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Revue numismatique, vols. 8–9 (4th series) — vol. 8–9 — 1890
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Rossi (Umb.). Renaissance midfielders at the court of Mantua, J. Alari Bonacolsi, known as T Antique.
OsTERMANN (Val.). hes medals from Friuli of the 15th and 16th centuries centuries, Additamentum to the Italian medalists of A. Armand.
Ambrosoli (Solone). A coin of Trivulce with s, Carpo^ drill. Unique coin minted at the Mesocco workshop, between 1499 and 1518, year of Trivulce's death.
Gnecchi (E.). Unpublished documents on the Corregio workshop. PI. V and VI.
Gavazzi (G.). about the coins of Giancarlo Visconti.
Ancona (Amilcare). The treasurer of S. Zeno in the city of Verona, — Large amphora full of silver coins in large quantities corner flower part, from N^ron to Lucius Verus, in all 2808 pieces. The burial took place in 168 or rather 170, during the panic caused by the wars and unrest of this era in northern Italy.
Obituary notice on Bernardino Biondelli.
Third part,
Gnecchi (Fr.). Contribution to Roman numismatics. — 3** Unpublished medallions from the Gnecchi collection in Milan. medallions of Trajan, ar. ; Hadrian, ar., br. ; Young Faustina, br. ; Lucius Verus, br. ; Chest of drawers, br; Septirae Severe, ar., br. j Severe- Alexander, br. ; Philippe pere and Otacilia, br. ; Probus, br. ; Magnence, gold; Honorius, ar. ; 4** Small bronzes of Antoninus Pious to Severe Alexandre. These bronzes only exist at this Period; Until now we have been too disdainful to study them. These are not neither fake coins nor trial coins, but real ones small bronzes. Plates VII and VIII.
MuLAZZANi (Giov.). Economic studies on the currencies of Milan. Dictionary of Milanese coins.
Rossi (Umb.). Francesco Marchi and Marguerite's medals
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d'Auiriche, Three unpublished letters from Marchi, containing information Interesting lessons from the medalists.
Papadopoli\ic. . Notes on the writers of the story of Venice.
Tamassia Fr.). An inMite currency of Mantua. Currency of Francesco Gonzaga, doca II of Mantova, 1540-1549.
Ambrosou Sol.y. D^cu project for San Marino,
Rossi i^V.). Obituary, Alfred Annand.
QmatrUme part,
Gnecghi (Fr. and Ere.). Some unusual and unknown languages nu€8 from the Chio workshop, Appendix. PI. IX.
Gavazzi [G.]. Search for the gold florins of Guingaleazzo FTs- conti, — PI. X, XI.
Rossi (U.). Renaissance medalists at the court of Man- all. 2** Pier Jacopo Alari-Bonacolsi, known as 1' Antique, continued. 3* Gian Marco Gavalli. PI. XII.
IluGGERO (Gius.). Notes on Genoese numismatics, — 1* Small coin with the legend ANVA'Q'D P*; 2® Dugou currency* winemaker Agostino Adomo.
Ambrosoli [Sol.j. An unusual piece of music from Brera. Beautiful and rare medal, work of an Italian medalist, or a German nibbler who studied in Italy.
MiARi (F.). Gold coin of Prince Siro da Correggio,
MoTTA (Em.). Archive gleanings. Publication of documents unpublished archives relating to numismatics.
T. II, first part.
MuLAZZANi (G.). Economic studies on the currencies of Milan, ' — Imperial currency. Terzola and other names.
Gnecchi (Ere). Unpublished documents on the Correggio workshop. Appendix I. PI. I.
RuGGBRO (G.). Notes on Ginoisc numismatics. Currency of Governor Cardinal Gampofregoso. Coin of Doge Antoniotto Adorno; varieties of a mmuto already published.
Rossi (U.). The Trcsana workshop.
GoMANDiNl (A.). Italian medals of 1888. PI. II.
PoGGi (Gencio). The crowd of doctors from the Cdme college.
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611
KsNNER. Roman medallions. Translation of the Num. Z^itsckrifi of Vienna, t. XIX; Cf. Revue numis., 1889, p. 608.
Luppi (C). Life of the illustrious Italian numismatists. L.A. Muratori.
N^croiogy. Bartholomeo Gecchelti. Renier Chalon.
Secondly,
Sambon (A.G.). Unpublished coins from Greater Greece. Syba- ris, Metaponte, Thuriuiu; Fistelia from Campania; Laus de Luca- denies; Taranto; Caulonia.
Gnecghi (Fr.). Contribution to Roman numismatics. 5® Coins of the Republic, unpublished or returned from the collection Gnecchia Milan. Families: Ahuria, Acilia, Antonia, Axia, Carisia, Gonsidia, Domitia, Horatia, Julia, Maria, Matiena, Oppia, Salvia, Sempronia, Sepullia, Tituria, Vibia. 6** The neck ronne of Augustus on some consular aurei. Plate 111.
MuoNi (D.). Italian Carolingian coinage. Garloman.
RuGGERO (G.). Ginoise numismatics. The terzarole of Charles VI.
Tagliabue (E.). Ordinance against the coins of Trivulce, GoMANDiNi (A.). Italian clothing of 1888. — End. PI. IV. Kenner. Roman medallions. END. (See above.) Luppi (G.). Life of the illustrious Italian numismatists. 2^ Filipo Argelati.
Nicrology. Pietro Rovelli. Angelo Remedi,
Third in a tie.
Markl (A.). Weight and title of the Antoniniani of Claude the Gothic. (See above, p. 505.)
MuLLAZZANi (G.). Historical summary of the fifteen Italian workshops links, Milan. 2** CAme. 3° Greraone. 4** Bologna. 5^ Genes.
Papadopoli. (Nicolo). Moneta Dalmatiae.
Ruggero (G.). Genoese numismatics. Ducat of Liberty 1442-43.
Castellam (G.). Fano's workshop in 1791.
Ambrosoli (Solone). A medal from Antonio Abondio. Medail- their who lived from 1538 to 1591 in Germany and Austria. PI. v.
Gnecchi (Ere.) A commemorative Milanese medal, Struck for the peace concluded between France and Spain in 1659.
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PERIODIQUBS
MoTTA (E.). Gerolamo Alberti^ workshop master of Ferrara^ Parma and Milan, based on archival documents.
Luppi (G.). Life of the famous Italian numismatists. Vinccnzo Bellini.
Ambrosoli (Sol.). Ndcrology. Isaiah Chiron.
Gnbgcri (Pr.). Contribution to Roman numitmatics, 7* Gnecchi k Milan collection: catalog of coins of Augustus a Olybrius, numbering 184. PI. VI, VII.
MuLAZZANi (G.). Historical RisumS on the $ fifteen Italian workshops^ links, 6* Pavia; 7“Plaisance; 8* Verona; 9* Siena; 10* Parma; 11* Asti; 12* Mantua; 13* Venice; 14* Brescia; 15* Padua.
RuGGBRO (G.j. Genoese numismatics, Varieties of minutia and unnamed currency.
Ambrosoli (Sol.). Monigasque notes, Liard de Monaco of 1729.
PoGGi (Cencio). Giuditta Pasta’s Midaillcs. (1797-1865).
Markl (A.). Serdica or Antioch} L^paulle [Revue numisma* tiquey 1888, 3** trim, and 1889, trim.) published an article inti- tule Roman currency^ in which he asserts that the currencies of Gallienus and Claude II, attributed by M. to the workshop of Ser- dica, were struck in Antioch. M. supports by new arguments that the SRQR series of Gallienus and Claudius II pro- comes, not from Antioch, but from Serdica.
Luppi (C). Life of the Italian Numismatists, 4* Guid' Antonio Zanetti.
Obituary, Baron de Witte.
Fourth part.
Henry Th^denat.
MATERIAL METHOD
TABLE
MATERIAL METHOD
PLEASED IN THE
HUMISMATIAUE REVIEW
THIRD SERIES. — VOLUME EIGHT 1890
NmaSMATICS ANGIAN
Medals of the people, lives and roles
Note on some rare or unpublished Attic coins,
by Mr. Earle-Fox (PI. Ill) 54-64
Alabanda and Antioch, cities of Caria, by E. Babelon
(PI.X) 417-434
On the time and number of neocorates of Gyzique,
by Theodore Reinagh 244-252
Cretan coins, countermarked with a UbiSf p. 406. — Coins Greeks from the Pholiadfes-Pacha collection, p. 258-261. — Hyspaosin^s, king de la Characfene, p. 255. — The name of the Bactrian king Sophytes, p. 496. — Arsacid and Sasanian coins, p. 257.
Roman and Byzantine coins
Explanation of the aureus struck by P. Giodius at the effigy
of Marc Antoine, by M. le D"^ A. Veucoutre 1-11
The types of coins struck by Marius Aquil- lius and by Publius Clodius to the effigy of the Sun, by Mr. A. Vercoutre 377-384
Bronze medallion of Emperor Hadrian, by
J.-Adrien Blanchet 385-387
Piavoniusy family name of Emperor Victorinus; Pius,
mobile nickname of Tetricus, by R. Mowat 65-70
1890 — 7 33
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Notes regarding serious signs on medall- contorniated ions, by J.-Adrien Blanchet 480-486
The genius name of Victorin, p. 253-254. — Pacaiian denarius, 490. — Coins of Roman Teinpire troav^es k Eyreux, p. 490-493.
MIDDLE AGB NUMISMATICS French coins
PRIMLIUE RACB
M^rovingian coins. Find of Sain-Aubin (Meuse), by L. Maxe-Wbrly (PI. I and 11)
Summary inventory of M^rovingian coins from the collection of Ponton d'Am^court, acquired by the National Library, by Maurice Prou (PI. VII
and VIll)
Continuation and end
Medrovingian coins from the Cabinet of Madrid, p. 132-133. - Mdrovingians by Fabri de Peiresc, p. 495.
THREE BREED
Semi-royal coins struck at Le Puy, by E. Caron. 446-451 An unsaid coronal denarius of Charles VIII struck at Mar- seille, by Roger Vallkntin 241-243
The currency of Vimy or Neuville, in Lyonnais,
by Natalis Ron dot 435-446
French monetary mints of the 16th and 17th centuries, p. 129-132. — Coins of the kings of France of the 15th century found in ChAlons-sar-Marne, p. 254.
French seignorial coins
A denier of Jean de Ghateauvillain, lord of Bourbon- Lancy, by E. Caron 451-452
A new artesian raon^tary workshop. Coins minted written by Philippe de Saint-Pol k Ruminghen and in Elincourt, by Alphonse de Witte 71-86
Norman deniers from the Middle Ages, p. 493-494. — Big Hambert, daa- Viennese phin, p. 494.
12-53
145-240 273-353
Coins
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515
Foreign currencies
Bactro-Chinese currency, p. 256. — Coins of China, Tonkin, French Cochinchina, p. 117 k 129. — Coins of Siam and the archipelago Malay, p. 388-400.
Muslim coins
Notice on some Sassanid hilingual coins, by
Drouix 354-365
Currency of Sourides, p. 497. — Coins of the governors of Gouzerate ei of the Saurachlra. — Oriental coins from the Lin^vitch cabinet, p. 257-258.
MlfiARTISTIC DAILS Coins and tokens
Medals of Constantine and Heraclius acquired by Jean, due de Berry, in 1402, by J. Guiffrey (PI. IV, Vet VI)
Note on the portraits of Gonzalve de Gordoue, by Alois Heiss (PI. IX)
Jean de Candida, medalist and diplomat under Louis XI, Charles VIII and Louis XII, by Alois Heiss (PI. a XVI)
Puycerda's Modern Testa, p. 495.
CHRONICLE
Numismatic souvenirs from a trip around the world. 3* article: China, Tonkin, Annam, by
Arthur Engel 117-129
Suite 388-400
Continued etfin 487-489
Unpublished or little-known French monetary workshops,
by J.-Adrien Blanchet ... 129-132
87-116 366-376
453-479
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Merovingian coins from the Cabinet of Madrid, by
M. Prou 132-133
About the nora gentilice of Victorin, by R. Mowat. 253-254 Discovery of French coins iMairy-sur-Marne,
by Clement Vattebaut 254-255
The Historical Description of French Coins
Mr. Letellier 255
The king of the Characene Hyspaosines (E. Drouin) 255
Bactro-Chinese currency, published by M. Terrien de
Lacouperie 256-257
The catalog of Arsacid or Sasanian coins from
the institute of oriental languages in Saint-Petersburg. 257 Oriental coins from the Linevitch cabinet, published by
M. de Tiesenhausen (E. Drouin) 257-258
Sale of the Photiades-Pacba collection. Acquisitions
of the Cabinet of Medals (E. Babelon) 258-265
The price of a denarius of Pacatien found ^ Langres in
1838 490
Discovery of a deposit of Roman coins at Evreux,
by G. V^DiE 490-493
Norraand deniers discovered in Montfort-F Amaury,
by G. Mary 493-494
Gros de Humbert, daupbin de Viennois, by G. Mary. 494-495
Lead tesscre from Puyccrda 495
The collection of M^rovingian coins of Fabri de
Peiresc (J. -A. Blanchet) 495-496
Aramaic alphabets, public by J. Euting 496
Notes on India at the time of Alexander, by M. Syl-
vain L6vi 496
Copper coins of Sourides, published by M.
Hoernle (E. Drouin) 497
Coins of the governors of Gouzerate and Sau-
rachtra, published by Bhagvanlal Indraji and Rapson
(E. Drouin) 497-499
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL BULLETIN
Dirks (Jacob). Description of the Dutch Pen
ningen. 1813 to 1863 (G. de Marsy) 134-135
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METHOD TABLE OF MATERIALS 517
Gnegchi (Fr. and Ere). Saggio di bibliografia numis-
matica delle zecche italiane (A. Engel) 135-137
MuRET (E.). Catalog of Gallic coins of the
National Library (A. de Barthel^my) 137-139
Smith (V.A.). The Coinage of the Gupta Dynasty of
northern India (E. Drouin) 139-143
Fabre (P.). The Liber Censuum of the Roman Church
(M. Prou)' 143-144
Wroth (Warwick). Pontus. Paphlagonia-Bithynia
(British Museum Catal.) (E. Babelon), . . . 266-268
Imhoof-Blumer and 0. Keller. Tier und Pflanzenbilder
auf Miinzen und Gemmen (E. Babelon) 268-269
SouTZO (M.). Introduction h. Study of the currencies of
ancient Italy. Second part (E. Babelon) 269-270
Engel and Serrurb. Directory of printed sources
of French numismatics. Volume II (M. Prou). . 270-272
SCHLUMBERGER (G.). Nicophorus Phocas (E. Babelon).. 401-403 SvoRONOS (J.). Numismatics of ancient Crete.
First part 403-407
Reinach (Theodore). Mithridates Eupator (E. Babelon) 408-412 Blanchet (J. -A.). New numismatics manual
medieval and modern 412-414
Valentin (R.). A Hard Indit of Henri IV (J.-A.
Blanchet) 414
M. DE VIENNE. Common misunderstandings about
ancient monetary processes (J.-A. Blanchet) 414-416
Papadopoli. Moneta Dalmatise (G. Schlumberger). . . 416
PJ^ODIQUBS
Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik, t. XVI, 3* and 4' deliveries;
t. XVII, 1" and 2" deliveries 500-504
Numismatische Zeitschrift, XX' year. 1" and 2*
semesters; XXI* year. the ^ semester 505-506
The Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd series, t. IX, 1", 2", 3"
and 4" parts 507-509
Italian Rivista di Numismatica, t. I and t. II 509-514
The Manager, F. Feuardekt.
Mflcon, Protat fries, printer
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ANAIOLE DE BABTH&.EKT, OUSTAYE SCELVKBEKeSR, ERHE8T BABELOH
OsCendita mihi nnmUma o«iuiu Gojii
Mt imago bac, and •up«ncrlptio T
Mitts., ud. 1”, M,
THIRD SERIES — NEW VOLUME
PARIS
AT C. ROLLIN AND FEUARDENT
4. plaoa liOUTOla, 4
1891
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MEMORIES & DISSERTATIONS
GREEK COINS
UNPUBLISHED OR LITTLE KNOWN PI f and II.
I had the opportunity, during last year's niere, to acquire for me a certain medal number of Greek and Roman coins that I did not find described in the main current works or whose description, when I What I met seemed wrong to me. I therefore hope that scholars will be grateful to point out these pieces to them whose scientific interest they will appreciate. The choice few in number that I present today to readers tors of the Revue nuraismalique main door- inent on currencies of European Greece and Asia Minor. It will shortly, I hope, be followed several other series of varicose parts, also extracted from my collection.
i. Olhia (Sarmatia). Laureate head of ApoUon, right. ly. OABIO. Sturgeon swimming to the left; at on it, a 6ft. — 9 mm. — PI. 1, (ig. i.
1891 — 1 1
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I PRINCE P. DE SAXB-COBOURG
The catalogs do not mention any response parts. regarding this description, that in a module l)much larger.
1. Hi/zanc€ (Thrace). — □ AIK rAAAIHNOC CEB. Laurel bustle and drape of Gallienus, right. ^f. BYZAN- TlflN. Spindle-shaped fishing instrument (creel?). — M n mill. — Pi. I, fig. 2.
Compare Mionnet, Thrace^ t. II, n** 434, or the legend of law is misread.
3. DeuUum (Thrace). IMP C GORDIANVS PIVS AVG-
Draped bust of Gordian the Pious, right, with the radiated crown. ly. COL FL PAC DEVLT. {Colonia Vlavia Pax Deal turn,) Emperor Gordian the Pious horse, armed with a lance, and galloping to the right. — M 22 mill. — PI. I, fig. 3.
4. Thebes (Phthiotide). Veiled head of Demeter crowned with ears of corn, on the left. K, 6HBAinN. Protesilas in hoplite, in the posture of a fighter; behind him, on the left, a ship's bow. In front of him, a monogram composed of AX letters. — 20 thousand — PI. I, fig. 4.
This bronze coin comes from the collection selection of Mr. Photiades-Pacha {sales catalog^ \t180). The same types exist in silver, but, until now, they had not met on pieces of bronze.
5. Thebes (Phthiotide). Same head of Demeter. \f. 6HBAinN. Horse brid(^, right, raising a
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INTRODUCED GREEK COINS 3
leg; below, a monogram composed of letters AX. — I {7 mill. — PI. I, fig. 5.
This bronze was also part of the collection of M. Photiades-Pacha {CalaL de ifenle, n^ 181).
6. Nicopolis (Epirus). AYFOYCTOC KTICTHC. T^te of Augustus, on the right. Gr6netis. I^. NIKOHOAECOC. Vic- tory going right, holding a crown and a palm. Grenetis. — 17 mill. — PI. 1, fig. 6.
Compare the description of the Museum copy hr\t^um{\\\e {Thessaly^ etc., p. 102, n** 7).
7. Nicopolis (Epirus). 0AYCT6INA CEBACTH. Bust of young Faustine, right. ^. AKTIA, in a cou- ronne. — yE 14 mill. — PI. I, fig. 7.
Compare the British Museum silver coin, with Teffigy of Antoninus the Pious {Thessaly^ etc., p. 105, n"* 24) and the one with the effigy of Faustine mother {Thessaly, p. 105, n*» 26).
8. Prusaad Olympum (Bithynia). M AYPHAI KOM- MOAOC. Laureate head of Commodus, right. Grene- tis. ^T. nPOYCA€nN. The staff of Aesculapius around from which a serpent is coiled. Grenetis. — M 16 mill. — PI. I, fig. 8.
9. Smyrna (lonie). AY K M AYP ANTnN€INOC. Bust laur6 of Caracalla on the right, with the paludamentum. Grenetis. J^. YOUR CEBA | CTHN (top, in two lines). Three tetrastyle temples each surmount a crown; under the central temple, a divinity seated, and under the side temples a naked divinity standing. Alexergue, CMYPNAinN H 1 PnTHN F N€ |
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nKOPnN (in three lines). Grenetis. — ^38 mill.
— PI. I, fig. 9.
Co medallion, which is a variety of pieces con- bare, of the same types, is of remarkable conservation quable.
10. Teos (lonie). THinN. Hairless bust of the hero (^ponym Teos, right. Grenetis. ^. CT AOYKIOY. Asclepius standing, leaning on his staff around from which a serpent is coiled. Grenetis. — M 18 mill. — PI. I, fig. 10.
11. Nysa (Caria). AYT K M ANTH TOPAIANOC.
Laurel bust (5 of Gordian the Pious, right, with the paludamentum. Grenetis. 9". €n TP AYP ATTIKOY A. NYCA€nN. Artemis the huntress, running to the right and Tare pulling; she is accompanied by her dog. Grenetis. — M 30 mill. — PI. 1, fig. 11.
Compare the piece described in Mionnet, Supple- ment, t. VI, p. 525, n** 435.
12. Blaundos (Lydia). Draped bust of the D^mos, a right. Grenetis. i^. B 1 AAY 1 NA€ | HN, in four lines in a laurel wreath. Grenetis. — M 16 mill. — PI. I, fig. 12.
13. Julia (Phrygia). I€PA CYNKAHTOC. Bust beard of the Senate drape, right. ^. lOYAKHN rOPAHNnN. The god Lunus standing, on the left, is powerful on a scepter; he is wearing a hat Phrygian and he has the lunar crescent on his shoulders.
— 20 thousand — PI. I, fig. 13.
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14. Sardis (Lydia). CAPAlANHN. young head of Demos, crown of vines, on the right. R". CTP AO- 10 ATTPHNIANOY. Thyrsus adorned with strips. In the field, k left, a bee. Grenetis. — 16 mill. —PI. I, fig. 14.
15. Sardis (Lydia). NEPHN-KAIIAP. Tele winner of Neron, on the right. ^. €ni TIMHCIOY CAPAlANflN. Head of Hercules, on the right. — 15 mill. — PI. I, fig. 15.
16. £«me/i/«(Phrygia). ArPinniNA CEBACTH. T^te of Agrippina mother, on the right. — R". APXIEPEIA EYME- NEHN BAZZA KAEHNOZ. Figure seated on a throne, on the left, and holding a hook. Grenetis. — M he mill. — PI. 1, fig. 16.
17. Eumenia (Vhrygia). NEPHN ZEBAZTOZ. Bust youth of Nero, right, with the paludamentum.
lOYAIOZ KAEHN, in the field; APXIEPEYZ AZIAZ EYMENEHN. Young naked god, standing on the left, holding a bird on his right hand and a bipinna with his left hand, with his chlamys on his arm. — M 21 mill. — PI. 1, fig. 17.
18. Ococlea (Phrygia). I€PA CYNKAHTOC. Head young man from the Senate, on the right. 9'. OKOKAICflN. Hecate standing facing forward, extending his arms. — iE 21 mill. — PI. 1, fig. 18.
19. .4/ic3/re(Galatia). AOM€TIA C€BACTH. Bust of Domitia, on the right. \y. EHI ACKAHHIAAOY AlO AP f ANKYPANflN. Ephcsian Artemis with its supports, standing facing, between two deer. — iE 20 mill. — PI. I, fig. 19.
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20. Iconium (Lycaonia). IMP T P LIC GALLIENVS P. F A. Radiated bust of Gallien, right. — ICONIAN COLOR. Person standing on the left, holding the harp and in the right hand the head of the Gorgon. In the field, S R. Grenetis. — 23 mill. — PI. I, fig. 20.
This bronze from the colonic of Iconium is of a con- remarkable service.
Peter of Saxe-Coburg.
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ON
A DENARIUS OF HOSTILIUS SASERNA
AND ON THE PRIMITIVE CULT OF DIANE IN ITALY'
The figure of Diana, which we see on the reverse of a coin minted by L. Hostilius Saserna, inonetary of Cesar, has not been explained until now, it seems, in a satisfactory manner. 11 don't me It doesn't seem impossible to say why this guy is found on the coinage of a Hostilius. I will try to do it and, at the same time, show that this currency offers us a representation of the most ancient Diana italic.
The people who took care of it noticed that a certain analogy of this type with images so numerous that we have TArttimis of Ephesus. They did not fail to recall the past sage oil Livy says* that the temple of Diana on The Aventine was built by Servius Tullius to limit tion of that of Diana at Ephesus. I would add that Stra- good supplies, about the statue of Diana placed in this temple, very precise information: it was a $6avov, that is to say one of these primitive idols of
1. This mimoipe q 6tc read before the Academy of Inscriptions and Bcllcs- letires in the stanza of June 13, 1890.
2.I.45.
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8 EDMs. SAGLIO
stone or wood where the human form began only to emerge, and quite similar to the one that the Massaliotes had dedicated in their city 'T?iv auTf^v otaOeo-tv ey ov toj rapa Tof; Mao-o-aXiajTaij;' ; a little higher, Strabo has just said that this The last one was the exact reproduction of the image of the goddess of Ephesus*.
These are very clear texts which must appear convincing. But is there so much feeling? white that we wanted to see between the well-known guy of Diana of Ephfjse and the one who is grave on the mount- born of llostilius Saserna?
I will not repeat what has already been well established. The scholar Eckliel 'has perfectly explained the type of the face, where we see the head of a woman with hair falling into disarray, with an emaciated face expressing TelTroi: it is Pallor^ the Paleur personified, like on other denarii of the same currency we find Pavor^ Fear, represented by a man's head with spiky hair and beard. King Tullus llostilius was the first to devote the temples to Pallor and Pavor^ when he made war on the V6ians. L. Hostilius Saserna, placing in front of the coins that it struck the memory of the king whose name it bore and the cults that he had founded, wanted, following The use of monetaries at the end of the Republic attest Tantiquite and Tcclat of his race. I think that we must seek with such an intention Tex- plication of the type of Diana appears on the reverse.
1.IV, p. 180.
2. Doctr, Nam, t. IV, p. 226.
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ON A DENARIUS OF HOSTILIUS SASERNA
9
That this figure is that of Diane, we cannot say no doubt, the goddess is clearly characterized by its attributes; but in numismatic collections she is named Diana of Ephesus, and this designation tion, which is not motivated, could only have gone astray. The figure brings to mind, it is true, the ancient idols of Artemis and also those of other divinities who were confused with it, as we see them represented in Greek vase paintings * or on other monuments; but it differs completely one of those that can be considered with certainty studied as reproducing the image of the goddess of Ephesus*. What distinguishes this one is not both the rigidity, the shape of the column or sheath in in which the entire lower part of the body is enclosed mee, common character of a large number of idols primitives, that the meeting was quite extraordinary symbols which recognize in it a division nity fertile and nourishing. First, what is striking at first glance, the chest carrying several rows of udders; then this quantity of animals of all species, lions, bulls, deer, rams, claws fons, bees and others, which envelop the goddess, climb on her arms, on her shoulders, fill pleat the compartments which divide the surface of
1. See pap example Millingen, Peinlures de teases, pi. l-lii; Dubois-Mai- Bonneuve, Introd. d litude of teases, pi. xxx; Monum, from Cinst. arch., VHI, ft. XXII; Gerhard, Anlihe Bildwerke, pi. cccvii.
2. Mcnetreius, Symbol. Dianx Ephesix statue, Rotn. 1688; Clarac, Muaee of Bculpt., IV, pi. 581 el seq. ; Visconti, Mua. Pio Clemeniino, I, pi. xxx; Pinder, Ueber Silver medallions, in the Memoirs of the Berlin Academy, 1855, pi. V; Barclay. V. Head, We stop. Sequeme of. the Coinage of Epke^ #««, 1880, pi. IX.
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10
EDM. 8AGUO
his clothing and up to the field of the disk placed behind his head. We don't see any of this on the denarius of Hostilius Saserna. The goddess is standing, straight, legs closely together, but not trapped in a sheath. The clothing that the cover goes down to the feet in symmetrical folds Irics. The hairstyle resembles a radiant crown. The radiated crown is rarely worn by Artemis; there are however examples in the images where it is adorned with it, this crown is a transformation mation of the high crowned and toothed Asian tiara I6th, which is common to it, in an ancient period of Tart, with other feminine deities. She derives like the calathus of Cer6s, the crown fleuronn (5th of Juno, the mural crown of the For- tune and that of Cybele, the great mother goddess whose Diana of Ephesus is only one of the secondary typesV Thus Torment that the greasy figure bears on his head vee on the reverse of Hostilus Saserna's denarius is not distinctive of Diane d*Ephfese.
It is also necessary to observe that, in the images which have been preserved, the arms of this one do not carry no attributes. These arms, which move away from the body almost at right angles, have the appearance of hairpieces added to the primitive idol; and in fact, they were reported and they needed to be supported; we sees the supports on the coins, where they were taken
1. Lenormanl and de Wiite, ^lUe cUa mon, ceramographies t 11, pi. xi and XV, etc.
2. See Furtwfiogler, Collection Sabourof^ -pX. xxv; G. Gurtias, Beitrxge zur Geschichte Klein Asia$ (Ephesos, etc.), in the Memoirs of the Academy from Berlin, 1872.
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SLR A DENIEn O^HOSTILIUS SASERNA 11
for 8 candelabrums, for chains or for strips decorated with tassels which were some times suspended*.
On the currency that concerns us, Diane has for attributes a stake whose iron is provided with fins, hunting weapon of which we find the model, moreover their communities in Tantiquite, on monuments very old discovered in Italy. She holds this 6 stake with his left hand, his other outstretched hand grasps the antlers of a deer running alongside her. The attitude and attributes are well suited to Diana, the hunting goddess resse, but, as we see, the name of Diane of Ephesus, generally given to this figure, is not not justified by careful comparison of the monuments ments where this is surely represented.
This attribution seems better supported by the texts. Livy, as we have said, and with him other histo- nothing reports that a temple of Diana was built on the Aventine Hill by King Servius TuUius and that this temple was founded to serve as a com- mun to a federation of Latin peoples having Rome to his head, a limitation of what the lonians of Asia in Raising the temple of Art^mis a Ephfese, famous dfes then, said Titus Live*, cc jam tum inclusum erat Dianse Ephesiae fanum”. It is, indeed. the time when the Greek ships landed successively constantly the shores of the Mediterranean. The Pho- those who were going to found Marseille refer to the en-
1. Pinder, O. e.; Ch. Lenorinant, Noutf, gallery mythoL, p. 83; Percy Gard- ner, Type$ of greek Coin$, Cambridge, 1883, p. 78.
2. I, 46; cf. Dion. Halic, IV, 26 and 26; Aur. Victor, from Virit ilL, 7.
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12
EDM. 8AGL10
river of the Tiber, under the reign of Tarquin the Elder*. read brought from Ephesus an image of Artemis that seemed to blable to the one who was venerated there and, in turn, said Strabo*, the Humans placed in the temple of TAventin a statue of Artemis in wood, similar to that of the temple of Marseille which was called T'E^eaiov (Tijv
We see no reason to reject a tradition tion which brings together in its favor similar testimonies gnages. It also agrees with the assertion of Varro', that for 170 years the gods of the Romans had no simulacra, a period whose end corresponds to the last years of the reign of Tarquin TAncient. This king is attributed with the introduction to Rome statuary, already cultivated among neighboring peoples by the Greeks and the Etruscans; Tarquin would have dedicates the statue of Jupiter in the temple that He had made build at the Capitol*. His successor therefore has strong could well consecrate in the temple of TAventin a idol made in the likeness of those of Ephesus and from Marseille; but it's not this idol, I think demonstrated asset, which is shown on the currency by Hostilius Saserna. No really characterful details- ristic does not recall it, but only the generic aspect ral, the stiffness which is characteristic of all statues
1. Justin. XLUI, 3. See Klausen, yEneas und die Penaien, II, p. 606, Hamb., 18^0.
2. Strab., IV, p. 179, 180.
3. Varr. after Augustine, of Ciu. Dei, IV, 31. This is the same source that we comes from Pluiarch, Numa, 8, and the Christian elders, Clem. Alex., Strom., I, p. 304; TerluU., i4/>o/., 25; Euscb., Praep. evang., IX, 6. See DeUefsen. of Roman art, antiquity. Progr. Glttksburg, 1868, p. 3.
4. Varr. after Plin. Hi$t, not.; DeUefsen, zxxv, 45.
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ON A DENIER OF HOSTILLUS SASERNA 13
archaic. Moreover, we do not yet see Je reason which would have made the monetary choose the type of Artemis of Ephesus or Diana of TAventin. This motive, we must therefore look for it elsewhere.
The cult of Diana is much older in Italy than one would believe from the introduction to Rome, under the kings, of the image brought from Asia by the Phoenician navigators. Diane is, originally, neither the Asian goddess, nor the Hellenic Artemis, the girl of Latona, whose statue Augustus would have next to the ApolIon of Scopas, on the Palatine, the one we know we are born through the works of Art and poetry, Greek work in reality.
Graecia capta ferum victoreiii coepit et arles Intulit agresti Latio.
The artists and poets have transformed so well^ the rustic italic divinity that it has become difficult to conceive of it under traits other than those they have stop. We can barely transport ourselves into this fabulous antiquity oil, still without temple and without images, she was adored on the summits hills, at the source of rivers, in the clearings forest laughter, with fauns and nymphs whose popular imagination animated the solitudes and that she thought she heard speaking with voices pro- phetics*. If this primitive Diana has any relation port with Artemis, it is with the Arcadian Artemis, pelasgic, prior to that of Homer and without parent^ still with Apollo, nymph like her
1. Prellep, Romitche Mythologie, 3* 6d. Berlin, 1881, 1, p. 113, 313, U, 129.
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EDM. HAGLIO
and surrounded by nymphs whose names are those of the mountains of the Peloponnese and the waters that flow pink * ; it spreads fertility everywhere; she is there nourisher of all that has life and protector of wild animals before becoming the huntress who is interested in their pursuit*.
It is a similar goddess that was worshiped at Ten- tour of the Roman hills, among the Latins, the Rques, the Hernicians, the Sabines, the Tuscans: we finds traces of his cult even in Campa- nie He was a link between these peoples. Its saer^s woods, its temples then became religious centers, commercial and political, where the confederates seemed to be going about their business at the same time as to sacrifice in common*. Pliny, speaking of a beech wood which crowned Mount Corne, below sus of Tusculum, said that the Latins had con- created by the ancient religion of Diana, and it seems, by the way in which he expresses himself, involve the All of Latium has this religious act: “lucus anti- qua religione Dianas sacratus k Latio *. » Not far from there, at Aricia, another wood was famous for its temple and by its festivals, the lucus Nemorensis or, more briefly-
1. Olf. Mullcr, Dorier, 2* 6d. Breslau, 1884, I, p. 376 et seq.; A, Mnupy Religions of Greece, I, p. 152, n. s.
2. Glaus, de Dianx antiq, op. Graecos natura. Vralislav., 1881, c. vii and vm; Schreiber, op. Roschep, Ausfiihrlich. Lexicon, der Myihologie, rtU Arte' put; P. Paris, art Diana from the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiques.
3. Preller, Rdm. Mythol., I, 313 et seq.; Birt, ap. Roscher, art. Diana; P. Paris, /. /.
4. Preller, R. Myth., I, p. Ill; Beloch, the Italian Bund unter Roma Hegemonie, Leipzig^, 1880, p. 177 et seq. ; cf. Schwegler, Rom. Geschichte, I, p. 731, n* 6; 0. Gilbert. Geschichte and Topographie der Stadt Roma im AUerthum, t. 11, 1885, Leipzig, p. 22.
1, Hist, no/., XVI 242 (91).
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StR A DENIER D*H08TILI1JS 8ASERNA 15
lies the Nemus, whose name survives in that of the village of Nemi and its charming lake, that the Romans called the mirror of Diana V II avail ^t^ dedicated to Diane in the name of a community of peoples Latins, by a dictator, Egerius Laevius of Tuscu- lum. Cato, from whom this information comes to us *, had been able to see for himself the stone on which it was insert the names of the allied cities in which figurenlTusculumet Aricia.An Egerius of Tusculum had dedicated the Nemus; according to another testimony, the cons^cralionfulfailebyanothermemberofthememe family, Manius Egerius, who is represented as the father of a numerous and illustrious lineage in Aricia*.
This culle, we are going to Rome, first install it on the Caelius. There were on one of the summits of the col- line (the one called Caeliolus) a Sacellum of Diane Ir^s belly — maximum el sanclissimum —, dil Cicero *; of his time still a certain number ancient families, conforming to the rites of their people^ once sacrificed Tan there. This is similar to the ideas of month of August, the time when we celebrated the natalis dies of the goddess', that is to say the anniversary of the founding lion of his ass, both Rome and Tusculum or at Aricia, on the Caelius as well as on TAven- tin. This coincidence is not accidental; she doesn't think be explained only by a common origin, by a true filiation.
1. Servius, ad Aen., VII, 515.
2. Calo, Orig. frag., 58, 6dit. Pcler; elap. Priscian. IV. p. 129, VII, p. 337.
3. Fesius, p. 169, Lindemann; p. 145, Muller.
4. Har. reap., 15, 32.
5. The Menolo^am Ruslicamdc Philocalus indicated August 3; cf. Martial., XII, 67; Slat., Siit^., Ill, 5, 52-60; Auson, of Iron. Rom., 6.
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16 EDM. SAGLIO
Tusculum is the mother city, the ancient home from which this cult radiated throughout Latium; he came to Rome, brought by whom, if not by the people whose name is confused with that of Tusculum, the Tuscans (Tusci, Tursi, Etrusci), the Latin Etruscans; and the king who is at this moment in early Roman history it was sonification of the Tuscan element, its eponym, Tullus Hostilius (the Tuscan, the foreigner*) is also the one to whom historians attribute the addition to Rome of Caelius, where Diana had her first sanctuary*. Later, Servius TuUius raised another on The Aventine where this image of the goddess who resembled the Artemis of Ephesus and Marseille. The Romans of a later age made it big honor to his policy; they enjoyed dating this foundation the recognition of supremacy from Rome through the other Latin cities. But they had not forgotten the older establishment of the cult of Diana on the Ca?lius. A Hostilius above all must have wanted to recall the memory of it. The one who pre- the figures of Pallor and Pavor were born as emblems k who the king his ancestor had dedicated temples, had no less reason to put on his watch comes from the image of the ancient Diana of Latium.
Edm. Saglio.
1. Tullus, Turnus, Tuscus, see Schdmann, from TulUo Uoitilio rege^ in OpuBc. Academical t I, Berlin, 1856; Schwegler, Rom. Geschichie, I, Tubin- gen, 1853, p. 2G'i, 583.
2. Tit. Book., 1, 30; Dion. Halic, HI; Aur. Vict. From uir. ill., IV, 3; Hiero- nyme. Chronicle., cd. Schoene, p. 87; Cic. /. /. See Gilbcrl, O./., II, p. 24, 32 and next; 232.
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THE
MEDA.ILLES DES CA.RRARE
LORDS OF PADUA
EXECUTED AROUND 1390 PI. III.
Francois P"" and his son Francois U, from Carrara, lords of Padua, fought during the second half of the 14th century against two powerful neighbors, the Republic of Venice and Visconti, masters of Milan. After alternatives of success and setback, during which they demonstrated an admirable Consistency and true military qualities, these princes succumbed one after the other in this unequal struggle, not without having inspired at times serious fears to their implacable enemies. Francis I", who became master of Padua in 1355, defended his conquest for a long time against the Milanese and the Venetians, but he was finally reduced to capitulating, and locked up, in 1388, in the castle of Como, ouil died in 1393. His son Francois II, nicknamed Novello, aroused enemies on all sides to Jean Galeas Visconti; then, having gathered a small troop of German mercenaries, he managed to seize, by nighttime surprise, from the city of Padua; this fact of arms took place on June 19, 1390. Novello kept his conquered despite the efforts of the Duke of Milan who
1891 — 2 2
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18 JCLES GUIFFREY
had to recognize its independence after two years of struggles. But, later, the supreme republic having joined forces with the Milanese, he could not resist forces much greater than those he had at his disposal himself. He had to resign himself to capitulating and was dragged in Venice where the Council of Ten had him strangled, with his (lis, in 1405.
It was to celebrate the capture of Padua that struck the medal which we are dealing with here.
On one side, the prince is represented in profile, turns to the right, recalling, through all the features of his broad face, the well-known type of Vilellius*. He is not no doubt that a Roman coin served as model ix The artist responsible for executing the medal of Francis of Carrara; the engraver therefore took little notice cup of resemblance. The legend, however, does not leaves no uncertainty about the identity of the character. It is written as follows: “efigies. divi. francisci. juNioRis. from car\ria.pad. » The inscription on the reverse is no less explicit: “1390 die. 19. junii. received- PERAviT. PADUAM. E. CETA. » Uuc abbrcviatiou above of the last word does not allow us to read anything other than cetera, singular formula certainly in a such an inscription and which could not be missed to arouse the attention and distrust of scholars.
The career of Francois Novello was short, since, By 1405, it had fallen into the power of its enemies. If therefore the medal was executed by his orders, it is necessarily contemporary with the events that she celebrates; we thus have an imitation or, again
1. This is the third medal on the plate which accompanies this article.
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THE CARRARE MBDAILLONS
19
better a copy (idem of a Roman coin, copy executed around the year 1390. A similar fact somewhat upset all the ideas reviewed on the methodical development of art at the time of the Renaissance. Was it admissible that the little courtyard of a secondary prince who was ahead in the imitation antique models the great artistic centers and intellectuals of Italy? Without doubt, the Carrares enlightened lords had appeared; they had attracts and retains Petrarch among them, and you know that Petrarch was one of the first to research with passion and collecting coins antiques. But what does it matter! Such considerations could opinions prevail against opinions accredited for a long time? Also the medal of Francois Novello, like the one who represented the traits of her father, were they relegated among the so-called restitution medals, manufactured according to a generally accepted tradition, in the 16th century or even at a later time.
One difficulty, however, should have concerned those who so lightly decided this delicate question. Who still thought, in the middle of the century Julius II and Leo X, to the unfortunate lords of Carrara? Who has ever thought of celebrating with lasting monuments the forgotten exploits of these little ones potentates? We did not stop at such objectives. tions, and for a long time we attached no importance to these medals considered as backdated.
Only twenty-five years ago, a German scholar
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20 JILES Gt’IFFREY
mand, Doctor Julius Freidlaender, died conserva- director of the Berlin Medal Cabinet, studied the question more closely than we had done before July, and he reaches a diametrically opposed conclusion. s6e ^1 the one who had not yet met a con- translator.
The results of his research were recorded in a public memoir in 1868*. The arguments were without reply, peremptory reasoning, and however during the awarding of the Carrara medals to the last late years of the 14th century, met many unbelievers dules. We would have to go back fifty years date of the oldest Italian medals. Com- ment to admit that in the 14th century, that is to say, a almost barbaric era, we managed to copy with this intelligent fidelity to the Roman models? Other objection: if the classification of the so-called medals of restitution had been made too lightly and had to be to be taken over entirely was the upheaval of all the ideas received on an entire series of monuments surrounded by deep darkness. The consequences of Mr. Friedlaender's thesis were very serious, as we see, so serious that the fear of towards all accepted traditions had to contribute for many, no doubt, to have their con- exclusions. However, the German scientist was right, although something was missing in his demonstration- tion. Va\ in vain had he accumulated examples and
1. Periodica di numismatica e sphragiatica per la atoria d'/ialia, directed by Carlo Slrozzi, Florence, 18G8, in-8*. The article by Mr. Friedlaender, redig^ in Italian alongside the company of linc plank, appeared in the first issue dc that Revue.
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THE DBS CARRARE MEDALS
21
citations, the decisive, irrefutable proof, made still lacking. It is this proof that I bring and k which I might not have paid attention to, I I hasten to recognize it, without the previous studies laughs from Mr. Friedlaender.
In the oldest inventory of the Due de Berry, dates from 1401*, we read an article written as follows: “Item, cc a leaden mark, where is the face of “Francis de Carrara on one side, and on the other the “mark of Pade. » And the same article reappears on the inventories drawn up in 1414 and 1416. In the last, no value is assigned to it. Obviously- lies a lead print, whatever interest presented to an emeritus collector as due de Berry the rarity of the object, cannot offer any market value. But, precisely because the price of the matter was zero, this imprint would not have been admitted alongside misconceptions of all kinds accused mul6es in the collections of the prince, if Teffigie had not been considered as an object of high curiosity.
Certainly, gourmet connoisseurs, like the brother of Charles V, were perfectly fit feel how much this fiddle copy of the antique modules was a new thing at the end of the 14th century. to the identity of the medal of one of the princes of Carrara and the room of the Due de Berry, it does not would give rise to any doubt. However summary
1. It is from the same inventory that he borrows the Elements of a previous e4denl article on the medals of Constantine and Hernclius, published in the first issue of 1890 of the Revue numismatique.
22
JULES Gt'lFFREY
the description given above, it is quite pre- cise, detailed enough to dispel any uncertainty. Thus, the inventory provides us with proof for* nielle indisputable that, from 1401, there existed a medal reproducing the features of Francois de Car- rare, second of the name. Certainly its done of arms had had some impact in France. Was not Francois Novello's adversary the father of the young Duchess of Orleans, her marriage by marriage of the due de Berry? Everything comes together to prove that we feel good in the presence of a reproduction tion of the coin struck in honor of the conquest of Padua and to thus confirm the conclusions of Mr. Friedlaender.
If the execution of the medal of Francois Novello must be fixed at the year 1390, there is no reason serious not to date from the same year the medal dedicated to Francis I of Carrara. For this, we will recognize, is the authentic proof still missing; but is it really necessary? The work of the two pieces is completely identical*; and who could have thought of exalting the great deeds of Francois I*", if not his son Novello?
1. This can also be judged by the reproductions attached to this note; They are more faithful than Friedlaender's boards. The medal of Francois de Carrara Tancien, the one which is pierced from above. we have iU gra- carefully communicated by Mr. Valton. That of his son is reproduced from the silver copy of the Cabinet des m^daillcs, acquired in 1840. We have attached to this plancho the photograph of another medal of the lords of Carrara. This one does not bear an effigy; she is interesting especially because of the conditions in which it was discovered. She was found, a certain number of years ago, in the foundations of a church near Padua; it was protected against oxidation by a small earthen piggy bank where she was locked. Mr. Valton who had acquired this curious object & the sale of Eugene Piot, generously donated it to Cabinet des m^daillei.
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THE OES CARRARE MEDALS
23
The question of date once decided, we will not we have not finished with all the problems that raise the Carrara medals. We won't stop not to the thesis supported by Mr. Friedlaender when he tried to demonstrate that the parts in question had been minted and not melted. The arguments invoked in favor of this opinion are contradicted by careful examination of the medals; this exam does not leaves no doubt about the process used. Signa- let us only, under the neck of Francis II, burrs that only cast iron can produce.
If we examine the list of effigies of the lords of Carrara drawn up by M. Armand in his Medailleurs Italians^^ there are no less than nine medals different; but we notice at the same time that seven of these pieces are of a uniform module: 70 millimeters. They therefore belong to a same series; for these there is no hesitation. If several of them are inspired by medals original from the 14th century, they were certainly engraved in the course of the 16th century, when the taste of these small monuments have spread. Then, we will have wanted to complete the series; we will thus have invented^ the medals of the first lords of Carrara including the prototype did not exist.
The last two representatives of this house were entitled to a place of honor in this series; but, by a singular inadvertence, the copyists of the 16th century took them one for the other. They gave Francis 11 the features of Francis I.
t. Volume I, p. 15-17.
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24
JULES Gl’IFFREV
and vice versa. Hence, confusions persist tuelles. Mr. Armand himself did not escape the consequences of this error, and this is how its olFre catalog of mistakes that it is important to point out.
Mr. Armand describes, under numbers 30 and 31, two medals of Francois 11, that is to say of the same person ringing, while Tune, the one whose reverse has for legend: Francis'ci de Carraria^ presents a type very different from the character named by the legend Francisci J union's de Car aria.
We said, after M. Armand, that the legend on the reverse, identical on both pieces, recalls the date of the surprise of Padua. He is undoubtedly very singular that the father's piece mentions a feat of arms accomplished by his son; maybe it would be difficult to cite another example of such an anomaly malie. It is therefore not surprising that Mr. Armand was led to assume, despite the diversity of types, that the two pieces celebrated the same person ringing. If the legend of the face contradicted a similar interpretation, the identity of the legends about the two setbacks were an argument in his favor. We will not undertake to explain the date of the capture of Padua intentionally recalled on a medal from Francois; but, until proven on the contrary, we will refer to the legend main, admitting with Friedlaender and the
1. During the surprise of Padua, in 1390, Frangots I*' of Carrara, prison- deny the Venetians, Tivait again. One could assume that his son, in law devoting a ra^daille, to youIu associate yourself in some way with the brilliant fact of arms which had put the lords of Carrara in possession of the town of Padua.
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THE CANNARE MEDALS 25
other scholars that our two meshes represent, not Frangois II Novello under two different types- rents; but Francis and Francis II of Carrara.
We see to what degree the history of the beginnings of engraving in medals is full of uncertainties. The texts alone can bring some light into this difficult research. The inventories especially and the accounts, with their precise and authenticated information ticks, will be a valuable resource to help the discovery of the truth.
This is how the inventory of the debt of Berry gives us allowed us to go back to a date before 1401, first the medals of Constantine and Heraclius, then the pieces of the lords of Carrara. We don't have no claim to have said the last word on the question which is the subject of this note. The effi- gies of Francis I" and Francis II of Carrara, still offer the sagacity of specialists more a riddle to explain. It's already something, we believe, to be able to affirm that these pieces must appear at the top of the chronological list. logic of Italian medals.
Jules GuiFFREY.
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FOUR BRONZE MEDALLIONS FROM ASIA MINOR
PI. IV.
The Cabinet of Medals recently acquired the location of the four large medallions, struck in three different cities in Asia Minor, which are located photographs on our plate IV; although two of them have already ^16 reproduced*, I will know grateful, I hope, to present them specially to the readers of the Revue^ because of their exceptional beauty functional, because they can be considered as a corner flower, and you know how rare the Greek medallions in this state of conservation. The most of those which are contained in the collections public institutions are, from this point of view, very deficient killers: and this is all the more regrettable since their legends are more developed than those of the pieces of the ordinary module, and that their types include naturally details and particularities which do not could exist on a blank of smaller dimensions, It is therefore true good fortune to be able to study in Taise and without the need for resort to conjectures and restitution of types or crude legends, some of these monuments ments which are among the greatest than Tart monetary has ever produced.
1. These are medallions n*' 3 and 4: I had them reproduced in TonTrage posthumous by Fr, Lenormant, Monnaie9 et midaiUe$, pp. 181 and 182.
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DB BRONZE MEDALLIONS - from ASIA MINOR
27
I. — Cyziquk
Convenient. A AYP KOMOAOC KAICAP r€P CEB YOC
(Aouxio; AOpiQXio^ KojxoSo^ Katdap Fcpfxavixo^ S£Sa(JToO 06^). Bust of young Commodus, right, head naked, the shoulders covered with the paludamentum. Gre- netis around the edge.
^. KYZI I KHNHN | N€OKO (in three lines in the field). Galley with a row of rowers on the bridge, sailing to the right. The bow is decorated with a figure of Triton blowing his trumpet; the stern, very curved, is topped with Faplustre and two military ensigns at the foot of which we sees the celestial, seated, clapping his hands. Under the galley, a dolphin and a tuna swimming in direction reverse. Garnetis around the edge.
I 35 miUim. PI. IV, fig. 1.
This medallion is perhaps the most important document complete that numismatics provides to Tetude of Naval Archeology. We can very clearly distinguish- all details of the ship's rigging; under Taplustre (a(pXa(JTOv), we see the xeXeudn^;, that the Latins called hortator^ jussor, symphoniacus\ he sits under a small tent, and his function consists of clapping the hands at regular intervals and to sing the celeusma^ which had the effect of har- monize the cadence of the trains and excite Tenergie rowers. We particularly note, Tarriere, a sort of large mast which protrudes Tapluster, diagonally, behind the legion eagles
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28 E. BABELON
naries: it is the prop called by Pollux aTuXt^, and by Eustathe oruXtoxo;, who supported Taplustre*, and with the help of which this ornament forms planks dis- posed in a rooster's tail, could be more or less curves or develops.
We only emphasize these details because we distinguishes them better on our medallion than on the other coins of Cyzicus of the galley type, i.e. that the ship presents itself, as here, sailing to right, or, on the contrary, he goes to the left and shows its other side*, or finally that it is equipped with veils like on a medallion of young Faustine', or of Commodus himself*.
Among these various representations of galleys, the the most interesting feature we can ciler is provided to us by a large medallion of Young Faustine, in the Cabinet of France*. On this piece, of unfortunate poor conservation- ment, we see a problem similar to that which appears on the medallion of Commodus, and in addition, we reads on the bow, next to the rudder, the inscription following, in two lines:
XAIPE nOAl
At first glance, we could consider this exclamation “y(OLXpij ttoXi”, as a greeting
1. A. Cartault, La trUre aih^nUnne, p. 97; cf. rart. Seetveten in the DenkmaUr des KlassUehen AUertums de Banmeisler.
2. Mionnel, De$cr., t. U, p. 639, no. 176.
3. Mionnet, Descr., t. U, p. 543, n* 198.
4. Mionnet, De$cr., t. U, p. 644, n* 209. 5 Mionnet, Deaer., X. U, p. 542. n* 193.
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BRONZE MEDAL0N8 FROM ASIA MINOR 29
or a farewell of the Cyzicenieus sailors to their homeland, or even as forming the beginning of one of these popular melopees sung by sailors during their travels; but the comparison with registration another medal will allow us to offer a more scientific interpretation.
Eckhel gave, with this science and this confidence of criticism from which he rarely departed, a strong ingenious explanation of the legend of a currency from Ephesus, to Tefligia of Philip the father, which is connected closely to the Cyzicenian pieces that we let's study here. On this currency, which is also of the type dune galley, we read €
1. Mionnet, Suppl, \. VI, p. 188, no. 719; cf. Eckhel, D. N. K., I. 11, p. 518.
2. Ulpicn, Digest, I, 16, 4, §5; cf. J. Marquardt, Romiache Slaalsverwal-' tung, 2* 6d. (Leipzig, 1881), p. 337. (Handbuch der rOmiscben Allerthttmer), and Waddinglon, Fasles des prot^inces asialiqueSf p. 15 and 16.
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30
E. BABELON
by the proconsul [Ttp&xo^ xaTaitXou^, prima adnavi^ gatio ad Ephesiorum urbem).
This interpretation so judicious and so interesting seems to us to shed some light on the legend cyzic^nian: KAIPE TTOAI. After visiting Ephesus, the proconsul traveled successively through the cities main areas of its province, including the towns which, like Cyzicus, claimed the title of metropolis *; like any new civil servant, he arrived Lazy full of promises, and he was welcomed with demonstrations of joy. On the ship that carried, the registration at "fjiXptj iroXi" was an advance flattering gesture made to the city he was going to visit, a wish welcome.
Each new proconsul had recourse to a process of his choice, has a particular motto for win the votes of the cities he was to administer nistrer: it is in this sense, very probably, that You must try to explain another big me- daillon of Cyzicus, to the type of the galley and to Teffigie of Hadrian: on this new piece, we read, at above the ship, the word €YTYX€CTATOY, of which 1 in- interpretation rejects Eckhel himself*.
While indicating the path in which we must search, I do not dare to formulate hypotheses, not being by no means certain that the form of the masculine genitive, given by the old Ennery catalog, or cor- read correctly. Perhaps we should understand:
1. Marquardt, Homische Siaatswetenf 1. 1, p. 343.
2. Anc. co!l. from Ennery. Eckhel, D. N. K., t. H, p. 454, el Mionnel, Suppl., I.V, p. 318, n* 223.
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MEDAL0N8 OF BBONZB of aSIB MINEUBE
31
cOTuycoraTou (dvOuiraiou xaxairXou^), the proconsul tried feeling very happy to approach among citizens so devout and so eager to welcome you *.
This is the interpretation which seemed to me the most natural of these curious legends, and I would not not that these inscriptions relate to, for example, has nautical festivals which would have been celebrated in the port of Cyzicus, like the names of ships, AAKA. EAEYGEPIA. EYKAEIA, EYNOMIA, KOPKYPA, etc., which we read on coins from Corcyra*.
Convenient. A AYR KOMOAOC KAICAP r€P CSB YOC
Bust of young Commodus, right, bare head, shoulders covered with paludamentum. Grenetis perimeter.
ly. KYZIKHNHN N€OKOPnN. Naked warrior, standing, on the left, her chlamys on the left shoulder and arm, and leaning with his right hand on his spear. Grenetis around the edge.
I 35 millim. Beautiful greenish patina. PI. IV, fig. 2.
The same type of backhand, that is to say a warrior naked, standing, leaning on his lance, appears on a quite a large number of Cyzicus coins from r^imperial period. It is reported with Teffigie de Trajan, by Antoninus the Pious, by Young Faustina, by Lucius Verus, of Commodus. Mionnet designates this
1. On a coin from Laodicea of Phrygia, k Teffigie dc Caracalla.on has the legend €YTYX€IC KAIPOL' which corresponds to the legcndc FELICIA TEMPORA of Roman coins. Mionnet, Descr, t. IV, p. 329, n* 776; B. Head, Hist, num., p. 566.
2. B. Head, UUl. numerum, p. 277; cf. P. Gardner, in the Journal of Hellenic Studies, t. 11, p. %.
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32 B. BABELON
warrior simply under the name “Young Man”, and he sometimes even confuses him with Hermes. 11 is not not painful that we have to recognize the hero epK)- name of the city, Cyzicus. Indeed, on currencies struck in association by Cyzicus and Ephesus, or through Cyzicus and Smyrna, we see the same hero, designated by his name, KYZIKOC, standing, leaning on his spear. In Ephesus, he joins hands with another genius €
Cyzicus, son of the Thessalian ^neos and through him grand- son of Apollo, founded Cyzicus where he reigned during Expedition of the Argonauts. Advised by an oracle, he welcomed the bold navigators favorably, and he offered their leader Jason generous hospitality. tallite. But some time before, Cyzicus, ardent hunter, had killed one of the consecrated lions
1. Eckhol, Doclr. num. vet., I. II, p. 453; Supplement, t. VI, p. 143, no. 419.
2. Greenwell. The electrum Coinage of Cyticus, p. 92, n* 80 el pi, rv, 1.
3. Mionnct, Descr., t. II, pp. 533 et seq.
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BRONZE MEDALLIONS OF*ASI£ MINORB
33
h Cybele in the forest of Mount Dindyme: this temerite must cause his downfall. One day he fought with the Argonauts to repel a attack of the Pelasgians, Jason, inadvertently, trans- pierced with his spear. The Dolions and the Argonauts, gathered in common pain, made him lavish funerals and games were celebrated in his honor *.
Such was, according to ApoUonius of Rhodes and Valerius Flaccus, the career of the mythical hero that the Cyzicenians honored him as the founder of their cit6*. An inscription from the imperial period learned that a statue had been erected at Cyzicus like xTtaTr^^ of the city, and that it had to be repaired, under Tarchontate of C. Julius Seleucus and Aurelius Pacidianus Agathemerus*.
Since there was a statue of the founder in Cyzicus eponymous Cyzicos, which was being restored at large fresh in the second century of our era, we cannot hesitate to consider the type of our medallion as reproduced by this statue itself. In effect, the persistence on currencies of the type of Cyzicus standing, leaning on his spear, already carries a think that it is a reproduction of a statue. On the other hand, this monetary type has a sculptural aspect undeniable; we will even say that his attitude per-
1. His torabcQu is mentioned by Deilochus, Scol. in ApoH. Rhod., I, lOCl.
2. Eckhcl, D.y. v., I. II. p. 453.
3. Here is the text of this routilce inscription: K^t^iMW xtiott^v f, noXt; sni «p/oyT6»v itov jigpt r. *IoyAiov Se'Xsuxov, Gov ap-/tEp£(u;, -povor,aavT(iiv xf,; xvajraacco; xat toS ata.... Toiv "dvSptavKov xoajAou xoO OeaTpou ev ttj lauiwv otpyft r. *IouXiou UsAe-jxou xat ...AuprjXiou UaxiSiavou *AYaOr, (x^GOu. Boerkh, C, I. Gr., n- 3667.
1891 — 3 3
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34th. BABKLON
puts it to recognize in his work Everyone knows that, among the numerous works of Greek sculptor who was the worthy emulator of Phidias, the one who had the most notoriety in Fantiquile elail the statue of an ephehe, designated under the name of I)orv- phoreou has lance-holder”. The Colorado potato beetle represented a young man who has reached the fullness of his physical strength, completely naked, holding his spear with the right hand, the left foot brings back, so as to carry the entire weight of the body on the right leg. It was a masterpiece to the point of anatomical view, if ancient authors are to be believed, and it remained the classic model, the canon of Greek sculptors up to Lysippus. No need to recall at greater length these notions that we will find developed in all the related works to Greek sculpture*; I will only insist on anointed again: it was Polycletus who imagined to support, in his statues, everything the weight of the body by a single leg: proprium ejus est^ says Pliny (XXXIV, 56), ut uno crure insis- terent signed e.vcogitasse.
Compare the statue of the hero Cyzicus, on the coins, with the replicas of the Dorjphore which have reached us, and we will not be able to ignore a certain analogy, if not even a resemblance
1. See now: O Royl, Monuments de l'art anUqne, k* delivered; E. Bubelon, Cabinet des Anti/urs at the Bibliotlte fue nationa/e, pp. 41 a 45; I'nrt. PolyAleitos, in the Denkm'aler do Baumcistcr; P. Poris, anti/ne sculpture, p. 25G; el for the: » relative texts or Doryphore: J. Ovcrbeck, Die antiken Schrifl/uellen zur Geschichle der Bildenden Ki'msie bet den Griechen, p. 170 u 172.
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BRONZE DALLIONS FROM ASIA MINOR 3&
white. It's the same bearing, the same attitude, the same flexibility, same proportions. We can let us therefore conclude from this rapprochement earaeteris- tick, that currencies provide us with the image of a statue of Gyzicus, sculpted by an artist who, as a result of an ingrained tradition in the schools of sculpture, seems to have taken the task of conforming to the canon of Polycletus.
The two medallions of Cyzicus, from which we come to analyze the types, have the same right: both heads of young Commode appear to have been struck with the help from a single corner. Legend proves that these pieces were issued during the lifetime of Marcus Aurelius, father of Convenient, while the latter was still only Cesar, It corresponds to that of coin currencies Roman which is thus conceived: L*AVREL*COMMODVS CAESAR AVG'FIL'GERM. We know that Commodus, who was born in 161, the very year of the advent of Marcus Aurelius, received with his brother, Annius Verus, The title of Cesai\ des Tan 166, then which he took with Marcus Aurelius the title of Germanicus in 172; finally Commodus was associated with the empire with the title of Au- taste in 177*. It is therefore between the years 172 and 177 that our medallions were struck at Cyzicus. Form 06; for Oi6<; often found in inscriptions and sometimes also on coins: Mr. Waddington pointed out, in particular, on a bronze piece of Acmonia, a Teffigy of Elagabalus'.
1. Eckhil, D, N. v., I. VII, p. 102; G. Wilinanns, Exempla inscr. Latin., I. II, p. 515.
2. Waddington, Nuin Journey!$m. eii Asia Minor, p. 6, n* 7 rt p. 8.
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36
E. RABELON
II. ElMIESE.
Afarrin. AVT K M OnCA C€OYH MAKPCINOC. Bust of Macrinus, on the right, the laureate TV, his chest covered green of the breastplate. Garnetis around the edge.
K. €
M 37 mm. PI. IV, fig. 3.
Another bronze medallion of Macrinus, since long known, has a similar type of reverse*; but this piece, kept in the Cabinet of France, is very crude, and, moreover, if we compare it with the medallion that we have just described, we will note significant differences. The word BOTA is found at Texergue, and, in the pediment of the temple, he seems to distinguish an eagle with outstretched wings. At place of five figures, standing, raising their hands around the bull and Tautel, there are at minus ten which are scattered all the way to the coasts of Fedifice. We can judge by this example of the liberie of appearance that engravers sometimes took different to interpret the same scene or reproduce produce the same monument.
1. Mionnet, Descr., I. Ill, p. 110, n* 368.
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BRONZE MEDALLIONS FROM ASIA MINOR
The temple represented on these medallions is not not the famous sanctuary of *Art6inis, which forms so- wind the type of reverse of the coins of Ephesus has Roman times. It is the temple of the neocorat, high on the occasion of the advent of Macrinus, or rather in which the statue of Macrinus was substituted for the place of that of the decided emperors. We recognize will be born easily, looking through a magnifying glass, the figure of Macrinus himself, \o\\6 as pontiff and well characterized by his ugliness and his snub nose. On a few pieces, we see the temple of Artemis at side of that of the Emperor. A m(^daillon of Cara- calla carries for type the temple of ^Artemis, accosted^ of those of Caracalla and Geta, and these emperors there are represented, one and the other, in the given attitude, here, in Macrinus*. Other medallions have up to four temples: those of Septimius Severus, of Julia Domna, of Caracalla and G6ta'.
As for the word BHTA for VOTA, it is found quite frequently on medals and insignia scriptions'. We also find CEBHPOC for CEOYHPOC, and on pieces from Ephesus itself, we have frequently BAAEPIANOC for OYAAEPIANOC. LMns- BH'A description alludes to the sacrifice represented on the piece, and to the wishes formulated in this circumstance for the prosperity and health of the new emperor.
1. Mionnel, Drsrr.. I. TU, p. 107, no. 347.
2. Mionnot, Snptf. I V(. p. 16'*, n- 56^- cf p. 173, n* 622 (altribuc in tort k Elagabalus).
3. Eckbel, Z). ^ V, i. U, p. 517 vi 518.
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38
E. BABELON
III. ACMOMA.
Gordien le Pieu.r, AYT K M ANTH fOPAlANOC. Bust of Gordian the Pious, right, head girded of a radicle crown, the chest covered with the breastplate, and holding in his left hand a spear on his shoulder.
i^ .AKMO I NEnN.Cybeleou Rhea-Amalthee, standing, frontally, leaning on a rock; she is enveloped with a large veil that she holds above her head, and she carries on her right arm and on her knee Zeus as a child; around her, three Corybantes, helmets, armed with sword and shield that they wave and that they hit to muffle the cries of the child who just born; One of the three warriors is found, partly hidden behind the figure of Gybele. Grcnetis around the edge.
M millim. PI. IV, fig. 1.
Mionnet reported the same type of setback on a large bronze from Acmonia, a Teffigy of Trebonien Galle, which was once part of the collection of En- nery*. Moreover, the same subject, with variations, is found on the currencies of other Asian cities- Minor, who claimed to have rights to be considered the home of Zeus. We we will highlight with the head of Caracalla on bronzes from Magnesia on the Meander, from Apamea in Phrygia, and Maeonia of Lydia; with the head of Macrinus, he appears on a piece of Seleucia in Pieria; finally,
1. Catal. d’Ennery, p. 503; Mionnet, Descr., t. IV, p. 204, n* 51; cf. Barclay Head, I/iaC. num, p. 556.
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DK BRONZE MEDALLIONS FROM ASIA MINOR 39
it is also found in Crete, in the Roman period*. The birth of Zeus, protected by the Corybantes or the Curets against the ferocity(^ of his father Cronus, was one of the most popular myths of antiquity^: he finds himself interpreted in various ways on bas-reliefs, among which the most famous is a altar face of the Capitoline Museum*.
E. Babelon.
1. Mionnel. Deter., 1. HI, p. 151; t. IV, p. 238: Ch. I.eiiui-mant. ^'out'. gallery mythot., p. 21-22; Ovcrbeck, Kiinatmylhotogie. Zeits, p. 337, cl Munztaf. V; J. Svoronos, Snmis. of Anean Crete, p. 33r”, n* 9.
2. Millin, Mythological Gallery, pi. V, fig. 17. See nussi d’aulrcH monu- ments marked! «enlant le m^nic snjel avcc des varinnlen, dann Overberk, Kunat- mythoto;^ie. Zeus, Alias, pi. IV, fig-. 1, 2, 4 and 5.
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SILVER COIN OF THE 6TH CENTURY
WITH THE LEGEND DONO DEI
The currency that we propose to study here was once part of the collection of the late viscount of Ponton d'Amecourt who reported you \ but without insisting on the significance of the legend of reverse which he was happy to read. This piece is today in the boxes of the National Library'. It is made of silver, very small module and extremely low weight: 0.08. Here is the description:
On the right, monogram.
D O
^\ In the field: N O D I
At first glance, this currency, by its arrangement general, recalls the species of silver minted vi* century, in Italic, by the Goth kings, and who carry on the reverse, some have a royal monogram, others the name of the king written on several lines'. Under the module report, I don't know about coinage
1. Search for mfrov currencies. of the Cenomannicum, p. 67.
2. Prou, Summary inventory of m^rofingian coins of the coil, d" Am 3. See the plates of Friedlnender, Die Miinzen der Oatgotkeny and the plates xviii and xix by Sabalier, General description of Byzan coins^ lines. Digitized by MOXXAIE d'aUOKXT Of VI* Sl^XLK 41 of Roman or pseudo-Roman silver that is also a coin petite; it is in the name of Athalaric*. It is undoubtedly rash to want to read today today the monograms, which often were formerly dead for those contemporaries who had none not the key*. But in the monogram it is to interpret, the presence of the letters ELTR and B is indisputable. However, if we go through the list of Ostrogoth kings, we will not find a single one whose name contains all these letters. Our monogram is topped with a semi-circular arc. cular, closed at its base by a horizontal line more strongly marked on the left so as to form the bar upper part of the T. We might be tempted to make this arc a D poses horizontally Q. We prefer We will see there with M. E. Le Blant a simple pediment, that the artists placed above the monograms in order to “give them a less diffuse appearance and to so to speak, more solidity.
This form of monogram has not been used until now encountered on the coins of the Ostrogoths. We don't could object to a piece of silver given by Sabatier* has a so-called king Theodebalde; because it is
1. Sabulicr, 1. 1, p. 200, n* 6, pi. xviii, n* 15.
2. See the Icllrc address pnr sninl Avit u Tcvi^que ApoUiiiaire, cilec by M. E Lc Blunt, Christian Inscriptions of Gau/e, t. I, p. 50 and Instructions addressed by the Committee of Historical Works, Christian Vipigraphit, p. 38.
3. Notice 8ur In ring of saints Radcgonde, in Bulletin de la Soci^lc of Antijuaires de France, 1864, p. 6'*; cl Christian inscriptions, t II, p, 352.
4. Sabatier, General description of Byzanline coins, vol. I, p. 205, ft. XVIII, n* 34. — According to the Art of Verifying Dates, King Tbdodcbalde Cril mirae than Ildibad.
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42 M. PROl*
the line attribution quite uncertain. The mono- grams closed at their (>upper part by a simple arch, or by an arch surmounted by a cross, or through an O-shaped pediment present themselves fre(|uently on the Merovingian monuments, ins- scriptions, ring settings and coins. Mr. E. The Blant cited a certain number*: a funeral marble raire of the Museum of Arles'; a bronze coin with the Teufteriri legend^ which appears to be from Thierry I, king of Austrasia; thirds of Justinian's penny minted in Tofficine of Mnretus \ probably in Lyon; a Merovingian denier of the Cabinet of France'; the ring known as Saint Uadegonde*; a silver ring decorated with green in Touraine\ We can add: two rings, found one in Caranda (Aisne), another near d'Airvault (I)eux-Sevres), published by M. Deloche*; a third of a pseudo-Roman penny struck in the \f century in Burgundy two other thirds of a penny from Tatelier de of Maurentus^^, A cushioned monogram of the same way that the precedents are drawn on the reverse
1. Inscription* Christians, t. U, p. 352 and 353.
2. Christian inscriptions, n* 540 A, pi. 73, no. 430.
3. See the figure of a well-preserved example in P. d'Amecourt, Coin-collecting excursion in Bourgoifne, Annnairc de la Sac. fr, of numismat., t. I, pi. vi, n* 19. I suspect this drawing of inexactness, as two copies of the Cabinet of Medals bear Teiidorici. It is not probable, however, that we must attribute this piece to Theodoric.
4. L-'norinant, Leilres, dam Rei'iie nnniisma'i / ie, I8»'i, pl. xii, n'* 12 and 13.
5. Christian foundations, t If, p. 353. 0. See further, p. 41, note 3.
7. Churchillian inscriptions, no. 672 A.
8. E lides on f/a:l/ucs seals and rings of Vi^tofue m.'rovint^., duns Itrf ic archdoloirijue, 3- series, t. IV (1884), p. 257, et t. VII (1886). p. 217.
*J. P. d'Amdcourt, Excursion, Directory, t. I, pi. vi, n» 14. 10. Ibid., nos. 15 and 16.
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SILVER COIN OF THE 6TH CENTURY 43
of a coin given to the Visigoth king, Amala- ric*. Also, without claiming that this species of mono- gramme belongs exclusively to merovin art- Well, it is no less true that it is on the pro- products of this art that we encounter it most often. We are therefore entitled to search in the monogram which occupies the name of a Frankish king.
We are led to suggest reading EL[D]EBERT[I]V The D can be represented by the TR rumen; it is thus in the monogram of Teuderici^ cited above. Eldebevlus was Tortho- graph adopted in the South for the name of Gilde- bert. The National Library has a currency of bronze which OFFERS an EL rating | DEBER | Tl R (Eldeherti regis) in three lines, and on the reverse the mono- constantinian gram. There is no doubt that this King Eldeberlusne be Childebertl. ProcopeTappelle iXSiSepo^. Jornandes* writes Ildebertus and distinguishes wrongly this character of another whom he calls Childe^ pertus. Isidore of Seville* still reproduces Tortho- A'lldebertus graph,
The ostrogoth aspect of our little silver coin
1. Coin cited by Le Blant, Inscriptions chr^t., t. II, p. 352. See HeYss. Coins of the Visigolhs, p. 78.
2. This is our reading proposed by M. d'Amecourt, Cenomannicum, p. 67, but without him believing he had to justify it.
3. Procope, De bello gothico, I, 13: « 4. Jornandes, De Getarum siue Gothorum origine, in Rec. histories. I. II, p. 28. 5. Isidore of Seville, Historia Gothorum, year 566, in Rec. of histor., t. II. p. 702. Digitized by 44 "M. PROU This cannot prevent us from attributing to Childebert I. The bronze with Eldeberli regis is not of one style different from that of Ostrogothic coins. M.A. from Bartheleiny will soon give clear proof of Tinlluencc of Ostrogothic coinage on coinage nierovingian. Let us now come to the inscription on the reverse. We must read it DONO Dl, that is to say Dono Dei. He is true that there is no abbreviation sign above; of the last two letters. We know many examples of such negligence on the part of Mcrovingian Monetaries. We will be satisfied to recall the absence of an abbreviation sign above of DO in the legend VIVE DO for F/Ve Deo on a gold penny from Bar-sur-Correze*. Let us further note that DONO can be a nominative; it's a shape bass latinite for Donum. This is how most several manuscripts of Gregory of Tours bear Godigiselo for Godigiselum^ populo for populum^ bciptistirio for baptistirium, tributo for tributum, etc. *.
As for the meaning of the words Dono Dei, it is given to us by Tepigraphie. A certain number of inscriptions, Christians and Jews, brought together and explained by M. K. The Blant offer the formula of donis or ex donis Dei,
1. Ppou. the entire summary of me'rou coins, p. 11.
2. Voycz Gregorii Turonensts opera, vd. Arndt, p. 96, 1. 8; p. 60, 1.5; p. 200.1.24; p. 132, 1. 9. Other examples can be found in the index of rrlte edition inlilulee Lexica el Grammatica, p. 9>0. See also Le Blant, Instntclins, p. 83.
3. On (fuel I ties tnacrlptions of sacred vessels offered* by aaint Didier, it^etiue de Cahors, duns Reale Accademia dei Lincei, Rendiconli^ sep. 4, vol. IV, 2* cms. (Dec. 16, 188S). — From the mdmo, Sote on the Anrh dana youth registration Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres, reports, 1889, 4th series, t. XVII, p. 435.
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SILVER CURRENCY OF VI* Sl&CLE
45
or even Dei donuni preceding the words dedit^ o/frit, fecit, This formula, of biblical origin, equi- worth to the de sua of Pal'enne Tepigraphy. “It’s like You said so well M. E. Le Blant, The Expiession of Man recognizing and proclaiming that all his goods are a gift from the Tres-llaut *. » We find the same thought in a sermon by Saint Augustine and in the sacrament mentary of Saint Gelasius*. This proclamation had not it does not have its very marked place on the currencies, which are essentially the sign of riches here below. For Christians of the 6th century, it was a very natural than to declare the currency a gift from Dicu, The Dono Dei legend provides us with the explanation words Munus di\nnum^ inscribed on a famous gold medal from Louis the Pious*\ and none of which author, as far as I know, has so far not specified the meaning. Munus divinum is obviously a transcription poetic of Donum Dei, We still find the legend Munus divinum on a gold coin of Vigmund, Archbishop of York from 831 to 854, preserved in the Museum British*. This idea that all our possessions are one God's present was therefore not only expressed on the pigraphic monuments, in the works
1. Note on a Jewish inscription from Auch, p. 435.
2. These IcxtCB were cited by Mr. Le Blant in the nolo On what ins- scriptions of sacred vessels. Since then, Mr. Le.Blant has noted in the Sacramento rium Leonianum, pabl. by Murulori, Liturgia romana, t. I, col. 412, a formula of prayer analogous to that of the sacramental sacrament of Sninl G^'lusc; he really wanted let us know this tcxtc: a Munera tua, Deus institulor, illusiru et per bus hos- tias quibus te plucari voluimui, sanctifica misericors immolante^. u
3. Le Blanc, Traits hislorijue des monnoies de France, cd. 1690, p. 99. — Cor.ier, Letters on Monetary History, p. 79. — Fillon, Considerations, p. 116. — Gariel, The royal families of France under the Carotin A^ienne race, L II, p. 168, pi. XIV, nos. 10 and 11.
4. Keoyon, The gold coins of England^ p. 12, n* 14, frontispiece, fig. 14.
Digitized by
46 M. PROU
of the Fathers of the Church and in the liturgical books. From the 6th to the 9th century, coins, symbols of riches, also proclaim that God is the dispenser sater of all things on this earth and remind rhomnie is grateful to his Creator and to the good use of his fortune.
Mr. Prol.
Digitized by
MONETA.IHE DEALERSHIP BY CHARLES LE GJLVUVE
At the METHOI'OLITAINE CHURCH OF BES.\>fON.
The feudal currency of the archbishops of Bcsancon is well known: we called you eslevenante, in Latin stephaniensis^ because it related to one of its faces The image of the arm of Saint Stephen, the most emblematic relics preserved in the archiepiscopal city.
From whom did these prelates claim to have the right to mint and issue this currency? The most old clarification that one has in this regard is found in a diploma of Emperor William of IloUande, dated in Liege on May 7, 1254, diploma of which here is the essential passage: a At the prayer of Friday noble archbishop of Besancon, our dear prince..., we confirm his right to mint money estevenante and the power to circulate it in the entire extent of his diocese, as well as aneian date this concession was etc obtained from the kings of Romans..., our predecessors *. »
1. tt Nos, prccibu) vcncrubilis archicpiscopi Bisuntini, principis nostri,
jus cudendi monctam slopbanienscm, oc usura expendcrc cam per dyo-
cciim suum tolam, prout bactcnus est oblcntum et a regibus Romanis eon- «*essum..., noslris antccessoribus..., confirmamus ac prcseiitis scripti palro- ci lio communimus » {Confirmation, by the Emperor William of Uullandv, tie to: i8 the privileges now appear at the archepiacopal seat of Besancon, and particularly the right that the Archbishop had to mint currency for use of the totalild of his diocese, 1254, May 7; supporting document n* vi of the opus- title entitled: Probability of a trip of King Saint Louis to Besancon in 1259,
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48
A. CASTAX
This royal concession would have been prior to the second half of the eleventh century, because the pope Leo IX, by a bubble dated November 19 lOV.)', confirmed at the metropolitan headquarters of Besancon, in the person of Archbishop Hugues P*", the right to have a mint, as well as the advantage to receive the profits from the tonlieu, that is to say Timpdt on the goods which supplied the city steps*.
As for this right of your place, we know, from a Catalog of the archbishops of Besancon written in eleventh century, that Archbishop Arduic had obtained from King Charles the Bald, who was equal to menl relinquished for this prelate of Tabbaye de Bregille- lez-Besancon*.
Regarding Tabbaye de Bregille, Frederic Barbarossa declared, on December 30, 1164, that he had seen Fact where the donation of this benefit made was written to Archbishop of Besancon Arduic, by King Charles the Bald*.
by Auguste Casta?!, in the Memoirs of the SocieU tfEmalai. du Dombt^ Ann. 1873, p. 85).
1. “Tclonium Tcro ciritatis tibi confirmarous luisquc saccessoribus... Monelam Tcro tibi similiter'corroboramos... » {BtiUa Leoms IX, dat. xiiikal. dcrcmbris, anno Leonis IX i*, indict, terlia: Docum. incd. publ. by the Acad. dc Boancon, t II. pp. 307-309).
2. <( Annuo ct illis tortiam partem de thcloneo civitatis, quod exig'tnr a merratoribus Irunseunlibus, ct in annuis mcrcaiis ct qnotidianis » {CarUi inttittitionis S. Pauli Bis. auct. HuGOiCE I, arcbiep., Duxod, UUt. of VEgl. of Besancon^ pr., p. xi.vii). — “Laudamus ctiam eis tcriiam partem de Uielonco civitutis, quod cxigitur a negociatorlbus in annuis el qnotidianis mercatis • {^Prspceptttm Hekrici III, imp. pro confirmation ejusd. instiluHontM: ibid., p. Lll).
3. Akduicus... Abbatiam vcro de Bergill, et tcloneum Bisnntii, oblinuit a Rcgc Karolo » [Caiahgus alter episcopor. VesunlionensiM Eccleaim: DuxoD, lli$t. des Seqnanois, pr., p. v, ct Uitt. of the Church of Besampon^ t, I, pr., p. v).
4. “llam igitur abbatiam B^rgiliarum, cum appendiciis saisetpcriincnliis,
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MONETARY CONCESSION OF CHARLES THE BALD 49
Emperor William of Holland having stated, on May 7, 1254, that the archbishops of Besancon minted currency under a concession by them oblenue of the sovereigns of his predecessors, and this pri- monetary stability being closely associated with the rogative of tonlieu in acts which enumerate the royal rights of the archbishops*, the community origin of the coin, the tonlieu and Tabbaye of Bregille, as regalian rights, was generally leinent adinized, as something demonstrated, by the historians of Franche-Gomte and the Church of Besancon’.
If these three concessions had really been included in the same liberality, the diploma of Charles the Bald, targeted by Frederic Barberousse, about Tabbaye de Bregille, would also be included
quam Impcrator Karolus, sicul ex antiquis scriptis ejuM cognovimus, Har- diiico, Bisuntino archiepiscopo, anliquitus contalit ct sua benignitate contra- didit » {Diploma of the Emperor Frederic Barbarossa, confirmed by the Church of Besancon in the possession of the abbey of Bregille^ 1164, December 30; supporting document n* Aiguste Castan, in his Memoirs of the Society of Emul. du Doubs, ann. 1858, p. 338-339).
1. “Letters of Charles the Fourth, Emperor, confirmation of privileges granted by his predecessors to the archbishops of Besancon, particularly the gift of Tabbaye de Bregille, the privileges of the right of currency and exchange, the said letters of November 28, 1356 and quoted J. ncuf » [Inventory of the archives of Carchevichi de Besanpon, 1689: ms. of the Library of Besancon).
2. M Charles the Bald having become sovereign of Besancon, through partition that in 870 he made the States of King Lothair, his nephew, with Louis, king of Ger- mania, his brother, gave to Arduic the abbey of S. Martin de Bregille, which was arrival in his lot” (Dunod, Hist, de CEgl. de Besanfon, I. I, p. 80). — ft It was from Charles the Bald that the Church of Besancon held the right to minting money, which it enjoyed until the reign of Charles V, and another right on the commodities and markets that are sold in Besancon, of which it is still enjoys the countryside” (Dunod, Uist. du Comle de Bourgogne, t. II, p. 77).
1891 — 4 4
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50 A. CASTAN
Iructive for the origins of lonlieu and currency. But this Carolingian diplomat did not transcribe in the Cartulairc of the archbishopric of Besancon, nor even analysis in inventory of liters relating to rights archYe(|ues. Regarding the currency archiepiscopale, the most recent work relating to it only gives a definite guess about its origins. prunt, the words of which are as follows: “Dunod thinks that it is to Archbishop Arduic that (Charles the Bald conceded in 871, when he came ^ Besancon, the right to be a currency; all the writers who followed you speak this opinion, we will do like them*. »
The Carolingian diploma aimed by Frederic Barbe- redhead seemed to be lost forever, when everything recently, Mr. Adrien Blanchet noticed, in a private correspondence of the (in the 17th century, con- served in the Cabinet of Medals of the Bibliothequc national, the copy of an act of Charles the Bald granting to Archbishop of Besancon Arduic the currency, the tonlieu and Fabbaye de Bregille. This nrayant copy was first announced as the reproduction of a diploma interesting only the currency of Besancon, my first feeling was that it was one of those false acts, like ecclesiastical and secular powers have made it manufacture to support traditional rights including justification became impossible for them: I designated even Terudit naturalized Franche-Comté who, in 1692, date of the copy, would have been capable of such fabrication
1. PLA?tTET el Jeavnez, Essat 8ur Us moanaie* du ComU
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MONETARY CONCESSION OF CHARLES TE CHAUVE 51
cation. But the text of the copy having soon shown me- being that there was question of three legal rights of archbishops of Besancon, two of whom came from certain woolly and the third probably from Charles the Ghauve, I judged that a text thus constituted deserved to be taken into serious consideration.
This copy is duplicated with the following passage from a letter written in Besancon on April 22, 1692: “I put here the copy of the concession of Charles the What you wanted from me: Original no longer found; I Tay draws on an old copy which fell into my hands. What is there constant is that all the manuscripts that I have seen here, let's talk about the money of this Church, say and assure that the right comes from Charles the Bald. So I had no trouble receiving this copy. for real, which moreover appears quite similar to the style of that century. If nevertheless you found there some difficulties, you would oblige me to give myself some ner advice, in order to correct myself, if necessary. »
The copy attached to this sending note reproduces a diploma whose text is in good agreement with the truth historical resemblance of the facts stated therein. 11 There is, in fact, a question of the three legal rights of the coinage, tonlieu and Tabbaye de Bregille, and we said above that the connectivity of these three benefits made them considered as emanating with the same liberality.
The formulas of this act are indeed those of which used the chancellery of Charles the Bald: they a very soon visit with those of the diploma
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52
A. CA8TAN
by which this monarch conceded to Isaac, bishop of Langres and abbot of Saint-Etienne de Dijon *, the exploitation tation of currency and markets in these two cities. However, if there is great analogy between the two acts, it's far from it ([ue Funait etc caique on Tautre: thus the word parochia^ meaning circumscribe- diocesan tion, is found in the only text of Besancon, and this word would seem to me to be a clue to the sincerity of Fact, because its meaning having changed since the Carolingian period, a relative forger- modern ment would not have had Fidee to make use of it in the place where we meet him.
In the Besancon diploma, the concession of currency is expressed in a remarkable way consistent with the doctrine which governed this matter in the time of Charles the Bald', a doctrine that the feudal usurpations would soon be annihilated. In Indeed, the monarch concedes to the Church of Besancon, in the person of Farchev6que Arduic, not the right to create an independent currency, but only the management and profits of the workshop that the
1. Perard, Piicet serf, of history. de Bourg., p. 48; Fydt, Hist, de Sain I' Etienne de Dijon, pr.. p. 31; D. Bouquet, Scripior, rer. francic, I. VIII, p. 343; Anat. OF BarthiIlemy, ( haries relating to currenciesa, in Gariei., Royal coins of France under the Carolingian race ^ I, p. 37-38.
2. a As for the chorales, I believe that they should not be interpreted in any way the defense of an abandonment of the legal right to transform money into cash currents ; they only noted the transfer of a part more or less "greatest profit produced to the treasury by the manufacture of money" (E. Gahiel, The rotated currencies of France under the Carolingian race, I,
p. 11). — ff The currency was under the supervision of the count, under the
the idol of the missi dominici... The kings gave up & as alms, in all or in part, the profits resulting from the manufacture of coins and change” (Anat. de Bartiielemy, Charles relating to currencies, in Gariel, ibid., pp. 19 and 20).
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MONEY GRANT OF CHARLES THE BALD
53
sovereign avail in Besancon: a monetam nostram, » says the text, thus indicating a simple transfer to Archbishop of Besancon of the rights that the count residing in this city had until then exercised on the manufacture of royal coinage. If the diploma cut the factory, either to legitimize direct power on the currency that Tarchev^que had allocated to himself the birth of the feudal regime, to help Tarche- veque to prevent the effects of monetary privilege agreements by Charles V to the commune of Besan- con in 1534, the forger will have, in Tun comme in Tautrecas, lends Charles the Bald a language consistent with that of the acts which recognized the archbishops the right to mint an ecclesiastical currency siastic and the power to circulate it throughout everything their diocese: “jus cudendi monetam slephaniensem, ac usum expendere eam per dyocesim suam lotam", expressions including Emperor William of Holland was used in his confirmatory diploma of May 7 1254.
Subscriptions to the diploma are no less correct as the body of Tacte. So the notary imperial Audacher, who signed this diploma, is one of the best known among those who delegate, to function in his place, Gosselin, the chancellor of Charles the Bald*.
As for the date of the diploma, give Besancon the l**" November, indiction 4, Tan 32 of the reign of Charles the Bald, is this date connected with one of the stays of this grandson of Charlemagne in Besancon?
1. Diplomala Caroti Cal.'i, ap. Bou ^uet, Scriplor. rer. francic, t. VIII.
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54 A. castan
Two stays in Besancon of the monarch are documented mentally attested: Tun cut takes place in autumn dc 871*, The other in Pete from 877*. In 871, Charles the Bald had come to wait in Besancon for the return messengers he had sent to Italy to con- troll the premature news of the death of his nephew, Emperor Louis II. The date of diplorae framework with this fairly prolonged stay of the monarch. In fact, Year 32 of the reign of Charles the Bald, taking the coronation as a starting point of this sovereign, avail begins on June 7, 871 ': done November 1 of this year 32 belongs to Tau- Tomne of 871, and the term of indiction which corresponds a Tannee 871 is clearly marked by the number 4.
But Archbishop Arduic, who is the object of the triple initial concession set out in the diploma, detail- he has the date of this act on the arch^piscopal seat of Besancon? We do not know the beginning or the end of the pontifical of Arduic; but we are certain that this prelate already in office on June 14, 859*, and that on June 5 aul 871, he was still holder of Archbishopric of Besancon*. His successor gives no sign of existence tence only in 875*. There is therefore every reason to assert
1. Annales Bcrliniani: ap. Bouquet, t. HIV, pp. 113-114; Pertz, Monum, Germ., Script., t. I, pp. 492-493.
2. Diploma pro Ecclesia Vivariensi: a datum iii idus augusti, indict x, Ann. xxxviii regni Caroli, imp. in France, et imperii ejus ii; news Vcsontio civitate. » 877, August 11 (Bouquet, t. XIH, p. 672).
3. The death of Charles the Bald as king of the Franks had taken place, as he declared in one of his diplomas, June 7, 839 (Bouquet, Script, rer.francic, t. VHI, p. 524).
4. Baronii, Annates eccles., t. X, p. 170.
5. Id., ibid., p. 449.
6. DuKOO, Hist, de VEgl, dc Besangon, t. I, p. 84.
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MONBTAINE CONCESSION OF CHARLES LE CHAtVE 55
that Archbishop Ardiiic was still pontificating in Bcsancon including the autumn of 871.
Let us add that the found copy of the diploma is not not absolutely integral. Several formulas are there shortened and deletions marked with and cfeLera. A falsifier would have preferred (H applies not omit nothing: so that Tecourtement of some formulas in the copy would still seem a clue of the sincerity of this reproduction.
Will we be able to explain how a diploma of this importance had neither been transcribed in the Cartular, nor analyzed in the inventory of titles of The Church of Besancon? Frederic Barberousse had seen, in 1164, an act of Charles the Bald granting Tabbaye de Bregille in Archbishop of Besancon Arduic: this concession appears in the diploma of which the copy occupies us, and there is no trace of a another act to which the mention of Frederic Barberousse could relate. For the tonlieu, whose con- transfer by Charles the Bald to Archbishop Arduic is attested in a document from the eleventh century, it there is also no memory of a special act or this concession would be registered. What about his currency, that the archbishops of Besancon, according to the witness family of Emperor William of Ilo-Uande, held of a sovereign having occupied the imperial throne, which was the case of Charles the Bald, no primary act dial of this concession has never etc invoked a precise way. And yet, from the fifth century, the Franche-Comté annalists looked at Tabbaye de Bregille, tonlieu and currency as a group
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56
A. CASTAN
of concessions obtained all Irois, by Tarche- vdque Arduic, of a monarch who had the name of Charles and could only have been Charles the Bald*. These Annahsts, of whom Dunod reproduced testimony, would seem to have had at least one vague notion of the diploma, the copy of which has just been found. This act, we have said, alone grants ment to the Archbishop that the management and profits of the currency of Besancon, which remains royal. Could it be due to this restrictive clause that the arch- veqiies, become sovereign masters of the currency of Besancon, would have left an act in Tombre if little done to justify the extension given to their first primordial rogative?
Despite the strangeness of Teclipse that this diploma would have experienced, we think that the copy which is found in every place of being considered as derivative in front of an authentic original. In fact, this text is harmonized by its formulas with the style in use in the chaucellerie of Charles the Bald; then, on the three concessions he makes, two are recognized naked with certainty and the third with probability as emanating from this monarch; the third con- transfer, relating to currency, is stated in Tacte in terms which agree with what Charles the Bald could have released, on the ground of the first monetary rogatives, in a capital city or Since Pepin the Short, there had been a royal workshop; finally
1. GoLLUT, Mim. of the Ripubl. sequan.^ edil. from 1592, p. 55; Chata/ogue dcs archbishops of Besangon, in the Docum. inid. on Vkist. of the Fn-ComtCj I. II, p. 36.
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MONETAIHE CONCESSION OF CHARLES LE CHATVE 57
the diploma certificate, given in Besancon, concordc rigorously with the longest stay that Charles the Bald man did in this city.
I therefore agree with the opinion expressed in these terms by Terudit who wrote from Besancon, on 22 April 1692: “I had no trouble seeing again this copy for real, which from elsewhere appears assex in the style of that century. »
From whatever personality this copy came, its iutcret is incontestable, and my friend and colleague Mr. Anat.ole de Barthelemy, to whom it was reported by Mr. Blanchet, having urged me to Tedit in the Numismatic magazine, I went to its indul- kind invitation. We will therefore find below the text of this copy.
On the simple probability that the prerogative monies silence of the archbishops of Besancon derived from a liberality of Charles the Bald, the numismatists of Franche-Comte, concerned with giving Carolingian ancestors to eleventh century coinage who was called estevenante, tried to link it to the making of Archbishop Arduic of the deniers of silver which bear the monogram on the right as well that the name of Charles the Bald, and on the reverse the legemle: + SCI STEPHANI MONE *. These funds were yet attributed from an ancient date to the monastery silence which Charles the Bald had rewarded Tabbaye with Saint-Etienne de Dijon*. Now, if your ad puts with me
1- D. Grappin, JReckerches on the old currencies of the ComU de Bour' gogne, 1782, p. 17; Plantet cl Jeannez, Essay on the currencies of the ComU of Burgundy, 1855, p. 31, pJ. ii, fig. 14.
2. Lb Blanc, TraiU histor. coins of France, p. 133.
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58 A. CASTAN
the diploma certificate published below, the terms of the financial concession which is registered therein would not be justified in assuming that the archbishop Arduic, simple beneficiary of a manufacturing which remained royal, could have issued other species than those whose reverse j)orts in legend: BESEN* ClONElou BESENCIONI) CIVITAS.
The admission is an authentic document of diploma which concerns us would, as we see, have for coa- se(|uence to prove that, during the Carolinian period- gienne, there could be no ecclesiastical particularism- U(\uc in the physiognomy of species struck at Besancon.
Auguste Castan.
Diploma of Charles le Ghauve granting to the church of Besan^n, in the person of its archbishop Arduic, the enjoyment of Talelier nionelaire of Besancon, the benefit of rights on Ies iiiartiandise stupid in this city, finally the property of the abbey of Bregille-lez-Besan^on.
871. — November 1.
Copy made in 1G92 (from an older copy, preserved veo to the Cabinet of France, to the National Library.
Ix NOMINE SAXCT.K AND IXDIVIDU.E TrIXITATIS. KaROLUS gPalla
Dei Hex. — Si servorum Deijuslis petilionibus, quas pro Eccle- siarurn sibi conimissarunn utilitatibus nobis innotuerim [sic^]y graliini pra^beuius assensuni, non solum regiara exercisenius cle- uicnliam, sed ad pra^senlera vitam feliciter transigendam el ad futuram bealitudinem adquirendam nobis prodesse non dubita-
1. Read: “ionoiuerint”.
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MONETARY CONCESSION OF £ CHARLES THE BALD
59
mus. Comperiat igilur omnium sanctac Dei Ecclesia? seu noslro- rura tarn pra^sentium quam futurorum fidelium sollerlia, qualiler dilectus et fidelis noster Arduicus, sanctae Ecclesiae Vesontio- nensis reverendus Archiepiscopus, nostram adiit prajsentiam, humiliate postulans quatiniis, per nostram pietatem, sibi seu Ecclesiae Vesontionensi, cui Deo ordinante pra^esse videtur, monetam nostram concederemus. Similiter and Abbatia Berzi- liarum deprecatus est, etc. Sicut and de annuis et quotidianis mer- calis, and theloneo civitatis, etc. Cujus laudabilibus petitionibus aurem accommodavimus et hoc nostra; sublimitatis prajceptum fidei (s/f ' )jussimus, per quod ipse venerabilisARDUicuset ejus suc- cessores pra^fatam monetam et Abbatiam Berziliarum, in honor Atini [sic^) Martini consecratam, etiam de mercatis et theloneo civitatis, quemadmodum supra habetur insertum, quieto ordine obtinere in perpetuum valent. And we don't have to worry about it ex monela jam dicta a monetariis falsis seu comitum ministris aliquo potuis- set violari ingenio, idcirco non ad jus comitum sed ad utilitatem jam prsedictae Ecclesia? and ejus Rectoris provisionem intota ipsius parochia volumus pertinere. Similiter and ipsa S. Martini Abbatia, etc.
SlGNUM KaROLI GLORIOSISSSIMI ReGIS.
AuDACER notarius, ad vicem Gauzleni, recognovi et sub- scripsi.
Data Kal. November Indict, iii. year xxxii. regnant Karolo Rege gloriosis®.
Actum Vesontione civitate feliciter. Amen.
1. Read: a fieri”.
2. Read: c sanctissimi t.
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THE LIVKE
UU CH ANGEL R DUHAMEI
This manuscript, written before the year 152i. csl composed of sheets of paper of 31 centimeters dc height and 21 dc width*. 1^ watermark paper represents a small ewer at ease. L:i edge is golden and bears the name NICOLAS DVHA- \\E\j hollow print, as well as various florets. The volume is protected by a binding with covers including installation of wooden boards covered in leather embossed with diamond and diamond ornaments semi-circles, scrolls and bees alternating with rosettes. The clasps are missing.
The manuscript begins at P ni with the title:
a Pound of exchange and currencies. »
“Sencuyvent the cries of the monnoys estably by gentlemen the in Generaulx. »
Brief indications follow on the value of the differences ferent currencies.
po«y .'j Yiij ^ j^gg Evaluations of the escus. The evaluations [s'r) 0 of: unknown and what gold is taken why it is used a for gees. »
(Sound indications which are found with the footprints currencies.)
1. This document was made available to us by MM. Sulpis and M*^* Alice Sulpis, the.4 known bicn engravers. We would like to express here all thank you: we owe them for their great kindness. We Let us understand that this curious register was acquired very recently by he will speak of the unmanuscripts of the National Library.
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THE BOOK OF CHATfGBUR DUHAMEL
61
F** IX. “The evaluations of nobles. » X. a The evaluations of the Ducats. » XIII andxiiii. a The evaluations of niailles and obolles. »
F*** xviii and xix. “The evaluations of the pieces: anlicques. »
F** XX and XXI. “Cry of the coins. It's double the cry of in coins which was made in Paris on Saturday, the 1st day of February o one thousand four hundred and eighty-seven touching what is valuable and “for how much the said pieces were forged. »
(Gold and silver coins very briefly indicated.)
F®* XXV to XXX. “Antique pieces. Other antique pieces- “what ancient pieces can we know about which one? what is the gold they are and how many karactz and the pitch of this one with “the value of each one and how many there could be at to Mark. »
F^ XXXIX. “Then followed the currencies established by the King or has other its factors in its royaulrae. »
Creamer
Limoges
Tournay
Novel
Chinon
S* Quentin
Mirabel
Nyor
Paris
Moncpellier
Poitou
St Lau
Tolouze
St Porsain
S*Andre
Towers
Macon
St Auxerre
Angers
Diion
St Menehou
Potters
Troyes
Lyon
La Rocelle
Rouan
F** XL. “Then followed the Rule of pitch, both in gold and in breadth. » P XLii. “Follows the evaluations of the gold and what it gives 0 the King our lord in his coins. »
F*** L a Liiii. Title of the different currencies.
F®* Lv to Lvii. a Empirances” (ends with: “finis xeXw;”
F®* LXi to LXiii. Instructions on the liter of coins and the division sion of the mark.
Fo* Lxv to Lxviii. Summary note on gold and silver coins gent whose course has varied since 1518.
F^ Lxxi. 0 The manner of making a delivery in currency and “know how much the King gets from the silver mark. »
F*Lxxii. a How to make and store dung pitch “try.” »
62 d.-adhien blanchet
Lxxuii and Lxxv. “The manner of management is law. »
F** Lxxvi and Lxxvii. “Way to manage ktiractz and not fail “the golden point where I can lose both at the rate and custom a du Hoy orders in its currencies only at the rate which runs for o lo p^e^(»nl cinq cens el dix huyl. »
V"* Lwviii. “The way of making aspirations.”
p» ,,,ixx el « Then the table of the billon eraprint below
o by figures we present this united. »
F" o Then follows the table of lesions and other pieces of art-
p iinxi|,,^ has Ensuyl the lable of the escuz pourtraictz cy after in to this present volume the ungs aians current in this kingdom the 0 others not made and forged in several and various countries and “royauhnes. » yo ni|\xiin verso el iiii"v. « Then the table of ducalz cy after pourtraictz el none having present course in black “country of France. » F* 1 1 11^* VI verso. Table of florins [in white]. |/o verso, where Icy con^»c£tttively then follows the bill of this pre- has volume, d (Until cxi, lexle and imprints of mon- billon sheets contained in the manuscript, of which we will find the mention in their respective place in the present work. I^es f** cxii to cxvi link incomplete lexles relating to coins whose imprint does not appear in the manuscript. We we neglected these indications without inleret. From cxviii to vi"vii continues the series of billon coins with imprints.
jTo vixxyii verso. “Here are the pourtraictz so many of the big ones in Millan only pieces of silver and others [signed:) N. Duhamel a (P*" vi^^viii a vi'^'^xv, f'* vii"iiii a vii"xi, lexle et imprints of silver coins; P** vii"xviii a viii"v, f** viii"xiiii a « viii^xix, lexle el imprints of gold coins (some some of these prints are tinted yellow).
After oil white sheets comes the following liter:
a Then several ducalz both single doubles and halfs “pourtraictz in this |)resenl volume (signed:) Duhamel. »
The original pagination not being continued, I have
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THE BOOK OF THE CHANGER OUHAMEL 63
gives the sheets, from this liter a pagina- tion in Arabic numerals which I used for the references.
P 1 to 9, 17 to 26, 30, 33 to 52, 62 and 63, 77 k 80, 82, 93, 100, 106 to 110, 135 and 136 wear imprints of gold coins (florins) accompanied of a text.
P 53 and 54, 57 and 58, 60 to 61, 64 to 68, 74, 77 a 81, 83 a 85, 90 ^ 92, 94 a 99, 101, 105, 111 and 112, 119 to 130,133, 137 to 143, 145, bear prints without text or accompanied only by the men- cc Good” or cc Bad”.
F^* 148 and 149. Kstiinalion de luonnaies. F^* 151 to 104. Exchange care.
F'** 108 and 109. “Orders made in Paris on the Regime and to govern the raonnoyes by Loys derrenier Roy “died a thousand and one. »
At the end, we find the drawing of an escutcheon, docked letters N D*, which can be emblazoned as follows: From.,. d three teles of Moorish kings, accosting tin che- vron de,,. load of three scallops^ an head of..., charge of three croissants,
The manuscript contains a certain number of leaves. white threads alternating with those which present a text and fingerprints.
After having briefly described this money changer's book,
I am going to note down the texts (without fingerprints) which have
seemed the most interesting.
back. « Escuz couroiine faictz from the time of King Charles a Sept* are healthy and good for melting and are the brands dedicated
1. Initials of the name of the changer Nicolas Duhamel.
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64
J.-ADRIBN BLANCHET
'esruz' to the coniniance of the locler on the cussum a in esloille where one growsKc \the others are a fleur-de-lis ung « little inouton a naviere ung croissant ung b reverse el plu- “several other brands that have the said escuz and are well 0 twenty and troys karactz and deray and pitch of two deniers seze “grains and seventy-two in marc and vault the piece.nu taulx “of roy xxxv century. t. »
F** IX. “It should be noted that to recognize the nobles at the rose “and the Kdouart nobles it should be noted that the Edouart nobles have “four lily flowers and the noble roze have only three,”
In the chapter entitled “Ancient Pieces”, I highlight the indication of large pieces whose Prints are unfortunately missing.
F** XXV. “Golden pieces that are forged for fifty five 0 ducatz are pitch of five ounces two grains and are twenty “and HI karactz III grains and vault the piece after gold [white cn).
XXV verso. “Pieces of Castile forged for ten ducatz of a pitch of one ounce troys estellins and is gold at twenty and troys “karatz troys quars and vault au pris de lor [in white^). Parts “from Portugal forged for ten ducatz (same weight and size; “value in white). Forged parts for ten ducatz or there is dung on one side a lady and on the other side a man and pitch a one ounce troys estellins gold a twenty-two karactz and vault tt to the point [in white], »
F** xxix verso. “Sale of pitch of five denarii and twenty “grains of gold with twenty-one karact and a half and with the said piece of next to la pille troys ^)etiz routons and diet la lectre Accippe tf roinisculii of manib^ nris and the other caust ungne salemande “having fire in the surroundings of her el surrounded by lily flowers el diet “the electra of the said coste ex tin go nu tri or et vault [in white^).
1. In this place and a few others, the word escuz was indicated by a sign in a triangular shape obviously representing the shape of an escutcheon.
2. These pieces are undoubtedly analogous to those carved pi. 12, 8, and ft. I'l, n" 16, in the Monedaa hispano-cristianas, by A. Heiss.
3. The description responds well to the six types of a minted medal Bourges under Francois A silver copy is engraved in History Monetary of Berry, by Pierquin de Gembloux, 1840, pi. 8, n* 13; of. Het^tte nurnism., 1874-1877, p. 409. The Cabinet of France has a medal in
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THE BOOK OF CUANGEtR DUUAMEL
65
XXX. a Sensum* of fine gold nyanl of a coste ung honimc which . “rips a lion apart with its chewing teeth and surrounds it with lily flowers he is the said crowned man and of the other cosle a shield it is by the cler of the cross wreath of lily flowers of pitch a of five estellins or a twenty and troys karactz troys quars and vault has taken gold [in hlanc^]. »
F** XXIX verso. “Rognettes of fine gold from the pitch of troy deniers at twelve grains or at twenty and troys quars el vaull [in white],
po niixxy^ « Ducat forged by King Ghildebert^. »
The prints that often accompany the text of this manuscript and make it the main interest are taken from the parts themselves. Duhaniel, or the per- son who made these prints, must have blackened the coins, apply them on the paper, on the same side than the text and below, then rub on the back of the paper with a fairly hard object, a piece of wood probably*. Despite the thickness of the paper manuscript, the prints thus obtained are of a sufficient sharpness, but varying naturally with the degree of conservation of the currency which was used to the operation. It should be noted that the prints are reversed and this circumstance adds to the reading difficulties that presented themselves in some cases.
or, k these types, which weighs 7 gr. 36. The legend Accipe munusculum is inspired re of the text of Gen^te, 33, 10.
1. At the f* L, we find the word "Sensons", in an enumcrotion of mon- I don't do it without details.
2. This description responds quite well to the types of the golden fori of Chorles of France, due of Aquitaine; Poey d'Avant, pi. 67, 8, and Caron, pi. xi, n* 13.
3. We cite this attribution because of its singularity. The text is not accompanied by a print; but it is likely that it is a copy of the ducat Perdam Babillonis nomen, like that of which it is mentioned in the cr6 k Louis XU.
4. Similar imprints have been noted on a manuscript of the National Library by M. J. Rouyer, Hei^ue beige de Numitm., 1882, p. 415.
1891—6 5
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66
t.-A. WHITE RET
FRANCE
— t Gros de Loys le piteulx forge for [white e/t) pitch “from one denier six grains and from loys to xi denier six grains. »
;r CYi. .
Luis's Pence. Gariel, t. U, pi. xliii, n** 4.
— “Gros de saint Martin du poix de [in white) et de.loy a sept deniers thirteen grains ung quarter fine and vault the dictated piece [cn « white] And are at the marc in (white) and vault ledict marc [em “white],” (P* VI “III.
{Without figure.)
PHILIP III
Gold Denier known as Small Mass (which is rather the denier to the queen \ Itev. numism,^ 1889, pi. i, ii* 2, p. 59i). iro.
LOUIS
Golden Agnel, Hev. num., 1889, pi. i, 9. 122.)
CHARLES IV
Roi/al d'or, Hoffmann, n^ 2. {P* 121.)
PHILIP VI
Royal gold, H. n*^ 1. (^"121.) Golden crown, H. n^ 9. ((^ 120.)
JOHN THE GOOD
Golden sheep, H. 3. (f^ 122)
— “Pieces called francs on horseback of pitch of two deniers « twenty-one grain gold a twenty-and-troys karactz troys quars vault “the piece takes gold v*^ and xx. » xiiiiii s. t. (f* 136).
H.10.
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THE BOOK OF CHAKGEUR DUHAMEL 67
Shield, H. 1 (without text). (fo 137.)
CHARLES V
— a Pieces called franc a pied, etc. xliiii s t. » (f° 136.)
H.2.
CHARLES VI
“Escuz vieulx trebuchans du poix de Iroys deniers or a twenty a and troys karactz and demi vail, of course \^ and xx, xlvi s. t. »
Shield of the courofine, H. 1. viii«.)
Salutd'or, H. 7. (f^ 124.)
— “Genars otherwise call dozen without chappellet for- “geez [sic] from the time of king Karolus, from the pitch of [in white) and a de loy a [in white) and vault the piece [in white) and are on the marc a [in white). » (P* cxviii.)
White says guenar, H. 22.
HENRY VI
Salul dor, Rouen, H. 2. (f^ 124.)
Half-cherub, H. 4. (i^ 133.)
CHARLES VII
tt Piece called royal forged by King Karolus of pitch a of two deniers twenty-one grain gold of twenty-three karactz “troys quars vault the piece at the price \^ and xx, xliii s. t. »
Royal, H. 9, difference not visible. [^ 136.)
— “Demys cscus crown forge pitch in the land of France a denier of seven grains or twenty troys karactz is worth “price of the gold rate v*^ and xx, xix s. vi d. t. » (f® vm^xviii).
Half cu d crown, H. 7.
LOUIS XI
t Escuz crown trebuchans of the pitch of two quarters
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(>8
J. -A. DLAXCHET
« lorze grains, gold a vingl and troys karaciz valiant of course o \*« and XX XXXIX s. t. » ff* VIII.;
Shield with the crown^ H. 4.
— a Traisins forged for thirteen denarii tournaments. » [P* cii.l 11.19*.
CHARLES VIII
« Ducatz de Nappies forges by little Rov Charles roy "of France pitch of five deniers ten grains gold at twenty and “Iroys karaciz are worth taking into account the course v*^ and xx iiii 1. iii s. »
(P>18.)
* KARLVS b:G8RoFRANCORV SICILES. ECU crown between K and L overstrikes on two crosses paws.
I/. * XPS VINCIT XPS8REGNAT°XPS:INP.
In a quatrefoil, cross with fleur-de-lise crosspieces; the top one is overstamped d\m K. The imprint is yellow tinted.
1. We find a slight variation of this piece, under the name of “trezaU of France", in an order on the mines for 1559, iniprim^ k Amsterdam.
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THE BOOK OF THE DUHAMEL CHANGER
69
See II. 50. This currency was given wrongly, like a double ecu. Dardel's engraving, made according to the copy of the Cabinet of France, does not leave not see the arrangement of the letters K and L engraved afterwards on a Jerusalem cross.
White, H. 10. (f^cvm.)
— a Dozens forge king Karolus's tenips for twelve “last tournaments. » (f" cn.)
H.II.
— “Escuz du Roy Charles forge from him the pitch of two “sixteen grains. Gold is twenty-two and a half karactz worth a of course v*= and twenty xl s. t. » f° vii^xix.
Shield in the sun, II. 2.
— “Escuz de Bretaigne forged by King Charles” (raemes liter, size and value). (f* viu"i.)
Shield (the litagne, H. 7.
— “Pieces called Karrolus forged for x d. t. » (f'*cui.) Karolus, II. 19.
— “Liars forge for three deniers tournaments and its loyalty has “two denarii twenty grains of flax and pitch [in hlanc]. And are to the marc [in hlanc). And vault I'oncc [in white). » if* cxix.)
Liard with the dolphin, H. 40.
LOUIS XII
“Sun shield forged by King Loys 12th of the pitch a of two deniers sixteen grains gold of twenty-one karactz and a half » worth of course xx xl s. t. » ff" vii'"'xviii.)
II. 1, strikes in Bayonne.
— « Escuz au pore cspic forgoz de par led id Roy Loys Xll a derrenicr dcceddr, » elc. xu s. I." (.f" vii'"^xviii.)
Shield with pore-epics, II. G.
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70 J. -A. BLANCHET
— a Escuz de Daulphine » etc. xl s. t. » (P* vii"xix.)
II, 11.
— at Grans blans with epic pore forged by king LfOys twelve “for twelve denarii tournaments and of law to four denarii seven o grains. » (I* cv.)
H.33.
— tt Doubles forge for two last tournaments and sent of loy has two denarii silvering the King and pitch of [in white). And are “in the raarc of [in hlanc) And vault Tonce [in white]” (P* cxix.)
Double tournaments^ H. 41.
— o Large forge by King Loys of ninepence pitch » and valient x 9. t. » (P> vi"x.^
H.19.
— Other large forges by Roy Loys due by Millan du “pitch dc nine deniers and valient x s. t. » (f^ vi"x.)
H.88.
— Let's test King Loys forge in Mediolan from the pitch of seven to deniers twelve grains silvering to one deniers twelve grains “whoever is in possession of one pound, the price is not worth it for “the present vi s. t. » ((*vii"viii.)
H.86.
— “Let us test Genncs of pitch of seven deniers twelve grains “silvering at one denier twelve grains which is at the price of one « books le raarc a la raonnaie vault la monnove de raise x s. t. »
H. 107. ^ (Pvii«vii.)
— Another big forge by Roy Loys of this name and Due a of Mediolanences of the above-mentioned pitch, are good to melt for “which are heavy and worth ten solz tournaments. » (0* vi"xv.)
Test on of Milan, H. 80.
— “Ducatz forged by Roy Childebert roy de france du “pitch of two deniers seventeen grains gold of twenty and three four ff ratz troys quars and vault the coin at the price of gold Ducat de Naples^ Per dam liabillonis nomen^ H. 76. Digitized by Google LB LIVRB OF DUHAMEL CHANGER 71 FRANCOIS o Escuz soleil forged by Roy Francoys first of this “name of pitch of two deniers sixteen grains or twenty and troys “karutz el demi valient de cours v*= xx xl s. t. » H. 2. (f* vii«xviii.) — a Gros forgeez by King Francoys the first of that name “pitch of nine deniers and worth x s. t. n (f* vi"x.)
Teston, H. 42 without P.
— “Another big dudict roy Francoys gnaw some new pitch “deniers and vault the piece viii s. t. » (t* vi"xi.)
Testo/iy H. 63.
Burgundy.
a Piece of Burgundy of pitch of two deniers five grains “Force for ten denarii and are in the mark of iiiixx Tonce. »
White by Charles the T^m^raire, Poey d'Avant, 5747. vi«iii.)
— “Another piece of Burgundy pitch of two deniers forged “for six deniers and are at the mark of eighty-six Tonces. »
(f»VI»III.)
White from the same prince; P. d'A., n"* 5749. Brittany.
“Terge de Bretalgne of pitch (in white) and loy a quatre “deniers one grain fine. » (f* cxi.)
Blanc de Francois P^ P. d'A., pi. xxiii, 1.
Blancs a Viecu by Francois I*"" with K and R in the center of the cross, P. of A., pi. xxiv, 6. ((^vi"vii.)
— “Johannes of Flanders or diet of the electr Johannes britonu “dux. » (P* CXI.)
(Without figure.)
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72 J.- A. BLANCHET
— at F!s('uz de Bertaigne forged by Duchess Anne feinme a du Roy l-.oys twelveiesrne du |>choice of two deniers sixteen grains “gold a twenty el two karactz and a half vault the said course piece
0 V*^ XX XL s. t. » iP* VIII"I.j
Cadiere d oi\ with R, P. dW., pi. xxv, 9.
— a Escuz du Roy francoys due de Bretaigne of the pitch of two u denarii sixteen grains gold a vingl and two karactz and a half vault the “piece at the gold rate \^ and twenty xl s. t. »
(VIII"IIII.)
Shield of Francois I**" or Francois H, fr. in Rennes, P. d\\. , pi. xxiit, 15.
Aquitaine,
Pavilion '(ior of Edward, Prince Black, with the dif- dorent b.ou n, P. d'A., pi. LXIV, 14. (P* 119, without text.;
llavdi dorde Richard U, fr. in Bordeaux, P. d\., ft. Lxvi, i. (1^ 128, without text.)
— “Escuz forge in Gienne from the pitch of two deniers seze “gold grains at twenty-two karactz and a half vault the course piece “at the price of lor v<= and xx xl s. t. »
(additional sheet after the viii^^w.)
Ihirdi d\)r of the due Charles of France, P. d'A.,
ft. LXVII, 5*.
— “Escuz demy forge ung pitch in the land of Guyenne “denier huicl grains of gold at twenty-two karactz and a half vault the “piece at the gold rate v*= and xx, xx s. t. » (P* viii"xvi.)
Demi'hardi, P. d'A., pi. Lxvii, G.
Beam.
— “Escuz ft)rgez de par Germain le baron el due de foucx^
1. The drawing on the side returns to the board of Poey d'Avant.
2. This name is probably put for Foix, in Latin Furum.
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THE BOOK OF THE CUANGEUR DUHAMEL 73
has pitch of two tenners sixteen grains gold has vingl el two karaclz a el demi vaull the piece taking the gold rate v*= xx, xl s. t. »
Ecu cVov of Catherine de Bearn, P. d'A., pi. lxx, 11. Variete with BOminfl *. (f° vm^iui.)
Proience,
Florin (Tor de Louis et Jeanne, P. d'A., pi. lxxxxi, 14. (f^67, sanslexte.)
Aidgnon,
“Escuz du legal otherwise call escuz davignon du poix “of two denarii and sixteen grains. Gold has twenty and two karaclz and a el demi vault the piece at the price v<^ and xx, xl s. t. »
Ecu cVor of Julius II and Georges d'Araboise, P. d'A. , ft. xcv, 10. VUI«IU.)
— “Dozens of Avignon forge by Julus papa 2**"* for at twelve Lournois deniers. » ((^ cm.)
Douzain by Georges dVVmboise, P. d’A. , pi. xcv, Yew.
Lorraine,
a Good obolle of Cccille of the pitch of a denier six grins “forged by Hegnault roy for the said place valiant or a “xvni karaclz and second xv century. I." fP' 78.)
Demi^Porin of Rene II to Saint Nicholas; variety with SIQILLIG of n'* 3, pi. xii, de Saulcy, Coins of Lorraine^ 1841.
Florin d'Antoine, Saulcy, pi. xv, no. 14.
(P* 64 marked “Good”.)
Teston of IT) 16; C((t(ilogue Monnier^ n"* 293.
(I^VII^Xl.)
1. This form B for D is of no importance.
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J. -A. BLANCHET
Canibrai.
« Frorins darragon of the pitch of [in white) gold at seventeen qua- "ractz vault the piece at the price of gold v" and twenty (in white), "
Florin of Gui IV of Ventadour, with head of hooded falcon (?). See Cat. Sale Robert^ 1886, 318. (f^63.}
Strasbourg,
tGood » (f*» 81.)
Florin of the city; Engel and Lehr., Num. V Alsace, ft. xxxiii, 10.
Metz.
a Gros de Mez from the pitch of [in white) and forge for two solz tt and six and from law to ten denarii twenty grains fine and half fine. ". No figure. (0^ vi«ii.)
— a Good obolles at Mez from the pitch of two deniers twelve with gold grains at eighteen karactz and half vault the piece at the price of “cours de lor v“ and xx xxx s. t. » (P* 62.)