Revue numismatique, vols. 8–9 (4th series) — vol. 8–9 — 1890

See also Alex. Pincharl, Uist. of the engraving of medals in Belgium j Brussels, 1870, p. 2. . r

1. G. Demay, Invcnlaire des Sceaux de la Flanders, t. I, p. 521, 4795.

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JEAN DE CANDIDA

467

Arraand reads the legend on the reverse “Jean Miette, gar- den of the white prison of Lille *”.

Friedlaender does not see in the word Candide a adjective, but the signature of the medalist; he thought, rightly, in our opinion, that the medal with effigies of Jean de Gruthuse and Jean Miette could be attributed to the artist who signed the bronze of An- far away Gratia Dei*,

MEDICI (fILIPPO De')

(? f 1474)

Philippe de Medici was bishop of Arezzo in 1456 and archbishop of Pisa in 1462. He died in October 1474.

Medal of Philippe de Medicis.

PHILIPPVS. OF . MEDICIS • ARCHIEPISCHOPVS • PISA- NVS. Bust left in a crown decorated with a ribbon reading: VIRTVTE SVPERA; at the bottom, Tecusson of the Medicis.

^. AND . IN • CARNE • MEA • VIDEBO • DEVM • SALVATO- REM MEUM. (Job, cap. xix. 25, 26.) The Judgment last. Souvenir of Campo Santo in Pisa.

D. 55. PI. XII, 1. (J. Friedlaender.)

PERRIERS (gUILLAUME DES)

(\1500)

Guillaume des Perriers, auditor of Rote, for the France, is mentioned for the first time in the

1. A. ARMAND, t. II, p. 83.

2. J. Friedlaender, Die Ualianischen Sc/iaumi'inzen, p. 262,

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A. HEISS

Diarium of Burchard, August 25, 1484, and for the last, on December 1, 1500, in connection with his obse- which were celebrated that day in Sainte-Marie- of the People, in Rome, where he died on the 18th of the month previous *.

Medal of Guillaume des Perriers.

GVILLERMVS-DE-PERERnS-AVDITOR-ROTE. Busle on the right, wearing a skullcap.

IJT. Three pear trees in a crest.

Nicolas Ruter, born around the middle of the 15th century, in a small village near Remich in Luxembourg bourg, fulfills the functions of secretary under Phi- Lippe the Good, Charles the Bold and Marie de Bour- groans. In 1480, Maximilian appointed him audiencieret first secretary, positions he held until 1488. He became chancellor of the University of Louvain where he founded the college of Arras which he endowed with fifteen purses, when he took dream possession of that city. He died^ Mechelen in November 1509, following Gams.

Medal of Nicolas Ruter.

NICOLAVS RVTER MAXIMILIANI SECRETARIVS. Right bust covered with a cap.

1. Diarium, U I, 21, 25, 352, 419; t. H, 96, 349, 376, 638, 560, 670; t IH, W, 23, 85 and 87.

D. 57. PI. XV, 1.

Cabinet of France.

RUTER (nICOLAs)

JEAN DE CANDIDA 469

9^. In a laurel wreath, in four lines: INGENI— VM PIETAS-ET— FIDES.

D. 50. Van Mieris, t. I, 151.

We have not seen this medal, we do not we only know from the drawing given by Van Mieris, but the analogy between this bronze and those of the Briconnet, de Gourthardy and de Sacierges is such that we cannot hesitate to attribute them all to a single and even an artist.

The late Alexandre Pinchart wrote about of Ruter's medal: a Gette pikce is of a beautiful style and perfectly modeled, although she does not have not a big relief. I believe that the medals of Charles the Bold, by Antoine de Bourgogne, by Jean de la Gruuthuse, Jean Garondelet and Nico- las Ruter, all of whom were executed in space of a dozen years at most, constitute the work of an engraver from Flanders whose name is still unknown. »

We can hardly doubt now, since

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A. HEISS

the discovery of Mr. Delisle, that this engraver is not Candida.

secretary of Cardinal Georges d'Amboise, advisor 1st of Louis XII and governor of Milan in 1500, died September 9, 1514.

Medal of Pierre de Sacierges,

PETRVS EPYSCOPVS LVXIONENSIS. Bust left che, coilTc of a cap; in Texergue, SACIERGES. ly. Kn five lines, arranged as on the reverses

by F'rancisco Accoiti, Robert Briconnet and Courthardy: DO—MAT-OMNIA-VIR-TVS.

(born in 1415, emperor in 1452, died in 1493)

Medal of Frederic 111.

FREDERICVS • TERCIVS • ROMANORVM. IMPERA- TOR. SEMPER. AVGVSTVS. Bust k left, headdress of a hat.

R\CXXn. EQVITES • GREAT • KALENDMANVARI • MCCCCLXIX. The Pope and the Emperor on the bridge Holy Angel presides over the ceremony of the creation of one hundred and twenty-two knights of Saint-Georges.

D. 59. PI. XIV, 3.

T. N. Fr. t. 1, ft. LI, 8.

FREDERIC III, emperor

D. 56. PI. XII, 2.

A.H.

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JEANS OR CANDIDA 471

The small number of writings concerning John of Candida, the certain or probable dates of its medals, are the only documents, certainly well not sufficient, which we were able to use to Biographical essay of the character who is the subject of this study.

It seems to us to emerge from Robert's letter Bri^onnet that it must have been addressed by an old bacon to another person about his age. We find a kind of proof of this in all the sing words addressed by Tarchevfeque to Candida by acknowledging receipt of his medal: to Scio quid gestias: vis amicitiam nostram etiam perseverari post mortem, ac perenni hominum memoria con tineri, quod mihi quoque jucundum est. » Do we not recognize there the feelings that two old people must experience friends, looking forward to the end of their careers.

We do not know the date of birth by Robert Briconnet, but we know that his father Jean Briconnet was already general of finance in 1448 in the time of Charles VIII. The holder of a such a large load could not have less than 40 to 45 years old and admitting that he got married around At the age of thirty, in 1428, his eldest son Robert could have been born around 1429 and been sixty-six years old in 1495, the presumed date of the letter, since according to the superscription, he was already chancellor of France, dignity which was conferred on him, like us We saw it on August 30, 1495.

Two medals from Jean de Candida, Tune de Tho- mas Bohier, and Tautre by Pierre Briconnet, dated

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from 1503, prove that Candida lived for another seven years after the death of his friend Archbishop, who died in 1487. This circumstance would perhaps indicate that the medalist was younger than the chancellor of France and that his birth should be placed around 1435.

The medal of Jean Miette, signed by Candida, is dsLl6e of 1479. According to the previous calculations, the medalist would have been at that time forty-four years. It is not probable that Candida did not understand start working only at this age.

In fact, on the medal where John of Candida was represents himself, he does not appear to have more than thirty years, and this medal has the greatest analog- style gic with the two bronzes by Antoine Gratia God; we notice a lightness of hand, a sort of of naive grace in the composition, which does not find more in his other medals, works of a more advanced age.

If the Accolti medal was from 1455, as the wants Litta, it would have been issued in Italy when Candida was twenty years old, but the style is against it absolutely, it is that of the medals k Teffigie des Briconnet, modeled when their author had exceeded fifty. Moreover, on the Accolti bronze, the last two digits of the date are doubtful but they are rather two 8s than two 5s; and this piece that we only know from Litta, offers, in the profile of the head of the character she is supposed to represent, with the profile of Robert Bri

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473

Accolti's portrait could be that of Tarchevfeque of Reims, slightly modified.

The medal k Teffigy of Philippe de M^dicis, 6bishop of Arezzo from 1456 to 1462 and of Pisa from 1462 to 1474, is remarkable for its reverse which represents the Last Judgment; this composition by the mul- attitude of the characters recalls the [triumph chariot from the Destiny of Bronze by Gratia Dei; the medal of Philippe de Medici has always been attributed, but without proof, Antonio del PoUaiuolo. We would see readily one of Candida's first works.

Another anonymous piece, one of the most beautiful in the 15th century, that of Frederick III, by the elegance of his layout, the lack of relief of the characters, the finesse with which the ornaments are treated, is not not without analogy, especially for the reverse, with the medals of Archchevfeque of Pisa and of “Cesareus orator » Gratia Dei.

We will observe that, among the characters Italians represented on the medals of Candida, those whose place of birth is known, were all Flo- rentins: such were Accolti, Philippe de M^dicis and John Canacci; finally, let's not forget that this At the time the style of Candida medals was that by the Florentine sculptor Antonio del PoUaiuolo, then that he was awarded the Philippe de M6dicis *.

PoUaiuolo, born in 1429 and died in 1498, was of a few years older than Candida who was pen-

1. Of. J. FriedUender, op. eyelash.. p. 161 and 163.

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474 A. HEISS

Hre his compatriot and certainly his student or his imitator.

Brother l6ric III leaving Rome, Year 1469, undoubtedly left Antoine Gratia Dei with the functions tions of “Cesareus orator ^ and took with him Jean de Candida in the Fiandres where he would have ex- cute the medallions on which M. P. Valton, in the January 1887 issue, drew the attention of editors of the Numismatic Review.

We saw, in Nicolas Ruter's article, that Alexander Pinchart attributed the same artist Most of the medals representing people Flemish and Burgundian swims, issued in Belgium during the 15th century.

Candide, as evidenced by his medals of Jean Miette and Jean Carondelet, was still, in 1479, in the States of the Dukes of Burgundy, or Ilesl probable that he arrived in 1469. Now, it is precisely during the ten years which separate these two dates that the medals signed by the learned beige archivist.

During the uprising of the people of Bruges who wanted remove the guardianship of Philip the Handsome from his father, Candida came to settle in France where we find him royal advisor, Charles Vllf, in 1491, appointed him ambassador to Rome.

The receipt of October 17, 1493, second document published(^ by Mr. Leopold Delisle, indicates that Candida was no longer in Italic at that time, but returned to France where we lose track of him from 1503, date of his last known medals. 11 had to be then approximately sixty-eight years old.

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475

Like most artists, Candida had more several manners, first of all that of his master sume, Pollaiuolo, as long as he remained in Italy, then that Flemish or Burgundian people, so visible in the Hiddailles of Carondelet, his wife, Jean Mietle and Jean de la Gruuthuse; finally, in its third and final way, he is very personal nel; his style has more breadth, his models are more masterful, the types of its reverses have a connection more direct port with its characters, these are not plus the memories of the Campo Santo paintings of Pisa, or miniatures from the manuscripts of Petrar- that*, which haunted his mind. The disciple of Pol- laiuolo became a master in his turn, Tardente imagination of his first youth has calmed down, cc that he produces is always impeccable, but the char- mantis compositions of yesteryear are replaced by coats of arms or simple mottos.

Each of the three forms of Candida forms a well-characterized group and includes at least one medal signed or dated.

1®' GROUP, Italian style, imitation of Pollaiuolo: John of Candida, Antoine Gratia Dei, Philippe de Medici, Frederick III, emperor,

(One signed: Antoine Gratia Dei.)

2* GROUP, l""* part, Italian-Burgundian style: Charles the Temeraire, Antoine de Bourgogne, /^cywe* Galeota.

1. A manuscript with superb miniatures, depicting the Tpionaphes of Petrarch and dated February 19, 1456, is preserved in the National Library nolp^ MSS. Italian fund, 545,

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476 A. HBISS

2* part^ pure Burgundian style: Jean Caronde- LET, Jean de la Gruuthu8b,Vm/i Miette.

(A sign: Jean Miette.)

3* GROUPS (Revere with mottos and coats of arms): Nicolas RuTBR, Robert Bri(Onnet, Pierre de Sacier- GEs, Thomas Boyer, Pierre Brionnet.

Doubtful: Frangois Accolti, Jean Canacci. (One mentioned by Archbishop of Reims.)

CHRONOLOGICAL LIST

DBS

MEDALS ATTRIBUTED TO JEAN DE CANDIDA

with the indication of the countries where it could be issued.

ITALY (I'* times) (Arante the departure of Candida the roof of repair FrMiric III.)

CANDIDA (Jean de)

GRATIA DEI (Antoine) (signed) Mi^Dicis (Philippe de) EN^D^Ric III (The Emperor)

STATES OF THE DUG OF BURGUNDY

(from 1469 to 1488?)

Charles the Third | r^^^ num' m t' ue

Antoine irrand bdtard de Bourfi^oinie > _ * , n \ * 6 th I January 1887. P. Valton.

Jacques Galeota)

CARONDELET (Jean)

// J I \ / dates from 1479

GRUTHUSB (Jean de la] | . ,

miette (Jean)) signed.

ruter (Nicolas)

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JEAN DE CANDIDA

477

FRANCE (1" time)

(Candida holds on to it during Brugcet's trooblei)

couRTHARDY (Pierre de) around 1486 BRigoNNET (Robert) around 1490

ITALY (2 times) (During the Embassy in Rome of U91)

PERRiERs (Guillaume des) around 1491

FRANCE (2 times) (Apr^t Tambastade Rome)

BRigoNNBT (Robert) around 1495, 2* times. 8ACIBRGES (Pierre de) around 1496 BOHiER (Thomas) 1502, dated BBigoNNET (Pierre) 1502, date.

In summary, we believe Jean Candida Italian and probably Florentin; he would have abandoned his country at the age of thirty to thirty-five. He had a day dozen years in Flanders, from 1469 to 1483, and then came to settle permanently in France. II entered the service of Charles VIII and died in his seventies genary under Louis XII, after 1502.

M. Armand (volume II, page 85, 7) places, in Toeu- vre of the author of Rob's medals. Bri?onnet and by Fr. Accolti, a bronze whose reverse offers the same inscription and which is an effigy of a person Florentine swimming, Jean Canacci^ n6 in 1475. This medal seems to us to differ too much in style and manufacturing with those we know from Jean of Candida so that we can attribute it to him.

The letters of the legends stand out in relief,

478. A.MISS.

as if they had been drawn with a nail in the mold of the part, while, in all medalists of Candide, the inscriptions are very neat gndes.

In the collection of M. P. Valton is a bronze representing another Canacci (Antoine) and his wife Filippa Stufa.

The portraits of the husband and wife are not copies, but overmoldings of the portraits of Louis XII and Anne de Breta^ne, of the great medal executed in 1499 in Lyon, according to the drawings by Jean Per^al, by two French goldsmiths. The names of Antoine Canacci and Filipa Stufa, who replace those of the king and queen of France, are identical- ment Merits like the name of Jean Canacci on his m\[5daille.

The artist unscrupulous enough to replace with ready-made portraits, those of Antoine Canacci and his wife, may well have borrowed the reverse from others of his medals; that of the bronze by Robert Bricon- net having come to hand, he used it to John Canacci.

Alois IIeiss.

P. S. — This study was printed when Mr. Henri Moranville was kind enough to communicate to us nick the following passages from the handwritten diary of Jean Lefevre, bishop of Chartres *, and chancellor of , the Queen of Sicily *, on the date of September 14, 1387:

1. Jean V, February 0. S. B. 6 elected bishop of Chartres on March 15, 1380 and , died January 11, 1390.

2. Marie d'Anjou, mother of Louis II.

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479

1**. Page 412: “Item pro eodem (Jacobo de Consta- nico) cui gubernatores concesserunl lacaniam et Mai- dam of province Calabria el bona que fuérunt Uene- rii of Cantono and Antoni and Soci Aimafitanorum and tabernas that sunt in Neapoli that fuerunt Jacobi de Candida^ quas donaciones dominate^ sibi confirmat. »

2°. Page 428: “...tabernas sitas in civitate neapoli Jacobi Filangerii of Candida. »

Thus in 1387, a Jacques Filangeri of Candida, owner in Naples and the party of Marguerite de Duras, would have had his property confiscated by Angevitis and had to emigrate.

According to other documents that Mr. Michel Perret of the Ecole des Chartes was kind enough to let us know born, it results that a Matthew of Candida was boss of a Venetian galley in 1469 and that one of Candida was sent as charge d'affaires to Venice, by Charles the Temeraire around 1472 or 1473.

This new information confirms the origin Italian that we had supposed to the Candida as well than their stay in the states of the Dukes of Burgundy.

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BELATIVES ACX

SERIOUS SIGNS ABOUT CONTORNIATES

We know that contomiate medallions carry generally serious emblems or signs and sometimes inlaid with silver. Here are the ones we we noted on the medallions of the Cabinet of France and in the various publications made on this category of monuments:

A heart-shaped leaf whose veins are sometimes indicated; a palm, more or less large; a laurel branch with leaves and fruits; a six-pointed star; a star formed from a circle which externally presents ten to twelve points*; a circle centered on a point; a cutlass; a bow; a arrow; a stake or javelin (?); a phallus; a sta- Pallas tutte; a lion; a quadruped (deer or antelope)*; finally monograms: BBet 1 or |.

This last sign, which recurs frequently, was often studied and interpreted in different ways. Cannegieter first made it Palma emerita then Prae- mia emerita* \ Longperier found Eporedia there^. The

1. We 7 Roof a crown.

2. We signed a horse; Rev, numUmatique, 1865, p. 414.

3. In the Miteellaneae obiervationcB of Burmann; cf. Sabatier, Mid, con- iornialeSf p. 3.

4. Ret>, numitmatics, 1865, p. 416.

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481

Father L. Bruzza translated the monogram as palma congratulate (implying Vic tori). Get author signed provided in support of his thesis an inscription relating to a coachman whose bust is represented at the head of Tins- writing, next to a horse which carries a palm on the head and the R sign on the rump*. But the mono- gram that your meeting on the contorniates paralt almost always contain the letter E.

Father Archangeli proposed palma elea k cause of a monument where the Icttres P and E are located separately rees*. P.-C. Robert returned to the second opinion of Cannegieter according to which P would mean praomia^ but he proposed a new interpretation for The other part of the monogram which he considers to be being composed of horizontal crosspieces corresponding to dant depending on the number has bonuses of 10, 20, 30 or 40,000 sesterces which would have been granted to winners

It must also be said that the monogram | meet against on certain other monuments: it is serious on the leg of an ox which is part of a Berlin Muscle marble group; we find it in King Theodoric's inscription relating to the goddess road of the Pontins marshes*, in the inscription

1. Annali deW In$t. di corriap. archeoL, 1877, p. 71, pi. FG, No. 30.

2. Gliatudii in Italia, 1879, p. 42.

3. Study on the midaillona contorniates, Reu. beige from Numism., 1882, p. 129-132 (print & part, p. 33-36). Robert expounded this theory again in Forms and characteristics of ancient bronze medallions relating to the Games {Mixtures of archiology and history of the School of Rome, t. VH, 1887, p. 46; reading k part, p. 9-10).

4. J. Friedlacnder, Zeitachrift fur Numiamatik, VI, 1879, p. 267 and 268.

1890 — 6 31

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482 J.-ADRIBN BLANCHBT

Christian of the Lateran *, on tabulae lusoriae *, on blocks of marble still in place in a quarry of Tunisia V

We understand how difficult it is to discover the true interpretation of a monogram whose value perhaps changed depending on the destination that we gave him.

I will only present a few remarks which have a certain interest, for the study of contortions niates.

The Barcelona mosaic shows a horse on the rump from which we see a palm *.

A glass cup base, on which is marked feel a quadriga from the front, show two of the horses bearing on the rump the letter R and a palm

We found in Tamphi theater in Nimes two circular bronze plaques that were considered like paws for horses. On each of these ornaments, which are preserved at the Museum of Nimes, we see a circus horse with its driver tor: One of the horses wears on the thigh a heart-shaped leaf; Another, a palm*.

A contorniate carries two horses whose rump is decorated with various circles.

1. See Ref. NumUm., 1865, p. 412.

2. Annali deW Inst, di Corriap. Arckeol., 1877, pi. F G.

3. R. Cagnat, Depigraphic and archaeological explorations of Tunuie, i* fusciculc. 1884, p. 105-107.

4. Cr. Saglio, Diet. AntiquUtfs, ^g. n* 1520.

5. R. Gurucci, Vetri ornail difiguri in oro, pi. xxxrv, n*4, p. 67.

6. Henry Revoil, Archaeological excavations, n* 4, antique base; phaUre* bronze, in 8*, Paris, s. d., pi. II {Exiraii from the Memoirs of CAeadimedu Gard, year 1871).

7. S. Havercamp, Dissertation, dc Alex. Magni Num. and Nummis contorniatu, 1722. ft. XXI, n*

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483

P.-C. Robert pointed out a one-sided medallion, without legend, which he does not consider a contorniate, but which must certainly be linked to this class of monuments. We see a horse carrying the rump a heart-shaped leaf*.

On a medallion from the Cabinet of France with the head of Nero and, on the reverse, the representation of a race in the circus, one of the horses carries on the rump a heart-shaped leaf and a long stem*.

Finally, a diptych from Brescia, representing a chariot race, offers a capital interest. To each chariots, the horse that you can see in its entirety bears a different sign on the rump: Tun, the monogram Tautre, a heart-shaped leaf; the third, a sign in the shape of 4 returned^, V

Gori explains the latter

sign by X,P^^^f^^^' opti^ mum; as for the first, he would designate, according to him, the name of owner or perhaps the pra faction^ sina^.

Thus, we find on the rump of horses circus a number of similar signs

1. Study on midday. coniorniales, pi. y, n* 4, p. 66.

2. We will wonder how the contorniatcs do not offer examples more frequent as a result. Not to mention various unknown causes, it is necessary remember that the figures are generally small and that the concryation of the piccc't often leaves one wanting.

3. Gori, Thesaurus Diptychorum, II, pi. xyi, p. 26; cf. Saglio, Diet, Antiquities, fig. 1532 and 2455.

4. Gori, op. laud., p. 84. This explanation is worth noting, because it does not seem

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J.-ADRIEN BLANCHET

or similar to those which are serious in the field conlorniated medallions.

We know that, in the stud farms of Tantiquite, we this imprinted a particular mark on the horses, “either their name, or a letter, or a symbol “any; for example, branded horses a of a 2 were called aafxa^opai*, those who had cf a K ^were named xoincaTtat; finally those who (( had a report of a beef head were “says PouxeyaXoi'”.

According to Pliny {Hist, nat., VIII, 64, 42), Buc<5phale would have been so named either because of its appearance fierce, or because they had marked you with Temporary imprint of a bull's head on the thigh.

Other authors tell us that it was a general habit of marking herds in this way and small animals as well as big ones

On the Barcelona mosaic, we see horses bearing on the rump the words CONCORDI and NICETI which were considered to indicate the owner horses.

that where has it exhibited elsewhere. A. Laborde {Mosaique d*Italica, f*, 1802), who

rcproduced by the diptyquc of Brescia, proposed another explanation: the ^ would be the monogram of factio russata; the leaf, cclui of the factio vcncta, and the other would indicate the factio albata. The pra^ina would have had a palm commc distinctive mark (pi. xv, p. 69).

1. Aristoph., tiuhes, Schol., 23, 122, 438; The*, ling. gr. s. v. aajifopa;.

2. E. Babelon, The roia of St/rie, of Arminie and of Commagine (Catalogue Greek coins of the National Library], Paris, 1890, Introduction tion, p. XXIV.

3. “His ctiam diebus maturi agni et reliqui fetus pecudum, nec minus “maiora quadrupedia cbaracterc signari debent. o Columellc, De re rusiica, book. XI, c. II, 14 (Ed. Schneider, Leipzig, 1794). — “Maturi agni et animalia “omnia minora atque maiora charactere signentur. » Palladius, 1. II, Jan- varius. c. XVI (Ed. Schneider, Leipzig, 1795).

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485

We can assimilate to these whole names the signs which I have just spoken about and admit that horses bore the mark of the stud farm from which they came or that of the owners who made them race in the circus, the domini factionum^ ^ or even a brand particular to the faction, analogous to IN mentions VENETO, IN PRASINO, which you find quite often on contorniates V

Allow me now to present a hypothesis on the destination of the contorniates

We know that the factions drew lots for places which they were to occupy initially. A medallion contorniate seems to represent this scene of the draw by lot. We see two aldermen with their whips, turning a device from which round objects fall, while a third character shows in his right hand another round object. Robert recognized in these instruments of fate balls like those of which Constantine Porphyrog speaks (inete in the des- description he makes of the drawing of places between factions *.

Can we not assume that in the 6th century, the Contorniated medallions were used for the operation of the draw? Each charioteer had perhaps a contorniate of a distinct or different type distinguished from others by some marks, such as

1. Saglio, Diet. Anliq., v* Circus, p. 1199.

2. Robert, Soc Directory. Num., 1879, p. 248-249.

3. Cannegieter, d'Orville, Cavedoni and M. de Rossi recognized the character- talismanic being of most contorniates. Cf. F. Lenormant, La mon* naie in Vantiquite, 1, p. 60.

4. Robert, Study on the mid. contorniates, 1882, p. 51 & 55; the author reproduces says a bas-relief from Constantinople representing a similar scene. See Saglio, Diet. Antiqu., fig. 1531.

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486 J.-ADBIEN BLANCHET

engraved emblems or inscriptions traced at the point

We will then easily explain why Your found the same marks on the rump of the hairs values and on the medallions. The contorniates, deposited in the device, could therefore be used to determine the place of each coachman at the start.

I don't believe that this hypothesis has yet been... proposed. In any case, the study of contorniates is so difficult that I thought it would be useful to point out what some remarks likely to enlighten one side of the question.

J.-Adrien Blanchet.

1. I spoke more highly of the signs; as for inscriptions of this kind, we found on several medallions.

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NDMI8MATIC MEMORIES FROM A TRIP AROUND THE WORLD

5« BT LATEST ARTICLE: INDIA EGYPT.

Rangoon [Burma], November 5, 1881. Five days of forced arrest in this uninteresting town. I spend my time at the Library theque, directed by a Frenchman, Mr. Goz. Despite his help and that of our consul, Mr. Fayolie, I am unable to discover no collection*. The small museum in Rangoon is not conlient hardly anything other than objects of ethnography and natural history. Maybe being in Mandalay, the capital, would I be happier, but time passes, and we must think about taking the steamer again.

Calcutta [Bengal), November 10, — Here the collections are not missing what not. Unfortunately the most important one is not visible: it is that of the Asian Society, which we are in the process of reorganizing. It is constantly growing, they say, and its doubles have left gradually in the different government offices. The secretary of the Society, Mr. Hornle, has for his part a very pretty series of Indo-Scythian coins; Mr. A. Hogg, head of the police, is also an amateur. The Mint Calcutta, whose director is the obliging Major Riddell, deserves a visit: it receives, in fact, like that of Bombay, values of ancient coins which, by a measure that we cannot know enough to rent, are subject to the examination of numismatic experts before to go to the crucible. The establishment is mainly responsible for the coinage of copper, for India and Ceylon; Bom- bay mainly supplied the silver rupees.

1. On Burmese coins, one can consult A. Phayr, Coins of Ara~ Man, Pegu and Burma, a booklet from In nouvelle Odilion dc Marsden.

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B^nards^ ik November. — No collections per se, but the natives willingly collect old coins, that they carefully keep a liter of fetishes, and to which they even a superstitious cule hangs. Among the money changers, we finds in abundance the coins of the last twenty years, as well as cowries, whose value, almost infinitesimal, varies with size. The college of Benares, whose director is M. G. Thibaut, is an important establishment, where the tourist will be able to find out about scientific resources if necessary of the country.

Lucknowy November 17, — Important museum of antiquities and currencies; superb gold suite of the Gouptas. The curator, Fiihrer, successfully continued excavations in the region.

Agray November 18, — No collection to see.

Delhi 20. — Same observation.

Amritsur^ 22. — Mr. Ch. J. Rodgers, inspector of antiquities, and author of important numismatic works: more than lO.OOi) coins from Punjab, from Alexander, and modern coins up to our days.

Lahore^ November 23^ — Most remarkable archaeological museum quables and vast medalist: curator, D' J. L. Kipling, prin- principal of the School of Fine Arts. Very curious series of corners modern having been used for the manufacture of Bactrian coins and others. — Private collection of Mr. Oliver (Asian currencies).

Jet/pore, November 26. — Nice museum of art and industry: con- servant, D'Hendly. Galvanoplastic reproductions of the Bri^ tish Museum.

Ahmedabad, November 29. - Nothing.

Bombay^ November 30. — Important collection of M. le D' Gerson Da Gunha (27,000 antique pieces, from the Middle Ages and modern). The oriental suite is the most considerable and the best classified. The catalog is a public record ^ The Eastern caliphs are represented by 1092 pieces; the Cabinet of France has it

1. The Gerson da Cunha collection which, for the ontic series, contained With a large number of fake pieces, Tannic was sold last year.

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1206. The medalist of the Asiatic Society is much less complete. Mr. Monod, sub-director of the Gomptoir d’Escompte, a small collection; there are undoubtedly still others.

Bombay is, by its geographical and commercial location, a privileged numismatic market. Coins flow there, no only from all parts of India, but also from countries neighboring areas. The large Da Cunba collection was formed in twelve years! The drachraes of the Parthian kings are extremely fre- quent among cbangers.

Before leaving India, I remind those who would like you to to discover the numismatics so curious and so varied in this vast region, that the main works to consult are: Marsden, Numis" maia orientalia,!^ edition, 1823, and 2" edition, currently being published cation since 1874; Wilson, Ariana antiqua, 1841; Prinsep, Useful tables; the beautiful Catalogs of the British Museum; the monographic of the coins of the Gouptas which has just been published in the memoirs of the Asiatic Society (Smith), and finally, the ar- article corner in the Cyclopedia of India by Edward Balfour (1885).

Cairo, December 21. — No significant collection, currently at least. That of Oeconomopoulos has and^ fri- due almost entirely. The Boulaq Museum has a great find of small Roman bronzes. A beautiful sequel to Arab coins, belonging to Rodger-bey, are deposited at the Bank of Cairo. At antique dealers, such as Mr. Kyticas or Mr. Philip, we find “Alexandrian gossip” and little Roman bronzes in enormous quantities.

Alexandria December 25, — Little or no collections. The one coins of ancient Egypt formed by M. di Demetrio is today in the Athens museum; we know the beautiful catalog by Mr. Feuardent.

Brindisif December 30, 1881, — Beautiful collection of coins of ancient Italy, to Mr. Giuseppe Nervegna.

I stop here without pretension, that from now on Numismatic guide by MM. Gnecchi will advantageously replace: may they one day serve as milestones for those of our colleagues who would repeat the long road that I have just traveled!

Paris, April 10, 1889.

Arthur Engel

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Our collaborator, Mr. R. Mowat, writes to us Tinteressante following letter which we hasten to communicate to our readers:

“I note, in Luquet’s book, AntiquiUs de Langres, 1838, on page 229, very interesting and probable information obviously very little known, on the origin and purchase price of the famous Pacatien denarius on the reverse ROMAE AETERN AN MILL ET PRIMOf the Cabinet of France has, I believe, the only copy (Cohen, t. V, 1885, p. 182). I transcribe verbatim- See, below, the passage from the letter addressed to Luquet by his Langres compatriot, the son of Barthelemy de Courcillon; it seems to me likely to interest the readers of the Revue numis- matique if you would like to communicate it to them.

» A passing thought. You have undoubtedly noticed that I abstained from the separative points that Cohen interposes arbitrarily in monetary legends, even though they do not not shown on the original piece; it is an abuse against which he is permitted to protest, simply in the name of accuracy obligatory, since the opportunity presents itself.

Extract from a letter addressed to Luquet by Barthelemy de Courcillon.

“The most precious of Roman medals found ^ “Langres is a silver Pacatian, tyrant under Philippe. She “was sold by a goldsmith of this city to a renown emigrant

0 trant It is unique by the raill^sime of its reverse [an.

a mill, et prime),., I know very positively that this medal has “was sold for the National Museum of France for the sum of 0 2,000 fr., while, in the last numismatic tariff of “price of medals used for amateurs, it is not worn “that’s 400 fr. to veil the necessity where you were, in Task- “so much, to submit to the law of the seller, for fear that this medal “do not move to other firms. »

Robert Mowat.

discovery of a deposit of Roman coins in Evreux.

Workers engaged in earthworks for the new HCIiel of the City of Evreux, on the location of the castellum

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Roman of the city, discovered, on August 23 (kt 1890, by making the foundations of the porch, a large quantity of Roman coins in small bronze, emperors and tyrants having reigned in the century of our era.

The discovery took place in very humid terrain, 3 meters depth below the current ground and k 0" 50 below the Roman soil.

The coins had been locked in canvas bags, of which we found debris, which immediately destroyed on contact with Tair. The oxidation of the parts caused them to ded to each other so as to form blocks which had taken the shape of bags. Wood debris in a humus state and nails let us know that these bags were placed in a chest, the location of which measured 1™ 20 in length, 0" 60 in width and 0" 40 in height.

This enormous quantity of coins weighed 340 kilos. before the cleaning; a block alone weighed 68 kilos, also before to be clean^ and 55 kilog. after washing with a pump jet, which had caused many pieces to disintegrate. The weights that were used The facts of currencies detached from the blocks have made it possible to note that The entire find consisted of approximately 112,000 pieces.

We think there are a few examples of finds too iraporlanles from the point of view of number, and we believe we find in the presence of the cash register of a payer of some legion Roman, hidden in this place in a moment of revoke of legionnaires or inhabitants of the city, or even of some invasion. Ge which clearly proves that the payer thought he could return take your checkout after a short time, that's the little pro- founder of cachetic; a few meters from there, there is a then Roman which should have served as a point of reference.

All these coins being covered with oxide, acetate and copper sulfate in large quantities, it was therefore necessary to carry out a very intelligent cleaning to get rid of these pieces in these salt tones, without altering the patina too much.

Mr. Feray, pharmacist chemist, deputy mayor of Evreux, present at the time of the discovery, took charge of this delicate operation cate and he acquitted himself in a remarkable way, cleaning having given more brilliant results than those expected.

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billon or bad money. The examination of the 1457 currencies which are cleaned to date, has allowed us to provisionally fix Period of Burial to the reign of Probus, probably even in the first years, that is to say around 278.

We give below the nomenclature of the parts of each reign that we have examined.

Trebonian Galle

Number of pihce”.

Number of piicea.

1

T^tricus son

66

Volusian

2

Claudius II

114

Emilien

1

Quintil

11

Val^rien father

10

Aurelien

13

Gallien

212

Severine

1

Salonina

42

Tacitus

3

Salonin

11

Probus

11

Val^rien young

9

Vespasian (restitution of

Postume

274

Gallien)

1

L^link

1

Marc-Aurele

(restitution

Victorin father

231

of Gallienus)

i

Marius

1

Incuses

2

Telricus father

109

Rough and indeterminate 330

Total 1,457

Many of these coins are very well preserved, notably the Postumes and the Victorins; the setbacks are very abundant and we hope to find some unique varieties.

There are still gaps to fill in order to complete Ten- seems of the emperors, empresses and tyrants who reigned from Trebonien Galle to Probus (251 to 282); but we we believe that we will be allowed subsequently, gradually cleaning, to bring to light the currencies that we are missing and perhaps to discover some tyrants cited by the numis- matists for whom we do not yet have any medals to this day.

In a few months, when the cleanup of the find will be completed, we hope to be able to give a complete list of types that we have found and make known the nomenclature of reverse and unused pieces.

We can see, at the moment, in one of the rooms of the museum of Evreux, the entire find which was exhibited in a very original way by Mr. Chassant, our friendly conservator

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vator. This important discovery allows us to believe that other burials of more precious coins could have taken place at same place, and with this in mind, the excavations will continue. Evreux, October 29, 1890.

G. V^DIE.

We receive the following communication:

a La Rei^ue numismatique reported last year (1889, pp. 343 to 348) of the work so interesting that M. Chabouil- let published, in 1888, on unpublished Norman money acquired by the National Library (Cf. SocUU des Antiquaires de Nor^ mandie, annual meeting of December 10, 1886). Unfortunate- ment, the information, as to the certain date of remission, were missing from the learned author. Here are some documents that will be able to contribute to fixing the precise time of remission of these curious coins.

In September 1884, we discovered in Montfort- TAmaury (Seine-et-Oise) a treasure containing approximately 2,300 mon- naies. I was happy enough to acquire, from different per- rings of the locality, approximately 250 of these pieces, and in the number I found five Norman deniers of the same make as those described by Mr. Chabouillet.

Following Mr. Count de Dion [Description of the coins found Montfort'l'Amaury in 188k] and the treasure was composed as follows, according to the 1,126 coins sold in this city: 92 0/0 coins champagne, 47 anonymous deniers from Provins, 229 from Troyes, 329 of Gautier, Bishop of Meaux (1045 to 1082), three for hundred of royal coins and denarii of Philip I*' for Dreux, and 30 pieces of Louis VI, including 18 minted in Mantes and 12 in Paris (like the Iilpha and Tomega suspended on two blades). And finally, five percent of various currencies, 123 of the char-type train, 6 from Chdteaudun and 13 deniers from Maine, 8 from Melle in Poitou, 5 from Angevin, 4 from Amiens, 2 from Brittany and 2 from Bordeaux. These pieces therefore date from the end of the 11th century and the beginning of the XII®.

M. Hermerel, after M. de Dion (Annuaire de la Soci6ti (ran- numismatic gaise y ]M\Y\er'U\riev and March-April 1889), has 6ga- especially from the detail of the pieces of this treasure. These numismatists

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make no mention of Norman funds. However, in the 210 pieees acquired by me were, as I said, five of these precious funds. It must be admitted that luck was neither singularly favorable. The surplus is exactly consistent with the description of MM. of Dion and Hermerel.

I V0U8 send this information so that, if science, as I think, can find some clarifications there, you have it inserted in your Review. The date of the Norman pieces described by Mr. Chabouillet is certain this time. I attach to my

letter the facsimile of the two main pieces that I own again, so happy if this information can help k unveil the enigma in which these Norman funds find themselves, mostly everything, still wrapped. » G.Mary.

Here is a large copy of the Dauphine, which I believe to be unpublished; at least he is found neither in the work of Poey d'Avant nor in that of Mr. Garon:

+ HVMBERTV DALPHNS? VIENEN- Bottlenose dolphin, left.

Rev. : + AVE MARIA 2 GRA S PLN- Cross. Leg. exterior: + BENEDICTA S SIT 2 SANTA 5 TRINITAS

The piece is unfortunately cropped on the name side, but it there is certainly Humbert or Humbertu. G.Mary.

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Our collaborator, Mr. Commander R. Mowat, has just donate to the Cabinet des Medailles a sort of tessere in piomb, monetiforme, which we reproduce here;

On both sides we read in legend the name of the city of •Puycerda: PVIGCERDA- On the right the arms of Leon and Gas- till, and on the reverse, the date of 1786.

Fabri de Peiresc, the famous collector of the 17th century had formed a collection of medals from his childhood that he never stopped to increase subsequently and that he liberally communicated his friends. A single trip to Plandre in 1606 provided him with 40 pieces of Merovingian gold, 50 Carolingian denarii and a penny legend MVNVS DIVINVM* In the recent notice, which he has just publish on Fabri de Peiresc and Mirovingian numismatics^ Toulouse, 1890, 35 p. in-8 «Extract from Annates du Midi, vol. II). Mr. Prou gives us the description of a certain number of mero- Vingiennes from the Peiresc collection, mainly after a manuscript kept in The Hague. This is how we can con- natre a gold penny struck by a Glotaire in Marseille and bearing on the reverse: VICTORIA REGIS- Some descriptions seem allow us to identify certain pieces by Peiresc with examples please keep in the Cabinet of France. By the way, Mr. Prou, offers an ingenious reading for a so-called school play palatine on which he reads, bringing together the two legends: PALATI MON I ETAES COLARE- A notice concerning Merovingians from the collection of M. Montault allows us to rectify proud of the bad drawings of these parts given in the rva>pi(Tp.ft from Petau. Legends are not always read correctly by Peiresc; but this will in no way exonerate those who have had

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opportunity to learn about the difficulties of Merovin numismatics gienne. J.-Adrien Blanchet.

M. J. Euting, from Strasbourg, co-starred following his paintings of Hebrew tecrilure containing 139 varieties of Phoenician and rhebreu, whose publication dates back to 1882, has just been publish a table of all the known Aramaic alphabets. This new work, which is written according to the epigraphic discoveries most recent phonics, contains 96 varieties of so-called Scripture aram^ennCy i.e. writing used to write languages Arameans, such as: Tarameen of Assyria, Arabia and Egypt, Palmyr^nian, Nabateen, Pehlvi and Syriac. These tables synoptics will be of great help to numismatists who deal more particularly with oriental currencies.

E.D.

In his Notes on India of the time of Alexander (see Journal asiatiqucy March 1890, p. 237 et seq.), Mr. Sylvain L^vi gives a new etymology of the word Sophytes^ name of a sovereign of Rinde, contemporary of Alexander, and of which there is an extremely rare silver coin with the legend '2nYT0Y (British Museum). MM. Lassen and Weber explained this word through Sanskrit acvapati^ master of horses", Sir A. Cunningham by Cliobpati “lord of the club”; Mr. Levi sees there the name of the country of Saublnita cited by a contemporary author, the Gramroairian Panini. The word Sophy tts would therefore be the name of the “king of Sau- bhilta", as well as Taxile, the famous ally of Alexander, who unfortunately we do not have any currency, would have drawn his name Takcha^ila^ name of the city where he reigned. These etymo- ologies, conforming both to the phonetics of Indo-Euro- pean and indigenous documents, seemed to us worthy of being signals. E.D.

M. R. Hoernle continues his studies with tireless activity of Indian philology, epigraphy and numismatics. The Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal contains, this year, a Memoir on some copper coins of the Sourides [the Suri

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dynasty) and a catalog of coins offered to the Indian Museum from Calcutta.

The coins of the Sourids belong to Shir-Shah, Islam- Shah and Mohammed Adel-Shah who reigned in Delhi, subsequently of the Patans, from 1540 to 1556. The copper coinage of these sovereigns was until now almost unknown. The parts described by Mr. Hoemle number a thousand, divided into 35 varieties-

The catalog includes the description of approximately three hundred coins, most of them silver, found in Afghanistan. Except them 'first 40, which belong to the bacterial, arsacid series and Sassanid, the rest of the coins described concern the Muslim ties of Central Asia: shahs of Khvarizm, Ghazn^- empty, Timurids of Bokhara, Mongols of Persia, etc. The number of coins struck by these various princes of late origin tare has increased greatly since the first descriptions given born by Fraehn, thanks to the discoveries of the English and Russians. All these currencies are generally crude, of small module and difficult reading; Mr. Hoemle escaped with honor. — Finally, I will point out, from the same scholar, an article published in the same Recueil du Bengale, containing observations very interesting statements on Indo-Scythian coins, Guptas and Muslims of India.

£. Drouin.

# “#

The July issue of the Journal of the Royal Astatic Society of London contains, under the title of The Western Kshatrapas^ a tra- important work of the late Bhagvanlal Indraji, edited by Mr. E. J. Rapson, from the British Museum, based on the coins owned by the British cabinet and bequeaths largely by the scholar , Pandit of India. This notice is about what the archaeological ologists and numismatists have successively called the “Buddhist satraps”, “Shah kings,” in Kchatrapas-Senas” and, lastly, “satraps of Gouzerate and Saurachtra.” » The annals of India make no mention of these sovereigns, whose existence and chronology would have remained unknown without their coins. This is a new service provided by the Numismatics k History.

1890 — 6 32

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Various attempts at deciphering and classifying these mon- Silver works have already been published by J. Prinsep in 1835, Ed. Thomas 1848 and Newton 1802 and 1867, but there remained a lot of to do, just as the last word is not yet said on the different points that the study of this obscure part of the numismatics of ancient India.

The list drawn up by Bhagvanlal includes 28 names, since Xahapana until Rudrasinha III. Nahapana is not in rea- lite the founder of the dynasty, because he belongs to the family of Kchaharata, who had previously reigned in Kathiavad and of which we have some coins that are still poorly classified. But Nahapana was defeated by Chachlana, the Tix^ravti; of Plolemee, who then takes the liter of mahakchatrapa or e grand satrap” retained by most of his successors.

The first coins of the Kchatrapas are Irilingual, that is i.e. in Greek, Sanskrit and Bactrian. The Greek legend is bar- bare el parail imitated with the gold or bronze coins of the kings Indo-Scythians whose Saurachtra can be vassal or at all least whose civilization and influence had been considerable in the North-West of India. Speaking of Jivadama, the sixth sovereign, until the end of the dynasty, the coins of these princes are dales. The first dale known so far bears the number 100, the most recent is Tan 310. We also have information descriptions dated from the years 41,46 and 72. Bhagvanlal reports these dales il Tere de Kanichka or 78 AD M. Oldenberg, in a Memory dating back to 1881, proposed adopting a partial era cular which describes the creation of the Kchatrapas and which he places around 100 of J.-G. By adopting this method of computing, we would have for the last time monetary date, 310-|- iOO = 410 AD for the end of the kingdom of the Kchatrapas and the conch by the Gouptas. However, this date coincides quite well with the appearance of the first currencies silver coins struck by Ghandra-Goupta II, the conqueror of Sau- rachtra who reigned from approximately 400 to 415, currencies which, thus as has already been said (see above, p. 141), were copied on those of Kchatrapas; although the adoption of Tere by Kanichka carries rail this event in 388, which would be significantly too high. In any case, the difference between the two eras is only 22 years, relatively small difference for such a remote period.

Mr. Rapson had the rare and excellent idea of giving the fac-

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simile of the legends of each sovereign, according to the coins, with the dates in old Nagaris figures, which makes it easier, on the one hand, reading the documents themselves and, on the other hand, allows you to follow the variants of Indian writing for a space of three centuries. The memory that we analyze is not, it appears that part of Bhagvanlal's manuscript; Mr. Rapson promises us the publication of the surplus. We hope that this publication cation, which must deal with the coins of other Hindu princes of first centuries, will not be long in coming. From now on, he deserves the recognition of ^scholars for having written^ and re- denies, in a language accessible to tones, the memory of the pandit who was written in Gouzerati.

E. Drouin.

PERIODICALS

Zbitschrift f3r NijMiSBfATiK. — T, XVI, third and fourth

delivery.

Weber (H.), The find of Nauborn, Description of a treasure of 300 coins from the 12th century: Frederic I (1152-1190); HenH VI (1190-1196), etc. (PI. IX.)

Brunn (L.). On the coins of Tyrassous Hadrian, Tyras, city located at the mouth of the Dniester, near the modern town of Akker- man, had a few autonomous currencies, then, under the domination Roman tion, imperial coins. A registration we learns that Tann^e 201 AD. BC corresponds to Tan 145 of Fere of Tyras, and that under Neron, from 56 or 57 AD, Annexation of Tyras to the Roman province of Mesia replaced there the government of tyrants. However, this inscription with another which confirms it, then the currencies: these are the only sources information on Tyras. We have coins from Tyras in names of Domitian, Antoninus the Pious, Marcus Aurelius, Commodus, Septimius Severe, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Plautilla, Geta, Severe Alexandre, Julia Mamaea. The absence of Neron's coins Domitian suggested that, during this period, the domination

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The Roman lion was not yet completely established in Tyras. A similar reason also led us to believe until now that, under Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian, Tyras was no longer subject to domination. Roman nation. B. publishes two unpublished coins of Tyras, making part of his collection, which are in the name of Hadrian. U is done allows us to suppose that Tyras was subjected to Roman domination from Nero to Severus Alexander, that is to say for 150 years.

KiNCH (F.). On the language of the Ely mi of SicUe, The cities of Segesta and Eryx in Sicily were inhabited by the Elymi, •a distinct people from both the Sicilians and the Sicanians. Their coins present legends whose endings still unexplained: IIA, HE, IIB, JION* «tc. Next tor, the Elymi spoke a dialect similar to Tionian, and their alphabet underwent, around the sixth century, the influence of Selinus, colony of Megare. In this alphabet, E = "and 1 1, and B = ""i; more bacon, we abandoned the use of B ="i'|»^t E represented both c, and, 7). The monetary legends of the Elymi must, consequently, read as follows: IE

Sallet(A. de). Nicrology, Armand.

Report of the meetings of the Numismatic Society of Ber- linen during Tannee 1888.

LoBBECKE (A.). Greek coins from my collection ^ IV. Description with commentary of the following Greek coins:

Italic: Nar — Thrace: Dicaea. — Epirote Illyria: Damascus-

tium? — Eubee: Ghalcis. — Atlantic: Athens. — Achale:

historical and numismatic.

T. XVII, first delivery.

502

pimODIQUBS

Sicyon. — Elide. — Argolis: Argos. — Crete: Phaestus. — Mysia: Lampsacus. — Troad: Dardanus, Ilium. — lonie: Ephesus. — Caria: Aphrodisias. — Lycia: Limyra. — Pisidia: Amblada, Baris. — Lycaonia: Lystra. — Cilicia: Cestrus, Coly- brassus, Coracesium, Mopsuesta, Selinus. — Salami Cyprus: Pnytagoras rex (352-332 BC) — Phrygia: Amo- rium, Cadi, Ceretape, Cibyra, Fulvia, Hyrgalea, Philomeliam, Redfish, Siocharax. — Phoenicia: Sidon. — Egypt: Arsinoe III, Alexandria. Plates I and II.

BuscHMANN (H.). Hractiates prints on the bells of churches in Verdun. Study, from this point of view, of two bells one of which is called Anna and the other Maria.

Seeck (O.). The monetary policy of Diocletian and his successors cessors. The history of the 4th century is summed up in an effort to reconstitute what the iii* had destroyed; there were then attempts to return to Antiquity which the legend well characterizes raon^tary: Felicium temporum reparatio. It is especially in the raonetary policy that this trend is visible. S. studies, at this special point of view, the monetary history of this period. Sound work is divided into three parts: 1® gold; 2® silver; 3* bronze. The Emissions of each metal are studied and classified into chronological order. Extended article; I'* part, p. 36-89.

Alexi (S.). Payment of the purchase price of the Dukedom of Ehstland in i3k6'i3kl» The study of this financial operation has a great importance for the monetary history of the Middle Ages.

Bardt (Fr.). Reichen's find. — Find of 927 deniers and 99 Brandenburg half deniers.

Seeck (0.). The monetary policy of DiocUtien and his successors cessors. Second and final article devoted to the currency of copper, and k Study of the monetary system and the price.

LdBBECKE (A.). Find of coins near Avola. Avola (formerly 'A6

T. XVII, second delivery.

PERLODIQUfiS

503

Stateres of Syracuse. Silver coins are especially found felt by staters of the Pegasus type, so frequent in Sicily, and by drachraes from Corinth. Gold coins are: Persia, Abydos, Lampsacus, Syracuse; silver coins from: Terina, Syracuse, Anactorium, Argos-Amphilochium, Leu- case, Corinth. L. gives a descriptive catalog. PI. x. 'LoBBECKE (A.). Corrections. These corrections relate to The article by the same author entitled: Greek coins of my col^ election, IT (t. XVII, 1" book).

Pick (B.). On some coins of the Roman Empire, Patrae and Corinth: Nero. — Nicee: 'E7ci©av/)? TeXId^opo?. — Elea from Eolide: Aouxto; xdi

Stijckelberg (A.). The use of coins as ornament. Use of coins in antiquity to adorn ba^ues, belts, bracelets, necklaces, vases (the coat hook Rennes for example). In the third century and later, the mon- The birthplaces of Alexander the Great were worn as talismans; the coins with the effigy of the emperors adorned the standards of the legions. S. continues, until modern times, the search for this use.

Friedensburg (F.). Two finds of denicrs from the x' and xi* centuries. 1* Find of Olobok; 2* Frankenstein's find. These currencies are from Germany, Poland, Bohemia, An- gleterre. There are also some oriental ones.

Friedensburg (F.). Studies for the monetary history of the SiU^ 19th century. (Second article.) Silesian coins of the king Ferdinand, minted before the year 1546.

Drexler (W.). A gold coin of Allectus not mentioned by Cohen. Cohen (2* ed., t. 7, p. 44, n** 1) describes a small bronze by Allectus: Adventvs Avg. Allectus on horseback. Ranch describes a aureus of the same emperor with a similar legend; at the bottom, ML; The emperor on horseback.

* *

NuMisMATiscHE Zeitschrift, XX® anncc, and 2* semesters. Inhoof-Bluher (F.). The coins of the Cilhiani of Lydia. —

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P^RIODIQUBS

The coins bearing the name of the Cilbiani are divided into three classes: 1® Coins of the Gilbian] superiores (KiXSiavol Ta>y qlvuI; they go from Domitian to Caracalla; 2^ Coins with the legend: KiX6iavv Kca^Ttt>v ; there is one, k several copies, without effigy of emperor. It must have been struck at the earliest under Domi- well, but perhaps under Hadrian or Antoninus; 3^ Coins of Nikaia; there are some from the time of Augustus, Domitian, Domi- hold on to Commodus, of Antoninus the Pious, of Septimius Severus and Cara- calla. To each of these periods correspond variants in the legend. Plate I.

Kenner (Fr.) Gold bars remain with stamps. It's the same article which appeared in the Archeologisch-epigra- phische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich, t. XII (1888) p. 1-24. E. Babelon analyzed it in this Revue (vol. VII, 1889, p. 143); we we refer the reader there. PI. II, III, IV.

LuscHiN v. Ebengrevth (A.). The monetary discovery of Rakmtz. Descriptive catalog. PI VIII, IX, X, XI.

Raimann (Fr.). Two finds of Austrian coins. The first, made around Tullner, consists of 638 pieces giving approximately 60 types; the great number is other dog, a small Bavarian number.

Joseph (Paul). The coins and coin hallmarks of the museum historic Cologne, PI. v.

Busson (A.). Ratiszell's monetary discovery, The discovery made in August 1888 included 16 1/2 schillings and 178 pence and pfennigs.

FiALA (Ed.). The oldest account in the monetary archives of Prague, Publication of an archival document.

Meyer (A.). Coins and medals of the Eggeit' family berg. Study of the coins and medals of this family, of 1528 to 1688. PI. VI, VII.

Rappe (H.). Kuttenberg's workshop. Detailed history of this workshop whose study is of great importance for the coinage of Bohemia and Austria. It lasted for more than 500 years from the year 1253. PI. XII.

Zeller (G.). Engravers and medalists attached to the currency of the prince-dv^ques of Salzburg (1250 to 1810).

Belhazy (J. von). Hybrid coin with the effigy of Francois and of his wife Marie'TJi^rdse,

PER10DIQUB8

505

Nagl (A.). Tokens from the 18th century.

Report of the proceedings of the Numismatic Society of Vienna during Tann^e 1888.

XXI* year, first semester,

Drexler (W.). The cult of Isis and Serapis in Asia Minor. Very extensive descriptive catalog (pages 1-234) of raonnaies, inscriptions, monuments figures relating to the cult of Isis and Sera- and in Asia Minor, except the islands.

Markl (A.). Weight and quantity of silver from the Antoniniani of Claudius II the Gothic. The weight and title of these currencies offer variations which make it difficult to establish their average weight. M. draws up a series of tables giving, by at- link and by Emission, the weights in grams, and eraet -the conclusion- sion that the Antoniniani suffered very strong reductions.

FiALA (E.). Ober-Potschapler coin find. These denarii, numbering 300, are from Wratislav II, and only offer two types.

BussoN (A.). Small contribution to the monetary history of Tyrol, Noss (A.). Heidelberg coin of King Frederick of Bohemia. Belhazt (J. von). Research of the value of the old currency, MuLLER (Otto F.). The reunions of the Bachoven von family Echt, Study of the works of a family of medalists who lived in Thuringia in the 17th and 18th centuries. PI. V, VI, VII. Nicrology, — Renier Chalon.

The numismatic chronicle. Third sMe, t. IX, first side second parts,

Evans (A.). The “riders” of Taranto, — The type of cava- to bind is the most varied, the most frequent and also the most beautiful that we meeting on the currencies of Taranto. E. thus classifies these types in chronological order: I. Full weight stallion. 1° Period transitional period, 450-430 BC ; 2^420-380; 3'* Epoch of Archi- heap, 380-345; 4® Archidamos and the first Lucanian war, 344- 334; 5** from Molossus Alexander to Spartan Cl6onymos, 334-302; 6«from Cleonymos to Pyrrhus, 302-281. —II. Reduil stallion; T^L'h^- epirote gemony, 281-272; 8** the first Roman alliance, 272-

Digitized by

506

PERIODICALS

235; 9^ the second Roman alliance, 235-228; 10^ occupation Carthaginian, 212-209. Study of each of these periods. Item very extensive. Eleven boards.

Head (B.V.). Notanda and correction. The letter N stands for against sometimes, instead of M, on coins from Athens. — Coin of Ephesus in the name of Trajan; raonnaie of Antoninus Pious; Caligula's coin minted in Philadelphia from Lydia; gold coinage of Lydia.

Wroth (W.). Greek coins acquired by the British Musie* nique in 1888, The M. B. acquired 455 Greek coins, including 10 in gold or Plectrum, 217 in silver, 228 in bronze. They are from: Metaponte of Lucania; Bruttium Hipponium; Panticap^e; Maronea of ​​Thrace; AmphipoHs of Macedonia; Alexander the Great: Thessaly (time of Augustus); Grannon, Larisse, M^litee, Mopsium, Pharsale, Pheres, Tricca de Thes- soiled; Gephalenie Sámi; Messene; Las of Laconia, Argos; Phigaleia of Arcadia; Gnossus of Grete; Melos; Gyzic; Lamp- sack of Mysia; Gebrenia deTroade; Elaea of ​​Aeolis; Methem from Lesbos; Ephesus; Lebedus; Phocea; Gaunus of Garie; Rhodes; Magydus of Pamphylia; Gonane, Prostanna of Pisidia; Spoke of Lycaonia; Mallus; Pompeiopolis; Cyprus: Evago- ras 1; Gommagene^ Antiochus IV; Ancyra, Judea. PI. XIL

GuNNiNGHAM (A.). Coins of Tocfiari, Kusjtdna or Yueti. Notions, according to Greek authors and Chinese authors, on the Scythian tribes who conquered Bactria and became the Indo-Scythians. G. divides their currencies into six classes: 1® Barbarian imitation of Greek coins, since the first occupation 163 BC AD, until the establishment of the Kushans (Asiani), 116 BC. J.-G.; 2** Coins of the Sfikas or Sacae-Scythians in Arachosia and India, 116-16 BC. AD; 3** Coins of Great Yue-chi or Kushans "\Gaboul and in the N.-W. of India, from 16 BC AD h 200 AD J.-G.; Coins of the last Kushans in Gaboul and NW India, after 200 years AD. J.-G.; 5* Coins of small Yue-chi in Peshawar and in the NW of Panjab, after 430 AD. J.-G.; Coins of the Ephtha- lites or white Huns, on I'lndus, from 480 to 600 AD. J.-G. PI. XLll.

Evans (J.). On a tristor of silver coins found at Neville's

Third part.

PERIODICAL8

507

Cross ^Durham. This treasure includes coins of Edward I, 8; Edward II, 15; Edward III, 20+142. Coins ^Scots: Alexander III, 1; David II, 28; Robert II, 41. Mon- foreign coin: a sterling of John, king of Bohemia.

Thurston (E.). On a recent discovery of Roman coins in southern India. Discovery in the district of Kis- tna, presidency of Madras, of 15 aurei of the emperors or im|)^- rators: Tiberius, Vespasian, Doniitian, Hadrian, Antoninus the Pious, Faustine mother. Marcus Aurelius, Caracalla.

Arnold (G.-M.). The Roman station of Vagniacae. Gette station, mentioned in Antonin's itinerary, must be identified fiee with Southfleet where many Roroan remains were found and currencies.

Latghmore (F.). A find of Roman coins near Cam- bridge. This treasure, buried around 270 AD. BC, consisted of 2,500 pieces belonging to emperors or empresses including taken between the years 238-270.

Montagu (H.). The Castle Rising workshop in Norfolk. Study on Tatelier of this locality, once important and which has become a small village. M. gives him a coin from Etienne and withdraws from him several currencies which have been wrongly attributed to it.

Page (S.). Coins of the reign of Stephen. Two rare coins and interesting.

LONGSTAFFE (H.-D.). The Reading penny. — Penny hits under Edward III when the penny was reduced from 22 to 20 1/4 grains.

Pagke (A.-E.). The “lis” as a mintmark on the mon- gold coins from the restoration of Henri VL Ges coins have precedes remission with the mark of the cross which is of the last month of Henry's reign and come from the York mint.

Growther (G.-F.). Notes on the coins of the second 6mis^ sion of Henry VIII. Chronological arrangement of the groats according to style and mint marks.

LoNGSTAFFE (W.-H-D.). Wrongly attributed currency. Groat who must be taken from Richard III and placed under the reign of Henry VIII, as having struck ^thee for Perkin Warbeck under his usurp name^ Richard IV.

Montagu (H.). Unknown gold coin of James I.

Fourth part.

508

PBRIODICS

Montagu (H.). The “piedforts” in English coinage. We give this name to any matrix imprint struck on a flan of extraordinary thickness. M. studies three pieces which are in this condition: 1® a double sovereign of Henry VIII; 2" a double sovereign of Edward VI; 3® a coin of five shilling of*01ivier Cromwell.

Report of the meetings of the Numismatic Society of London, during Tannee 1888.

Gnbcchi (Fr. and Here). Some new and unknown coins nudes from the Chio workshop. Treasure of 194 coins containing notably 23 pieces from the Ohio workshop distributed between 1309 and 1512. PI. I.

Ambrosoli (Solone). Lurate Abbate's trisor. Treasure com- installation of 1237 coins from the Middle Ages, most of them Italian. The burial must have taken place around 1320. PI. II.

Rossi (Umberto). Renaissance medalists at court fromMantua. I'* Ermes Flavio de Bonis. PI. 111.

MuLAZZANi (Giov.). Economic studies on the currencies of Milan, — I'*Puret^ of Tor; 2° purity of money; 3* currency billon and copper; 4* value of currencies; 5** absolute value and relative of ancient currencies compared to nitres.

MoTTA (E.). The Milan coins in ikl9,

Nicrology. Carlo Kunz, Morel-Fatio, Lambros, Tambroni Armaroli, G. Ponton d'Am^court, Charles Robert, E. de Qu6- len, A. Danicourt, Hanz Reimer, Demetrio Canzani.

Gnbcchi (Fr.). Contribution to Roman numismatics, 1® Unpublished imperial coins from the Gnecchi collection in Milan: aureus of Claudius restored by Trajan; aureus of Vespasian with Titus and Doraitian; aureus of Vespasian and Titus; two deniers silver of Trajan; gold quinaries of Plotina and Sabina; large bronze of Antoninus the Pious; denier or essay of aureus of Gallienus; Maxentius' silver denarius; aureus of Crispus. 2®

RIVISTA ITALIANA DI NUMISMATIGA

T.I, first part.

Second in a tie.

PERIODICALS

509

Find of Roman coins in Egypt: treasure of 185 mon- naies (Antoniniani) including one from Tatelier d'Alexandrie, the others of Rome. They range from Gallienus to Maximian Hercules. Here are the name of emperors whose coins offer varieties: Aurelian, Florian, Probus, Carus, Numerian, Curin, Diocletian, Maximian Hercules. PI. IV.