Revue numismatique, vols. 8–9 (4th series) — vol. 8–9 — 1890

jpt'. Interlacing in a garnetis.

1118. Rough.

I^. Rosette composed of rounded radiating lobes around a center ring; in each lobe, a period.

1119. ////MVN///CP///. Bust, left, neck circle (5th of pearls.

ly. AUGUST////////. Diamond whose sides extend in four triangles, one of the triangles surmont^ a cross; another abuts two ringlets.

1120. OV////rDD. Bust, right.

Y^, Star has three points; in two of the cantons, the letters A B; the third canton trimmed.

1121. Diaddmd bust, ^right; in front, a cross set under which a dot and T.

IJ^. Without legend. Figure has 4 lobes formed of two elliptical figures penetrating, confined to three groups of three points and a group of two points.

1122. Diademed head, left; in front, a Croisette; all in a pearl circle.

Same figure with four lobes, confined to four groups of three points, in a beaded circle6.

1123. Variae of n^ 1122.

1124. Diademed bust, right; in front, a cross sette under which T.

9". Above a horizontal line three letters

Digitized by

MBROVINGIAN COINS8 345

indeterminate; below, three Cs; all in one perl6 circle.

H25. Without legend. The letter A in a circle.

^. Six-pointed figure formed by two triangles p^n^input ; in the center, a cross; all in one circle.

1126. Vertical lines as a legend, around of a crossroads.

Six-pointed figure formed by two triangles penetrating; in the center, a cross.

Anglo-Saxon sceattas.

1127. Without legend. Standing figure, style barbarian.

9^. Without legend. Cross has eight branches, in a perl6 circle.

1128. Legend cropped. Head degenerated, in a garnetis.

9". Square6 bead in which the letter R, of which the belly lined with dots; to the left of square 6 and to below, V.

1129. Another copy of n** 1128.

BRONZE

Tlidodeherl,

1130. TH60D0BERTI REX. Cross. 9". Without legend, MeK)gram,

Digitized by

346

Mr. PROU

LEAD

1131. CAV between two branches, Tun above, Another one below. 9". Smooth.

ALPHABfiTIC TABLE OF MEN’S NAMES

N. B. — References refer to serial numbers.

...ab...,289. Abbisa, 163. Abbone, 979. Abolbno, 373. Abolino, 372. Abundantius, 769. Aclelinus, 1072, ....adda, 919. Addolenus, 192. Adelbertus, 847. Adeleraarus, 957. Adeleo, 607, 608. Aderico, 445. Adoleno, 589. Adreberto, 554. Adriano, 298. Adalfas, 732. ...adusl..., 158. Aegomundo, 669. Aegalfo, 826. Aeigobertus, 661. Aetius, 768. Agenius, 1079. Agibodio, 165. Agnicnisilo, 556. Agnus, 1065. Agobardo, 369. Agobrando, 257.

Agrigisilo, 910. Aicoaldo, 488. Aicomaro, 706. Aiculfus, 211, 212. Aiganario, 619. Aigimudo, 183. Aigiulfo, 943. Aigoberto, 454, 667. Aiguilfus, 935. Aigulf..., 947. Aioaldo, 1029. ...airo, 538. Airulfo, 157. Aiulfus, 901. A]aau...ldus, 461. AlaBus, 164. Alafredo, 65. Alafridus, 64.

Alancus, 260.

A lasic, 652.

Alchemundo, 144. Aldegiselo, 1067. Alderaaro, 772. Aldobert, 1087. Aldoricus, 370. Alebodus, 792. Aleciuniiaivv..., 767. Ale...du9..., 798.

Digitized by

Google

COINS Bf^BOVINGIENNBS

Algisilus, 56. Alidatnivlo, 362. Allacius, 159. Allamundo, 876. Allebodes, 797. Alio, 156. Almundus, 884. Ambd, 786.

At mbudo, 353.

Ame....no, 375. Amrnoneald, 253. Amni, 275. Amoleno, 28. Anatasiu (imperator), 969. Anista[s]ius (imperator), 3. Anciolutrio, 725. Andoaldo, 415, 417. Andoleno. See Audoleno. Anglo, 949. Aniiioceude, 819.

Year nano, 639.

Years aei, 522.

Ansaric..., 429. Ansoaldus, 531, 570, 577. Ansoinaus, 495. Ansoinio, 496. Antidiuso, 181. Antimi, 866. Aonoaldo, 814. Aonulfo, 898. Aounuliceo, 44. Aragasti, 560. Araste, 562. Ardulfus, 520.

Aribad, 789.

Aribaldo, 1030. Aribaudu, 141. Aribodeus, 755. Aridius, 801,

ArilEciius, 268. Arivaldo, 301, 916. Arlaifi or Marlaili, 279. Arlaifus or Marlaifus, 280. ...am, 1077.

Ar on, 377.

...a...roni, 1068.

Asa iu, 909.

Ascarico, 87. Aschulaiso, 830. Aseciro, 1089. Aspasius, 726. Asrasius, 727. Ast..., 160. Attila, 900. Auction, 513. Audaldus, 67. Audeci...ls, 1055. Audecisilus, 663. Audegilus, 964. At...deleno, 687. Audemarus, 958. Auder..., 233. Audesilo, 628. Audiciilus, 499. Audigisilus, 453. Audiricus, 226. Audo, 152. Audoaldo, 503. Audolaico, 984.

Audoleno, 844. See Auido- len.

Audolenus, 846. Audolinu, 633. Audomundus, 344.

Audon, 470.

Audoran, 1031. Audulfo, 629. Audulfu,.., 500,

Digitized by

348

Mr. PROn

Auduround, 632.

Augemundus, 431.

Auidolen, 836. See Audoleno,

At...in...n, 1016.

Aunardus, 96, 97.

AuDCgiselo, 860.

Aunegisilo, 887.

Auneni..., 153.

Aunulfo, 43, 479.

Aunulfus, 133, 151, 459.

Aurovio, 517.

Aurovius, 518.

Aiisiinioiu, 246.

Ausonius, 422.

Austroaldus, 529, 621.

Auu Ibo, 879.

At ulfo, 283.

Avitus ebescobus, 119. Babone, 190. Badigisilo, 493. Badoino, 980. Badoleno, 350. Baio, 783, 784. Baiolfo, 307. Baione, 307. Baldulfu, 834. Baldulfus, 258. Baltherius, 564. Basilio, 252. Basinus, 630. Baudardus, 94. Baudech..., 757. Baudegisilo, 265. Baudemere, 304. Baudenus, 474. Baudigilus, 76. Baudigisilo, 387. Baudochislo, 617. Baudogisi, 388.

Baudolefius, 754. Baudoleno, 733.

Baudom, 308.

Baudomeres, 471. Baudoveso, 334. Bautinini..., 134. Bdccigildo, 391. Bebone, 182. Be...ofridus, 738. Berebodes, 236. Beregiselus, 694. Beremodus, 478. Berigislo, 161. Beroads, 665. Bertelino, 322, 323. Bertelando, 609. Bertemindo, 750. Berteramno, 839. Berterico, 690. Bertigiselo, 234. Bertoal. 320, 339. Bertoaldo, 312. 483. Bertoaldus, 885, 1022. Bertoino, 579. Bertoinus, 195. Bertolenus, 601. Bertovaldu, 282. Bertulo, 918. Berturico, 1080. Beriilfo, 932. Beto, 908. Betoni, 1032. Betto, 254, 563, 765. Bettone, 402, 403, 773, 776,

794. Birecisilo, 831. Bituegarioi, 795. Blavido, 1081. Boboleno, 167.

Digitized by

CURRENCY8 MBROVINGIBNNES

349

Boboltno, 326.

Bobone, 313, 386, 646, 735.

Bodis..., 213.

Bodoleno, 744.

Bodolenus, 743, 752.

Bonitus, 343.

Bonulfus, 728.

Bonuses, 352.

Bo8e...nus, 736.

Bosolen, 760.

Bosone, 386, doubtful reading,

See Bobone. Bouseghildo, 385.

Br ,981.

Castricio, 262. Celestus, 72. Gensulfus, 281. Censurius, 818. Georulfus, 102. Ceranio, 125. Gbaddove, 79. Cbadomali, 872. Shadulf..., 220. Cbaidulfo, 221. Cbarecaucius, 394. Charegisilu, 84. Gharialdus, 808. Charigisi, 824. Charimundus, 427. Chariovindus, 959. Charvaricus, 216. Gheddo, 147. Chiscolus, 548, 551. Chlodoveus rex, 15. Chlodovius rex, 16. Chlotharius rex, 17. See

Clotharius. Chloveo rege, 18. chramus..., 396.

Gharanulfus, 855. Ghrodeberto, 848. Ghrodebertu, 849. Ghrodigisilu, 103. . . .cilaude, 928, doubtful reading, Ginvonicus, 376. Glilava...so, 804. Globovius rex, 19. Glodovios re[x], 20. Clotharius, rex, 21, 22. See

Ghlotharius. Godelaico, 1033, 1034, 1036.

See Gdodoluicos. Goito, 1004.

Gontolo, doubtful reading, See Santolo.

Gorbom, 342.

Dabaudis, 642. Daccho, 80. Dacciovellus, 626. Dacoaldo, 505, 506, 507, 509. Dacoberthus rex, 23, 24, 25. Dacoberts r[ex], 26. Dadoalds, 960. Dagobert... (rex), 27. Dagoberto r[ege], 28. Dagobertu (rege), 29. Dagobertu8 (rex), 30,. 31. Dagomare, 890. Dagomares, 106. Daovaldo, 52. Daovaldus, 123. Daudoveo, 696.

Da ulfo, 378.

Daulfo, 420. Daulfus, 673.

deleno, 155.

Dendus, 526. Deodo us, 985.

Digitized by

350

Mr. PROf)

Deorigisi, 670.

Disiderio, 444. Doddolo, 66. Dodo, 881, 894, 897. Dodona, 721. ...domaro, 524. Domarolus, 912. Domegiselo, 653, 655, 658. Domichisilus, 761, 762. Dommio..., 193. See Edom- mio.

Domraolenus, 196, Dommolinus, 546. Dommus, 771. Domnario, 88. Domnechillo, 187, 188, 189. Domnigisilo, 867, 873. Domnito, 243. Domnitto, 305, 306. Domnoienus, 1083. Domolen, 659. Domoleno, 656. Domolenus, 550. Domovaldo, 485. Domulino, 26. Donaicio, 81. Donatus, 31. Donnane, 951, 952. Donnolino, 657. Don...visilo, 606. Dosledenus, 571, 572.

Dric, 448.

Droctebadu, 416. Droctegisilus, 644. Droctoald..., 405. Droictoaldus, 497. Dructaldo, 938. Dructigisilus, 643. Dt....tricu, 961.

Dull...d.., 93. Dumi, 468. Dutia, 447, 469. Ebbone, 404, 406, 456. Ebodulfus, 645. Ebredigulf, 961. Ebregisijo, 742. Ebrigisilus, 150, 380. Ebroaldus, 284, 285, 286, 691 Ebrulfo, 778. Ebrulfus, 780, 962. E...csinu8ias, 241. ....ecto..., 756.

Edcd, 242.

...edemius, 291.

Edommio, 194. See Dommio

Edroaldus, 455.

Elafius, 154.

Elaricus, 707.

Elegiius, 20.

Elegiu8, 30, 666.

Elici, 23, 25.

Eligi, 50, 51.

Eligiu, 15, 45.

Eigius, 46, 662.

...e,..nio, 130.

eno, 895.

Eodicius, 139, 140. Eodomundo, 600. Eodulfo, 590. Eonomius, 809. Eos.-.ndus, 779.

era, 426.

Ercoilin, 863. Erloinus, 1058, 1059. Ermoaldo, 179. Ermoberto, 1046, 1047. Erpone 116, 508. Er...ris, 758.

Digitized by

COINS lliEOYlNGIENNBS

....ertino, 239.

Frederick, 930.

Espectatus, 810.

Fredmundus, 785.

Esperios, 888.

Fredoaldo, 821.

Estn episcopus, 12.

Fredolfo, 382.

Ettone, 166.

Fredomundo, 178.

Eudelenus, 573. See Heude-

Fredon, 1034.

lenus.

Fredulf, 184.

Eud,..ot, 634.

Frc.sigo, 1023.

Eugenius, 936.

Fridinus, 816.

Eugolino, 384.

Fridirico, 635, 674.

Eulerius, 516.

Froricflrillo, 697.

Euronolo, 381.

Fulcoaldo, 555.

Exd fus, 729.

Fulcoaldus, 273.

Fainulfo or Lainulfo, 739.

Fulculino, 535.

Fante, 412.

Gabiulfu, 832.

Far, 1073.

Gandilon (?), 944.

Fartus, 835.

Gandolioni, 314.

Faustinus, 208.

Gandulfus, 464.

Felcharius, 711. See Fila-

Garivaldus, 805.

tank.

Garoaldus, 557.

Fi, 811.

Gaucemare, 341.

Filachar, 713. See Felcha-

Gaudelinus, 419.

laughed.

Gauderic, 398.

Filumarus, 712, 714, 715.

Gaviolado, 689.

Flanigisil, 939, 941.

Gavioaldus, 688.

Flanigisilus, 942.

Gdodoluicos, 1037. See Co-

Flavinus, 432.

delaico.

Frameleno, 747.

Geldu us, 300.

Framigills, 833.

Genardo, 408.

FramiiriHus, 287, 288.

Geneciselo, 409.

Francio, 70, 263, 266, 267,

Gennacio, 759.

708, 709.

Gennards, 905.

Francoleno, 911.

Gennardus, 903, 906.

Francone, 271.

Gennaste, 222.

Franculfus, 251.

Gennobaudi, 618.

Franobdo, 89.

Genobaudi, 355.

Fraterno, 748.

Gennovius, 374.

Frederick, 475.

Gennulfiis, 843, 845.

Fredeb..., 1075.

Gensano, 553.

Digitized by

352

Mr. PitOD

[Glermano, 558, Gibiricus, 861. Gisco, 599. Gisloaldus, 532. Gisoaldo {?), 595. Glavione, 878. Godecnus, 578. Godelaico. See Codelaico. Godofridus, 853. Gomcgiselo, 926. Gomino, 75. Gom....n80, 586. Gondcradus, 583. Gratus, 766. Grimoaldus, 852. Gruello, 400. Gueroal..., 864.

gulfo, 807.

Gundeber, 324. Gunderico, 277. Gu[ndi]rico, 349.

Gundo, 963.

Gundoaldo, 146. Gundobertus, 351. Gundomaro, 921. Gundufus, 336. Guntar..., 83. Guspion, 363.

Heudelenus, 574. See Eude- '

lenus. Hildbptu re[gel, 32. Hildebertus r[ex], 33. See

Hildeiertus. Hildebodus, 126, 127, 679,

680, 681. Hildeiertus, 34. See Hilda-,

bertus. Hildoald, 1069. Hildomar, 927.

Hulrdus, 399.

Ibbino, 201.

Idulfus, 613.

leodo, 276.

Ig...ogu, 803.

I gumare, 74.

lianarius, 259.

lico (?), 934.

Imeno, 770.

Imina, 1116.

Inno... oa... cius, 450.

Inconvenience, 561.

Irulfus, 230.

Isarno, 994.

Islilsdiaeio, 718.

Istephanus, 423.

Iterius, 734.

Iteu..., 978.

Ituiulus, 953.

Ividrenali... (?), 580. .

Ivioisone, 937.

Joanes, 356.

Joannes, 248.

Joannis, 249, 825.

Johanne, 173.

Johannis, 813.

Juliano, 917.

Juse, 540, 543, 544

Justinianus (imperator), 4, 5, 6. See Justinnani.

Justinnani, 9. See Justinia- naked.

Juveac..., 256.

Lainulfo or Fainulfo, 739.

Larenti, 913. See Lauren- tius.

Landalfo, 1085.

Landebertui, 264.

Landigisilos, 315, 316.

Digitized by

M^ROVINGIAN COINS

353

Landilino, 521, 907. Landonldus, 575. Landulfo, 840. LaQnigsolo, 255.

Launo cites, 614.

Launulfus, 627.

Laurentius, 914. See Lai-

rented. Launifo, 868, 869.

Lebr, 1005.

Ledichisilo, 434. Ledoaldo, 111. Leo, 217, 219, 250.

Leod t, 972.

Leodaredus, 637. Leodaste, 625. Leodeno, 112. Leodenus, 331. Leoderamnus, 136. Leodericus, 235. Leodesius, 724. Leodino, 623. Leodoaldo, 180, 332. Leodogiselo, 504. Leodogisolo, 359. Leodolino, 463. Leodomare, 78. Leodulfo, 261, 272, 692.

Leond s, 799.

Lericramno, bad reading.

See Berteramno.

Leiibas, 57.

Leudeberto, 82. Leudebode, 858. Leudeno, 100. Leudigisil, 218. Leudino, 920. Audio, 862. Leudoaldus, 565. 1890 — 6

Leudoberto, 104. Leudoleno, 654. Leudomaro, 175. Leudovaldo, 672. Levoenno, 940. Lioncius, 21. Litemundo, 54. Lonecisilus (?), 964. Lopus, 274, 390. Lothavius rex, 35. LuIIu, 299. Luolframno, 537. Madelinus, 407. Madobodus, 545, 547. Maganone, 850. Magnidius, 206. Magnoaldo, 53, 224, 731. Magnobert, 1011. Magnovaldo, 472. Magnus, 214, 693. Mallaricus, 477. Mallebodis, 782. Mallio, 871. Mallulicu, 162. Mando, 60. Manilobo, 142. Mannus, 397. Manoaldo, 820. Marcellus, 683, 684. Marcovaldo, 85. Marcovaldus, 440. Marculfo, 502, 591, 660. [Marculfus, 215.

Husband, 27.

Marinano, 700. Mariulfi, 170. Mariulfo, 199. Mariulfos, 171. Marlaifi or Arlaifi, 279.

23

Digitized by

354 M. PRou

Marlaifus or Arlaifus, 280.

...inun...co, 1119.

Martinus, 588, 970, 973.

Mundericus, 764.

Mau ,247.

Munnus, 107.

Mauracharius, 89G.

Nantanarius, 587.

Maurino, 169.

...ncio, 1086.

Maurinos, 124.

Maurinus, 148, 452.

Nicasio, 58, 751.

Maurno, 462.

niliobo, 597.

Mauro, 92, 430.

Niviaste, 710.

Maurato, 231.

Mauru, 95.

Nonnitus, 86.

Maurus, 870.

Nonnus, 122.

Maximus, 695.

...oas..., 977.

Maxuiiiio, 73.

Obobagde, 202.

Me, 77.

Octus, 371.

Medoald, 611.

Odenund, 527. Vot/ez Odroun-

Medoaldo, 185.

due.

Medulfo, 55, 612.

Odimundo, 525.

Mel cin, 720.

Odmundus, 528. See Ode-

Mellione, 309.

nund.

Mellito, 722.

...oeno, 1048.

Mellobaud, 357.

Oiotatus. Vote Optatus.

Merealdo, 899.

Oiraténo, 1088.

M,... ilo, 948.

...oleno, 699.

M....no, 823.

....olenoiis, 983.

Moberato, 200.

...omaro, 101.

Moderate, 703.

Moderatus, 191, 205. 209.

0...no, 1035.

Modericu, 676.

Onofredus, 741.

Modesto, 702.

Opportunus, 965.

Optatus, 69, 364, 365, 366.

gold, 294.

Monoaldus, 105.

Ordacxário, 24.

Morlateono, 1044,

Orivio, 716, 717.

Morolu, 476.

...oron, 1012.

Mosita, 859.

Orote, 135.

Mummolinus, 837.

Orulfio, 966.

Mumoleno, 421.

Muinolinus, 838.

Olo, 1018.

Digitized by

MIROVlNGIAN COINS

ou, 882.

Parent, 290, 293. Patornino, 90. Patricia, 117. Paulos, 675. Pipero. See Ppero. Placido, 567. Peppo, 923. Provinus, 210. Puslius (?), 777. Radoaldo, 433, 457. Radobodus, 494.

Radu, 723.

Ragnoaldo, 989. Ragnomaro, 796. Ramniic..., 1019. Ramnisilus, 542. Raropeleno, 929. Raneperto, 297, 358.

Rasius, 1024.

Rave o, 1071.

Ricobertu. See Berturico Riculfo, 354. Riculfus, 793. [Ri]dulfo, 240. Rignichari, 348.

rigno, 368.

Rigoaldus, 318. Rigovaldi, 624. Rinchino, 367. Rioboiis (?), 327. Roma[nu]s, 59. Romarico, 443. Rosotto, 800. Rusticius, 647. Saegsos, 484. Sandiricos..., 393. Santolo, 435, 437, 438 Satorno, 552.

Saturnius, 967. Saturnus, 486. Savelo, 392. Scobe...us, 1113. Scobilion, 1104. S....di, 129. Secone, 186* Secum (?), 604. Sedulfo, 401. Segobert..., 36. Senate, 481. Sendullo, 730. Senoaldus, 223. Seroaldo, 347. Seroteno, 295. Sesoald, 119. Sesoaldo, 137, 671. Seudulfus, 98, 99. Sevado, 345. Sichramno, 91. Sichramnus, 968.

Sic o. 549.

Sicoleno, 138. Sigchramno, 19. Siggoino..., 1049. Siggono, 1051. Siggon..., 1050. Siggonos, 1052. Siggulfus, 310. Sigibert r[ex], 37. Sigibertus rex, 38, 39. Sigimundo, 480. Sigimundus, 491. Sigoaldo, 1020. Sigoaldus, 829. Sigofredo, 1006. Sigofredus, 806. Silverster, 857. Sogno s, 1083.

356

Mr. PROU

Spectatus, 817. Studiolo, 121.

S vallo, 490.

Tanoirelt (?), 788. Taurecus, 174. Tenal, 925. Teodelino, 892, 893. Teodeno, 698. Teoderico, 411. Teodericus, 812. Teodirico, 931. [Teod]oleo, 278. Teodovald, 176. Tesamone, 791. Teudahario, 865. Teuddolen, 822. Teudericus, 519. Teudegisilus, 566. Teudomares, 592. Teudomaro, 596. Teudovaldo, 143. Theodebertus rex, 40, 41, 42. Theodoal, 1015. Theudemaro, 593, 594. Theudenus, 576. Thibaio, 321. Thiudulfus, 530. Thuevaldo, 636. Tinilla, 424. Tinilani, 425. Tiulfo, 787.

T...0, 1091.

Toto, 536. Trasemundus, 851, Trasoaldus, 197, 198. Tresoaldo, 395.

Trotaop rent (?), 686.

Trasulfo, 559. Tleoulbus, 781.

Tullione, 610. Ucedecus, 885. Uggone, 489 Ulfino, 649, 650. Uncco, 950. Unegiselus, 904. TJnicter, 1061, 1062. Uro..., 945. Urosca, 168. Ursio, 225. Urso, 946, Ursoleni, 775. Ursolenus, 337, 338. Ursomeri, 32. Ursu, 449. Ursulfo, 204, 410.

Vaddolen, 975, 976.

Vaendono, 1053. Valdo, 228. Valegselo, 492. Vandoaldo, 534. Vanimundus, 651. Varinius, 966. Vectore, 719. Vedegisilo, 466. Velino, 802. Vendulfus, 428. Verolo, 383.

VI, 974.

Vicanus, 361. Viclorinus, 47. Viliemundus, 232. Viliimud...8, 886. Vilio, 883.

Vinoicus, 329. See Vinoval- due.

Vinovaldus, 328, 330. See

Vinoicus. Vinulfus, 842, 1090.

Digitized by

M^ROVINGIENNKS COINS

357

Virulo, 790.

Virvaldo or Airvaldo, 458. Vitale, 668. Vodnarbili, 959

Voi ,924.

[Seen]lfariu8, 132. Vulfoleno, 705. Wadingo, 1054. Walchomaro, 677. See Wal

homaro. Waldo, 237, 238, 648. Waldone, 207, 229.

Walhomaro, 678. See Wal- Chomaro.

Wallulfus, 128.

Wandeleno, 35.

Waregiselus, 740.

Warirnundus, 523.

Willoberto, 1076.

Willulfus, 203.

Wintrio, 244, 460.

Xxonofredus. See Onofre- due.

Digitized by

NOTICE

ON A FEW

BILINGUAL SASSANID COINS

In the collection of Sasanian coins of the General Bartholomaei, whose drawings were made public in 1873 by Mr. Dorn, we notice, on pi. XXII, a silver coin from Khosroes, relating to the margin a legend in unknown characters, reproduced picked three times on the right of the piece: opposite the bust of the king, below, and behind the head. The currency is indeed Khosroes I Anouchirvan, one of the kings of the Sassanid dynasty, which reigned in Persia from 531 to 578 AD, the legend Khusruiei the type, compares to other pieces of the same prince, leave no doubt in this regard. As for the date that is written in Ijf, Tan eight (tomand) of the reign of this monarch takes us back to Tannee 538.

We know that General Bartholomaei died at Tiflis in 1870, without being able to give the description coins whose engraving he had supervised. Mr. Dorn, who was responsible for this work, died. himself in 1882 in Saint Petersburg, without having nothing public, so that the two numismatic scholars Russian tists were unable to let us know their opinion nion about the legend in question. Mr. Mordt- mann, in his latest work on currencies

Digitized by

MONNAIBS B1LINGUE8 SASSAMDES

359

pehlvies*, mentions clearly, under 501, the piece of Khosroes, but without any observation or attempt tive reading, it only gives a facsimile. Mr. Ed. Thomas finally, who has rendered so many services to pehlvie numisinaticism, has allowed it to pass unnoticed this curious bilingual currency of Khosroes, which is however very interesting and which I believe must bring it back to the attention of the scholarly world. Here is the facsimile of the marginal legend after Bartholomaei's engraving:

Oiju| oijofoivofu oijo^ooopH

Nothing is more natural, at first glance, than to suppose that this legend must have contained the name of the Sasanian king followed by his title, something like K/iosrui malkn \ and it is in this sense that I first directed my research, but I could not get nothing satisfactory, the characters do not not ready for such a translation. I felt the requires other copies of this mon- born and, the original of Bartholomaei's piece not having could be found in Russian collections, I addressed myself to the Berlin Cabinet which, very fortunately- ment found itself in possession of four bilingual currencies of the same kind, still unsaid*. By comparison of these four new copies with the drawing of Bartholomaei, we notice that these various verses currencies, although belonging, as we will see

1. Dons le ZeiUchrift der detUschen morgenlandischen geselUchafl, t. XXXI V (1880), BOM le Utrc de Zur pehlevi Miinzkunde, die Munzen der Sasaaniden. 3. I owe the communication and the kindness of Mr. de Salct.

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360 E. DROUIN

see, at different times and princes, all bear, with a few variations, the same unknown legend, always repeated three times, on the margin of each piece. Here is the summary description mayor of these bilingual currencies: they have the type ordinary Sasanian silver drachmas from which they differ only by the addition of the marginal legend nale, and they come from the following kings:

1^ Hukad Valkash (the Balash of the Orientals, BXa(n;c of the Byzantines, Vagharsh of the Armenians) 484-488, without place or date, remains of the legend:

^opoAO* oHojio-rtoll. •Jopo

2** Kobad I 488-531, dated from Tan 27 of the reign {liaft i'/.s7) corresponding to 5i5AD, minted piece to Merv, also incomplete caption:

oi^o^ooom •40^^CK>O«^ «qofc>^t

3" From the same Kobad, piece by Tan 43 {if tchehar) corresponding to 531 AD, struck in the Rho- rassan. The legend is complete:

040/^0004 OifO^JOOOij oiio//oooH

4"* Khosroes I AnouchirvSn, piece by Tan 14 {tchehar deh) or 545 AD, mint erases. Incomplete legend:

aijo^iorK)^! om^o^orxm^ o»(>fk>ooMr

but with this particularity that the 5* and 6*" characteristics

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B1LIN6UE SASSANIDE NONNAIES 361

teres (in common from the right) in each group are linked.

5*" I will add the drawing of a piece of the same type owned by the British Museum* and whose legend is also incomplete:

oJ|op

As we see, all these variants can be reduce to a single sentence including the currency of Tan 531 seems to derive the most accurate representation (more exact same as Bartholomaei's drawing that I I was not able to check the original), namely:

This legend, as I said, is the same on all our pieces, whatever the sovereign who issued them. The natural consequence is that these unknown signs contain, instead of the name clean, a general indication that may apply has all currencies, such as for example a security royal. Reading from right to left, it seemed to me that this title could be the famous shdhdnshdh “king of kings” writes Sh-a-h-a-n-a-sh-a (without final \h which was probably not pronounced) in eight characters which seem, in fact, to adapt to my reading.

The title of shahanshah was part of the titula- ture of the kings of Persia. On their currencies, like in their inscriptions, the Sasanian rulers took the title of malkdn malkd Irdn Anirdn cc king of kings of Tlranetde TAniran” or simply

1. It was sent to me by Mr. Hapson, of the British Museum, but without indication tion of the name of king sassaDidc.

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362

malkdn malkd expression of Aramaic origin, but that Ton was pronounced shdhanshdh^ we have some here new proof*.

We understand that this particular coinage issued by the kings of Persia, being intended to circulate in the provinces far from Iran where the language and Tecri- ture pehlvies were not known to everyone, we felt the need to give him some sort of advice official creation, indicating in local writing, on the margin of the pieces, and on several occasions, that these coins emanated from the “great sovereign king of all Iranian and Aniranian countries", that is to say from shahanshah, This word was undoubtedly spread by- everything and known to all; we said among the Touranians “the shahanshah” to indicate the king of Persia without know its name, just as among the Persians and the Armenians, we said the Khakan to designate the ruler of the Tatars, without worrying about his name indigenous*.

What are these remote provinces and what is this writing? It seems difficult to answer currently and in a positive way to these two questions, as long as we have not deciphered and classified other coins with unknown legends which were struck by Tatar princes (Turks, Kushans or Ephthalites, we do not yet know which ones), some contemporaries of the Sassanids, the other later

1. See what I have said with regard to my work on Indian currencies. Scythians who appeared in this collection, year 1888, p. 196 et seq. — The modern form of this name is ahdhitishdh.

2. It's so! unfortunately that contemporary authors have given us not preserves the names of these Turanian princes.

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B1LIN6UE COINS 8A88ANIDE8 363

has this dynasticity. These legends are Veritas with characters belonging to various very different alphabets between them, so that we find ourselves first sequence of several writing systems used eon- jointly or more or less by the various populations Turanian nations which occupied Central Asia from the Caspian Sea to Tlndus and the Ganges, from the 3rd to the 7th centuries of our 6th century. It's only when we have done this work of deciphering by- such that one can attempt a story, a chronology logy and a paleography of the original peoples Turkish or Turanian in their relationships with the Iranians and Hindus.

To return to our legend at shahanshah", she is found, as we have seen, on coins of years 484, 515, 531, 538 and 545, that is to say appear relating to the period of relations between the Sassanids and the Huns, Ye-ta or Ephthalites, who lived in The other side of TOxus. This period, very interesting healthy and very curious, of Sasanian history, has been recounted throughout by Byzantine authors Pro- cope, Cedrenus, etc.*, and by Arabic works and Persians, notably the great chronicle of Tabari, the Zinat-et-Taou^rikh and the Shah^nameh of Firdousi. The bilingual currencies described above would have therefore et6 struck to cement relations of friendship^ and facilitate the commercial relations which had established between Tlran and Touran, and at the same time for the needs of the Touranian populations who

1. See Vllitoire du Baa-Empire dc Lubean-Saint-Martin, I. VII & X, passim.

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E. DROUIN

were part of the Sasanian Empire, but did not did not speak Persian.

Does this mean that because these currencies are con- contemporary of the period of the Ephthalites, which he It is necessary to give marginal legends to Scripture, the writing name ephthalite? I don't believe it, because Ephthalites or White Huns do not appear in Sog- Diana that around 425 AD and it is possible, otherwise certain, that the art of writing was borrowed by them from Kouchans that they have, it is true, dominated and chassis of Bactria and Punjab, but who were in possession sion for four to five centuries of a different alphabet rent from ours. But it is a question which cannot be treated again and I think it is better, as for Now keep your guard up.

In conclusion, I will cite the two silver coins gent of the Sasanian type which were published by Wil- his (Arianxi antiqua pi. XVI, n"** 9 and 10) and whose the legend seems to me to be the same as that of the pieces described above. That of number 9 in particular, as well figured,

has a lot of analogy with the piece by Tan 531. We should therefore read, as on the latter, sh-a-h-a-n-a-sh-a. The sign that I placed between two brackets is a symbol which is not part of the legend. These two pieces, found in the valley of Kabul in 1836, brought to Tavers the bust of Kadi- Yezdegerd (438-457) or Firouz his successor (457-483), the vanquished of Khushnavaz, and in the field, the symbol of the Scythian countries; all around.

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MONNAIBS BILINGUBS SASSANI]>ES 365

the legend in question. The reverse, with Fire Taut and the two assistants, is an^pigraph. We would have so here again two coins coming out of the workshop royal Sassanid, but without the name of the king, with the simple title "shahanshah", sufficient for circulation in Turanian country.

E. Drouin.

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NOTE

ON AUTHENTICITY

PORTRAITS OF GONZALVE OF CORDOBA

BT ON

THE DATE OF HIS BIRTH STILL DISSUE PI. IX.

I

Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba y Aguilar, due of Terranova and Sessa, Marquis of Bitonto, etc., sur- names the Great Captain^ a 6l€ often represents^ in painting, marble and bronze.

Unfortunately, most of his portraits do not are not authentic, the originals of the time are lost, all we have left are relative copies- ment modern.

Vasari, in his life of the Giorgione, reports that Ml I heard that this artist had painted in Venice, a portrait of Gonzalve at the time when the latter was came to visit the doge Agostin Barbarigo*, that is

1. ((In casa Anton de' Nobili and another testa of a captain armato, molto vivace c pronta, il qual dicano essere un de' capitani che Consalvo Ferrante men6 seco a Venezia when he visited the doge Agostino Barbarigo, nel qual tempo si dice che rilrasse il grand Consalvo arniato, che fu cosa rarissimap e no si poteva vedcre pictura pid bella che quella, e che esso Consalvo se ne ne la por(6 sec.” (Le ftle de* piti eccelenti Pitlori, scuUori ed archiUetiori scritie da GIORGIO \KSKKi pitlore Aretino, with new annotazioni and commenii di gkE' TAXo MilanESi. Fircnzo G. C. Sonsoni, editor, mdccclxxix, t. TV. p. 9^i-95).

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NOTE ON LBS PORTRAITS OF GONZALVE OF CORDOBA 367

that is to say around the end of the year 1500, at the time when it was going break out a war between the Turks, a fomented war by the Venetians and in which they were to take part the Spanish forces.

Mr. Gaetano Milanesi, the scholar and last editor by Vasari, thinks that the Giorgione painting con- served in the Belvedere gallery in Vienna, represented feeling, of natural size, at mid-body, a young warrior crowned with ivy and holding a hall bard, could be the portrait of Gonzalve*, but this warrior, painted with a growing beard, does not would be Gonzalve of Cordoba, aged 57 in 1500, date of his arrival in Venice.

On the other hand, there is a so-called portrait of great grave captain towards the end of the 16th century, published in V Armamentarium heroicum^ by Jacob Schrenck, book in which names are reproduced many portraits of kings, princes and generals fanieux. Portraits detached from this collection were hanging near the armor that had belonged to these characters, armor once united in the Ambras Tilt, near Inspruck, and transported in 1806 at the Belvedere Museum, Vienna.

The engraving we want to talk about would be, according to Carderera, Author of Spanish Iconography* ^ la

1. Nella Galleria di Belvedere in Vienna if it preserved a large mezzanine al naturale di un warrioro armaio, con una corona d’ellera in capo e un’ala- barda nella mano sinistra. And what about the great consalvo?

2. RUralti ed Elogii di Imperatori, Re, Principi e CapUani iliustri. Autore Jacobo Schrenckhio in Notzingen. Dddi^ k Ferdinand of Austria, comic by Tyrol, 1582.

3. D. Valentin Carderera j Solano. Iconografia Eapanolaf collection of reiratos, estataas, mausoleos and other unpublished monuments of Reyes, Rcinas, Qrandes Capitanes, Escritores, etc., decease el siglo xi hasta el xvii, Madrid, 1865-1864, 2 Toles. large folio, 1. 11.

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A.HBISS

copy of the portrait of Gonzalve by the Giorgione. lei, The “Great Captain” has the features of a man around 60 years old, but it must be admitted that he is not possible to attribute to the painter of Castelfranco, a work whose style and composition have absolutely no There is nothing giorgionesque about it; besides armor indicates a period after Tan 1500.

However Luckius, in his Sylloge numismatum elegantiorum^, published in Strasbourg in 1620, used read Schrenck's engraving for composition of a medal in the name of Gonzalve, from which he loan^ the reverse has a bronze restitution sign Hannibal, artist who worked in Italic around 1550. On Hannibal's medal, Gronzalve is an elegant captain of 30 k 40 years including beard and hair arranged are cut in the fashion adopted by the courts Italian herbal teas from the mid-sixteenth century, while the reverse, alluding to the pacification of Italy, recalls an event in Tannic 1504. This year There, Gonzalve had been over sixty for two years. tain.

Another portrait engraved in 1791, by the care of Spanish government, is publicly available in the Gallery famous Spaniards. We will limit ourselves to doing notice that, on this engraving, the contemporary of Catholic kings wears a ruff à la Henri IV.

1. “Sylloge numismatum elegantiorum, qum diyersi Impp., Reges, Principles, Committees, Respublicw Dwersas ob causas ab Anno 1500 ad Annum utq, 1600 cudi feceruni concinnata et Uistorica narratione {sed brevt) illustrata opera ac studio loannis lacobi Luekii Argentoratensis. Argentina Typis. Reppianis, 1620, p. 6.” (Leff engravings are by Francois Brunner).

2. Retratos de loa Espanoles ilustres con un epitome de sus vidus, De orden superior. In the real estate of Madrid, siendo su regente D. Lazaro Gey- guer. 1791, folio.

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NOTfi SUA LtiS PORTRAtTS OF G0?}ZALVE CORDOUB 369

M. H. Bouchot, in his interesting research see the pencil portraits of the 16th and 17th centuries*, cites a portrait of the Chateau de Beauregard, near Blois, with 1 inscription CONSALVE FERDINAND DICT THE GRANT CAPTAIN, but Mr. Bouchot, himself, declares it very doubtful.

Thus, the painting of Giorgione, if it ever exists, and which moreover Vasari only cites according to uii hearsay, has not been found; Anni's medals ball and Luckius, as well as the engraving of Schrenck and the portrait of Beauregard, only restitutions without any iconographic value.

11

The dues of Sessa, descendants of Gonzalve de Cordoba, have a portrait of their illustrious ancestor, painted around the middle of the 16th century.

The Castilian hero is in civilian costume; the head, turned to the left, is wearing a cap, the hair want are long and the beard is completely shaved; a coat with a wide collar covers his clothes from below.

The Prints Cabinet of the National Library nale keeps several portfolios in its portfolios traits in the name of Gonzalve which are interpretations more or less skillful from the previous portrait. The heads

1. Lea Portraits in pencils from the lyv el xvii * sUcles consen'is d'the Biblio" national ethics (1525-1645) notice, catalog and appendix by Henn Bou- chot. Paris, H. Oudiii, 1884.

2. This portrait was produced by Carderera, in t. II of his Iconogr. Spanish.

1890 — 7 24

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370 A. UEISS

look the same way, the clothes are arranged in the same way, their folds are almost identical,

Despite some slight differences it does not semhie no doubt that the prototype of the table and prints be the large bronze medallion a photograph of which is attached to this study.

Carderera persuades that Schrenck's engraving It was a reproduction of the painting by Giorgione ^wrote* about Gonzalve's medals: “I “I will mention one last medal from the Museum of “Vienna differs from others by the absence of has a beard, long hair, etc. » 11 is obvious according to this description that the medal spoken of Carderera was the original or a repetition of our large bronze*. But we know that Tusage, at the com- beginning of the 16th century, both in Spain that in Italic or in France, was precisely to shave your beard and wear your hair long.

Surj^the great medallion which we take care of, Gonzalve is shown with the civilian costume described previously. It is accompanied by the inscription: CONSALVVS • FERDINANDI • A • CORDVBA • DVX • M AGN VS • DICTATORIII-ANNO-LXV.

The age of 65, written in legend postponed to the year 1508, when a few days later his return from Naples, on May 15, Gonzalve of Cordoba, accompanied by an immense crowd, entered triumphantly he left in Burgos where Ferdinand the Catholic received him

1. Speech in the Academy of Sun-Frnando Ic April 18, 1869.

2. Cf. Il«r«u9, Bildnisse der regiercnden FursUn itnd beruhmler Manner vom vierxehnten bis ztim achtzehuten Jahrhunderle, Vienna, 1828, pi.

xxxni, 2.

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NOTE SCR LES POIlTRAlTS Challenge GONZALVfi DE DORDOUE 371

with extraordinary honors. The “Grand capi- wool” will then be read again in the town of Loja; there lived for another seven years. Fall dangerously ill towards the end of 1415, he had himself transported to Pomegranate or Ton salt which expired on December 2 that same year*.

ill

Our medallion is not only interesting from an iconographic point of view, it can also serve to set the date, until now very controversial, of the birth of Gonzalve.

Historians and chroniclers disagree than at the time of his death. 11 was then 62 years old following Paul Jove* and the majority of Spanish authors gnols who make copies'. 72, according to others, among the which one must reckon with most biographers French, the authors of the Real Armeria catalog whose former director belonged to the house of Cordova*.

1. The mausolce of the great captain, work of Diego de Siloe, was useless, the remains buried and the bones scattered without anyone ever knowing who was made guilty of this desecration. (Cf. Quinta, Vida del gran Capitan; Salazar de Castro, Hitt. of the Casa de Lara, t. 11, p. 261, and Lafuentc, HisL gSn. from Espanat t. H, p. 413, £said. Montaner y Simond, Barcelona, 1879). Fifty-two days after the death of Gonzalve, King Ferdinand the Catholic The term expired on January 23, 1516.

2. A E cosi portato da Loxa k Granata, Tanno ebdamario deU'et^ sua, aTendo ricevuto i sacramenti cristiani, mori nelle braccia dclla moglie, e de Her daughter gave Elvira, due to December the year of our signore MDCxi essendo visso LXII anni HI mesis e XI giorni. » (Paolo Giovio, Life of great Capiiainep Venice MDCXI). A Spanish biographer gives birth to Gonzalve & Montilla, on March 16, 1453, he would then have died at 62 years, 9 months and 16 days, which does not agree with the calculation of the Bishop of Nocera.

3. Cf. Quintana, op. cit, Paul Jove, etc.

4. Cf. Catalogo de la Rial armeria de orden by D. Joaquin Fernandeti de

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372

A. riBtSd

We never find a variation between the two numbers 62 and 72. It is a constant difference of 10 years, obviously the number X, added or subtracted by copyists, is the cause premiere of the uncertainty where your is of the date of the birth of Gonzalve.

It cannot be fixed by original acts. Here is what Mr. Count de Valencia of 1). Juan, relative by marriage of the dues of Sessa: a As for the authentic documents of “the house of the Great Captain”, from oCi Ton could “to draw the exact date of his birth, I regret has to announce to you that they do not exist in the ((family; many were dispersed and sold in vile at price. In none of the documents that I |)Ossede, there is no question of this interesting date: »

The writers who make Gonzalve die at 62, However, we do not fail to tell, what must remains true, that in 1465, the future “Grand capi- taine” sided with Isabelle’s brother the Catholic, Alphonse, a child, whom the lords raised against Henry IV, had just proclaimed king of Cas- tille, and the monastic writers add that at the court of the young prince, who died 3 years later, Gonzalve considered the most sumptuous, the most gallant and the most accomplished of the knights of his time; they even suggest that his physical qualities

Cordoba^ etc. Madrid, 1854, p. 81 in note: “Gonzalo Hernandez, from Ag'nilar nncio in 1443 in Montilla, etc. » Cf. Htersus, cile notc9 and the plapartdes bio- French geographies from the oldest to Uoefer, Litlr^, Larousse, etc.

NOTE sun LBS PORTRAITS OF GONZALVE OF CORDOBA 373

and morals would not have 6i6 without doing something impression on the mind and heart of Isabelle.

Now, if Gonzalve died in 1515 at the age of 62, that is because Mhe was born in 1453; he would not have had in 1465 that barely 12 years old, a very tender age, we agree* dra, to be already renowned without equal to all warlike exercises, for being noticed by the luxury of his weapons, the sumptuousness of his suite and especially for having inspired the feelings to which we alluded.

Biographers still note that he was cvc6 knighted in 1460 after the battle of las Yeguas*, that is to say at the age of 7 years, if Tannde 1453 eilt ei6 that of his birth.

The date of 1453 must therefore be discarded and replaced by that of 1443. Thus, Gonzalve would have had no 7 years old, but 17 when he was created a knight, no 12 years old but 22 in 1465, when he offered his services to Isabelle's brother and from then on everything that is said of our hero, in these different epochs, becomes more likely.

The age of 65 years mentioned on the medal proves moreover that Gonzalve exceeded the 62 years indicated by many as the duration of his existence.

IV

What is the height of the great bronze?

We know of four medals of approximately almost equal, each representing one of the four per- following contemporary sounds:

1. Cf. Hocfcr, Btogr. next to the old Spanish foreigners.

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374 A. HEISS

King Ferdinand the Catholic, Gonzalve de Cor- doe, Inigo Lopez de Mendoza, first viceroy of Granada and the great cardinal of Spain, Francisco Jiin(^nes de Cisn^ros, founder of the University^ of Alcalá*.

These medals are not signed, but the numbers the most authoritative matists attribute them to the same artist*. In this hypothesis, the height of the bronze Gonzalve would therefore be the artist to whom we could attribute buer with certainty one of the three other medals.

At the beginning of the 16th century, it was established Burgos, a man named Felipe de Vigamy, also called Felipe de Borgoha, because of his father who was Burgundian; as for Felipe, he is designated in the complete archives of Valladolid, commer6 ^tant n6 in Burgos'. Through his talents as a sculptor and architect tecte, Felipe got noticed by Cisneros, so archbishop of Toledo, who entrusted him with the decoration of the main altar of the cathedral*. In 1502 he executed for the University of Alcala important works and carried out, in marble, at the same time, the medallion of his protector.

((Cost, writes Antonio Ponz, a very beautiful portrait “in profile. The marble is oval in shape (O"* 40 on “O'^Sf)). In the part where the figure was sculpted, ((marble is flesh-colored, which means that the

1. Ferdinand the Catholic b^ March 10, 1452, f July 23, 1516; GonsalTe from Cordoba in 1443, -{- December 2, 1^15; Inigo Lopez de Mendoza nor 1435, f 1515; Cisn^ros (Fr, Jim^nfes de; n4 in l'i35,f November 8, 1517.

2. Cf. A. Armand, Midailleurs itallena, t. H, p. 138.

3. Cf. C^an Bermudez, Diccionario historico de los ma$ ilu9tr€$ profesoreSf etc., t. V, p. 228.

4. Cf. Cean Bermudez, op. cit. t. V, p. 230 and t. VI, p. iii.

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NOTE ON LBS PORTRAITS DB GONZALVE OF CORDOBA 375

the table seems alive. It is a gem worthy of a "Muscle... it's a miracle that he still exists, because we I noticed a crack there which only extends to the as a result of a fall*. »

This portrait, made in 1502, predates the promotion tion of Archbishop of Toledo to the cardinalate, dignity which was not conferred on this prelate until 1507. Lamedaille bronze on which Cisneros bears the title of car- dinal is therefore later than the marble, by 5 years at less. This age difference, very well indicated on the metal (5metal, proves that the latter is not a copy servile of marble, and like the composition, the style and the adjustments to the marble portrait and the port- bronze features are identical, it is presumed both are by the hand of the sculptor assigned to Cisneros. This is all the more likely since Forigi- nal of the bronze, of which we were able to obtain a reproduction, is a unique piece preserved equal- currently at the University of Alcalá de Henares.

If Vigarny, as everything seems to indicate, is Height of the bronze of the effigy of the cardinal of Spain, it is therefore also, according to the hypothesis reported more top, that of the other three medals: of Ferdinand the Catholic, of Inigo Lopez de Mendoza and finally of Gonzalez of Cordoba.

Felipe Vigarny, whose real name was rather Phi- lippe Bigorne, originally from Burgundy, died in

1. Cf. Antonio Ponz, Yiage de Espana, I. I, p. 294. We must not confuse cc medallion in marble with that in stone which dates from 1673 and which is on the roof in the cloister of the college. Francisco de la Dchesa, the author of the latter mC'daillon, a represents the cardinal holding the baton of command in one hand- on the other a crucifix. The work of Felipe Vig-urny a transportSe daofl the aotiqaitis cabinet of the Alcala library.

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376 A. HBISS

Toledo in 1543*, leaving a younger brother, Gr^gorio, who was his student and also his collaborator.

We would not like to end this note without recall that, in the last quarter of the 15th century, The Burgundian school had already appeared in Spain and that it was very flourishing there during the entire duration of the following century. Among the most habitual the artists of this school, we will only cite, after Felipe Virgarny and his brother Gr^gorio, Jean de Burgundy, Georges of Burgundy and Louis of Burgundy.

In 1495, Jean de Bourgogne painted paintings for the cloister of the cathedral of Toledo and work- milk in 1521 at the cathedral of Avila; he died at Toledo in 1533.

Georges de Bourgogne, established glass painter Burgos, is the author of part of the stained glass windows of the Palencia Cathedral. 11 died in 1541 and the stained glass windows that death prevented from finishing, were completed by his brother-in-law, a student of Diego de Salcedo.

Finally, Louis de Bourgogne, sculptor, worked at the cathedral of Toledo in 1537 V We do not know Time of his death.

In summary, we consider the great bronze attributed to Vigarny as the only authentic porti'ai Gonzalve tick and we believe that it is necessary to place in 1443 the birth of the “Grand Captain”.

Alois Heiss.

1. Cf. C^an Bcrmudez, op. cU. ibid.

2. Cr. also on several Burgundian medalists, A. Heiss, Directory of the SocieU fran^aise de nurnismatique, 1878, 2* scrie, 1. 1, p. 3i,6 u 409.

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TYPES OF CURRENCIES

STRIKED BY

MA^UUS AQUILLIUS AND BY PUBLIUS CLODIUS IN THE EFFIGY OF THE SUN

Among the coins of the Roman Republic including the types have remained unexplained to this day, find two, which are in the effigy of the Sun, and have 6the minted, Tune (in silver) by Manius Aquillius, around 660 (94 BC), Tautre (in gold and silver) by Publius Clodius, in 711 (43 BC). These are the types of these currencies that we offer to explain here.

1. Denarius of Manius Aquillius,

Here is the drawing, right and reverse, of this money.

Mr. Babelon* gives, of this money, the description following: Radiated head of the Sun, right: in front, X.

I/. AV.AQVIL.ROMA {Manius Aquillius. Roma), Diana, in a bige, at a gallop, ix straight, with a crescent on the head and surrounded by 4 stars. Denarius,

1. Deseript. hist, and chronolog.

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378 A. VERCOUTRB

The most diverse explanations have been proposed to try to account for the types which appear 8on this denier: thus, for example, Manius Aquillius, having achieved some success over Aristonicus, son of Eumfjue, king of Pergamum, Cavedoni" concludes that the Sun, the Moon and the stars, which appear on the denier of this monetary, would be emblems recalling the Orient where the sidereal deities were particularly honored. Mr. Babelon* finds, with reason, this risky conjecture; but he offers such an unfounded hypothesis, in our opinion:

He thinks that the meeting, on the money in question tion, of the Sun, the Moon and the stars, perhaps makes be an allusion to the cult of diurnal and nocturnal divinities turnes, very widespread in Rome since the origin, and it assumes, further, that a member of the Gens Aquillia would have been mixed, for an unknown cause, with This- tory of these cults in Rome.

Let us examine, in our turn, this unexplained subject, and let us convince ourselves of this truth, too little known In our opinion, that, in numismatics, money has always represents types that are clear, precise, easily intelligible to everyone.

The right represents the Effigy of the Sun: there is no doubt on this point. As for the reverse, it offers i consider two groups: a first group, repre- depicting a female character in a big, gallop: this character represents, without doubt, Diane,

1. Nuovi Siudiif p. 15 (Babelon).

2. Op, cU. I.I, p. ^12.

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ROMAN COINS WITH THE EFFIGIB OF THE SUN 379

that is to say the Moon, as proven by the crescent which surmounts his forehead;

A second group, formed by 4 stars, which are arranged around the horses of the bige in the manner next: 3 above horses, contiguous Tune k to the other, and placed approximately on the right hand side in a relatively small space, and only 1 at under the horses.

Why did the engraver arrange these stars as we have just said, while ahead of horses of the bige there was plenty of room needed- how to put at least one of the 4 stars? For- what, in a word, did the engraver give to the stars that it represents a disposition which is manifest- wanted? It is, in our opinion, that the monetary has, in all likelihood, wanted to represent, such that it offers itself to our gaze on the celestial vodite, a constellation: and it will be easy for us to determine what is this constellation, by looking for which are those which, in Th^misphfere boreal, present 4 main stars affecting the T layout featured on our medal.

Now, everyone can easily see that the only constellation, known to the ancients, which appears k the celestial vault in the form indicated, it is the constellation of the Eagle: in fact, in this constellation lation, Tune of the Stars (Altair of the Arabs, has modern) forms the head of the animal; she is accosted tee of two other stars (S and y of modern ones) each forming one of the wings of the bird, finally,

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A. VBRCOUTRE

a 4* 6star, in has, forms the tail of the Eagle*. This is also the very arrangement of these 4 stars which led the ancients to see the figure of a eagle outstretched, especially since this constellation, close to the pole, plane, like Taigle, in the celestial regions which are constantly above our heads.

This being said, we will easily recognize that, following in this the habits of Roman monetaries of time, it is to make an allusion (obvious i his gentilicium (gens Aquillia) as Manius Aquillius represented^ on the reverse of his denier the constellation- lation of the Eagle (Aquila), the other stars (Ic Sun and the Moon), which appear as types on this coin, being there only to give the group of stars con- establishing TAigle, an absolutely clear meaning, precise, intelligible to all.

We will also observe that the currency had the take care to arrange these types in a way that his money presents quite the ordinary appearance, and accepted^ everywhere, coins of the Roman Republic, which, as everyone knows, very generally offer an effigy on the right and a bige on the reverse (deniers bigati by Tacitus).

It is not indifferent to note that the repre- sensation that we point out, of the constellation of The eagle on the coin of Manius Aquillius, constitutes the oldest known document that shows us a

1. At the time when ful fruppee lu mednillc, celte k' ^loile elail l'eloile yd« modcrncs. But, from 131 AD. BC, this ful star given 6 the con- star of AnlinoUs (supported by the Eagle) with the tail of the Eagle, thus connected courcio, was henceforth figured by the eloilc § dci moderns.

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constellation as it appears on the celestial vault, and it is known, in fact, that the ancient astronomers, Eudoxus, Aratus, Hipparchus, etc., did not leave us only star catalogs, and not maps celestes, or drawings of constellations.

2. Aureus and denarius of Publius Clodius,

P. Clodiusa strikes, in gold and silver, the medal So here is the drawing, right and reverse.

This medal is described as follows by Mr. Babelon*:

Radiated head of the Sun, right; behind, often a quiver.

9'. P CLODIVS M F (jPa^/m5 Clodius, Marci filius). Lunar crescent surrounded by 5 stars. Aureus: 8 gr. 05.

The same silver coin (denarius),

The types of this aureus, which are barely different of the types of the denarius that we have just studied, have, like the latter, exercised the sagacity of com- presenters, and various explanations have, here again, 6proposed to you.

Mr. Babelon, in particular, relying moreover on the authority of Borgliesi, would see, in the types of

1. Op. cU., t. I, page 356, Claudia family, n" 16 el 17.

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this aureus, perhaps an allusion to the cult of the divinities day and night stays, very popular in Rome, and it further recalls the important place that stars occupied, at the time when this aureus was struck, in popular superstitions, and also in monetary types of the triumvirate, whose members considered “siderum participles”.

Let us leave aside these hypotheses which are not background and let's examine in our turn: On the one hand, we found on this aureus, as on the denarius of Manius Aquillius, the triple representation of the Sun, the Moon and a group of stars: it is therefore already assume that the 5 stars which appear on the reverse of our piece plays a role identical to that which is played by the 4 stars on the reverse of the previous denarius dement ^tudi6. But this presumption changes with certainty by the comparative examination of the types of a denarius, minted in 680 (74 BC), by L. Lucretius Trio*: on this one, which is almost similar to our aureus, we see, in fact, a group of 7 stars, and we have long since noticed that these 7 Stars represent the constellation of the Great Bear (septem triones)^ obvious allusion to the cognomen (Trio) of money.

Everything therefore invites us to admit that, by analogy gy, the 5 6 stars which appear on Taureus by P. Clo- dius also represent a constellation: but which one? If you examine these stars carefully, we see that the engraver took care to include one (the middle one) larger than the others, the

1. v. BabeloDi op. cU»t. II, page 153, Lucretia family, n* 2.

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problem to be solved is therefore this: What is, among the constellations known to the ancients, that which is characterized by 5 main stars, of which one brighter than the others? The answer is of the easiest: it is the constellation of Taurus,

Everyone knows that this constellation, one of better known to the ancients, was seen by them under the appearance of the head of a Bull, and effectively- ment, as everyone can be sure, this attitude is found clearly drawn, on the celestial vault, by a group of 5 beautiful stars, affecting a triangular formation (as is the outline of the head of a bull), 6 stars including 2 (a and e of the modern ones) form the eyes, 2 (0 and S) form the nostrils, and 1 (y) forms the mouth of the animal; and no one is unaware that the star a, which constitutes the right eye of the Taurus, is none other than the magnificent star named by the Arabs “Aldebaran”, very superior star in stark contrast to the other 4.

It is certain that if, on his aureus, P. Clodius did not not (as Manius Aquillius must have done) have his paintings in real perspective, but in simple line, is that it was sufficiently clear, for all the world, only a series of 5 stars, including one more brilliant than the others, necessarily represented the constellation Taurus: in the same way that the 7 stars aligned on the denarius of Lucretius Trio necessarily represented the Great Bear, without it being necessary to arrange them according to the shape even affected by this constellation.

However, here again, and in accordance with the habits of

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other monetary, Publius Clodius chose the con- slcllalion of Taurus in order to make weapons speaking, the Latin name of Taurus {TauriiSj from which Taurinus) very sufficiently recalling the cognomen {Turrinus)monetary ilu. It is possible to think that P. Clodius would have more willingly taken, comrae emblem, the bull-animal instead of the bull- constellation; but we know that the bull-animal had already been taken, in 94 BC. AD, by another monetary, L. Thorius Balbus, who engraved on his species the figure of a leaping bull {tauriis)

It is not indifferent to note that, until now, We were not absolutely certain that our money silence, Publius Clodius, was indeed the orator spoken of Seneque, who gives him the cognomen of Turrinus: we sees that by returning to the types of Taureus strikes by P. Clodius their true meaning, we let us define definitively a term for all uncertainties studies.

D*" A. Vercoutre.

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OF EMPEROR HADRIAN

Among the recent acquisitions of the Cabinet des me- dailles, a Roman medallion appeared to us worthy of being noted to readers of the Rei^ue^ because of its beauty.

Here is the image and description of this piece:

IMP CAESAR HADRIANVS AVG COS III PP. Bust of Emperor Hadrian, half-length, turns towards the right, simply covered with the aegis attached to right shoulder.

^. Victory holding a whip, in a bigattel6de two horses that carry you through the air while hiding braying under the pressure of the reins. Below: COS III PP.

Bronze. Diameter: 0" 04*.

The large bust model does not exclude finesse details in the head of the emperor, and the mask

1. This medallion was 6i6 lroay£ near Doardan (Seine-et-Oisc). 1890 --8 25

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of Medusefixe on frame is a little marvel of sharpness. The reverse bears comparison with the most beautiful medallions of Syracuse. A superb green patina covers the right of the medallion; the neck their patina is a little darker on the reverse.

Everything contributes to making this piece one of the most beautiful known Roman medallions. In addition, the bust of Emperor Hadrian wearing Tegide * is not known that with another reverse representing Sylvain dragging a ram*.

The reverse was also known by another me- dallion of the Cabinet of France, whose law offers the laurel bust and drapery of the same emperor, h left*.

M. W. Froehner saw in this Victory one of “the most ravishing creations of Greek Tart and he believed to be able to attribute to Tan 135 the medallion then known whose Victory seems to him to relate to the revoke of the Jews caused by the founding of the colonic by Aelia Capitolina*.

It is also possible that this Victory recalls the chariot races of Olympia, at which Iladrian very probably assisted^, because he made several trips in Greece

It is appropriate to point out in support of the passage probable from Hadrian to Olympic, that the coins

1. The idea is attached in the same way to the shoulder of the Mincreve of Cassel. See Saglio, Die. des Aniiq., t. I, fig. 144.

2. H. A. Graeber, Roman medallions in the British Museum, London, 1874, J)!. V, n' 1. This medallion was omitted by Cohen in his new edition.

3. Cohen, Coins of the Roman Empire, 2* ^d., n* 483.

4. W. Froehner, The links of the Roman Empire, Paris, 1878, p. 34.

3. J.-G.-H. Greppo, Memoir on the observations of the emp. Hadrian..., Paris, 1842. p 123 124. -— Cf. DUrr, Die Reisen des Kaisers Hadrian, Vienna, 1881.

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TELide imperial certificates begin to be issued under his reign. Iladrien, who seems to have been interested keenly at the games *, perhaps made her run in the stage and won the victory as did Tibfere and Nero*. This probable hypothesis allows us to give another explanation to the type of Victory, but no to fix a certain date for the medallion, because Iladrian's travels to Greece took place between 123 and 135.

J.-Adrien Blancuet.

1. Cf. C. I. Gr., n* 1348.

2. J. Hcinr. Krausc, Olympia oder Daratellung der grosscn Oli/nipischen Spiele, Vicnnc, 1838, p. 48 to 49.

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NUMISMATIC SOUVENIRS FROM A TRIP AROUND THE WORLD 4° AHTicLK: SIAM — MALAY ARGHIPEL

Singapore^ September 23, 1881. — Singapore is also little attractive for the niiiisniatist as well as for the ordinary lourisle. No private collection exists there, at least to my knowledge. session, alongside the few coins exhibited in a showcase at the j)elil local museum does not present anything very remarkable. My altenlion is neannioins .iltirée by one or two of these singular Elain hills, particular to Tile d'Oudjong-Salang near Malacca, which are hollow and have the shape of two trunks of j) superimposed pyramid. Besides, we are here at the gates of rarclii[)cl Malaysia, the region where monetary forms reached the highest degree of fantasy and the improbable.

I will plan to travel to Singapore to study overnight. mainly the numismatics of the kingdom of Siam whose colonic English of Malacca Deloitte was formerly part of. The stain made it very easy for me, moreover, thanks to the excellent brochure of Mr. Jose|)h Haas, the consul of Austria-Hungary, of whom I made the acquaintance in Shanghai.

This scholar's memoir begins with historical information torics on Siam; then comes a chronological list of kings, from 1350 of J. G. to the present day; finally Tauteur gives a list of currencies with their names in the language of the country and their value.

Before and during the reign of the 38th king (1824-1850) we made use of shells or cowrie shells diles biah; their value varied according to

1. Siamese cornering. Shangal, Celestial Empire Of/ice^ 1880, octavo of 30 pages.

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389

before their abundance on the market. Legally, 800 were needed to represent the smallest piece of Siamese silver, worth About 25 cents. Then come the solot^ Yat^ the pa'C^ the sik^ copper rods; and \e fuang, the salung, the tical, the tainlungy silver coins worth from 0 dollars 75 to 2 dollars 40. M Haas draw up a table of their respective values. The name of the piece determines the rest at the same time its weight and by consequently its value, which is the case for most mon- origins of the countries of the Far East. The Siamese weight stallion is double that of the Chinese: 4 ticals = 1 tnCl; 20 tabs = 1 catty; 50 cattys =80 ticals —. 1 picul = 129 pounds to have weight.

The oldest known Siamese coins date back to dynastic - 1630-1780); they were made in Ayuthia, then capital tale of the kingdom. Until the reign of the 4th king of the present dynastic (1851), silver and gold coins had, with a single exception, tion, the shape of a ball split and folded on itself or that of a fish. The first, which are often encountered in Europe, are certainly known to our readers. They wear two eslampilles, that of the Mint and that of the King. Although the name of some of these brands is known, it is impossible to deduce the year of minting. The coins of Ayutbia have for stamps the Elepbant, the Hamc^on, the Flower, the Trident; eeiles of the current dynastic the Lotus and the Frond, Ic Grand king birds, the Little King of Birds, the Royal Pavilion, the Goblet el la Commune.

In 1851, the Siamese currency became round and flat; we're there sees 1.1 royal crown between two parasols and, on the reverse, an ele- phant.

Current currency is much superior as art, the coins having been made in London. The law presents the portrait of young king, and the reverse the friends of Siam; the Icgendes, very developed, are written in the national idiom. Coinage is limited to silver and copper. There are, in silver, pieces of 1 ticai, 1 sailing and 1 fuang; copper, pieces of 4, 2, 1 and 1/2 at.

Gold is only minted for the king who, at certain ceremonial solemn occasions, such as coronation, cremations, distribution gold coins with silver coins. The first ones do not

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They don't differ from others when it comes to imprinting. The relationship between Tor The money is 16.

Today there is only one workshop for the manufacture of sign of exchange in the kingdom of Siam; it is established in Bang- ok.

The Siamese attach the greatest value to their national heritage. nale. The people's repugnance for foreign dollars was such, until the reign of the last king, that they were not accepted, against an equal weight of Siamese coins, as when they were made go through the fire and that they had lost all imprint. In some some provinces, cowrie shells are still part of traffic inonetary.

One of the most interesting chapters of Mr. Haas's work, is the one in which he explains the origin of “porcelain coins” wool” Siainoises, about which so many erroneous opinions are current.

These pieces are nothing other than tokens [counters] marked senses of money, used in games.

Thrown on the table by the player, a ball-shaped piece often got lost while driving; we remedy this inconvenience by replacing with special tokens made of porcelain, glass, of plouib, or any other material, and affecting various forms, that of a star, that of a coin, that of a butterfly \ etc. (]baque piece worn in Chinese or Siamese, whatever value it is believed to represent, either a motto or a quotation whatever con([ue.

(]the tokens, being issued under an authority guaranteed by the license game, quickly became a favorite means of exchange and found it so well a lack of small change felt for a long time, that circulation extended beyond its legal sphere. Unfortunately, a large number of imitations arose welllol and the owners of the gambling houses were invited to refill their tokens definitively deleted by the government in 1871. Mr. Haas counted up to 890 varieties of very curious pieces.

In 17()0, date of rap|)ari(ion of pig money tokens- wool, only rare j)ies existed as extra currency.

1. The most complete rolleclion of ccs curicux tokens is, I believe, that of the Royal Cabinet, in Lisbon.

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dc bronze with the value of 1 salung and 1 fuang. Ges pieces, made by hand, sometimes constitute remarkable specimens artistic. The 4th king of the present dynasty made coins of copper, bronze and tin representing a value of 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 and 1/32 of fuang. They were round and flat. The pewter pieces were promptly withdrawn due to counterfeiting. let's see who was made of it. Since then we have been addressing England for the minting of copper. The first broadcast dates from 1875, it consists of coins of 4, 2, 1 and 1/2 at.

In summary, during the first period, the one during which Ayutbia was the capital of the kingdom of Siam, there was no other currency that globular or pisciform silver coins point- vonnees; during the second period, with Bangkok as capital, flat silver coinage was introduced, and after various tests, there was, for small transactions, a currency of copper.

The numismatics of the Kingdom of Siam are linked to a very intimate manner that of the various tributary States: 1° to south, the kingdom of Ligor; 2° in the Malay Peninsula, Trin- gano, Kalantan, Patani and Quedah; 3** Gambodge and Kozat; 4** the seven principalities of Laos.

I. The state of Ligor, founded four and a half centuries ago, 4jO.O()0 babitants. We know a fuang with a gb)bulous shape and very large modulus tin sapeques. The soulful legondes in Arabic, Chinese and Siamese.

Formerly the entire Malay Peninsula depended on the kingdom of Siam, but, since then, the English have placed under their protectorate three of the main states: Lohore, Pahang and Perat, whose governors, appointed by the king of Siam, have the right to manufacture small change and to regulate its course. Further south, \v numeraire consists mainly of copper coins from the Straits settlements. On the west coast, where the governors emulated formerly their own currency, today we find the Indian coins, rupees and cashews, form the basis of the circulation tion. In Test, ecbanges are mainly done by means of the 2 ifl Dutch gulden and the eternal Mexican dollar. In interior of the province of Kalantan, we are still in the employment powder

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I)e FEtal of Tringano, governed by a rajah, we know of silver, elain and copper coins with Arabic legends.

])in the State of Kalantan, there is a tin currency. From that of Than!, there are pieces of the same metal with Arabic legends. Finally, from Quedah, we have a silver real from Sultan Mohamoied Chiwa (1773) and tin coins, always pierced with a hole, Malay governors.

III. Cambodia Siamese or Khmer. Khmer etiiit, there are three hundred years more, a great kingdom. It is now complete fallen and now only includes a few provinces.

From the province of Battambong, we have a copper coin oval with Chinese legend. In the north, the tical is the currency more in favor J in the south, the bars of silver and bronze.

We know several Cambodian silver currencies, copper and tin; they are struck on wide blanks and rendered; their type is a rooster and a pagoda; the legends are in carabod- gien and the vintage is usually indicated. Ges pieces all modern ones are often found in France.

Since the country has been under the French protectorate [18G0;, the Cambodian numismatics increased by a few minted coins. coins by King Norodom I. In copper, there are coins of 25, 20, 15, 10 and 5 centimes; in silver, coins of 1 piaster, 1 qivan [worth 4 fr.), 1/2 qwan, 1/4 qwan, 1/8 qtvan and ijiSqwan, The legends are bilingual: French and Cambodian.

IV. States of Laos. In the South, the Siamese currency is in traffic; in the North, it is that of English India and on the borders of Burma, that of this country. Throughout Laos, sapeques and the currencies of Annam and Gochinchina are revised.

Araendes, legal fees, tributes to temples, are pavers with a particular coin in the shape of a shell and com- j) made of silver alloy. It bears three stamps; two of manufacturer, the third in Laos characters gives the name of the temple closest to the place where the original workshop is located. Each j)iece, which according to the law must contain one rupee of silver, is put at the rate of three rupees. Fines vary, with the quality of The individual who paves and depending on their social position, between 6 and 33 of these pieces. The beneGence of the government on these curious

CHRONICLE 393

currencies is represented by the difference between fine silver that they contain and the emission rate.

The oldest coins of Laos are in the shape of bars, lobsters, or two horseshoes probed together and fitted with of inscriptions in Pali^ not yet deciphered.

Before leaving Singapore, I noticed that the Straits^ Settlements or establishments of the straits of which this city is the capitate, currently have their particular numeraire. It consists in silver and copper coins minted in London and asjiect all English. Their value is 20, 10, 5, 1, li2 and 1(4 cents. The amateurs will find, either in the KupfcrmUnzen of Neumann, either in the Fonrobcrt Catalogue, the description of these currencies which, moreover, offer nothing special.

In addition to local |)ies, it circulates in Singapore rinevilable Mexican dollar, Indian rupees, British-north cents Borneo and those of the two English rajahs of Sarawak, James Brooke (1841-1803), and Charles Brooke (1803- ).

Batavia^ 1^^ October 1881. — The elements of study are not lacking not in Batavia, and the stay there is as pleasant as it is unpleasant. health in Singapore. The Museum is very rich in the |)olnt view of Archeology and Telnography of the country, its numismatic collection tick, without being very vast (4237 numbers in 1880), presents a real interest. The curator is the scholar M. J.-A. van der Chys, son of Professor P.-O. van der Ghys, from Leiden, who raised an imperishable monument to the monetary history of the Netherlands.

M. J. -A. van der Ghys wrote the catalog of coins and paper money from the Batavia Museum, of which the third edition appeared in 1880, under the title of Catalons der nnmismatische vcr^ zamel'ng van het bataviaascli genootschap van Kunstcn en ivetcns" chappen; I will only criticize this work for being a little too summary and lack of |)lanches. In the library of Museum, I find old knowledge: the book of MM. Netscher and van der Ghys on the coins of the Neer-India landaises (1803), which includes those of the natives and those of the Europeans; then that of Millies, written in French (1871) which Special collection of coins from the indigenous people of the archipelago Indian and the Malay Peninsula, and contains several corrections tions to the first. The same author had already, in 1852, published

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Ainslordam a brochure on the coins struck by the English for the Indian archipelago. One of our compatriots, M. L.-A.-P. de Lapeyrie, during his stay in Java, had trained a remarkable collection of raonnaies, raedailles and papers- currency of the Dutch Indies, which was sold in Holland after his death, and whose catalog, which had become rare, appeared in Soura- baya in 1884. Let us add to these works the few articles published in the Sotulen of the Batavian Society, and we will have given^, I believe, the almost complete bibliography of mon- natives of this region. I'm not talking about general works like those of Ruding or Marsden who necessarily eradicate rement on the fields of Australasian numismatics, but I will also cite, for amateurs, the sales catalogs of Messrs. Weyl, in Berlin, and Schulmann^ in Araersfoort, which contain sometimes curious specimens of these exotic currencies.

Here we are sufficiently armed to successfully navigate the boxes from the Batavia Museum, and the help of the obliging Mr. van der We will not miss Chys. However I will be brief, the absence ligures making this review somewhat tedious.

Indigenous coins.

The last currencies of Java are of a rarity that is not is easily explained. This island has been, we efTct, for years centuries, the ruler of several powerful empires, and yet we has so far discovered only a small number of pieces like witnesses to their existence. Numismatics of this period, the Hindu era, is limited to two types of gold coins and two types of silver coins.

These pieces are very curious and in certain respects recall the archaic coins of Greece. Those of gold (sometimes appear small cubes with rounded corners, weighing approximately 2 1|2 grams; one of the four faces bears a hollow square, divided into two parts each containing a small, poorly defined symbol, in which we thought we recognized a flower or a lingam; the opposite side carries a Sanskrit character, perhaps already in which we have seen Tinitiale of Djcnggnba^ name of an ancient and famous empire of Java (890 a lL')8of Christian writing). The other type affects a globu- it is flattened like the fananis of southern India, and bears, on one side, the representation of a leaf printed in hollow.

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The old silver coins are found more frequently ment than gold coins. These are metal pieces, irregular binders, quite thick, weighing 14 to 61 grams, like tallies in cup-shaped ingots. Types are a flower four petals and a candelabra (perhaps three lotus flowers in a vase). Other pieces, more recent and easier to encounter trer, are button-shaped; in law, they bear a characteristic Sanskrit tere of ancient appearance, on the reverse, a hollow square with confusing subjects: a flower, a fruit, a diamond, a square, etc. Like the gold coins mentioned above, they vaguely recall ment certain archaic Greek medals. Their weight is 2 grams 37 approximately. What you know about these currencies is purely conjectural, so I will not dwell on it. The amateurs will find in the learned work of Millies the debates to which they gave rise.

A type of coins, or group of medals, particular to Java, and which only has an analogue in China and Japan, are the so-called temple pieces: large bronze blanks, pierced with a hole square in the middle, and having the most diverse types: ordinaryraent two opposing human figures — man and woman — or else another tree, a wheel (syrables borrowed from Buddhism), a rooster, a house. Sometimes these pieces are crude, sometimes they are of a fairly delicate art; there are conlrefa^ons circulating which is attributed to the Chinese. Millies in public no less than twelve plates in-4°. We still know nothing here about the origin of on the destination of these curious monuments: everything we can say, and I was able to see it myself, is that the per- soundings which are represented there offer the greatest analogy with preserved Javanese puppets or Chinese shadows in ethnographic museums; these are the same tetcs a |)ro- bird's thread, the same slender and oversized arms, the body memories different and grotesque. A local scholar wanted to see in these subjects more or less complicate the translation of a date, whose different figures would have been expressed by the initials words used to designate each of the re|)r^*senles objects, but this method, Millies easily proves, is as arbitrary as ridiculous, and is not based on anything solid. We eyelash it, all- times, as an example of the fanciful tendencies of criticism eastern.

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But let's get back to our currencies. We are obliged, given the lack of monuments, to make a gigantic leap to the xvi* century! At that time, Millies thinks, Chinese currencies played the great role in the transactions: the testimonies of European travelers attest to this. These were not, however, ordinary snp^ques, in copper; they were made expressly ment for Java by Chinese speculators, in lead alloy and tin, and were, therefore, very fragile, like the Annamese snpdqites of today. It's probably for this reason that it has not reached us. We know of this period a single indigenous piece in yellow copper, cast perhaps in Bantam; it has a hexagonal hole and a legend in Javanese characters. Later, in the middle of the 17th century, we we meet dt^s sapeques eis^'in of the sultans of Bantam, a legends Arabs, but this coinage soon ceased, because from 1751, the country became a stronghold of the great Bollandaise Company.

The State of Cheribon offers us some rare currencies, sapeqiics or pitjis, of bad tin, whose legends are cbi- Noisy or European. Gelui de Soumexap, in Vile de ^fadoura near Java, used piastres or fragments of gnoles or others, over-stamped with an Arabic counter-mark or a number — 500, (>00 — in Arabic numerals. That's all I have to say about the coins of Java, prior to the time when the country was entirely submitted to the Dutch.

In the great island of Su.matra, it is reported as signc from ecbange, in the 13th century, cattris; in the 14th century, pieces of gold and elain; finally, in the 16th century, real currencies that we do not have could still identify, the descriptions of the travelers missing, as usual, precision.

The ruins of ancient Fantsour, today Louboutoua, all provided with small |)pieces of gold and silver which closely resemble to those of Java, by the general aspect and by the types. On the right, they are marked with a Sanskrit letter, and, on the reverse, with a hollow square divided into four parts. That's all that the era bindoue left in terms of coins. More recent pieces are subsequent to the introduction of Islam.

The kingdom of AxjEH, located on the northern tip of Sumatra is rich in numismatic monuments. The pre*

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The first known coins date back to the first half of the XVI® century. They are gold and elain, round, full, quite regular. linked manufacturing. The legends, in Arabic, cover both odds. As often happens in the numismatics of Tarchi- pel Malay, the legends of the coins of Atjeh almost give never neither the date of issue nor the name of the workshop, which, attached to the corruption of the language used and to the uncertainty of the historical origins, does not fail to make the classification very different. ficile. Gold coins are called masy and coins of lead, cajras, native paries. The French traveler Tavernier talks about it in his Travels (1G48).

A fact to note is that the natives prefer naies For in bar for transactions, and this probably because currencies are frequently counterfeited. .

The kingdom of Siak^ on the eastern coast, has sap^ques pewter with a large round hole and legends in jay ana is old; we think they date back to the end of the 17th century. The kingdom of Gampar had similar legends in Javanese and Arabic. That of Djambi has rounds and octagons with round holes, always tin days. The legends are in Javanese, but written in Arabic.

The coins of the kingdom of iNDRAGiRi, also by elain oude lead, were made in Palembang. They started at the end of the 17th century. Their shape is round or octagonal, and they are worn with a round or square hole. These pieces present several different weights or modules: the smallest weighs only 0 gr. 12. It is difficult to imagine how pieces so thin and fragile have been able to circulate and be preserved until today.

The KoRiNTJis, people of the western coast of Sumatra, are serve as rings of yellow copper, similar to our rings of ordinary curtains; The Batavia Museum has a few.

The island of Bangka is inhabited by a Chinese population who exploits the rich mines of elain. It has its own currency issued by various associations; This pewter coin imitates the Chinese sapeques, but it is coarser and heavier ^

1. The classification of In oollcclion of Chinese fashions of the Museum of Batavia * is from a competent Iris scholar in this branch: M. Grocneveldt, director director of public education in Java.

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The legends, which are not very clear, are in Chinese and sometimes in Chinese and Arabic.

I)e Bangka, we will pass to Borneo. We do not know of coins of this country which can be matched with those of Java or Sumatra. The first mention of coins dates back to 1521 only, and it is from Chinese tsicn that it comes. In 1848, we was still used in Borneo, iron squares, concurrently with dollars.

The CHINESE SETTLEMENTS of the western coast of Tile on(, like those of Bangka, already cities, special sapeques in tin.

The kingdom of Pontianak, of Arab origin, struck, has a recent times, brass instruments in imitation of those of the presidency from Bombay, whose type is a scale; the legends are in Arabic.

The former kingdom of Bandjermasin, ceded in 1787 to the Dutch, became English in 1800. We have no information on the ancient currencies of this country. At the beginning of 18th century, there are reports of lead sapeques, lost today of today. Around 1811, copper coins imitated from dutcs were made. of the Gompagnie, with the interlaced V. O. G. [Vercenigde Oost^ Indische Compagnic] and an Arab legend. From 1812 to 1817, coppers with Arabic legend were also struck by a English tuner, Alexandre Hare, in the province of Maluka, which he had obtained as a fief from the Sultan of Bandjermasin.

No coins are known from the eastern part of Tile. from Borneo; it is likely that Euro currencies are used. peennes, unless one simply practices private exchange there. a product of a commodity conler commodity.

The SouLOU archipelago and Tile de Mac.indanao are used in as cash, pieces of cloth of specific dimensions called kangans. Trenle kangans representing the value of one slave. We also had, in the past, bad copper money, called peti, and another called mcsstim which contained a thin silver plate. Mr. Natalis Rondot gave some details curious about the exchange sign in this country, in the Journal Asian from 1848. Rice straw is used for small Iransac* tions.

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Cloth iData also existed on the island of Boeoan, and it did not disappear until 1870. A traveler speaks of it from 1G13. They were rags woven in the sultan's palace, by his wives and ladies of the court. M. G.-P. Lock dedicated a few words on this singular coin in the Revue beige de numismatique.

The island of Celebes forms the extreme monetary limit of the countries of the Indian Archipelago. Sesaneian species consisted of discs of lead, without any imprint, made at will by each person, The State of Macassar issued rare gold coins discovered by Millies; they have Arabic legends on both sides. Signa- let us still lend the gold and lead coins of TKlal of Gowa, and we will have finished our quick review of numismatics native to Malaysia.

Coins minted by the Europeans.

I will now move on to the currencies minted by the Euro- peens for the countries we have just visited.

THE VAN VERRE COMPANY (from distant countries) of Amsterdam leads the way (1594-1602). Its coins, very beautiful, differ few of the Dutch scales of the period and consist of pieces of eights and divisions; they are quite rare today.

THE VAN VERRE COMPANY OF MIDDELBURG (1597-1002d suil.

She only has a rare and beautiful piece of eight with the arms of Zealand.

Then comes the Vrreexigde Oost-indische Gompagnie (1597- 1799), with a very rich series of gold, silver and gold coins. copper. Gold coins, eiroupic ducats, have legends Arabs; those of silver are struck by Dutch types. There is the ducaton or piece of irois gulden and the gulden or florin and the 10 stui- i^ers. The particular mark of the species of silver and copper is a monogram formed from the intertwined initials V. O. G.. Other silver coins, made in Batavia, bear the arms of the city: a pale sword decorated with a laurel wreath. II in is finally a purely Arab legend. Copper coins, of which the best known is the law, have the right to the weapons of the Dutch provinces in which they were struck; a stuyvcr^ made in Java, simply consists of a bar fragment of copper on which the value was printed.

Under the Batavian Republic (1800-1800), the Company continued its coinage. In Java, it mints gold and silver rupees,

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ii Arabian legends, and Stuyvers and their multiple consistencies more or less long fragments of copper bars. In Holland, she strikes from Targent to a particular type, a vessel with the legend: IXDIAE BATAVORVM and copper dates to its raonogram.

The French king of Holland (1807-1811) offers pieces silver and copper with the initials of Louis-Napoleon. The legend JAVA indicates their destination.

Then comes the English occupation (1811-1816) which hits "Sourabaya, headquarters of the Mint, gold rupees in caracleres Javanese, silver rupees with similar legends, and stuyvers whose ordinary type is a heart divided into four parts containing the letters V, E, I, C, and topped with a B [British United East India Company).

From 1810 to the present day, the Dutch government of the Indies Eastern mints of silver and copper raonnaies, florins and Stuyversy like the pieces of the motherland. Some of these coins, those of low value, have legends in java- nais. The awful Stuyvers in bar of 1818 swear next to these currencies whose manufacturing, entirely European, is with impeccable precision and clarity.

The English have few territories in Malaysia. I will quote, to their credit, the silver and copper coins struck by the Soci^td Anglais des Indes Orientates, for Tile de Sumatra. The Legends are written in English and Arabic. The oldest carry the nora of Fort Marlbro, the fort of Bankoulen, and are dated 1782; the last ones were struck in 1835. The English also minted coins for Tile de Poulo- PiNAXG, from 1788 to 1810, and, in 1835, they issued brass instruments type of the rooster and has Malay legends, intended first for the Straits^ Settlements^ but which spread throughout the Indian Archipelago, to the point that they are found in some collections classified Celebes.

When I remember that the Spanish possessions in Australia, the Philippines (Manila), etc., have, since Charles III (1704-1788) their own currency, I will have said everything I can say, without abusing the patience of my readers, on the reasons born in this region of the globe.

Arthur Engel.

[The end soon.)

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL BULLETIN

ScHLVMBERGER (G.). A Byzantine emperor in the tenth century, NMpfiore P/iocas. A flight. gr, m-8°, illustrated, 750 pages. Paris, Didot, 1890.

Although numismatics is not the subject of a special study, cial in the beautiful book that M. G. Schlumberger has just written, However, it is appropriate to point out to readers of the Review what, in this volume, may be of interest to our studies. The eminent author of the Sigillo graphic hyzantine and so many other publications on coins, seals, weights of the Greco-Latin East, cannot will, even in a pure story narration, lack let his predilection for numismatics appear: this is happens, for our benefit, and this is not the least attraction of its work. At first glance, we notice that Tillus- tration, very abundant and particularly well cared for, is very often borrowed from numismatics and sigillography. Here is the list of seals or lead bubbles of which we let's note the image and description: Seal of a leader of the body of Imperial Manglabites, in Byzantium; — of the great interpreter of corps of Varangians or Scandinavian mercenaries; — of a com- mercer or head of the imperial customs of the Hellespont; — a director of the imperial arsenal of Manganes; — famous Armenian partisan Georges Melios, imperial stratigos in Asia- Minor; — of a member of the Anema flock, descendants of the last emir of Crete; — by Xicephore Phocas; — imperial customs of the theme of Thessaloniki; — from a stratigos from the theme of the Aegean Sea; — from a Byzantine due from the theme of Calabria; — of a stratigos of the theme of Cherson; — from a high official of the Charsian theme; — from the chapter of Sainte- Sophie; — of a patriarch of Constantinople; — of a person- Byzantine swimming whose patron was Saint Michael; — of a large provost of the Byzantine army; — of a head of the Bar office- bars; — a catepano from the theme of Cypre; — of a method- mark of Factions; — of the Vcnetes Faction; — imperial dozenies of the theme of Hellas; — from a due of An- 1890 — 9 26

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lioca; — of a palriarch of Antioch; — traders and arclionlcs of the l)azar of the silk elves. — Silver seal of the coiunmnauto du niont Alhos. In terms of currencies, we find includes all the known coins, in gold, silver and bronze, of Nicephorus Phocas; — coins of Roman II; — from the base Lissa Tbeophano; — by Gonstanlin Porphyrogenele; — by Romain Leca|)ene; — a lizantine standard of devotion; — money Popes John Xll, Leo VHI, John III; — of Emperor Otto I"; — dinars and dirhems of Caliph Motbi, minted at Attar in Yemen; — of the Emir of Aleppo, Seif Rddauleh, struck at Tarsus. We will read with particular interest the reflections that inspired remitted to the author, this last piece by the Emir of Aleppo, which bears the date 354 of the Hegira ' = 005 of AD), that is to say the year even when the Saracen domination succumbed to Tarsus, here broadcast, under the blows of Nicephore Phocas. The currencies of the Byzantine emperor, hero of the book, are the object of the study most complete that has ever been devoted to them: M. Scblum- Shepherd takes particular pleasure in analyzing the types down to the smallest details. We will finally notice what written twice (pp. 207 and 404) about the curious bronze coin of Empress Theophano, with the legend 0EOFANON AVr? that we only know through drawing once published by the Marquis de Lagoy: Mr. Schlumberger says that This piece nevertheless appears somewhat suspicious to him.

I would be remiss if I pointed out Mr. Schlum's new book. shepherd, to confine myself to this dry numismatic enumeration. I should add that the author is aimed at the general curious public historical studies; he undertook to bring within the reach of people of the world the results of his scientific research, and he voluntarily stripped himself of the apparatus of wacky notes and algebraic; I know very few scientists who can, like him, to boast of having made scholarship lovable. Written with a pen lively, alert, engaging, his book would be a historical relaxation ric if there were not, on each page, a lesson, I would say a revelation tit)n for the most part. They are still very numerous, in fact, those for whom the name of Byzantium is synonymous with decadence and of rifle. We forget too much that the empire of Constantinople, without borders, attack on all the |)oinls at once, with fierceness- always growing, in worship for ten centuries in the name of

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civilization against barbarism. Episodes of heroism like the reign of Nicephorus Phocas prove that the Byzantine Middle Ages tin doil have his rehabilitation like the Latin Middle Ages had the his: it will be the honor of Mr. Schlumberger to have, jdus (jue person, contributes to reforming the judgment of |)publishing the letter on Byzantium, its civilization and its explorers.

E.B.

SvoRONOS (AD). Nuinismatics of Anrian Crete, aceompa- gene of history, geography and mythology (b* Tile. Pre- first part: Description of the monnies, Itistoirc and geo^raplne^ followed by Irente-five planebes in photolypy. A flight. in-4**, Macon, print. Protat, 1890 (Messrs. Rollin el Feuardent, deposit silence).

In 1884, the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres had proposes as a subject for the competition (Bordin Prize) the following question: boasts: to study the numismatics of Tile de Crete. Dress it up calidogue of medals. Explain the main types and accessory motifs. Insist on numismatic reports Cretan with the other monuments found in the |)ays, as well that with the types of Asian art and the primitive industry of Greece. » The rewritten meraoire presented by Mr. Svoronos for answering this question was rewarded by the Academic, and this ofTicial encouragement determined the area to improve and to develop his primitive work: such is the genesis of the magni- lique publication of which the year 1890 brings us the |)r(Mnier volume. This volume includes historical and geographical notices. located on each of the cities of ancient Crete (which have coins minted, and the descriptive catalog of the coins of these cities, reproduced in a beautiful atlas of 33 planes in pbototype. It will be followed by a second volume containing mainly the comraenlaire mythbological, bisloric, arcbeological, and general considerations.

Before going further in this concept, it is important to point out that this work is the fruit of six years of incessant recruitment, and that Tauleur, favors by ra|)pui offi- heaven of the assembly of the Cretans, not only |)ar('()uru the

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Crete, studying all the ruins, questioning all the sites, carrying both his investigations even in the humblest villages, but that he also visited almost the whole of Europe, taking note and noting all the Creole coins contained in the collections public or private functions; finally, that his bibliographical erudition phiquc hardly seems to be able to be faulted. 11 us sensitive that he only lists in his catalog the coins of the Pholiades-Pacha collection put on sale this year. Also, despite this regrettable shortcoming, we will not be accused of exaggerating ration, if we affirm that none of the major regions of the Ancient Greece has not been the subject of such numismatic study comprehensive and also complete.

Will I seek now, and despite this superiority, has for- raise some general criticisms of this magisterial Corpus, to which The future, however distant we suppose, will only ever bring meager supplements? The order adopted by the author in his work vail is the alphabetical order of cities; however, as much as this anti-order scientific, whose sole advantage is to facilitate research, is necessary in general books like those of Eckhel. by Mionnet, by M. Head, or in a general catalog, as much I find it deplorable in a monograph like this, where a simple table would suffice to make up for it. Geographic order or regional would have been preferable, because it would have made it possible to bring in the text and on the boards, types similar in style, otherwise even the same sometimes, or imitated from each other, because the same traditions, the same uses, or simply by following the reciprocal proximity of the workshops. The alphabetical order forced to run, without reason, from one end of Crete to the other; it dissects similar pieces, it distances one from the other coins related by style or types, and this at the great detriment of historical and archaeological connections gics. Secondly, I said quite unexpectedly that Mr. Svoronos had reserved for a second volume the commentary of the types monetary: I regret this split, which will necessarily be very annoying for the reader, and will probably force the author to repetitions, incessant reminders. If, thirdly, I leaf- Throughout the work, I notice an almost excessive luxury of quotations collections in which Mr. Svoronos encountered copies of each medal. Without doubt, abundance of goods

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does no harm; however, if such citations are necessary when it comes to rare, particularly important pieces, or subject to polemics, to various interpretations, they become somewhat superfluous for common rooms or somewhat rare. In the latter case, Mr. Svoronos, who examined the coins from all the museums, from Athens to Ilascow, and took prints everywhere, could, it seems to me, have conlen- ter to cite some of the best examples.

These criticisms only relate, as we see, to differences. references to method and on points where criticism is easy”; the general results of the work of Mr. Svoronos are not seriously affected. Seven or eight Cretan towns which appear in numismatics are deleted; on the other hand, around ten others who had never appeared there come and take their place. For the latter, I only have to refer the reader to the remarks qual chapters of which Mr. Svoronos was willing to offer the pri- died at the Rcvuc numismatique in 1888 and 1889. The position gcf)- graph of several cities is rectified and definitively tixee; the numismatics of all the cities already provided with my nays is doubled, often even tripled; the rectifications of contributions abound; the chronological classification of currencies was, j>for each city, established emission by emission, without dis- tinction of metal, with a precision as rigorous as possible possible: inspection only of the boards is, at this last point of view, a precious teaching that one would seek in vain unemc degree in any other numismatic publication. Next the good example given by Mr. Indioof Blumer, Mr. Svoronos obliged to give the weight of all the pieces, even those of bronze. Why, finally, should I not add that the vast subject Iraite by Mr. Svoronos was worthy of such great effort, of a similar concern to be complete, exact and precise? because no one is unaware today that Crete, by virtue of its race, its isolation, The originality of its legends and its national traditions is Tun of the most important homes where the torch of Hellenic civilization.

I purposely confined myself to awkward considerations. rales. But there is nevertheless a special point on which I desire retain the reader's attention, and which will show the course that was draw Mr. Svoronos from the observation of the smallest digital details

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inati(|uos. We know that in July 1884, Mr. Halbherr discovered the fanicuso ins( ri[>tion knownc under the noni of the law of Gortyn^ that of noiiihroux orudils have conmienlee, especially from a legal point of view diquo. l^a |)most of them have fixed the dale of this precious text in the 6th century before the Black Era; only one, Mr. Kirchhof, founded on paleographic considerations, brought down the redaction of 1 inscription after I year 450. Fragments of laws analogs, found subsequently, came to give, apparently ence, reason to those who opined for the sixth century at least, based on the following reasons: it is because the araendes found decreed in these new texts, no longer in slaters, dracunes or barks, but also clauderons (XsStjre;). Gontinie none nionnaio of Oorlyne does not porle for type or for synd)ole a heater dron, we concluded that these were, not api>eleated currencies Xs^TjTs;, but even utensils, in nature, real heat- will be given as payment, and replacing the gold ingots primitive, so it must have existed before the invention of the ruonnaic; beyond that, the conclusion that Gorlyne's law was prior to the rition of the coinage on Crete. Mr. Svoronos, taking up the question in an article inserted* in the Bulletin dc Correspondancc hclU^nique t. XII, |). 405 to 418), pointed out, firstly, how well it would be

little real-

^ :^ V blable q u ' u n

particular put elrc condainne to pay in na- ture, following the text of the law, 50or memo 100 cauldrons. From more, it appears draws on a other registration decor- verteaCnossus and who, while being well positioned tive ment of IV''

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407

century, speaks both and siraultan^ment of payments in stateresel cn cauldrons. Finally, he noticed that raonnaies from nine cities different parts of Crete are often found counterindicated by a small globular-shaped imprint, in which some have wanted to see a grenade, but where he suggests recognizing a cauldron (XeStj;); we give above the distribution of the varieties of this countermark, double their size; the Uhes is sometimes surrounded by a grenelis.

I will not recall the other arguments invoked by Mr. Svoronos to demonstrate that in legal texts in question, payments in tripods and cauldrons mean payments in currencies countermarked with a tripod or a cauldron. I will only add that it follows from this that the law of Crortyne, or at least the text which has come down to us, is not before approximately the year 450, the earliest date of the currencies countermarks of a Xe^T^?, and this point is capital, both for the epi- written only for the history of institutions and customs of Cretan. Here again we see a particular application of the use of remarks: a court common to different towns of the island decide that the fines will be paid exclusively with coins overstamped with an imprint that he determines specifically, and which happens to be, in fact, the mark of court itself; the countermarked pieces of a cauldron become the common currency of all the cities which had adheres to xotvoSix^ov. In short, the consequences of this ingenious discovery Mr. Svoronos' green light is considerable, and I understand with I am most eager to have the opportunity to give my support to his conclusions that several of the scholars who have dealt with the question from a legal point of view have tried to fight them and escape from it. However clever the pleas of MM. Comparetti and Th. Reinach, in this sense (see Revue des Jerque Studies ^ 1888, p. 354 et seq.), they did not convince me, and I have no doubt that after a new examination, osspirits too judicious and also sagacious do not fail to recognize the good basis of Mr. Svoronos' thesis: this would, in my humble opinion, bow before an established material and scientific fact.

E, B,

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Reinach (Theodore). Mithridatc Kupator, king of Pontus. Tn vol. in 8*” of 494 pages. Paris, Didot, 1890.

Is it not strange that Mithridates, one of the greatest figures of ancient history, “The greatest of kings to whom "Rome had never waged war," following the words of Cicero, had had to wait until our time to find his biographer, its historian? This singular gap in historical writings, yet so many moderns will surprise less if your reflects that most of the famous men of the East who have fight against Greece and Rome in the name of old civilizations Asians, are in the same situation as Mithridates; heirs of Greeks and Romans, we have treated them as enemies; their historical role has only been considered as an unfortunate episode of the development of Thellenism or Romanism; these are incidents that we only stop at in proportion to the dangers that they made run to what we call civilization. Today- today, having regard to the great archaeological discoveries whose ancient oriental monarchies have been the object, there is a tendency to consider these great humans and their historical role in a another point of view; this is the oriental point of view itself. To contemplate the theater of war, we play in the camp of Darius and Mithridates and no longer in that of Miltiades or Pompeius. If by dc scmblahles displacements, a landscape changes appearance, judgments on men and women Historical events are also often modified and reforms. Concerned about being on guard against assertions Greek and Roman writers because they are enemies, the historian is obliged to a more severe criticism of the sources, and the sincerity of history undoubtedly gains. Such is, in as a whole, the piquant originality of the remarkable book that M. Th. Reinach just dedicated to Mithridates.

However, let's not fight too much, and let's keep ourselves from falling in the opposite excess to that of past times by exaggerating influence from the oriental point of view. I personally would have tendency to remain in the Roman camp, and however formidable Mithridates was for Rome, I dare not follow Mr. Reinach when

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it represents the fiery king of Pont as the hero in which join together to fight against encroaching Rome, both great civilizations, Thellenism and Persianism, that Alexander had attempted for the first time to reconcile and melt into a superior unit. I find it difficult to imagine Mithridates resuming nant, as we are told, on its own account, this idea of genius that Alexander had had, and where Mr. Reinach takes pleasure to recognize the long-range combinations of his diploma- niatie", I am inclined to see only the tricks and tricks of a barbarian who, raised in the Hellenic world, had only drawn from it material improvements, but the mind and heart of which were remains stubbornly barbaric. Matter of race; Mithridates was no more Greek than the Turkish pashas are European. The man of this century to whom we could most compare precisely Mithridates, in my opinion, it is perhaps Mehemet-Ali, but it’s definitely not Napoleon. Turkish pashas, educated in our high schools, surround themselves, once ministers or viceroys, with our artists, our engineers, all our luxury; they copy extericure all our habits; but lift this bark superficial and you will see that they remain barbaric, and that the barbarian betrays himself in all actions and words. Such was Mithridates, and his brilliant victories, the formidable power that he had for a moment should not deceive us. Do you want clear proof of this? I find it, among a thousand, under the pen of Mr. Reinach himself. After the defeat of Mithri- date, in 05 BC. BC, its secret archives fell between the hands of Pompey; Now, do you know what they contained: a Of the secret memoirs of Mithridates, from which one learned, through example, that he had his son Ariaralhe and Alcee poisoned from Sardis; keys to dreams (of Mithridates and his wife; a licentious correspondence exchanged between Mithridates and Monime. Theophanes also mentioned a letter from Rutilius urging Mithridates to massacre the Romans established in Asia... A bundle of death sentences all prepared, one entered others for Melrodorus of Scepsis; a collection of documents roedicals and pharmaceutical recipes, where nolam- the formula of the famous royal antidote, written and commented by Mithridates' own hand. » Wouldn't one believe, in truth(^, read the inventory of papers of an Annamese mandarin or a chief

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Souilanian who would have been educated at the Algiers high school? No,-nialgre the philhellonisin which he sometimes likes to display ostentatiously, rualgre the coast of a day which formed around him and in which entered Athenos, Mithridates, with his soldiers armed with arrows poisoned, is not, to any degree, the hero of Alexander and “the last crown cluimpion of Hellenic claims”; I still protest when we are told that “he prepares from afar Mahonicl.” If, like the latter, Mithridates is, at the end of his career, surrounded by eutics, women and televised people", it lacked precisely what made the essential strength of Mohammed, the religious lever.

Well, because Mithridates is a great collector of trinkets, you tell us that he had “Tame d’un artiste”! lout like the sultans of Constantinople whose old gate is also full of trinkets and merae of arl objects. Besides, Mr. Reinach who has studied his hero so completely, and who has draws the portrait in |)ages of a lively and colorful style, is so well made to himself the objections that I have just presented, that he is obliged to write: “Mithridates was missing something |) to be ranked among the truly great men of history: I means a higher ideal, conceived with sincerity, pursued with

Constancy. » And further, he adds: “I fear that Mithridates

has etc, in fact, only a jirodige of ambition and egoism, a royal tragedian playing Olympus and Avesta, memories of Alexander and the relics of Darius; » and again: “this is the sultan which forms the basis of his character. » lei, the learned historian is all true and his Hellenic Mithridates, “great figure of sultan hellene,” does not please me at all. Mr. Reinach saw two Mithridates, Greek Tun, successor of Alexander, the other oriental, successor of Darius: I can only recognize this last, as much by his race, his character, his instincts, as by his politics, its government, its way of waging war.

If this digression seemed singular to the readers of this Review ^ I would justify it by saying that once is not a coulurae, that the books of historical scholarship which also have a |)orlee considerable that these, are rare, and that I am very happy to seize the opportunity offered to me to judge the dominant idea of a book whose plot is also tight and which also leaves |)eu taken to an analytical critique. The subject was vast and imposing^

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next to him he was treated like a master, like Mr. Moramsen. It is not only the narrow biography of Mithridates and the account of his wars in the Chersonese Tauriquc, in Asia Minor and against the Honiains. The origins of the Bridge and the dynasty of the kings of this country, it is traced in the first book; another is devoted to the administration of Mithridates, to the maritime commerce, agriculture, major industries, k The army, the navy, religion, literature, morals, Social status. Apart from anything concerning the person of Mithridates and the events in which he was moved, it is a Lirge painting of Asia Minor from all points of view, at the time when Rome is going to get its hands on this country. There are very valuable information to be drawn from it from the point of view of numismatics, and Mr. Reinach was particularly keen to take advantage of this science and its aspects Tepigraphy. The studies he published in the Revue sur la numismatique des rois de Gappadoce, de Bilhynie and Pont were particularly taken advantage of; he It even seems that the author had only undertaken them as preliminaries to his Mithridates Eupator. It's in these monographs, we remember, that he made known the tetra- drachma from the collection of Mr. Waddington which gives both the name and portrait of Laodice, the mother of Mithridates, and that he knew very skillfully to attribute to the father of Mithridates the tetra- new drachmas, with the legend: BaitXew; MiOpaSaxou 4>tXo7raTopo; xa\ ^tXaBeX^poj. We will also notice that the author has profiled the classification of currencies from his critical research on the chronology and on the royal genealogies, which he reformed on essential points. In the Mithridates ^ are found summarized with some improvements, these studies which brought Mr. Reinach at the forefront among contemporary numismatists; in besides, interesting questions of genealogy, chronology, epigraphy, source criticism, are often condensed there in notes where all the words carry and which are worth long dissertations. There is no need to go into detail to make understand all the benefits that numismatists will have to gain from this book, a model of scholarship and criticism, where nothing is left to the chance or the training of the pen, where no assertion is formulated without a text, an inscription, or a supporting medal. In short, Mr. Reinach's book lucidates the problems of numisma-

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luatic or which relate very closely to this science. He is an indispensable historical guide for anyone dealing with the history born from all the countries that have been discovered, accidentally killed, I wish Mitbridale and his allies: it is to this hero above all that we devious report it here.

E. Babklon.

J. Adrien Blanchet, Xou.'caa Manuel de nunnsmatique du middle dge and niodern, Paris, IHiK) ^ collection of Manuels-Roret) ^ 2 volumes in 3 vols. in-18 and an atlas of 14 plates.

Mr.\'s Manual. of Bartbeleuiy, after having rendered considered serv ices for Irente-buil years, no longer responded steadfastness in the progress of science; Teminent author failed appeal to the zeal of a young and already distinguished numisniatist to whom he has faced the heavy and difficult task of recasting the original work. tive. Mr. Blancbet has shown himself worthy of this trust and this disinterestedly scientific, and the work almost entirely new that it offers today bui au |)ul)lic fills a gap considerable; we find there condensed in more than a thousand pages of very tight texle a huge amount of information relating to the various series of numismatics from the Middle Ages in Euro|)e. Here are the divisions of the new Manual.

The first volume, which is entirely devoted to France, begins with an introduction containing information on the manufacture of currencies, the monetary organization, finally general notions, and a list of names of the main ones our old nionnaies. I naturally enter Mali by the study of Merovingian coins; then come the Carolingian and those of the third race. 11 should not think of describing all the royal coins^ but, at least, Tauleur tries to sum up in a few words the character distinctive of each currency, and we believe that he succeeded in give summary, but precise and sufficient notions. The study of provincial numismatics comes after a chapter on paper money; it is followed by a box of documents monetary and a bibliography. The author, for reasons which he explained in his preface, understood in the first

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volume reserved for France, Study of the currencies of Flanders, Huinaut, Alsace, Lorraine, Gambrai and Montheliard. Maybe, instead of grouping the provinces into The logical order, analogous to that of Poey d'Avant, eAl-il micux worth, to make research easier, to arrange them in order alphahetical, but the latter system would have had the convenience serious to separate provinces whose luonetary types have often of analogy: the geographical order is therefore more scientific and I don't dare to take it. The second volume includes the nuisnatics of the various states of the Euro|)e and of Torienl Latin. Mr. Blanchet took on the task, Coranie in the first volume, to give on the currencies of each country the notions the most useful. In addition, the abundance of historical information graphics makes this overview of numismatics very useful. European tick, the whole of which would be sought in vain in no other work. The author devotes a chapter to the works obsidionals that one would be surprised to see separated from their series respective if this type of currencies did not in fact form a class apart. We will find again in the new Manual of parts concerning Italian, German, French nicdailles and the Netherlands, with the isles of the medalists. An important chapter deals with tokens and mereaux; a few pages are devoted to lead weights and monetary weights. Mr. Blanchet then gives a small monograph of the so-called monetiform weights on which we could perhaps reproach him for having related vemenl too extended. The volume ends with a list of names of saints found on coins; an overview of the market value of currencies, a precious aid for amateurs, because the prices given are mainly provided by the most recent big sales; finally, an important complete bibliography usefully and excellent Vade mecum. II seemed useful to me to briefly explain the practical side of the Manual rather than trying to make certain criticisms of Mr. Blanchet in detail and to note some errors or omissions. To what good to stop at nights of no great importance; I feel better see the good cCiie of things. M. Blanchet's manual will provide a long most noted times services to both eruilits and ama tors; The author ends his speech by modestly wishing to be useful to nuraimatists. His wish will certainly be granted,

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because the new Manual is intended to be in the hands of all those who, dealing with the numismatics of the Middle Ages, have constantly need to remember a dale, a clean noin and these thousand pieces of chronological and biographical information which constantly robbed of the most faithful memory.

Roger Valentin. Vn Hard in^dit of Henri IV, rot of France, extract from the Revue beige de numismatique, 1890, 5 pages in-8**.

We cannot thank enough those who strive to bring shipping for the supplement that will have to be made to the work by M. H. Hoffmann, in a few years. The new Hard that Mr. Vallentin presents to us is not of conservation irre|)rockable. Also, at first glance, we feel gripped by a doubt and one wonders if the piece could not carry a legend similar to this one: +HENRIC- III • FRAN'R- 1300. But Henry HI generally takes the title of King of Poland (AND POL or p. Exception: teston with FRANCOR REX, H. n** 7, and perhaps also the farthing n** 50). The new Hard can therefore, for the present, remain the aurene class of Henry IV.

J. Adrien Blancuet.

Mr. DE Viennb. Common misunderstandings about elders monetary processes, Nancy, Berger-Levrault, 1890, in-8** of 79 pages. (Extract from the Memoirs of the Academy of Stanislas.]

The processes discussed in this work relate a The economics of money. The author begins by raising against the theory of N. de Wailly, put forward in the Variations dc the tournament pound and according to which the price of the gold mark and of gent, valued in pounds, was fixed by the royal power. Mr. Vienna thinks, rightly, that the price of coins was governed by the Lombards, bankers or stockbrokers, and that the power see was limited to sanctioning these courses. However it seems have different cases. Thus the EUit Council issued a judgment dated July 30, 1720 which fixed the price of gold species and

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415

of iirgenl during the months of August, September and October. According to eel arrel, the louis d*or of the last production (25 to the mark) was to be worth 72 pounds during the month of August; G3 1" pounds to September 10; 54 pounds from September 10 to October 1; 45 books from 1" to October 16; finally, 30 books, from October 10 October 1720. It will be objected that this remeasurement is special to the period of the Law system and that it was taken with the aim of get cash back into circulation and improve its ar- gent el the paper in a truer relationship. However, the example Precile shows that royal power was not limited to sanctity price of species accepted by the public, and that it does not did not fear, in certain cases, to regulate this course.

Mr. de Vienne rightly insists on a capital point: it is that TKtal was never the owner of the currency it make. As a result, it does not increase its electricity resources. before the price of species. If the State deems it appropriate to make recasts, it is because the materials of gold and silver, delivered by the public to be marked with a new stamp, left a profit with each new issue. But the bene- tax levied by the State was calculated in such a way that the added value given to the new currency ful su|) greater than the pearl caused by levying manufacturing rights. However we will make a slight observation. If it is true that TElat does not have dail that little money relative to the mass of individuals linked, he however received the cash provided by the income taxes; and for the recasting of these species, there was double profit. In fact, the manufacturing state also enjoyed the benefit temporary owner's office. This double benefit could be levied until the new currency served as the basis for Tax base.

The author then sets out to demonstrate that the price of the mark has not never less than the amount of the currency voucher delivered to the money changers bringing materials. The mark of gold or silver was paid at the one who brought it in currency of the new manufacture and the some data constituted the price of the mark. In fact, we see the difference in the price of the mark when it comes to remission of mon- various laws in the same overhaul (Example: Ordinance of January 1, 1297). f)n will understand the interest of the questions treated by M. de Vienne and numismatists will not allow themselves

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BIDLIOGRAPHIC BULLETIN

not be frightened by the aridity of the material. They will read the work that we point out here and they will find valuable lessons there.

NicoLO Papadopoli. —Moneta Dalmatist. Lettura fata al R. Istituto Venelo di Scicnze, lettere ed arli il 14 luglio 1880, 12 p., vignettes. (Exlr. from the Revisia Italiana di Numismatica,)

The Papadopoli conite gives us the curious story of a small billon coin minted by the Republic of Venice in the 15th century, for the province of Dalmatia. Rectifying the asser- tions of Lazari and Kunz, the author proves that this currency neither a last tournament nor a mezzanine, but the penny (soldo) of the Dalmatian lira.

The crest on the reverse, which is that of the Venetian family of Surian, was chosen to give the Dalmatice Tappa coin to the ence of the coins struck by the patriarchs of Aquileia.

J. Adrien Blanchet.

G.S.

Lc Gécrant, F. Feuarokxt,

»IA(:0.\, IMI'UIMKHIE I'll TAT KRKIIKtt

1890

REWE NUMISMATICS

PL.DC

GONZALVE OF CORDOBA f THE GREAT CAPTAIN ) C 1445-1515)

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ALABANDA and ANTIOCH

CITIES OF CARIA

PL. x.

I

“The ruins of Antiochia,” said Mr. Waddington, are located near the village of Lenidjeh, a small distance from the M^ander, on the southern bank *. » This town was located almost at the confluence of the Mor- synos' and the Meander, near the border of Lydia and Phrygia.

Alabanda was on Marsyas, to the southwest of Antioch, far from the confluence of the Marsyas and the Meander. It's Mr. Waddington again who will specify the location: at the position of Alabanda, he said, for a long time fixed Arab-Hissar^ according to ancient texts, by Leake and other geographers, was definitively confirmed by M. Ph. Le Bas, who discovered, at an hour and a half from Arab-Hissar market, a milestone, carrying

1. Waddington, Voyage numUmatique en Asia-Mineur, p. 43; cf. Fellows, Lycia, p. 27; Droysen, Hiat. from thelUnUme ^ trad. Bouch^-Lcclcrcq, t. H, p. 720.

2. Moraynos is the true name of this river, as Pinder proved according to 9 medals [Monatsberichte de TAcad^mie de Berlin, 1857, p. 476); this name has often been disfigured in various ways, e.g., Konynoa, Kor^ aymoa, etc.; the manuscripts of Pliny bear Orainua on Moaainua; Silig a adopts the Orainua form. (Pliny, Hiat. nnt., V, 29, 29, 6d. Sillig, t. I, p. 378.)

1890 — 1 27

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Indication: (VAlabanda^ 5 miles; my observations^a- tions made, Strabo in hand, confirm the point in point those of my predecessor*. »

Thus, Antioch on the M^ander was relatively very far from Alabanda, the latter town being located much further to the southwest, not on the M^andre, but on the middle course of the Marsyas, its flock.

Antioch appears to have been originally called Pythopolis, and having been rebuilt or colonized by Antiochus I" Soter who gave it his name. However, this assertion is only guaranteed by the testimony of Helen of Byzantium, who is obscure or rather who does not nitrite such absolute confidence as I have believed some authors. The Byzantine geographer states that the city was originally called Pythopolis and that it was rebuilt by a king of Syria, called Antio- chus, son of Scleucus, in honor of his mother Antiochis. This same Antiochus would have founded Nysa in honor of his wife Nysa, and Laodicea in honor father of his sister LaodiceV

I already had the opportunity, by placing myself on another

1. WaddingtoD, Numismatic Journey to Asia-Minor, p. 40. Gf. Ch. Dichl and G. Cousin, in the Bull. corr. hellen., t. X, 1886, p. 299.

2. 'EvSsxaTT] ('AvTio/^£ta) Kapia?, tj it; xai FlyOo^ioXi? IxaXstTO. 'Avtio/w yip Tfo ScXeuxou Tpet; Y'^vatxe; irzi'zvr^'sin S^ap^ xiiaai ::cJXiv £v KapCa ixaTcrj Xi'>(0X)<3X' 6 8i u7roXa6ojv Tr;v (J.r,Tc'pa xai Tr;v pvaTxa xai tt)v aocX^f^v xtisTe*. tpstj ::oXei;* ar:o {xlv xfj; a^eX^fj; AaoStxr^; Aao$(x£iav, azo hi ttj? yuvaixo; Nuar,; Nuiav, dxo 51 Tr;; ^r^xp6i 'AvTtoyioo; iVvT'd)(^£iav. 'AvTioyJ; ouv ovojia xat t^? {xr,Tpo; xai eOvixov if]; ttoXeco; xai 9uXf,5 ovojxa. This passage was reproduced by Eustathius in his commentary on Donys le Peri^gMe (p. 281, cd. Bernardy).

3. The Kings of Syria, Armenia and Cagney (Catalogue of coins Greeks of the Bibliothequc nationalc), Introd., p. cxcv.

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419

point of view than the one I am considering at the moment, to say that we can have confidence in the story of Stephen. Indeed, it is an Anliochus, son (Vun Seleucus^ which is not otherwise specified, but which cannot be, if you accept this filiation, that Antiochus P' Soter or Antiochus III the Great; gold, neither of these two princes had a mother an Antiochis and for wife a Nysa. From another On the other hand, Droysen* has already observed that Etienne seems there is an inadvertence when he asserts that Antioch was originally called Pythopolis, a name which derives from that of the rich Pythfes, contemporary of Xerxds; in Indeed, in the article Pythopolis^ he says, on the contrary, that this name was the original appellation of Nysa of Caria. It is true that he states elsewhere that Nysa was called originally Athymbra. In short, it is impossible to unravel the truth in the midst of all these confusions; we do not know positively or whether Antioch on the Meander was originally called Pythopolis, nor if his name was changed by Antiochus rather than by Antiochus II or by Antiochus III. The currencies do not tell us nothing about these two points; they appear elsewhere, as we will see more far, not going back to the time of Antiochus i*" or Antiochus III, that is to say until the time of the foundation of the new colonic.

The testimony of Stephen of Byzantium is more cis regarding Alabanda; as it contains very interesting data from a numerical point of view matically, I will be allowed to give the translation:

1. Uist. of Chellcnism, t. II, p. 719; cf. p. 713.

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E. DABELON

in Alabancta, town of Caria; her name was something else- times Antioch. It was thus named from Alabandos, son of Evippos, as well as Charax. There is also a another Carian city Irts prospers, hence the saying: “Alabanda, the most prosperous city of the Carians. » The founder of this was Caros, who called you from name of a son he had by Callirhod, daughter of Maiandros. Following a horse racing victory, this 61s had been called Alabandos, a word which in the language of the Carians means “horse-riding winner”; Indeed. fl/a, in Carian, means “horse”, and banda means ((victory comes only among the Romans too, banduni has the meaning of “victory” *.

There was only one city in Caria with the name dWIabanda, and if Etienne names two, it is easy to correct your mistake. He found himself first ence of two traditions, one which attributed the dation of Alabanda to the son of Evippos, the other who Attributed it to the son of Caros: he concluded, wrongly, that there were two homonymous cities in Caria. He is remarkable that the two traditions agree also well with the type of telra-backhand drachmas of Alabanda: Pegasus gallops sym- also bolises Evippos (who rides horses well), the genius of racing, that the son of Caros, winner in racecourse.

;:apot{jL(a, 'AXaCatvoa Kapojv Eurj/ ETrairj. xTtdfia 81 Kap6( ^v, ano io3 nai56; a-jtoj xXr,Oc'.

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But the point to which I wish to draw particular attention clearly Inattention is this: Etienne affirms that Alabanda was called for some time du name of Antioch: 'AXaSavSa, i] tot£ 'AvTio/^eia. However, he exists, as we know, tetradrachms with the name of Antioch, similar to those of Alabanda, except in what the word ANTIOXEHN is substituted for the word AAABANAEHN: niimos, ut gutta guttae est, similli^ moSj says Eckhel; sometimes we even find on some and the others have the same name of magistrate. Pellerin, who was the first to have the opportunity to make this connection ment, drew the very natural conclusion that these two groups of currencies belong to the same city, since it is proven, according to Elienne de Byzantium, which Alabanda carried for some time the name of Antioch*. This way of seeing seems so obvious that we are surprised that Eckhel was rejected It seems strange to him that the name of a city has varied, to the point that the same magistrate meets with both ethnic, and he insists on the fact that the coins of Alabanda minted under the empire Roman never bear the legend ANTIOXEflN. The Viennese scholar concludes, consequently, that Stephen of Byzantium is wrong, and that the two cities of Ala- banda and Antioch on the M6andre made a monetary alliance and have decided, at a certain period, to mint coins of the same types. From such monetary alliances, he adds, are not not rare, even in Asia Minor, and he cites examples.

1. PeUerin, Melanges, t. I, p. 139.

2. Eckhel, Docir. num. vet., t. II, p. 572.

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E. BADELON

Eckhel's opinion was accepted by most numismatists. Mionnet described at Antioch on the Meander the currencies to the type of P^gaseV MM. Wad- dington* and Leake' did the same, despite the previous hesitations of Borrell*; Droysen pulls away a Tavis d’Eckhel*. I note, however, that Mr. Head is not tonibe in the same error and which he indicates should be classified in Alabanda the Pegasus type coins which bear the legend ANTIOXEflN'. Finally, in his last publication numismatic cation, Mr. Imhoof-Blumer adopts the ancient errors and does not distinguish in Caria two Antioch, because he classified Antioch on the Meander a small piece of bronze to the types of the head of Apollo and Pegasus galloping.

Despite the authority of eminent scholars including me have just mentioned the names, I think it is necessary, for the reasons that I will list, coming back to the opinion formulated by old Pellerin.

1. The text of Stephen of Byzantium is formal, and as it is confirmed by the types mon6- remain silent, there is no reason to revoke it in doubt: Alabanda carried for some time the name of Antioch.

2. We should not be surprised if this name of Antioch,

1. Mionnet, Deacr, t. HI, p. 313; Supplement, t. VI, p. 446.

2. Waddinglon, Journey to Aaie-Mineure from the numismatic point of view, p. 42, and Melanges de numismatique, 2* series (1867), p. 6.