8 gr. 40, good

that so far I only know of a single copy approaching

of this weight (3); a certain number (at the corner) weigh

7 gr. 80 to 7 gr. 30 and a copy of the G. of Berlin (also at

f. d. c.) weighs only 6 gr.92. It has been said that these currencies, bearing

the Xi index was exchanged for 10 litrae or 10 aces; but the

some have attributed to this ace the weight of 210 gr., assuming between

/8er 40V 250\

silver and bronze a ratio of 1:250 (^ ' /^ = 210j;

1. See a curious countermark on a coin from Histiaea in Euboea (2nd century): J. de PoTillOi Coins found in Crete. Num Review, 1902.

2. See Head, Hist. Nwn, p. 11; Soutzo, o. c, p. 47-49; Uill, Handbook; fr. Hultsch, Gr. und rôm Metrology, Berlin.

3. Mr. Soutzo claims that the normal weight of the first Etruscan denarius was 9 gr. 08 1 (pp. 38 and 53).

24 ETPURIA

and the others (1) of 102 gr., basing their calculations on a ratio of

. 4nA/^gr. 50X120.^\ 1: 120 I — = 102 gr. ).

Diadrachnae with a single second half of the fifth century and it seems unlikely to me that we have wanted to indicate, from the start, the direct relationship with the currency of bronze; because Etruscan grave Vaes does not seem very old. The number X probably indicated at that time the legal relationship with a unit of account corresponding to the litra of silver here- link; it was much later that it was used to designate the sum eifective of ten aces on 4 gr coins. approximately.

Coins marked with two 8 gr. 40 to 8 gr. 50. They indicate the choice of a monetary unit weighing half of that which was previously in use. We have suggested that the value of the bronze would have been halved and that for this reason we would have doubled the nominal value of the money nomos. The index XX would indicate 20 aces of 50 gr.

(8 40V 120\

-^ — ^ =z 50 days. On some copies we read the number VX,

and at the moment when the figure changes on the silver currency we increases or, at least, the weight of this currency is better regulated; but we do not have sufficient elements to decide the question and the field remains open to hypotheses (2).

All we can say is that there are names many small Etruscan coins weighing 0 gr. 40 to 0 gr. 45 (n"* 27, 34, 90); that at some point these small pieces must have exchange for an ace of 50 gr. approximately and that, in the th century, the

1. Soulzo, 0, c, p. 48.

2, The study of Etruscan grave Vaes from the 4th and 3rd centuries. shows us that everywhere Etruria the weight of the ace, of 218 gr., decreases quickly and it falls up to 96 gr. and even at 60 gr. The series weighing 218 gr. are even so rare that we cannot not grant them a very long duration; but it is extremely difficult to pre- specify the time when these reductions begin and the duration of each. 11 there is everything reason to believe that Tcvolutiou of the Etruscan ace was related to that of the ace Latin; but there also reigns the greatest confusion. While Mr. Bahrfeldt, with excellent arguments, endeavored to prove that from 304 the Roman ace must be reduced almost to the weight of the seedling and that in 268 BC. J.-G. sextant reduction was inaugurated (Geschichle des dileren rômiscfien MUnzwesens, Vienna, 1883}, Mr. Milani reported to 263 BC. AD, instead of 268, the triental reduction.

ETRURIA 25

bronze coinage of Populonia was completely enslaved to monetary system of Lazio.

We found some rare fractions of the didrachm with the Gorgoneion; these are the fractions of the currency with the number some, number A, weigh 4 gr. 15 and 4 gr. 10; the others with ||< (2 d) weigh approximately 2 gr. But if you have the fractions of this first didrachm so scanty, we do not know, on the other hand, no fraction of the didrachma with the number XX” whose emissions to the Gorgoneion type are so abundant. We could run- clear that, from the 4th century, fractions carry. types different from that of the didrachm. On the denier, probably, the laureate virile head or a woman's head adorned with jewels (1); on the quinairey the head of Mercury (2).

Didrachms with the Gorgoneion and the number XX often have on the reverse a type in relief: first crossed lines (3) more or less regular, without meaning, then two caduceus, one octopus, etc. The last issues (n*>' 26 and 27) have the inscription

These didrachms are often poorly struck and it is difficult to find whose type is well detailed or whose legend is complete.

The number XX is often accompanied or interspersed with anne- fillets, globules or bars that Garrucci (4) compares to those used by the Phoenicians, also preceded or followed by signs which do not alter the value of the figure, but which serve to indicate a numerical value.

I attributed without hesitation to Populonia the didrachms with a head of Hercules from the front, because of the style and provenance of these parts. The type of Hercules is that of the Ionians, beardless or with barely emerging beard; it also recalls certain lands Cypriot dishes.

1. §§ \I and XII. These coins modeled on the Neapolitan didrachms of 360-350 av. J.-G. can provide a chronological element for the reform of the nomos of Populo uia.

2. § XVI. There 7 has three series to this type; one weighing 4 gr. approximately, relating to the didrachm with a single X; a second, 2 gr. approximately relating to the di- drachma with XX and a third weighing only 0 gr. 90.

3. See Mr. Dressel's conjecture on these lines (Berlin cat. p. 36).

4. llalia anlica, p. 46 and 50.

26 ETRURIA

Another type, probably from Populonia, because it is sometimes accompanied pagne of the name of the city, is that of the head of Minerva facing wearing a helmet with three egrets. It's a late reminiscence cence of the beautiful Syracusan coins engraved by Kimôn and didrachms from Heraclea in Lucania, and it is probably by following the Macedonian trade and thanks to the heavy engraved image on the coins of King Audoleon of Paeonia (315-286 BC), that this type appears on Etruscan coinage. Moreover, the large clumsy worms who designed everything, found coin changers equally unskillful, because this image is almost always of a faulty strike.

One of these coins bears the inscription: N4I: PVhPVNA •' VEi We know of three copies with incomplete legend and one complete, from the Sovana find. Garrucci (1) has com- completed, the first, this inscription before knowing the copy from Sovana, who came to confirm his reading. He explains the ^NI as corresponding to the Greek EMI (example: TAPANTINHN HMI on a coin from Taranto from the 5th century), and would like to see in PE^ an equivalent of ^6[Loq {iex).

§XI. — Coins for the diademed woman TV guy and adorned with jewels are modeled on Neapolitan didrachms from the first half of the 4th century. (c. 360 BC) (2); the reverse is sometimes smooth, sometimes it has a raised type. The octopus that we or on one of these reverses is of a design almost identical to that of a didrachm of the Gorgoneion type. These currencies are always marked with the number X and weigh between 4 gr. 20 and 3 gr. 75; they probably belong to Populonia. Gar- rucci gives the design of a silver coin having a fe-head minine crowned with reeds, and on the reverse a monster with a body human and with a horse's head (C. of Florence), but this drawing is not not accurate. According to a bronze example of the same type, I notes that on the reverse there is a clumsy copy of the bull cor- nupet represented on the coins of Sicily or Marseille. He

1. Annuire de Numismatiguej 1884.

2. See A. Saoïbon, The chronology of the coins of Neapolis, Rivista Num. itat.y 1902.

ETRURIA 27

is not easy to determine the region to which this belongs room.

§XII. — Alongside these coins imitating the Neapolis type, those with a virile iaureate head should be placed. This series is one of the most abundant among the Etruscans and must probably probably be attributed to Populonia; several of the copies of the Coll. Mazzolini were found in the vicinity of Popu- lonia, and in the Sovana find there was a very large one number. The first broadcasts are of an energetic style; they weigh 4 gr. 36 to 4 gr. 20 and bear the number X* Emissions more recent ones weigh less than 4 gr. and are of a crude style. The manly head wears a collar around his neck, which is not new calf in Etruscan art.

§ XIII and XIV. — To this series of the type of the virile head Iaurée can be linked to two currencies of other cities, with the inscription tions. Unfortunately they are each only known by a single copy of poor conservation. On the first, of the Coll. Strozzi, we read AtBhN- It was published by Gamur- rini (1), who thought it was from Populonia and read metallum. Garrucci corrects the last letter and thinks that the name of the city was meant be Mbtlia. The second, kept in the Florence Museum, has a inscription cut off by the edge^ which seems to be able to be read tQV}- It is attributed to Cortona (Curtuna).

§XV. — Another series of currencies of the Euboic system has for type a youthful head, hair often curly. She divided into two classes. The first, very rare, is in a sumptuous style. mayor; we know the quinary weighing 3 gr. 88, published by L. Sam- good in his Research^ and the unit weighing approximately 0 gr. 80. Of these last we removed three from a small find made in Sovana in 1858; they were mixed with those which carry a on one side a wheel, on the other the number |. The second class is com- posed of the denarius, the quinary, the sestertius and the runile. Some- some are still crude in style; others, on the contrary, are

1. Append. to Fabretti, C. /. Ital,, PI. II, 55.

28 ETRURIA

very pretty, very reminiscent of the coins of Philip II, king of Macedonia, or even the Marseille obols of the middle of the ly^ s. (1). The latest shows are again big-style sier.

The reverse is almost always smooth; but on the back of a quinary of the Vollerra museum we see a crescent surmounted by a trident iron and, around the edge, erased letters; on a sesterce of the G. of France, the reverse is occupied by two pentagons.

The weight of the second class is about half that of the first, while the figure remains the same. We have observed the same reduction in weight in the series of didrachms from Populonia to the type of the Gorgoneion.

The weight of small change in figures <|| that we can call semistertius or sesteriius is 1 gr. 05 — 0 gr. 93; to almost the same as that of the sestertius struck in Rome in 269 BC. (with some scruples).

Mr. Falchi found several of these coins in the excavations of ancient Vetulonia^ on the slope of Colonna (2), and it pro- pose of will attribute them Vetulonia. We found some. also in Populo- nia and almost all copies of the Coll. Mazzolini come of this region.

Their type and style are identical to those of coins gold that we described in § lli.

§XVI. — This series of coins at the head of Mercury and re- smoothworm includes three classes, all bearing the same number, At m 5; but weighing the first a little less than 4 gr., the second less than 2 gr. and the third approximately 0 gr. 90.

The first class includes coins of pretty style, the two others of crude style coins.

The Coll. Mazzolini contains seven of these coins found all around Populonia.

§ XVII. — This quinarian with bearded and laureate virile head must

1. Compare some of these coins with the Reyers coin shovel series incus of the Berlin Cabinet (Cat. 1894, PI. 1, 9). 3. Annuaire de Numism.^ 1884; NoliUe Scavi, 1893, 4 cl 5.

ETRURIA ^ 29

be put — as Mr. Dressel (1) has already observed — ea head from the series of bronze coins with incus reverses. The style, at less, comes very close. 11 probably belongs to m* century.

§ XIX. — I describe only two coins, of pretty style, of an extremely interesting series of coins from the north of rilatie, imitating the drachmas of Marseille. These currencies, including several bear an inscription composed of Etruscan elements, have not yet been the subject of in-depth study. We have some found different in style in Liguria, Piedmont and Switzerland. Mommsen (Die Nordetrusk. Alph. in the Mitiheilungen der An^ iiq. Gesellsckaft in Zurich^ 1853-4856), Longpérier (in the Revue French numismatics, 1861, p. 345) and Saulcy [Hev. Nuinism., 1863, p. 155) dealt with it successively.

The first currency we wrote was published by Friedlander in the Berlin Zeitschnft fur Numismatik, 1877. The style is charming.

The second was published by Bompois as Etruscan [Revue Arch.y 1879, pi. XVI, 8) and attributed by Garrucci to a city £'cAe- presumed thia in Etruria. This scholar observes that Stephen of Byzantium knows a 'E^^-zIol TzàXiq 'lTaX{a<; ; but further we read in the texts 'E^cTpa xoXtç 'ItaXiaç, which was considered rer 'Ex6T{a like a faulty lesson. Garrucci wonders if, after all, the *Eyexia shape would not be the right one.

Other authors (Muret, Gallic coins of the BibL Nat.^ p. 42, and H. of the lowv^ Atlas of Gallic coins ^ pi. V, n^2177) attributed this piece to the area around Marseille. Mr. Muret has inaccurately reproduces the legend. For the attribution of these two coins you will probably have to look in Liguria or in Transpadan Gaul. The two copies of the G. of France (Coll. Sauley) and that of Coll. Madelena come from the north from Italy.

1. Beschreibung der Antikén MUnzen, Berlin, 1894, 3* vol. PI. I, p. 45.

ÎK) ETRURIA

BRONZE COINS

ROMAN SYSTEM

I. — The double ounces, ounces and half ounces that we de- crivoQS were struck from the middle of the 4th century, and until towards the middle of the iii« to have current with the series of Vaes grave of weakened weight.

The maximum weight of Etruscan pile, in all series of the iv«s., rarely reaches 8 ounces; but the weight of others is more recent drops to less than half and even a quarter. Ounces and half ounces minted correspond to these two series of weights weakened.

We know aces like the wheel and Tanere weighing 200 gr., 96 gr. and 60 gr. Double ounces hit this guy weigh approximately 19 gr. 89; ounces 8 gr. 90 to 8 gr. and 6 gr. 65. The as the type of wheel and bipenne weigh 200 gr., 75 gr., 59 gr., and the ounces struck at this type, approximately 10 gr., 7 gr. and 5 gr. ; half ounces^ 4 gr. 85 — 3.65 to 2.70 — 1 gr. 70.

Garrucci thinks that the letters in the field of these coins, are the initials of the cities which issued them, but this is unlikely.

IL Populonia. — The bronze coins of Populonia belong hold in the 3rd century. They undergo the same successive reductions sives that Roman Tas has undergone since Tan 269 BC. J.-G. (1) or previously before until around 217 BC (systems of the triental ace, qua- drantal and sextantar — delivery to Tas uncial).

1. Milani proposes to fix around 263 BC. J.-G. the trientalo reduction, that is to say at the climax of the First Punic War; he thinks that Tas sextantaire was introduced around 255 BC. See Vaes grave délia Binina, Riv. Sumism. UaL, 1891, p. 102-109; on the other hand, Bahrfeldt makes the reduction begin sextantary from 268 BC. AD

ÉTRURIB 31

A first series is made up of coins worth 1/3 and 1/6 of flush.

The thirds weigh 25 gr. about and below; we know some of two different types.

1. Head of Minerva. i^Ghouette. These currencies have had a long circulation, because most of the copies found so far are heavily worn.

Some of these worn triens (Coll. Maz- ^^^ zolini and C. of Florence) [Excavations of Vetulo- ^^^ '^ê^ nia), have the following countermarks: the second of which seems to indicate a value, perhaps that of of.

2. Head of Mercury. ^ Two caduceus. This currency of which we keeps a unique copy in the Museum of Volterra, is very worn and weighs 19 gr. 75.

The 1/6 aces are more abundant; we see the two types that we have just described and a third at the head of Hercules im- berb. ^ Bow and Arrow. They weigh approximately 14 grams. and below.

A second series is made up of 1/6 aces at the head of Mi- nerve, i^ Owl^ of crude design. The weight of this series goes always decreasing (quadrantal ace — - sextantary ace).

A third series is made up of 1/3 aces, reduced to less of 15 gr. (sextantary ace) and then up to 7 gr. approximately (almost as uncial) having a new type, the head of Yulcan. i^ Pincers and hammer (1). These coins are almost always re-minted on older species which, because of this weakening of the billon, were withdrawn from circulation. It seems that we did exception for 1/3 aces, from the first series to the type of head of Minerva, the limited number of which did not make it necessary know how to retype it. We probably authorized its circulation with countermarks indicating a change in value no- minal.

The reduction of Tas to one ounce was officially inaugurated at

1. This type alludes to the iron trade, the main source of Popu- wealth. lonia, at that time. Mr. Milani Yoad would see the attributes of Vulcan as a god protector of Monetary Tart (RitHsta Num. ItaL, 1891, Aes rude, signatum e grave rinvenuto alla Bruna presse Spoleto).

32 ETHURIË

Rome in Tan 217 BC. AD; it's probably towards the same time when the shipping of Populonia ceased.

mr. Alliance between Populonia, Yetulonia and Camars (?). — The one interesting alliance currency is known today by many several copies and although they are all very bad conservation, it seems that Garrucci's reading is perfectly exacle.

It is a sextans weighing approximately 12 gr. and having on one side a head of Vulcan, of the other a hammer and knives; for- turn the legends: V^flt3=l — flJ. — flNV^SVI

\

■ IV. Yetulonia. — The coins of Yetulonia probably date

5th century from the end of the 4th century. or from the beginning of the 3rd century. and were

|i^ struck for a fairly long period of time. We know of

! 1/6 and 1/12 aces. The first broadcasts, sometimes anepigraphs,

l sometimes with the inscription ^tflD, are of a crude style; others,

f* more recent, are sometimes of a pretty style.

. The obverse type is a juvenile head wearing a skin of

» beast (1); that of the reverse, a trident head next to two dau-

If phins.

r M. J. Falchi in his excavations of Yetulonia has so far found

P 220 copies on the Colonna slope, and the best are

exhibited at the Florence Museum in a room specially

assigned to these excavations.

Y. fl • t). — This çwarfran*, until now unique, belongs to the C. of London; the currency seems re-minted.

ETRUSCAN OR LITRAB SYSTEM OF FOREIGN INFLUBNCE

1. Vercnas. -- This coin was published by Gamurrini who, completing the truncated inscription, proposed to read ^flN>(4flt)-

1. Mommsena describes this head as being that of an Ercule topped with the skin of the lion. Garrucci sees a boar's skin there and thinks of one of Ulysses' companions. Dressel (Cal. of Berlin) y Yoit a wolf skin; I think we wanted to represent, as on coins with incus rerers, the remains of a dolphin or monster sailor.

ETRURIA 33

A second copy made it possible to correct Tiascription which is: ^flM>43^ (!)• D*uii c^^é is the head of Minerva wearing a helmet Athenian, hair in calamistral curls; from the other, the anterior part of a monster with the head of a tiger, which, judging by the attitude of its legs, seems to be swimming. The currency belongs in the middle of the third century.

II. Peithesa. — The town of Peithesa has not yet been identified. Millingen proposed to attribute the coins bearing this legend in Umbria, attesting that they are found in the surroundings of Todi, and at this attribution stopped L. Sambon [Research^ p. 66). According to Gamurrini, they are found mainly in the Chiana valley, between Arezzo and Bolsena. Registration is fl^^Oldi or fl^30l31 (2)- I^ style is that of the m* s., probable- ment around 268.

III. Uncertain on the downside inciui. — This pretty series of coins with incus reverse seems to belong to the second half of the third century. The design is often very careful, with an archaistic appearance.

Micali knew two types [Ani. mon.y 1832, pi. CXV). L. Sambon (3), in 1870, published three; Garrucci(4), in 1885, described nine; I had the good fortune to find the fraction which was missing. Garrucci publishes a copy of Coll. Strozzi, of Florence, having on one side a bearded head and on the other a pea- sound. He read the number X there and indicated the weight as being 2 gr. 40; but obviously there is an error either in the indication of weight is in the reading of the figure; it's probably the same piece of that which we described in n"* 140 according to an example please from the Coll. Imhoof-Blumer and which weighs 5 gr. 76.

These currencies carry an indication of value in figures Etruscans which have been proposed to be referred to Sextantary Heap.

1. It is in the Florence museum. See Garraeci, o. c, p. 56.

2. lA, Cam!A {Epigraphy of Num. Etruscan, Reo. Num., 1885) proposed to read Peiresa and M. Babeloa seems to think of Perugia (see The Elephant (TAnnibal, Revue Num» fr., 1896, p. 2, note), but these interpretations seem pre* to me mornings. See also Pais, Un errore di Appiano, R. Accad. di Arch., Naples, 1900.

3. Research, p. 55.

4. 0. c, p. 46 and 67; ft. IXXV.

34 ÉTRURIB

Marqnea de Talear

)K

"^

100 units

t

:z=

50 -

XXX

zz

30 -

AXX

z=:

25 -

XX

zi:

20 -

>IIX

zz

12i -

X

zz

10 -

A

Z3

5 -

1

zz

1

Weight ea ratio

with the ace

Weight of these parts

sextantary

r-gf.

gf-

40.80 to 32 (c')

54.57

24.78 to 19.10 (c«)

27.28

14.04 to 13.45

16.37

11.60 to 10.20

13.64

10.70 to 9.3

10.91

6.40 to 5.76

6.82

?

5.45

3.58 & 2.49

2.73

0.55 riï^."*')

0.54

IV. Uncertain. — The few copies that you know of this coin are all in a very poor state of conservation. They don't seem to have any brand of value; but Garrucci thought he could read the letter M/l on one of them - The style is that from the beginning of the m* s. and the type on the reverse is reminiscent of quadrilaterals of aes grave of which Garrucci gives the drawing to the ft. XXVI, 3.

V. Uncertain Campanian style. — The numerous series of uncertain currencies that we describe in § V is undoubtedly one of the most attractive in Tetruria. We discussed a lot about The attribution of these pieces. After careful research of Sestini (1), of PP. Marchi and Tessieri (2), de Mommsen (3), Gar- rucci (4) and Babelon (5), we are now settled on this point that they all come from around Lake Trasimeno and of the Chiana valley, the Clanis of the Romans.

I will cite the ingenious hypothesis of Mr. Babelon {Revtie Numis^ matiquey 1896) who would like to see in the types of one of these mon- deny the elephant that Hannibal rode crossing the plains marshy areas of the Arno and Chiana, and the head of a mahout

1. Lettera alVestensore del Cataiogus musei governed Daniaet p. 3.

2. Vaes grave, pp. 92, 93, 100.

3. HisL de la Monn, rom,, trans. Blacas, t. T, pp. 221-223.

4. 0. c, p. 58.

5. The Elephant d! Hannibal, Rev. Num., 1896.

ETRURIA 35

Nubian; but I hesitate to accept this hypothesis because the currency seems to me to predate the year 217. I think with Gar- rucci qae these coins must have been minted after the invasion of Pyrrhus in southern Italy and certainly before 250 BC. AD

Garrucci and Gamurrini mention a copy of Coll. Strozzi with faint traces of an inscription. Gamur- rini read C. PISOÎ?; Garrucci sees it as CflM- H is obvious that this copy cannot provide any useful information on these coins; we often find Etruscan letters M or ^ or > or H/i* Wrongly, we wanted to see city initials there. He is pro- bable that these are the initials of monetary officers or masters farmers of the currency, Etruria not having made use of sym- boles for the control of monetary emissions.

VI. CSosa on Cessa Volcientiam. — Garrucci (1) has clearly established that coins with the legend COZANO* must be attributed in Gosa d'Etrnria, against the opinion of Carelli and Gavedoni, who attributed to an alleged Cosa ad Lirim, and against that of Avel- lino, followed by Millingen and others who attributed them to Gompsa in the country of Hirpins (2).

Cosa of Etruria was located on the coast, between Portus Herculis and Gramscae. Pliny indicates it as dependent on Vulci and colonized by the Roman people, Cossa Volcientium a populo romano de- duct(3). It was in fact a short distance from this city and the Romans established a colony there in 273 BC. (4), what they probably did to fortify this region in the forecast of an attack by the Carthaginian fleet called against Rome by the Tarentins (5).

These coins, moreover, are almost always found in Etruscan rie(6) and not in Campania, like Sestini Ta quite lightly

1. llalia anlica, p. 14-76.

2. L. Sambon (RechercheSt p. 126) also refuted Avellino's attributions^ Millingen and Cavedoni.

3. H.N., III, 8, 54.

4. Liy. EpiL, XIV; Vell. Pat., I, 14.

5. Liv. Bpit., XIV.

6. Notizie degii scavi, 1888, p. 688 (Gamurrini) and 1894, p. 354, excavations of Ve^ tulooia.

36

BTRORIE

\

withed. They date back to the Roman occupation and decline of Vulci, which had been the main city of this region gion.

On the reverse of Gosa coins, a dolphin placed under the The horse's head indicates the maritime importance of the city.

PluloD and Proserpina (fresco of OrtÎeto).

ETAURIE 37

GOLD COINS

I. — Primitive coins without types.

Gamurrini in the Periodico Strozzi (an VI, p. 64, pi. III, n* 10) publishes a coin-shaped gold disc, from the Flo-museum ence, without type, found in Chiusi and weighing 5 gr. 24, which he believes to be able to represent 100 Etruscan litrae of weakening weight. Garrucci reported other similar pucks found in Bieda (the old Blera) weighing 0 gr. 760; Ogr. 530;0gr. 380; 0 gr. 180; G gr. 120; 0 gr. 090 and G gr. 060 (Coll. Strozzi); the latter having — according to Garrucci — the index of the value o|o in relief (1).

IL — The oldest gold coins with embossed types are as follows:

IL — Archaic coins with a lion's head. (Beginning of the 5th century.)

1. — Lion's head to the right, mouth open, tongue hanging out; below f. Granite around the edge.

1

i{ smooth.

Value t = 50. iV3i/4iooO.

Coll. Strozzi, 2 gr. 82 (2) (unique; purchased in Pisa in 1870). See it

i. We also proposed Toir in these small gold lentils of metal blanks. liques, which while being prepared for the monetary minting, would not have suffered this operation (Babelon, Treatise on Greek and Roman Coins^ t. 1, part 1, p. 927). One of these gold lenses is part of the Ricbe coin collection Etruscans ceded by M. Mazzolini to the G. of Florence; there is also in this collection a typeless custard flan covered with a thin silver leaf.

2. Garrucci is probably wrong in indicating for this coin the weight of 4 gr. 24 {Italia Antica, p. 44 and p. 47).

38 ETRURIA

engraving. Comparei with the currencies of MUet and Smyiue and the produced by Ionian art, the chariot poles with lion heads found in Etruria (including an example in the Coll. Dutnit), etc.

2. — Same lion's head on the right. ; behind, AXX-Grètetis on the for-

tower. i^ smooth.

AXX value = 25. at* 400.

Coll. Strozzi? 1 gr. 50. See the grave. » C from Florence (purchased at

Lacquers), 1 gr. 43. — Ck>ll. Maffei (Volterra), 1 gr. 38.

3. — Same lion head & dr. ; below,

tower. i{ smooth.

XIK value = 124/2. Weight 0 gr. 76. iV* 400.

Coll. Strozzi (unique), purchased in Pisa.

neither. — Populonia? (fifth century - mid-fourth).

— Hairless virile head to the right. (pretty style), with necklace, hair curly^ sometimes growing beard on the cheeks; behind, AXX* Protruding circle around the edge. f{ smooth.

AXX value = 25. ' iV« 300—400.

C. of Florence, 1 gr. 43 (near Roselle). — Coll. Strozzi, 1 gr. 38

(near Buonconvento); i gr. 40 (near Populonia). — Coll. Man-

cini of Cittâ di Gastello, 1 gr. 36. — G. of France, 1 gr. 37 (doubtful).

— Coll. Mazzollni in the C. of Florence*, pale gold, found in Populonia.

— Head of a woman to the right. (nice style), behind nXX- Circle sail- ling around. 1^ smooth.

Value nXX = 25. a^ 300-500.

Coll. Mazzolini (C. of Florence)*, found in Populonia. (See the large vure.) — C. of Florence (found in Roselle), 1 gr. 30. — Coll. Strozzi (2 ex., one found & Populonia, the other in Buonconvento), 1 gr. 38. — Coll. Mancini of Città di Castello, i gr. 36.

ETRURIA 39

6. — Hairless virile head on left. (rude style); in front of the chin,

X. Protruding circle around the edge. ^ smooth.

X value = 10. iV* 60-150.

C. of France (Luynes), 0 gr. 57. — Sotheby sale in London, May

1900 (€10). See the engraving. — GoU. Strozzi, 0 gr. 60.0 gr. 58.0 gr. 56

(found near Populonia).

7. _ Hairless virile head to the right. (variable style); behind, X.

Protruding circle around the edge.

i^ smooth.

X value = 10. iVi 80-150.

G. of London, Ogr. 57. — C. of Florence, 0 gr. 57. — C. of France, 0 gr. 57 (doubtful).— Coll. Strozzi.— C. of Vienna, 0 gr. 52. — G. of Volterra, 2 ex. (0 gr. 58), pretty style. — Coll. Desideri in Pisa, 0 gr. 53. — Coll. Mazzolini (G. of Florence), located in Populonia. See the engraving.

These coins appear to have been minted over a period of time quite long; several of them are primitive and crude in style; but some are very pretty in design. These latter seem influenced by the Jolies obols of Marseille and by the currencies Syracuse from the beginning of the 4th century. We find the same types on uncertain silver coins (S zv).

This coinage begins with the coins marked with an X; the species with A XX are more recent.

IV. — Dontease coin aa type of seahorse.

8. — Seahorse swimming to the right; below, A* Grènetis.

i( Four stars on a smooth field. //.

Coll. strozzi, 2 gr. 75 (Garrucci, pi. CXXV, 12).

V. — Mord de Tlf alie? (mid-4th century).

9. — Juvenile head left, crowned with myrtle (Eros?); near the

neck,X-X. ^ Bull going to left. ; above, a dove in flight, holding in its beak a crown; in front, a star at eight

40 ETRURIA

rays. In the exergue \narlLi3^ (Velzpapi) (1). Nice drawing Campanian style. Value XX = 20. //3 U* {pi. I).

G. of London (formerly Ck>Il. Pembroke), 4 gr. 67 (single). See it graTure and the l*'* board.

10. — Head of a woman to the right. (Diane?), diademed and adorned with jewels; in front, A. Grènetis around the edge, i^ Running dog to the right. ; at Texergoe, VS'O^ or V8^3^; au- above^ A- Dry but graceful style. Value A =5- ^* (pi. I).

G. of Gotha*, 1 gr. 15. See the Plank. — C. of the Vatican (without A). — G. of France; i gr. 12 (the upper part of the reverse has slipped under the corner). — GoU. Stroizi. The coins I have seen are all from same corner; the differences that we have reported come from a typing defective.

1. Garrucci read: IHflHCM^^ (Felznani). Civ. CatL, S. XI, toI. U, year 1880.

2. Corssen, Zeii. f. Nwn., 111, 1876, p. 15.

Aes grave Etruscan (4th century).

ËTRUBIK

41

SILVER COINS

I. — With iliscription Thezi or Thezle.

(Circa 450 BC - 4th century.)

11. — Winged gorgon, dressed in a long peplos with very fine folds, covered rant to left. (archaic attitude: legs bent and knee g. bending to ground level). She turns her head... macing, from the front and holds in each hand the symbolic snake lique. Large granite around the edge.

ï{ Wheel between the spokes of which, the inscription, Y^

(Thezi). Circle and large grits. Stater of the Persian system. Beautiful style.

jç^7 500—1000.

C. of London*, 11 gr. 12. (See the engraving.) — Kircheriano (IrouTé in Vulci).

12. — Same types, without inscription; often of a drawing more

neglected.

RP (pi. 1). 300-800.

C. of France (Luynes), 11 gr. 30 (found in Vulci). — G. of Naples. — C. de Gotha* (furred, probably the one published by Eckhel and that Ton called trouTé in Malta), 11 gr. 4^.

13. — Manly head, hairless, three-quarter view and inclined to the left. ;

44 ETRURIA

19. — Wild boar walking to the right, on uneven ground. Granite around the edge. ^ smooth. Euboic tetradachm.

A7-7«/«(pl.l). 500—1000.

C. of France, 16 gr. 14*. — G. of the Vatican, 15 gr. 80. — C. of Florence, 16 gr. 67. — C. of Grosseto. — Coll. Strozzi (1).

111. — Amphora and Squid (end of the 10th century).

20. — Squid coming out of an amphora and waving its fins and its tentacles. Below, XX* Protruding circle at the tower, i^ smooth. Value XX. ==^0. Double stater of the Persian system.

A” (pi. 1). 500—1000.

C. of London, 22 gr. 61. (See the plate.) — Coll. Strozzi, 22 gr. 55 (purchased in Pisa in 1873).

SM. — Similar type; we only see the tentacles of the pea- his leaving Tamphore; below, i^ smooth. Value X — 10. Stater of the Persian system.

A« (pi. 1). 400—800. G. of Volterra (Carelli, Vil, 10), 11 gr. 50. Unique. See the board.

1. Garrucci wrongly points out an example. as existing in the British Museum.

ETRURIA

45

IV. — Hippocampus (fia of vMv® s.).

22. — Seahorse swimming to the right. ; around, four dolphins chasing; near the head, p. Protruding circle at the tower, i^ The three-headed dog Cerberus, standing to the right, one of the heads Qairant on the ground, the others two up and looking at Tune on the left, the other on the right. ; the tail of the monster, raised in a spiral, ends with a snake's head. Square frame in relief; slightly concave field. Drachma of the Persian system. Good style.

A* (pi. 1). 400-600, G. of London (Bompois, Rev. arch,, 1879), 5 gr. 35. Single.

23. — Seahorse swimming to the left. ; above, ); below, a

dolphin, left. Granite around the edge. ^ smooth. Half drachma of the Persian system. Good style.

A3 100-200. G. of London (Bompois, Rev. arch,, 1879), 2 gr. 55. — GoU. Six, 2 gr. 25.

24. — Seahorse swimming to the right. (rougher style); above,

a dolphin on the right. and CC-Grètetis on the perimeter.

ï{ smooth.

Drachma of the Euboic system.

A^ (pi. 1). 50—100.

46 ETRURIA

G. of London % 4 gr. 48. ^ G. of Florence, 4 gr. 18. — C de Go- tha*, 4 gr. 25. (On this example we see a second daaphin on the left, Mftsles- soas of the hippocampus.)

25. — Seahorse swimming to the right. (rude style); above, a

dolphin and a star; below, C* i^ smooth.

Half drachma of the Euboic System. R} 50—100.

G. of France (Luynes)*, 2 gr. 02.

V. — Wheel.

l^* series.

26. — Wheel.

^ I (a) or smooth (6).

Value | = Unit. Euboic system. A* */* 15—30.

a) G. of Florence, 0 gr. 82; 0 gr. 85. — Coll. Maddalena, 0 gr. 40 (almost half missing). — GoU. Mazzolini. ~- 6) G. of Milan (oxidized), 0 gr. 73. Some of the G. of Florence come from from a small find made in Sovana in 1858.

9

26

^ series.

27. — Wheel. 1^ smooth.

Unit. Euboic system reduced by half.

A* V2 10—20.

G. of Florence. — Coll. Maddalena*, 0 gr. 30. (Missing a small piece).

VI. — Octopus.

28. — Octopus. Circle around the edge.

i{ smooth.

Euboic system. I9J 50—100.

G. of Florence (Goll. Mazxolini), 2 ex. — GoU. Maddalena* (prov. of the Goll. Mazzolini), 1 gr. 02.

ÉTRURiB 47

•7- Same expression. Protruding circle and grit around the perimeter, ij smooth. iR**^2 5o_ioo.

28 28 to 29

C of Florence (Coll. Mazzolini).

VII. — With a lion's head.

30. — Lion's head left, mouth open; in the field, sign uncertain. Granite around the edge.

ij smooth. A«30^

EuboYc system.

C. of London (formerly Coll. Millingen). Weight, i gr. 07.

VIII.— a) Ivy (1).

31. — Hare jumping towards the right. Granite around the edge.

^ smooth.

Euboic system. A? (pi. I). 100.

C. dn Vatican, 4 gr. — G. of London*, 4 gr. 21.

h) Cool.

32. ~ Owl on the left, head facing forward. Granite around the edge.

1. Garrucci publishes, according to Bompois, a piece with a sleeping dog as on the cast coins of Hatria and Tuder, pointing to the VoUerra Museum. This room does not exist in Volterra; Friedl&nder declares it a modern counterfeit.

48 ifiTRURlE

f^ smooth.

Euboic system, RJ 100,

Ck>ll. Stroizi. — C. of Florenee, 2 gr. 10.

32

IX. — The following currencies are also attributed to Telruria (1):

Mask of Silenus.

33. — Mask of Silenus from the front.

^ smooth. Mod. i. J^.

c. of London^ 0 gr. 51.

Jarenile head from the front.

34. — Juvenile head from the front.

t( smooth. Mod. 1. i&.

C. of London, 0 gr. 38. — C. of Milan (broken), 0 gr. 38.

X. — Popalonia. a) With Gorgon mask (2" half of the v® — 1^^ half of the m"s.).

35. — Gorgoneion from the front, tongue hanging out and teeth visible,

hair in wavy bands scattered on the edges, often decorated with a diadem; under the chin, X* Granite around the edge.

i^ smooth.

X value = 10; Euboic didrachm. iïL* (pi. I). 40—60.

C. of London, 8 gr. 38. — G. of Florence (Coll. Mazzolini). — Coll. Maddalena*, 7 gr. 84.

36. — Same type, but different style.

Diadracbmus. iBL” (pi. 1). 40—60.

c. from Berlin, 6 gr. 92 and 7gr. 8. — C. de France (Luynes)*, 7 gr. 30 with Xv/* 7 gr. — C. de Florence et Coll. MassoUni.

1. Garmcci publishes still other pieces as Etruscan and which certainly do not belong to Italy. Thus number 25 of the IP. LXXl is from Ttle of Cyprus.

ETRURIA

49

37. — Same type, index X is between two dolphins.

Didrachma. E.K 50—100.

C. Kircher, Rome, 8 gr. 18. — Vatican, 8 gr. 15 (Garelli, PI. VII, 9). — Florence (Milani, SL Af., II, 183).

35

33 a

38. — Gorgoneion from the front; under the chin, A. Large rubble on the

perimeter, i^ smooth. Value A = 5; drachma of the euboic system.

iÇL” (pi. I). 60-100.

C. of Berlin (13), 4gr. 15*. - C. of Florence (Mazzolini), 4 gr. 10.

39. — Gorgoneion facing, the hair divided on the forehead and

falling smooth on each side; under the chin, ||<. Gre- netis around the edge.

^ smooth.

Value ||< = 21/2. Euboic half drachma.

JSL« (pi. 1). 50—100.

C. of Berlin (14), 1 gr. 85*. — C. of France, 2 gr. 05 (oxidized) and 1 gr. 85 (Luynes). — C. of London”, 2 gr. 06. — Coll. Maddalena, 1 gr. 96 (c*). — C. of Florence, 1 gr. 95.

40. — Gorgoneion from the front; under the chin, ^ (?). Granite

perimeter. ^ smooth.

Value? Euboic didrachm. HAS*. 50—100.

C. of Berlin (6), 8 gr. 10. — Coll. Garrucci (PI. LXXII, 6), 8 gr.

41. — Gorgoneion from the front, hair in smooth and gold bands

born from a diadem; under the chin, OA8I8XO (a) or oA8oXo(6). Granite around the edge.

1^ smooth.

4

50

ETRURIA

AX value = 15 (?). Euboic didrachma.

here »-5 i/2. 40—80.

a) C. of France *, 8 gr. 45. — b) C. of Vienna. — Coll. Luynes. — C. of Florence. — Find of Sovana, 8 gr. 30; 8 gr. and 6 gr. 60 (Garrucci).

41a

47

49

42. — Gorgoneion facing, hair in bands, slightly

disheveled; often adorned with a tiara; under the chin,

XX (a) and x;X [to]. Granite around the edge. ^ smooth. Value XX = 20; Euboic didrachm. iÇL ^-s 1/2. 20-40.

(a) C. of Berlin (3), 8 gr. — (6) C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzolini}. — C. of Gotha, 8 gr. 25. — C. of London (n» 12), 7 gr. 02.

43. — Same mask; oXXo.

i^ smooth.

Didrachma. A”. 20—40.

C. of Glasgow, 8 gr.

44. — Same mask; 0X^X0 (a) or 0X88X0 (b). 1^ smooth.

Didrachma. A”. 20—40.

(a and to) C. of London (9-i2), 8 gr. 07; 7 gr. 25, etc. — a) C. of Milan, 7 gr. 93. — b) C. of Volterra.

45. — Same mask; Xo^oX (a) or OXoSoXO (6).

i^ smooth.

Didrachma. A” (pi. 1). 20—40.

a) C. of London. — C. of Berlin (5), 8 gr. 28. — Vatican, 8 gr. 10. — b) Coll. Maddaleoa*, 8 gr. 39.

46. ​​Same mask; OX^IoXo (a) and 0X8 1 8X0 {0).

i^ smooth.

ETRURIA 51

Didrachma. j>^^, 20—40.

a) C. of Berlin (4), 8 gr. 30. — 6) C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzolini).

47. — Same mask; OXI8IXO.

f{ smooth.

Didrachma. I^^ (pi. I). 20—40.

C. of France (Luynes'), 8 gr. 30. — C. of London (n© 9), 7 gr. 25.

48. — Same mask; OX0XO.

^ smooth (a) or with symbol iacertain {b).

Didrachma.

iÇ^ 4 1/2-5. 20—40.

a) Garrucci (find of Soyana). — b) Coll. Santangelo * (G. of Naples), 8 gr. 40.

49. — Gorgoneion from the front, hair in stylized curls (spi- rales) and surrounded by a diadem with ornament in the center; under the chin, XX.

i{ smooth.

Didrachma. j^l». 60—100.

C. of Florence* (Coll. Mazzolini and excavations of Vetnlonia, 1893).

50 a

50. — Gorgoneion from the front, hair in bands, often tousled and adorned with a tiara. Under the chin, .XX. Granite.

{The style is very close to that of the latest issues sions with a single X.)

i^ Four large Xs placed in a cross or one, two or three X and straight lines. (These X's are often irregular- drawn or the printing is defective and they generally exceed the coinage (1).

1. Dressel (Cat. Berlin, 1894, III, p. 36) thinks that these cross-shaped marks were graded over the entire space of a large pile on which the flan of the

52

ETRURIA

Value XX =20; didrachm of the euboic system.

JÇL”. 40-60.

G. of London, 7 gr. 85*. — G. of Florence, 7 gr. 90 and GoU. Mazzo- lini (4 copies). — G. of Parma. — G. of Milan. - Sovana's Find (4 examples). — G. of Berlin, 8 gr. 08.8 gr. 12. — Coll. Seltman, 8 gr. 22*.

51. — Gorgoneion in neglected style (antique counterfeit); under the chin, XX. Protruding circle around the edge.

XV

^ In the field, V: .

Didrachma.

G. de France (Luynes), filled, 8 gr. 90 (sic)

i^5. 40.

52. — Gorgoneion, his hair divided into smooth and golden bands born from a diadem; under the chin, XX or oXXo (Leake). i^ Two caduceus placed horizontally in opposite directions. Value XX = 20. Euboecious didrachm.

iÇL 5-5 1/2. 60-100.

C. from France, 8 gr. 50*. — G. of Florence. — G. of Parma. -Donkey. Goll. Banbury, 8 gr. 29. — G. of Glasgow, 8 gr. 59.

53. — Gorgoneion of the same style; under the chin, XX some- time between two dolphins.

intended to receive the imprint. This conjecture was suggested by the fact that the reverse of these coins is too narrow to receive the complete imprint of the crosses. I think that these marks were intended to obliterate earlier types and prevent dear the blank from slipping under the blows of the hammer.

ETRURIA

53

^ One or two caduceus. The two copies published by Garrucci (PI. CXXV, 2 and 7) seem re-struck. This author had a caduceus and unclear traces drawn of inscriptions that it reads iYI (^^c) and klV4 {sic).

Didrachma. 'A.

Find of Sovana (Coll. Garrucci).

54. — Gorgoneionî hair adorned with a diadem with border

hard wavy; under the chin, XX. i^ Cornucopia (?).

Didrachma. i^.

Garrucci, Ft. CXXV, 6 (find of Sovana).

55. — Gorgoneion, his hair divided into flat bands and

adorned with a tiara; under the chin, XX (“) or XooX {to).

Granite around the edge,

^ Octopus.

Didrachma. 19.^. 60-100.

a) C. of London (nos. 4 and 5), 8 gr. 22 and 7 gr. 90. — C. of Vienna. — Vatican. — Find of Sovana (Garrucci, PI. CXXV, 3). — 6) C. of France (c*), 7 gr. 66. (See the engraving.) — C. of Florence (CoU. Mazzolini), 2 ex. found in Populonia.

56. — Gorgoneion; hair in smooth headbands adorned with a

wavy border tiara; under the chin. AX-Grenetis around the edge.

i^ Two octopuses, between which, an X and a globule. AX value = 15? Euboic didrachm.

/^ 5-5 1/2. 80-150. C. of Berlin (n^ 7), 8 gr. 02.

57. — Gorgoneion; below, XoX- i\ Four octopuses (?).

Didrachma. iÇ..

Carelli, Ft. VII, 6.

54

ETRURIA

58. — Gorgoneion, hair in bands adorned with a diadem

with wavy border; under the chin, XX- Granite on the tower.

^ Octopus and, next to it, trident iron (?).

Didrachma. A.

Garrucci, Ft. CXXV, 4 (find of Sovana).

59. — Gorgoneion, hair divided into smooth bands; under

the chin, XX. Granite around the edge.

^ Circular legend flNV^IVI (1) =■ Pupluna; in the center, star and crescent. Granite around the edge.

my

The legend is almost always incomplete. Didrachma. HAS*.

80 — with full legend up to 300.

C. de Florence et Coll. Mazzolini (3 ex.; a prov. of Castellina ma- rittima, the others from Populonia). — C. of Munich. — C. of France (c"), 6 gr. 10. — C. of Milan % 8 gr. 08.

60. — Gorgoneion, hair in bands adorned with a diadem with wavy border; under the chin, XX-

1. Garrucci describes the following currency: Gorgoneion; XX^V4<|> or NV^4> on a smooth field (pi. LXXII, 12). I am sorry for the accuracy of this reading. The d> to place of 8 where i is strange.

ETRURIA

55

i^ Leg. circular: flUfHIVI^f^g*!— ^" center, a cross- sant surmounted by a trident iron. Granite around the edge. Didrachma. j^^,

80 — with leg. complete up to 300.

C. of Florence (c«), 7 gr. 50. — C. of France* (c«), 7 gr. 65. — Coll, Garrucci (4 ex. prov. of the IrouvalUe of Sovana c*). — C. of London (n® 7), 7 gr. 87.

ù) With the head of Hercules (Popalonia? — fln of the 4th century s.-nP s.)

61. — Head of Hercules facing, beardless or sometimes with beard nascent, wearing the remains of the lion, the paws tied around the neck. In the field, X-X-

^ smooth.

Value XX = 20; Euboic didrachm. iïL \ 60—100.

C. from France, 9 gr. 05.8gr. 44. - C. of Berlin (n* 15), 7 gr. 41. — C. of London (n' 3), 8 gr. 32. — C. of Glasgow*. — Coll. Strozzi, 8 gr. 38. — Coll. Garrucci (find of Sovana, 8 gr. 30; 8 gr. 20; ^ gr. 50).

— Same head of Hercules from the front; on each side of the neck, an X.

Granite around the edge, i^ Club (sometimes the club is very small). Didrachma. JÇL” (pi. I). 60—100.

G. of London, * 8 gr. 42; 7 gr. 21 (formerly Coll. Blacas?). (See the engraving.)— C. de Florence et Coll. Mazzolini (an ex. found in Pia- nale di Castagneto, near Populonia). — C. of France, 7 gr. 72;

7 gr. 70. — C. of Glasgow, 8 gr. 43. — Find of Sovana (on a e.g. of this find weighing 8 gr. 20, Garrucci signals the letter 3 punched, in relief, on the chin of Hercules). — C. of Milan,

8 gr. 14.

1

56

ETRURIA

63. — Same head of Hercules, with emerging beard. ^ Syrinx of Pan (?). Didrachma.

Coll. Garrucci. Sovana’s find.

JÇl.

Garrucci indicates the following currency as existing in Ca- binet from France; I couldn't find her and I had great doubts whether it is Etruscan: Head of Hercules in profile left, wearing lion skin

(type of coins of Alexander III of Macedonia), i^ smooth.

Garrucci, P.I. LXXII, 26.8 gr. 33.

c) A view of Minerva from the front (end of the 4th century - 19th century)

64. — Head of Minerva almost frontally (slightly turned to the left), adorned with jewels and wearing an Athenian helmet with three grettes; on each side of the neck, an

ï^ Smooth.

Value XX = 20; Euboic didrachm. jR\ 60—100.

c. of the Vatican. — Coll. Garrucci (holeSize of SoYana) 7 gr. 50 and 8 gr. 60.

65. — Same head of Minerva; X — X. Granite around the edge.

^ Circular legend V^l... (London) or flMVmVI (hole- vale of Sovana). In the center, a crescent and a star four rays. Granite around the edge. Didrachma. A\5. 60 — with full legend up to 300.

C. of London (Appendix), 8 gr. 38. — Coll. Garrucci. —Carelli, ft. VII, 1 (Micali). — Coll. Bunbury, 8 gr. 22 (sold in 1896 for €11). See L. Sarabon {Research), pi. III, 15.

ETRURIA 57

— Same head of Minerva; X — ij Circular legend W| (flMVm)V1o®o. In the center, a cross health and a star formed of globules. Granite around the edge. Didrachma. iS.” 60 — with full legend up to 300.

C. from France, 8 gr. 03*. — Coll. Maddalena, 8 gr. 31.

67. — Same head of Minerva.

i^ Circular legend: W\: hVM'VNfl *• l^E^. In the center, a crescent and a star formed of globules. Granite.

i^5, 80 — with full legend up to 300.

Propaganda Museum, Rome, 7 gr. 55. — Coll. Strozzi, with incomplete registrations. — Coll. Garrucci (find of Sovana), with full registration. See the engraving (after Garrncci).

XL — Deniers with a woman's head. a) Populonia? (around 360-ni“c.)

68. — Head of a woman to the right, diademed and adorned with jewels; behind, X. Often crude style. Granite around the edge.

i^ smooth.

Value X = 'lO. Euboic drachma of weakening weight, gradually approaching the weight of the cam- drachma panienne. N<.* (pi. 1). 25-40.

c. of Berlin*, 4 gr. 08 and 3 gr. 75. — C. of France, 4 gr. 20. — C. of London, 3 gr. 89. — Kirchep, 4 gr. 20. — C. de Florence et Coll. Mazzolini (2 examples found in Cava di Pietra and Populonia). — Hole- vale of Sovana (4 ex.). The head on these coins seems copied from that of the Neapolitan didracmes of the half of the fourth century, or of Massaliot drachmas which imitated these didrachmas.

58

ÉTRURtB

- Head of a woman on the right. as in no. 68. Behind, X- Grènetis

around the edge. ^ Octopus.

Campanian Drachma. ^* (pi. 1). 60 — 100.

C of Berlin % 3 gr. 5. — Ck)ll. Maddalena*, 3 gr. 72.

68 to 69

70. — Head of a diademed woman, right. ; behind, ^ Eight-spoke hoe. ' Drachma.

Neck. Strozzi (Garrucci, LXXIII, 7).

M*. 100.

b) Aatre sew. (Attribution uncertain).

71. — Head of a woman to the right, of different style, adorned with jewels and crowned with ears of corn; behind, X; in front, pentagon, i^ smooth.

Euboic Drachma. HAS*. 100.

CoU. strozzi (Garrucci, LXXiU, 4), 4 gr.

72 a. — • Garrucci.

72. — Same head left.

i^ Cornupet bull (clumsy copy of a Massaliote type).

A (?) and I 3 1/4,

C. of Florence (Garrucci, LXXIII, 8;.

ETRURIA 59

XH. — Deniers with laureate yirile head (Popalonia?

— around 360-111® s.)

73. — Young head on left. with emerging beard, crown

born of laurel; behind, X. ^ smooth. Value X = iO. Euboic Drachma.

A* (pi. I). 10-25.

Kircber,4 gr. 36. — C. of London (14-16), 4 gr. 30; 4 gr. 18, etc. — C. of France*. — C. of Berlin, 4 gr. 27; 3 gr. 93. — C. of Naples. — C. of Milan. — C. de Florence (several examples) and Coll. Mazzo- lini, four ex. prov. of Populonia, Piano di CampigUa and Val di Cornea). — Find of Sovana (14 copies; weight, approximately 4 gr.)* What querois, letters punched in the field, ^ or ^. Often beautiful style.

74. — Young head on left. with laurel wreath and pearl necklace;

behind, ij smooth. jÇL*. 10—25.

Euboic Drachma.

C. of London (17), 3 gr. 96.

75. — Juvenile head on left. ; behind,

^ Irregular lines which seem to outline a club. Campanian Drachma. /If ^-^ */*. 20 -30.

c. from Berlin, 3 gr. 40.

XIII. — Metl... or MeU... (around 300).

76. — Laureate hairless head to right; behind, X; of-

before, Aai'^.

^ smooth.

Value X = 10. Denarius or drachma. S.200

Coll. Strozzi (Gamarrini, C, Insc. liai. App, in Fa- brelti, p. 10, n. 54 and Garrucci, pi. LXXIII, 5, page 53).

XIV. — Curt...? (Cortona? around 300).^

77. — Hairless Juvenile Head on right; behind, >. Granite.

60 ETRURIA I

^ Octopus and IQV inscription)? (the letters are hyphenated by |

the edge and very difficult to read). Value > = 5. Quinary. RJ. 2«)0.

G. of Florence (Garrucci, LXXIII,!!).

XV. — With a jayënile head (Popalonia or Vetalonia? —

around 340-250).

I" Series.

78. — Young head; behind, A.

^ smooth.

Value A = quinary. .^.

Sambon {Search), 3 gr. 88.

79. — Juvenile head to right. ; in front, the number |. Salient circle at

perimeter, i^ smooth.

Value \=i. Unity. JR*. 10—20.

Primitive style, identical to that of gold coins (drawing

No. 6, p. 38). There were three in So-

vana from 1858 mixed with those of the wheel type

(drawing no. 26, p. 46).

C. of Florence. — Coll. Sir H. Weber, 0 gr. 18. — Donkey. Coll. Lo- valley, 0 gr. 90 (Gamurrini, Per. i^ ii-ozzi, PI. III, 11). — Donkey. at Rollin (Bompois, PI. XVII, 10), G gr. 70.

ll« SERIES.

80. — Juvenile head to the right, curly hair; behind, X. Grè-

netis around the edge. ^ smooth.

Value X = denier. /ei. 50.

Garrucci (Vatican?), PI. LXXIII, 5, 3gr. 10.

81. — Juvenile head to the right. ; behind, A or n« Salient circle at the

perimeter.

ETRURIA 61

i^ smooth.

Value A = quinary. ^ « i/^ (pi. 1). 15—30

Vatican, 2 gr. 45. — C. of London* (18), 1 gr. 91, (19) 1 gr. 97. — G. of Florence (excavations of Vetulonia, Falchi). — C. of Gotha, l gr. 68. The style is sometimes similar to that of the drachmas of Philip II of Macedonia.

80 81

82. — Same head to the right; behind, A-Grètetis around the edge.

i^ Crescent and, above, trident iron. Around the edge an inscription unfortunately incomplete and erased:

1"I"»H (?)• Granite. Value À = quinary. iïL * */*. 50.

G. of Volterra, 1 gr. 81.

83. — Juvenile head left, curly hair; behind, A« Circle

salient (summary style), i^ smooth.

Quinary. JÇl^, 15—30.

G. of France*, 1 gr. 85. — Kircher, 2 gr. 40.

84. — Juvenile head to the right, sometimes with frizzy hair; der-

riere, Cil or Vil. Granite. i^ smooth.

Value <|i or VU or |in = sesterce. iSL * */«. 10—20.

C. of France, 1 gr. 05. — G. of London, 1 gr. 01 and 0 gr. 93.

85. — Head of a woman, right, hair in a twist; behind, <||. Granite around the edge.

62 ETRURIA

f( Smooth.

Sestertius. jçi K 10—20.

C. of France*, 0 gr. 95 (Laynes), 0 gr. 93. — G. of Florence (comparison rez the gold coin, {III, drawing no. 5, page 38).

86. — Juvenile head on left; behind, ||Y. Granite around the edge. 1^ smooth.

Sesterce. HAS*. 10—20.

Garrucci, LXXIU, 19.

87. — Juvenile head left, with ears (?) in the hair (style

coarse); behind, <||. j^ smooth. Sesterce. HAS*. 10—20.

Coll. Maddelena, 1 gr.

88. — Same type of very low style; behind the head, Cll-

i^ smooth.

Sesterce. i^MO— 15.

Coll. Maddalena^ 0 gr. 85.

89. — Juvenile head to right. (summary style); behind, VII. Circle

protruding around the edge.

90 90 a

ij Two pentagons and a globule surrounded by two con- centric. Sesterce. ^^ */*. 10—20.

C. of France*, 0 gr. 93 (re-stamped on a coin with the same types). — C. of Florence.

ETRURIA

63

90. — Juvenile sheet metal on left; behind, |. Protruding circle around the edge

(nice style),

^ smooth.

Value \=i. Unit. i«. ". 10—20.

G. of Florence, 0 gr. 40 (excavations of Vetalonia, 1894). — C. of Voltcrra*, 0 gr. 36.

XVI. — With the head of Mercury (PopuloDia? — around 350 after 250).

I “Series.

91. — Head of Mercury left, with winged petasus; behind, fl (a) or

A {to). Granite around the edge. i^ smooth. Value n or A = quinary. Weakened euboic system.

^3-^ (pi. I). 20-40.

(a) G. of France *, 3 gr. 95. — G. of London, 3 gr. 58. — (6) G. of I lorence, 3 gr. 92. — C. of Volterra.

92. — Head of Mercury with winged butterbur, right. ; in front of the chin,

a dolphin; behind, A- Protruding circle around the edge.

91 a

i{ smooth. Quinary.

G. of Berlin, 3 gr. 97.

92

^ A3 25—50.

Island SERIES.

93. — Head of Mercury to the right, with winged and sometimes decorated petasos with a wavy border; behind ). Granite around the edge. 1^ smooth. Rude style.

64 ETRURIA

Value fl = 5. Quinary (same system as previously, reduced by half). A^ 10__30.

C. of France*, i gr. 98. - C. of London (21), 1 gr. 85. — C. of Glasgow 1 gr. 81 and 1 gr. 74. — C. of Milan, 1 gr. 33. — C. de Flo- ence (three examples found at Vetulonia, Falchi excavations). — C. de Vol- earth. — Coll. Mazzolinl (found in Vetnlonia and Populonia; donkey in Val di Cornea).

94. — Same head left. ; behind, J. ^ smooth.

Quinary. ^. 15—30.

c. from Florence (Falchi excavations). — Coll. Mazzolinl (Populonia).

95. — Same head to the right. ; behind, 5. Protruding circle around the edge.

i^ smooth; rather vague traces resembling branches. Quinary. ^^. 50.

C. of London (20), 1 gr. 60.

111“Series.

96. — Head of Mercury left, with winged petasos and decorated with a crescent;

behind, A* Large rubble around the edge. Rude style.

96

i^ smooth.

Value A =5. Quinary (new reduction). A^. 10—20. Tbsp of Volterra, 0 gr. 94.

97. — Head of Mercury to the right. ; sometimes behind, fl. ^ smooth.

Value 0 = 5. Quinary. A* Vî-3. 10-20.

c. from Florence, 0 gr. 90 (Garrucci). — Coll. Maddalena, 0 gr. 90.

ETRURIA

65

XVII. — A bearded virile head (m® s.).

98. — Bearded and laureate head to the right. ; behind, A (?)• Grèaetis around the edge. ^ smooth. Value A (?) = quinary.

-a 3 (pi. I). 15—30.

G. of France, 2 gr. — G. of Berlin, 2 copies, 1 gr. 90. — G. of London (2 pieces), 2 gr. 03. — G. of Milan, 1 gr. 97 (c«). — C. of Florence (GoU. Mazzolini, 2 ex. found in Populonia). —Goll. Maddalena, 2 gr.

Compare, for style, the bronze coins with incus reverses (drawing no. 132, p. 77).

XVIII. — Northern Etruria (Boonia?). — Bearded virile head or beardless (iv^ s).

). — Bearded and laureate virile head on the right. ; behind, A» i^ smooth.

Tetradrachm of the Persian system. ^^. 100—150.

G. of France*, 11 gr. 38. — Donkey. Coll. Bunbury, 10 gr. 56.

99

100

J^\ 80-120.

100. — Same head left. ; behind, A*

^ smooth.

Tetradrachm.

G. of London, 2 p., 11 gr. 23 and 11 gr. 36. — G. of France*, 11 gr..l4 and 11 gr. — Milan, 11 gr. 24 (reminted on another coin; see the drawing).

101. — Beard and laureate virile head, to the right. ; more recent style

but more crude; behind, A-Grètetis around the edge. ^ smooth.

66

ETRURIA

Tetradrachm.

Valican. — G. of London, 10 gr. 41. Maddalena*, 10 gr. 81.

A«. 80—100, — G. of Florence. — Coll.

\mû

102. — Same head to the right. ; behind, A. Grènelis around the edge.

1^ Wheel and sometimes an smooth.

Tetradrachm.

?^T. 80-120.

Vatican, it gr.25. — G. of Milan % 10 gr. 80. (The reverse of these coins is re-minted on older issue currencies of the type of the bearded head on the right)

XIX. — Coin of beautiful style, with an Eaganean legend imitating the drachmas from Marseille (Northern Italy).

Several mon- naies in silver and one in gold with Euganean inscriptions: Pirvkos, Dikoa, etc., whose type imitates that of Marseille.

Among these currencies, almost all of barbarian style, there are a very pretty design, and although it doesn't quite fit into In the context of our studies, it seems useful to me to describe it:

103. — Head of a woman to the right. , crowned with olive trees and adorned with jewels. Granite around the edge. ^ Lion passing right; above^ compound inscription

ETRURIA

67

of Etruscan elements ^Ota^>l3a^^^ (in very well trained). Drachma. iïL (pi. I). 300.

G. of Gotba, 3 gr. 53.

The following currency seems to be similar:

Echetbia (2*^ half of the 4th century).

104. — Head of a woman to the right, with myrtle crown and adorned with jewelry. Granite around the edge. ^ Long-eared owl (Strix otus) on the right, looking from the front;

in the field on the right, separated by an almost vertical bar hold, we read from bottom to top, >^yË®< (1). Drachma. iÇL (pi. 1). 200-300.

C. of France, 3 gr. 75 and 3 gr. 45 (ColL Saulcy). - Donkey. Coll. da Schottenstift. Vienna, 3 gr. 80. — Coll. Maddalena*, 3 gr. 70.

1. The E's have four bars.

Stylized Gorgoneion, rustic terracotta (iii* century).

68 STRIBIA

BRONZE COINS

I. — Double oiLce (1), ounces and half ounces struck, completing the series of cast coins (2nd half of the 4th century).

105. — Wheel with six spokes.

i\ Anchor fitted with two rings. In the field, two glo- bules. Sextans. I". 15-30.

L. Sambon (Research)^ 19 gr. -* Adc. Coll. Blacas, 8 gr. 85.

106. — Wheel with six spokes; between two of these rays, the index of the

value. i{ Anchor; to left, •; to the right, ) {a), > (b). Granite. Uncia. -£'•*. 2-5,

G. of Berlin (8 gr. 4 and 6 gr. 6S). — G. of London, 9 gr. 26. — Kir-

cberiano — Coll. J. Sambon, 9 gr. — C. of Naples (Santangelo). —

C. of Glasgow (a), 9 gr. 30; (6), 9 gr. 36.

107. — Same types.

i| A g. •; to the right. ^. Grehetis.

Uncia. HAS"-*. 2-5.

C. of Berlin, 8 gr. 9. — C. of London, 8 gr. 29. — Kircheriano. — These coins are generally attributed to Ghiusi.

108. — Wheel with six spokes, between two of which, the index of the

value, 0. F^ Bipinne iron; to left, •; to the right. ). Granite. Uncia. I”-6. 2-5.

G. of Berlin, 8 gr. 85; 8 gr. 15. — C. of Naples.

109. — Same types; on the obverse, ^ and •; on the reverse, # and }. Uncia. HAS"". 2^.

G. of Berlin, 8 gr. 75.

110. — Same types; obverse, •. ijAg., •;adr. 3.

(1) Garruci (pi. LXXVi) gives the drawing of a triens of the G. of Turin having on one side “a wheel with eight spokes; on the other a bipinne iron between four globules and sur- mounted from the letter ^, I could not find this piece.

ETRURIA 69

Uncia. iE” “. 2^.

C. of Berlin, 6 gr. 8. — C. of London, 9 gr. 91; 9 gr. ?0 ; 7 gr. 64,

111. — Same types, i^ With the letter V.

Uncia. iE5-«. 2-5.

C. of London, 7 gr. 12. -^ Coll. J. Sambon^ 9 gr. 20; 8 gr. 20.

112. — Same types.

i^ With the letter > (a) or ^ {b) or V (c). Semuncia. R^ */*. 3-8.

C. of Berlin (6), 4 gr. 85; 4 gr. 5; (c), 3 gr. 65. — C. of London (6), 4 gr. 34 and 2 gr. 20. — Kirclieriano (a), 2 gr. 70.

113. — Same types.

i^ Bipeunis with handle; daas the field the letter ) (a) or

s| {b) or V (c). Semuncia. I«*/^ 3-8.

C. of London (c), 1 gr. 29. — Klrcheriano (a), 2 gr. 20; {b), l gr.70;

(c), 3 gr. 40.

II. -^ Popalonia (D (in« s.).

114. — Head of Minerva to the right, wearing a Corinthian helmet; au-.

below, ••••, trions index.

i^ Owl flying head on; above, ••••; on each side,

a star with six rays. . Triens. I » *s. 20—50.

1. Bronze coins from Populonia are generally found in poor condition conservation.

70

ETRURIA

Coll. Strozzl (retyped). Voyei Garrucci, LXXIV, 2. — Coll. lena*) 12 gr. 43 and 22 gr. 73. — Kircher. — C. of Florence (Coll. lini, 3 examples. prov. from the surroundings of Populonia). Two of these Tun à Tavers, Taatre on the reverse the following countermark: which is perhaps the sign of bes. Another ex. (C. de Flo- ence*) coming from Vetalonia (Falchi, Directory of nu- mifm,y 1884, pi. VI), has this same countermark and a second representing a rone in a circle; he is very worn and weighs only he gr. 70.

115. — Head of Mercury to the right. with winged butterbur; behind, ••••• Greaetis all around, i^ Two caduceus placed horizontally in opposite directions;

above, a crescent; below, •#••; between the ca- ducies: flMV^IVI. Triens. I". 50—100.

Tbsp of Volterra, 19 gr. 75(c”).

116. — Hairless head of Hercules, right, club on shoulder. Gre- netis around the edge. T^ Bow and arrow; below, ••; lower down^ a club and below, flMVmvI. Sextans. I'-y 1/2. 25—50.

G. of London, 11 gr. 78. — Kircher, 12 gr. 20. — C. of Berlin, 9 gr. 6. — C. of France, 14 gr. 35. - C. of Milan, 10 gr. 17. — C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzollni, 3 ex.).

ETRURIA

71

147. — Head of Minerva to the right, wearing a Corinthian helmet with egret. Above, •#. Granite around the edge.

ij Owl to the right^ head facing, placing its claws on the two globules which indicate the nominal value; behind,

two stars and a crescent; below, flUV^IVI. Circle

protruding around the edge.

Sextans(l). &^^\ 5-^20.

C. of London, 8 gr. 97. — Kircher, 9 gr. 70. — Coll. Stroszi (re- hit). — C. of Berlin, 12 gr. 10 and 10 gr. 7 (mod. 6 1/2-7) and 9 gr. 8 (mod. 6). — C. of Glasgow, 8 gr. 38. — C. of Florence (Ck>ll. Mazzo- lini, 18 copies. found in Populonia), several overstruck. — C. de Mi- Lan.

118. — Head of Mercury on the right, wearing the winged petasus, the chlamys tied around the neck (often very crudely designed). Granite around the edge. t\ Two caduceus decorated with strips (2), placed horizontally- lies in the opposite direction; between them, flklVmVI and X (?)• Sextans. I '^ * 7. lo- 20.

C. of Parma (refr. on a sextans with head of Minerva. — ï{ Owl). — Rircher. — C. of France, 10 gr. 35. — C. of London, 11 gr. 79

1. These sextans are very often re-stamped with the types of weight triens reduced which we describe below.

2. See the caduceus with strips on the cast coins. Garnicci, P.I. XVI.

72

ETRURIA

119.

(a crescent behind the head of Mercury; at i^ an X under the caduceus; restamped part). — C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzolini, 4 copies including one refir. on one of the previous sextans).

- Head of Vulcan on the right, wearing a pilos decorated with laurel; der- rear, X (1). Granite.

►

l

i^ Tongs and hammer; between these objects, ••••; to the right. and at- below, the leg. : flMV^IVI. Granite.

Reduced weight triens. I*. 5 — 15.

c. of London, 7 gr. 08.9 gr. 57 and 6 gr. 75. — C. of France (several e.g. ; a refr. on the sextans with T. de Pallas. i^ Owl). — C. of Parma (similar retype). — Kircher, 8 gr. 12. — C. of Berlin (mod. 6 and 6 1/2-7), 41 gr. 4; 9 gr. 5; 8g, 20; 7 gr. 45 (an ex. refr. on a sextans with head of Minerva, i^ Owl). — C. of Glasgow, 13 gr. 50 (refr.). — C. of Milan, 11 gr. 05 (refr.). — C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzo- lini], numerous examples.

1. From this time on, the Etruscans' preoccupation with establishing relationships precise between their currencies and those of the Romans is identical, but the elements of calculation that we have is unfortunately 1st confused. Towards the end of coinage of Populonia, the nominal value of the bronze coinage was suddenly reduced by half and the indication we find the two marks X and 9999 on the same currency. The Roman Ace would therefore have been worth, during the second half of the m^ s., 30 Etruscan units of 1 gr. approx. Until now we have considered the 100 unit coin as corresponding we have sextantary.

ETRURIA

73

III.

- Populonia — Vetulonia — Camars? (m^ s.).

120. — Head of Vulcan to the right, wearing a pilos decorated with laurel;

behind, X and two globules. Granite around the edge. i{ Hammer and pincers; between these two objects, around the edge,

the inscriptions V^fl^'33 — flMV^8V8 and Al^. Granite

perimeter. Sextans. I". 20—50.

G. of Parma (retyped). — C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzolini), 3 ezempl. including one with legible inscriptions, found in Populonia). — Coll. Strozzi (Gamurrini ap, Fabretti G. J. J). — Coll. Maddalena, 11 gr. 85.

IV. — Vetolonia (Vatl or Vallun) (end of the 4th century).

421. — Hairless juvenile head to the right, topped with the remains of a fawn; behind, •• (primitive or crude style).

i{ Trident head accosted by two dolphins, heads down; often, in the field, on each side, a globule. Gre- netis.

Sextans.

^6-7. 8—15.

74 ÉTRURtE

Excavations of Vetalonia (Palchi), 15 gr. 50; 12 gr. 60. — G. of Berlin, 11 gr. 10; 10 gr. 75; 10 gr. 2; 8 gr. 25. — G. of London, 7 gr. 38. — G. of Florence.

122. — Same head to the right, behind, A^Pi^; below, ••.

ï^ Trident head alongside two dolphins; sometimes

each side, a globule. Rough work. Sextans. X}. 8—15.

Falchi (Vetalonia excavations), 13 gr. 70; 13 gr. 25; 11 gr.; 10 gr. 28; 10 gr. ~ G. of Florence. — G. of France. — G. of London, 8 gr. 61. — G. of Berlin, 10 gr. 30; 10 gr. 2. — GoU. Strozzi, 13 gr. 75 up 5 gr. 35. — G. of Glasgow, 11 gr. 46.

123. — Same head; behind, ^/ffl3; in front, |y ; above, •#.

^ Iron trident alongside two dolphins; on each side

a globule.

Sextans. I^. 30.

G. of Berlin, 10gr.3(niod. 6). — Friedlander reads MV^tfl3; Cors- sen (Sallet's Zeilachr. f, Num., IH (1876), p. 9 and 10), Vatl(una) and Ui(udder), (Vetulonia, Vibius).

124. — Same head to the right. ; behind ^/ffl^.Grènetis (coarse style), i^ Trident and dolphins. Granite.

Ounce. I". 8—15.

G. of Florence. ~ Excavations of Vetulonia, 9 gr. ; 5 gr. 90.

125. — Same head to the right; below ^tfl3 and VKfl^. Granite (very nice style).

ETRURIA

75

û Trident and dolphins.

Uncia. ^3i,.-4.iO-20.

C. of Florence (Falchi, 5 gr. 25; excavations of Veluloûia: several example). — C. de Berlio, 6 gr. 5.

V. — CT#A?(ni«s.).

126. — Hairless juvenile head, topped with an animal skin; above, •••. Granite.

t{ Anchor; to the right. fl#t> ; to left. ••#. Quadraus.

c. of London, 14 gr. 19 (retyped?).

iE«. 30.

ETRUSCAN SYSTEM

VI. — Verenas (lil“s.).

127. — Head of Minerva, left, wearing an Athenian helmet with egret.

i^ Anterior part of a monster with a tiger's head and body horse, left, legs in galloping attitude. Above, ^flM)43^. -^*- 25-50.

c. from Florence.

76 ETRURIA

VII. — Peithesa (around 268).

128. — Head of Mercury on the right, wearing the winged petasus. Grèneiis. i^Owl on the right, facing the front. From fl^30i31 or fl^30l91 (a); sometimes divided inscription: fl^3 | 0191. {to). Gre- netis. I 2 */«. 5—15.

C. of Berlin, (a) 3 gr. 45; 2 gr. 9; 2 gr. 73. — C. of London (a) 2 gr. 26; 2 gr. 83; 2 gr. 41; 2 gr. 97 and (6) 2 gr. 46. ​​» Kircheriano. — C. of France* (the leg. divided from the two sides), 3 gr. 12. On uu ex. from his collection Garrucci read, under the neck of Mer's head- cure, C and on the reverse Z. These coins are usually found in the Chiana Valley between Arezxo and Bolsena; this is where it will be necessary place the Tille de Peithesa, otherwise unknown.

Copies with perfectly legible captions are very rare.

129. — Same types, anepigraphs; sometimes, in the field,

on each side the letter 1 or, what seems more likely, the sign A. iE^ 5—15.

G. of Berlin, 2 gr. 65. — Kircheriano.

130. —Laureate head of Apollo to the right. ; behind the neck, quiver;

sometimes in front, <. ^ Owl on the right, head facing; in the field, <• Grenétis.

MK 5—15. C. of Berlin, 2gr. 95; 2 gr. 35. — C. of London, 2 gr. 68. — C. of Glasgow, 2 gr. 75.

131. — Head of Pallas to the right; above or in front, C-

1^ Owl on the right, head facing; in the field, C-

S? 5—15. Coll. Garrucci. — Kircheriano, 2 gr.

VllI. — Monoaies of Etruscan system with incus reverse

(end of 111st century).

132. — Bearded and laureate head right. ; behind, d|c. Around the edge,

crown.

ETRURIA

^ Type iocus: seahorse on the right. Value 3|c = 100.

77

A*«. 50—100.

C. of Berlin (poorly preserved), 31 gr. 70. — Vatican, 40 gr. 80 and 32 gr. — C. of Florence (Coll. Maziolini), 30 gr. 70 (c*; tronyé near Po- pulonia).

133. — Same head to the right; behind, t. Around the edge, granite and gold dry branch.

ij Incus type: seahorse swimming towards the right. Around the edge, incus circle with ornament imitating waves.

JEio (pi. I). 50—100. C. of London, 24 gr. 78.

134. — Bearded head on the right, covered with the remains of a dolphin; behind, t- ¥^ Incus type: eagle to the right, turning its head sharply to the left. to defend against a snake.

78

ETRURIA

;

Value t = 50. JE.10. 56—100.

C. of Turin, 21 gr. 25.

135. — Same head to the right, behind, t.

^ GrifTon moving to dr. i^io. 50—100.

VaticaQ, 19 gr. 10. — Ck>ll. Strozzi (prov. of Val d’Orcia), 19 gr. 30. — C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzolini), 20 gr. 80.

136. — Bearded head to the right, topped with the remains of a uD chiea (?);

behind, XXX •

i^ Incus type: donkey's head. Value XXX = 30

Vatican, 13 gp. 43 (Garrucci, LXXXV, 4).

I.8. 50—100.

137. —Head of Minerva with round-capped helmet without egret; behind, the letter > ; in front, AXX* Protruding circle at the tower.

[

i^ Incus type: cock on left. framed in a hollow circle with

crown in relief.

AXX value = 25. JSfi. 40—80.

C. of Berlin, 11 gr. 50. — Vatican, 10 gr. 72. — Coll. Strozzi, 10 gr. 20. — C. of France*, 11 gr. 60.

138. — Bearded and laureate head to the right; behind, XX-

ETRURIA

79

ij Incus type: eagle with outstretched wings, pointing left, back turning his head towards the right. ; the field dotted with lines pointing

tilled. Around the edge, a hollow circle with ornament in ridge-shaped relief. Value XX = 20. &\ 30—50.

C. of France* (Liiynes), 10 gr. 70. — Vatican^ 11 gr. 4 and 9 gr. 3,

139. — Juvenile head to the right, a band around the hair; der- back, X” under the neck, ||>. Around the edge, granulated and wreathed moor.

i^ In an oval depression, snake. Xll>= value: 12 1/2. C. of Florence, 6 gr. 40.

J£5 1/2-6. 50.

140, — Bearded head to the right. ; behind, X, below the neck, ||>. At perimeter, garland.

ij Incus type: fish on the right. Depressed border with ornament

imitating waves. Value Xll> =2 1/2. &\bO.

80 ETRURIA

C. of Berlin (Coll. Imhoof-Blumer) 5 gr. 76. -> Coll. Strozzi. Gar- racci (pi. LXXV, 9) gives a bad drawing of the copy of the Coll. Strozzi and lists the weight as 2 gr. 49 (?).

141. — Hairless juvenile head to the right, wearing a Phrygian helmet. Around the edge, garland; behind, > .

T^ Incus type: cross-shaped ornament. Incuse border.

Value >= 5. I^ «/«. 15—30.

C. of France, 3 gr. 58. — C. of Florence (Coll. Mazzoloni, prov. of Cecina), 2 gr. 49.

142. — Juvenile head; in front, <||. Granite and garland. i^jIncus type: star with six rays in a circle. Value <||i=:2 1/2. J£3. 30.

C. of Berlin, 2 gr. 5.

143. — Bearded head to the right; in front, |. ^ Smooth. Value | = Unit.

Coll. Maddalena, 0 gr. 55 (missing a small piece).

&'. 15.

IK. — Uncertain with types in relief snr les two faces (m*' s.).

144. — Juvenile head right. Around the perimeter, a salient circle.

i^ In the field, two crescents and three or four stars

six rays. I'*. 15 — 40.

c. by Florence et al. Mazzolini (2 ex. doot 1 with countermark

wheel-shaped, found in Populonia and Pianale di Castagneto). —

ETRURIA

81

C. delMunich. Garrucci read on the back of Florence's copy uo^.

See the crescents and stars on aeg fragments signatum found in Tarquinia (Garrucci, pi. xxvi).

X. — Uncertain (Chiana Valley) (11th century).

145. Nubian head to the right. ; sometimes behind, V^, M or 0 Granite.

i^ Elephant on the right, a bell on its neck; below, ^ or M or H or 5. &*. 3—10..

G. of Berlin, V^; i{ \M 5 g. i5; l^ V\ 5 gr. 8; ij M 6 gr. 9; i{ ^

4 gr.45; l^ 5 5 gr. 95 and 5 gr. 65. — C. of London, V^ i^ V\ 5 gr. 31; ij \M 4 gr. 80; i^ A\ 4 gr. 86; i^ ^ 5 gr. 34; i^ 5 7 gr. 08. - C. of Naples, rj D — Kircheriano. — C. of France, i^ M or > 5gr.; i^ \M

5 gr. 73; i^ M 5 gr, 35; 1^ =1 5 gr. 71. — C. of Glasgow, ij M 4 gr. 85; ij J3gr. 69; l{ ^ 4 gr. 20.

146. Hairless juvenile head to the right, topped with a remains of dog (?) Grenétis.

6

f

82 ETRURIA

^ Maltese running dog on left; below, M (to) or ) {b) or

&* i/î-3 (fig. 114). 3_io.

C. of Berlin (a), 2 gr. 65; 2 gr. 55; 1 gr. 85; i gr. 6; (6), 3 gr. 2 (L. Sambon, p. 55, "77). — G. of London (6 and c), 2 gr. 96; 2 gr., 85; 2 gr. 39. — Kircheriano. — G. of Naples (a). — C. of France (a), 2gr. 76; (6), 2 gr. 50; (c). 2 gr. 57. -G. of Glasgow, ij V\ 2 gr. 72.

I ^1.

XI. — Gosa Volcientiuin (near Orbetello).

147. — Bearded head of Mars to the right. with Corinthian helmet double neck guard and egret, i^ Bust of a bridled horse, placed on a dolphin; around the edge,

starting from behind, C O S A N (top to bottom). Litra. JB*. 30—60.

Carelli, P.I. 20 (Eckhel). — C. of London, 6 gr. 96.

1

148. — Bearded head of Mars to the right. as before.

i^ Bust of horse bridled to left, placed on a dolphin; around, com- leading from behind (from top to bottom) the leg. Y N A3 O D. Litra. I*. 30—60.

Garrucci, Ft. LXXXIl, 34.

140. — Head of Pallas to the right. with Corinthian helmet decorated with an grette. i{ Bust of horse bridled left; around, ONAZOD » com- leading behind^ from bottom to top. Litra. I*. 30—60.

C. of London, 6 gr. 02.

l&O. — Same head of Pallas; behind, a star. Granite.

i^ Horse bust right. ; around, C O Z A M O; starting from behind, from bottom to top.

ETRURIA 83

Litra. JB3-4. 30—60.

G. delLondres, 6 gr. 15. — C. of France, 5 gr. 75. — CoU. Santan- gelo. — C. of Naples.

151. — Same type; in front of the head, CO^A-

Litra. jg.*. 30—60.

Garelli, 17.

152. — Head of Pallas left; in front, A^OD- Grènetis.

^ Bust of bridled horse on left. ; around, klAZOD (beginning

from behind, from bottom to top). Litra. ja3-4 (fig. n?). 30—60.

C. of Berlin, 5 gr. 08.

153. — Same types; in front of the head, CO$A.

Litra. I. 3-4. 30_60.

Garelli, Ft. X, 18.

154. — Same obverse.

^ Bust of bridled horse on right. ; around, COZANO» Litra, &^\ 30—60.

Rircheriano.

PI. I

0mj»M9 •^

104

ETRVRIE

A. Sa M GOOD

Mtol.Mypi»- lUsiiliaiid. V»n%

Aes serious from AiimiDum.

UMBRIA

The coinage of the Umbrians belongs to a very recent era. tale, where this people, fallen from their former power, passed under the yoke of Rome. They had made their submission after the defeat that the consul Fabius had inflicted on them, near Mevania (308 BC). (1); but still lulled by the hope of recovering their in- dependence, they took part in the coalition of the Samnites, Etruscans, Gauls Senons, who, around 299*BC. AD, united- know, for the second time, their forces against the common enemy. This hope vanished at the bloody battle of Sentinum (2), on the eastern slope of TApennin (295 BC), and since then, the Umbrians remained dependent on Rome.

In the 4th century, part of Umbria, on the Adriatic coast, had been occupied by the Gauls Senons and was designated under the name of “Gallicus ager”, even after Roman unoccupation. In the division of Italy into regions, under Augustus, this country was once again united with Umbria (vi^^ region).

1. LW., IX, 39-41.

2. Lit., X, 21, 26 and 27; Polybius, II, 19.

“H

86 UMBRIA

Coins from two Umbrian cities are known: Ariminum and Tudef\

Ariminum (today Rimini) was located in the “Gallicus ager”, at the upper end of the Adriatic coast. Fr. Lenor- mant (1) believed that the coins of Ariminum date back to the 4th century, when the Gauls Senons were the masters of this region; but the style of the pieces and the clues provided by the finds vailles suggest that they are from a more recent era (2) and that the type of the Gallic warrior refers to some legend local tolerated by Rome. We have no historical information toric concerning this city before 268 BC. BC, when the Ro- hands took control of it and established a colony there (3). This city, located on the limit of Cisalpine Gaul, was a posi- strategic position of first order (4) and its importance increased again when, in 221 BC. BC, the road which was to connect Rome to Ariminum (via Flaminîa) was completed. Also, this colony Did it play a big role in the wars of the 2nd and 2nd centuries? av. AD