Numismatics of Ancient Africa, I — vol. I — 1860

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NUMISMATICS

FROM

ANCIENT AFRICA

WORK PREPARED AND STARTED

by C. T. PALBE and J. Cil. LINDBEtC,

RE-DONE, COMPLETED AND PUBLISHED

by L MtLLER.

FIRST VOLUME.

THE COINS OF CYRENAICA.

COPENHAGEN.

PRINTING DB BIANCO LUNO. PAB F. 8. MUHLB.

18flO.

PREFACE TO THE WORK.

In 1843, the announcement of a work on the medals of ancient Africa by MM. Falbe and Lindberg. This announcement stated that the King of Denmark, then Christian VIII, had commissioned these two scholars to prepare and publish such a work; it contained a overview of Mr. Lindberg's research on Punic coins, and an article like specimen; finally, curators of public collections and enthusiasts of medals to be sent to the royal cabinet in Copenhagen with the prints of all mon- nais belonging to ancient Africa, which would be at their disposal.

The announcement produced the effect that could have been desired, and a very large number of em- Letters were sent from various countries to the Copenhagen cabinet. The two scientists responsible for the publication of the work, immediately began to examine these materials; Mr. Falbe arranged the coins and drew up a catalog; Mr. Lindberg was going to compose the comments which were to accompany it. But unforeseen circumstances came obstruct the continuation of their work. Lindberg was appointed to positions ecclesiastics who took him away from the capital and diverted his attention from the work projected. Falbe died in 1849, and the work was entirely suspended. However, in 1857 Lindberg was about to take it back, when death came to take him from the science.

The Danish government did not want to abandon a project which had already required much work, and in which there was keen interest in other countries. It's why he charged us, in March 1859, to complete and publish the work on the numismatics of ancient Africa.

I found prepared for this work, firstly, a complete catalog of coins, written in French by M. Falbe, and of which the one on Cyrenaica was printed before 1849,

IV

then, historical, archaeological and linguistic comments on different parts, by Mr. Lindberg, written in Danish in the years 1842-1846, subsequently, a large quantity of imprints of coins from foreign cabinets, finally, many wooden engravings made according to the currencies.

A space of 12 to 18 years has passed since this work was carried out. New discoveries of coins of all kinds have been made; lots of coins, which were previously considered uncertain or which were not well explained, are now correctly classified and sufficiently clarified; on different points, in the numismatics as well as in other branches of archeology from which it draws enlightenment, new and better-founded ideas were put forward; opinions which time when my predecessors were busy with their work, were vague or weakly supported and which therefore required a more in-depth examination on their part, may now be considered generally adopted; questions which then do not were not yet proposed, are now presented for discussion. It is still necessary add that in various places an essential discrepancy exists between the catalog of Mr. Falbe and Mr. Lindberg's comments, as well as between parts of Lindberg's manuscript which date from different periods, especially concerning the classification of Punic coins. We will therefore easily understand that what was left by my predecessors was not clean to be published. I had hoped to be able to make use of isolated parts by combining them, with the help of additions and changes, with the parts that I was going to compose again; but after giving it a try, I soon convinced myself that there was too much to trans- train, both in the material and in the method, so that such a process could be employee.

I was therefore obliged to go back to work thoroughly, to submit to a new examination of all the materials gathered for the work, and to make new ones myself research. According to the results I achieved, it was necessary to change the classification cation and order followed in the Falbe catalog, and I have not adopted the contents of the com- Lindberg's comments than what I found both new and well-founded or worthy of interest. But I recognize with great satisfaction that what was left by these scholars, deserves to be appreciated and has saved me a lot of work. Mr. Falbe executed until the end the long work of tidying up the large number of prints received from abroad, to make a description of it, to examine numismatic books to draw quotes, to weigh a quantity of coins or to reduce them into French grams weighings communicated according to the different weights of various countries; finally, by deciphering

indistinct legends, this experienced numismatist contributed to a fair classification. Lindberg's comments contain several new legend explanations Punics with which we will undoubtedly find ourselves satisfied; it is quite well known that this scholar orientated talist has already previously succeeded in explaining Phoenician inscriptions.

Conciliated it had been so long since the Copenhagen cabinet, following the invitation of MM. Falbe and Lindberg, had received fingerprints from abroad, he was suppose that the firms had acquired African currencies again and that they also found in collections formed later; I therefore inserted in several numismatic magazines l) an announcement by which I engaged the directors or owners collections to send prints of rare or unpublished pieces to supplement the materials of the work. They also sent me some from several places. 9) In the interest of the work, I went again to Paris; I examined the coins there it is, in the imperial cabinet, which undoubtedly has the greatest number; in Besides, I found in the cabinet of the Duke of Luynes rich materials for numisma- African tick, especially for the Punic series, i.e. imprints of other coins collections, or original coins. This distinguished scholar had collected them to his own research, but with that well-known liberality that his interest inspires for scientific enterprises, he made them all available to me.

Here is a list of museums or cabinets belonging to states or sovereigns, from where prints for this work were sent to the Copenhagen office. The office medals in the imperial library in Paris. The coin cabinet in the British museum. In Germany: the imperial cabinet becomes, the royal cabinets of Berlin, Munich and Dresden, the ducal cabinet of Gotha. In Italy: the cabinet of the King of Sardinia and the collection (Lavy) of the Academy of Sciences in Turin; the col- election of the Milan academy; the cabinets of Modena and Florence; the collection from the University of Bologna; the royal cabinet of Naples. The royal cabinet of Lis- good. The Brussels office. The royal cabinet in The Hague. The imperial cabinet from St. Petersburg. The royal cabinet in Stockholm. - The university collection of Christiania.

There are many private collections in different countries that have been examined for the benefit of this work, or whose owners have kindly sent em-

9

i) Naked magazine m. French 1859 p. 308. Review of the num. and from Munich and Mr. 0. from Vest to Trieste had the obligation

Belgian 1859 p. 406. No. Chronicle XX (1859) p. 76. geance to send me prints; but they do not have

2) The curators of the cabinets of Berlin, Dresden offered little new.

VI

imprints; after that of the Duke of Luynes whom we have just named, the greatest number of prints was received from the collections of Mr. Rollin in Paris, from the late Mr. Welzl of Wellenheim in Vienna and the late Mr. Fontana in Trieste.

The Danish royal cabinet has a large collection of African coins, including many rare or unpublished pieces; also the Thorvaldsen Museum and Mr. Thomsen's office in Copenhagen contains quite considerable suites.

Copenhagen. June, 1860.

L. Miller,

Doctor of Philosophy, curator of the royal cabinet of medals and the Thorvaldsen Museum, member of the academy royal science in Copenhagen etc.

I.

THE COINS OF THE CYEÏ1NAÎQIJE.

IX

Preface to this volume.

Mr. Falbë had already printed his catalog of the coins of Cyrenaica, and of In the hand of Mr. Lindberg there was a complete commentary on these coins written in Danish. 1) 11 is already said that I did not find the printed catalog suitable for publication and that I was unable to adopt no part of Lindberg's comments 9), but nevertheless I benefited from it in several ways. several reports. In this volume we will find in different places explanations and remarks which are those of my learned predecessors. I did not limit myself to citing the new opinions well-founded that they have stated, and the just rectifications that are due to them *); but from time to time time in the notes I also indicated this or that essential point where they differed from me, and even reflections and conjectures to which I cannot subscribe. 4) 11 must be added that more once I doubted whether I should communicate or suppress this or that explanation or remark; on the one hand I did not want to omit anything that could, in any respect, be worthy of attention. tion; on the other hand I feared publishing what the authors themselves would perhaps have abandoned. given, if, by knowing the most recent research and taking advantage of the progress of science, they could have undertaken a revision of their work. Where I adopted an explanation, reflection or notice of MM. Falbe and Lindberg, their names are mentioned; everything that we find elsewhere in this new and particular work, belongs to myself, and it is to me alone that it is necessary stick to it.

In the Falbe catalog the description of the coin is followed by an indication of its weight as well as the collections where it is found and the books in which it is published. After

i) Among the materials left at the work I still found a French manuscript by Falbe, in draft and quite different from that of Lindberg, containing an abridgement of the history of Cyrenaica, research on the chronology nology of Greek coins, remarks on the classification, and various other notices. This manuscript dates from the time after 1846, when Falbe intended to complete the work alone, Lindberg having entirely stopped cooperating. Conf. Falbe's article inserted in Numism. Chronicle XIII p. 24.

2) I have indicated above the reasons in general, and I I do not think it appropriate to go into detail in this regard. I will only point out, as for the catalog im-

award-winning, that we do not find the series of the oldest currencies, those with the fruit of silphium, which, before Mr. Duchalais' treatise was published in 1850 in the Numismatic magazine, were not known or not classified Cyrenaica, and that the catalog contains different annuities currencies which according to the latest research time do not belong to this country.

3) We will find them cited: page 22 note 4, p. 41 n. 3, p. 69 n.8, p.74n.2, p. 91 n.s, p.92n.7, p.94n.4, p.lôln.i, p. 165 n.2 and p. 173 n.s.

4) See: page 29 note 4, p.31 n.2, p.Gl n.i, p.62 n.i, p.65 n.8, p. 7 3 n 5, p. 1 1 2 n.i, p. 1 1 3 nor, p. 1 1 4 nî, p. 1 1 6 n.7, p. 1 33 n.i, p. 143 n.i, p. 144 n.12, p.l49n.i, p. 158 n.7 and p* 164 n.s.

having checked some of the weighings and quotes, I became convinced that Mr. Falbe executed works of this type with care and that one can generally rely on the accuracy of his indications. I therefore used the printed catalog in these respects; however I have shortened the annotations, and I supplemented this by referring to the new acquisitions made by the collections, and to the books published in recent times; the indication of the division and the monetary system also has was added by me. As for the wooden engravings, I compared those that were already made, with coins and imprints; any engraving not reproducing the coin exactly, has been corrected or set aside, and a number of new wooden sizes were executed. *)

Here is what we find indicated after the description of each currency. The size according to the Mionnet scale. The division and monetary system for silver currencies and gold; Dr., 06., St. designate: drachma, obol, stater; the number which precedes: the multiple and the fraction of these species; a*., att. and Phen.: the Asian, Attic and Phoenician systems (see §6). The weight in French grams. Where the number includes more than two or three pieces including the weight is known and different, the highest and lowest weight are only noted; the asterisk refers to Table VI at the end of the volume, which contains the other weights. The degree of rarity can be deduced from the note from which we learn how many copies of the currency described are come to the attention of the authors of this work. In the note, where the quote from a book, enclosed in parentheses, is added to that of a collection, it is the copy of this collection which is published in the book. The piece presented in the engraving is the one cited first. first in the note.

The numismatists who in recent times have contributed the most to the explanation of coins of Cyrenaica, are: M. C. Cavedoni by his treatise entitled: Osservazioni sopra le ancient monete delia Cirenaica, estratte dal Tomo XVI delia continuazione delia Memorie di religione, di morale e di letteratura (Modena 1843), and M. A. Duchalais by several articles inserted in the French numismatic review 1850 — 1852. The writing of the first scholar is cited as follows: Cave- including Osserv.

As for the animals which are represented on the coins, MM. /. Stenstrup and J.Reinhart, professors of zoology at the University of Copenhagen, provided the information necessary, as well as Mr. A.S.Orsted, professor of botany at the same university, lent his learned assistance in relation to the question of silphium.

i) For this volume 25 engravings have been discarded, and 76 new ones have been added.

*-

XI

Table of contents.

Overview of Pklstolre of Cyrenaica p. 1-8.

• I. AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES.

A. Coins without city name.

1. From the epic I.

No. 1-32. Description of currencies p. 9-12. The classification p. 12-13; types p. 13-20; the monetary system p. 20-21; time p. 21; places of resignation p. 21-22.

2. From the II and III eras.

N M 33-102 Description of currencies p. 22-29. The classification p. 29-30; general observations p. 3 1 ; comments to silver coins p. 3 1-32, gold p. 33-35, bronze p. 35-37.

3. From the III” story with the legend KOINON.

N»> 103-114. Description of currencies p. 37-38. Comments p. 38-41.

B. Coins with city names.

CYRENA.

N M 115-286. Description of currencies p. 42-59. The city p. 59-60. The currencies. In general p. 60-61. From the 1st era p. 61-63. Of the !!■• and !!!■• eras; money, types and date p. 63-65, the monetary system silence p. 65-67; gold, types p. 67-71, date p. 71, the monetary system p.71-72; bromine, types and the date p. 72-77, the monetary system p. 77.

BARGE.

No. 287-331. Description of currencies p. 78-82. The city p. 82-84. The currencies. In general p. 84. From the \** era p. 84-85. From the 11th and 111th eras, silver p. 85-87, from bronx p. 87-88.

EVESPER1S. No. 332-339. Description of the coins p. 88-89. The city p. 89-90. The coins, from the 1st period p. 91, from the 1st and the third era p. 91-93.

SOZUSA. BALAGRiE. DARMS. HERACLEA. No. 340-343. Description of coins with comments. Soxusa p. 93-95. Balagne p. 95-96. Balagrœ and Darnls p. 96-97. Heraclea(?) p. 97-98.

Observations on the aotoiones and general nuns.

§ 1. Jupiter -Ammon p. 99-100. § 2. The hairless head with ram's horns p. 101-104. § 3. The sil- pbium p. 104-109. § 4. Accessory types p. 109-112. § 5. Personal names, monograms and isolated letters p. 112-116. § 6. The monetary system p. 116-125. § 7. Autonomous currencies attri- mist Incorrectly or without sufficient reason at the Gyrenaique p. 125-129.

XII

C. Libyan coins.

No. 344-358. Description of currencies p. 130-132. Attribution to Macœ and Ampeliots p. 132-134. Types p. 134. Time and the monetary system p. 1 35.

IT ROYAL COINS.

General comments p. 136-137.

PTOLEMY SOTER. No. 369-363. Description of currencies p. 137-138. Comments p. 138-140.

THE PTOLEMAIES. N<>» 364-381. Description of currencies p. 140-142. The classification p. 142. Comments on unnamed coins of king nor queen p. 143, with the name of Ptolemy king p. 143-145, with the name of Bérénice queen p.145-147. The so-called monogram of Btagas p. 147.

STORE. »

No. 382. Description of the currency with commentary p. 148-149.

Monetary system of Ptolemaic coins p. 149-150.

Coins attributed without sufficient reason to the kings of Cyrenaica p. 150-151.

III. ROMAN COINS. A. Coins of Roman magistrates before and during the reign of Augustus.

General comments p. 152-153.

LOLLITJS. No. 383-421. Description of currencies p. 153-157. Comments p. 157-161.

PUP1US. Nos. 422-428. Description of currencies p. 161-162. Comments p. 162-165.

FADRICIUS. SCATO. No. 429-433. Description of coins with comments p. 165-167.

PAL1CANUS. CAPITO. No. 434-438. Description of currencies with comuientaires p. 167-169.

Monetary system of Roman coins p. 169-170.

Coins incorrectly placed among previous currencies p. 170-171.

B. Coins of the Roman emperors after Augustus, attributed to CyrenaTque.

No. "439-456. Description of the coins, Titus, Trajan, Elder Faustina, Marcus Aurelius, Severus Alexander, p. 171-172. Doubts about the attribution of these currencies to Cyrenaica p. 173-174.

Tables 1—VI with remarks p. 175 following.

OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF CYREVAtyCE.

l/yrenaîca (KvQyvata, rj Kvçtjvaïxij) was the name of the part of the coast of Africa, located between the Marmarica and Syrtica, and inhabited by the Greeks, today Barca. A brief overview of the history of this country will serve as an introduction to its numismatics. ')

FIRST PERIOD. Cyrenaica under the Battiades. 640-450 BC J.C.

In the middle of the seventh century, a number of Dorian Greeks emigrated from the Island of Thera, either because of a long drought and at the order of the oracle of Delphi, or as a result of internal unrest, and came to settle on the coast of Libya which was closest to them. After having remained for a few years on the Island of Platée and in Azilis on the neighboring coast, they directed more to. the west and founded, in a fertile region and near a rich spring, the city of Cyrene* (in 631), from which the entire country later took its name. Battus, leader of the emigrant Greeks, took the title of king, and became the root of the Battiades dynasty, including eight kings, carrying tower in turn the names of Battus and Arcesilaus, reigned in Cyrene for about 200 years.

The colony prospered under Battus I, whose happy reign lasted approximately until the year 600.

I) The history of Cyrenaica was treated in the works following. Belley Observ. on the history and on the mo- Numents of Cyrene in Mém. of the registration academy tions XXXVII (1774) p. 363 following. Pacho Travel in Cyrenaica (1827), introd. p. XI-XXXII. Thrige Res Cyrenensium (Hafniae 1828). Ancient geography states Barbary after Mannert, with addenda. by

Marcus (1842) Book I. ch. 1V-VII. Pauly Real-Ency- clopaedie der class. Àlterthumswissenschaft (1842; I p. 1081-1084 Battus, II p. 825-827 Cyrene. Gottschick Geschichtè des hellen. Staates in Kyrenaika (1858). We let us refer especially to the work of Thrige, which is the most deep and most complete.

1

2 CYRENAICA.

Under his grandson Battus II (584-560), the colony was increased by a large number of Greeks, also from the Dorian tribe, who, at an invitation from the Cyreneans, supported by the oracle of Delphi, emigrated from the Peloponnese, Crete and the islands. This resulted in an enlargement of the territory of Cyrene, and the neighboring Libyans, stripped of the lands they used for the maintenance of their livestock, and unable to defend themselves, had recourse to Apries, king of Egypt. This prince marched with an army against the Greeks; but he suffered a considerable failure (in 570) and was, shortly afterwards, killed in a revolt. His successor Amasis made peace with the Cyreneans, and contracted an alliance with them. When the Egyptians left, several of the peoples Libyans came under the dependence of Cyrene; but under Arcesilaus II (around 560-544) they rose again, and defeated the Greeks in a great battle at Leucon. Under this same king, the town of Barcé was founded by his brothers, who left Cyrene dissatisfied (see below Barcé). After King Arcesilaus was assassinated by his brother Learch, and the latter, who had seized the guardianship of Battus (III), minor son of Arcesilaus, had also perished of violent death, the Cyreneans, in the disorder in which they were plunged, went to consult the oracle from Delphi, and on the response of the Pythia they received, to restore order and tranquility in the state, Demonax of Manlinea, a wise man and highly regarded by his fellow citizens. He granted to the citizens who came last, all the prerogatives enjoyed by the first settlers, by dividing the people into three tribes with equal privileges, and he tried to consolidate the freedom of the people by restricting royal power. Arcesilaus III (around the year 530) wanted to extend his power, but was dispossessed in a revolt; he then fled to Samos to look for relief, and recovered his states with the help of an army of Samians and other Greeks. At that time, Cambyses having made himself master of Egypt, Cyrene and Barcé voluntarily submitted to the domination of the Persians. Arcesilaus made himself hated in Cyrene by his cruelties, and finally, not believing in it more secure, he sought refuge with his father-in-law, Alazir, king of the Barceans; but all both were killed in a popular revolt. Pheretime, mother of Arcesilaus, to whom he had left the government of Cyrene, took refuge with Aryandes, Persian satrap in Egypt. This one entered with a large army in Cyrenaica (around the year 512) and seized, with the help of fraud, of the town of Barcé, which was cruelly treated; but shortly afterwards he returned to Egypt without having succeeded in occupying Cyreue.

The end of the history of Cyrenaica in the first period is more obscure, given that the Herodotus's account, to whom we owe above all the knowledge of what precedes, goes no further far. At the beginning of the reign of Xerxes, the Persians appear to have made a new invasion in Cyrenaica, and having taken the town of Barcé (see Barcé below). The last king was Arcesilaus IV, whose victory Pindar immortalized at the Pythian games of the 80th Olympiad. This prince having exceeded the limits of royal power, a revolt broke out which he repressed, and which he severely punishes perpetrators; he led a colony to the Evesperites to have refuge there

HI8T0IRK OF THE COUNTRY. 3

(see below for this city). After his death, a republican constitution was established in Cyrene (450-440). In Barcé such a change seems to have taken place already before this time (see Barcé).

The country occupied by the Greeks extended at the end of this era from the Paliuros River on the eastern side as far as the Boreion promontory, where the great Sirte began. Successively, several cities arose; besides Barcé and Evespéris, of which we have already mentioned, we con- Tauchira is born. Nomadic Libyan tribes, those who lived closest to Greek cities, were received among the citizens and gradually amalgamated with the Greeks; others, taking care of agriculture, gathered in cities which were dependent on the Greeks; but the more distant tribes seem to have retained their independence long after the battle of Leucon. Which proves how considerable the Cyrenean state was already shortly after the second immigration under Battus II, is that his warriors defeated the great Egyptian army to the ground campaign, and that, according to Herodotus, 7000 Greeks were killed in the battle against the peoples Libyans. The rapid prosperity of the state was due, in large part, to the fertility of the soil and the thriving trade. The country was watered by frequent rains and by rich springs of water lively, while mountains covered with trees sheltered it against the influence of the desert; he was rich in all kinds of production, and very suitable both for feeding livestock and for agriculture. Herodotus relates that the harvest was done during eight months of the year. The com- Merce, at that time already, was very considerable. On the ground he was heading mainly through Augila, as a caravan station, either towards the interior of Africa, or towards Test, in crossing the Ammonian oasis to Upper Egypt and Ethiopia. The roads along the coast were also used for trade, to the west with Carthage through Charax, where the exchange of goods, to the east with Egypt, Paratonium serving as a warehouse station. The maritime trade was carried out on a large scale with the Greek countries from the Island of Cyprus and the coast of Asia Minor as far as Sicily. Local products were mainly silphium which was an object of export; but we also exported wheat, oil, saffron, perfumes, honey, wool, skins, ostrich feathers, horses, salt, as well as slaves and precious stones from the interior of Africa.

The Greeks of Cyrenaica did not continue to remain united in a single body of nation. The town of Barcé, which had been founded by the brothers of Arcésilaus II, became independent of Cyrene, and the surrounding Libyan tribes as well as the neighboring town of Tauchira joined to her. There were thus in Cyrenaica, after the middle of the 6th century, two separate states, one in the eastern part, having Cyrene as its principal city, the other, whose principal city was Barcé, in the western part. At the end of the period, Evesperis was also an autonomous city. As for the political constitution, it is probable that it was first organized like that of Sparta, since the Greeks who were the first to settle in the country were originally from the Island of Thera, who regarded Sparta as his metropolis. The supreme power resided in the assembly

r

4' CYRENAIC.

of the people; but its authority was tempered both by the senate and by the king. In Cyrene, royalty, hereditary from father to son, was considered as established by Apollo, whose king was at the same time the principal priest. The king of Persia does not seem to have changed anything in the form of government of the two states; the submission was probably limited to the burden of paying a tribute and to provide a military contingent.

SECOND PERIOD. Cyrenaica forming republics. 450-322 BC J.C.

Cyrene having become a republic, discord did not take long to arise between the people and the optimums. Âriston placed himself at the head of the popular faction, and won over the Optimates, many of whom were killed, while the rest fled. The expelled Optimates joined forces with an army of 3000 Messenians, who, driven out by the Lacedaemonians, had passed into Cyrenaique to help the Evesperites against the Libyans who continued to alarm them. He fought, between them and Ariston, a great battle which was followed by an arrangement (around the year 400); it was agreed that the Optimates and the people would have an equal share in the government. This reform appears not to have had the desired effect, because, shortly after, the Cyreneans invited the philosopher Plato to go to Africa to regulate their political constitution, an invitation to which the philosopher responded with a refusal. The increasing extent* of their trade and the enlargement of their domination over the nomadic Libyans of the west, ended up leading to collisions between the Greeks and Carthaginians. A war broke out, in which the whole country seems to have taken part, and which was done with great effort on both sides; it ended with a peace, which fixed the boundaries of the two peoples at the bottom of the great Sirte, at the place later named Ars Philaenorum.

Alexander the Great having conquered Egypt and going to the temple of Ammon to consult the oracle, ambassadors were sent to him from Cyrenaica with precious presents for ask for his friendship. The conqueror welcomed them; but it is not completely established whether the Cyrenaique submitted to Alexander or limited himself to concluding an alliance with him. After death from Alexander, great internal troubles broke out; a faction, driven out of Cyrene and Barcé, fled to Crete and asked for help from Thimbron, one of Alexander's generals, who commanded an army of mercenary troops. He led them to Africa, defeated the citizens of Cyrene in an encounter, captured Apollonia, their fortified port, and laid siege to the city. Carthage and the Libyans gave aid to Cyrene, while the western cities, Barcé and Evespéris, declared for Thimbron. However, in Cyrene, discord between the factions continued, and the party of the people, with Mnasicles as its leader, expelled the Optimates, who resorted to Ptolemy in Egypt. The latter, to whom this opportunity to make himself master of Cyrenaique, came very

HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY. 5

about, sent an army and a fleet under the command of Ophellas. So the popular faction unites with Thimbron to resist the Egyptians; but this general was defeated in a battle, and little soon after put to death. Ptolemy himself went to the theater of war, and in 322 all of Cyrenafica was subject to his domination.

The possessions of the Greeks on the coast, at this time, gradually increased considerably. further west along greater Syria, towards Test probably to Katabathmos megas, not far from the border of Egypt, and several Greek cities were founded. Cyrene, Barcé and Evespéris formed republics independent of each other; but we don't know if the other cities were subject to them, or some of them were autonomous too. Relations with the mother country continued; the Cyrenean Greeks constantly took part at the great games of Greece, and often won the prize there; Cyrene had her own treasure in Olympia.

During this era of freedom, Gyrenaica reached the height of its power and its opulence. Or can judge the resources of the country by the fact that the country was able to resist Carthage during a violent and long-lasting war. Trade was still going strong increasing. The sciences and the arts were also in a flourishing state. Plato went to Cyrene to benefit from the instruction of Theodore, the greatest geometer of his time, and the philosopher Aristippus founded a school which had many disciples, even outside the country. Greek art, which at this time had reached the height of its perfection, found all kinds of encouragement among the rich and sumptuous inhabitants of Cyrenaique. But, from another side, the fertility of the country, the heat of the climate, and the wealth due to trade, were not lacking not to insensibly lead the inhabitants to luxury and depravity of morals.

THIRD PERIOD.

Cyrenaica subjected to the Ptolemies and became free again under the Romans.

322-66 BC J.C.

Cyrenaica, accustomed to freedom, revolted in 313. The sedition was repressed; but Ophellas, general of Ptolemy himself, agitated the country again, placed himself at the head of the insurgents and took the title of king. Ptolemy, then occupied with the affairs of Asia and Greece, did not undertake nothing against Ophellas for the next few years. But after this general was killed in an expedition he had undertaken against Carthage at the invitation of Agathocles, king of Syracuse, Cyrenaica was brought back under the obedience of Ptolemy by an Egyptian army, commanded by Magas, his son-in-law, who, following this victory, was installed governor of the country (in 308). After the death of Ptolemy Soter, Magas freed himself from dependence, took the title

g CYRENAIQUE.

of king, and waged war against Ptolemy Philadelphus, his blood brother. This war ended the kind, that Bérénice, only daughter and heiress of Magas, was promised in marriage to the son of Philadelphus, designated to succeed the throne. However, when Magas died (258), the queen Dowager called from Macedonia Demetrius, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, to give him the daughter of Magas and the throne of Cyrenaica; but he was soon killed, and the son of Philadelphus ended up to marry the heiress who had been destined for him. Created king of Egypt in 246 under the name Ptolemy (111) Evergete, he united Cyrenaica again with this country; later, around Tan 230, he allowed the Cyreneans to call Ecdemos and Demophanes of Megalopûlis in Arcadia to organize their municipal affairs.

In the era that followed, the history of Cyrenaica offered only darkness. Ptolemy (VI) Philometor having been chased away by Ptolemy Physcon, his younger brother, and having implored help of the Roman senate, it ended the quarrel by dividing the countries in such a way that the brother younger obtained Cyrenaica, which thus had its own sovereign again (in 162). Physcon having left for Rome in order to obtain more favorable conditions from the senate, Cyrenaica, even as Libya, took advantage of his absence to revolt. The insurgents, at the head of whom was Ptolemy, governor of the country, defeated the royal troops in a battle; nevertheless, soon after, the country appears to have been reduced to obedience, and discord between the two brothers ended in such a way that Physcon married his brother's daughter. Ptolemy Physcon succeeded to his brother as king of Egypt in 146 under the name of Evergetes II, and thus Cyrenaica was still once joined to this country; but finally, after the death of Evergetes H, in 117, it was definitive- separated passing, according to the will of this prince, into the hands of Ptolemy Apion, his natural son. The latter having no children, bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans by will, who, following the fall of Carthage, had become neighbors of the Cyreneans, and at his death, who arrived in 96, the country fell to them.

Under Egyptian rule, Cyrenaica fell into decadence; It is quite natural that the loss of freedom and the predominance exercised by Egypt, must have had consequences little favorable. The Ptolemaic government, however, seems neither to have been harsh nor to have interfered in the municipal administration of cities; the two Arcadian philosophers, to whom it was permitted to reform the internal affairs of Cyrene, were known for their efforts for the freedom of Greeks, and Polybius makes favorable mention of the changes due to them. The policy of kings of Egypt was to weaken the two main cities, Cyrene and Barce, by relieving Apollonia and Ptolcmais, which served as ports, as well as several other cities. Cyrenaica, during At that time, it was called Pentapolis because of its five main cities, Cyrene, Apollonia, Tauchira who was called Arsinoë, Ptolemais who replaced Barcé who fell into decadence, and Evesperis whose name was changed to Bérénice. Ptolemy Soter finding that a wise policy required confusing nationalities, transported many Jews to Cyrenaica; their number increased

HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY. 7

successively by emigrations either from Egypt or from Palestine, from where the persecution of Anliochus Epiphanes. they dwelt in all the cities of Cyrenaica, enjoying the same rights as Greeks; in Cyrene they formed the fourth of the 4 classes, in which citizens were divided. Indeed, trade was still flourishing; the luxury of the court from the Ptolemies to Alexandria gave rise to a considerable flow of many goods which, coming from interior Africa and Carthage, were transported there passing through Cyrenaica; but, on the other hand, the great and opulent city of Alexandria did not fail to take away from the cities maritime of Cyrenaica part of their trade. The sciences, which had flourished at Cyrene, were similarly attracted by Alexandria; it is in this last city that people lived or formed Callimachus, Eratosthenes and most of the Cyrenean scholars, poets and philosophers, that this era produced.

The Romans, having entered into possession of Cyrenaica after the death of Ptolemy Apion, granted freedom to the people. It seems that they were content with the income from the estates and the payment of a tribute, consisting mainly of silphium; cities were allowed to govern themselves themselves according to their own laws and their ancient republican form. But divisions Having broken out, Cyrene soon became the scene of violent scenes. Nicocrates usurped the sovereign power, and had a crowd of respected citizens put to death; he was murdered by Leander, his brother, who also set himself up as a tyrant, but soon after perished in the same way. Lucullus, having landed at Cyrene during the war against Mithridates, in order to acquire vessels for a fleet, restores order. This tranquility, however, seems not to have lasted long. duration, and in 66, it seems, Cyrenaica became a province of the Roman Empire.

FOURTH PERIOD. Cyrenaica, Roman province since Tan 66 BC. J.C.

The history of Cyrenaica during this period is little known. Deprived of its autonomy, it was governed, like the other provinces, by a propraetor who had the supreme direction of everything that concerned the police, justice, army and finances. Mark Antony gave Cyrenaica as well as other countries to the children he had from Cleopatra.

When, Tan 27 BC. B.C., Augustus divided the provinces of the empire between himself and the senate, Cyrenaica was among those which fell to the senate, and it was united into one only province with Crete. From then on it was governed by a proconsul, assisted by a legate and a quaestor. Under the reign of Trajan, the Jews, who had gradually multiplied so much that they formed a considerable part of the population of the country, revolted and destroyed more than 200,000 Cyreneans and Romans. They were only reduced to obedience after resistance

g “CYRENAIC.

obstinate. The Emperor Hadrian, to bring relief to the depopulated country, led a colony there and founded the city of Hadrianopolis.

However, the state of the country got worse and worse. The barbaric Libyans did without ceases devastating incursions without encountering sufficient resistance, either because the population lation had diminished, either because the Roman emperor was not sending military relief. The locusts, plague and earthquakes also occasionally caused considerable damage. Finally, in the seventh century, the ruin of Greek Cyrenaica was consumed by the Saracens.

I. AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES.

A.

Coins without city name.

1. FIRST PERIOD. SUpbiw «i part of sllphinm. R-. Creai, without type.

1. Two summits of silphium, opposite each other; around, different parts of silphium (?). B\ Two oblong hollow squares. HAS'. 4. Attic Distatera. 17.4 grams. ')

2. A roughly figured silphium"; on the left, the fruit of the silphium; on the right, an uncertain object (the root of silphium). R-. Oblong hollow, irregular and divided by lines into several parts uneven ties. (Fig.) M. 5. Tetradrachm att. 17.3g. *)

3. Silphium as in previous n°; on the right, a silphium fruit; on the left, a bird's head.

DD 1. Shapeless hollow, similar to the previous one. JR.&. 4 Dr. att. 17.7 — 17.2 gr. *)

4. Silphium leaf; on each side, a silphium fruit. (Fig.) R-. Oblong hollow square.

M. 5. 4 Dr. att. 17.23gr. 4)

5. Silphium fruit; above, a lion on the left. on a horizontal bar. (Fig.) R\ Oblong hollow, divided into two parts. Mr. h. 4 Dr. att. 17.2g. s)

■} Paris office. num. 1850 ft. XV, 4, p. 385 (incorr. described).

D Cab. of Paris (Revue num. fr. 1850 pi. XV, 3, p. 384). 4} Cab. of Paris (Revue num. 1850 pi. XV, 5, p. 386).

a) Cab. de Paria (2 copies) and deBourville; see. Review s) Cab. of Paris (Revue num. 1850 pi. XV, I, p. 382),

10

CYRENAIC.

6. Two silphium fruits joined together, placed in opposite directions; they are docked above and below by a shoot of silphium. Ç\ Oblong hollow square, separated into two parts by a line.

A. 5*. 4 Dr. att. 17.17 gr. 1)

7. Four silphium fruits, two large and two small, gathered around a globe. fy. Hollow divided into four parts. (Fig.) A. 4. Didrachma att. 8.62 gr. *)

8. Two silphium fruits joined together; above, a shoot of silphium. fy. Shapeless hollow.

A. 2. Drachma att. 4.28 gr.*)

9. Two silphium fruits joined together. Ij\ Oblong hollow square. A. 2. Dr. att. 4.28—4.19 grams. 4)

10. Silphium fruit. Ç\ Shapeless hollow or square. A. 2. Dr. att. 4.30—4.2 gr. 5)

11. Silphium fruit, topped with a germ. (Fig.) ^r. Two oblong hollow squares.

A. 2. Dr. att. 4.27 gr. 6)

12. Silphium fruit; on it, a mass of prepared silphium. (Fig.) g\ Hollow square.

A. 2. Dr. att. 3.95g. 7)

n

12

13. Silphium fruit.

14. Silphium fruit.

That. Hollow square. HAS.\§. Hemidrachm att. 2.12 gr. 8)

Ç\ Hollow square divided into four parts.

HAS.\. Hemiobolus att. 0.39 gr. 9)

15. Three shoots of silphium, united in the center by a globe surrounded by globules; above, a wild boar on the left; around, three (or four) globes. Garnetis around the edge. fy. Hollow square, divided into four parts. A. 4. 2 Dr. att. (?) 10 )

15

Silphium is part of silphium. Ç\ Square erenx, decorated.

16. Two fruits and two shoots of silphium, united at a center. fy. Hollow square, divided into two parts; in the interior, ornaments which are linked to those in the following numbers.

A. 4. 2 Dr. att. 8.01 gr. M)

i) Cab. of Paris (Revue num. 1850 pi. XV, 2, p. 384).

2) British Museum.

8) Cab. of Paris (Revue num. 1850 pi. XV, 7, p. 388).

4) Mus. British; coll. de BourvilJe (Revue num. 1850 p. 388 n» 8) and Ricardi (Mionn. S. H p. 523 n°5, in Cardia; Magazine num. 1850 pp. 254 n«4).

5) Cab. de Paris et al. de Bourville (Revue num. 1850 ft. XV, 6, p. 387, n» 6, and p. 388 no. 10).

6} Mus. brit. (cat. by P Knight p. 96, D, 1, in Cardia, incorr. dec. ).

7) Cab. of Paris (Revue num. 1850 p. 388 no. 9, inaccurate, dec.).

8) Coll. de Bourville (Revue num. 1850 p. 388 no. 11).

9) British Museum.

io) Coll. by Lord Strangford.

n) Cab. of Florence (Bull, dcll' inst. areb. 1844 p. 153, fig.; Magazine num. 1850 ft. VU, 4, p. 252).

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.

11

Four shoots of silphium, united in the center by a globe surrounded by globules; in the intervals, an indistinct object and three globes. Garnetis around the edge. $. Shaped ornament of a flower or a star, in a hollow square. (Fig.) M. 3,J. 2 Dr. ai. 8.61 gr. ')

Silphium; on each side, a silphium fruit. it. Ornament similar to the previous one, in a hollow square. (Fig.) ./R. 2J. Dr. as. (?) 3.54 and 3.3B gr. *)

Three shoots of silphium, united in a circle which encloses a globe; above, the part front of a horse. Garnetis around the edge. Yew. Ornament similar to the previous one, in a hollow square. (Fig.) ./R. 1J. ^ Dr. att. 1.96 gr. 8)

20. Silphium fruit. ty. Ornament formed of four rays (or petals) around a globule, in a hollow square. JR. {. £ Ob. att. 0.39 gr. *)

Cross out the types due to the cream square. ty. Silphium •■ part of gilpUn.

21. Fruit of silphium, between two dolphins; in a hollow square. Q-. Silphium; of each side, a silphium fruit. JR. ty. 4 Dr. (att.?) 18.10gr. s)

22. Eagle's head on the right. , holding a snake in the beak; above right. , an ornament; the whole surrounded by a square garnetis, in a hollow square, yew. Silphium, in front of a lion's head on the left; underneath, a silphium fruit. Garnetis around the edge. (Fig.) M. $6. 4 Dr. garlic. 17.23 gr. 8)

23. The Hesperides tree laden with fruit; on the right, Hercules standing, covered in lion skin, hand left. leaning on the club; on the left, one of the nymphs standing, arms outstretched. All in a hollow square. 1D-. Silphium; on each side, a silphium fruit. (Fig.|

ift.5£. 4 Dr. (ait.?] 18.35 gr. T)

- above, a fruit of silphium; below, a

ty. Silphium; to left. (and right), a fruit of sil-

JR.4\. 4Dr. att. I6.80gr. 8)

24. Gazelle standing left, in front of the silphium; i undecided object; all in a hollow square, phium. (Fig.)

I) British Museum,

j) Cab. Copenhagen Island and British Museum.

1-4) British Museum.

i) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. a* 43, S. IX pi. VII, 2: Sestfnl Lett. VII p. 78, tnv. IV, 22; Magazine name. (850 ft. Vil, I, p. 251 |, coll. dcManiinl (exempl., vov. Coveilonl Osserv.

s p. 12n

.7).

| Mus. brit. (Millingen Ane. corners pi. V, there, p. 73; Revu. K,j() pi. VII, 3, p. 252; inaccurate, dec.)

T) Cab. of Paria (Mionn. n° 50. .S. IX pi. VII. 3; Sestini Letl. VII p. 78, tab. IV, 23. Incorr. dec.; Bull, dell' luat. nrch. 1843 pp. I (4 n» 3; Revue a ro licol, (r. 1848 p. 241 no. (; Revue nuin. 1850 pi. Vil. 2).

if Cab from Paris. — Cavedonl Osserv. p. 12 christmas 7 tlle one piece from the collection of Mantinl, bearing on the right the silpliium between two fruits, au rêvera deui Fruits in a hollow square, but without indicating its module or the weight.

12

CYBENAIC.

25. Figure of winged woman, standing right; surrounded by a square granite, in a hollow square. (Fig.) Ifr. Silicon fruit. JR. 2. Dr. att. 4.81 gr. ')

26. Bearded head, diademed, right; in a hollow square. (Fig.)' I)-. Silphium fruit.

JR, 1. JDr. has. l.98gr. ")

27. Tele of Jupiter-Ammon a dr. ; in a hollow square. it. Silphium fruit.

JR. 1. JDr. has. (?) 2.40 gr. s)

28. Same face and reverse. JR. I.J Dr. as. l.62gr. 4)

29. Same head, surrounded by a garnetis circle, in a hollow square. 1)-. Silphium.

JR. 1. JDr. as. 1.61 gr. s)

30. Three silphium fruits united at a common center, surrounded by globules. Grenetis for- tower. (Twice, struck.) i£. Silphium fruit; around, four globules. In a square hollow. (Fig.) JR. 2. Dr. att. 4.10gr. 8 |

31. Two silphium fruits, opposite each other and joined by a line ending in globules. |Fig.) R-. Similar to the previous n». JR. 2. Dr. as. (?) 3.79 and 3.30 gr. ')

32. Silphium fruit with a germ. (Fig.| R-. Similar to the previous n*. JR. 1, J Dr. (?) 8)

This section includes coins without legends which, depending on the style and manufacture, that, belong to the oldest era of monetary art. The absence of the name of the city derives from the fact that it was not yet customary to use writing on coins.

For most of these coins it is impossible to determine whether they are minted there Cyrene or Barcé. In truth, there are also some who with more or less probability can will be attributed to one or the other of these cities; but as such an attribution always remains

U Mua. bri.L, cab. of Pari* (Mlonn. I p. 42G n°8, ù Cardia;

Magazine number 1850 pi. Vil, 5, p. 253). a) Cab. of Paris (Mon”. I p. 426 n*7; Revue num. 1850

ft. Vil, 7, p. 254 no. 3); cat. by Behr n» I0S7. a) Cab. of Paris (Mlonn. I p. 426 ii°G, A Cardia; Revue num.

1850 ft. VII. 6, p. 253 n» 2). “I Cab. of Paris (Revue num. 1350 p. 3S8 n" 12).

t: Cab.de Parle; cat. mua. Topsail p.l23n°34

if Cab. from Copenhagen.

7) Mus. brit., coll. of the Duke of Luynes, of Morcl-Fatio el de Bourville (Revue num. 1850 pi. Vil, 8, p. 254 no. 5 and p. 388 n» l S); Cadalvene Collection pi. I, 10, p. 25 (A Cardia).

B| Mus. bril. (caL by P. Knight p 97.Ë, I, a Cardia).

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.1.13

unsure, we preferred not to place them in a certain city. When these currencies are all classified together, we form a more complete idea of what was characteristic of the coinage of Cyrenaica during the most ancient times, and we see more clearly how it successively developed. For the question, to which city to assign parts of a particular type and manufacturer, it will be dealt with at the end of the section. The currencies of this class are attached, as being the first struck, to those bearing the name of the city, which are classified under the cities of Cyrene, Barcé and Evespéris in the first period, to which they belong. *)

It is also very difficult to establish a chronological order in these currencies. They are arranged in three series according to the successive progression of monetary art among the Greeks in general. Those which are only struck on one side constitute the first series; those who offer an ornament in the hollow square on the reverse, follow in the second series; the third finally contains the coins which in the hollow square bear different types instead of the ornament. *) But the currencies of these three series do not follow one another exactly over time. There is undoubtedly in the first series of pieces which are contemporary with others of the second and the third, and some of the second series may be later than certain parts of the third. But the oldest are undoubtedly those in silver which make the beginning of the first series, and the latest ones are among those which are described the last ones, nos. 27-32, which will be demonstrated below.

The oldest types of Cyrenaica coins, such as those of Greeks in general 8), do not present human figures, but plants and animals. The main type, which is repeated on all currencies of this class, is the borrowed one with silphium.

Silphium was, as we know, the most esteemed product of the soil of Cyrenaica, because of its use as a seasoning and in medicine; the juice of the plant prepared with bran was exported in large quantities, and had a high value. It was like this already in the ancient era to which the currencies in question belong, what we can conclude by the passages in Aristophanes, where it is mentioned 4). In § 3 of the general observations rales it will be given an overview of the history of this plant; here we will limit ourselves to what look at the explanation of currencies.

The plant itself is seen on n° 08 2-3, 18, 21-24 and 29; However, we find it more accurately represented on the coins of later times 5). The plant shown on the n" 2-3 differs quite a bit from that of other currencies; but the difference must be derived from labor rough and imperfect of these two pieces which date from the most ancient period; like the tufts small globules at the top and at the ends of the two branches are similar to those which

i) The currencies of this section, for the most part, only offer the main representation, corresponding

not been treated by my predecessors, MM. Falbe and Lind- to those which in the following parts are found in

berg, because at the time when they were dealing with this currency trade.

vail, they were not yet known or were not 8) Cf. the remarks of the Duke of Luynes in Le nummius

not attributed to Cyrenaica. by Servi us Tullius p. 24 (Review num. 1859).

2) The side of the coin containing the hollow square is 4) See. the texts cited by Thrige Res Cyr. §82not 18 and 55.

in Nos. 21-29 considered as the right, because 6) Cf. the remarks made in the following section.

14

CTRENAIC.

elsewhere represent the flowers of the silphium, it must be assumed that they wanted to represent the same plant. *) Gold coin No. 1 represents the top of the plant, apparently repeated twice.

The silphium fruit, on the coins of this period, is represented more often than the plant; we see it either as a main type or as an accessory type, on some pieces two, three or four times repeated or associated with the growth of the plant. This figure was overlooked by numismatists until recent times. Where it is not accompanied by silphium, it has was taken for a heart, and for this reason pieces nos. 9, 11, 25, 27, 31 and 32 were attributed at Cardia in Thrace, as well as Pellerin, Eckhel and, according to this scholar, Mionnet and others. 9) As for coins where this figure is found together with a silphium, and whose attribution to Cyrenafic was therefore not subject to any doubt (n 0-21-23), it was called a symbol in the form of heart, a heart, a flower, a bilobed leaf, a fruit 3), or something else 4). Duchalais the first mier gave the correct explanation 5). In umbelliferous plants, to which obviously belongs ment silphium, the fruit is composed of two achenes joined by their interior side by means of the carpophore (the peduncle elongated and divided in two); each achene consists of a hidden seed in a pericarpium which widens forming a membrane. We give here a representation tion, in natural size, of the fruit of an umbellifer whose botanical name is Ferula vescerùensis.

The f\g. a shows the exterior side of the fruit or one of its achenes, fig. b the meeting of the two achenes on the interior side. The figure which we see on coins, may well represent such a fruit. The heart-shaped part in the middle is the seed; the line surrounding it, shows a b the pericarpium membrane; this exterior part is sometimes

quite wide (e.g. on n°12) or has an edge separated from the seed (see n°4, 5, 30 and 31), which responds to the protruding edge with which the transparent membrane of the pericarpium of the fruit is provided shown under a and b. 6) Theophrastus and Pliny 7) teach us that silphium had a fruit broad or flat and similar to a leaf (GniQpa nXa%i> xal qvAkwâsç, semen foliaceum)\ these expressions sions can relate to the winged membrane of the fruit, and thus suit the figure that we seen on currencies. In truth, the seed offers a certain relief; but this can be derived

i) Cf. Duchalais in Revue num. 1850 pp. 385. The plant figured on these two figures having some resemblance white to a tree, one could think of the tree of Hesperides; but it is closer to silphium than of the tree shown in No. 23.

9) Pellerin Rec. I p. 106. Eckhel Doctr. II p. 50. Mionnet, Cadalvène, Payne Knight, see. notes to n" above cited on p. 10-12.

8} Mionnet VI p. 560 n» 49-50; Cavedoni Bull, dell' inst. arch. 1843 pp. 114-115; Osserv. p. 0-10. Mr. Cavedoni finding it most probable, that this figure is a heart, conjectured, that when the city of Cyrene was founded, a miracle would have happened like the one who, according to tradition, had happened at the founding of Cardia, or that this heart would have been placed as a symbol of sacrifice to indicate the priesthood of the king of Cyrene. Bull, dell' inst. arch. 1844 pp. 154; Osserv. p. 14-16. But the Italian scholar adds, that it is only after a long hesitation that he arrived at this explanation; also

does he propose to give Cyrene piece no. 25, which had been classified in Cardia. Osserv. p. 12-13, notes. 7 and 8.

4) Sestini thinks this figure on No. 21 can be un elypeo spartano, o una rota, o una tavola délia eu forma era Cyrene. Lett. num. VII p. 78-70.

5) See. Magazine num. 1850 pp. 256-264, cf. p. 381 and 389.

6) Duchalais is of the opinion that the figure on the coins represents two achenes which have separated in the opposite direction verses offer the appearance of a heart, and that consequently the achene of silphium did not have the shape of a heart, but from an egg. This idea can hardly be accepted. On coins executed with care, we see that the fruit is not composed of two oval parts provided each of an edge or a membrane, but that it pre- feels a single heart-shaped figure, entirely surrounded on the same side.

7) Theophrastus Hist. plant. VI, 3. Plinius Hist. nat. XIX, 3 (15). Cf. Dioscorides Mat. med. III, 84.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.1.

15

because we wanted to give the plant and its isolated parts a plastic and ornamental form. tale. According to ancient authors, everything in this plant was used and highly valued: the juice, the stem, the root, the leaves and the fruit (o xaçnèç) 1)] it was therefore quite natural that the fruit was shown separately on coins. The two globules, one at the upper part, the other at the lower part of the fruit, can designate the nodules which are located, Tune at the top (named the stylopod), the other at the bottom of the carpophore (see f\g. £); also the bar which is placed between the two fruits or achenes on n 09 16 and 31, could it be the carpophore placed separately 9); however- dant, as we find several globules around the fruit (see n 01 30-31) and that in general the silphium fruit and shoot are joined together with small features and globules to form a kind of ornamental figure, one should not emphasize such details. 8) The object which on the n°'ll and 32 is placed above the fruit, must undoubtedly represent the germ at the point of rise from the seed. 4) The monetary type borrowed from the fruit of silphium, is particular to the time than the oldest; we will no longer find it in the following eras.

There are still other parts of silphium, which are separately figured. The growth of the plant is sometimes seen repeated several times around a center, see. n 0- 15, 1? and 19, sometimes united with the fruits in a figure, see. n° 01 6, 8 and 16. The object represented in n° 2 at right was taken by Duchalais 5) for a shoot of silphium; we must rather look at it as a piece of the root. The most precious liquor, called rizias, was extracted from the root. ($i£faç), which was more esteemed than that of the stem, whose name was caulias (xavllaç). 6) Can be that the indecisive object that we see below the gazelle on No. 24 has the same meaning. The leaf on number 4 is probably that of silphium. According to several of the ancient authors 7) it was called iidonstov, maspetum, and had the appearance of the leaf of the cêXtvov or aptum (parsley or Spot). After the juice, the leaves were the most sought-after object of the plant 8); they fertilizer- know the flocks and made their flesh delicate 9). This sheet, it is true, is quite different that of the selinon which is used as a type on the coins of Selinus in Sicily, as well as of those which are seen at the end of the silphium sheaths on the coins of following eras; but it nevertheless has this in common with the leaf of the selinon, that it offers several lobes coming out of the petiole, and it should be noted that the leaves of the umbellifers, as the plant grows develops, changes shape and becomes more and more cut up. 10) The juice of silphium

i) Theophrastus VI, 3. Phavorinus s. y. Ziltftov.

2) This is again the idea of ​​Duchalais (1. c. p. 2G3). that the sperm mnpode is represented by this line and the upper globule laughing.

a) The Magydari name used by Duchalais to designate the fruit of silphium, does not deserve to be adopted. This is only by Oribasius, a later writer (from the time of Julien), which we find paidttaçiç used in this way. At previous authors this word has various other meanings fications; Theophrastus (VI, 3) and Pliny (XIX, 3 or 15-16) say, that the stem of the silphium and a species which grows knows in Syria were called thus, and according to Dios- coride (III, 84) this was the name of both the root and a particular species in Libya. Also the word seed, that Duchalais gives to the fruit, is it less exact; the seed is only the interior part which with the pericarpium

constitutes the fruit. 4) It is this representation which in cat. by P.Knight

(p. 96, D, 1) is described by cor hominit extm arteriis. h) L. c. p. 385.

6) Theophrastus VI, 3; IX, I. Pliny XIX, 3(15).

7) Theophrastus VI, 3. Pliny XIX, 3 (15). Cf. Dioscorides III, 84. The word /uaoniTov is also used by Dios- coride and Hesychius to designate the stem and the juice.

8) Dioscorides III, 84: TJQnxnxojTnToç timv ô onoç, hyphen rd qvkka, èîra 6 xavXdç. Cf. Duchalais 1. c p. 258, which means by your

9) Theophrastus VI, 3. Pliny XIX, 3(15).

10) See p. e. No. 140. There are also five lobes at the end sheaths, e.g. e. on n°* 316 and 318, although there is no usually only has three.

16

CYRENAICA.

finally, reduced to a paste, is undoubtedly represented by the irregular object that we see on No. 12 above. above the fruit. *) On the Cyrenean vase in the Paris cabinet, dating from the Battiades period, and whose painting depicts a king named Arcesilas receiving silphium as a tax of his subjects, the mass of the prepared silphium is figured in the same way. 9)

Silphium, among ancient writers, is several times called Battus silphium. 9 ] From this expression we can derive that the silphium was dedicated to Battus, founder of Cy- Rene, who was revered as a hero 4); according to various reports Battus was represented receiving a silphium from the city of Cyrene. 5) But with Battus silphium we can also quite simply hear silphium coming from the country of Battus or the Battiades. Regardless, the motive by which silphium was chosen as the main type on the coins of Gyrenaica, must rather be sought in the fact that it was the most important product of the soil as well as the object most sought after for commerce, and that at the same time it was particular to Cyrenaique, this country being the only one who produced it 6); also it is never found on the currencies of other countries.

The ornaments in the hollow square at nos. 17-20 bear resemblance to a flower in bloom and with a star (that of n° 20); on No. 16 this ornament is elongated to fill the two compartments of the square. If we wanted to attribute a symbolic meaning to these figures, or could admit that they relate to the flora of the country or to the star Hesperus 7); but probably- They are nothing other than ornaments used to fill the empty hollow in the reverse, where later a more significant type was placed. Mr. Cavedonî put forward the opinion that the objects figured in the two divisions of the square at No. 16 represent the plan of the Hespé garden wrinkles, just as he also supposes that the similar ornaments on the coins of Corcyra, of Apollonia and Dyrrhachium signify the gardens of Alcinoûs 8); but such an explanation cannot in no way be approved, which has been sufficiently demonstrated by other numismatists 9).

The animals found on these coins, the lion (n°* 5 and 22), the wild boar (No. 15), the gazelle (No. 24), and the horse (No. 19), were all native to this part of Africa. The gazelle (or antelope, Çoçxdç, âoçxdç) is named by Herodotus and by Diodorus among the ani- evils of Libya 10); in the necropolis of Cyrene we see two gazelles depicted in a painting

i) This object cannot in any way be a leaf, as it was called by Duchalais 1. c. p. 388 No. 9.

2) Monum. dell' inst. Flight. I, tab. XL VII. In the painting of this vase, silphium is represented as a ma- irregular and whitish layer, which is weighed in large scales and packed in bags formed of intertwined nets. It's especially the piece of silphium held in the hand of the character designated by the name lAl&OMAWOZ {Zikffio/uâtpoç), which resembles the object on the currency. Mr. the Duke of Luynes in his explanation of this vase (Annali T. V p. 56) stated the op- nion, that the white mass that we weigh is wool; but MM. De Witte and Duchalais (see Revue num. 1850 p. 258 note. 1) have shown that it is indeed the paste of the juice of silphium mixed with flour.

3) Aristoph. Rather. v. 926 and Schol. ad h. 1. Hesychius, Sui- das and Phavorinus s. v. Bdrroç and Bdixov JEiïyioy. 'Cf. Thrige Res Cyren. p. 312.

4) See. further down at nos. 26 and 234.

5) The relationships of the ancient authors differ from each other and are unsafe; according to some it was a currency, according to others, a ring or a statue which offered this representation. See. the texts cited note 3 and above bottom at no. 234. Cf. Thrige 1. c. p. 105-6.

6) C. to. d. the true silphium, see. § 3.

7) Cf. Strabo IX p. 416 and the star on the coins of Locrians.

8) Bull, dell' inst. arch. 1844 pp. 154.

9) Magazine num. fr. 1850 pp. 269.

10) Herod. IV, 192 (cf. VII, 69). Diod. III, 49. In the pas- sage of Herodotus Çoçxtiç was incorrectly translated as deer (e.g. by Larcher III p. 578); this animal does not ex- ist not in Africa. Herodotus and Aristotle say that he there were no wild boars in Libya; but according to what travelers have reported today, there are has in abundance, see. Wheeler Geography of Herodotus etc. (1854) p. 542-543.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.1.

17

sepulchral representing a hunting scene. 1) There was in Cyrenaica in antiquity, as well that nowadays, horses in quantity and of an excellent breed; ancient authors praise them often and give to Cyrenaica honorable epithets which relate to it 9); we will have the opportunity below 8) to mention the skill of the Libyans and Cyreneans in raising and training horses. The bird, whose head is represented on number 3, is undoubtedly the ostrich, inhabitant of the desert contiguous to the coast; Ostrich feathers were highly esteemed among the Greeks who used them particularly as helmet ornament. 4) We therefore see that animals figured on the oldest coins of Cyrenaica, are those which, just like the silphium, were characteristic of the country or useful for the use made of it, and this is undoubtedly especially for these reasons that they were chosen for monetary types. Besides, the lion and the horse were also mixed with sacred traditions. 5) The following types have a mythical or related meaning lead to the worship of the gods.

The dolphins that we see on coin No. 21 were undoubtedly figured there by the same reason and in the same sense as the dolphins placed on the steles that the Cyreneans by their theores had the temple of Ammon erected on the road as offerings to this god. 6) Mr. Cavedoni think that these dolphins allude to the origin of the Cyreneans as descendants of the inhabitants sailors from the Island of Thera. 7) Mr. Duchalais is of the opinion that they relate to the Delphic Apollo, in recalling that it was by the order of this god that Battus had gone to found a colony in Libya, and that two fish of the same species are depicted on the coins of Delphi. 8) He is everything natural to find dolphins on a coin of the Cyreneans, since this people were navigators, and that Neptune was much venerated among them 9). However, the dolphin is also a symbol Apollonian, it is undoubtedly necessary to explain the type in this respect. Apollo was the god primitive and tutelary of the Cyreneans 10); by the nickname Delphinxen (JsXqivioç) he was designated like the god who leads colonies beyond the sea 11), and it was probably like emblem of this god that the dolphins were dedicated to Ammon by the theories of the Cyreneans 19).

The eagle's head having a serpent in its beak (n°22), must be explained okay with the types of coins from different Greek countries which represent a fighting eagle or removing a snake, as a symbol of auspiciousness or victory, sent by Jupiter. '*) On

1) Pacho Voyage pi. LU, 2. On the known painting of Cyrenean vase in the Paris cabinet (see p. 16 note 2) the legs of King Arcesilaus' throne are shaped like gazelle legs.

3) KvwnoÇ) Innopâtoç, Innorçoffoç àpi'crry, xaXinnoç. The ancient texts are cited in Thrige I. c. p. 344 note. 21-30. For the horses of the country in modern times latest, see Pacho Voyage p. 241, Barth Wanderungen dlirch die Kûstenlânder des Mittelmeeres 1(1849) p. 476; cf. Thrige 1. c. p. 344 note. 33.

3) See n°91 following, 247 following. and 329.

4) Theophrastus Hist. ft. IV, 4. Pliny X, 1. Cf. Thrige 1. c. p. 322. The bird's head was taken by Duchalais 1. c. p. 385 No. 4 for that of a horse; but the engraving pi. XV, 4, which is correct, shows that it belongs to a bird.

s) See. further down at nos. 22 and 329.

•) Strabo I p. 49. These dolphins bore the inscription

Kpçtjvaiooy 9i

7) Mr. Cavedoni refers to the passage from Pindar Pythia IV, 29, and the type of three dolphins on a coin from Thera. Bull, deir inst. 1843 pp. 115. Osserv. p. 16.

8) Magazine num. fr. 1850 pp. 265.

9) See. lower under the coins of Evespéjis. 10) See. the annotations in n°115.

u) Apollo o Olxitmjç {the founder of cities) was honored in the month Delphinios, which took its name from it; the inhabitants of the island of Thera had the same month Delphinios. 0. Mulberry jEgin. p. 150-152, Gesch. hellen. Stâmme II (2nd Ausg.) p. 332. Thrige 1. c. p. 283.

12) Duchalais as well as Bellay (see Revue num. 1850 p. 265-266) look at these dolphins as offerings relating to the Apollo of Delphi; but they indicated no doubt symbolically, that the god of the Cyreneans was going to consult the god of the Libyans.

ta) See. Duchalais Revue num. 1850 pp. 267, and 1852 p. 6 next.

3

J8

CYRENAICA.

d° 188 in front of Jupiter on the throne we see the flying eagle, a serpent between the claws. 1) Turn it lion head which is near the silphium on the reverse, MM. Cavedoni*) and Duchalais*) have presumed that it had regard to the tradition attached to the history of Battus. It was said that this hero had been a stutterer, but his tongue was loosed when, meeting a lion in a deserted place, he happened to let out a loud cry of terror. 4) Lions were also involved in the myth of Apollo and Cyrene. 5 ) Concerning this lion's head Mr. Cavedoni issued yet another con- jecture. 6) The learned numismatist thinks that it is borrowed from the coins of Samos bearing the same type, and that the coin was struck by Arcesilaus III who, expelled by a revolt, returned to Samos and reconquered his kingdom with the help of an army of Samians. 7) Indeed, the style of the coin allows us to relate it to this event which happened between the years 629 and 525. 8)

Hercules in the Garden of the Hesperides (No. 23). In this representation Sestini saw Beaten with the nymph Cyrene in the sacred grove of Apollo. 9) Zoëga was the first to recognize it, Hercules near the tree of Hesperides 10), and recently MM. Cavedoni 11) and Lenormant l2) have given the same explanation, the accuracy of which cannot be called into doubt. The hero, dressed of the remains of a lion and leaning on the club after having killed the snake, is opposite of one of the Hesperides, who speaks to him. 18) It was in Cyrenaica that, according to the most widespread tradition, was the garden of the Hesperides. In truth, the myth of the tree of the Hesperides, whose golden apples were guarded by a serpent, is older than the immi- gration of the Greeks in Cyrenaica, since we already meet it in Hesiod; but after the Greeks were established in this country and gave to a beautiful region the name of the garden of Hesperides, the scene of the myth was generally transported to the latter region. 14)

The figure of a winged woman, on No. 25. Mr. Cavedoni conjectured that this figure

i) Millingen who was the first to publish this coinage (Ane. corners p. 73), assumes, wrongly, that it was struck in some place in the southwest of Asia Minor, because that is where it was found; also in does he give an imprecise engraving, by making part of the serpent that twists under the eagle's beak, another snake, which was adopted by MM. Cavedoni {Osserv. p. 10) and Duchalais (Revue nu m. 1850 p. 252 no. 3). Seduced by this engraving, Mr. Cavedoni gave an ex- plication of this type, which cannot be admitted, in saying (Osserv. p. 23), that it undoubtedly relates to the enmity that reigns between the king of birds and the servants pents, and the utility for which the eagle served in destroying health of these reptiles. Finally, Millingen included, instead of the ornament which is in the upper corner, a star, which was mentioned by Duchalais (1. c. p. 267); on this singular ornament see p. 20 note 9.

3) Bull, dell' inst. arch. 1S43 p. 114. Osserv. p. 21-23.

3) Magazine num. 1850 pp. 267.

4) Pindar Pythia V, 79. Pausan.X, 15, A. Cf. Thrige 1. c. §13.

b) See below at n°116.

6) Osserv. p. 17 note. 20-21.

7) This conjecture, as M. Cavedoni points out,

is corroborated by the discovery of the coin in the southwest of Asia Minor and by its resemblance with a coin from Jalysus in Rhodes (see p. 120).

8) Cf. Thrige 1. c. p. 152 and below p. 21.

9) Lett. num. VII, tab. IV, 23, p. 78. îo) Bassorilievi ant. He p. 95.

il) Bull, dell' inst. arch. 1843 pp. 116; Osserv. p. 18.

12) Archaeol review. fr. V p. 241 note 1.

18) Also on other Greek monuments we do not see more of a Hesperides, see. Gerhard Archemoros und die Hes- periden in Memos. of the acad. from Berlin 1836 p 302 and 308. — MM. Cavedoni and Lenormant, describing this coin (1. c), say that the nymph picks a golden apple or presents it to Hercules; but she doesn't makes the gesture of a person waving their arms while speaking, a gesture which is well known from paintings of archaic vases and that one of the Hessians does the same perides in a vase painting, which represents the same scene (see. Gerhard Auserl. griech. Vasenbilder Taf. XCVIII).

II) On the location of the garden of the Hesperides, see end of this section and further down to the town of Evespéris. See Thrige Res Cyren. § 20, 21 and 78 on myths of Hercules and the cult of this hero in Cyrenaica.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.1.

19

is that of the nymph Cyrene. *) Mr. Duchalais, after having demonstrated that this conjecture does not can be admitted, prefers the opinion already expressed by Mr. Gh. Lenormant, that the figure represents Hesperis, daughter of Hesperus and wife of Atlas, from whom the country of the Hesperides took its name. 8) But there is nothing that opposes the explanation which presents itself as the simplest, that it is the same winged goddess most often found on Greek coins, Victory. This goddess, according to the testimony of an ancient author, was already depicted with wings by a sculptor who lived before the middle of the sixth century n j; we see it like this, without attributes like here, with the name added, on the painting of a vase which may belong to this same period 4), and we find it similarly winged, holding a victory headband in her hand, on archaic coins from Gatane in Sicily. No. 22 presents a symbol of victory, and on a coin of the following era (n° 236) we will find the same figure, by its attributes characterized as Victory.

The diademed bearded head (n° 26). It's hard to decide which god or hero to assign this head. It may represent Jupiter whose effigy is found on many mon- born of the following era. It may also be Battus, founder of Cyrene, whose piece offers the head. Battus, who had been loved by the citizens of Cyrene and to whom it was attributed all kinds of benefits, was revered as a hero 5); his statue, crowned by Libya and placed on a chariot driven by Cyrene, was sent to Delphi as a sacred gift 6); according to several passages among ancient authors he was also figured on coins 7), and his tomb is found on a piece from the second period (n° 234). We could finally think of Aristaeus, son of Apollo and of Cyrene, benefactor of the Cyreneans, who according to tradition had invented the art of preparing silphium. 8)

The head of Jupiter-Amm on (n M 27-29). The origin and cult of this Libyco-Greek god will be dealt with in § 1 of the general observations.

While several of the preceding types are particular to Cyrenaica, such as silphium, the gazelle and Hercules in the garden of the Hesperides, or are at least, like the head of Jupiter Ammon, originating from this country, there are also some that we find on currencies of other countries at this same era. Thus the ornament borrowed from a flower or a star is found on the coins of Miletus 9), and we see a similar one on the archaic coins of Corcyra, including the

i) Osserv. p. 12 ratings 7.

2) Magazine num. 1850 pp. 270-272.

3) Archennos or Archermos, according to the scholiast of Aristo- phane, Olymp. 50-55. 0. Muller Handbuch (1835) p 4G0 not. 2. Gerhard Flügelgestalten der alten Kunst in the Mems. of the acad. from Berlin 1839 p. 198-200. Brunn Gesch. der griech. Kunstler (1857) I p. 38-39.

4) Gerhard Flùgelgestalten 1. box 210, Taf.Ili, 3.

5) Thrige Res Cyren. p. 100 and 104. Cf. n°234.

6) Pausanias X, 15.

7) Following a passage from Aristotle in KvQTjvaitov nokrèiç, communicated by the scholiast of Aristophanes (Plut. v. 925), the Cyreneans would have represented on a coin Battus receiving from Cyrene, with one hand the badge of royalty, on the other a silphium; cf. Tzetzes Chil. III, hist. 1 10, Chil. VI, hist. 48, and Chil. VII, list. 1 19. These passages have been much discussed and have given room for different conjectures; see in the last

time: Thrige 1. c. p. 105-6, Cavedoni Osserv. 18-19 notes 14, and Duchalais Revue num. 1850 pp. 395-6 (see p. 272). If such a currency existed, it probably did not dated from the period in question.

8) On Aristaeus and his cult, see: Brôndsted Voy. in Greece I p. 40 following; 0. Muller Gesch hell. Stâmme (1844) 1 p. 342 and II p. 283; Boeckh Expl. ad Pindari op. p. 324; Thrige 1. c. p. 59 and 292. Brôndsted supposes (1. c. p. 48) that this hero was represented bearded, and that we see his head on the coins of Ceos. Moreover we find Aristaeus confused with Battus (Justin XIII, 8) and likewise venerated as Oixioitjç by the Cyreneans (Schol. ad Pind. Pythia IV, 4, p. 343); cf. Duchalais the. p. 397.

0) Cf. Duchalais Rech. on history. num. of Cnidus (excerpt of Vol. XX of Memos. of the society of antiquaries of France) p. 44 seq., pi. IX, 3-5; Magazine num. 1856 ft. III, 6. In the British museum there is a series of pieces corresponding, ranked among the uncertain, which

20

CYRENAICA.

didrachm has the hollow square divided in two like n° 16. *) The wild boar is used as type on very ancient coins of Methemne in Lesbos *), Lycia 8) and other countries 4). Two dolphins form the type of the coins, which undoubtedly belong to the first minted in Greece 5), and reappear on other coins of this period, p. e. of Thasos and Lycia. 6). The ancient gold coins of the Lydian kings as well as the silver coins minted in ancient times in Miletus 7 ), in Lyndus in Rhodes 8 ), in Samos and in other cities of Asia Minor, offer a lion head similar to that of No. 22. We also find one on archaic coins from Jalysus in the island of Rhodes an eagle's head in a hollow square which in the upper corner presents the same unusual ornament which is seen on n° 22. 9) As these coins all came out of peoples who had sent colonists to Cyrenaica, or who were undoubtedly linked with this country through trade, it is likely that they contributed to the choice of monetary types Cyreneans, although these, as we have just demonstrated, also relate to nature of the country, to the traditions or religious worship of the people.

The monetary system. The currencies that make up the majority of this section offer the following groups of weights: 17.4-16.8, 8.6-8.0, 4.3-3.96, 2.12-1.98 and 0.39 grams. These weighings relate to each other as 4, 2, 1, £ and T ^; we cannot therefore doubt that these currencies are tetradrachms, didrachms, drachmas, hemidrachms and hemioboles of a same system. The gold coin is of the same weight as the tetradrachm and therefore a distanter. The system which presents such weights is that which is generally called attic; although this system was undoubtedly in use in Cyrenaica before in Athens, we have thought it necessary to keep this name (see §6). There are a small number of weighings which differ from the pre- cedents. A copy of No. 3 as well as Nos. 21 and 23 exceed 5 to 11 decigrams the ordinary weight of Attic tetradrachms; it is possible that this difference comes from the negligence which took place in the coinage; but it is also possible that these parts are weak tetradrachms according to a different system, to which certain currencies belong other countries of the same period 10). A copy of No. 18 weighs 3.38 gr., and Nos. 28-29: 1.61-1.62 gr.; according to the Attic system the first would be a pentobol, the latter dioboles; but, like the coins in the name of Cyrene, Barcé and Evespéris, weighing 3.4-3.1 and 1.7-1.5 grams and belonging to the On of this same period 11), are incontestably drachmas and half drachmas of another monetary system which in subsequent eras was the most used in Cyrenaica, it must rather be assumed that the same is true of the pieces cited. Next the example of several archaeologists of the last tombs 12), we gave this system the name

present on the right a lion's head similar to that of n<> 22. i) Monum. dell'Inst. archeol. IV, tab. XXXI, 7-11. Description from the Thorvaldsen Museum A n°« 78-81 ft. I.

2) Mionnet Collection of boards, pi. LVI, 1.

3) Fellow Coins of anc. Lycia pi. IX, 4-7; XI, 10; XIII, 7-8; XVI, 2-3.

4) See. p. e. Mionnet S. IX. ft. X, 19-20.

4) By Pheidon, king of Argos. Brondsted Voy. in Greece I ft. XXVIII, p. 84 and 127. Num. Chrono. VI p. 42 sulv.

6) Mionnet S. II pi. VIII, 2. Fellow 1. c. ft. VIII, 5-8.

7) See. 1. c. p. 19 note 9.

s) Num. Chrono. IX p. 171.

o) Monum. dell' inst. arch. III pi. XXXV, 18; Annali XIII p. 145. Magazine num. fr. 1856 ft. 111, 8. Mus. Payne Knight p. 1 18, G, 2 (incorr. to Clazomène). The ornament above mentioned resembles the silphium fruit on number 32.

10) This other system was recently called by Mr. Queipo basins (Essay on metro systems (and mone- * silences of ancient peoples I p. 417-424) Assyro Phoenician or Olympic. See § 6 below.

il) See. Nos. 115-118, 287-290 and 334-335.

ia) MM. Fr. Lenormant and Vasques Queipo, conf. below §6.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.1.21

Asian, because it is mainly in the currencies of Asian countries that we find this system. Two pieces described under numbers 18 and 31 weigh 3.5 and 3.7 grams. and thus slightly exceed the weight of the Asian drachma; we could take them for drachmas of a system that we find in a a certain number of didrachms from the 3rd period which can be called Phoenician 1); it seems to us yet preferable to look at these coins as strong Asian drachmas. Currency No. 27 finally, which weighs 2.4 gr., would be according to the Asian system a pentobol, according to the Phoenician a tetrobole; but, these two divisions being very rare, we must rather admit that it is half a drachma belonging to the same system as nos. 21 and 23. Given the manufacture and style of art of the coins, the system which corresponds to the Attic system is the primitive in Gyrenaica, and the system which is called Asian, the posterior, the same which later became the general system. The systems monetary will be discussed later in § 6 of the general observations.

Time. Several pieces from the first series offer all the criteria of the most high antiquity; the globular shape, the irregular hollow of the reverse, the rough and imperfect work on them bring together the oldest currencies we know. Among these there are coins from the Island of Aegina and Argos which can go back to King Pheidon who first, according to ancient authors, minted currency in Greece 8) and whose time can be fixed in the middle of the seventh century 8); the Asian currencies which are the first to date, undoubtedly belong to the ancient kings of Lydia 4). It is therefore quite possible that the most Cyrenean currencies ancient ones date from the reign of the first Battiades; at least we can admit that we started to mint money in Cyrene some time after the second immigration in 580. The last to date, following what we have just explained on the monetary system, are undoubtedly those which offer a relatively lower weight (the Asian), nos. 18, 28-29 and 31; some of these coins also bear the head of Jupiter-Ammon, who in later times was the most common type used. The latest coins undoubtedly belong to the fifth century; but they don't can come from a date well advanced in this century, since they predate the mon- nais marked with the name of Cyrène and Barcé (n 09 115-118 and 287-290) which, judging from the style of art, were still struck before the middle of the same century.

The places of emission are the towns of Cyrene and Barcé; it is doubtful if any of these coins was struck at Evespéris, since we have no information on the existence of this city before the year 465. The pieces which, depending on the manufacture or style, are considered to predate the middle of the sixth century, can only have been struck in Cyrene, this city being the only one until the founding of Barcé in 560-550. When considering the types, the two dolphins of No. 21, the lion's head on No. 22, if we accept the conjecture made above (p. 18), and the bearded head of no. 26, assumed to represent Battus, refer to the city of Cyrene; but all the types borrowed from silphium as well as the head of Jupiter-Ammon are just as suitable for Barcé. This Libyco-Greek god was to be worshiped in preference to

i) See. V. Queipo 1. c. p. 412-416. See below § 6. of the ancient writers, Pheidon was brought to life in

a) Boeckh Metrolog. Untersuch. p. 76 following. Borrell Num. middle of the ninth or eighth century, which is

Chrono. VI p. 42 following. also the opinion of Mr. Boeckh 1. c.

a) According to the latest research by Weissenborn, see. 4) Borrell Num. Chronicle II p. 216 following. Meinaerts Revue

Pauiy Real-Encycl. der class. Belgian Àlterthums-Wissenschaft I p. 202-3. Fr. Lenormant Revue num. fr. 1S55

V p. 1460. Previously, according to the divergent relations p. 98.

22 CYBENATQUE.

Barcé, whose population was largely Libyan'), and the western coast where this town was located, had an abundance of silphium*); also these guys are the ordinary ones on the mon- posterior nests which bear the name of the Barceans. The representation of Hercules to the tree of the Hesperides refers to the city, around which the region named the garden of the Hesperides; but on replacement of this garden opinions differ. Most ancient authors place it in the vicinity of the city of Evesperis, which was adopted by a number of modern writers 3); Mr. Cb. Lenormant, following this opinion, attributes the mon- born to Evesperis, although with hesitation 4); but the art style of this piece takes us back to a time when this Greek city was probably not yet founded. 5) According to other writers the garden of the Hesperides would have been a wood which extended to the surroundings of Barcé 6); also Mr. Cavedoni is inclined to give this piece to Barcé. 7) But by Scylax the garden of the Hesperides is depicted as a fertile valley surrounded by steep mountains, located not far from the pro- montory of Phycus and the city of Cyrene, and the travelers who last visited the country, having found at some distance from Cyrene a valley which by its fertility and its surroundings responds to the description of Scylax, suppose that this is where we should look for the famous garden 8); it is therefore to Cyrene, if we want to follow this data, we must bring back the change.

2. COINS OF THE SECOND AND THIRD PERIOD.

Silver coins.

Head of JnpUer-Amnon. I>. Silphiim.

33. Head of Jupiter-Ammon on the right, surrounded by a large round stone. (See n° 297 Ûg.) p\ Sil- phium, framed by a square garnetis, in a hollow field. JR. 2*. Dr. 3.29 gr. 9)

34. Same head, framed by a square garnetis, in a hollow field. Ç\ Silphium (with its root ). ift. £1. £ Dr. 1.60 gr. 10)

, (

34

i) See. below in Barcé. - 5) For the same reason n° 25 cannot be either

2) Theophrastus Hist. ft. VI, 3. Cf. the tradition on the origin attributed to Evespéris, as Duchalais did, taking

of silphium, told by Theophrastus De causis pi. I r the winged figure for Hespéris, Revue nu m. 1850 pp. 272.

6, and repeated by Pliny H. N. XIX, 3 (15). here See. Marcus Geogr. Barb stalls. according to Mannert p.

8) Thus by the English traveler Beechey (Proceedings etc. 638, according to Ptol. IV, 4 and Edrisi.

chap. II p. 281 following j. This opinion was rejected by ?) Bull, dell" inst. 1843 p. 116-7. Osserv. p. 20.

the other travelers in Cyrenaica because of the s) Pacho Voyage p. 171-174. Barth Wandcrugen (1849)

sterility that Bengazi beach presents today. p. 388, p. 484 note. 25 and p. 488 note. 74.

See. the authors cited below in Evespéris. 9) Cab. from Florence.

4) Archaeol review. fr. 1848 pp. 241 note. 1. In the ioj Cab catalog. of Paris (Mionn. n° 51).

de Falbe it is similarly classified at Evespéris.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.2.

23

35. Same head. Garnetis around the edge. fjr. Silphium. The hollow field.

JR.2$. Dr. 3.28—2.89 gr.* 1 }

36. Same sheet on left. %. Silphium. vB. 7-6. 4 Dr. 13.42—12.58 gr.*«)

37. Same head; behind, NIKI02; in front, a branch of ivy. (Fig.) r>. Silphium.

.*. 7. 4 Dr. 13.29gr. *)

38. Same head; in front, NÏKIOI (the letters more or less erased |. Rr. Silphium.

JR.1. 4 Dr. 13.33—12.77 gr.*«)

39. Same head to the right, surrounded by a headband; in front, 1iT...(?). I>. Silphium.

JR. 7. 4 Dr. 13.38 gr. s)

40. Same head left, without headband; behind, TOMHAEOI. ft. Silphium. (See n' 140 fig.)

JR.l. 4 Dr. 12.67 gr. fl | \I. Same head, with an ornament above the forehead; behind, two bay leaves. $. Sil- phium with two offspring; around, AIBY2TPAT0 retrograde. Mr. 7. 4Dr. 13.6—12.68 gr. ')

42. Same head to the right, without the ornament; in front, KAINIfi. Grenelis around the perimeter. R-. Silphium. Garnetis around the edge. JR. 2. 4 Dr. 1.46 gr. (worn) 8 )

Head of Jupiter-Annan, ft. Head of goddess, “i triple sIlpMnm.

43. Head of Jupiter-Ammon on the right, framed by a square garnet, in a hollow field. R-. Head of woman (of Venus) to the right, surrounded by a round garnet. al.t. IJOb. 0.77 gr.*)

44. Other, with the head of Jupiter-Ammon h g.. Ai. I. 140b. 0.78gr. 10)

i) Cab. from St. Petersburg, from Stockholm (Sklôlilebrand cal. p. 70). of Copenhagen (cal. of Welil n* 7758) and by H. de Veat.

i) 12 copies of different cabinets and catalogs.

3. Cab. from Munich.

i) S copies in cab. of Paris (Mionn. n* 58. S. n» 22, 33, 34 and 36).

s) Cab. of Parie [Mionn. S. n* 88 In Barcé. incorr. dec).

s) Cab. from Florence, Mio

n. S.

cal. of the Grange).

t} Cab. of the late Count Palin (the face fig.), of Florence (the reverse l)l.), from Copenhagen (from cab. Revil, cal. n*426l and Duke RieLuynes. On Florence's copy it adorns it- ment of the TV does not appear.

if Coll. by Fontana (Sesllnl Mus. Fontana I p. 123 n> 1, lab. I, 28; III p. 94 no. 1; Mionn. S. n* 96 1. from Copenhagen.

• (incorr. dec, of io) Coll. from M. de Vest to Trleste; acquired in Bengali

24

CYRENAICA.

45. Same head left. ty\ Three silphiums united at a common center.

46. ​​Same head (?) on the right. Q\ Same type as on the previous reverse.

TV 4th Libyan Iteekis. C*. Silphlim.

47. Hairless head with ram's horns on the right, diademed.

M. If l^Ob. 0.87 gr. 1) Ai. If 1£ Ob. 0.86 gr. 9)

ty\Silphium. (Fig.)

M. 4. 2 Dr„ 5.68—5.60 gr.”) 48. Same head left, without tiara. IJ\ Silphium. In the field on the left, a snake;_ on the right, IP*. (Fig.)

2R.4J. 2 Dr. phén. 7.82 gr. 4)

47

49. Same head. ïjc. Silphium.

50. Same head to the right. Ifr. Silphium.

51. Same head. ty\Silphium.

Gold coins.

Head of Jipiter-Awion. Ifr. SilpbJim.

52. Head of Jupiter-Ammon on the right. ; surrounded by a garnetis circle.

53. Same head, surrounded by the same circle. I)\ Silphium.

48

JR. 3. Dr. 3.05. gr. 5)

JR. 3f Dr.(?)«)

JR. 1. Ob. 0.60 gr. 7)

#. Silphium. (Fig.)

AT. 2. i St. 3.43 gr. 8) AT. If i St. 1.68 gr. 9)

52

Liner head. IJ:. Triple SlIpUn.

54. Head of Minerva left. Q.” Three silphiums united at a common center. (See n° 109 fig.)

Mr.\\. { St. ai. 2.20 & 2.H gr. 10)

Head of Jipiter-Annon. I)\ Heads of deities.

55. Head of Jupiter-Ammon on the right. fi*. Head of Libyan Bacchus, front view, with ornament above the forehead. (Fig.) AT. f. -J St. (£ St.) 0.84 gr. ")

i) Cab. of Stockholm (Skioldebrand cat. p. 70).

a) Cab. of Paris (Revue num. fr. 1850 p. 389 n° 14, pi.

XVI, 1). The head is perhaps that of Libyan Bacchus. a) Cab. from SL Petersburg, Modena and Naples. 4) Cab. of Berlin (Thés. Palat. p. 283, Thés. Brandenb.

1 p. 520). h) Cab. from Vienna. -6) Cat. mus. Lavy no. 4627.

7) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. S. n° 41 incorr. dec.).

8) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n° 17, incorr. dec.).

9) British Museum.

to) Mus. brit, coll. by Rollin (cat. Thomas no. 2954), cat

by Ennery p. 60 n°12. he) Mus. brit. (cat. P. Knight p. 214, E, 5, incorr. dec.),

Sestini Descr. n. vet. p. 560 No. 4.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.2.

25

56. Same head. Garnetis around the edge. ty\ Head of Diana to the right. ; behind, the quiver. (Fig.)

Ak f. £ St. 0.78 gr. *)

57. Same head left; behind, fl°. Garnetis around the edge. IjK Head of Apollo right, hair in long hanging strands. AT. f. J St. 0.87—0.80 gr. 2)

55

57

56

58. Same side. I)-. Head of a woman (from Cyrene) to the right, her hair turned up. (Fig.)

AT. f l St. 086 gr. 8)

59. Same head. That-. Same woman's head; T° written on both sides of the neck. (See n°2U fig.)

M.f. \ St. 0.87 gr. 4)

Q\ Same woman's head; behind, E. Al. }. £St. 0.78 gr. 5)

Head of a woman (of Venus) on the right. , the hair arranged in four parts. Garnetis around the edge. (Fig.) Al. £. | St. 0.84 — 0.71 gr.* 6 )

62. Same head; behind, API. Garnetis around the edge. ty*. Head of a woman (from Cyré, “nymph fountain) from the front, hair flowing. Garnetis around the edge. AT. J. -J St. 0.84 & 0.80 gr. 7)

63. Same head left; behind, XAI. Ç\ Same head as on the previous reverse. Garnetis around the edge. (Fig.) Al. f. J St. 0.87 & 0.84 gr. *)

60. Same head h dr.

61. Same head. Ifr.

64. Other, without visible letters.

Mr. I

i St. •)

58

63

GL

Head of Libyan Bacchus. Ç\ Heads of goddesses.

65. Head of Libyan Bacchus on left. IJ-. Head of a woman (from Cyrene). g. , hair rolled up.

AT. f. -J St. (| St.) 0.78 of ^76 gr. 10)

66. Same head; 0EY, written on both sides. Net around the edge. Cr. Same female head on the right. (Fig.) Al. -J. JSt. 0.84 of 0.78 gr. 11)

67. Same head; in front, 0E. Net around the edge. C*. Same woman's head.

M.f. J St. 0.89—0.80 gr. 1S)

i) Cab. of Paris (PcJlerin Rec. pi. 86,8; Mionn. n»9).

2) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n°11), of Vienna, of the Duke of

Luynes, et al. unknown from London a) Mus. brit. (cat. T. Combe p. 239 no. 3, Mionn. S. no. 3). 4) Cab. from Vienna. &) Mus. brit. icat. P.Knight p. 214.E, 1), cat. by Ennery p. 61.17.

6) 8 copies from different collections.

7) Mus. British, cab. of Paris (Revue num. fr. 1850 p. 390 nolô), cat. by Ennery p. 60 n«l6.

S) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n°15). mus. brit. (cat. P. Knight

p. 214, E, 4). 9) Cat. Topsail p. 122 n«20, tab. 23, 15; cat. by Ennery p.

00 n<> 15; cat. Neumann II p. 105 tab. III, 15 (Sestini

Mus. Hederv. III di cont. p. 72 n°3). to) Cab. of Paris, cat. Pemborock I tab. IV, 8 (Mionn. S. no. 1 1). (ii) British Museum, cab. from Paris. 12) Cab. from Milan, from Copenhagen, from Berlin (Sestini Lett.

di cont. I p. 75 n°l, Mionn. S. n«5).

4

26

CYRENAICA.

68.

69.

Same side to the right. ; behind, KYA. Net around the edge. fy. Same woman's head. Fillet

perimeter. (Fig.) AT. f. J St. 0.90—0.80 gr.* *)

Same head left; in front, KYA; behind, star. Net around the edge. (Fig.) Q*. Same head

women. Al. f. -J St. 0.87—0.88 gr.* *)

69

68

70. Same head. %. Same woman's head; KYA. Al.f. J St. 8)

71. Same head; 110 retrograde, on both sides. Net around the edge. fy. Same woman's head. Net around the edge. (Fig.) Al. f. $ St. 0.87 of 0.76 gr. 4)

72. Same head to the right. Net around the edge. Vf:. Head of a woman (of Venus) to the right, her hair arranged in four parts. A/, f. J St. 0.87—0.82 gr.* 5 )

73. Same head; API (2T 102), written on both sides. Net around the edge. (Fig.) Ç\ Same head of woman on left. Al.f. £ St. 0.87 of 0.84 gr. 6)

74. Same head left; behind, AA. Q: Same female head on the right. AT. f. -J -St. ')

75. Same head; behind, AI. fy. Same woman's head. Garnetis around the edge.

Al.f. £ St. 0.84 gr. 8)

73

Head of Jipiter-ÂMmn. Ç\ Fradre.

76. Head of Jupiter-Ammon to the right. f}r. Lightning; in the field, two stars. (Fig.)

AT. f. -J (or -|) St. 0.78—70 gr.* 9 )

77. Similar to the previous one; in the field again I. AT. J.J St. 0.71 gr. 10)

78. Same head left. That-. Lightning; in the field on the right. a star, left. ^. AT. J.J St. ll)

79. Same head to the right. ty\ Lightning; in the field, a star and a plow.

Al. f. J St. 0.72 d> 0.70 gr. 19)

Bfcji»

76 ^

78

i) 6 copies from different collections. Nos. 68-69 are quite often incorrectly described, see. lower. 2) 5 copies from different collections. 8) Cat. by Encry p. 61 n» 19, Mionn. S. n» 13.

4) Cab. from Munich and Milan.

5) 6 copies from different collections.

6) Cab. of Copenhagen (cat. Thomas no. 2954 bis), Mus. brit.

7) Coll. of Fontana.

8) Mus. brit. (cat. P. Knight p. 213, A, 1). o) 17 copies from different collections.

10) Cab. de Paris (Mionn. no. 8), Sestini Mus. Hederv. III di

cont. p. 72 n°5. H) Coll. de Fontana, cat. mus. Lavy p. 411 n°4622. 12) Cab. of Berlin and Paris (Pellerin pi. 86.9; Mionn. n<>7).

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A. i. 27

Tjpe Uncertain, H:. Please”.

80. Indefinable object. R% Silph ium. AT. \. j\ St. (^ St.) 0.45 gr. ")

©^ ©

80

Bronze coins.

Tètei of dMoltéi. R;. SIlpU”.

81. Head of Jupiter- A m mon h dr. (Fig.) R-. Silphium. Garnetis around the edge; hollow field.

Mr. 2J. 3.9—3.4gr. 8 liters

82. Head of Libyan Bacchus on the right. R;. Silphium. Garnetis around the edge; hollow field.

J2.G&5. 1 5.4 4:1 1.2 gr.)

83. Similar to the previous one, with vestiges of letters behind the head. (Fig.)

M. 6-5. 14.6—13.2 gr.*)

84. Same head. A:. Similar to the previous ones. (Fig.) I. 3*. 4.7g. 9)

85. Same head. Garnetis around the edge. K-. Silphium. Hollow field. M. 3. 4.8 gr.")

86. Head of Apollo (laureate) h r., hair as in n* 178 (flg.). R-. Silphium. Grenetis around the edge; hollow field. M. 6, 12.9 gr. (corr.) T )

87. Same head. Garnetis around the edge. R-. Silphium; h r., a cob. A\.ik. H)

fluelle. Rr. SUnUnm

88. Gazelle standing, right. Garnetis around the edge. R-. Silphium. Garnetis around the edge; field hollow. M. 4. •)

89. Similar to the previous one, with a branch in front of the gazelle. I. 4. 6.5 & 5.6 gr. 10)

he Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n*6, incorr. deer.). «) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n>91). he Cab. of Copenhagen, mus. bril. (cal. P. Knlgbt p. 215. 'I Cab. of Fontana and Welil [cat n°7761).

M, S), cab. from Munich and ChrisUania. s) Cat. mus. Topsail, p. 123 n*43, lab. 24.1.

3) Cab. of Vienna (2 ex), »! CaL mua. Humer p. 124 11= 46 and 47, tab. 24, 3 (Mionn.

4) Cab. of Parla (Hlonn. n*90), of Stockholm and of Co n* 126).

Penhagen. to) Cab. from Copenhagen and St. Petersburg. s) Cab. from Copenhagen.

CTHENAIC.

90. Gazelle standing, left; above, an almost erased legend, in two lines. i£. Similar to the previous ones. I. 4. 6.4 gr. ')

ït* of Japlter-Aman, tfeenl, rider, ty. IUie

91. Head of Jupiter-Ammon on the right. Q-. Six-spoke wheel, viewed obliquely. Grenetis for- tower; hollow field. (Fig.) jE- 6^-6. 13.5 - 11.1 gr. s)

92. Faces and reverses the kids. I. 5-4. 7.9—5.7 gr.* s )

93. Similar to the previous n"s, with P in the reverse field. M.b. 9.8g. 4)

94. Another similar one, struck on a Carthage coin bearing the head of Ceres and the bust of horse. ;E.5. S)

95. Horse running right; above, a star. Net around the edge. R-. A wheel like n'precedents; on the right, NIKON02. Garnetis around the edge. I. 5-4. 9.4 — 6.9gr. (corr.)* 6 )

96. Rider, galloping to the right. Greuetis around. R-. Wheel has four spokes, between which silphium. (See n" 249 fig.) I. 5. S.isgr. 1)

97. Other similar; below the rider, IA. ,-K. 5. 8.3 gr. 8 I

98. Rider, trotting right. ; below, AM. R-. Similar to the previous ones. I. has. C, 30gr. (us.}H)

fierbalse. R-. Crab.

99. Jerboa, jumping to the right; above, EYA. R\ Crab. (See a' 340 flg.) I. Z. 2.9 gr. i0)

I) Coll. by FonUina [Sestlnl Mus. Fontana III p. 94 n°4,

tab VU, 18, locoiT.î Hionn. S. n'Sl). a) Mus. bril. (est. P. Knight p. 21 S, H, 7}, cab. de Paris

(Pellerln Rec. pi. 86, iTi Mionn. il" 99;. coll. de Becker,

Sestlnl Descr. n. vet. p.561 n*l2. s) 6 copies from different collections." 4) Mus. held. (cat. Combe p. 339 n'H, incoropl. dec.). ") Seslinl Mus. Hederv. III dl font. p. 74 n*4. ■) Hastened Tborvaldsen. 10 other copies with the le-

cf. Cat. mus. Vinci. I, tab. VI, 3. The two pieces described by Seelinl Descr. n. vet. p. SGI Nos. 24 and 25 perhaps belong to this a" or to the following m'.

7) Cab. of Paris (Pellerlu Rec. pi. 86, 18; Mionn. nMOO), mus. brlt. (cat. Combe p. 239 n* 15), Leafce Num. hell. Afr. Group p. 2.

s) Coll. of Fontana.

a) Cab. de Paria (from the cab. of Allier, cat. p. 122; Mionn. S. .•49).

imperfect or erased geude, from different collections; 10) Cab. of Paris (Revue num. fr. 1850 p. 391 n» 17).

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.2.39

Party teta. That. AM1R

100. Helmeted woman's TV, left; above, PfiMI retrogrades. R-. Bee. Garnetis around the edge.

I. 5J. 14,ogr.')

101. Same head. r>. Similar to the previous one. I. £5. 14.5gr.*J

102. Same head to the right. R;. Bee. M. &. 13.2gr."l

The above coins were generally classified in Cyrene. 4) There are some who certainly are struck at Barcé. We will indicate the reasons why we have is a class apart.

For some of these currencies, it is impossible to decide whether they came out of the workshop of Cyrène or that of Barré. We thus find pieces which not only offer the same types that Barcé had in common with Cyrene, but who again, through the style of art, details of the work, the manufacture, the metal and the weight, resemble the coins of Barcé just as much than those of Cyrene, without them containing the name of a magistrate or any other mark which relates especially to one of these cities; such are n 1 "35-36, 39, 45-46, 47, 49-51, 96-9H. a) There are other coins to which no corresponding currency is found among those signed named after the city, but which also apply to Cyrene and Barcé, p. e. Nos. 52-53, 80 and 91-95; we therefore also do not know to which city to attribute these pieces.

On the other hand, we find coins which by the name of magistrate, by the features of the head or by characteristic details are specially linked to the coins of Barcé, as well Nos. 33, 34, 41, 42, 79 and 87, and finally a fairly large number which bear the same names of magistrates than the coins of Cyrene. It is certainly very likely that these are

I) Cab. of Paris (Pellerln Rec. I pi. IX, 44; Revue nu ni. due one must have been copied on the den. Likewise,

fr. 1850 ft. XVI, 5; 1851 pp. 83). if we compare the Cyrene tetradrachms n" 127-131

Ml Revue num. fr. 1851 p.SI n° 21 and 22. with those of Barcé n"312-3l4, then the coins

4) Likewise in the catalog of H. Faille and in those of Cyrene having the types Head of Libyan Haechua

comments by M.Lindberg. and the sllphlum (A, no. 142 him.), with the coins

s) There is a striking resemblance between various mon- corresponding” of Barcé (no. 325 aulv.), finally the bromines

nales of the three main cities of Cyrenaica. Thus from Cyrene n« 248-249 carrying the rider and the wheel

the archaic drachmas and half-drachmas with the with the n< 329 of Barcé, we will find, that it is only.

head of Jupiter- Ammon and the sllphlum, and the parts by legend that they can be distinguished. By

bromine with the head of Apollo and the horse, which bears consequence, of what such aneplgraph piece resembles

the names of Cyrene, Barcé and Eveapérla (see them many in such other room in the name of Cyrene, we do not

d« 117, 283, 287-200, 332-333 and 339), is felt - will not yet be able to deduce with certainty, what was

hurt so much & with regard to manufacturing and work, beaten in Cyrene.

30 CYRENAIC.

outputs from the Barcé workshop, these from the Cyrène workshop, and we could therefore classify them as these two cities. But the question of the classification of all these currencies depends above all on the idea that we learn about the absence of the ethnic name. If we want to derive the omission of the city name the arbitrariness or negligence of die engravers or officers of the monetary workshop, we must distribute the coins into three parts, give one to Cyrene, the other to Barcé, and make of the third a class of uncertain pieces. But if you believe that it is for a certain reason and according to the order of the government that the name has been omitted, these coins must be classified together and separate from others.

There is another country whose coins, belonging to the same period, offer an analogue, it is Boeotia. Quite a large number of Boeotian coins are anepigraphs or do not bear than a magistrate's name. These coins were undoubtedly struck jointly by the cities which constituted the Boeotian confederation as well as those which offer the name of the entire people, and it is right that they are classified with these and not at Thebes, although they have pro- probably most of them were struck in this city. ] ) So it is in a negative way, by the sole omission of the city name, these currencies were designated as those of the Confederate towns.

We can consider the currencies in question here in the same way. He is quite probable that the main cities of Cyrenaica, after being constituted as republics, allied themselves, and that such an alliance existed for the greater part of the second era; it must therefore be assumed that, during the long war that the Cyrenean Greeks supported against the Carthaginians at the beginning of the fourth century, the most important have been closely brought together. Anyway, it's okay with what happened. operated in many other Greek countries, as well as the Cyrenean cities, in addition to the coins minted in the name of the city itself by its government, also had money minted jointly. There was a special reason not to mark these coins with the ethnic name, but to con- trying to omit the name of town is because there was no common name that could have been used. In truth, the name Kvqijvccïo* is also used to designate the Greek population of all the country; but it only properly indicated the citizens of Cyrene, and in this sense it was already placed on the coins of this city. It is therefore reasonable to believe that the currencies of this class are analogous to contemporary coins from other Greek countries which bear the name of the entire people, as well as those of the third era who offer the KOI NON legend without any proper name added. We see from the latter, that the cities of Cyrenaica have indeed struck common currency, and that such currencies were not marked with the ethnic name. He As a result, the coins of the 2nd and 3rd eras without city name must be classified separately, even though, for this or that reason, they could be assigned to a certain tain town. 9)

i) Mionnet II p. 99-102, S. III p. 503-505. Sestini Classes the coins struck in the name of Cyrene and Barcé;

gen.*p. 45. It is by an Inconsistency that in Mion- for it was very natural, that the same magistrates who

net Extra III p. 530-532 the bronzes without city name were in charge of the large monetary workshops of these

are classified in Thebes and not with the silver coins cities, were also responsible for the supervision of the einis-

corresponding. sion of the coins which were struck at the expense of all

2) We should not be surprised to find on these mon- the country, have the same names of magistrates which are signed

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.2.

31

By the style of art and the legends we see that the coins grouped in this class are struck after the Greek part and rewriting had undergone the change of which we can fix the time in the middle of the fifth century, and that consequently they postdate the domination of the Battiades. They belong for the most part, it seems, to the second era, during which cities were free.

The silphium, still the national emblem, is depicted more precisely and with more details as on the coins of the first period. We see quite clearly that the plant is shown before the inflorescence; it offers clumps of pimples that are not yet developed in flower or fruit umbels; sometimes it has its root (e.g. on n°34) 1) or shoots at the birth* of the stem (see n°41). But the fruit is no longer used as a monetary type. shut up. Some pieces (n 01 45, 46 and 54) offer three silphiums combined. Like the mon- The objects we are dealing with here were probably struck jointly by the towns of the Cyrenaic, one might believe that an alliance of the three main cities is indicated by this type. 9) But the same representation is often found on coins marked with the name of Cyrene or of Barcé, and on those of the first period the fruits and shoots of silphium are combined in the same way, two, three or four times. Mr. Cavedoni attributed to triple silphium a symbolic meaning, and relying on the ternary number, he expressed different conjectures in this regard. tures 8 ); but, on archaic currencies, as we have just observed, we find parts of silphium also repeated two and four times. We could rather assume that this representation relates to the value of currency; Nos. 45 and 46 are trihemioboles, No. 54 are golden triobole (-J of the stater), and the bronzes of Cyrene which offer the same type (n" 228-233), can be trilepta and trichalka. 4) But undoubtedly the three silphiums are combined quite simply with the aim of forming a figure which could fill, in a symmetrical way, the currency field.

Silver coins. 5)

N 0$ 33-42. The head of Jupiter-Ammon and the silphium, which are repeated on the coins in gold and bronze and are also found on coins marked with the names of

l) The root also appears on the coins of Cyrene and de Barcé nos. 125, 127, 302 and 309.

a) Mr. Lindberg in his manuscript is of this opinion.

3) The Italian scholar suggests referring this type to the happy ternary number among the Greeks, or to the three tribes primitives of the settlers of Thera, or to the three classes in which the citizens of Cyrene were divided by Démonax, or finally to the three harvests which, according to Herodotus, were made in fertile Cyrenaique. Osserv. p. 45 note 38. — The names used MM. Cavedoni (1. c. p. 43 ff.) and Duchalais (1. c. p. 389- 390), as well as other numismatists, in describing this type: three silphiums arranged in a triskele or triquetra, must not be adopted; this representation does not no connection with the religious symbol of Asian origin- which we call triskele, and the Latin word triquetra de-

signs a completely different figure.

4) The same type is found on numbers 321 and 328 of Barcé; n°328 is a trihemiobolus, and by the triplication of type no. 321 can be designated as a tridrachm attica. — Such a relationship of the type with the value of the currency does not lack analogy. Trioboles of Mantinea carry three tassels, arranged in the same way, while the mite only offers one (cf. Leake Num. Hellen.Eur. Group p. G8-G9). Small parts in silver from Taranto, having the type two horse heads, weigh twice as much as those with only one head. See Fiorelli Mon. di cittn gr. p. 17 note 25 on currencies of Arpi bearing 1, 2 and 3 ears.

5) Silver coins precede gold coins like constituting the main currency and being the most an- ciennes.

32 CYRENAICA.

Cyrene, of Barcé and of Evespéris, were the main and characteristic types of Cyrenaique, and were also mentioned in this connection by ancient authors 1). The first two n", according to the austere style of the head, the hollow square and the thick blank, belong to the beginning from the second era; the others, whose style is freer, follow in the course of the same period; Nos. 40 (cf. No. 140 flg.) and 41 belong to the most beautiful productions of art currency of Cyrenaique. Nos. 37-38 and 40 came from the Cyrene workshop, since we find tetradrachms in the name of this city which offer the same names of magistrates. Nos. 33, 34, 41 and 42 must on the contrary be attributed to the Barcé workshop; here are the reasons. Drachma No. 33 presents the same head of Jupiter, with a dark and very particular expression, as the drachma of Barcé n° 297 (flg.). No. 34, which offers a head with singular hair 9), is in all respects, except the name, identical to that of Barcé n° 302. For n°41, we note on n° 320 of Barced the same singular ornament above the forehead of Jupiter; another piece by Barcé, no. 324, also bears an accessory type behind the head of Jupiter, and on the reverse a magistrate's name instead of the name of the city, and it is again on a piece by Barcé, n°315, that we find a silhouette phium with two offspring; there is no Cyrene coin that offers any of these criteria. Finally, number 42 bears the name of a magistrate, KAINIO"), which is only found on the coinage of Barcé n° 323. We sometimes come across examples of n° 36 which are of rather rough work; it is possible that such coins were minted in some Libyan city, see n° 344. The names of magistrates will be discussed in § 5.

No. 01 43-46. The first two n", given the character of the head of Jupiter-Ammon and its framing, belong to the first part of the second era. The woman's head is probably that of Venus, confer n oa 61 and 72-75. For triple silphium, see the previous page.

Nos. 47-51. The hairless head with ram's horns, which we can rightly relate to the Libyan Bacchus, will be the subject of a special article, see § 2. No. 48, because of the marks added to the reverse, was struck at. Cyrene, see n° 171.

Silver coins, judging by the style of art and the names of magistrates (see §5), probably do not go beyond the second era, except for numbers 47 and 48 which, according to the brands and the weight (see § 4 and 6), were probably struck in the Ptolemaic era.

The first series, No. 33-42, includes, according to the weighing, three species of coins which relate as 4, 1 and £; it will be demonstrated below (§6) that they are tetradrachms, drachmas and hemidrachmas of a monetary system that can be called Asian. Nos. 43-46, weighing half the half-drachma, are trihemioboles of the same system 4); to make them to distinguish more easily from the obolus (see n°125), particular types have been placed on the reverse. From the 3rd series, nos. 49 and 5l offer a drachma and an obol; Nos. 47 and 48, although by the weights differing from each other and not responding to the previous ones, can only be didrach- mes, the posterior of which undoubtedly belongs to the Phoenician system, see Cyrene n°* 142 following. and §6.

1) Hesychius and Suidas s. v. Bûnov Jih/toy. 3) It is this name which was taken for that of the city of

2) One could believe that Jupiter-Ammon by the Cœnopoiis wicks, see § 5 and 7.

of hair, prominent as rays, would have been 4) Like the small gold coins n" 55 following, of the memo represented as sun god, cf. No. 194. We observe weight, undoubtedly are hektés (J of the statete or diobo-

the same hair on n°137. les), we could take them for weak dioboles.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.2.33

Gold coins.

No. "52-53. Piece no. 52, as the head of Jupiter-Ammon wears archaic hair, is undoubtedly the first gold coin of the second era; No. 53 whose head offers the hair falling freely, is linked to silver coins no. 36 following. On the reverse of No. 52 the lower part of silphium is confused; it is not clear whether Ton wanted to indicate the root and leaves, or if this confusion comes from an overstrike or a lesion of the corner; the letters KY, which Mionnel read there, are not there.

N°54, offering the head of Minerva, is similar to n°* 209-2 12 which bears the initials from Cyrene; we can therefore attribute it to this city. However, Minerva was also venerated in the western part of Cyrenaica, and its symbol is found on the coins of Barcé (n"32l and 324). On the cult of this goddess, see Cyrène n°209 and Harcé n°321.

N 0i 55-75. The head of Libyan Bacchus, seen from the front on n°55, is above the forehead the same ornament as his head in profile of No. 220. The head of No. 56 is designated as that of Diana by the quiver behind the neck 1); that of number 57, whose hair appears Egyptian yours, undoubtedly represents Apollo; see the remarks made in n°* 236 and 238 of Cyrene, which offer the same heads. The other heads that we see on these coins are of women and without attributes; using the hair we can distinguish three different ones. The first, on Nos. 0â 58-60 and 65-71, has hair rolled up all around his head. This head was taken sometimes for that of Ceres 9), sometimes for that of Diana a); but we do not notice any ears in the hair, and Diane's hairstyle is completely different (see n°* 56 and 236); she represents pro- bably Cyrene, because her hair is in the same way as the head of n°231 which is thus designated by the added name. The second head, on n° 09 61 and 72-75, seems to have hair arranged, by a band, in four or five parts. When we seek, among the goddesses venerated reated in Cyrenaica, one to which this head could be suitable, it is Venus who presents herself, divinity whose cult was ancient and very widespread among the Cyreneans. She had a temple Cyrene already under the reign of the first Battiades, which we see by the fact that the king's wife Egyptian Amasis, Laodice, native of this city, sent there a statue of the goddess, to fill a wish. 4) Pindar, in one of his odes, says that Venus had received Apollo and Cyrene at their arrival in Libya. 5) We still know three temples dedicated to this goddess in Cyrenaica, one near the port of Cyrene 6 ), the other in the Island of Aphrodisias which got its name 7 ), the third in a dregs located in Lake Triton near the city of Evespéris 8). The third head, that from No. 62-64, seen from the front and having free and flowing hair, recalls the water nymphs

1) M. Cavedoni (Osserv. p. 33) thinks it is the head of 3) Sestini 1. c. No. 1 next. Mionnet S. n° 5-7.

Cyrene depicted as Diana's nymph; but this 4) This temple was located at the end of the city in a

was not like a hunting nymph, but like the sacred grove. Herodotus 11, 181. Pindar Pythia V, 24,

companion of Apollo, founder of Cyrene, that she was cf. Uoeckh Explain. p. 283.

honored by the Cyreneans, and on coins it is 5) Pythia IX, 9 following.

figured as a local nymph or personif- 6) Plautus Rudens act. II, se. 4.

cation of the city, to which the attribute of hunting does not 7) Scylax. Ptol. IV, 4.

not suitable; see nos. 116 and 231. 8) Strabo XVII p. 836. On the cult of Venus, cf. Thrfgc *) Sestini Lett. di cont. I p. 75 n° 7. Mionnet S. n° 8. 1. c. p. 287.

Cavedoni Osserv. p. 41 following.

34 CYRENAICA.

tains, figured in the same way on the coins of other countries, p. e. Aréthuse on currencies of Syracuse, and Messeis on those of Larisse in Thessaly; it therefore probably represents Cyré (KvQrj), nymph of the rich fountain in Cyrene, from which the city took its name, and from which the nympheum still exists 1). All your initials of names, inscribed on these coins, are found on the gold or silver coins of Cyrene, where the names of magicians are abbreviated strata which are placed there in their entirety. Thus nO responds to nOAlANOEYI (n 0, 147 and 191-92), OEYet 0E to ©EY4>EIAEY2 (n° 176 and 185), KYA h KYAI02 (n°* 135, 151 and 200-202), AA to AAMONAKT02 (n°194), IA to IA20N02 (n° 186 following). XAI probably indicates the same magistrate as XAIP and XAIPI (n°20iet212). The monogram E is found on numbers M67 and 207. API2TI02 reads the same on No. 132, and API is the abbreviation. 9) As these abbreviated names are engraved in very small characters, they have often escaped attention or been read differently; thus we took KYA for KYP or KYO 3), or even for KPO 4). These currencies, for the most part, have been. minted in Cyrene; we can conclude it from the names of magistrates, as we have just done observe, and that the heads of Apollo, Diana and Cyrene are found on the coins of this city.

No. 76-79. Head of Jupiter-Ammon. I}\ Lightning. Lightning can have regard to Greek Jupiter, who under different nicknames was revered in Cynenaica and whose effigy can be seen on the gold coins of Cyrene, or it can refer to the head of the god on the right, to which we gave the attributes of Jupiter (cf. n°194 et§l). On the meaning of the celestial body and the two stars, see accessory types §4. The letter I of n°77 5 ) may be the initial of the name IA20N (n° 186). As the two stars and the monogram $°) are only found on the coins of Cyrene, Nos. 01 76-78 undoubtedly belong to the workshop of this city. # But for n°79, offering a plow, we are inclined to give preference to Barcé, because the number 324 of this town is marked of an ear, while the coins of Cyrene do not present any symbols of Ceres.

No. 80. The indecisive object on the obverse of this coin was called by Mionnet a head of a bird, and by Mr. Cavedoni an eagle's head 7); we see from the engraving, which reproduces it exactly, that it is not so. One could assume that this type represents some part of silphium, explanation that is given to various uncertain objects on archaic currencies.

As for the question of time, these coins, as well as the previous ones in silver, belong undoubtedly belong, for the most part, to the second era, judging by the style of art and the names of magistrates (see § 5). They also offer, with regard to types, a lot of analogy with the gold coins which in the later part of the same period were struck in other countries and were current in commerce. Thus the head of Minerva resembles that of staters of Alexander the Great. The small parts which on both sides have heads as types of deities, are significantly closer to the coins issued by the kings of Cyprus in the fourth

i) A cave with a pediment, cut into the rock. p. 75 n°G-7 (Mionnet S. IX n° 7-8).

Bartb Wanderungen p. 425. Neumann (N'uni, vet. in ed. 4i Eckhel, who attributed such a piece to Crotorife (Num.

H p. 105) prayed this head for that of Cyrene who, vet. anecd. tab. 111.22; Doctr. I p. 173, cf. Mionnet S.

according to his opinion, would also have given the name to No. 4), and Meynaerts (Cat. No. 128).

fountain (conf. Barth Wanderungen p. 422); but the name") If, moreover, this letter is authentic; on the copy

of the fountain was Cyré, cf. Thrige 1 tbsp. p. 95. in the Paris cabinet she is not sure.

2) On. all these names, see §5. ' 6) Probably the sign of the port of Cyrene, Sozusa, v n°340

3i P. e. Cat. d'Ennery p. 61 No. 19; Sestini Lett di cont. I 71 Mionnet n« G. Caved>ni Osserv. p 23.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.2.35

century 1), and for those with the thunderbolt on the reverse, there are gold coins of the same module, minted works by Philip II of Macedonia and by Alexander I of Epirus, his contemporary, who present also a thunderbolt. It is, however, likely that we continued to manufacture small pieces (the \ of stater) at the beginning of the Ptolemaic period, since we encounter accessible types there- evenings and monograms (see §4 and 5) and a head of Apollo with Egyptian hairstyle (see n°241).

Gold coinage system. No. 52 corresponds in weight to the previous drachmas, No. 53 to half-drachma No. 34; it follows that these two currencies, as well as those of silver, are struck according to the Asian system 2), and that the first is a half-stalère (or half-chrysus), the second a quarter of the stater, the gold didrachm being called, as we know, stater (or chrysus). Pollux expressly cites the half-stater, f^xiaicxtfjQov^ among the gold coins struck in Cyre- naïc 3); the -} of stater was named Teraçrii*). Coin No. 54 is a -\ of the stater (triobole) attic; considered in its relation to the Asian system, it had the value of a pentobol or 5 half-hektes. For the smaller parts n°* 55-79, it is quite difficult to determine at what system or which division they belong to. Those which weigh 0.90-0.82 gr., approach the plus the Attic trihemiobolus whose normal weight was 1.08 gr., or the Asian diobolus which was of similar weight; coins whose weight is 0.81-0.70; may be Asian trihemioboles ques, and the weight finally of 0.72-0.70 agrees with the Attic obolus. However, when we notice that there is in these series a progressive and uninterrupted series of weighings, we are led to admit that all these coins, or at least numbers 55-75, form the same division; but he It is difficult to decide whether this division is an Asian diobolus (= J of the stater), or whether it is a trihemiobolus (= | from the stater) Attic or Asian. Which makes us lean in favor of first supposition is that according to Hesychius J of the stater, Ixr^, was coined in gold, while than a piece of | stater is not mentioned in any of the ancient authors, and that the smallest divisions were not struck* it seems, according to the ancient system (cf. §6). Without doubtless these currencies were used in both systems. Like parts no. 76-79 do not exceed the weight of 0.78 gr. and that they are also distinguished from others by the type of However, they may not belong to the same fraction; so we could take them for Asian stater -J. No. 80 is T *g of stater or a hemihekté (=-= obol), if we take the following no. 55 for stater Js, of which it has half the weight; he is/oh of stater (== J of obole), if we look at these n** as | of stater.

Bronze coins. 5)

No. 08 81-87. TVs of divinities, fy. Silphium. The first number, bearing the head of Jupiter-Ammon, can be attributed either to Cyrene, or to Barcé, or to Evesperis, this head being common to the coins of all three cities; the following n° 04 with the head of Libyan Bacchus

ê

are suitable for the first two cities whose currencies have the same head. The head

i) Borrell Monn. of the kings of Cyprus pi. n°* 3, 13 and 14. the gold coins of Cyrenaique are all struck

H. de Luynes Num. and register. Cypriots pi. V, 4, 6 and 9. according to the Attic system, is unfounded.

2) We see from these documents that the opinion stated by Mr. 3) Onom. IX, 6, 62.

Boeckh (Metrol. L'nlersuch. p. 87) and by M. Vasques 4) Hésychius s. v. “Exrrj.

Queipo (Metr. and monet. systems, table L p. 42), that 5) Nos. 340 and 343 can also be classified in this series.

• has

3G

CYRENAIC.

of Apollo is only found on the coins of Cyrene (see n° 115 and 177 following); but the epi added on n°87 is a mark of Barcé (see n°324), not of Cyrene.

No. 88-90. Gazelle. Q*. Silphium. The gazelle has already been mentioned under number 24. In the catalogs where these coins are described, it is called a deer 1) or a stag 9); although the horns are not clearly visible, we can nevertheless see by the size that it is the same animal which is represented on n" 242 following. where the gazelle horns are quite distinct. Sestini, in describing piece n*90"), says that the animal is placed on a club, and that in front there is him a thyrsus, above the name ANOIflON; but neither the club nor the thyrsus are to be recognized, and the name is indecipherable 4).

N 0$ 91-98. Horse, rider, wheel. We have already mentioned the excellent breed of horses that Cyrenaica produced (p. 17). The people of Libya were famous for their dexterity in training horses and driving chariots, which they also used in the com- bat*); the Libyan troops who accompanied Xerxes in his expedition to Greece, led with them war chariots 6). The Greeks who had settled in Libya learned from indigenous peoples to train and drive horses 7), an art with the help of which they won often victories in the great games of Greece 8); also they adopted from the Libyans the use of tanks in war; the military force of Cyrene and Barcé consisted partly of tanks combat 9). This explains the types of this series. As we find the same types on the currencies of Cyrene and Barcé, these currencies can also be referred to one or h the other of these cities. No. 98 with the legend AM was attributed by Mr. Dumersan to a small town called Maranthis 10); but these letters are the initials of a magistrate's name, thus than on No. 97 2A, which cannot indicate any city. 11)

No. 99. The jerboa {dipus) and the crab are also found on a coin (n°340) which bears the initials of Sozusa (Apollonia), port of Cyrene; it is therefore probable that this piece has was struck in the workshop there. The legend EYA (or ENA) can only be a name of magistrate. The explanation of the types will be given under No. 340.

N*100-102. These coins, having as types a helmeted head and a bee, are similar to No. 286 which bore the name of Cyrene; it must therefore be admitted that they come from the workshop of this city. From the legend POMI, which is undoubtedly placed for POMH, we can conclude, that the head is that of Rome, and that these currencies were issued at the time when the Cyrenaica enjoyed autonomy under Roman rule. Mr. Duchalais, who was the first to rightly classified these currencies, presumes that the Cyreneans began to mint them in

i) See. No. 88 note. 1. c. 2) See. No. 90 nol. 1. c. :t) Mus. Fontann III p. 94 no. 4.

4) At least it is impossible to distinguish anything on the imprint which was sent to the authors of this work.

5) The Asbystes and the Gommantes made use of four driges, the last also when they went against their enemies; among the Zavekes, in battles, the tanks were led by women. Herodotus IV, 170, 183, 193. The Greeks said that Neptune and Minerva had taught this art to the Libyans. Schol. ad Pind. Pythia IV, 2.

if Herod. SEEN, 184.

7) Herodotus (IV, 189) expressly says that the Greeks had learned from the Libyans to drive quadriga.

8) See. the commentary in n° 184 following.

o) See. the commentary in n° 248 following. and at No. 321).

10) Cab. Allier p. 122. The piece was returned to Cvrèue by Mlonnet (Suppl. n°49) and Cavedoni (Osserv. p. < note 51). It is certainly not probable that Ma- cauthis, town located towards the southwest in the interior of the country, had a monetary workshop.

n) If Nos. 247-249 bear KP instead of KY, which is very possible, they belong to this class.

AUTONOMOUS CURRENCIES. A.2.

37

Year 96, out of gratitude to the Senate of Rome which had granted them freedom. 1) We was undoubtedly involved in beekeeping in Cyrenaica 2); Aristaeus who, according to tradition, had taught men the art of collecting honey, was much revered among the Cyreneans who were sons of Apollo and Cyrene*); the bee could therefore relate to the cult of this god. 4) However, in Cyrenaica the invention of beekeeping was not attributed to Aristaeus, but to another (They of Apollo and Cyrene, Autuchos 5), who, it seems, had a sanctuary not far from Cyrene); therefore, it must rather be admitted that the bee is the symbol of the latter.

As for the date of copper coins, it is to be assumed that in Cyrenaica, as well that in most other Greek countries, money has not started to be minted from this metal before the fourth century. The first two suites, Nos. 81-90, undoubtedly belong to the second era; we can conclude it from the style of art, the thickness of the blank and the hollow field equipped with garnet. From the “sequence which bears the wheel as type on the reverse, we can also attribute several pieces from the second period, as well as some under the n°* 91-92 in relation to the style of the head, and No. 95 because of the magistrate's name written in full (see §5). But a certain many of the coins described under Nos. 91-99 must be attributed to the Ptolemaic era; the Carthaginian coin on which is struck No. 94, is certainly not earlier than the third century; 2À on n°97 is also found on the Ptolemaic coin n°370.

For the question of the value of these currencies, and the names that the different ones bore divisions, we refer to §6. If we want to determine them with regard to their value, determine nations which will always be insecure, we are inclined to suppose 7) that the n 0$ 82-83, 86, 91 and 100-102 are trichalka, nos. 93 and 95-98 are dichalka, nos. 89-90 and 92 are chalkus, and nos. 81, 84-85 and 99 of trikollyba. These divisions, as we see, are distinguished from each other by different types, except those of n'91-94.

3. COINS OF THE THIRD PERIOD, WITH THE KOINON LEGEND.

103. Tele of Jupiter-Ammon diademed to the right. Garnetis around the edge. IJ\KOINON Silphium; in the field, a gazelle's horn. Grenetis, around the edge.

HAS. \\. 2 Dr. phén. 7.68 of 7.61 gr. 8)

i) Magazine num. fr. 1851 pp. 85-87; 1852 pp. 339 and 342.

2) We know from Synesius that Cyrenean honey was dune superior quality; also in the Middle Ages and today honey and wax were among the objects of export of this country. See Thrige 1. c. p. 301 note. 21 and 22.

3) 0. Muller Gesch. hellen. Stâmme (1844) I p. 342 and II p. 283. Boeckh Expl. ad Pindari op. p. 324; Schol. ad Pind. Pythia IV, 4, p. 343. Thrige I. v. p. 59 and 292.

4) Duchalals 1. c. p. 84-85 sees in the bee both the em- bleme of Aristaeus and that of Pythia, according to the order of which Battus passed from Thera to Libya, called by Pindar (Pythia IV, 59-60) piltcaa Jilqitfoç.

6) 'Avtov/oç ir Aêftvp, IdQtOTtiîoç ai t» lût Kip tvçùy t« fithaat vQyixà nçwroç. Schol. ad Apoll. Rhodii Argon. II, 500. Justin XIII, 7. Cf. Brôndsted Voyage to Greece 1 p. 45.

6) Ptolemy (IV, 4) cites *Antovx

7) The reasons will be indicated in §6.

8) Cab. of Paris (Pellerin Rec. III pi. 86.4; Mionn. n*1, ft. 79.2), Mus. brit. (Cat. P. Koight p. 2I4,G,1).

104-5. Same head. Garnetis around the edge. ty. K°IN°N Silpliium. Garnetis around the edge. (Fig.)

jE.6-44.. 14.1—6.3 gr.*»)

106-7. Others similar, struck on coins of Ptolemy Soter with the head of Berenice

on the reverse. I. 5-4. 9.5 — 4.lgr.**|

108-10. Same head, with or without tiara. R-. KOINON in three lines. Silphium. With or without garnet on the right or reverse. (Fig.) JE.6J-4J. 17.7 — 6.2 gr.* 3 )

111-12. Others similar, struck on coins of Ptolemy Soter with the head of Berenice on the reverse. Jï. 544-1-. 9.s&6.8gr.*|

113-14. Similar to nos. 109-110, with the monogram |@| or fê| on the reverse.

Mr. 5-4J. 10.6—6.6gr.*s)

We see by the specimens cited under n°* 106-7 and 1 11-12, the coins of this kind were quite often struck on Ptolemaic coins. The head of Jupiler-Ammon looks like to that presented by the coins issued by the Ptolemecs in Egypt. The bronzes are for most manufactured so that the part has one side wider than the other providing a Oblique edge, well-known production by Egyptian coins. The KOINON legend finally

I) 32 copies of all collections.

a) Cab. of Paris (Pelleri n Rois pi. VI, Mionn. n* S); cab. of Copenhagen (2 examples, including one from cab. Allier, is. by Dumersan p. 122); is moved. Topsail p 123 n<42, lab. 23, »» (Revue num. fr. 1850 pi. XVI, 6, cf. 1861

p.88j; cal. by Beiitinck 1 p. 40, supplement. He p.3; Sestinl Nus llederv. 111 di corner. p.72n°3: Mlonnet nM.

3} Â2 copies of all collections.

4| Cab. from Modena and Milan.

i) 13 copies of various collections

AUTONOMOUS COINS8. A.3.

39

suggests that the coins of this class were not struck before Cyrenafic was submitted to the king of Egypt; This is what we are going to demonstrate.

The word KOINON, as we know, indicates a state or a people, or a number of cities or municipalities united in a body of state, i.e. the population of a single city; it turns out used on coins minted in Asia and Greece under the Roman emperors, and is still there days followed by the name of a country, province or city, or that of their inhabitants. The more often it is the name of a country or an entire people which is added; so he introduces himself as the most natural thing to think about here. all of Cyrenaica. The reason why the name is not not deputy, is undoubtedly the one, that there was, to indicate the people of the whole country, no

m

other ethnic name than KvQtjvaloi, a name which at the same time designated the citizens of Cyrene, and which were already marked on the coins of this city. *) The KOINON inscription therefore indicates without doubt, that the coins are minted by the people of Cyrenaica for the whole country. 2) The coins from other Greek countries which bear this legend, were all struck under the emperors Romans; he agrees with this fact of supposing that the Cyrenean currencies which correspond to it tooth were not issued while Cyrenaica was independent, but at the time when it was in the same relationship to the kings of Egypt as that which existed later among the others country and the emperors of Rome. Moreover, like the currencies minted jointly by the cities of Cyrenaica at the time of their independence (see p. 30), do not offer the KOI inscription- NO, we are inclined to look for a positive reason which caused similar currencies to be inscribed in this way, manufactured under Egyptian rule. This motive was probably none other than that to distinguish these coins from those struck by the royal government, which bore the name of Ptolemy or only, like n°364, the inscription: of the king or royal] it is in particular to this piece, having BA2I written in the same way as KOINON, on both sides of the silphium, that the currencies of this class are opposed. a) The coins that were minted in Macedonia

i) We might say that we could have used the name Kuçyyaia; but it was only later, under the Roman emperors, who came to be inscribed on the currencies the name of the country.

a> KOINON can be taken as an adjective to which vôfAiapa is implied, and indicate a currency common to the whole country; but we can also look zoivQv as synonym 1 of cfyuoç,, people; on the Asian currencies we sometimes find the word mis in the genitive case, p. e. KOINOYAZIA2, KOINOY

own affairs, and in particular the right to beat my naie (copper) was most often granted to him; the ex- plication which appears to be the simplest is therefore the one, that KOINON was inscribed on the currencies struck by the people c. has. d. by the common magistrate elected by the people, to distinguish them from those them struck by the Roman magistrate; xoiyov, next the ordinary use of the word, indicates an association not not religious, but political (cf. Tittmann 1. c. p. 745 notes 83-87). It should not be surprising that we find often on the coins thus inscribed in the temples and representations relating to sacred games, because everything that belonged to sanctuaries and solemnities public spaces undoubtedly formed the main occupation magistrates of the people; besides the same types are also common on imperial coins without the KOINON legend. At least where the guys don't do not relate to festivals or sacred places, there is no no reason to understand by KOINON a community religious community, what was done, wrongly, by Thrige (1. c. p. 186) with regard to Cyrenean currencies. 3) Among ancient authors we find the same to xotvoy employee of the people in opposition to the king, p.e. Pausan. 111.8.

40

CYRENAIQUE.

under the last kings, present two legends which are opposed in the same sense, Tune, MAKE- AONON which corresponds to KOINON, the other, BA or BA2I without the name of the king added. 1)

it is possible that there existed under Egyptian domination a representation of all the people, or a senate to which the various communes or cities, at least the five principal cities, pales after whom the country was named Pentapolis, sent representatives, and that it is by this senate that the coins we deal with were minted. In the texts former td xoivov is also used in the sense of the people's senate. 9) Thus in the Island of Crete, under the Roman Empire, the senior magistrates of the towns formed, it seems, a representative assembly or a general council, which in the concise inscriptions and on the mon- naies is designated by the name KOINON KPHTON. n) But it is also possible that it was not thus, and that the issue of a currency which was to have currency throughout the country, was the only common affair. At the same time Cyrene, and some time also Barcé and Evespéris, at what it seems, continued to mint money in their own names.

Coins of this class could have been minted either in Cyrene or in the other two cities where monetary workshops were established, and their manufacture undoubtedly lasted a long time, perhaps until the end of the era; this is what we can conclude from the large number that is available to us arrived from these coins, as well as the differences presented by the weight 4 ), the execution and the manufactures. The imprint is sometimes of quite beautiful work and strong relief, sometimes of work mediocre and flat relief; the blank of the pieces is often thin, with a rounded edge, often thick, with an oblique edge. 5) The manufacture of these currencies does not extend beyond the third sixth era, because they differ in all respects from the coins of the fourth era bearing the names of Roman magistrates. 6)

The coins struck on those of Ptotemée Soter could have been issued by the Cyreneans

revolted under Soter 313-308 or later under the reign of Physcon after 162 7), or they may

»

belong to the time when freedom was restored to them by the Romans, 96-66. Several nudes mismatists, not recognizing the over-minting of these coins, attributed them to Ptolemy Apion 8); thus the piece shown under number 106 was reported to this king by Mr. Dumersan in the catalog of the Allier cabinet; but we can easily see Bérénice’s head with the regular locks.

the See. Numismatics of Alexander the Great «by the author of this work) p. 26 ratings 32-33.

2) KOINON on Cyrenean currencies could therefore have the same meaning as KOINOBOY4ION in- written on the coins of Tarsus and Anazarbus under Caracalla (see Kckhel Doctr. 111 p. 42 and 73). KOINOY on Asian currencies cited on p. previous. note 2 can get along in the same way.

3) This denomination is also found on coins whose types have no relation to festivals or sacred games, and in inscriptions which concern political decrees of all kinds. See. Tittmann Griech. Staatsverf. p. 735-73G.

4) The monogram on numbers 09 113-114 must be taken as a mint mark and not for a company symbol. gistrat, because the weighings lead to the conclusion that the pieces of these n" belong to different times, see §6.

5) The parts described under number 08 104-5, which bear KOI- NOT in a line, are largely thin, rounded dies on the edge and of careful execution; No. 108 next. , with KOINON in three lines, are generally thick, with an oblique edge, and a work which is sub- neglected or superficial wind.

6) Mr. Cavedoni (Osserv. p. GO note 50) mentions a coin of this class in the cabinet of Modena, which would have been struck on a coin of Ptolemy, king of Mauritania, contemporary of Tiberius and Caligula; but the scholar himself later recognized (see Bullet. Naples. VI, 1848, p.77), that the overstruck coin is a Ptolemy Soter. The coinage of Ptolemais cited in same place according to Sestinl, does not belong to Cyre- nalque, see. § 7.

7) Cf. Cavedoni Osserv. p. 68. if See. P. It at the end.

AUTONOMOUS COINS8. A. 3. 4t

bands of hair and the cornucopia in front of the neck, and on the reverse, the head of Soter whose chin merges with the top of the silphium.

Silver coin No. 103 is a didrachm of the same weight as most didrachms which bear the head of Libyan Bacchus, and can be assigned to the Phoenician system; see Gyrene n°142following. and §6. The bronzes, although all of the same types, must have contained several several divisions, seeing that they differ greatly in weight; we can admit three or four: tetra- chalkon, trichalkon, dichalkon and chalkus, see §6.

Sestini published a didrachm which bears as types the head of Libyan Bacchus and the sil- phium, and on the reverse K01N KYPA instead of KYPA; Mionnet Ta classified under Cyrenaica in generates. l) If the legend is correct, it is rather to the city of Cyrene than to this class that we must put away the change; because KYPA indicates on all the currencies of Gyrenaica, to what it seems, the city of Cyrene, and we sometimes find on other Greek coins the legend KOINON associated with a city name. 2) But as such a coin is not found in any collection tion and is not mentioned anywhere, it must be considered doubtful, and that is why we we didn't want to adopt it. a)

i) Description num.vet. p. 561 No. 10 of coll. Ainslie; Mionnet monogram for IN; like Sestini in the description

S. IX p. 181 n» 1. tion of the piece (p. 561 n°10) referred to the plate

a) P.e. KOINON BY8AXTISIN, E&K2ISIN, TAP20Y. XII, flg. 10, but the engraving is not there,

s) Mr. Lindberg, in his manuscript, supposes that SesUni a Mr. Lindberg thinks, that before the work was completed,

was seduced by a poorly preserved copy of our the author himself had some doubts regarding the

n°171, on which he knocked out the snake and changed it.

6

42

CYEENAIC.

b.

Coins with city names.

CYRENE.

FIRST PERIOD.

Head of ApelUn •■ Cyrene island. ty. Silphin.

115. Head of Apollo right. (laureate), the hair at the back turned up and held in place by a headband. The head is framed by a garnetis circle, around which the letters KVPA written bustro- phedon; all in a hollow square. I):. Silphiura. ift. 2|. Dr. 3.37 gr. *)

116. Head of a woman (Cyrene) left, her hair surrounded by a headband and held back, with drop earrings and a necklace; around, KVPANA; all enclosed in a circle of garnetis, in a hollow field. fy. Silphium; in the field, a silphium fruit and globules. JR. 2f Dr. 3.29 gr. 9)

U5

bind

Head of Japiter-Annen. fy. Silphian.

117. Head of Jupiter-Ammon on the right, framed by a garnetis circle, around which KVPA bustro- phedon by g. to the right. ; all in a hollow square. Ijr. Silphium.

JR. 3. Dr. 3.48—3.13 gr.* 3 )

118. Same types and legend, but the head is on the left. and curly differently; also the letters KVPA are they written by dr. to left. ift. 3. Dr. 3.4 and 3.2 gr. 4)

ns

i) British Museum.

s) Cab. of Copenhagen (from cab. Wiczal, cat. mus. Hederv, I Add. p. 7, tab. 31,714).

3) 12 copies from different collections.

4) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n° 169 in Barcé, incorr. dec.) and from Vienna.

SECOND AND THIRD PERIOD.

Silver coins. Head of Jiplter-iwon. F*. SUphlia.

119. Head of Jupiier-Ammon to the right; in front, KVPA (the letters facing the edge); the whole surrounded by a circle. ft. Silphium. Mr. 6\. To Dr. att. 17.27 gr. ')

120. Same TV; in front, KVPA (the letters facing the head); all surrounded by a large frame circular. Hollow field. ty. Silphium. (Pig.) Mr. GJ. 4 Dr. att. 17.34—17.23 gr. ")

121. Other similar; to KVPA law; on the reverse at the bottom (K)V. M. £6. 4Dr.att. 17.09gr."|

122. Same side, with the legend KYP. (Fig.) it Silphium. JR.2\. Dr. 3.36—3.06gr.* 4 )

123. Same side, with the legend KYPA. That-. Silphium. lives. 2. £ Dr. 1.66* 1.60 gr. 5)

124. Same head, around which KVPA bustrophedon; all framed by a garnetis square, in a hollow square. (Fig.) R-. Silphium. M.Z. Dr. 3.60—3.13 gr.* 8 )

125. Same head; above, KV. In a hollow square. R-. Silphium (with root).

MA. Ob. O.Wgr. 1,

126. Same head, in a square frame formed by a net and a mesh. Hollow field. ff. Sil- phium; at the bottom Y H. Al. 3. Dr. 3,oogr.»|

127. Same head. If-. Silphium (with or without its rootl; KYPANA in three lines. (Fig.)

vft.7. 4Dr. 13.47—12.44 gr.*»|

128. Same head. ï>. Silphium; KYPANAI in three lines. Al. 7. 4 Dr. 13.47 gr. 10)

129. Same summer. R-. Silphium; KYAP (sic) had two lines. Al.T. 4 Dr. 13.47—12.44 gr. ")

■ } Cab. of Paris (Hlonn. n°57).

") Cab. of Paris, mus. brlt. , coll. of Northwich (Cal. of Thomas n*29SS).

a) Cab. from Vienna.

4) Cab. of Parla (Hlonn. n»Si), of St. Petera town, of Co- Penhagen and Dologne.

") Cab. of Vienna (Cat. mus. Vlnd. I. p. 283 n<3) and of Hunlcb (Seallni Descr. n. vet. p. 561 n»7).

O! Cab. from Paris IMionn. n* 53, pi. 57, ■), of Vienna, of the Duke de Luynes and Colonel Leake.

7) Cab. of Paris (Hionn. n«52|.

s| Cab. from Copenhagen. read similar drachma with KYPAJfAION on the reverse is described by Sestlnl Mus. Hederv. III cont. p. 72 n»7 (Hlonn. S. n»lfl); May » Celtic piece is not found in the eabinels which are shared Count W's here nor.

9) Cab. of Parla (2 exempt, cf. Sesllni Descr. n. vet. p. 561 n»8), of Copenhagen, of the Duke of Lu) born, of Lord North- wlch and Colonel Leake (Cal. Thomas n° 2958 and 29591

io) Cab. of Paris (Pellerin pi. 86.10; Mlonn. n'BO, pi. 73.1).

il) 9 copies from different collections.

44 CYKENAIC.

130. Same head to left. 1>. Silphium; KYPA retrogrades in two lines. At. 7. 4 Dr. 13.24 gr. ')

131. Same head, r}-. Silphium with the root and an offshoot on the right; same legend.

M. 7. 4 Dr. 12.92 gr. s >

132. Same head; behind, API2TIO retrogrades. Grenetie around the edge. fy. Silphium; KYPA in two lines. Mr. $6. 4 Dr. 12.91 gr. 8)

133. Same laurel head; below APIïT. IJ-. Silphium; around, KYPANA retrograde.

Ai. 7. 4 Dr. I3,28gr.«)

134. Same head without laurel; around, AP12TOMHAEOI. Q-. Silphium; KYPANA bustrophedon in three lines. (Fig.) Ai. 7. 4 Dr. 13.40gr. s)

136. Same laurel head; in front, KYÛlOS. Pour fillet. Jfr. Silphium; (KY)P*ANA in three lines. JR. 7. 4 Dr. 12.73 gr. fl)

134 135

136. Same head without laurel; in front, NIKI02. %. Silphium; KYPA in two lines.

Ai. 7. 4 Dr. 13.23 & 12.87 gr. 1)

137. Another similar one, with the legend on the retrograde reverse. Ai. 7. 4Dr. I3,l5gr. e)

138. Same laureate head on the right; in front, NIKIOZ. R-. Silphium; KYPA downgrades into two leagues.

Ai. 7. 4 Dr. 1 3.40—13.30 gr.* *)

139. Same head, surrounded by a thin band, to the right; in front, NIKI02. I}-. 'Silphium; (KYjPANAIOI retrograde in four lines. Ai.l. 4 Dr. 13.21 te 13.11 gr. i0 j

140. Same head without headband on left; behind, TOMHAEOZ. rV. Silphium; KYPANA in three lines. (Fig.) At. 7. 4 Dr. 13.17 gr.")

He Cab. of Paris i.Mionn. S.q»24). S) Cab de Paris (Mlonn. S. n-31. pi. VIII, 2).

i) Coll. by Rollin. g) Cab. of Copenhagen (2example|, coll. of Rollin (3example|,

S) Cal. mus. Humer p. 123 n°21. lab. 23. îa |Mlonn. ri' 59). Cat. mua. Lavjr n°4625'.

4} Cab. de Parle (Mionn. S. n° 30, pi VIII, I). io| Cab. of Parla (Mionn. 3. n> 35) and of Berlin (CaL of Pinder

i) Coll. of the Duke of Luynes. n"436 Incompl.); /eal attached a at the bottom.

a) Cab. of Copenhagen (Cat. of Thomas o*29S7). II) Coll. of Rollin {Cal. by Thomas n*2956).

i) Cab. of Paris {Mionn. S. n*32) and Florence.

CYBENE. 141. Another similar one with retrograde KYPA on the reverse.

M. 7. 4 Dr. 13.40—12.96 gr. ')

Mie 4e Bactiu Ubjn. R-. Mlphi«„.

142. Hairless head with ram's horns, left; in front, inOAIA)NOEY2. Garnetis around the edge. R-. KYPA Silphium. Garnetis around the edge. (Fig.) M. 5. 2 Dr. ai. 8,Mgr. 9 |

143. Same diademed head; behind, OEY. Garnetis around the edge. R-. KYPA Silphium. With or without garnetis. (Fig.) JR.Z. Dr. 3.28 & 3.24 gr. ■)

144. Another similar one with KYPANA (in three lines) and a garnet around the edge on the reverse.

v*. 3. Dr. 3.13 gr. *)

145. Same head without diadem; behind, KYAIOI. Garnetis around the edge. R-. KY Silphium.

JR. 3. Dr. 3.30 gr. s)

146. Same head. Garnetis around the edge. That-. KYPA (in two lines). Silphium.

M. 3. Dr. 3.28 gr. •)

147. Same head. ifr. KY Silphium. (Fig.) M. X Dr. 2.92 (us.) & 3.1-2 gr. 1)

148. Same diademed head, right. If-, KYPA (in two lines). Silphium. (Fig.)

Al. 4. 2 Dr. phén. 7.61 gr. s)

149. Same head without tiara. Ifr. KYPA (in one line). Silphium.

M. 5-4. 2 Dr. phén. 7.93—6.91 gr.*")

I) Cab. of Paris i.Minnn. S. o* 37 and 38 incorr deer. , pt.

VIII, 3), mus. Lrlt, cab. from Copenhagen. 1) Cab. of Si. Pelerabourg.

he Hua. briL (Cal. of P. Knight p. 31-1, El, 1), cab. by Parla. ") Cab. of Paris (Mlonn. n*77, incompl. dec.l.

s) Cab. of Parla (Hlonn. n>76).

«} Cab de Paria (Mionn. n»7â}.

T) Cab. from Cop'nhagen and The Hague.

S) Hua. brlt. (Cat. de Combe p. 139 n°10, lab. I3,aj

s) S exemplary! from different collectlona.

CYBENAIC.

flr. Similar to the previous setback. Ai. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 7.88 gr. 1)

(}-. KYPA (in two lines). Silphium; in the field on the right, a horn. Ai. 4. 2 Dr. phén. 7.88—6.98 gr.* 9 |

152. Another similar one, with KYPA low. (Pig.) Ai.k\. 2 Dr. phén. 7.78—7.68 gr.*l

153. Same TV at. g. That-. KYPA Silphium; in the field, two stars. (Pig.)

Mr. 5. 2 Dr. tire. 7.B— 7.1 gr.* 4 ) fy. Similar to the previous setback. JR. has. 2 Dr. phén. 7.64g. *)

KYPA Silphium; in the h right field, a star.

A.5-4. 2 Dr. phén. 7.77—7.33 gr.* 8 l

150. Same head left.

151. Same head to the right.

154. Same head to the right.

155. Same head. r>.

Same head left. fy. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the right. a star, at, g. the monogram A or*. vfi-â- 2 Dr. phén. 7.77—6.88 gr.* 1)

Another similar one. JR. £4. 2 Dr. 6.38 * 5.80 gr. 8)

Another similar one, with the star on the left. and the monogram on the right.

Ai. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 7.81—7.46 gr.* B | Other similar with tiara head e. (Pig.) JR. 4”. 2 Dr. 5.60 gr. 10)

Same head & right, without tiara. $. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the left, a crab.

M. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 6.86g. ") Other similar; in the field on the right. the crab, left. the monogram £.

A. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 7.47g. **| Another similar one with the crab and the fi monogram. Ai. i\. 2 Dr. phên. 7.68* 7.29 gr. "*) Another similar one with the crab and the monogram X- |Pig.) M. b. 2 Dr. phén. 7.86gr. "} Another similar one with the crab and the monogram nr. Ai. 4J. 2 Dr. phén. 7.79 and 7.32 gr. ") Another similar one with the crab and the monogram l. Ai. b. 2 Dr. phén. 7.73 — 6.86 gr.* in | Same head left. That-. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the right, a tripod.

A.4£. 2 Dr. 6.17—5.47 gr. ") Another similar one, in the field on the left. the tripod, U dr. the monogram €■

Ai. 5-4. 2 Dr. phén. 7.76—7.21 gr.*,B)

he Cab. of Parla {Mionn n'Gli. A piece similar to the legend [KDPANAt, weighing 8.w grams, esl c let's give the cal. mus. Topsail p. 123 n» 33.

l] 12 copies from different collections

a) Lab. from Paris, Vienna and Copenhagen.

t) 8 copies from different collections,

l) Cub. binds St. Pelersburg.

S) C copies from different collections.

I) 9 copies from different collections.

S| Coll. de Fontana and cab. from Munich.

") 9 copies from different collections. 101 Cab. from Copenhagen; Àgoalino Dial.de mcd. VI p.183, flg. I. H-ii) Cab. of The Hague.

ta) Cab. of Munich, cat. mus. Huntcr p. 123 n*3l. 141 Cab, from Copenhagen. ■il Cab. of Paris (Mlunn il» 65). mus. brlt. |rat. by P. Knlght

p. 214, G.C1. isi 5 copies from different collections. u| Cab de Pari» 12 exempt., Mloon. S. n'43) and Milan, isi copies from different collections.

Al. 4. 2 Dr. phén. 7.78—7.05 gr* ')

168. Another similar one with the head on the right.

169. Same tMe on left. Ifr. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the right. a quiver, left. the mono- gram |ff . (Fig.) JR. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 7.67—7.00 gr. *|

170. Same head. R-. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the left. ffî or the same monogram as on previous n*. (Fig.) M. 4J. 2 Dr. phén. 7.85—7,“gr.**)

171. Same head. $. KYPA Silphium; in field a g. a snake, right. IF.

iR.4f 2 Dr. phén. 8.00 — 7.00 gr. *)

172. Another similar one, with the serpent on the right. and the monogram on the left.

Mr. 4J. 2 Dr. phén. 7.75 gr. s j

173. Same head to the right. $. KYPA Silphium; in field a g. a snake, right. ft.

JR.i^. 2Dr.phen. 7.75 and 7.27 gr.')

174. Same TV on left. fi;. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the right. 115).

Al.b-4. 2 Dr. phén. 7.80—7.88 gr.* 7 |

175. Same head. ft. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the left. |ff, right. Ht.

A. 4J. 2 Dr. phén. 7.68g. B |

Head 4th Greek lychees. r>. Silphfi*.

176. Head of Bacchus surrounded by ivy to the right; behind, a thyrsus; in front, 0EY. KYPA Silphium. Garnetis around the edge. Al 4. 2 Dr. ai. 8,“gr. ■)

there 8 copies from different collections. 4) There are copies of different collections.

1! Cab, from Paris iMionn n*73), from Vienna and Copen- ;.; Cab. of Paria.

hague i.Cal. of Welil n* 7754). *. Cab. from Paris and Vienna.

s) Mus. brit. (Cat. de Combe p. 239 n»8), cab. from Copen- 7i 6 copies from different collections.

ring, coll. by Leuke iMim. hellen. Afr. Group p. 2 n«5] el s| Cab. of The Hague. There is at sea on the right.

by Rollin (Cal. Mus. Hederv. n«7057 Incorr. dec.}. Cat. u what it seems.

mus. Topsail p. 122 n°26. Bi Cab. of Paris Mioim ri» 80, pi. 79, ai.

48

CYRENAICA.

Head “PAp#U#n. £. SUpUm.

177. Laureate head of Apollo left. Q-. KYPA (in two lines). Silphium.

M. 4. 2. Dr. 6.78 gr. l)

178. Same head. Ç\ KYPA Silphium; in the field below, a jerboa and 2Q. (Fig.)

ift. 4^. 2 Dr. 6.65 gr. 9)

179. Same head to the right. Q: KYPA (in one line). Silphium; in the field on the left, a crab.

iR. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 7.42 gr. 8)

180. Same head. Q*. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the right. a crab, left. KE.

ift. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 6.87 gr. 4)

178 ^^ 180

181. Another similar one with K in place of the letters KE. itt. 5. 2 Dr. 6.38 gr. 5)

182. Head of Apollo, hair in regular braids and surrounded by a headband, left. That. KYPA Silphium; in the field on the left. a star, right. 3:. ifi. 3. Dr. 2.73 gr. 6)

182

Head of ffUmèe. Q-. Silphlan and palnier.

183. Head of Ptolemy, son of Lagus, right; behind, a club, in the middle of the field between a silphium and a palm tree.

Net around the edge. £. KYPAN JR. 5. 2 Dr. phén. 7.24 7 )

Coins (for.

Japlter. fy. Quadriga.

184. Jupiter seated left, holding right hand. a scepter, the left arm. leaning on the back of the throne; throne; in front, an eagle flying towards the god; behind, OEYEI retrograde. Net around the edge. £. Quadriga, the horses galloping left; KYPANAION on a tablet in the exergue. Net and grenctis around the edge. (Fig.) AT. 4. St. att. 8.61—8.49 8 )

i) Leake Num. Hellen. Afr. Group p. 2 No. 6.

2) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. no. 78 incorr. dec.). One piece similar with JSl without the jerboa, is described by Sestini Mus. Hederv. III di cont. p. 72 n*13.

3) Cab. of The Hague.

4) British Museum.

5) Cab. from Paris. A) Cab. of The Hague.

7) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. VI p. 562 n°79).

8) Cab. of Paris (2example, Pellerin Mél. I pi. IV, 9, Mionn. n» 36) and Mus. Pemborock I tab. V, 9 (sales cat. no. 1377).

49

185. Jupiter enthroned, in the same pose; behind, a seated eagle (h left, head turned} on the winding of a vine branch; in front, OEYOELAEYI. Net and garnet around the edge. $. Quadriga, led at a trot to the right; above, a large star and KYPANAION. Fillet perimeter. V. 4g-. St. att. 8.66 & 8.60 gr. *|

Jupiter enthroned with the eagle as in the previous n*; the eagle behind him faces right; in front (IIAÏONOJ. Net around the edge. Q-. The same as the previous reverse.

AT. $4. St. att. 8.58g. »| Similar to the previous n'; the eagle is turned as in n* 185. R. The Victory in a quadriga, seen from the front; below, KYPANAION. Garnetis around the edge.

iR. 4f St. att. 8.61 gr. *) Jupiter enthroned as in the previous n"s; in front, the eagle flying with a serpent between the greenhouses; behind, IA20N02. R-. Similar to * n" 185-186. A'. 41. St. ai. 8.68gr. 4 |

. “Jupiter seated on the right. , holding the scepter in the left hand, the right arm. leaning on the back of the throne; throne; in front of 1AION. Net around the edge. If-. Quadriga similar to that of n'184; KYPANAION in the exergue. Net around the edge. (Fig.) S.A. St. ai. 8.61 gr. 5)

. Jupiter seated left, holding eagle on right hand, left arm. leaning on the back of the chair; in front, an incense altar (thymiaterion); behind it, an illegible name. f}\ Similar to n* next. S. 4. St. att. 8.60 gr. •)

. Jupiter standing left, holding a peg in the right hand, the left resting on the scepter; in front, the thymiaterion; behind, I10AIAN0EYZ. Garnetis around the edge. FJ-. Quadriga con- trots to the right; above, the star of the sun, seen half, and KYPAiNAilON. Net around the edge.

S.4J. St. att. 8.68g. 1)

192. Similar to the previous n" ty. Victory in a quadriga, going step by step to the right; au- above, KYPANAION. Net around the edge. (Fig.) No. 4£. St. att. 8.68—8.65 gr.*")

I) Cab. of Copenhagen (Thés. niim. Thott p. 2 n" 16) ei

Mus. Pembrock 1 lab. V, 10 (cal. of sale no. 13ÏI11. 1) Coll. of the Duke of Lujnes.

3} Cal. mus. Topsail p. 121 »°1, tab.23, » [Mlonn. n'). 4) Cat. mus. Topsail p. 121 n* 2, iab.23,io (Mtonit. n’Ai), b) British Museum. s) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n* 39. or the name is wrongly read

KAPISOX). It is perhaps the same currency which

is engraved in Pcllerin Dec III pi. 80, “with the name

UOAIANBKTX. 7) Cab. from Vienna. S) 13 examples of different rolleclions. Voyei Lujnes

Choice of medicine gr pi. X, 2.1.

CYEÈKAIQUE.

Jupiter standing seen from the front, looking to the right. ; the hand of dr. is leaning on the scepter, the left on the hip; the eagle is at his feet on the left. (Fig.) FJr. Quadriga running right; in exergue

KYPAN AT. 4. SL has. 8.60 & 8.48 gr. ')

Jupiter-Ammon standing seen from the front, head radiated, holding dr. Victory, on the left arm. the scepter; on his left side, a ram; to the right, AAMONAKTOi. Garnetis around the edge. ft. Quadriga leads to the troit on the right; above, KYPANAION. Garnetis around the edge.

AT. 4}. St. ai. 8.62 gr. 2)

Rider.

Silpklii

195. A horseman, dressed in a cbilon, walking to the right. Net lines). Silphium; bottom right, a jerboa.

196. KYPANAION {in four lines, A and N linked). Same rider, bottom left, a jerboa. Garnetis around the edge.

u perimeter. $. KYPA (in two

AT. 2f i St. att. 4.27 gr. *}

Net around the edge. ft. Silphium;

AT. $2. J St. ai. 4.81—4.21 *)

197. Same rider going left, hat hanging behind the neck. I}-. KYPA Silphium. Net around the edge. (Fig.) AT. $2. J St. att. 4.30 4 4.29 5 )

198. KYPAN Same rider, a chlamys thrown over his shoulders. Net around the perimeter. I)-. Sil- phium; at the bottom, 0E. Garnetis and net around the edge. AT. $2. £ St. att. 4.29—4.06 gr. 8)

199. Same rider, without the chlamys and the hat, going to the right. Above, KYPA and the remains from an earlier legend. Garnetis around the edge. r>. KYPANA (in three lines). Silphium. Garnetis around the edge. (Fig.) AT. 2\. £ St. att. 4.27 gr. ')

200. From the same corner as the previous face. Ffr. Silphium; KYAI02 (bustrophedon from top to bottom). (Fig.) AT. 24. \ St. att. 4.27—3.95 gr. fl)

i) Coll. of the Duke of Luynea and Cal. Mus. Pembrock I Tab.V,7

(Sales Cat. No. I370). i) Cab. of Party (Mlonn. n*35, S.IX pi. 7.1; cf. Eckhel

Doctr. IV p. 121). 3) Cab. of Stockholm and the Duke of Luynea (Med's choice.

pl.X,27). i) Cab. of Paris (Mlonn. n' 32, Incorr. dc'cr., CaL d'Ennery

p. 60 nMÛ), Mua. brlt. (Haym Tes. brit. II p. 124 n»3;

R Knlght p. 213.6.2), Hua. Pembrock I tab.V.7 (and.

Sestini Hua. Fontana 1 p. 123 n'2-3). wire Cab. of Parla (Kionn. u*33| and of La Hâve. n! Cab. de Paria (Hionn. d*34), coll. de Fontana, Hua.

Pembrock 1 lab. V, 5 {CaL of sale n* 1,381), Hua. Hunter

p. KM D*G, lab. 23, II. T) Cab. from Paris and Florence. s) Cab. of Paria (Pellerin Rec. III pi. 80.7; Hionn, n* 30),

Mua. brltann. (Cat. de Combe p. 239 n* I), Mus. Hunter

p. 122 n» 8 (Incorr. dec.).

CYRENE.

51

201. From the same corner as the face of the two previous n's. Garnetis around the edge.

$. Silphium; KY AIOZ (in three lines). 2\. \ St. ai. 4.34—4.27 gr. *)

199

200

201

202. Same rider; behind, KYAIOZ. Ifr. KYPA Silphium; bottom right, a jerboa.

M. 2f i St. att. 9)

203. Same rider; behind, I10AI. That-. Same as the previous setback.

Mr. 2J. | St. att. 4.3g. ")

204. Same rider, hat behind neck, going right; behind, XAIP. Q*. KYPA Sil- phium. M. 2f i St. att. 4.02 gr. 4)

205. Same rider going left, hat hanging behind the neck; above, a star. $. Silphium; to left. KYPA. Al. 2. £ St. (£ St. att.) 2.84—2.80 gr. 5)

205

206. Same side.

207. Same side.

208. Same side.

fjc. Silphium; to the right. KYPA. Al. 2. $ St. (£ St. att.) 2.80 gr. 6)

That-. Silphium; to the right. KYPA, left. E.AT. 2. ± St. (| St. att.) 2.84— 2.81 gr. 7) Net around the edge. Qr. Silphium; to left. KYPA; to the right. :&.

Mr. 2. | St. (£ St. att.) 3.00—2.83 gr.* 8 )

Line head. $. Triple SilpUun.

209. KYP Head of Minerva on left. Rr. Three silphium rods around a globe as center common. (Fig.) M. If \ St. att. 2.16—2.00 gr* 9 )

210. Same head to the right. Garnetis around the edge. Q-. KYP Same type. Net around the edge. (Fig.)

Mr. 1 }. | St. att. 2.16—2.13 gr. 10)

211. Same head; ahead, I10AIAN retrograde. Garnetis around the edge. fjc. KYP Same type.

1J. {St. att. 2.16 gr. 11)

1) Cab. from Paris, mus. brit. (Cat. P. Knight p. 213, B, 1), coll. of the Duke of Luynes (Cat. of Thomas no. 2952), Mus. Pemborock I tab. V, 6 (Sales cat. n© 1380).

a) Sestini Mus. Hederv. 111 cont. p. 72 n* 1 (Mlonn. S. n* 15, Incorr. dec.).

a) Cab. of Paris, Sestini Mus. Fontana I p. 123 n° 1, tab.V, 18.

4) Mus. Hunter p. 122 n°7, tab. 23, ia (the rider is represented felt galloping; Mionn. No. 31).

6) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n»26), of Stockholm and of Fon- tana.

6) Coll. of Fontana.

7) Cab. of Paris (2 examples, Mionn. n<>27), of Berlin (Cat. by Pinder n*435, Thés. Brandenb. I p. 518) and the Hague.

8) 11 copies from different collections. See. Luynes Choice of medicine ft. X, 26.

9) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n»25) and of The Hague, mus. brit. (Cat. P. Knight p. 214, D, 1), coll. of the Duke of Luynes, of Count Palin and Mr. Fontana; Sestini Descr. num. vet. p. 561 no. 6.

io) Cab. from Copenhagen and SL Petersburg. il) Cab. from Copenhagen.

7*

52

CYRENAICA.

212. Same head left; above, XAIPI. Ifr. KYP Same type.

AT. If $ St. att. 2.16—2.11 gr* l )

209

210

212

Head of Jipiter-Anntii •■ from Libyan Bacdms. Q*. Goddess heads.

213. Head of Jupiter-Ammon; KY. Efr. Head of a woman (?); KY. AT.f i(£)St. 9)

214. Same head left; behind, KY. Garnetis around the edge. I}% Head of a woman (from Cyrene) to the right, hair rolled up; 110 written on both sides. (Fig.)

Af.f i (i) St. 0.89-0.84 gr. 8)

215. Same head; behind, PO. Ifr. Same woman's head; in front, KY.

M. f \ St. 0.87 gr. 4)

216. Head of Libyan Bacchus on left; on both sides, KY (retrograde). Ifr. Same woman's head; on both sides, KY (retrograde). (Fig.) AT.f. J St. 0.88—0.80 gr. 5)

217. Same side. I}\ Same woman's head, without legend. M.f. ^ St. 0.86 gr. 6)

218. Same head; behind, KY (retrograde). I}\ Similar to the previous reverse.

AT.f. £St. 0.84 gr.* 7 )

216

218

219. Same head; K. ft. Same woman's head; KYA. AT.f. J-St. 0.89 dr 0.87 gr. 8)

220. Same head to the right, with an ornament above the forehead; behind, AAM. Garnetis around the edge. Ifr. Head of a woman (of Diana) left, hair decorated with rushes (?); behind the shoulder, the ex- ends of a quiver and a bow; to the right, KY (retrograde). Garnetis around the edge.

AT. J. J St. 0.87 dr 0.84 gr. *)

220

i) Gab. from Stockholm (Gat. de Skioldebrand p. 59), from Paris (Mionn. n»24), Vienna and Florence (Eckhel N. vet. anecd. p. 303 tab. XVI, 2, lncorr. K instead of X); Cat. Mus. Hunter p. 122 n«9&10.

a) Se8tini Descr. n. vet. p. 560 No. 1.

3) Cab. from Paris (Mionn. n° 12-13), from St. Petersburg and mus. brit. (Gat de Combe p. 239 no. 2).

4) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n* 14).

5) Cab. from Paris (Mionn. n°20), from Vienna and from Fontana.

6) Gab. from Copenhagen.

7) S copies of different collections or catalogs.

s) Cat. mus. Hunter p. 122 n» 14-15 (SesUni Lett. dicont. I p. 75 n«2, Mionn. S. n°6). This part perhaps belongs be in nos. 68-70, a star having been taken for K.

9) Gab. of Paris (Mionn. n° 19 lncorr. dec.), mus. brit. (Cat. de Combe p. 239 n* 6, tab. XIII, 4; Mionn. S. n<> 10). It's probably the same currency that is described in Cat. by Ennery p. 60 No. 14 and in .SesUni Lett. di cont I p. 75 no 8 (cf. Mionn. S. n*9), bearing AA or AA at right.

CYRENE.

53

Types of

the Great.

221. Head of Minerva right. Q-. KYPANAI(OI) nTOAEMAIQ Victory standing left, on arm left a trophy stick, in the outstretched right hand a crown)?); front down, some indistinct characters. Mr. 4. St. att. 8.65g. 1)

Bronze coins.

Heads of Avilistes. r>. SilpMun •■ triple silphimn.

222. Head of Jupiter-Ammon to the right. I>. KYPANON(?) Silphium. 222 a. Same head. . Q-. KY Silphium.

223. Same head. r>. KSilphium.

224. Head of Libyan Bacchus on the right. r>. Silphium; to left. (K)Y. hollow.

I. 6. *)

Mr. 6. *)

M. 3. 3.3 gr. 4)

Garnetis around the edge; field

I. 5. 17.7 gr. 5)

225. Same head; in front, A. Q*. Silphium; KY (retrograde). Garnetis around the edge. I. 5. 6)

226. Same head. Q-. Silphium; to left. KY (retrograde). Net around the edge; hollow field.

I. £2. 4.6g. 7)

227. Same head. Q: Silphium; KY writes on both sides. Garnetis around the edge; hollow field.

I. 2f 3.6 gr. *)

228. Same head; behind, --P. Garnetis around the edge. I>. KY Three silphiums gathered around of a globe as a common center. Garnetis around the edge; hollow field. (Fig.)

I. 3. 4.3 gr. ")

i) Gab. of Paris (from the coll. of Thomas, Cat. of Thomas n*2706 Incorr. dec.; Magazine num. fr. 1844 pp. 325 flg. t 1853 ft. XIX, 7; Pinder Beitrage xur ai. Mûnxk. I Taf. VIII, 5).

a) Longpérier Cat from the cab. Magnoncour n* 838; undoubtedly the legend is not correctly reproduced, cf. p. 61.

t) Agostino Dialoghi I tab. 5, 9.

4) Cab. of Christiania.

5) Mus. brit. (Cat. P. Knight p. 215, M, 3).

6) Leake Num. hellen. Afr. Group p. 2 No. 15.

7) Cab. from Copenhagen. s) Cab. from Milan.

9) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n» 92, BP behind the head; the n* following rather carries THP).

54 CYBENAIC.

239. Same side. Cr. KYP Same type. Net around the edge; hollow field.

E. 3. 3,B gr. ")

230. Others similar with imperfect legends. JE.Z. 4.2 — 3.2gr.* a d

231. Head of a woman (from Cyreoe) & dr.; in front, KYPANA. IJ-. Triple silphium. Greuetis at perimeter; hollow field. (Pig.) I. has. 12.9—14.2gr. 8 }

232. Other similar. The head is decorated with vines!?); behind, an uncertain object. The legend does not appear (for lack of blank). I. 5. 14.7 g. 4)

233. Helmeted head (of Minerva) a left. Greuetis around. Yew. KYP(A) Silphium. Greuetis at perimeter; hollow field. I. 2D-. 3.6g. s)

Head of J«plter»Awm. rj-, Tmfceu de Battis.

234. Head of Jupiter- A m m on to the right. $. A cone above which appears a column surmounted of a vase; a g. KY(PAN}AI°N; to the right. EYOï.PiloS. Greuetis around the edge; hollow field. (Struck twice.) (Fig.) I. 6J. •)

235. Same head. r>. Same type and legend (?). I. 5. 12.2 & 10.3 (us.). 'j

i) Cab. from Copenhagen.

1) Mus. brlt. (Cal. P. Knlght p.3I6,H,6), cab. from Munich,

coll. of Welil {CaL n*T7T0) and of Fonlana. a) Mu3. brfl., cab. of Paris (2 “., Pellerln Rois pi. 22 and Ree.

III pI.SG.i”; Hionn. n«93-94, Incorr. dec.) cl coll. of

Fonlana.

i) Cnb. from Milan.

s) Cab. of Copenhagen (from the Welil coll., cal. no. 77TI).

•) Coll. of the Duke of Lujies.

T) Cab. of Paris (Pellerln Bec. il! pi. 1 18, a; Renie num.fr.

1860 pl.XVI.T & 1851 p.89, incotnpl.) and Copenhagen

(Incomplete).

CYRENE.

55

Head of Marne. Q>. Victory. .

236. Head of Diana right; behind the neck, the quiver; in front of AAMfl KYPANA. Grenetis perimeter. Ç\ The Flying Victory, right. ; she holds a crown in her left hand. and the right a floating banner, on which a legend is written (?). Garnetis around the edge; hollow field. M. 5. 15.1 gr. l)

236

Gaelle. r>. Silphia.

237. Gazelle stopping, right; in front, a jerboa. (Above, erased letters.) Garnetis around the edge. Q*. KYPA Silphium. Garnetis around the edge; hollow field.

iE.4. 7.4—5.0 gr.* 2)

237

Head 4'Apellei to efcevelare beaelée. Q*. Sllphiam, Gaelle.

238. Head of Apollo right. , her hair surrounded by a headband and falling in long curly locks keys. That-. KYPA Silphium. Hollow field. (Fig.) M. 3&. 4.9—2.6 gr. 8)

239. Same head; behind, K; in front, YP. #. KYAP (sic) or KYP Silphium.

I. 3. 3.6—2.7 gr. 4)

240. Same head; behind, K (in front, YP?). #. KY Silphium. M. 3. 2.9 gr. 5)

241. Head of Apollo, hair in long regular locks hanging from the top of the head, without headband. I)-. KYPA Silphium. Garnetis around the edge; hollow field. M. 3. 3.7 gr. 6)

241

i) Cab. from the University of Tarin.

2) Mus. British, cab. from Paris, from Vienna, from Munich, from Milan, from Copenhagen (from the Wiciai collection, Sestini Mus. Hederv. III cont. p. 74 n*42 incorr. dec.), of Fontana, d'Allier (cat p. 122 incorr. dec.) and Gat. mus. Lavy #4632 (incorr. dec.).

3) 8 copies of different collections and catalogs.

4) Cat. mus. Hunter p. 123 n«44, tab. 24, a (Mionn. n°96); cab. from Milan, from Copenhagen; Welil's Cat n*7759 (incorr. dec.), Cat rais, by Schackmann p. 74, flg. 1 (Mionn n°97, incorr. dec.); Cat mus. Mû n ter n»3119.

b) Cab. from Copenhagen.

6) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n*98).

56

CYRENAICA.

242. Same head as in No. 238. I):. KY Gazelle standing right. ; below, an ivy leaf (?). Hollow field. (Fig.) I. 2|. 2.7g. 1)

243. Same face and reverse, without mark. M. 2. l.8&0.9gr. 2)

244. Same head as in n°241. Garnetis around the edge. ffr. KYPA Gazelle standing right. Field hollow. I.\±. 1.4 & 1.0 gr. 8)

244

245. Same types and legend; on the back in front of the gazelle, a hat.

246. Other similar; on the reverse in front of the gazelle, a crown.

I. If 1.2 of 0.7 gr. 4) Mr. $1. 1.1 gr. 5)

Rider, horse. fy. SUpUn, rane.

247. Rider galloping left. $. Silphium; to left. KY; to the right. a crab. I. 3. 4.0 gr. 6)

248. Rider galloping right. ; above, KY. Garnetis around the edge. (Overknock.) $. Wheel with four rays, between which at left. silphium. M. 5. 7.4 gr. (us.) 7 )

249. Other similar; KY is below the rider. Mr. \\. 8.6—7.9 gr. 8)

249

250. Horse walking right. $. KYPA Wheel with four spokes, viewed obliquely.

I. 2. 2.3—1.5 gr.* 9 )

250

Jupiter-Amen TV. $. Pahrier.

251. Head of Jupiter-Ammon, diademed, right. ty. KYPA Palm; to the right. , a silphium. (Fig.)

jE.4-3. 6.0—3.8 gr.* 10)

i) Cab. of Copenhagen (by Ja coll. Wiczai, Sestini Mus. Hederv. III cont. p.74 n°33).

2) Cab. from Copenhagen et al. by Rollin.

3) Cab. from Copenhagen and Munich; Sestini Desert. n. vet. p. 561 n° 21-22 (incorr. dec.); Cat. mus. Hunter tab. 68.23 (Mionn. VI p. 645 n° 226 incomplete dec.).

4) Mus. brit. (Cat. P. Knight p. 215,M, 18) and cab. from Paris (Mionn. n°124 incomplete dec.).

5) Mus. brit. (Cat. P. Knight p. 21 5, M, 19, incomplete dec.).

6) Cab. from Copenhagen.

7) British Museum.

8) Cab. of The Hague, of Copenhagen (2 copies of the coll. Wiczai, Sestini Mus. Hederv. III cont p.74 n«>36and 38 incorr. dec.), Munich and Rollin (from coll. Wiczai, Sestini le. p.74 n°37, incorr. dec.).

9) 8 copies of different collections and catalogs. to) 12 copies of different collections and catalogs.

The piece described by M. Longpérler in cat. of the cab. Magnoncour n°839 with a club instead of the sil- phium, is undoubtedly the same.

CYRENE

57

252. Another similar one, with A on the reverse

253. Other, with B. . . .

254. Other

255. Other

256. Other

257. Other

258. Other

259. Other

260. Other

261. Other

262. Other

259

263. Other

264. Other

265. Other

266. Other

267. Other

with T. (Fig.)

with A.

with E.

with I. (Fig.)

with H. (Fig.)

with 0. (Fig.)

with I. . . .

with i\.

with mr. *. .

251

254

257

on the reverse in the field on the right, another horn. (Fig.) silphium is on the left; to the right. a pentagon. (Fig.) silphium does not appear; to the right. a snake. (Fig.) silphium is on the left; to the right. a crab. (Fig.) the silphium and the crab are on the right. (Fig.)

I. 4-3. 6.4—4.0 gr. *)

iE.4-3. 6.2—4.2 gr. 9)

M. 4-3. 7.2—2.9 g. n)

I. Sf 6.1 & 4.7 gr. 4)

I. £3. 5.8—4.6 gr. 5)

I. 3. 4.2 gr. 6)

Mr. Z\. 6.4—5.5 gr. *)

I. 4-3. 6.4—4.3 grams. 8)

. . M.Z$. 5.5 gr. 9)

I. 4-3. 6.7—5.3 gr. 10)

. . I.S$. 6.2gr. u)

258

M. 3. 4.0—3.3 gr. 19)

£1.4-3. 4.9-2.9 gr. 1")

I. 3\. 4.8g. (worn) ")

I. 4-3. 6.6—3.9 gr.* 15 )

iE.4-3. 6.7—4.3 gr.* 16 )

266

263

264

265

i) Cab. of Paris, of Vienna (Mus. Theupoli p. 1201 no. 3 in- compl.), Milan and Friedlander; SestlniMus. Hederv. III cont. p. 73 No. 18 (incomplete).

2) British Mus., cab. from The Hague and St. Petersburg; Sestini Mas. Hederv. III cont. p. 73 n* 24.

s) Cab. of the Hague, of Paris and of Bellermann; Cat. of Heydecken No. 3604; Cat. mus. Hunter p. 124 no. 52; Leak Num. Hellen. Afr. Group p. 2.

4) Cab. from Vienna and St. Petersburg.

6) Cab. from Paris (2 examples, Mionn. n°116) and from Vienna; Cat. mus. Hunter p. 124 n°54.

•) Cab. from Paris (Mionn. n°109); Sestini Mus. Hederv. III cont. p. 73 n«> 23; Cat. deWelxl n°7762 (incomplete dec.); Ackerman cat. by Horta p. 16 n«304 (incorr. dec.).

7) Cab. from Milan and Vienna; Haym Teas, brit II tab. XVII, 2

(GessnerNum. gr. tab. 35.25). s) Coll. de Becker et cab. of Paris (2 examples). 9) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. nM12). 10) Cab. from Paris, Vienna, Munich and Copenhagen

(from the Wiczai coll., Sestini Mus. Hederv. III cont. p. 73

n*25). n) Cab. of Paris (Pellerin Rec. III pi. 86.1”; Mionn. n° 114);

cf. Sestini Mus Hederv. 111 cont. p. 73 n»20.

12) Coll. by Thomsen, from Vienna (Eckhel Cat. mus. Vind. I p. 283 n»9), Milan and Rollin.

13) 6 copies of various collections. n) Cab. from Milan.

15) 18 copies of different collections and catalogs.

16) 25 copies of different collections and catalogs.

8

58

CYRENAICA.

268. Other; silphium is on the right. ; on the left, a star; AA to right. or on both sides of the palm tree. (Fig.)

I. 4-3. 6.9—4.4 gr.* «)

269. Other, without the star; silphium is on the right. ; AA is on the left, on the right. or on both sides of the palm tree.

I. 4-3. 6.7—4.6 gr.*")

268

Head of Aplen. Q-. Zither, ckeral, dirers attributes.

270. Laureate head of Apollo right. #. KYPA Zither. (Fig.)

271. Same head left. Ç\ KY Zither.

270 271

272. Same head to the right. Ifr. KYPA Zither; above, a star.

273. Other similar; on the reverse above, A. (Fig.)

274. Other; on the reverse above, m. (Fig.)

275. Other, with EP.

276. Other, with n.

277. Other, with n.

278. Other, with M".

279. Other; above, Tl; below, the lightning. (Fig.)

280. Same head. Q-. KY Zither; to left. a crab, right. A. (Fig.)

I. £3-3. 5.5—3.2 gr.* 8 ) Mr. 3}. 3.4g. 4)

I. £3-3. 4.9—3.3 gr.* 5 )

I. 3. 4.0—3.5 gr. 6)

I. 3. 4.6—4.3 gr. 7)

I. 3. 3.8—3.4 gr. 8)

I. 3. 3.8 gr. 9)

I. 3. 10 )

I. 3.ll)

I. 3. 4.6-3.2 gr. **)

I. 3. 4.6—3.5 gr.*1")

273

274

279

280

î) 17 copies of different collections and catalogs. a) Cab. of Paris (3 ex., Mionn. n°110), becomes and Christiania.

3) 29 copies of different collections and catalogs.

4) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n» 108, incorr. dec.).

5) 21 copies of different collections and catalogs.

6) Cab. of Munich (Sestini Descr. n. vet p. 561 nM7) and of Copenhagen, Mus. brit. (Cat. P.Knightp.215,M, 13).

7) Cab from Paris and Berlin.

8) Cab. of Copenhagen (Cat. of Welzl no. 7667) and of Bo- loge.

9) Cab. of Munich (Sestini Descr. n. vet. p. 561 n«18, incorr.

dec.). 10) Cat. Mus. Hunter p. 124 n°58, Leake Num. hellen. Afr.

Group p. 2. h) Sestini Mus. Hederv. III cont. p. 73 n«29. the) Mus. British, cab. of Vienna (2 ex., Eckhel Cat. mus. Vind. I

p.283 n°ll, incomplete), from Munich (2 ex., Sestini Descr.

n. vet. p. 561 nos. 16 and 19, incorr. dec.), from St. Petersburg,

of Copenhagen (Cat. of Welzl no. 7768) and of Fontana. t3) 8 copies of different collections and catalogs.

CYRENE.

59

281. Similar to the previous number, struck on a coin of number 267, of which we can see on the right a part of the head of Jupiter-Ammon, on the reverse the small silphium and the crab.

I. 4. 3.7 gr. *)

282. Similar to n°280, struck on a coin of Ptolemy, of which we can see on the reverse the letters EMAPY. M. 4. 4.1 gr. *)

283. Same head. $. KY Bridled horse galloping right. ; above, a large star; below, a crab. (Fig.) iE..4-3. 5.4—3.5 gr.* 8 )

284. Other similar; on the reverse instead of the crab: ll(?). M. 3. 4.6 gr. 4)

285. Same head. Ç\ (K)YPANAZ Bow, quiver, and two undecided objects. I. 4. 4.6 gr. (worn). 9)

283

28;

Head ticked. Ijr. Bee.

286. Head of a helmeted woman (Rome), right. ; behind, uncertain letters. Garnetis around the edge. Ç\ KYPA Bee. Garnetis around the edge. (See n°100 fig.) JE. 5. 12.8—12.2 gr. 6)

THE CITY OF CYRENE.

m

In the introduction we have already given an overview of the history of Cyrene; we are going add some remarks about the city. 7)

The city of Cyrene was located 80 stadia from the sea, on a high plateau covered with two hills; strong by its natural position, it was also equipped with walls, and had a acropolis surrounded by water. It had an excellent port, a short distance away, and the surrounding area were fertile. The name was given to it after the rich fountain which had caused its foundation, and which in the language of the natives was called Kyre B). Already under the domination of the Battiades the city was of a very considerable extent and was distinguished by the beauty of its buildings; that's what

i) Cab. of Munich (Sestini Descr. n. v. p. 561 n°20).

2) Cab. from The Hague; cf. Sestini Mus. Hederv. III cont. p. 74

No. 30. s) 18 copies of different collections and catalogs. 4) Cab. from Paris. b) Cab. of Paris (Mionn. n°119). 6) Cab. of Paris (from the Wiczai collection, Caroni Mus. Hederv.

tab.XIX,418; Sestini Suppl. p. 168 n«5, aCoresia, incorr.

dec.), of Tochon d'Annecy (Mionn. S. IV, p. 389 n°188

to Cythnus, incorr. dec.) and the Marquis de Lagoy; Review

num. fr. 1852 pp. 334-338, figs.

7) On the topography and ruins of Cyrene, see: Délia Cella Viaggio p. 138 seq.; Pacho Voyage p. 191 seq.; Thrige Res. CyTen. p. 97 seq.*; Barth Wanderungen p. 417 following.

8) The radical word that corresponds to it in the secular languages mitics, means source. It is likely that the Li- byens who lived there, were of Semitic origin or Phoenician. See. Thrige 1. c. p. 97 note. 24; Ca^edoni Osserv. p. 6 ratings

8*

60 CYBENAIC.

we learn from the story of Herodotus 1) and the praises of Pindar 9). In the second era, when it was at its peak, it seems not to have yielded much in size to Athens, and in Africa it was surpassed by Carthage alone. By the wealth that trade caused to flow to the city, and by the relations it constantly maintained with the great Greek cities of the other countries, Cyrene was for a long time the seat of sciences and fine arts. After Alex's death- Andrew the Great, she resisted Thimbron who besieged her in vain; but she was forced to open its gates to the army of Ptolemy Soter. In the third era, Cyrene gradually weakened. Magas demolishes the city walls; the Ptolemies sought to reduce his power by favoring Apollonia, which served as its port; Alexandria drew to itself the sciences and the arts. The little While she enjoyed freedom under the rule of Rome, she was too absorbed in the factional discord to be able to rise again. The country having been made a Roman province, the deca- the city continued; the repeated invasions of the Libyan peoples brought it closer to his fall; under the Arabs, it seems that it was deserted.

The very considerable ruins, occupying an extensive area, bear witness to the greatness of Cyrene in antiquity. We see the remains of a racecourse, several theaters and several temples, massive aqueducts and spacious cisterns, strong walls, long paved streets cut stones. But what especially excites admiration is the necropolis; countless tombs dug into the mountain, largely decorated with columns and facades of beautiful architecture, and still offering in their interior remains of paintings and sculpture;, extending dent on all sides outside the city walls. This vast field of ruins is today called Grennah, derived from the ancient name, or Aïn-es-schehad c. has. d. the eternal source, according to the fountain which still flows near the remains of the temple of Apollo.

THE COINS OF CYRENE.

As for the classification of the coins which bear the name of Cyrene, we have judged about making a separate division of the coins which according to the style belong to the era when Greek art had not yet reached its development, a time when in the history of Greek art we generally finished in the middle of the fifth century; as it was at the same time as Cyrene passed from the domination of the Battiades kings to the republican state, this division was titled the first early period (see the introduction p. 1-4). For all other currencies, which form the great majority and which embrace the following four centuries, it is difficult to establish a chronological order logical or to distribute them to the two eras in which we have divided this part of history tory of Cyrenaica. The order that we followed in this large class is roughly almost ordinary; the three metals forming the main classification, the currencies are arranged first in relation to types, then according to style and manufacture as indices of time, finally according to monetary divisions. Silver coins are ahead of gold coins, because among them are the oldest currencies which are immediately linked to

i) According to Herodotus IV, 156 Cyrene had the same circuit 2) Cyrene is called by Pindar: ttohç àyaxn/uifa and as 111th of Platée (today Bomba). xakkiora. PythiaV.81; IX, 71. Cf. Pythia I V, 280 and a. 1.

CYRENE.

61

those of the first period, and that silver currency was, after all, the currency main. ])

The name of Cyrene is still written in the Dorian dialect which was used in Cyrenaica, KYPANA instead of Kvçqvij. The name of the inhabitants put in the genitive plural, legend usual on Greek coins, is placed on gold coins nos. 184-194 and 196, and on the bronze n° 234, still in the old KYPANAION form, with an O, although the letter Cl is found on the same documents in the name of the magistrate. 3) On n°139, we read KYPANAIOI, both last letters linked together, and perhaps also on n°221. The name is abbreviated from any way possible to KY. a) The legend KYPANA may be an abbreviation of the ethnic name; however, on n°'116 and 231-232, where it is placed in front of a woman's head which seems to be that of the nymph Cyrene, it must rather be taken for the name of the latter as personification of the city. Only once, on number 285, do we encounter KYPANAZ. The letters are arranged in the most different ways. We find quite often the legend placed bustro- phedon or retrograde, and the letters are frequently turned to different sides or distributed arbitrarily in the field, even on coins of beautiful and careful work, see p. e. the n M 127 following. and n' 196 following. Sometimes the name is repeated on both sides of the coin, thus on n' 121, 199, 213, 216 and 239-240.

FIRST PERIOD.

The oldest coins which were minted by Cyrene during this period, do not bear no legend; they make up the majority of those which are treated in the first part p. 9-22.

Nos. 115-118 still belong to the first period. We see this by the style of heads; the features, the eye depicted opposite and the hairstyle refer to this ancient era. The legend is written bustrophedon, except on n°116; it offers V instead of Y and most often the form F instead of P. No. 1 16 bears the fruit of silphium, which is frequently used on archaic currencies without writing, but which is never found on the currencies of time following. Nos. 0f 115 and 117-118 finally separate from the first numbers placed under the following era-

i) In Mr. Falbe’s catalog the archaic coins are not separated from the others, and the classification main one is made according to the types, the currencies of the different metals being mixed together. Here are the mo- tifs by which I preferred the order established above. In all collections, as far as I know, as well that in the published catalogues, the coins are found wind rows, each of the three metals for itself; in con- serving this order I thought I would facilitate the use of the catalog. Classification according to types is always arbitrary and unsatisfactory because a large number of currencies are linked by the type of the face to a series, by that of the reverse to another. Every metal has particular types of its own; there are only a few types which are common to two or all three metals. Finally, by classifying together all the currencies of a

same metal, we gain a clearer overview of the system monetary and its divisions, an insight that we lose, if the Classification according to types is predominant.

2) In published catalogs we quite often find KYPANAISIN, p. e. Mus.Pembrock Tab.V, Mus. Hunter p. 121 n"l et3, Mionnet n* 36 and 40, S. n»16; but without doubt the legend is nowhere correctly reproduced pick; the SIN ending is not found on any of the coins that have been examined by the authors of this work. The KYPANON legend from n°222, published in the cat of the cab. Magnoncour, doesn't seem right neither.

3) We find K alone on nos. 219 and 223; but on the first n»K is not sure, see p. 52 note 8; on the second number Y may have existed.

62

CYRENAICA.

boasts, by this that the head is framed by a circle of garnetîs in a hollow square, and that the 4 first letters of the name of the Cyreneans are placed in the corners of the square outside the circle. The coins of this class succeed those described on p. 9-12, and can be attributed to the last of the Battiades, Àrcésilaus IV (cf. Evespéris n°332).

No. 115. The head of this piece is that of Apollo. Despite the archaic style, we see easily that the physiognomy is virile 1), and there are traces of a laurel above the forehead; Apollo is often depicted with the same hairstyle on monuments from an ancient epoch 9). From the beginning Apollo, principal god of the Dorian tribe, had been worshiped by preference among the inhabitants of Cyrene. It was by order of the oracle of Delphi that emigrated the Tereans who founded Cyrene"); Apollo was considered the conductor of the colony (V/çxw&yç) and founder of the city (Oïxtavrjç) A), and it was to him that the rich source which gave rise to the foundation 5). The Apollo that the emigrant Greeks had carried with them, was Apollo Carnéiua (KctQv&loç), divinity honored throughout the Peloponnese and originally from Thebes. 6) The Aegids, the family from which the Battiades descended, had transported the cult from this god of Thebes, their home city, to Amycles in Lacedaemon and from there to Thera when, associated with the Minyans, they went to this dregs; from Thera he was finally transplanted with the colonists in Cyrene. 7) Battus erected a magnificent temple for him in the public square of the city and established in his honor an annual festival called Carnea 8); his successors revered him as their god protector 9) and supervised its worship as its main priests 10).

No. 116. This head which, according to the earring and the necklace, is feminine and which still by the hairstyle is distinguished from the previous head, is undoubtedly designated by the name KYPANA as that of the nymph Cyrene. This legend should not be considered an abbreviation of KYPÀNÀION, since it is attached to the head itself within the circular frame, while on other coins of this period the ethnic name is expressed by the first 4 letters placed outside the circle. According to myth, Cyrene was the lover of Apollo and mother of Aristaeus, god revered among the Cyreneans. It was said that she was the daughter of Hypseus, king of the Lapiths in Thes- salie, where she defended her father's flocks against wild beasts; Apollo, in the valley of Pelion, seeing her fight a lion, was in love with her and kidnapped her to Libya, where he gave her the possession session of the country, which was called after his name. ") Others said, that the king of Libya, Eury- pylus, had promised part of his kingdom to anyone who had killed a lion devastating the country, and that It was after having accomplished this feat that she became dominatrix of Cyrenaica. 1S) This head,

i) MM. Falbe and Lindberg took this head for that of

Cyrene as well as the next one. 2) Especially on currencies, p. e. of C a ta ne and of Léon-

tium in Sicily, and on vases, see p. e. Monum.

dell* inst arch. III tab. XII and Gerhard Griech. Vasenbilder

Taf. XV. 8) Herod. IV, 150 and other authors, see. the texts cited

at Thrige Res Cyren. p. 43 note. 5. 4) Pindar Pythia V, 60. Gallimacbus, hymnus in Apollinem. &) This source is called xçyvrj *Anôlla)voç in Herod.

IV, 158 and Pind. Pythia IV, 294. s) 0. Muller Gesch. hellen. Stâmme (2nd Ausg.) I p. 327;

11 p. 357-359.

7) Callim. hymn. inApoll. v. 71-76. Cf. Thrige l.c §9-10 and § 76 note. 4-6.

8) Callim. hymn. in Apoll. v. 77-80. Thrige l.c. p. 101 and p. 281-283. Barth Wanderungen p. 429.

9) Callim. hymn. in Apoll. 1. c. v. 95-96. 10) Thrige l.c. p. 130.

il) Pindar Pythia IX, 5-75. Apoll. Rhod. 11,500 followers, and other authors, see. Thrige 1. c. p. 55-56 notes. 1-2. On the meaning of this myth, see. 0. Muller Gesch. hellen. Stâmme (2nd Ausg.) II p. 268 and Thrige l.c. §16.

ia) Callim. hymn. in Apoll. v. 91-92, Scholar. ad Pind. Py- thia IX, 6 and 92; cf. Thrige l.c. p. 56-57 notes. 3-4.

CYRENE. 63

because of the added name, must at the same time be considered as a representation of the city personified, corresponding to the head of the local nymph which is found on a host of coins Greeks. The nymph often appears on the coins of the following period, see n" 58, 65, 184, 214 and 231 following.

No. 117-118. The rows of globules above the forehead of the head of Jupiter-Ammon on No. Il7. as well as on the similar coins of Barcé and Evespéris, which resemble sometimes to a crown or similar ornament, are only curls of hair; he doesn't They should not be taken for precious stones, which is what Mr. Cavedoni is inclined to believe 1). We see by the nobility of the features and by the less archaic curl of the head, that No. U8 is later than No. 117; he found on the boundary of the second epoch. As for the god Jupiter-Ammon, he will be treated in a special article, see § 1.

All these currencies are drachmas according to the Asian system, which at the time following became usual for the coins of Gyrene.

SECOND AND THIRD PERIOD.

The autonomous coins in the name of Cyrene, which according to the style of art are later than the mid-fifth century, are all classified under this class. They were hit, not only while Cyrene was a republic (450-322) and while the city enjoyed tonomy under the supremacy of Rome (96-66), but still in the long intermediate period under the domination of the Ptolemies; we cannot doubt that under these kings Cyrene retained the administration nistration of its municipal affairs 2) and its monetary law, like Greek cities in general which had formerly been autonomous, under the Seleucids and the other kings who succeeded Alex- Andrew the Great. But remission of these currencies hardly continued after Cyrenaîquc became a Roman province; this is what we can conclude from their total difference from the coins minted by the governors of the province (see Part III).

Silver coins.

No. 119-141. Head of Jupiter-Ammon. Ç\ Silphium. Nos. 119-125 are ar- chaîsants and undoubtedly belong to the first part of the second period c. to. d. at fifth century. The head is of an austere character, and the curl is archaic; she is surrounded (except on obol n°125) of a frame which is circular on the first 5 n", square on n*124; the legend offers V instead of Y, and sometimes f instead of P; the flan is more or less thick, and the field of the face is hollow. These currencies differ from those of the first period in this that the features of the head are more individual and more expressive, that the eye is in profile and that the Cyrene's name is written everywhere near the head and not outside the frame. No. 126 does transition to the following n"; the head is still surrounded by a frame in a hollow field,

i) Osserv. p. 29 ratings 24. On vases we often find a) Cf. above p. 6 and 40. See. Droysen Gesch. of the Hel- this very distinctly figured archaic curl, see. lenismus II p. 49.

p. e. Monum. dell' inst. vol. I tab. 52.

64 CYRENAICA.

but the hair is no longer archaic, and the name of Cyrene has passed from the face of the coin on the reverse, where it remains on all the following n". Nos. 0f 127-141 succeed with respect to time; they are undoubtedly from the fourth century, and judging by the style and by the names of magistrates written in full (see §5), they do not go beyond the Republican era. On these latter currencies the head of Jupiter-Àmmon is generally of a high and noble character; hair falls free lies and are sometimes surrounded by a laurel or a headband, or rise as rays 1 ); the The style is beautiful and the work careful, except for the letters of the name Cyrene (see p. 61). For the names of magistrates, see § 5.

No. 142-175. Hairless head with ram's horns. Ç\ Silphium. (Uncertain number of these coins belong to the second era; the names on n"142 — 145, H0AIAN0EY2, OEY abbreviated from OEY

No. 176. The head, based on the crown of ivy and the thyrsus, represents the Greek Bacchus as god of vines 9). Bacchus had a temple in the city of Cyrene 4) and was also object

i) P.e. on n"131 and 137. By this hair Jupiter- 8) On the cultivation of the vine in Cyrenaique, see

Àmmon is perhaps indicated as the sun god, Thrige Le. p. 300 ratings 16.

see §1. 4) According to an inscription found in the ruins of Gy- 2) See Nos. 135, 176, 184-185, 191-192, 200-203 and rein. Délia Cclla Viaggio p. 145. Corp. Register 5139.

211.

CYRENE.

65

of worship in other places in the country. ') This currency, given the beautiful style and the name of magistrate OEY

Nos. 0-177-182 bear the head of Apollo Carnéius, founder and tutelary god of the city, which had a superb temple in the public market and was honored by a great annual festival her (see p. 62). These coins, except the first, were undoubtedly struck in the workshop of Sozusa, port of Cyrene, also called Apollonia; this is what we can deduce from the marks which there are applied: the jerboa, the crab, 20 and the monogram composed of the letters 2QI, see n°340. Nos. 179-182, because of the crab and the monogram (see §4-5), probably belong to the third era; the head of Apollo from n°182 also has the same hair as the head of god on the bronzes n" 239-240 which according to the factory were struck under the Ptolemies.

No. 183. The head of this unique piece being poorly preserved, it is difficult to determine it. with safety or to give an exact drawing; However, it seems to us that there is no mistaking born the physiognomy of Ptolemy son of Lagus. fl) The club, placed behind the head, can be seen also behind the shoulder of Ptolemy on another coin which bears the head of Berenice on the reverse 4); by this symbol we perhaps wanted to represent him as Hercules, as well as Alexander, his great predecessor, was depicted with the attributes of Hercules. Silphium and palm can indicate the reunion of Cyrenaica and Libya under the scepter of Ptolemy, see the series n°251following. The citizens of Cyrene therefore had this didrachm struck, as well as the stater No. 221, to pay homage to Ptolemy. As the head is not surrounded by the royal diadem, the coin must belong to the time before the year 305 when Ptolemy proclaimed himself king (see part ll). "In the first series, the coins which weigh 13.4 — 12.4, 3.5 — 3.0 and 1.6 grams, are * tetradrachms, drachmas and half-drachmas according to the system that we have called Asian. No. 125 is undoubtedly an obol of the same system; it is true that it weighs a decision gram too many and is closer to an Attic obole; but for smaller species it does not you should not put too much pressure on the weight; in Cyrenafica it seems that they did not strike such small divisions according to the Attic system (see §6). Nos. 01 119-121, whose weight is 17.3—17.0 gr., correspond to the others as pentadrachms 5); according to Pollux this species (neytâ- dçaxpov) was among the Cyrenean currencies 6). But we don't have tetradrachms from the beginning of the second era, from which these coins date 7), and it is unlikely that pentadrachms were beaten without at the same time making tetradrachms; from another side, there are among the silver coins of this period didrachms which are uncontested-

i) Among the ruins of Tauchira we found chapels levels of columns which, judging by their ornaments, belonged to a temple of Bacchus. Delia Cella Viaggio p. 198-199. An anchorage on the eastern coast bore, according to the journey, the name of Dionysus. His cult had undoubtedly been introduced by the first settlers, from the island of Thera, see. Bœckh Pindari op. T. He, P. H p. 267.

2) We cannot therefore accept Mr. Cavedoni's conjecture, who thinks this guy was chosen to flatter the qua- third Ptolemy nicknamed Dionysus. Osserv. p. 52 not. 43.

s) Mionnet, in his description of this currency (no. 79),

simply said: bareheaded and hairless. This head, MM. Falbe and Lindberg took it for the portrait of Stores; but the features resemble Ptolemy more than Magas, of which an ancient engraved stone has preserved for us the effigy, see below the engraving added at the beginning silence of No. 382.

4) Mionnet Suppl. IX p. 5 n«27.

s) A Barcé coin of the same weight was called pentadrachmon by M.Pinder. Cat. of Berlin. Mus. p. 91 No. 438.

6) Onomast. IX, G, 60.

7} Tetradrachms nos. 127-141 belong to the part

later than that period.

9

66

CYRENAICA.

table of the attic foot; we must therefore rather admit that these 3 pieces are tetradrachms attributed to ques forming a continuation of the tetradrachms of the first fvoy era. n 0, 21-24). , ) It is undoubtedly particularly for trade with foreign countries (see § 6) that they continued to be used. to knock; for circulation in the country itself, one could at the same time use these coins like pentadrachms.

In the other series, containing numbers 0-142-183, there are several pieces which are without no doubt of Asian didrachms, such as those which weigh 6.7 — 6.2 gr., and others which are certainly Attic didrachms, such as n 0f 142 and 176, whose weight is 8.5 and 8.4g. 9) But there are also a large number which provide an average weight between these two species, from 8.0 to 6.8 gr. , and others that offer a much lower weight than that of 6.2 gr., up to 5.3 gr. 8) It cannot be admitted that the pieces of such weight were intended to the value of one or more obols above, the drachma or didrachma according to one or the other of the two systems; as they wear the same types and partly also the same sigts and accessory symbols, we could not have distinguished them from the others. Parts whose weight is 6.1 — 5.3 gr., can only be weak didrachms of the Asian system. It's in the current of the Ptolemaic era that the weight of the Asian didrachm was so reduced, because Nos. 157, 159, 166 and 182 which present this weight, all belong, according to the criteria indicated above (p. 64), at the said time. As for the other pieces which weigh 8.0—6.8 gr. and thus found in the middle of the two systems, one could assume analogically that they were of weak Attic didrachms. 4) However, when we take into consideration that these currencies have were undoubtedly issued during the third era 5) and that then the large cities of Phoenicia, Carthage and the Ptolemies minted coins according to a system in which the tetradrachm, exceeding that of the Asian system, went up to 15.2 grams, we are inclined to recognize here the influence of this system and assuming that the didrachms which weigh 6.8 to 7.6 grams have been struck to be applied to this same system, to which the name Phoenician can be appropriate (see §6). But the rest of these didrachms, whose weight is 8.0-7.7 gr., cannot no longer be related to the Attic system. Among the latter we find pieces marked with the same magistrate acronym as those which weigh 7.6-6.8 gr., thus under the numbers 0> 164, 165, 167-168, 170 and 171-174; but it cannot be admitted that under the same magistracy we have struck currencies so similar in order to have them adopted among the currencies of two systems different; as these pieces were similar in everything, except in relation to weight, and that the difference in weight was so small, it would have been impossible, without using the scale, to distinguish one from the other. There is only one piece, belonging to n°171, which presents the

i) Mr. Vasques Queipo (Monetary System I addit p. 607) rejects even the pentadrachms cited by Pollux. The faith that we can add to this Poliux ratio, is reduced by the fact that he also cites a mrrqxorTd- in the same place âçaxpor among the silver coins struck in the Cyrenaica. A silver coin of such size has not certainly not existed; it is an error which drifts perhaps because there were gold distaters (see. n°l) which had the value of approximately 50 drachmas money

a) We can still add the piece from the Hunter museum

cited in the note to n°150. a) The documents in Nos. 157, 159 and 166 which present the most

low weight, are perfectly well preserved. 4) Mr. Fr. Lenormant takes the 7.77 gr coins. for

Attic didrachms. Magazine num. fr. 1855 pp. 192. s) See the parts of n°103 at the legend KOINON (p. 7,6

and 7.5 gr.), No. 183 (p.7.24 gr.) and No. 364 (p. 6.90 gr.),

which were undoubtedly struck under the Ptolemies.

CYRENE. 67

weight of 8 grams, and there are only a few that weigh 7.8 grams; we also know tetra- drachmas from Tripolis which weigh 15.7 and 16.0 gr. and which nevertheless must be assigned to the system Phoenician. *) It is therefore necessary to include most of these didrachms in this latter system, namely, Nos. 148-156, 158, 160-165, 167-175, 179-180 and 183, whose weights range from 8.0 to 6.88 grams. Assuming that the didrachms were struck according to three different systems, we suppose at the same time that these systems were not used simultaneously, but each in his time; because the difference in weight is too small for us to have been able to make distinction between these currencies. According to what we have argued above, the didrachms Attic belong to the 2nd period, the Phoenician didrachms only to the 3rd**; he is therefore allowed us to believe that the Asian didrachms, the strong as well as the weak, were the same struck by the time when didrachms were not made according to other systems; the series of didrachmas, as we have already pointed out, covers a long period. The little ones coins, n M 143-147 and 182, are all Asian drachmas whose varying weights correspond to lay with those of the didrachms of the same system.

Gold coins.

N" 184-194. Jupiter, fy. Quadriga. The representation of Jupiter is very varied. Sometimes the god sits on the throne, sometimes he stands. The attributes are: the scepter; the eagle seen sitting at his side, or on his hand, or flying towards him, or removing a snake, like victory symbol 9); a coat hook; an incense altar (&v(xiaxtfçiov); finally, the image of Victory, a radiated crown and the emblems of Ammon. We learn from ancient writers that in the Gyrenaic Jupiter was venerated under the nicknames Avxaïoç*) and 'EXiyvpsvoç 4). We cannot doubt that it is the Jupiter Lykaios who is depicted on n°184. It's the same Jupiter enthroned, with the eagle flying in front of him, which is represented on the oldest coins of Arcadia, and which shows us the image of Jupiter nicknamed high school student after his ancient sanctuary on the mount of Lykaion there is a meeting place for the Arcadian tribes. 5) This same Jupiter was, already at the beginning beginning of the fifth century, the object of a cult on a hill near Cyrenc, since Herodotus relates that the Persian army, returning after the capture of Barcé, camped on the hill of Jupiter Lylcaios*)] it is therefore probable that the Arcadian legislator Demonaj who was brought from Mantinea, about fifty years before this time (550-544), to organize the constitution of Cyrene, there erected a sanctuary. 7) On n° 0-185-187, the object on which the eagle sits behind the god, was mistaken for a snake 8); but it is the winding of a vine branch; like this way

i) See. Mionnet Weight p. 189 n«374 et suppl. nM93* Cf. Arcadian coins Jupiter is usually represented

V. Queipo Monet Systems Tables, Vil p. 32. sente holding the scepter in his left hand and making

2) See p. 17 note 13. fly the eagle with the outstretched right hand; but out of two

s) Herodotus IV, 203. pieces in the British museum, which are the most

4) Hesychius s. t. archaic and belong" to what it seems, at the time

b) See. Curtius in Pinder and Friedlander Beitragence lur de Démonax we see, just as here, Jupiter supporting

has. Munzkunde I p. 87 following. the right hand on the scepter, and the eagle flying towards

6) 'ffii* Jloç Jvxaiov ô/£ok. Herod. IV, 203. the god.

7) Cf. Thrige 1. c. p. 285; Cavedoni Osserv. p. 29-31; Du- s) Mus. Hunter p. 121 no. 1; Mionnet No. 40; Gavedoni Osserv. cbalais in Revue num. fr. 1851 pp. 91-92. — On p. 23.

9*

68

CYRENAICA.

to place the eagle is completely unusual, it is not improbable that this ramuscule, in Greek l>U2f or ihvoç, either added as an emblem to allude to Jupiter's other nickname, Eltny- menos.*) On n°194 Jupiter is represented as Zeus Nikephoros with the attributes of Ammon, the horns of a ram on his head and a ram at his side 9); the head is still surrounded by rays, without doubt because Ammon among the Libyans was also considered as god of the sun. 8) The quadriga on the reverse of these coins indicates the chariot race in public games, as often

i

on Greek coins. In Cyrene we celebrated the Olympic games and also games in the honor of Minerva and Goea 4); Jupiter being represented on the face of these coins, we are led to believe that the quadriga relates to the Olympic games. If we want to take into account the star of the sun, symbol of Apollo 5), which is placed above the quadriga on several of these coins, or can still think of the great festival of Carnean Apollo, to which perhaps been joined by sacred games. 6) This type may not relate to games, however. celebrated in Cyrene, but at the great Olympic games of Greece in which the Cyreneans won cost several times the price in the chariot race. 7) We know that great glory reflected on a city when one of its citizens won the great games of Greece 6), and there is examples which testify that such an event was glorified by the imprint of coins; thus it is in commemoration of victories won at the Olympic games that Anaxilaûs, tyrant of Rhe- gium at the beginning of the 5th century, had tetradrachms struck carrying a chariot drawn by two mules, and that Philip II, king of Macedonia, had a biga depicted on his gold staters. ") La Vic- winged tory leads the quadriga on n w ' 187 and 192. The person who leads the horses on the n 0- 184-186, 188-191 and 193, can be taken for the ordinary driver, wearing the long dress 10) customary for public games; but on the last piece, n°194, this person is undoubtedly a women; we see it by the bust and by the floating coat (Yhimation) which were never worn in * races the drivers of the chariots. It is undoubtedly the nymph Cyrene, personification of the city. Pindar calls this nymph diri&nnoç n), a nickname which relates to the zeal with which the Cyreneans took part in chariot races in the great games of Greece. We saw

1) "HUvoç (or tbroç, xldâoç iÇç djunelov, Etymol. M.) has the same meaning as fiUf By the nickname Miny- menoi Jupiter is undoubtedly designated as the god who rests; but the use of such a symbol to make allusion to the name of the god, perfectly agrees with the taste of the Greeks.

a) See §1. For the ram that we see next to the god, or can confer a passage from Strabo (XVII p. 8 12): Xaixa* TtQoflaTov nf*a>a* xai Stjfiaiot, and another of Tertullian (De paliio c. 3) who calls Ammon ovhtm say.

3) Macrob. 1.21: Sammonem deum Solem ocidentem Libyas exiêtimarunt. M. Cavedoni (Osserv. p. 27 note 22) sup- poses that they are not rays, but leaves laurel, with which the head of Jupiter is surrounded, and which yours from the right, besides the image of Victory, again a laurel wreath; but these assumptions are unfounded

4) Pindar Pythia IX, 105; cf. Bœckh Explanation. p. 327-328. 6) See the commentary at n° 283 and § 4.

6) See p. 62, n° 205 following. and 283 following.

7) Here are the names of the Cyreneans known to us as victors in the chariot race at the great games of Olympia: Arcesilaus, last of the Battiades, in the 80th century Olympiad (Krause Olympia p. 253); Cratisthenes, pro- bably between the 73rd and 87th Olympics (Pausan. VI, 18; Krausel.c. p. 314); Eubotas, in the 104th Olympic piade (Pausan. VI, 8, less certain victory, cf. Krause 1. c. p. 282); two named Tea ocher you s, grandfather and grandson son, in uncertain times (Pausan. VI, 12; Krause l.c. p. 381). See Thrige Res. Cyren. §90.

8) Thus the Cyrenean Pythionic, Telesicrates, is called by Pindar: duoÇinnov GTtyàvMfia KvQavaç. Pythia IX, 4.

o) Plutarch Alexander c. 4. Pollux Onom. V, 12.75. io) Svoriç (Suidas, Photion s. v.). The charioteer

racing thus coated, is well known from the paintings

vases. n) See l.c. note 8.

CYRENE.

69

Delphi, as a sacred gift of the Cyreneans, a chariot which carried Battus crowned by Libya, and which was led by Cyrene 1); it was a work of Amphion of Cnossus, a sculptor who lived in beginning of the second era 9), not long before the manufacture of these coins had started started. On other Greek coins we also find a racing chariot ridden by a woman as personification of the city, p. e. on certain pieces from Messana and Syracuse. 8) The names of magistrates will be dealt with in § 5.

No. 0-195-208. Rider. Ç\ Silphium. The youngster walking at a walk, dressed in a chiton (to which on No. 198 is added a chlamys) and most often having a hat 4) thrown back on the shoulders, brings to mind the similar horsemen who appear in the Panathenaic procession on the famous frieze of the Parthenon. We have already pointed out (p. 68) that the star, which is placed above the rider on nos. 205-208, must be considered as the symbol of Apollo. 11 is not therefore not improbable that these coins show a rider taking part in the procession solemn woman who at the great Carnean festival headed towards the temple of Apollo following the beautiful road cut into the rock, of which Pindar mentions 5). For the jerboa of numbers M 195-196, see No. 340. The names of magistrates are the same as found on other gold coins. The monogram on No. 208 probably indicates the monetary workshop of the port of Cyrene, see. n°340 and §4-5. To the right of numbers 199-201 we discover at the top some letters of an inscription anterior formation, which are very fine and merge with KYPA; we can distinguish them especially clearly ment on the copy of no. 199 (fig.) in the Paris cabinet. The first two letters on the left are AO (or AO); to the right of the rider's head we see a P; the intermediate characters are less distinct. By careful comparison we are convinced that the same corner was used for the face of these three currencies; undoubtedly the artist used a corner in which was already engraved a magistrate's name; he tried to remove this name, but traces of it remained. 6) This corner was not intended to be used together with the reverse die of No. 199, which already bears the name of Cyrene, but only with the reverse corner of n°200 or 201.

N M 209-212. Head of Minerva, ffr. Triple silphium. Minerva was already worshiped

i) Pausan. X, 15: tjvioxoç tov açpaToç ion Kv^yrj.

a) Olympiad 88. Brunn Gesch. griech. Kunstler I p. 105.

3) On the staters of Philip of Macedon, the person who drives the bige, can also be a woman, see. Alexander's Numismatics p. 344 note 51. — M. Lindberg in his manuscript and M.Gavedoni in Osserv. p. 34-37 are also of the opinion, that the types of these currencies relate to victories won by the great Olympic Games, and that it is Cyrene who leads the worth.

4) Sestini calls this hat pileus thessalicus. Mr. Gave- doni presumes that it was brought from Thessaly to Cy- reborn by the Minyans, and thus became specific to the Cyreneans. But it's the ordinary hat [niraaoç, xavaia) which was in use among the Greeks in general; it is the same on the currencies of Macedonians, Aetolians, Arcadians and others peoples, and is frequently seen in paintings of vases as well as on various other Greek monuments. A rider identical to this one is encountered on a

coinage of Syracuse, see p. 72 note 3.

b) Pythia V, 90-94: 'Anokliavicuç noftnak «v£vro/*oV

ntâêdda, InnoxQoroy oxvQonày oâov. This road, in part dug into the rock, partly built of carved stones, dated from the reign of the Battiades; we re- still knows. Thiersch Pind. I p. 264 note 13. Boeckh Explanation. ad Pind. p. 291-292. Thrige l.c. p. 99-100. Bart Wandering p. 42 1-422. Formerly the king of Cyrene, going at the celebration of the Carneans, had undoubtedly been accompanied by young men on horseback belonging to his bodyguard which, as in Sparta, consisted of 300 elite ephebes {TçHxxânot Hesychius s. v. and Eustathius ad Odyss. VIII, 28, Neo* Pind. Pythia V, 103). See Thrige Res Cyr. p. 130.

6) The letters in question cannot be remains of the imprint of another currency which would have been sur- struck, since on all three coins they are find u precisely the same place, A in front of JC, O between JC and T etc. ; also the imprint is very mar- quéated and offers no trace of overprinting.

70

CYRENAlQUE.

in the city of Cyrene in ancient times; this is what we can conclude from the fact that the king from Egypt, Araasis, sent there as a sacred gift a golden image of this goddess. 1) We also celebrated in Cyrene games in honor of Minerva. 9) On the meaning of triple silphium, see p. 31.

N M 213-220. Heads of deities. These currencies are analogous to the unnamed ones of city which were treated p. 33, except the last, n° 220. The head of Libyan Bacchus which pre- feels this piece, wears above the forehead the same ornament as the head of the god seen from the front on No. 55. The head on the reverse undoubtedly represents Diana. Behind the shoulder appear, at this as it seems, the ends of Tare and the quiver. The unique hairstyle resembles the one wear the dancers dressed in a short Dorian chiton 8), which by Mr. 0. Mûller were, adjusted reason, considered as Lacedaemonians dedicated to the service of the Caryatic Diana.*) The gold- The structure of the head is undoubtedly made of rushes, an attribute appropriate to Diana who was venerated as goddess of waters in Lacedaemon 5) and in other countries. It is therefore quite probable that this piece offers the head of a Lacedaemonian Diana whose Greeks who emigrated from Lacedaemon in Thera and Jjui later founded the city of Cyrene, had carried the cult with them. 6)

No. 221. The legend KYPANAf(OI) nTOAEMAlO shows that the Cyreneans by broadcast of this stater wanted to pay homage to Ptolemy, son of Lagus. The types they chose for the imprint of this piece, are the types of Alexander the Great. Staters copied from those of Alexander and reproducing even his name, were struck by Ptolemy, as well as by the other Diadoches, during the period immediately following the reign of Alexander, and subsequently many Greek cities. 7) MM. Longpérier 8), Fr. Lenormant °) and Pinder 10), who published and discussed this unique piece, kept in the Paris cabinet, read KYPANAION I1T0AEMAI0Y, and did not doubt that Ptolemy had had him struck; but the last letter of Ptolemy's name is distinctly an O, which is also reproduced on the engravings that these scholars themselves gave same of the room. ") It is therefore not by the order of Ptolemy, but in his honor that this stater was issued, and it must be classified, not with Ptolemaic coins (see Part II), but among the autonomous currencies of the Cyreneans whose name it bears (cf. n*183). The title of king not being added to the name of Ptolemy, the coinage undoubtedly belongs to the period before the year 305

i) Herodotus II, 182.

s) Pin dare Pythia IX, 105, cf. Bœckh Explanation. p. 327-328.

3) Visconti Sculpt. délia villa Borgbesl St. IV, 21-23, p. 16. Zaoettl Ant statue nella libreria di S. Marco II tab. 34. Visconti and Clarac Descr. antiques from the roy museum. n* 253. On the engraved stone published in Impr. gemm. deir inst. IV n*48, the dancer holds a torch at the hand and head decorated just like on the coin which it is about.

4) Geschichte hellen. Stamme (1844) II p. 377, note. 10-11; III p. 334, note. 1-2.

s) We know the temple and the festival of Artemia Limnatis in Lacedaemon on the border of Messinia. Pausan. IV, 4.2. StraboVIII p. 361-362. Tacitus Ann. IV, 43.

s) This head was called by Combe head of Diana, by Mionnet radiate head, see the note on this no. 52.

7) See. Alexander's Numismatics § 9 ff.

8) Magazine num. fr. 1844 pp. 325-326.

9) Magazine num. fr. 1854 pp. 327.

10) Beitr. on ai Mûnzkunde 1 p. 2 15-2 16.

il) It is true that SI can be the Dorian ending of genitive instead of OY, as in several names of magistrates on autonomous currencies (see. §5). However, we do not believe that the name of Ptolemy is in the genitive case. If the two names were in this case, it would be necessary to admit that there would have been an alliance ance between Cyrene and Ptolemy, or that the currency had been struck by the double authority, that of the government ment of Ptolemy and that of the municipal magistrate of Cyrene; but such an alliance, not agreeing with historical data, hardly seems appropriate to us. missible. On the other hand it is in the nature of eboses that the city of Cyrene, after the submission of country, has paid by such an inscription its homage to Ptolemy, by whose favor she had kept her monetary law and its democratic institutions.

CYRENE.

71

where Ptolemy took this title! ) ; it may have been struck soon after the city of Cyrene was submitted to Ptolemy, as M. Longpérier supposes 9); but it may also have been issued later on the occasion of certain privileges granted to the city. 3)

As for the date of the gold coins, it is likely that they were struck, for most of them in the second era. The names which are written in full on the staters and hemistatères, must be explained, it seems, by the supreme magistrates of the republic at the - said period, see §5. Some of the same names, more or less abbreviated, are repeated on smaller species; thus Polianthes is common to all four series, and the names of TheupAeidès and Damonax are found in two series; as a result, coins were minted of each of the four series at the same time. The beautiful style as well as elegant execution and delicate by which these currencies are generally distinguished, are best suited to the IV me century. The types also take us back to this era. The enthroned Jupiter approaches the one which is the type of the Cilician didrachms, struck in the period which preceded the reign of Alex- Andrew the Great; the rider recalls that on the didrachms of Philip of Macedonia, and the head of Minerva, that of the staters of Alexander. In general, the gold coins of Cyrene look like, in several respects, to the gold coins issued by the kings of Cyprus in the century of Alexander, resemblance which has long caused them to be attributed to Cyrene (see § 7). The manufacture of these coins undoubtedly dates back to the beginning of the 4th century, which can be deduced from the appearance grave of the enthroned Jupiter that certain pieces offer us, and of the ending of the ethnic name in ON instead of ON. However, as far as small species are concerned, we probably have them still minted in the first part of the Ptolemaic era; it is at this time that we find ourselves see your monograms which are marked with numbers 207 and 208, cf. p. 64 and § 5. 4)

The system according to which the largest gold coins are minted is the system attica. Nos. 184-194 and 221 weighing 8.6-8.4 gr., nos. 195-204 p. 4.3—3.9 gr., and numbers OJ 209-212 p. 2.1—2.0 gr., correspond exactly to staters, hemistaters and quarter staters penthouses; the weight of the stater was at the same time consistent with that of the Persian daric, currency the course of which was very widespread. Small pieces n M 213-220, weighing 0.89-0.80 gr., can be £ or \ stater; they should rather be taken for £ de statere or hektês according to the Asian system, what we tried to show above (p. 35) by treating the similar coins without city name. The determination of the remaining n"s, 205-208, is not safe either. Although they bear the same main types as the hemistatera and approach of these by weight, we must not however relate them to the same division; their weight varies

t) It should however be noted that Ptolemy had after this time, in Cyrenaica, coins without the title of king, see. the comments to nos. 359-363.

i) Mr. Longpérier (l.c. note 8) attempts to prove that it was issued during the first six months after the conquest from Cyrenaica in 322; but the argument used has no base, see the comment below at n°36ô.

s) BI.Fr. Lenormant (l.c. note 9), assuming that the piece has was issued by Ptolemy, relates it at the time after the second conquest of the country carried out in 312, because

Ptolemy before this time did not mint money in his own name. a) Mr. Cavedoni (Osserv. p. 26 not.21) is of the opinion that the gold coins of Cyrene are not earlier at the time of Philip II. The same scholar remarked quer (Osserv. p. 25 not. 20) that it was especially under the successors of Alexander the Great who flourished artists who were called ^Meçôn/ro”, and that by this reason the smallest pieces match best with the period after his reign.

72 CYRENAICA.

from 3.00 to 2.80 gr., while the hemistatera go up to 4.3 gr. and do not go down below 3.9 gr. ; they also separate from the hemistatera by the star which is added to the face of the currency. The division to which these currencies are suitable according to the Attic system is the third of the stater, tçittf *) (tetrobole); there is only one piece (from n° 208) which weighs one decigram too much relative to the strongest of the staters. On the other hand, when we compare them to sta- Asian hemistates n"55 following and 213 following, we are inclined to take them for Asian hemistateries low weight; of the 3rd era, to which they belong, there are didrachms and Asian drachmas of an equally reduced weight 2).

As the gold coins of Cyrene, in large part, separate from those in money with regard to the monetary system, they also offer several types of their own. Jupiter and the quadriga do not appear on silver and bronze coins; we don't see it against neither the same rider nor the same head of Minerva. On the other hand we find a similar image of Jupiter enthroned on the Cilician didrachms, a quadriga on various mounts coins of Syracuse and other Sicilian towns, a similar rider on silver coins of Sicily 8) and Philip of Macedonia, a similar head of Minerva on the çtaters of Alexander, currencies which were all very widespread through trade and minted by peoples with with which the Cyreneans undoubtedly had connections. It is therefore reasonable to believe that the Cyrene gold coins, except the smallest, were mainly minted for trade with other countries (see § 6).

Bronze coins.

No. 0i 222-233. The first ten numbers" present the heads of Jupiter-Ammon and Libyan Bacchus; see § 1 and 2. The head of nos. 01 231-232 is undoubtedly that of the nymph Cyrene, personification of the city; the legend KYPANA, was placed in front of it. head, while on the others we find KY or KYP on the reverse, must be taken for the name of the nymph local and not for an abbreviation of the name of the Cyreneans. On number 232 her hair is decorated with the vine, it seems, and behind the head we notice an indistinct object which can be a bee 4); if so, these attributes probably serve to characterize Cyrene as mother of Aristeas, protector god of vines and inventor of beekeeping. 5) This nymph has already was mentioned on p. 62. The helmeted head of No. 233 may well represent Minerva, although the helmet differs from that with which his head is covered on gold coins n 01 209-212; on worship of this goddess in Cyrene, see the remarks made to these n' p. 69-70. As for the meaning triple silphium, which is presented in nos. 09 228-232, see p. 31. The coins of this series undoubtedly belong to the second era; we can conclude it from the style of the work, the thickness seur of the blank and the hollow field provided with the grnetis.

No. 234-235. On the reverse of these coins we see a tumulus with a funerary stele which

i) Hesychius s. v. "Extract the back of the rider and the star above him.

a) See nos. 157, 159, 166 and 182. See above p. 66. 4) Unless they are the ends of a headband from which

s) There are drachmas from Syracuse (Mionn. nos. 818 and 819) which adorn the hair.

which have a reverse identical to the right of n" s) See above p. 37.

205-208; we can also see the hat hanging on

CYRENE.

73

undoubtedly represents the sepulchral monument of Battus. Mr. Duchalais made the first statement this opinion. 1) Battus, founder of the city and considered the benefactor of the people, was revered as a hero; his sanctuary (yçaiov) with his tomb was located in the city at the place where the excellent road of cut stones, the construction of which was reported to him, led to the public square. 9) No. 234 bears the name of magistrate EY0P102, of which however the letter P is indistinct, cf. §5. On one of the two copies of n°235, the one in the Copen- hague, the legends are entirely erased; the other, from the Paris cabinet, has preserved remains

of a name h right, which by Duchalais were read Eli 2; these two pieces probably have

carried the same legends as n°234. According to the style of the head and the name of the magistrate written in full, these coins must have been struck in the second era.

No. 236. Head of Diana. Ç\ Victory. The cult of Diana in Cyrene was without doubt associated with that of Apollo, perhaps in the very temple of this god 9); we celebrated in honor of the goddess a great annual festival called WçTCpfoa, at which the priest of Apollo who was elected annually, delighted the one who had administered the priesthood before him. 4) The headband that Victory holds in her hand, seems to bear an inscription; it's probably a victory won in the sacred games, which this type relates. Beautiful style, especially in the head of Diane, suggests that the magistrate designated by AAMO is Damonax, the same one whose name read on stater n*194, undoubtedly one of the archons or other senior magistrates at the time where Cyrene was a republic (cf. §5); the same stater still has this analogy, that Jupiter-Ammon bears on his hand the image of Victory, an attribute which is not given to Jupiter on any other mon- birth of Cyrenaica. 5)

No. 237. Of all the copies that exist of this coin, the face is poorly preserved, and for this reason it has not been correctly described. The jerboa, placed in front of the gazelle, was taken for a goat's head, a fawn, a bunch of grapes, and the gazelle was called a fallow deer or deer); although the horns are not visible, or cannot be doubted, by approaching these documents from nos. 24, 242 following. and 334 which represent the gazelle, whether it is the same animal. Some copies bear traces of a magistrate's name engraved at the top. The currency belongs probably dates back to the same period as the previous ones.

No. 0f 238-246. The head on these coins was taken to be that of a woman 7); we have it designated as the head of Ceres 8) or Diana 9); but the character of the head is that of Apollo, and hair likewise suits this god; on Greek and Roman monuments 10) we find often Apollo wearing his hair in the same way as on numbers 0R 238-240. On nos. 241-246 the curly locks start from the top of the head and hang in regular rows without being held back

1) Magazine num. fr. 1851 pp. 89-95; cf. 1850 ft. XVI, 7.

2) See. Pindar PythiaV, 93-97, where Battus is called jfcoif kctoctfâç. Catullus epigr. VII, 6: Batti veterU $acrum êepulerum. See Thrige Res Cyr. p. 100 and 104, Gerhard Archâol. Zeitung 1853 p. 117, Taf. LV1JI, 1 1.

8) Beechey Proceedings etc. p.429and432. BarthWanderun- gen p. 429. In general, in the temples of Apollo, Diane seems to have been worshiped jointly with her brother as a participant in his divinity. O.Müller Gesch. hellen. Stâmme (1844) II p. 372 following.

4) Athenoeus XII, 73.

6) Mr. Lindberg, in his manuscript, explains the legend of the face by JAMONAKTl KYPANA, Cyrene in Da- monax, and forms the conjecture that this currency was struck on the occasion of a victory won by Da- monax in games celebrated on the feast of Diana.

a) Sestini, Dumersan and mus. Lavy 11. this. p. 55 note 2.

7) Mionnet n°96, 98 and 125.

s) Mionnet n*97; Cavedoni Osserv. p. 4t.

9) Sestini Descr. num. vet. p. 561 n* 22.

10) P.e. in Greek vase paintings and on the Roman niers from the time of the republic.

10

74 CYRENAICA.

by no connection; this hairstyle is Egyptian. The curl presented by the first n 0f is without doubt also adopted according to Egyptian fashion, since the head of Berenice on the coins of Ptolemy, struck both in Egypt and in Cyrenaica (see nos. 366-367), wears the hair of the same way. Several pieces, numbers 239-240, offer a blank with an oblique edge so that the face of the coin is narrower than the reverse, a method of manufacture frequently used to the Ptolemaic coins and also to a large number of Cyrenean coins with the legend KOI NON, struck under the Ptolemies (see p. 40). It is therefore likely that this series belongs takes place in the 3rd era. Under the domination of the Ptolemies the cult of Apollo in Cyrene seems to have retained all the importance it had previously had; the hymn of Callimachus in honor of Apollo provides proof; it was probably also at this time that the port of Cyrene took the name of ApoIlonia (cf. no. 340). The Ptolemies themselves, following the example of the ancient Battiad kings, appear to have exercised the functions of the Apollonian priesthood in Cyrene; we at least know that Ptolemy H Evergetes was invested with this dignity 1). It is possible to conclude that a Greek cult Egyptian, introduced by the Ptolemies, influenced the representation of Apollo, as shown the monetary footprint. 9) We find the head of the god with the same curl on the coins. struck by the Roman governors of Cyrenaica. The gazelle on n 01 242-246 was named a deer or a stag 8) as elsewhere on Cyrenean coins; we see by the horns of the animal, which on several of these pieces are distinctly figured, that it is indeed the gazelle or the antelope which we mentioned above on p. 16. Nos. 242-246 bear accessory types. That of n°242 was taken by Sestini for the letter A 4); it is rather a ivy leaf. The mark of No. 245 escaped the attention of numismatists 5); we see in front of the gazelle a hat (némooç) with two floating ties, the same one which on the following no. 197. hangs behind the rider's shoulders. Gazelle coins are divisions of currencies silphium, so that nos. 242 and 243 are contemporary with nos. 238-240 which bear the same head of Apollo, surrounded by a link, and that numbers 01 244-246 date from the same time as the No. 241, having the head of the god also styled in the Egyptian style.

N M 247-250. Rider, horse, wheel. The man on horseback who is represented in gallop and, it seems, without clothing, must be explained differently than the rider with the chiton and the hat, moving in step, on gold coins (n M 195 following); no doubt he has regard to the equi- tation and the race for public games. In the enclosure occupied by the ruins of Cyrene, we finds the inscription inniKOZ carved into the wall of a rock which is flanked by a long street which may have served as a quarry or circus. 6) A wheel is often placed on coins Greek to indicate the chariot race; this representation is therefore linked to that of the qua- refers to gold coins (n 01 184 following) and can refer to public games, see p. 68. However However, on the coins of Cyrene it is permissible to give this type a broader meaning. 7) Pin-

i) Athenseus XII, 73. 5) Mionnet and Payne Knight who described the examples

2) Messrs. Falbe and Lindberg were also of the opinion that this currency in the Paris cabinet and in the museum

it is an Egyptian or Libyan Apollo whose British head is seen, they did not mention it, see. l.c. p. 56

on these currencies. note 4.

a) By C. Combe, Sestini, Mionnet and Payne Knight, see e) Pacho Voyage p. 224. Bœckh C. Inscr. 5150. Barth

p. 56 notes 1-5. Wandering p. 437-438.

4) L. v. p. 56 note 1. 7) Cf. Thrige Res Cyr. § 90, Cavedoni Osserv. p. 35 note 31.

CYRENE. 75

dare already calls Cyrene noliç ivaç^atoç and says that the Cyreneans used reins and cars instead of trains. 1) Other passages in ancient authors teach us that the inhabitants of Cyrene more than usual made use of cars 9), and that they indulged in particularly in the art of leading horses 8); they achieved a rare degree of perfection, which Annîcéris gave a striking proof in the academy of Athens. 4) The sacred gifts of Cyre- neans at Delphi were chariots carrying statues, those of Ammon and Battus. 5) We also served as tanks in battles; Cyrenean war chariots were well known and appreciated in other countries. 6) Among the gifts that the Cyreneans sent to Alexander when he went from Egypt to the oracle of Ammon, there were five quadriga and three hundred horses fight. 7) A considerable part of Cyrene's military force consisted of battle chariots; thus Ophellas going to war against Carthage was able to take from Cyrene a hundred chariots armed 8), although, shortly before, the city had been forced to deliver half of its war tanks. 9) On numbers 248-249 the wheel is shown a little sideways so that we can see the hub protruding to the right; this part of the wheel has been little known. Sestini assumed that she represents a bell or the chalice of silphium 10); Mr. Cavedoni took her for a flower and thinks that the type relates to the games and festivals of Carnean Apollo which were celebrated in spring. 11) The crab which on n°247 is seen next to the silphium, is the symbol of the port of Cyrene, see n°340. The flat and mediocre work as well as the use of the crab and the silphium as accessory symbols (see § 4) attribute these currencies to the third era.