Greek and Roman Metrology — 1862

4) The passages in question can be found in the context of Soetbeer p. 297.f.

5) Kosma's indicopies in the CoUectio nova Patrum ed. MoBt- fancon II p. 148A.

6) Mommsen p. 749 f.

7) Same pp. 784-792. 836-838.

8) Three silver coins of Diocletian and his ruler Maximiaa

248 # MtlfZORDffUIfG COIfSTANTINS. §40.

Pieces of very different weights appear beneath him 1» t\j' A' A» rSf pounds, which contributes particularly to the distribution were beaten at public festivals. In addition, the main silver coin, of course no longer detectable under another the corresponding name, again the Neronian denarius of ^ pounds, sometimes denoted by the value number XCVI; also the Qui- nar occurs again, albeit rarely. But the explanation The production of all these pieces was so uneven — the denarius e.g. B. fluctuates between 4 and 2.4 gr. — , furthermore The gold piece of this time was also minted so irregularly that... a fixed coin ratio between gold and silver coins hardly have passed, but only the weight for both may have been the value meter; although not It remains impossible for one to be certain about smaller amounts Conventional value approaches followed. Gonstantin kept from Diocletian's varied nominals are initially only the one restituted denarius, which was also among his closest followers conclusion, but has disappeared since the year 360. At the same time he probably tried to put the silver coin into a solid to put holdings on the gold pound by adding 18| Denarii on the Solidus, 1333 counting on the pound worked ^). But this was There's no way it's comfortable; Therefore, at least already under Gonstan tin, another way of minting silver into life, which the corresponded better to the new gold currency. With the same weight, namely Kch with the solidus a piece of silver was brought out, which as y^ö^ of the gold pound it should be considered and hence the name mili' arense {fxthaQtjoiov) led ^ ^). So there was a solidus exactly

at Ranch S. 306 have a fineness of 0.900 to 0.943. By Gon stantin except for Jastinian the grain is 0.990 to 0.980, rare underneath.

9) This equation is calculated according to the coin value of the Miiiarense net. If the miiiarense of ^ pounds is equal to rdW gold pounds, so go from 18^4 ^^^ ^^^ to the gold pound, 18^4 ^^^ ^^^ Solidus. The gold is at 14 times (exactly 1x times) the value Silver taken. The same ratio (exactly 14.4 times) results the one in Cod. Theod. 13, 2, 1 of the ordinance of J. 397, whereby the pound of silver is permitted to be replaced with five solidi.

10) The reasons that lead to this in the silver piece of ^ pounds to recognize the TniUarense are convincingly taken from Mommsen p. 790 been wrapped. The oldest documented mention of the coin can be found can be found in the writing of Epiphanius about measures and Weights (§ 2 p. 12), where (t. II p. 184Petav.) fiiXiaQi^avov as the red- mixed denomination for silver coin is given: t6 aQyvQioVj tovto iative o ot ^Poifialoi. [iiXiaqr^atov xuXovOlv» Furthermore, around 400 re-

S. MÜnZORPNONG GON8TA7ITIN8. 249

equal to 1^ miliarensia, for which in traffic certainly in round Total 14 were calculated ^ ^). This was a new thing at the same time the subordination of the silver coin to the gold courant spoken, and again this resulted in further changes Monetary order that came into being under Julian. At the foot of the MiHa Rense for the gold was fourteen times the value of the silver, therefore a higher one than was found at any earlier time; if now temporarily, how very likely, the silver something higher than according to that coinage ratio, the state suffered the issue of the silver coin Einbufse. The latter therefore had to necessarily made into a separate coin d. h. after a low smaller feet and with a higher coin value become. This is what happened since Julian. The heavy silver stucco of Jj pounds were pronounced less frequently, but they were pronounced earlier beaten half made the main coin and added again Half piece introduced. But they didn't say how about the new coin to be expected given the early circumstances, 28, but already 24 pieces represent the value of a solidus, so that is now a loss was no longer to be feared with silver coinage. By the way the piece of silver should only be the representative of the corresponding because of its small size it can no longer be represented gold quantum, and this is where it got its name from. qua auri, Greek xe^driov, because the solidus is ^ des pounds and ^ of it, i.e. i. y^rs^ ^®s pound, in Roman cal weight system (§ 20, 4) siliqua^^). This means that the coin

digitized state caleader (Not. dign. or. c. 12, occ. c. 10) the department for coined silver the scrinium a miliarensibus. Aoeb Dardanos (§ 2 p. 7) at Lydos de mens. 4, 9 knows the fj-Uucgi^aiov, but knows the name Of course, just like Epiphanius, it cannot be sufficiently explained. The right one The Glossae nomicae under fjuliagCaiov (Otto Thes. m.) provide information p. 1764): xo xikioatbv r^g tov xQvaov X^rqag. Rightly placed Mommsen traces the origin of the peculiar name back to the Time of Constantine, under whom, as shown on page 787 note 157 is, the silver piece of yf^ pounds = 4.55 gr. appears first.

11) The latter information has the gloss given in the previous note under fiiXiagCaiov. This is very close to the same point. under (poXUg (p. 1817) the miliarense with If of the late Siliqua of ^{i^ Solidus, So indirectly the solidus is compared with 13f miliarensia.

12) The siUqua auri or simply siUqua is, like the together- Position in Mommsen p. 791 note 171 shows, next to the solidus the standing bill coin of the fifth and sixth centuries. The The coin value of ^ Solidus does not just result from the name itself, but also from the calculation in the glosses miXev tfoXXig^ where 218 Si- liquae ss 9 Solidi can be set. The normal weight will be without a doubt

250

HUNZOBDI«I!>G COMSTANIINS.

I

Order proclaimed, which continued until the seventh century was kept: the SlÜqua and its half, both in Steadily falling weight^''), the main problem remains silver money of the empire, but serve as you receive shows moderately rare occurrence, only as a coin to represent smaller amounts in payments.

3. The copper coin will be discussed shortly to speak. When Diocletian, after the long period of immoderate If the coins deteriorated, the pure silver coinage would have to be restored. he inherited an endless mass of pseudo-silver a coin. The same was already at the grade at his time devalued so that it can continue to be used as a separate coin with one be left in rebaptism with a moderately increased nominal value could 1*). A part of it has to be called up and sold as coin metal, perhaps with a further addition of copper to the new coinage must have been used; because that's the only way to explain it It is clear that copper coins and silver can also be seen in the Diocletiani fmdet '^). It appeared in two denominations, one larger of about 10 gr., and a smaller one of 2.5 to 2 gr.; Like the earlier Billon, it was boiled white, and on the In the larger variety the peculiar one sometimes appears

i'icfatig VOD Mommaen p. 787 on j^ deposit = 2.27 gr. definitely, dare Qaeipo'a AnaatE on y^- PtaDd cannot bestieu. The EBective weight fluctuates, like the overview of the Kolwei find in Mommsen P. 7S1I shows between about 2.5 to 1.7 sizes, which is what the dnrchäDEigen The irregularity of the transmission at that time must not be taken into account. In Queipo'e tablets is the Siliqaa from the upper and lower NaiuiDalBn difficult to argue against.

13) Saelbeer p. 274 suggests, according to Qaeipfl's tables, the through- average weight of the SJIJqaa anter Valentinian I naf 2.0, under Hon ariu, on 1.7, Dnter Justinus and Justinian aof 1.3 Gr. to.

14) The Antoninionaa has aicfa in existence until the Codatantine period kebr claims. HomniBen S. tJ20.

15) This assumption is very obvious. It couldn't be Dio's intention. cletian's while he was so resolute about relierslellnn|; the pure one The previous plan was to keep the mischief of the old credit field in the area in mind Way to continue, as he continues to use copper and silver buy it and pass it off as pseudo silver. Rather, he abused aar the Uasse of the circulating, already canceled BUlon, perhaps with further addition of copper {see the analysis by Moiomsen S. SDO Note 21S), as coin metal and ^from the newly minted coin one Piominal value, which indeed has the effective nnch bherstiag - like this UDBCPer Kopfe rscheidemü is never the case - but with that driven coin values of the earlier Antoniniani do compare.

I

lem high but- ^^1 I removed the testBB ^^M

S. Mi}NIOR»IfU?IG CO.'^IST^iNTINS. 251

Werthzeichoi des Atti^anisdienAntoiiiiiiaii, XXI (§39.2), sub Constantin suffered the larger nominal a striking weight loss reduction to S, later even to 3 to 2 sizes; but baUl after the death of this emperor the coinage became commonplace restored and survived until the Theikug of the Rich.

Unfortunately, we lack any clue as to the currency of this coin to determine. All we know is that the copper is too Large payments are used and put into bags for this purpose, foüts^ was packed. This meant that the fiMis was under con- stantin to an accounting coin, which in various ways, also applied to gold and silver ^^). Regarding the copper are to distinguish the bag as copper weight, which weighed 3 tons 2^ pounds of copper and one quantum of silver of 250 weight denarii = 2||^ pounds should^*^), and the bag of copper coins, which, it seems, is to be understood everywhere where the follis is simply an accounting coin appears. The same appears to be the copper equivalent of one Solidus and is probably between 25 and 20 pounds of copper were added ^^). Finally it went

16) The bag of gold only comes in relation to the senator's tax before, which according to Hesychios of Miletus (in the gloss (poXXig) 8^4 or 2 pounds of gold.

17) The gloss given: (pokkig CTa&fiog kaxi Xeyofisvog xal fla- XaVTiov, %Xxu 6h örjvceQtovg 6iaxo(S(ovg nevrrfxovra, Tovriori Xlrgag riß' xal ovyyCug ^'|, (ag tt^ovrog ixaarov ^rjvuQiov XCroav a' xa\ ovy- yCag y' (Gronov for ly). The denarius is not the nechnangs coin here of that time, but, as can also be seen from 'iXx^t, the weight = ^ pounds. The expression is only not entirely accurate in this respect Copper and silver weight are mixed. If they say so, a Deoar =s ^ pounds contain (l/cr) \\ pounds, so the corresponding one is Copper weight is meant, and in this sense it is also said beforehand that Follis weighs {jkXxn) 250 denarii or 312^ pounds, prefer this one Grande ratio of silver to plucker of 120: 1 cf. Note 21.

18) Mommsen p. 839 reports that the invoice follicle -^ of the company weight foUis, which corresponds to a silver quantum of |{^ pounds have. The reasons that speak for the assumption made by obea

252 MÜP^ZORDNCNG CONSTAPITINS. §40.

The naming of follis also refers to the larger area since Diocletian carried over copper pieces. Usually after thousands such FoUes are calculated ^^). In contrast to the small The copper nominal is called the Grofsstöck pecunia maior or maiorina, while that under the name nuinmus centenionaliSj also appears with the addition communis ^ ^). How many copper pieces went to the invoice follis or the solidus, As already mentioned, we lack any information about this; we only know that the copper was given in bulk payments according to weight became. This required a firm determination of the value ratio between gold and copper. The gold had back then about fourteen times the value of the silver; in relation to that Three equations have come down to us which lead to this: ren, that the same to silver as 1: tOO to 1: 125, to gold like 1: 1440 to 1: 1800 was 21).

Due to the deterioration of the coins of the Third th century lost its validity as ^ of the Aureus and had reduced to a small billing coin. So he- He first appears in the *£dict Dio- from the year 301 cletian^s de pretiis verum venalium, where of course its value is not can be determined with certainty 2 2), Indefs is as much as possible It is clear that he already had a very small amount back then

Given the peculiar difficulty of the question, we will discuss it here shortly not be developed

19) Compare the ordinances of the years 320, 340, 356 in the Cod. Tfaeod. 7, 20, 3, 6, 4, 5, 9, 23, 1 and others. But there are also smaller amounts, such as ^/oUes in the decree 14, 4, 3 from J. 363.

20) The pecunia maiorina becomes 9, 21, 6, and at the same time with the nummtis cententanaUs or centenionäU communis 9, 23, 1 f. imagines. Proof that the copper money of the should be understood at that time, says Mommsen p. 805 f.

21) The gloss given in note 17 cloudy places -^ pounds of silver = 1^ pound of copper, i.e. the silver to the copper in the ratio of 120: 1. According to the ordinance of J. 396 in Cod. Theod. 11, 21, 2 should do that The copper to be paid to the state treasury can be replaced with gold can, that 1 solidus is given for 25 pounds. This gives a relationship nifs from 1800: 1. Let us bring with it the ordinance of J. 397 (Cod. 13, 2, 1) in connection where the replacement of 1 pound of silver with 5 solidi is equipped, the ratio of silver to copper is 125:1. In the Cod. lustin. 10, 29, 1, where the regulation on copper detachment is repeated is, instead of 25 pounds, 20 pounds are added to the solidus. After that The ratio of gold to copper is 1440:1, and silver to copper like 100:1.

22) Mommsen on the edict Diocletian's de pretiis rerum venalinm, in the reports of the Sachs. Gesellschaft. III p. 55 ff.

3. 4. NÜi^ZORD^IUNG CO.NSTANTINS, 453

must have, since the lowest rate is that of 2 denarii. Furthermore, it can be concluded from the approaches to wages that “rn” that, compared to our money, he isn't old enough, but probably not much less than that may^^). We only know more for certain from a much later one Epoch, the period of the fifth and sixth centuries^ where the Denarius had fallen further to ^^^y*^ of the solidus, yes in the curse usually even lower to j^\j^ to -gJ^^ of the gold piece stood « *).

4. The value of these coins is now briefly stated specify period. This is based on the Goldpftnuhs weN ches already above (§ 38, 6) to 304,531 Thir. set is After that is

the solidus as ^ of the gold pound 4 Thir. 6.9 Sgr.

the miliarense as t-qVt) ---- — -9.1«

the siliqua as ^^ of the solidus — - 5.3 -

The denarius, which was approximately for the time of Diocletian

^ Sgr. has been put forward, has been around since the fifth century

only a value of -g\Sgr. or ^ Pfennig.

23) The Diocietian Edict gives a Maxinia Uarif (Moinmsen p. 57) ; The prices of foodstuffs do not provide any guidance as they are m^f^ are usually calculated for the case of large inflation, the working But wages do not increase with inflation. Now a field worker receives In addition to food, 25 denarii for the day, most of the craftsmen 50 ^ a Camel and donkey drivers and a shepherd 20 denarii. Here the eye teaches It seems that the denarius can hardly be valued at more than 1,000 groschen. But it cannot be calculated much lower either, since the Sets are otherwise no longer maximum.

24) The more detailed proof of this here is only the context Because of the coinage ratios mentioned, Mommsen gives p. 840 ff.

APPENDIX.

I. Greece and the East.

§ 1. BöoUen.

1. Hollow mafs. The Y,6(pLVog^ which in liquids such as was used for dry objects, according to Strattis (at Poll. 4, 169) 3 Choen, was therefore equal to the Attic Me- tretes (§ 16, 1) = 36 cotyles. As Mafs for dry fraud he 3% Medimnos = 9 Choeniken (§ 16, 2)i). The note at Theophrastus (Hist. pl. 8, 4, 5) says that an athlete in Boeotia is hardly 1^ Choeniken wheat I eat every day, but in Athens without any effort daily 2^ Choeniken , probably doesn't refer to anything different Mafs, but simply on the different qualities of the Attic and Boeotian wheat; the former is so much easier that 5 Choeniken hardly contain as much nutrition as 3 Choeniken ken of Boeotian wheat 2).

The dxdvri names Hesychios as the Boeotian Mafs and says, that she might catch a Medimnos. This seems to be somewhat wrong thoughtfully, there is a large Persian mass with the same name, which held 45 medicines (Appendix § 10, 2). This aTtOQQVjLia, which Epiphanios (II p. 182 Petav.) describes as Thebani- cal hollow mafs and intended for 11 sextarians, seems to belong only to a later period.

2. The coinage in Boeotia was the Aeginean ^), above which the following paragraph is to be compared.

1) Compare Böckh Staatsb. T p. 130.

2) Böckh Staatsb. I p. 128. Stella explains of various degrees worm p. 133.

3) Hussey p. 64. Böckb M. ü. p. 84.

Haltsch^ Metrology. 17

258 ANUA.^G. §1'.

§ 2. Aegina,

1. Hollow mafs. That the Aeginean body size is larger Böckh ^) makes it probable that it was more than the Attic one (§ 16). lich; However, it is by no means possible to prove with certainty that this is the case The ratio to the Attic was 5:3. Also It must remain an open question whether the Aeginean Mafs corresponds to the Lake was equivalent to demonic ones (Appendix §4,1), as Böckh assumes.

2. Coin feet. On the origin of the Aeginean Currency and its distribution across almost all of Greece has already been discussed above (§ 24). That too was himself noticed that the large piece of silver on this foot was a Stater or Didrachmon, whose normal weight was 12.40 gr. can be set. The Aeginean drachma stood accordingly to the Attic of 4.366 gr. in the ratio of 7:5. The value of the Didrachmon is 21.74 Sgr. to be applied 2). The following overview of the Aeginean system is based on this:

Weight value

Talent 37.2 Rilogr. 2174 thr.

Mine 6.2 - 36^ -

Stater 12.40 grams — - 21.7 Sgr.

Drachma 6.20 - — - 10.9 -

Triobolone 3.10 - — - 5.4 -

Obolos 1.03 - — - 1.8 -

Hemiobolion 0.52 - _ . o.9 -

§ 3 Corinthians.

The mention of a Corinthian drachma in Thucydi of the ^) suggests that the Corinthian coin base from the most widespread in Greece at the time, the aegi- näischen (§ 24, 2), deviated. In fact the coins show which has the city's coat of arms, the Pegasos 2), and the initial

1) M. above sea level p. 275 f.

2) Here is the one in the sample at Hnssey p. 60 specified alloy been deducted in order to reflect the share in the cars that the non-Attic Silver versus Attic had to give some expression (§ 29, 3).

1) 1, 27 in a public decree of the Corinthian state. extra Corinthian money still appears in the inscription of Kerkyra C. I. Gr. n. 1845: kqyvqCov KoqivS-(ov fjLVnT % 1 and 2, KoQivO^iai fjLvat § 1.

2) Poll also mentions Pegasus as a Corinthian character. 9, 76.

(S. AitUlKG.

Letters 9 foebr, Koriolh has a peculiar foot. followed. In the oldest times, the Gaaz piece was around 8.40 gr. % and later rises to 8.66 to S.50 Gr. *), so it comes to the atti- Didrachmon of 8.73 grams, normal weight as close to . that there is a necessary connection between the two must. But one would be mistaken if one were to use the Corinthian I wanted to call Fufs Attic without further ado^); rather is the same one directly from the Orient and probably already borrowed before the introduction of the Attic foot by Solon. the. The Corinthian stater is directly linked to the larger one small Asian gold piece of plenty of 16 gr. (Appendix § 7, 2), as half of which is to be considered. So we have the first one here Example of a transfer of the gold standard to the silver coinage tion, in which Athens later followed by using the power of the small Asian closely related Euboian d. i. Persian gold currency for his silver courant. Furthermore, just like ia Athens in the time soon after Solon, also in Corinth the weight later increased slightly, so that the normal weight of the corin- Attic states can safely assume that of Attic didraclimon. can be set. However, there was a significant difference in the cost rinthian currency from the Attic through the division of the Coin unit. According to the Attic system, the Corinthian This stater must be equal to two drachmas; but he is safe divided into three drachmas i^). While the Aeginean and after it the Attic currency descended to the Triobolon half shepherd and only from then on divided into thirds, that's what happened in Korintli The whole piece was divided into three parts. We therefore put the Corinthian drachma :'=-^' Stater =2.91 gr., half of it or the Corinthian triobolon = 1.45 gr., that sixth or obolos = 0.48 gr.

The Corinthian had a completely different division

3) Prokesch thinking book. the Viennese Aknil. 1854 p. 2GT ){loves this one Class 1 & 8 Par. Gran = 8.39 Gr., Mammsen S. 59 8.40 Gr. But fipdea seven BDcb achwerere pieces«.

4| MammüeD a. a. 0.

5) This does (fassey p. 55. Di« vnn Btickh S. »4 represented assumption Grannv'» n.a. because the Corinthian coinage was liginiarh. nidericgl sicli darcli that was noted above by Van SelbsC. Dea complete

Gt(!enbe»eis fiihrl M" sini n, n. ().. ilesaeo All«fuhruii|t UberliuwiPl lirr

above ßarstullung /.u (Miirulr- Ih-,;!, >

6| Hnoini.sen S. (ilir, IW/l iii if'iUtf/^gl^i^i^U G«ni«lür holbiit, mIsu one of the atlimiicn llraelui

i

APPENDIX. $4.

t in Sicily, where the literary system peculiar to this island

A (Appendix § 15, 3) is associated with the same

Goodbye. There it was divided into ten liters of silver, and

iiefs of this, as Aristotle tells us, ototi^q öexähzQog ^).

When determining the value of the Corinthian coin, to bring the eating weight to that of the best not equal to Attic coins, and also the legitimacy tion seems to have been stronger^). We bring accordingly According to a probable approach from § 29, 4, averaged values of the Attic didrachm 5 percent in Ab- invoice and set accordingly

the Corinthian stater =15 Sgr. the drachma = 5 * -

§ 4. Sparta.

1. Hollow mafs. According to a note in Plutarch ^) everyone wore Spartiate one medimnos of barley and eight choen of wine monthly contribute to communal meals. This is Lacedaemonian cal measure, the ratio of which to the Attic one can be seen from the statement Di- kaearch's^) shows that the contribution was about one and a half atti- sche Medimnen and eleven to twelve Choen. It is So the Lacedaemonian Medimnos = 1^ Attic, the Lacedaemonian monic Chus = If to i^ Attic. From the The last statement clearly shows that the simple behavior nifs of 3:2 is not entirely accurate; the lacedemonian body mafs was not quite one and a half times that of Attic. Therefore Böckh^) is overestimating his theory of Measurement and weight systems to love the former to the latter in the ratio of 5:3.

2. Coins. After one attributed to Lycurgus In Sparta there was only iron money as a uniform

7) At PoU. 4, 174; see below § 15, 3.

S) Those from Hussey p. 53 reported samples of Corinthian Muozea give a fineness of 0.961 and 0.936, so both are behind that highest fineness of the Attic coin = 0.983 (§ 29, 4). legal Let us add that the Corinthian coin is slightly lower on average was more pronounced than the Attic, so the deduction of 5 percent seems to which Hussey assumes is a completely secure minimal theorem.

1) Lycurgus. 12.

2) Near Athens. 4 p. 141C

3) M. above sea level p. 276.

tn, (k

t

mix hat *). No citizen should seek treasures, i Half the use of the precious metals as a means of exchange. completely banned and the worthless iron money introduced where an amount worth 10 syllable nines is already a value gene charge^). Originally supposed to be iron rods oßelot or oßellaxoi served as money"), later became raw coins minted. The main problem here is that it should An Aeginean mine was weighed to the value of 4 chalcus or half an (Aeginean) obolo'). But has this news is very worrying. It was probably iron geid expressed in smaller amounts and circulated widely its metal value. Since then the state has taken over he needed to expand beyond his own national borders necessarily gold and silver money. This was partly provided by the paid tribute, partly Persian subsidy and gifts, partly the rich spoils of war. We know in particular about lysan he, the conqueror of Athens and his allies, that he sent large quantities of gold and silver to Sparta^). By law, only the state should own precious metal and this can only be spent on foreign ventures; private The accumulation of treasure was punishable by death. says. Understandably, this ban was not observed. because large sums of money came into the possession of individual citizens, as various testimonies explicitly report).

In later times, probably only after Alexander, Sparta itself was minted in silver. The coins present are partly tetradrachms according to the younger Attic system (§ 27, 4) partly, it seems, tetradrachms and drachmas Currency of Asia Minor'). . The copper is very numerous

4) Plpt. Lys. 17, Poll. U, T a) Xea. Rep. Laced. 7.

6) Plul. Lys. 17. Prelim. i P. 772.

7) Plut. Apophth. Lac. p.9' p. 202.

beD g 19, 2 Ai

3. Heycli. not. nCinvop, Mülli

Sückh SUalsb. I

S.O.

) From the SuEnmen, the Lysander after SparU senileCe, ipricht Im general plat. Lyi. 16t.; to 1000 talents” determines her rushing rselba in the Nifc. 2ä, beginning of 1500 Diodnr 13, 106. Compare. Bäelch Stoatsb. I p. 44f.

9) The positions are named after Blickh a. a. O. P. 44 and 772f., Muller p.202f.

10) The Grarsstueke weigh IG.42 Gr. (-^ 253.4 Leakc Ear. Gr.p.5S), 16.01 (=1 247 Northwick p. 70), plus a piece from Kleomenes 16.61 (= 309 Hionnet p. 1 15). This aiod Tetradracbmen uaeb the Attiscbeu Systan

J

APPENDIX. 15.

} 5, Greek [my.

1. Aegina. S. § 2.

2. ChiOS. The coins of Chios follow the Asian Minor i^chen Fufse (Appendix § 7, 2), according to which the large piece of 11 gr. was considered a tridrachmon, and this resulted in a small one Drachma of 3.7 gr. and further a tetradrachm of 15 gr. developed^). The names under which Chinese coins zen occur twice in Attic writers assume that they are tariffed according to the Attic Courante were erected. The tridrachmon of 1 1 Gr. is very close = ^\ at- table drachmas. But since there is neither one for this amount There was still a name for the coin in Athens, so people pressed the same as the ruins of the mine. So it is highly likely that Lich the zecaagaiioaTai Xlai in Thukyd. 8.101 to explain 2). Another expression for Chinese money is that of Xen. Bright. 1,6,12 mentioned TtevraÖQaxiincc. This is just one Account coin, worth twice the 2^ Attic drachma tending piece.

The value of the fortieth is 19.3 Sgr., the penta- drachmy on 1 thlr. 8.6 Sgr. to start.

3. Euboea. prefer the so-called Euboian talent, which ches was originally the weight of gold in the Persian Empire and was later used by Solon as the basis for the Attic currency, has been dealt with above (§23.2. 25.3). The Euboian coins The oldest embossing had a woman's head on the front, on the back the bull's head 3). Their currency was the Egyptian

with the coin weight from the time after Alexander. The chronological one But the moment lies not only in this amount of weight, but also in the fact itself that Spartan coins were minted on Attic feet. are beaten. This can only happen since the Macedonian rule as can be seen from § 31. The pieces of lower weight like 15.49 at Northwick p. 79, 14.89 in Mus. Hunt. p. 163, 13.32 at Leake p. 55 must have been taken to the foot of Asia Minor. The Partial coins, which are between 2.68 (= 41.3 Mus. ßr. p. 141) to 2.12 (== 40 Mionnet p. 115) appear to have low drachmas to be.

1) Among the surviving coins from Chios are probably found only by chance no tridrachmeo. The tetradrachms stand at 15.27 (= 235.6 Leake Insul. Gr. 8) and 15.23 (== 235.1 ibid.) to 13.76 gr. (Pinder p. 65). The drachmas weigh 3.82 gr. (= 59 and 58.9 Leake), 3.77 (== 58.2 Mus. Brit. 176) etc.

2) As a fortieth of the mine, she recognized Hussey p. 73; on the at- She leads the table back to Mommsen p. 17.

3) Mionnet H p. 300. Mommsen p. 91 note 32.

l>-7. ATTACHMENT. 263

Daean in a somewhat reduced form, like the ones that have been preserved Coins, among which the stater is very rare, more often the drachma and the triobolone are, show. Besides are early, as Athens ruled part of Euboa, perhaps as early as the time of Peisistratids, tetradrachms and smaller^ nominals according to atti- been beaten underfoot. Later - at what time, cannot be determined - is the embossing on Attic feet became common and has made the Aeginean currency urges ^). The Evßoinbv vofXiOfxa is in the etymol. M. fake- ally relocated to a place in Euboea in Argos, an error is related to the legend about Pheidon (§ 25, 4).

4. Crete. According to a statement by Dosiadas'') was in Crete calculated according to Aeginaean money. They confirm this Coins, which were very important in the oldest times, later became less important. weights have been hit^).

5. K y p r s. According to Epiphanios (II p. 1 78 Peta v.) used one at Salamis, his episcopal see, a Mediranos, who had 5 Romans mix modes was the same, i.e. behind the Attic Medimnos of 6 modes was slightly behind.

6. Lesbos. With the poet Alcaeus of Mytilene finds According to Poliux (4.169. 10.1 13) as Hohlmafs of the xt'/rpog Hipponax according to the same the T^f^uyiVTtQOv, The latter note points to Asia Minor. According to Epiphanius (II p. 184 B). the KVTtQog is also used in Pontes and is the same there 2 modes.

7. Rhodes. The Rhodian coin followed the Asia Minor schen feet (§ 24, 1). To the whole piece or tetradrachm in weight '^from 14.7 to 13 gr. come halves, thirds and Quarter to^). The quarter is the Rhodian drachma, which in an inscription from Kibyra^) dated 71 AD on a denarius is determined. This means that the approach of the anonymous Alexan- drinkers, who expanded the Rhodian mine to 5 Ptolemaic mines, with- then sets the drachma on 1] denarius-'). The deviation lies

4) Mommsen p. 62 f. 91 Anro. 32.

5) Near Athens. 4 p. 143B.

6) Mommsen p. 46.

7) Mionnet Poids p. 154-157.

S) C. 1st Gr. n. 4380 a (IH p. 1167): Tov'PtiifAn'tMov iffivnQhv iaxy- ovTog aaad^ia Jcxn^l fi Poo(a ^Qn/f^iri rovrov tov SriV(tQiov taxvH Iv KißvQtf aaadoia &ixa.

9) Cap. May 18 (v«rj5i. oboii p. 11): i»;i' ^Pot^(nv f^rnv tr^g tlrolf- fiai'xTjg (Irai ntvtanXuaiov, Dag Plolfinttiich(f Talont lit previously

264 AlfHAKG« 15.8.

only in the name, using the half piece or didrachmon is understood as a drachma. Festus (p. 359) rates the rhodium see talent on 4500 denarii, therefore the drachma on f denarius, an equation that perhaps dates back to the earlier Republican period is available^^).

8. Samos. According to Herodotus (2.168), the Sami cubit was the same as the Egyptian, therefore from the common Greek (§ 8.2) different. Herodof's Egyptian cubit is the royal one from 525 millimeters (Appendix § 11, 1), according to which the Sami also refer to these amount is to be applied.

A difficult question arises from what has recently emerged Fufsmafs investigated the remains of ancient Heraeon at Samos. That- the same was determined by Wittich 1 1) to be 315 millimeters, and This seems to be Böckh's and Oppert's view, which leads to the per- sian cubit a footmafs in the amount of | set up the same ^ ^), to receive significant support. However, this hypothesis contradicts pothesis too much like the old Malse, as if it were otherwise than be accepted on the most compelling grounds could ^^). The simplest explanation of the Sami foot Seems to be the one that he does, albeit in something plentiful Conduct belongs to the common Greek cubit (§8, 2). In The Persian or Egyptian cubit was used in Samos for trade; but the architects took the foot of it to Greek shear way, by drawing from the 7 handbreadths of the oriental ell one removed and then 2 thirds of the remaining 6 made a foothold. Therefore the Sami Fufs is not both as I =r 1^, but as ^ = ^ of the oriental cubit watch.

Here are the further results of the investigation. gen Wittich's via the Greek Fufsmafs ^ ^). In In the temple buildings of Paestum one appears with the Sami identical foot, only in the slightly reduced amount of 314, later 312 millimeters. At the temples of Selinus you can relax prove that the same measure can be further increased to 310 millimeters. descends,

\ of the Attic d. h. of the Roman talent for calculation (§ 32, 1), hence the Ptolemaic drachma was set on -\ denarius.

10) Mommsen p. 39 f.

11) Monuments and research year XV n. 106. 107.

12) Report of the Berliner Ai (late 1854 p. 85 ff.

13) Makes some pertinent objections to the three-fifths eleventh Fenneberg p. 127 f.

14) Monuments and research year XVIII n. 151-153.

• ß,1.2. ATTACHMENT. 265

until in Pericles' time it reached the amount of 308 millim. achieved The same is true, as another study has shown, on the temple remains of Agrigento and the much rarer ones in Greece itself. Now the Mafs is from 308 millimeters. none other than that of the Attic foot (§ 10, 2); So it turns out that the Greek foot gradually changed from 315 millimeters. except for around 7 millimeters. lower amount - which he had achieved in Pericles' time. Yergl. above § 10, 3.

§ 6. Macedonia,

1. Hollow mafs. Aristotle (Hist. Anim. 8, 11) gives this Quantities of food and water that an elephant consumes assumes, according to Macedonian media and literature. He also mentions a peculiar Macedonian mafs for liquid, the f^dgig, which he has to 6 cotyles, probably Attic, definitely ^). Unfortunately he doesn't say anything about the amount Macedonian Medimnos and Metretes. The assumption is wrong Wurm's view (p. 126) is that the Macedonian size was much smaller. must have been ner than the Attic, because according to the latter Aristotle's statements lead to quantities that are too large. When Aristotle says that an elephant has 14 meters of water drank all at once and another 8 in the evening, which after atti- according to certain dimensions together about \2^ preufs. bucket amounts, so is This is by no means too much, because according to Oken (Allg. Naturg. VII Abth. 2 p. 1152) elephants drank up to 30 in the summer (Prussian sche?) bucket. So it's probably possible what the other width is for The spread of the Attic hollow measure suggests that the Macedonian niche Mafs was equal to this. This, too, should not be taken into account be led to the fact that Aristotle wrote in another place (in which Schol. to Ar. Oh. 108) a Persian Mafs after Attic Medimnen definitely. Both dimensions are still very capable probably have been the same, similar to Polybius (below § 15, 2). the Attic and Sicelian Medimnos have the same measure referred to.

2. Coin feet. The oldest Macedonian silver coinage under Alexander I, who lived around 500 BC. came to power, was based on a large piece of 29 gr. , to which halves

1) Compare Poil. 4, 168. 10, 184. A completely different measure is the per- sische fxdqig at Polyaeo. 4, 3, 32, which amounted to ten ghoen. S. nnt. § 10, 2.

266 APPENDIX. f6, t.

and sixths were beaten^). The following kings coin- according to the widespread system of Asia Minor Sil- berstater of 11 gr. (Appendix § 7, 2). This whole piece became as elsewhere there is a smaller unit, the third of 3.6 gr., derived as a drachma and now also on the tridrachmon the tetradrachm of 14.5 gr. embossed^). The latter nominal nal is particularly abundant from Philip II, who used the tridrachmon gave up completely, was manned^); it stands out clearly from that Tetradrachmon of Attic currency of 17.46 gr., which is through Alexander the Great was introduced, but he was not allowed to with the Aeginean didrachm of 12.40 gr. identified will ^). about gold coinage since Philip and the Atti-

2) The large pieces weigh 29.26 g. (==: 7. 47 Mionnet p. 54), 29.15 (Queipo p. 150), 29.03 (= 448 Leake p. 1), 28.97 (= 7. 41 J Mionnet) and further downwards to 28.45 (=: 439.1 Northwick p. 62). The normal weight must not be less than 29 gr. be set. It's easier to find one embossed half of 13.07 gr. (= 3. 30 million) and sixth of 4.09 gr. (= 77 Mionnet), 4.04 (= 62.4 Leake p. 1), 3.89 (-== 73^ Mionnet). Also Twelfth of 1.83 gr. (=: 28.3 Leake), and an even smaller partial coin of 1.03 gr. (=sl5,9I^eake), perhaps a quarter of a twentieth, occur. Dieter eigen'thüra borrowed coin fox is probably identical to the old one by Mommsen S. ISfP. discussed gold currency, which is represented by a whole piece of 14,076 gr. and a third of 4.74 gr. is represented. The- This weight has also been transferred to silver coinage elsewhere, and In Macedonia the whole piece was sold for twice the amount been.

3) This coin of 14.5 gr. was identical to the half large piece Alexander I, but it is no longer divided into thirds, but into quarters, what themselves at ease through the intrusion of the Kleiuasian silver stater, which was considered a tridrachmon, explained. Therefore the kings struck between Alexander and Philip II mostly tridrachmon from 10.73 to below' 10 gr. and drachmas of 2.5 gr. and below. The tetra- dragon of 13.23 gr. (=» 249 Mionnet p. 55), the didrachm of 7.04 gr. (= 108.7 Leake p. 2), as well as partial drachma coins.

4) The surviving coins show that Philip II minted more carefully than its predecessors» Its tetradrachms stand at a maximum of 14.46 gr. (=223.2 Mus. Br. p. 101, Leake Suppl. p. 1), 14.44 (=. 222.8 Leake Kings p. 3), 14.43 (Pinder p. 41), 14.42 (= 2711 Mionnet p. 56) etc., according to which the normal weight is not less than 14.5 g. can be set. Tridrachmas do not occur, didrachms are rare. The classification the smaller nominal has its great difficulty. I keep the number enough pieces, which are around 2.5 gr. stand, but maximum up to 2.75 gr. how- gen (Thomas p. 138, Leake p. 3), for more easily spent drachmas. Müller p. 337 takes it for tetroboles (see following note); but this is because of the effective weight of 2.75 gr., which is reduced to a large piece of 16.5 gr. would lead, impossible.

f>) L. Müller Numismatique d'AIexandre p. 336 fit. holds the large piece Philipps of 14.5 gr. with Böckh a. a. (§ 24 note 30) for an Aegiuaean

iifUi. APPENDIX^r.. 267

see silver currency since Alexander is spoken above (§31). been.

§ 7. Khinasia.

1. LäDgenmafse. In many places in Asia Minor it is true- apparently the Persian Mafs or something closely related to it been in use. From the Persian cubit of 525 million limeter (Appendix § 10.1), according to the Greek manner, the corresponding speaking two-thirds mafs, a foot of 350 millimeters formed det. This foot, admittedly now in something larger, now in a small- This is due to the dimensions of some cities in Asia Minor. serve as a basis^) and also appears in the late reduction the Roman mile to 1^ or 7 furlongs^).

That the origin of the Philetary see Fufses (App. § 11, 2) there is little to be found in Asia Minor, as Böckb ^) assumes probably. However, that's how the name came about The easiest way to explain it is to refer it to Philetärus, the founder of the Pergamene Empire; but on the other hand, the fact that the entire presentation of the Philetary system, as given by the Heronic Tables, only refers to Egypt.

2. Coins. The Persian-Asia Minor election tion. The oldest gold coinage in Asia Minor lies, how has already been noted above (§ 23, 3), a bit in weight of just over 16 grams^). After this foot

Didrachmon, which the different weight clearly speaks against. Also There is much that is questionable about his classification of the other nominals. His Dio bolon, d. h. according to our terminology, Tetrobolone, seems rather that next higher category, the Trioboion d. h. the drachma, to assign to • be. After that, the rest of the division would also have to be changed.

1) Penneberg investigation. P. 125 calculated from the stadium of Laodicea in Phrygia a foot of 355 millimeters, from the stadium of Aezani in Phrygia a foot of 332, from the Ephesian one of 335 millimeters.

2) The stadium of the Aezan and Ephesian feet is 7.4 times, that of Inodikei included 7 times in the Roman mile. Both connections We find these relationships again in the information provided by later writers about the amount of the stadium. Dio Gassius, who came from Bithynion, Epiphanius, bishop of Cyprus, counts the mile as 7 stadia. serve (see § 11).

3) Metrol. Unders. p. 215 BF.

4) .Mommsen Gesch. of the Roman Mnnzw. P. 3: 'The great majority of Asia Minor gold coins of original and one-sided minting

268

APPENDIX.

were the Phocaian and Cyzikenian staters shaped, whose Thucydides, Xenophon and Attic orators commemorate^); also the gold staters with which, according to Herodotus Croesus, the Delphians gifted, and which Pollux cites as KQoiaeioi OTariJQeg, are to be included here ß). In addition, there will be sixths and twelfths of this currency, Sxvai and rjfiiexTa, mentioned^). When determining the value of these coins, it is important to note that that they were almost entirely minted with strong alloy are 8). This explains Demostlienes' statement (34.23), according to which the Cyziken stater in the Bosporus only the Curs of 28 Attic drachmas, while in pure form should have been 37 to 40 drachmas ^). Pretty good, right

aof eioeiB large piece of gold, which is in its oldest and most important Maximum expansion to 16.5 gr. rises, and not below 15.9 gr. down- sinks'. The heaviest pieces are two from the Munich cabinet 16.57 and 16.5 gr. ; another from the Thomas'seben collection, which 16.06 gr. weighs, stop Burgon Catalogne p. 300 for the oldest surviving one Coin.

5) Thucyd. 4, 52: öia/iUovs tftaxrJQas 4»ioxtttrag, Xeno^h. Anab. 5,6, 23: fnado(foqav nagi^HV Kviixrivov ixdaxia tov (xrivog, Demosth. 40, 36: TQiaxoaiovg araT^Qctg ^Pwxaets, 34, 2Z:ixttTbv iixoOt aTttTTjQttg Ki'CixTjvov;. Compare same 35, 36, Lys. 12, 11. 32, 6, Poll. 9, 73, Hesych., Phot, Suidas. Phocaic staters were also present among the votive gifts at the castle of Athens, as can be seen from the inscription in CT. n. 150 § J 9 emerges. Find out more at Bäckh Mletrol. Unders. p. 134ff., State Hansh. I p. 35 ff., Mommsen p. 7 f.

6) Herod. 1, 54. Poil. 3, 87: tv^oxifiog ^k xal 6 Foya^ag yQvaog xal ol KQoCatiot araTrJQeg, cf. Böckh Metrol. Unders. p. 129, Momm- see p. 8.

7) In the inscription C. I. n. 150, which contains the annual report of the Treasurer of the Parthenon contains (Böckh Staatsh. II p. 240) are thinks: § 19

S) Hesychios says: ^(oxittg, to xaxtarov XQ^f^^ov. Among us he- The coins held in this currency come from individual pieces of pure Golde in front (Burgon in the catalog of the Tbonias collections p. 300, 315f); But most are made of so-called electron, a mixture of gold and silver embossed. In a sixth piece (Mommsen p. 6) was found barely half gold, the greater half silver, and also a small amount Addition of copper.

9) Let us consider the usual ratio of silver in Athens Gold is 1:10, so the 28 silver drachmas at De- mosthenes a gold weight of J2.2 gr.; since the Cyziken 16 Gr. weighed, this results in an alloy of 25 percent, just that much.

iL«. ATlBAriG. 269

also with the fact that the Greek under Xenopbon at Pontus Kjiikener as monthly salary instead of the usual contribution kos, i.e. a little more than the usual 20 drachmas ter- languages will be ^^). It is therefore the Kyiikenian stater The donation of Demosthenes according to the 7th thaler aniusetia. The Older pieces of this currency were of a purer gold content. d&k according to today's gold rate is worth about 15 thir. and the staters of Croesus at Llerodot were allowed to be that high lu expect to be.

This gold embossing is attached to an equally old silver About embossing, which comes from a stack of 1 1 size. trs jf der big golden niAnce comes out. After this fufso, in per- sian Empire the sub-kings of the Satrnpien "Lilitlivnia" Cilicia and Phönikion gemünit hi Miletus were put on thorn GniUHlAcK all sixths from the first to the fifth in their own no- minaleu pronounced, >vornu8 xu closeAien is, dnfs the on domestic The Milesian dragon mentioned in the writings was just there after the Oho- Gnnistilck was divided into the oil system. Kerner bursts bt iWv Small Siatic Silherstaters on Cyprus, in the town of Kili- Cynia, Pamphylia, Pisidia, Lycia, in Paphlagonion unti Bithyuien. Also after Kuropa bat or sirb prepared; we \\\\ the ibn in Thrace, Macedonia, Ilyria, K^ieiros, AelolitMi 'M. That in most Greek cities KloniaHlens after that the same Fufso was punished, only that apart from the NliirK of IL Gr. and the (associated Hrittel or Draelnne nmli em Tetradrachmon v(ir. was beaten is readyU noted above (§ 24, 1).

3. Cistophore growth ii*). Xu the WAliruuH (N

as according to Servius to Acn. 8, 402 and Uidor. Ohk. 10, ^i iluH ICli^klniii Uli Dvölinlicli flls Admixture^ contains. \m'^\, llurKoii im Hiiliiliiff iltil' TlinmNii' see Sauimlunff 8. 245, Momuisen 8. 8. Wnnn, wln iltfr ImIkIimm H. Hhh accepts; a higher gold rate (1: 11.5) xu UrundH ku Ihkimi InI, mi ImI the Lc(i|^irun|[p from the ancients was even stronger in Anrer.hnunH; Ktthrui^hl became.

10) The usual pay was a darf^ikns - • 20 allisi^hi^n Nilhur drachmas (§ 24 note 21). VViiren the Cy%ics(«r, the hi'i \i«nn|)h. Anab. 5, 0, 23 the Greek soldiers received monthly pay be, of pure (old age, this would almost be a Venio)) compensation equaled wages, which is not likely. l«i*gi

11) This (Jeberview is given according to Monimseu S. HAT.

12) Pinder about the cistopbores, in the treatise. the l)«rli«er Aka- demie V. J. 1805 p. 633 r, Mommsen p. 48 f. 703-706,

270 BEGINNING. S 7, 3.

Asia Minor silver stater and the tetra- Drachmon came into the Attic coinage since Alexander the Great fufs, who continued to exist even after the collapse of the Macedonian Empire probably in the royal coins of Pergamos, Bitliynia, Cappadocia kien, Pontos, as in the character of many cities in Asia Minor received (§31, 5). As now i. J. 133 after the death of the last Attalos Asia Minor became a Roman province, they found it Romans for good instead of these different currencies all- to introduce common Provincialcourant. The Attic Tetra drachmon was too unevenly pronounced and overall too has fallen far below the point where it would have been the full amount have manufactured; and then you go further down If you had to, it made more sense to choose a smaller whole piece. So you came to a coin that holds the middle between the small and Asian tetradrachmon and tridrachmon. These are the Ci- stopphores, so named from the Bacchic cista mystica with the snake wriggling out of it, which regulates the moderate embossing of the obverse of this type of coin is^^). This Weight stands at a maximum of 12.6 grams. and doesn't work slightly under 12.4 gr. down i*). The cisto was divided into phoros as tetradrachm; in relation to the Roman coin According to Festus, he had the legal course of 3 denarii * ^).

13) PinderS. 534f.

14) A piece by Mionnet p. 140 weighs 12.71 (“3. 23%^); then follow Pieces of 12.68 (= 3. 22f p. 139), 12.67 (= 3. 22^ p. 167), then several from 12.64 (= 3. 22 p. 139 f.) and further downwards. JNacb Pinder p. 549 Most of the pieces in the Bertiner collection weigh between 1 2.4 and 1 2.5 grams.

15) Festus p. 3^9: taientorum non ununi genus. Alticum est sex mi- lium denarium, Rhodium et ristophoiuni ijualtior iiiiliuiii et quingentorum denarium. The talentutn dstophorum means 60U0 Gi»tophorendragon- men, i.e. 1500 whole cistopbores. Accordingly v^ar a cistophore=>=:3 Dena- ren, whereby, as usual, foreign money compares unfavorably with that Roman was set (Mommsen p. 50 above). The indication of Festus is confirmed by an inscription from Kibyru (G. I. Gr. III p. 1167), where the Rhodian drachma, which according to Festus is equal to the gistophore drachma is, at 4 denarius, so only slightly lower. There- Of course, the passage in the excerpts from Festos p. 78: Euboicum talentum nummo Graeoo Septem miÜum et quingenlorum cisto- phorum est, nostro quattunr milium denariorum, after which the gistophore on Little more than 2 denarii would be required. The place alone is indisputable terribly corrupt and they have been improved in various ways. is looking. Compare PinderS. 550f., IVlommsen p. 72. Under no circumstances can it get through neither the above statement from Festus nor the one discussed earlier Determination of the Euboian talent (§ 25, 2. 3) must be altered.

Then the syllable number is 4ie«$^ Mtot« wif m^^HRt» 22.3 Sgr., d«^ römisrli« Curswerth nuf it Sfpr. uniu^Hmii.

1. llohlmafs. The Syrian Metretes alleles ISO r^kni- see Sextaria and was equal to 2} rCknischen Am|^hard^ == 14 Attic metres« He learned, in advance, that the Lcfiari is correct, in Q^iavat (sixth) tone per 20 Roman sextarieii *V

2. Coins. Through the Seleucideu ^iirde in the k(^nigli« The Attic currency was introduced with a small coin« The tetraddragon mon stands at a maximum of 17.20 i«r« until Antiochos IV comes i.e. of good Attic and Macedonian coinage ^$ 27.0. 31.3) close. However, it often falls below during this period 17 gr. From Antiochus V onwards the weight goes, in agreement with the late Attic coinage (§ 27, 0), only with rare ones Exceptions still over 16.85 gr. out and often sinks to 16.5 gr., recently often even less*).

The Asia Minor currency used to prevail in Syria in the coinage of Tire, Sidon and Arados also under the se- Leucid rule remained. The main piece was a tetra drachmon, which in Arados is around 15 to under 14 sizes, in Sidon and Tire to a generous 14 to 13.5 gr. came out^). From the Romans, probably according to the order of Pompey, the Tyrian drachma was equal to the denarius, like Josephus and the Alexandrians testify^). In the imperial era The coin of Antioch minted tetradrachms of this currency

1) The evidence for this is given by Cleopatra p. 770: o xarit 2CvQovi tifTQfirijc (%ft) ^€. g* (other reading 6)'), ^IrnXixovs px' ; furthermore the 7th plate of the Galenic collection p. 762: 6 fifrQr\Tr\g ^(arag ißtfo/urfxnvrn tfvo' xaTK 6^ ZvQovg ixatov iXxoaiv. Especially for Antiorhin lives the Proof Didymos cap. 20 p. 155 May: 6 cf^ lipTio/txoe /rnt Qtjr rii toO "itaUxov iari^inkaaiog x«l S", cf. Böckh p. 2.>8.

2) This information is based on the tables of Mionoot p. 172 - 184, JVorthwick p. 127-135, Queipo III p. 17-28.

3) The proof is provided by Mommsen p. 35.

4) Joseph. Bell. Jew. 2, 21, 2: rov TvnCov vofx((f^nrog, T) Ti(l(ltt{tai uiTTixng ^vrnTcci. The Alexantirine cap. 18: t6 jiriixov luXnyjov — - Svi'ttfiH — in^ToiTov rov lAvrioxtxnVj 7(f) (f^ Ti)q((i) taov. \U'\ both is the Attic drachma and the Attic talent of the riimisHin denarius and the Roman talent for calculation. Compare above § 32, 1, Mommsen 8. 31.

272 APPENDIX. f9.

continued, which, however, according to Pollux and Alexandria ners only had the currency of 3 Roman denarii^).

§ 9. Palestine.

t. The length and hollow dimensions^) can only go so far are taken into account when they appear in sources written in Greek. len occur and with Greek or Roman dimensions be compared.

The stadium, which corresponded to the Hebrew Ris, was four hundred times the so-called Mosaic or middle cubit, a hundred times the corresponding fathoms, which Julia nus of Ascalon which is called geometric ^). According to the same go 7^ furlongs to the Roman mile. Information according to such Stadiums can be found, among other things: at Lucas 24, 13, Joseph. Bell. Jew. 7, 6, 6, Arch. 20, 8, 6.

The greatest measure of the dry, the Kor, is mentioned by Jo- sephus archaeol. 15, 9, 2. Indefs is based on his statement that it equal to 10 Attic Medimnen, on one side; it was cheating rather, as^ Böckh shows 3), 45 Roman modes = 7^ Attic Medimnen = 10 Attic Medimnen. The tenth theii of the Kor called Epha ==f of the Attic Medimnos, the tenth of Ephah Assaron or Gomor, by Josephus Arch. 3,6,6 mistakenly on 7 cotyles instead of 7 (exactly 7^) sextaria definitely^). The eighteenth part of the Ephah was the Kab; there- Josephus 9i, 4, 4 translates the fourth part Kab from 2 Kings. 6, 25 correct by ^ioTrjg.

The same Mafs for the liquid as the Ephah for the dry, the Bath = 1 Attic Metretes = 72 Roman Sextaria, as Josephus Arch. 8, 2, 9 expressly states^).

5) Poll. 9.86: t62^vqü)V {TtikavTov) mvraxoaCag xaX TSTQaxio/iUag (ISvvaio dqaxf^ttg l^Ttixds). The Alexandrian agrees with this at the in previous note, where ItiCtqltov means 1^ times as much. The correct interpretation of the Syrian or Antiocbian talent is given by Momm- senS.37f.715f.

1) Forget. in general Tbenius The ancient Hebrew longitude and Hohlmafse in the Theol. Studies and reviews by Ullmann and Umbreit 1816, 1 p. 73ß*., Böckh M. U. S. 259ff., Queipo Essay I p. 71ff. 118ff.

2) Fenneberg p. 98ff.

3) M. above sea level p. 259.

4) Böckh p. 261, Queipo p. 121. On the other hand, Tbenius p. 108, who Tried to keep Josephus' information.

5) JAccording to Thenios' calculation, which of course by no means contains all the contradictions Sayings eliminated, the bath is almost half the size.

i.i. A^HA^^.. 273

The sixth part of it is the Hin ^^12 Roman sextary = 2 altiEchea ClioeD. The latter determination gives ehenfaUs Josephus Arch. 3, 8, 3. 9, 4. The aläßaar^ov, a vessel for Ointment from Marc. 14, 3, Luc. 7, 37 held according to Epiphanius p. 182 ^ Sextariua.

2. Weight and coins*'). The Hebrew talent was called ~!33, as Josephus^) expressly states. It crumbles like that Greek Ju 60 mines, but the mine in 50 vj?^, oIkIoi, which latter according to the Greek division of the seventy as diÖ^ax/tov, in the New Testament as avanJQ is referred to^].

The Jews hold in the time before the submission to the Kings of Assyria, Persia, Syria and Egypt did not have a coin tes money. During the subjugation they were not allowed to mint, because they were not autonomous. Only with the Makkaläcrn from In 143, Jewish influence began. The main coin was the 7?<^tJ^. ^ptf', a silver piece weighing 14.65 to 13.5 Gr., which corresponds to the lyrical tetradrachm (App. §8.2) was coined and accordingly also by Josephus is treated equally^). As quarter coins come quarter coins pieces, halves and quarters. The silver value of the Siklos is according to the maximum weight to 26.4 Sgr. , on average 25 Sgr. to start.

With the submission to Roman rule this became Mint law for silver repealed. Since Lierodes {38 BC). only copper was struck.

' 6) Compare Biickh M. V. 3. 52 — G5, the Winci- im DiblischeQ RtaU KiJrterbDRli and fiansea io of the preface to his Biblical work I S.CCCLXXII B. fotgcD. The above DanteJIiiDg is based on Luf Davkb vonügiich aafCa- vedoai's NainiEinatics biblica, Hodena IBfiO, dcutich Translated by A. von Werlhof, Hannaver JS55.

7) Arebaeot. 3, 6, 7: 'EßQatoi fiiv xaloüai xly/a^it (xt^yaQos?), tis

8) Den Naeliweii 9. at BHckh pp. 63-56. At Maltli. IT, 24. 2T added daa whole piece irrnTTJ^, half äC^oaxuuv.

9) The wagons are the most completely zaaam quantity divided by us Qoeipo 111 p. H. The most powerful people thcilt de Saulc; llcrh. snr la num. Jnd. p. ITIT. with. The Steil« by Josephos Arcliaenl. 3, 8, 2; 6 alxlog va- fiiafia 'EßQttXuv mv jIitixb; 3(.xnt» änaxfäs re'ooByn^ is generally Ve-" daog with the passage indicated above % -B Note 4 in erUSn t^riscbe like daa Hebruisebe SilberBücli was used as tetradrahm see and from the Romans saTang» tariSrt on 4 denarii. ^

lent, Meli

k

274 APPENDIX. §10.

Roman coins are mentioned in the New Testament thinks the Denarius, As and Quadrans i^).

§ 10. Distance.

1. Length measurement Herodotus (1,178) gives descriptions of both exercise of the walls of Babylon the height and width of them in royal, d. h. Persian cubits, and notices that this oil is 3 dactyls larger than the common Greek one chische (§ 8, 2). Based on the Attic measure, which results in 520 millimeters for the Persian £lie. This is surprisingly the result of more recent measurements confirmed, only that the exact Mafs is a little higher afterwards 525 to around 530 millimeters should be taken ^). From this it follows that- immediately with evidence the equality of the Persian and the Egyptian ell from 525 to 527 millimeters (Appendix § 11, 1).

According to Herodotus (7, 117), the Persian Artachäes was only around 4 dactyls smaller than 5 Persian cubits, so plenty of S (exactly 8.12) Preufs. Feet up. The walls of Babylon were (according to 1.178) 50 miles thick and 200 cubits high = 84 and 336 preufs. Fuss.

According to Herodotus (6.42), the royal path was the pa- rasanges (New Persian /ersen^). He becomes of him throughout (2, 6. 5, 53. 6, 42) determined to 30 stages and also from Xenophon (Anab, 2, 2, 6. 5.5, 4). Today's heel According to Ideler 2) the Persians are almost 4 Roman ==^ geogr. miles. However, the Old Persian Parasang must have been smaller be. The information in Herodotus (5, 52 f.) went to Ideler (p. 118) to approximately 3.4 Roman == f geogr. miles. Still According to Xenophon's information, the parasang is lower. According to Anab. 1 , 2, 23 and 4, 1 Ideler calculates it as 3, after

10) ^rjvuQiov Mattb. 18, 28, aaaaQiov Matt. 10, 29, xo^Qocwr^g Mattb. 5, 26. The Xenrov explains Marc. 12, 42 as half a quadran.

1) Oppert, a member of the French Re- expedition sent to Mesopotamia, found through measurements of stone slabs from the ruins of ancient Babylon the length of the ancient Persian chen cubit == 525 millimeters. Compare Böckh in the Berlin report Akad. 1854 p. 77. 108. From a re-measurement of the side of the royal castle the same (in Böckh p. 78) determines the cubit to be 527.78 millimeters, finally after an admittedly very uncertain combination over the Birs Nimrud 533.33 millim. (p. 79). However, all of this information needs to be more precise Justification. An approximate average value is probably 525 to 530 millimeters. on> be increasing.

2) Treatise. 1827 pp. 119f.

2, 2, 6 m only 2,S Roman miles. D'Aaville^) decidedly in favor of the determination of 3 Roman = | geogr. miles, and Ideler also considers this to be the most likely. Decided to The approaches that make Parasang similar to Egyptian are high equal to the bill*).

2. Hollow mafs. The Haiiplmars for dry was the Artabe, about which llerodol (1.192) remarks: ^ di ägräß^ (lEjqov idv flEQaixoy x^eset (.i&öi^vov ^jrixov nXiov 'loi- vi^i TQtai l^nixjjat. So she was :^ 1^^ Medimnos = 55.81 liters = 1.0154 preurs. Schellel a). Identical to that In any case, the Persian is the Median Artahe, which is Polyaeu (4, 3, 32), Suidas and Uesychios less closely follow the Attic Me- equate dimnos. A smaller Msfs was the nani^, after Xenuphon (Anah, 1, 5, 6) equals 2 Attic Choeniken, perhaps the 24th part of the Artabe, i.e. exactly = 2^ Choeniken = 2.325 liters = 2.03 preufs. Quart. The determination is wrong mung by Hesychios, who counts 2 cotyles on the xanlSrj, The statement of Polyaene (4, 3, 32), who wrote the xa- ithig equates the Attic Choenix The double of the xo- Tii&ii was after Pollux (4, 1 68), Hesychios and the Etymol. M. the o'drfil or aÖdt^ig =4 {exactly 4^) Choeniken, mentioned also from Aristophanes in Eustathios (on Od. 19 p. 1854, 12) and Photios (below). The äxävt], as a Persian Mafs Aristophanes (Ach. 108f.), according to Aristotle, was at Suidas and the Schoüast to Aristophanes 45 Attic Me- dim. Accordingly, 42 Artahen would go to the dxäy>j.

Polyaen (4,3,32) names the /jäptff as Mafs for liquid, which he made to 10 Attic Choen =^ Metretes =32.829 liters = 28.67 preufs. Quart determined").

3) Tniit^ des mesures p. 95.

4) In the two Heronian tablets the Pamsan is similar to that Sehoinos in 30 biletarian stadia = 4.26 Roman miles aneeseUt. Dem againaprecbea sochoose the one who had just been led right now to the bus H^rodot and Xenopliou, as well as the circumstance, dai's tlerodot 2, – the Parnsang as one smaller size than the ScbiiDog belracbLet. Quite wi[[küi'lii:b is the bypo- tbese vnn Qaeijia I p. 271 ff., the Nai'aer of those appointed by Heradot one larger royal balls of 64 (1 millimeters) and the Parasang as the lUOUD times the same •=• 4.32 tum. miles.

5) A completely different system of personal hubs fae >lelU Qneipu 1 p. 35SS'. on by (p. 3GS) in the unfounded stable Herndofa iniRxoi^ii writes for 7niai.

not very happy

276 A?)HANG. f10.

3. Weight and coin amounts. The two money weights in According to Herodotus 3.8^ ff., the Persian empires were the Babylonian ian talent for silver and the Euboian talent for gold. Unfortunately is the report he gave at the place mentioned about the tributes the provinces of the Persian Empire are not unadulterated reported Finding the 360 gold talents that India controlled According to the approach, the gold is thirteen times worth of the silver, correctly reduced to 4680 Euboian silver talents cirt. On the other hand, the other numbers are not correct. If you add them together individual amounts of the nineteen satrapies, you get 7600 Babylonian talents 7); If you reduce this according to the approach, which the handwritten tradition states that a baby If Ionian talent is equal to 70 Euboian mines, then you get only 8866|^ Euboian talents instead of those calculated by Herodotus ten 9540. Finally the total is correct, which according to Hero- dot is 14560 talents, not with the rest. Than very probable improvement is suggested by Mommsen, that Herodotus placed not 70, but 78 Euboian mines on the ba- Bylonian talent was calculated, and then the sum of the silver tribute, expressed in Euboian talents, 9880 instead of 9540 was, whereupon the total given by Herodotus was completely men is true®). Be that as it may, that much is certain

7) In the fourth satrapy of Cilicia, as Böckh et al. want, to take into account the full 500 talents, but only the 360 which the king's hair was received {/lagiCt^ ItpoCra).

8) The most likely error can be found most reliably by going back- re-level. According to Herodotus, the total is 14,560, the two items, by adding them together they came into being, 9540 and 4680. The last number is safe, since they arose from the correct reduction of the 360 gold talents is; So either the total or the first item is incorrect. Now it has been shown above that the number 9540 is already used in other ways. is thoughtful; So if we assume that the main sum is correct, this results 14560 - 4680 = 988Ü instead of the 9540 in the text, a change change, which is also very likely palaeographically. Now let's set these 9880 Euboian silver talents equal to the 7600 Babylonian talents- th, which was the sum of the individual tax rates, it follows that the Babylonian talent had 78 Euboian mines. So if the Herodotus' calculation is supposed to be correct, so the numbers 70 and 9540 are in the in the manner specified. Mommsen has these improvements business of the Roman coin. S. 22 ff. suggested, starting from that The sentences found in the coin weights indicate that the Babylonian ta- lent is related to the Euboian one like 4:3. After that it would actually be 80 Euboian mines fall on the Babylonian talent, only Herodotus calculates only 78 because the Euboian d. h. Attic silver mine was a little bigger, as the Euboian or Persian mine of gold.

A^uiNc. 277

[Emphasize that in the Persian Empire it has its own weight r IQr gold as well as silver, and that the latter was greater than that \ «slere. “The coin provides reliable information.” The usual I wanted a gold coin from the Persian kings, from the Greeks and I ter the name atazT/Q ^cgetxot: or just z/apetKog") common- , was a piece with an EITectiv weight of 8.385 gr. ' "), There now I fftat^Q according to common usage the didrachmon [ (§ 19, 2) refers to Herodotus's Euboian gold talent [to be set at 3000 dariks i'). Corresponds to the gold dareikos I tds silver coinc the media siglos ' ^), from later also silver

9) Herod. 7.2BiThukj'd. 8, 24:4; Xenoph.Anab.1,1,9, ab. 3,21,5,6, 18, Cyrop. 5,2,7; Lys. 12, II ; Demoaut. 24, 129; Arist. EkU. 602; Poll. 9, 59; the lexicographers etc. Yes^iixög. Compare Biickh Staatsfa. I p. 32, HommBeD p. 9. 5t. It is better to use the derivation of the term ^aqtixäg siDd Views given. According to the usual view, she becomes the king Darius EPressed back. Of course, this is contradicted by the fact that the coin is safe iGhoa existed before Darius, for it is the one from which Solua when the new coinage was introduced {% 2ä, 2. 3). This led already in the Aiterthume, such as Harpaknition, Sniüss d, a. report on the ver- mathang, the Gntditücli got its name from an old Durcios- faabL But this fiction is not founded on anything. Rather, anznaebmeD is, that the coin, although it existed earlier, only existed among the Greeks TDD Darius, the Hfstaspea's son, whom Nainen received because she nnter This first came into circulation in Greece. After one In other words, ^litQfixoi is said to be the graced form of the word, which appears in Hebrew as derkemun or adarkon and possible is rather identical with S^axi^ri. Compare Hnssey p. Iü3f. 181 ff.

10) Mnoimsda p. 9 shows that the Dareikos, the most viable kg- A single gold piece, half of a large piece of 16.70 to 16.5U size. was. The weight of Doreikos is according to a Gnldfandc on Mount Albos been determined. Of the 3(10 dareiks) excavated there, Borrel weighed (Numism. Chrun. VI p. 153) 125 pieces and found the average weight 8.3S5 size (^ 12<>,4 eogl, Gran). The later unmikcn slebeo through- actually a little bit lower (up to 8.26 m).

11) This does not mean that the talent of 3,000 people is Reiken was a Persian weight, snodcrn nnr, that Herudot the per- «ic Golilweight oaoh Greek way nia talent aosd moved up. A Such gold talent is common among screenwriters in the HaaSg Total of 3000 Dareiken za erkenoeo, as before Xenoph. Anab. 5, 6, 18, Enpolia at Poll. 9, B8, Suid. unt. ^lugduöt. But it's also really nice a Persian weight »ar, sclioint from driu kJinlgtlcbon llofbaltnpgsberioht at Polyaen 4, 3, Tl \u'i-\i:i/<irl, everything appears to be Persian Mafs and weight, uml /.u.n il~ Ci.i ulii iL.* lAiavroV, ijfiiltilat'iavaai the /IVB. Nnn will iln- llnliInKiKr -.nniiiilirh in Altic Mafs reda* cirt, the Gowiclite but mihi IN <\i„- .ilsn at least In Sinn« Polyaen'a daa talent a Persian KtiMniii in Kitii<>li»iu amount with d«iD atlischeD.

12) The nadiicben Siglos iTwUhncii Xanapb. Anah. 1, 6. 6, Poll. 9, 82, Photios, Hesychlos, C. I, Gr. tlii\ 30, Strl.o( is the irllcisirts skeJul, welohes in the hebräiseh-h ei lenistl shy dialect riurrh ittulot (App. § t), 3), im

278 AI1HA?fG.

f 10, 8.

called berdareikos ^^), which | from that &» 5.56 gr. weighs lind of Xenophon equals 1| Attic drachmas valued will^^). This siglos is widely used as half of the to look at Persian or Babylonian silver staters from the satraps of the Persian Empire as well as from the cities Asia Minor and elsewhere, and in his Weight between 1 1.5 to 9.5 gr. fluctuates ^ ^). So it's closed expect that, just like in the Dareiks the weight of gold, in This coin represents the Persian silver weight. The Sil- According to Herodotus, talent was greater than the talent of gold; we er- therefore know the drachma in the Median siglos and in that larger pieces of the stater of the Persian or, like Herodotus OS calls, Babylonian silver talent, and further conclude, that the same to the gold talent in the ratio of The score was 4:3.

About the relationship according to which the royal Persian coin where silver was mined for gold Ilcrodot's statement that the gold was worth thirteen times more from that one, an interesting fragment. After this The ratio is a gold dareikos of 8.38 gr. straight equal to 20 silver dareiks of 5.56 gr. i^). So this seems to be the one legal coin value between the two metals; it But one cannot conclude from this that it is the real thing Currency ratio was. The gold was in traffic Orient lower, at most ten times the value of silver, the Persian kings accordingly brought the former with one significantly increased coin values.

Now there are the Persian values

French itself is given by aruT^o (§ 19, 2). According to the of Xenophon handed down the equivalence of value with the Attic money (note 14) There can be no doubt that the medical siglos is precisely that Persian silver Berro ounce of 5.56 gr. although actually twice as heavy Gaoz piece should have been called by this name.

13) The name ^aoitxog originally only applies to the gold coin; but Plut is already speaking. Kim. 10 of Silberdareiken in contrast to golden.

14) The twenty-three highest pieces in Mionnet Poids p. 193 up to 195 weigh on average 5.556 grams. (« 104.6 grains). Mommsen p. 13 calculates 5.57 gr. This means that the information given by Xenophon Anab is very correct. 1, 5, 6, that the siglos has the value of 74 Attic obols, which is a gift weight of 5.46 gr. represent, have had. The equation is less precise of the siglos with 8 Attic obols at Photios and Hesychios.

15) For further details see Mommsen p. 13 f.

16) Queipo I p. was the first to respond. 302 pointed out.

§11.1. AfiHANG. 279

MüDze to give, with the gold according to its current exchange rate values are counted as silver (§ 22, 3), but also on the A small deduction is made for the alloy ^7). After that is

the Dareikos of 8.385 gr. = 7 Thir. 16.9 Sgr.

the Persian silver stater of 11.39 gr. «: — . 20

the medical siglos of 5.56 gr. =s= — - 9.7 - Furthermore, based on these coins, the Euboian Gold talent of 25,075 kilograms. at 22,700 hlr., the Babylonian Silver talent of 33.42 kilograms. on 1940 thr. to start. There- after is the sum of the tributes listed by Herodotus in gold about 8^, in silver 14^, a total of 22f million Thaler 18).

§ tl. Aegypteii, length, area and ffohlmqfse.

1. Since the first ancient Egyptian cubit found in the rubble found in Memphis, described by Jomard ^) has been used, there are several more such scales was added ^), so that the following is now considered as established can be. The Egyptian cubit, probably from ancient times called the royal ^), consisted of 28 finger widths and had the length from 525 to 527 millimeters^). The same is located as Mafs the basis of many Egyptian buildings; others are against it

17) According to Letronne Consid^rationsp. 108 the Dareikeo have the fine content of 0.97, so not quite as fine a grain as the gold coins Alexander (§31, 4).

IS) Exactly 14564000 +'8169000=: 22733000 Thlr.

1) Description d'un ^talon metriqae orne d'hi^rogiyphes, Paris 1822. This cubit, brought to Europe by Dovretti, is made of Meroeholz and like most of the others, divided into 28 dactyls. Those found on it Gbampollion - Figeac has hieroglyphs in the Bulletin des sciences historiqaes ][p. 281ff. np.21ff. explained. Afterwards she is under a certain Amenemopht the reign of King Horus of the 18th Dynasty around the year 1600 B.C. was placed in the tomb.

2) A compilation of these standards is provided by Saigey Trait^ de metrology p. 9 ff., Böckb Metrol. Unders. p. 223 ff. and oeaerdings Qaeipo Essay 1 p. 44 ff.

3) The hieroglyphs STN d were written on three cubits. i. suten, king, royally read. ChampoUion a. a. 0. p. 283, 287 and in the 2nd volume p. 21, Böckh p. 226.

4) Böckh p. 227 calculates the average of 6 EllenmafseB 524,587 MiUim., Queipo p. 47 takes with Girard as an average 525 mil- iim. ; The cubit of the Nile knife gives a little more, namely 527 millimeters Elephantine (Böckb p. 228). Letronne (see note 7) p. 116 sets the Egyptian cubit to 527.5 millim.

280 APPENDIX.

§11.

after a shorter cubit ron 462 to 463 millim., which only 24 dactyls were built s). The question now is which one from both Ellen Ilerodot under the Egyptian one he mentioned schen Elle understood. From 2, 149 it emerges that he no other division of the cubit than that into 6 palaces or 24 Dactylen knew, and it is therefore reasonable to assume that he I meant the smaller Egyptian cubit. He alone speaks That point basically only speaks of the Greek measuring system, and just as little as one can get from it to an Egyptian one If the stadium is allowed to close, something can be said about the division of the stadium Egyptian cubit conclude. In addition, the assumed smaller cubit of the Greek of 462.4 millim. exactly the same- comes, while Herodutus 2, 168 the Egyptian cubit of the Sami equates it, so it comes from the common Greek cubit, the Ttrjxvg fthQiog (§ 5, 3), differentiates. What matters is the end the circumstance that, under the rule of the Ptolemies, that Greek system was applied to the Egyptian Mafs, the gi ofsere or royal cubit was taken as a basis. Would the smaller cubit really have been used more often? nothing would have been more natural than to start from this, because it was the same as the Greek one. But that's how they put the king's based on the fact that it was the only usual one at that time, and thereby received dimensions which, as will immediately be shown, despite their Greek names are definitely different from the Greek ones. gave way. So Herodotus can't do this with his Egyptian cubit other than that of 28 dactyls = 525 millim. = 1.673 preufs. Fufs meant, which everyone found agreed Show scales.

2. When the Ptolemaic Empire was founded in Egypt, If the dbue dynasty ran the old linear measure remained unchanged, but transferred the Greek system to it ^). The cubit,

5) The measure of the larger Elle faod first Newton (Dissertatio de sacro ludaeorum cubito etc. in Opusc. math. philos. et phiiol. III p. 495) from some dimensions inside the great pyramid of Memphis again; He then calculated the cubit to be 1.719 English. Fufs == 523.95 mil- lim., which later measurements confirmed. Compare about it Böckh p. 232f. The smaller cubit, which also seems to be indicated on the rulers, has been proven on buildings by Jomard Exposition du Systeme m^trique des anciens Egyptiens in the Description de l'Egypte, edit. Panckoueke vol. VII. The results he found are presented in the Mainly approved by Böckh p. 234 ff.

6) Letronne Research p. 209 ff.

2. APPENDIX. 281

which even now goes by the name of the royal seems to have been from now on divided into 24 instead of 28 dactyls; two thirds of the same = 350 millimeters formed the new one Fufs, who takes the name of the Ptolemaic or Philetary to see, and from this it developed entirely according to Greek The rest of the system: the fathoms of 6 feet or 4 cubits, the Plethron of 100 FuTs, the Stadium of 600 FuTs or 400 £llen. The key to this system is given to us by one of the fragments handed down to the name of Didymos; the detailed one We find representations of the same in Didymus in the Heroes. niche tables. Both Heron and Didymus are Alexandrians; This already indicates that the Phileteric scale is an Egyptian table, not one from Asia Minor^). Didymus (cap. 12) notes: 6 Ttfjxvg l/fit TtaXaiaxotg 5^, doYiivXovg xd', Ttddag TLcoXsfjLa'Cytovg a S, ^Pcof^aiytovg de Ttodag a S ß" i* i.e. l+i4-i + iir=H Roman feet ®), which corresponds to while it is later said that the Roman foot became the king The usual cubit behaves like 5:9^). Now \^ are Roman feet = 532.33 millimeters, so we recognize it in the royal cubit of Didymos the ancient Egyptian of 525 millim. The low one The difference is explained by the fact that Didymos only has an approximate one determination; the exact relationship of the Roman foot to the royal cubit is 1: 1.775, for which it is in round numbers 1:1.8 = 5:9 sets. The corresponding foot is called the Ptole Lemaic, a sure proof that the newly introduced Maf system comes from the Ptolenians. That's more difficult Explanation of the other name, which is Didymos and Heron have, the Philetary Foot 1^). It should be after

7) Compare in general letronne recherches sur les fragments d'Heron, especially p. 104 - 109, Hare about the Ptolemaic and that Philetary Fufsinais in Palaeologas p. 20 ff., Queipo Essai I p. 146 ff. The Philetary Fufs Bb'ckh has been relocated to Asia Minor, p. 215 ff., in which he traces it back to Philetäros, the founder of the Pergamene Empire. Otherwise, he agrees with those mentioned above in that he Philetary and Ptolemaic Fufs considers the same. What about it? Fenneberg studies on the length, field and path measurements p. 76 ff. about the Philetary system, fails because the Italian Fufs can absolutely be none other than the Roman one (note 10).

8) Rabbit a. a. 0. p. 24.

9) '0'P(ouatx6g novg ttqos tov ßaaiXixöv Ttij/vv loyov ^/et —

10) In the laboratory overview of the system, which the 2nd hero niche fragment and cap. 16 M OMtvm« cebeo, appears instead of the Pto- Lemaic the Pliilet&ria«fr~ rteischeii the Italic

I

^8t APPENDIX.

Aaa-related system as peculiarly Egyptian nacfageniesea < is, hardly gerathea, still to Philetäros, the founder you' Pergamenificfaen Empire, to be executed, although in Asia Minor t ' similar prince, belonging to the royal Persian cubit, ia has been in use. Maybe it has the Manoe's name in it za was looking for the new one on behalf of PtotemSos System calculated and introduced ' ').

The Philetary System received a further modification under Roman rule, with the main masses of the Romans, the youth and the mile were included. Without All the difficulty came with the introduction of the Jugerum. Since the Roman feet shy of the Philetary in the ratio of 5:6 stood, so a philaterist straightened it out ftoppelplethron a Jugerum of 240 Roman feet and 120 feet width. The transfer of the mile was less easy, According to precise calculations, 7,004 phileteric stadiums were built the Roman mile, and 4.26 healing on the Egyptian waymafs, the Schoinos of 30 stadia. This relationship was simplified, by walking a round number of 4 miles on the Schoinos and deia- according to 7| Stadiums per mile. Of course this made it possible the mile larger, it contained, as did Heron and Didymus, tackle it aggressively, now 5400 (instead of 5000) Roman feet^ä); So we have to be careful with this Egyptian mile to be confused with Roman ones, as well as the Phileteric Stadium is quite different from the older Greek language.

3. The Egyptian case deserves special consideration Wegmafs necessary, which we under the Greek name n^^oTvog know. The origin of this name is explained here: nymus^^); 'inNilofluniinesivein rivis one solent naves funibus

FaFs. Because both rtamen are ideDtiecli with the previous ones, it is stated that beyond all doubt, because Didymos lowobldca Ptolumai ala the PbiletärlscheQ Fnl'a royal mafs oeout, and "eil er d"s Ver^ Bältoits of the9 Ptoletnean Fives znin Roman just as determined how you are afraid of the philosophical nature. And where can you find about- There's the slightest hint of it ever happening under the Italian port understood something other than Roman? Compare Letranne p. 105.

1 1) A distant analogy would be the pes Drunamt in Germany. nien (Appendix § 18). Letronnep. IIS stops with Girard •paeta(gio; Tnr Egyptian word meaning kSnigKck.

12) Heran Fr« gm. 2, 1, 21 and Didymus in the euphoric passage: fo /tlXiov Ij^n ■ — Tiöäit; 'PiXfiaigtovg filv ,'^ifi', ^finlixoi/; äi, (v'. Since the Ilalic parse is the Roman one, an identity of this can be assumed mile with the rSmischiia can no longer be thought of,

13) In IdbI. c. 3 tsm. VI p. SIC edit. Baul.

I

8.4.

AIlHAIfG.

283

trabere certa habetes spatia, quaeappellant funiculos, utlabori defessorum recentia trahentium coUa succedanV. After Strabo (17 p. 804), Artemidorus of Ephesus as an informant states, the length of these stations depended on the locality and very different from the flow of the river; it turned out that the the same, now 30, now 40, now even 60 and 120 stadia. Accordingly, the information about the size also varies, which is attributed to Schoinos as Wegmafs. Herodotus calculates it everywhere as 60 stages (§ 9, 1), Eratosthenes (according to Plin. 12, 13 § 53) to 40, Artemidor, Strabo and the Alexandrian niche metrologists to 30 stadiums. Provide safe support some information about the dimensions of Egypt partly from He- rodot partly in the Itinerarium Antonini (p. 152 Wessel.), from which d'Anville and Ideler already concluded that the Schoinos approximately 4 Roman miles^^). The more precise result could only emerge from knowledge of the philatelic system result. With the help of this, Letronne^*) proves that the Schoinos 4 Egyptian miles, each equal to 3000 royal cubits or 4500 Philetary feet. After that it's accurate Mafs of the Schoinos 6300 meters = 20077 preufs. Fuss := 4.26 Roman miles; But the Roman geodesists did the math the Egyptian mile is equal to the Roman mile and therefore also the Schoinos equals 4 Roman miles.

4. The main dimensions of the Philetary System now follow compiled with the corresponding Greek and Roman mix. For the reduction, the royal cubit of 525 millimeters is meters = 1.673 preufs. Fuss taken as a basis.

Phileteric Mafs

Greek

Roman

ddycTvi^og

0.0697

0.061

0.059

naXctiOxin GTtLd-afxrj

0.279

0.245

0.236

0.836

0.74

0.71

Tvovg

1,115

0.98

0.94

Ci

Tirj'/vg

1,673

1.47

1.41

o m

OQyvid

6.69

5.89

TtXi&QOV

111.5

98.22

m0

azdöiov

669.2

589.35

M^

^iXiov

5019

—

4711.4

axölvog

20077

— -

14) D'Aaville Memoire sur la rocsure da schene Egyptieo io den Mem.

284 APPENDIX. 811.5.6.

In addition, there is the Jugerum of 200 philaterians as area omafs. clien FuTs in the length and 1 00 in the width = r 0.96 preufs. Morning.

5. Herodotus 2.168 gives us the Egyptian field mafs the aQovQa, which held 100 cubits in square. That's it here Royal Egyptian cubit is to be understood is already above (1) been shown. The side of the Arura was therefore 52.5 meters = 167.3 preufs. Fufs, the area 1,083 acres. The National surveying according to such auras continued into the Roman period^^); but it has to be next to it like from Didymos and Hcron emerges, also the Jugerum or double plethron of the Philetary feet may have been in use (2).

6. Hollow mafse. Didymos (cap. 21) distinguishes the Ptolemaic Medimnos, half of the same or the old Ar- tabe and the style commonly used at the time: 6 IlTolefxaLTids

ägraßdiv f^iv tcjv TtccXaicSv ß\ rjv yccQ rj dgTdßrj f,iodi(ov (J' S* vvv de dcä rrjv'^PMfxaixi^v xqrJGiv ^Qi^fiari^u {xQ'r]iLiaTlCeTavf) y y" {/Äodlcov). This shows that the ancient Egyptian Artabe was equal to the Attic Metretes^^), which also means Epi- phanios (p. 181) and Isidore (Orig. 16, 26, 16) agree, by setting the Artabe to 72 sextarians. The Ptolemaic ical Medimnos was therefore 9 Roman modes == 78.79 liters = 1.433 preufs. Bushel. Refers to the Ptolemaic Mafs perhaps the 15th fragment of the Galen collection, in to which a Medimnos appears, which is also 1^ of the Attic is ^®). The same is divided into 12 'i^f,u€XTa; the i^pUycTOv breaks down as Mafs for dry into 8 xoiviY,Bg, as Mafs for liquid siges in 2 %6eci^ the xdlvi^ has 3 attic cotyles.

de TAcad. t. 26 p. 82 ff., and discussion of the mesare de la terre par Era- tosthene, ibid. p. 92ff.; Great Abhaodl. 1826 p. 3ff.

15) Research sp. 101 f.

16) Rudorff Groniat. lostit. p. 283.

17) IJ Attic media are = 144 ^idTai (§ 16, 2) = 2 /LiSTQTjTaC (§ 16, 1), so 1 fiSTQjjTrjg = 1 agräßr]. 4^ Roman modes = 72 sextarii (§ 17) = 1 fxeTQrjri^g or dQxdßrj. That this species is among the Böckh State House was really common among the Ptolemies. I p. 396 proven by an astute calculation.

18) The Medimnos mentioned in the fragment contains 288 Attic Cotyles, while the Attic only has 192 according to § 16, 2, is ;aIso one and a half times this. This is what Böckh (p. 201 f.) explains to recognize the Ptolemaic Medimnos. Of course there is an argument against this after Galen, de compos. med. p. gen. 6 p.893 (Kühn) the cotyle of Alexan- dria was different from the Attic, while in the fragment both be assumed to be equal.

6,:. APPENDIX v,]. 285

Dio is a smaller artabe used in Didymos' time as well as from Priscian (de |Jonder. ?. 89). 3^ Modien determined She was probably nothing other than that Half of the Attisclian Medinino, which stands next to the Ptolemaic in Aegyplens divided themselves into two, according to Egyptian fashion Artaben was divided so that this Medimnos was the original Normal Mars was slightly exceeded, so the Romans closed it 6| instead of 6 modes, it shouldn't be surprising if we compare that Nepoa even belongs to the Attic Medimnos 7 modes seem to have been set ^^).

§ 12. ^egypUackes Mänzwesmi.

Egypt was among the Diadocian states that emerged from the Inii Cedonian monarchy emerged, the only one in which the Attic coin foxes introduced by Alexander were not accepted. The Ptolemies minted their coins in both gold and silver on the foot of the lyrical drachma, which, as shown earlier, the one that belonged to the currency of Asia Minor. The same one came in Egypt weighing 3.57 gr. out, and there were after that in gold since Ptolkmaeus 11 pieces of S, 4 and 1 drachma, in Silver mostly minted tetradrachms^). There was one for that Copper drachma, which in normal weight is probably the Golil and silver drachma were equal. All three metals were in one set a fixed ratio of coins to each other. That was the case golden octadrachmon as much as a mine of silver and as one talent of copper^), or the gold behaved like that to the silver 100: S, to copper like 6000 - 8; d. h. the gold had it 12 times the value of silver and 750 times the value of copper, the silver is 60 times the value of the copper. From these Egyptian tical coinage ratios, as already above (§ 19, 5) has been noticed, the so-called little gold talent in weight from 6 Attic drachmas by using the Ptolemy Ok-

L

19) Forget]. above § 16, 3. BtJcLh p. 242 T. assumes that the smaller Artabe of the Cubas ilea Greek FuTios {(was. Alone like aallte this time to Aleiandria koiuinen, «o the Philetary Foot entered- leads was; Queipo I p. 214H'. Nickelized in nntUsbarfl contradictions, by trying to prove, dnCii the smaller and larger work of the Didymus was identical.

1) The inspiration is given by Mommsen p. 40 f.

2) Letronne Recnmpenie proniiie a qoi decnuvrira du ramenera deui eselavea. Moinnisen S. ilff.

286 APPENDIX. §13.

tadrachmod of 27.8S size. three Attic gold staters calculated.

After Egypt became a Roman province, The gold coinage was issued and the silver money went into billon coins about. Namely, it took the place of the great Ptolemaic Octadrachmon the aureus of Augustus of only 7.80 gr. set, but on these, just like on the old one, it was almost four times as heavy Gold piece, 25 tetradrachms. Weight of 4 denarii each calculated. The Egyptian drachma had, as in* is attested in print, only the value of ^ Denarius 3). There could it not be of pure silver; rather, that became Tetradrachmon since Tiberius in Billon with a far unprecedented silver content lower than that of 1 denarius '^).

The provisions of Galen and Cleopatra that the Egyptian mine amounts to 20 or 18 ounces, must be based on one peculiar national weight that deviates from the money weight refer ^).

§ 13. Cyrenaica,

1. Length and area dimensions. The Royal Countries those of the province of Cyrenaica, that of Ptolemy Apion to the Romans according to Hygin i) were divided into plinthides. The plinthis had 6000 feet in square and contained 1250 medimna. The medimnon meant the sowing of a medimnos grain and its amount corresponded fairly closely to the Roman one Jugerum, because according to the verdict given by Hygin it contained ratios just like this 28800 D Fufs (36000000: 1250 = 28800). The difference between Medimnon and Jugerum was based only on the different size of the underlying the footmafses. In Cyrenaica the Ptolemaic language was in effect Fufs 2), which Hygin determines to be 1^ of the Roman. After that

3) The anonymous Alexandrian cap. 18 (May): tb IdtTixbv rdXavTov idodtaaiov fxkv t^ nToXefxaCx(^ — , ^vvd/List ^k tov UroXsf^aixov xccTci To v6/Liiaua rfTQanXciaiov. The Attic talent is the denarius talent. Compare Appendix § 8 Note 4.

4) Mommsen p. 723 f.

5) According to Galen, de compos. med. p. gen. 5 p. Some calculate 789 metrological writers the Alexandrian mine to 20 (Roman) ounces. Cleopatra p. 767 gives the Ptolemaic mine 18 ounces.

1) De condic. agr. p. 122 f. (Gromat. ed. Lachmann).

2) See above § 10, 3. This Ptolemaic Fofs should not be confused

1.2. ATTACHMENT. 287

• contained the plinthis 1356/^ Roman Jugera, for which Hygin in round number 1356^; the medimnon ^-^-^-^ Jugera = 31250 Roman square feet^). After that it is Medimnon 0.995, the Plinthis 1243.75 preufs. Morning.

2. Coins. The local currency in Cyrene was in the The oldest period is the Attic, according to which tetradrachms, didrachms men, drachmas, half drachmas and half obols, more striking However, no obols were struck *). The age of this Coin is probably until shortly after the second immigration in 580 BC. to move up. Various traces show Therefore, the system does not come from Athens, but directly from it was borrowed from Asia^). However, the precise regulation of the coinage in any case attributable to Attic influences. Early Next to it begins a minting of tetradrachms from 13 to 12 gr. according to the Asia Minor foot (§ 24.1) in something gone form. Under Egyptian rule since 322 This footing passes into the Ptolemaic language by adding the weight of the tetradrachm to 14 gr. is increased. These different Currencies existed because they corresponded to different directions of trade traffic corresponded to each other, continued next to each other. Became special the Attic tetradrachm was also struck later and in Calculated as a pentadrachm in relation to the Asian foot, which explains the position of the PoUux that makes such a nomination nal listed among the Cyrenean coins ^).

with the one of the same name in Egypt (Appendix § 11, 2), which is usually the Philet'ary geoanot will.

3) Hygin a. a. 0. : medimnon eorum iugemm habere — roonetali men- sura unum, nnciaro, dimidium scripulum (according to Lacbmann's Emendation). Compare Rodorff Gromat InsUt. pp. 288. 421.

4) L. Müller Namismatique de I'ancienne Afrique vol. I: Monnaies de la CyreoaVque (Copenhagen 1860) p. 20.

5) Müller a. a. 0. p. 21. 117.

6) Pol). 9, 60. Müller p. 121.

II. Italy and the West,

§14. Italy,

1. F e 1 d m a fs e. The Italian decimal system sticks among the Osci in Gampania and the Umbrians down to the present day Varro's and Frontin's received. Not the 120-foot furrow, like in the case of the Romans (§ 12, 4), the agricultural dimensions*, «ordern the lOOfufsige, the vorsus or versus j of the meaning and the The amount is identical to the Greek TtUS'qw (§ 5, 4). The square of the verm was named under the same name, straight like actus and itUd^qov^ to the area maf se ^).

Here you can also see the very similar field measurement. imagine, which according to Hygin^) was common in Dalmatia. It was this is a versus^ of which 3^ went to the Roman Jugerum. Hygin then calculates the versus to 8640 Q Fufs. Because these The number is very close to the square of 93 (= 8649), so it is probably that the Dalmatian Versus 100 feet in's too Fourteen contained, and then it would be the Dalmatian foot be equal to 0.93 Roman.

2. The coinage conditions of the Italian landscapes According to the standard established earlier (p. 5), we cannot do this here. be treated here. Etruria was originally ruled by

1) Varro de r. r. 1, 10, 1: in Campania (metiuntür) versibus — , ver- sum dicunt centuro pedes quoqnoversum quadratum. Frontin. de limit. p. 30: primum agri modum feceraot quattuor limitibus clausuni, plerumque centum pedum in utraque parte, quod Graeci pletbron appellant, Osci et Umbri vorsum. Compare Rudorff Gromat. Inst. p. 281.

2) De condic. agr. p. 122.

Attic currency in the form we had in the first period immediately after Solon got to know (§ 27, 2); just with The difference is that instead of the obolo there is the Trthemiobolion occurs, i.e. the second healing is completely carried out°). The central Italian copper currency is happier on the occasion of Roman libral foot has been mentioned (S, 195), in the cities There were various coinage systems in Great Greece of which that of Taranto deserves special mention. Here was Most of it is one of the Achaean colonies of the SubitaUen Borrowed coin that is closely related to the Corinthian stater in the weight of S.23 Gr., which, according to Aristotle, is named vovti/iog, according to inscriptions fo/iog, led*), tleberfilles is the rest on Mommsen'a history of Roman coinage show.

§ 15. Skilien.

1. Area dimensions In Leontini and probably others too As in Cyrenaica, the arable land was grown through sowing of an ftEÖifivog. This is how an area measure was created, which ches roughly corresponded to the Roman iugenim ').

2, hollow mafs. Polyhios also mentions the Attic den ^mslixog ftidi/ivos- Determined according to Attic medicines he 6, 39, 13f. the rations that the soldiers in the Roman armies received; He mentions the Sicilian Medimnos on several occasions ren places where he the prices of wheat in Gaul, Rome and Lusitania indicates^). Afterwards it could seem that the sici- Italian Medimnos was different from the Attic; for which it could also be cited as evidence that Cicero the Leonline Medimnos 6, Nepos on the Attic 7 Roman cal modes^). Just the relationship that Cicero

3) Mommsen p. 6p.

4) _Pol[. 9, 80: kpiffToiWijs ^i' ig Taptifjivtav nolirflic xii).eTa»Bl ifirjOi vöfjinfia nan a&tote vovfiitov, Itf av iyjtjtiTTäaffm Tä^avrii Tov JTDOfiifiüvof öeXtpiVi iTioxov/iivoy. C.I. Gr. 5774 i. 123: ävo fiyög äg-yvyiu — YES« vö/iiai ä^yv^lui. Compare Mommaen p. 101 ff.

1) Cic. In Verr. act. II, 3, 47: in yugern Leoulini sgri luedlnmuiD fere Iritid seritnr perpetna atque Bei|aabili aBtinne.

2) 2, 15, 1. », 44, 3. 34, 8 7 (according to Scbireighaaier'a EmendatioD),

3) Cic. in Verr, TI, 3, 46 § 110: ngri Leontini decnmae venierunl Iri- [id medium um XXXVI, boo est, IfiticiinodiniBCCet XVIroilibus, 49§ 116: ad trJtici medimanm xv, id est, mod. dxl. About the passage of Nepos, see above§ 16 a.m. 24.

RnlLjtl., M«r»logi«. 19

290 APIHANG. 8 15.

between the Medimnos of the Leontines and the Modius, is the same as that which corresponds to others Evidence from the Attic Medimnos to the Roman Mafse has (§ 16, 4). There is therefore no doubt that the Sicilian see Medimnos was equal to the Attic^). The Romans learned first knew the Attic Mafs in Sicily, and called it there- according to probably also the Sicilian, a language usage, the Polybius retained from its Roman sources.

3. Coinage. In all of Sicily except the The north-eastern coast from Himcra to Naxos ruled natively from the Attic currency^). The large piece was in some cities the didrachmon, in others the tetradrachmon. This one Attic silver currency was used in a peculiar way with the Italian, also native to Sicily from ancient times Copper currency linked. The unity of the same was in Italy the pound of copper with its duodecimal parts. The Benen nations in Greek, which are entirely modeled on the Latin ones are, read:

Pound kiroa = libra

^-rji.u'kitqov = semis

j^V TievTüiyxiov = quincunx

^\j tergag == triens

/^ TQiag = quadrans (teruncius)

T? l|ag = sextans

yV ovy^ia = uncia ^).

This copper currency was initially introduced into the Greek chical system introduced that the litra was reduced to half the attribute schen mine (= f Roman pound) standardized and the latter for it was completely abandoned. The talent therefore contained 1 20 liters. Furthermore, the values of the copper currency were converted into a fixed Holdings were set to the silver coin. Aristotle, his statements About the Sicilian system we are fortunately the main thing

4) This Dehraen also Böckh Staatsh. I p. 129 and Mommsen Rome. business I p. 204 (3rd edition) au. The statement of Epiphanios (11 p. 178 Petav.), that in Sicily the Medimnos was counted as only 4^ modes, based on an exposition from a later period.

5) Mommsen p. 68. 77.

6) Aristotle gives these terms in Poli. 4, 174 f. 9, 80, Epicharmus at Poll. 9, 82, Hesych. below. TergccvTa. What is striking is the changed meaning ofrom^undrer^^c; These are the replicas of fneTZtf and quctdrans, but Toiäg denotes 3 ounces {=teruncius)y tsTQag 4l]üzen,

S. APPENDIX. 291

according to have been preserved ^), says that the Corinthian stater in Sici- lien dsxdlLTQog because it held 10 liters. Corinthian Stater is just another term for that Attic didrachm, which is known to have the same weight that one has (§ 25, 2); Aristotle only uses the name because half, there was no Didrach in the Athenian mint at the time. men existed, but in Sicily the didrachmon existed in several cities was native, and also through trade frequent Corinthian staters circulated. So the Korin- Thisic-Sicilic staters with a normal weight of 2 Attic dragons men (=-8.73 decimal size). So that was a tenth the same of 0.87 gr., which is particularly found in the Syracusean For a long time, coinage saw the ordinary small silver coin bheb^), the silver equivalent for one liter of copper. The own The common name for it, which Aristotle also gives us, is vovfziLiog, actually the Greek v6f,iog, then Latinized to numus or nummus and in this form into the Greek to- withdrawn; but the original v6f,iog can also be used still prove^). Nofiog, actually the statutes, the abbey in the Sicilian-Italian system, refers to the accounting coin, which shows the mutual value house pressure of silver and Copper conveys, the silver equivalent for the unit of account in the copper currency. This is also the characteristic characteristic of this system: it provides a copper currency, the higher denominations of which are represented by silver coins. are pressed.

The question now arises as to what relationship with the unification When both currencies were used, copper was valued at silver is. The pound or the litra was, as already stated, on half a mine = -^^ talent set, the dekalitron in weight

7) Poll. 4, 174 f.: lAoiOTOTiX-ng iv uhv uixgayavTlycov noXixeApprox

itüTaL ^ - - , - , . ^vg ie

TQHgTQiavTa, rovg J^ l'^ rifiiltTqov, tov ^k oßoXbv XCtqkv , tov ^k Ko^ givStov' araTrJQa Ö€xaXiTQ0Vy ort d^xa oßoXovg ^vvarai. Same is 9, 80f. repeated. In a third place, 9, 87, it says: t6 fiivToi ^txeXtxov TaXccvTov IXa/iarov Xa^vsv, t6 filv ccQ^^awv, (log L^QLaroT^Xrjg X^vfL, riTTccQctg xal htxoai rovg vov/ii/iiovg, t6 cf^ vatSQov 6voxa(d(xa' övvaaS^ai 6k tov voh\ufj,ov TQCa rjfxtcoßoXict.

8) Mommsen p. 81.

9) NovfÄfxog Aristotle in Poll. 9, 80, 87, vo/uog in the previous one Paragraph Aniu. 4 angefdbrteo inscription.

19*

292 ARHAIVG. § 15, 3.

of 2 drachmas = suVu talent was equal to 10 pounds of copper, So the silver had 250 times the value of the copper. This was the original Yerhaltnifs, with the native Heavy copper against Greek silver money, if possible was set unfavorably, because that's exactly what the silver currency was supposed to do displace copper. When the determination took place cannot be determined; In any case, it dates back to a very early period, daderNummos already existed when Syracuse began to Attic Feet to coins ^ ^). But also very early is the original cial determination of the system a value relationship between Silver and copper were lost. Sicilian There is no heavy copper, corresponding to Italian (§ 33). more. Very soon the pure silver currency permeated through and from The copper currency only remained three names and the legal way of payment, as well as small change as a coin. First, true- Apparently under the elder Dionysius, the Nummos, who So far it has been equal to one litre, to five, then to ten Liters reduced ^ ^). Both were violent tactics; that he- Initially, the debts denominated in liters were only paid with the fifth part of the Silher coin, the second time with half Total paid back. After the last reduction it wasn't more the stater, but the nummos the value house print for 10 litres. This is important for the Roman silver bill, in which is both the whole piece of silver coin, the denarius, as well the sestertius, which corresponds to the Sicilian nummos, in 10 libellae (= lizgac) was divided (§ 35, 4).

The Damareteion, which Diodoros of Sicily mentions, was a decadrachmon of Attic currency and had as the five- times the Sicilian stater the value of 50 liters i^). Den

10) Mommsen p. 80 f.

11) Same p. S3 f.

12) Diod. 11, 26: [Jafiagirrj) vo^iafxa i^ixoxpe ro xXijdh an kxU- vrjg Ja/nttQhsiov' tovto

116,117. ATTACHMENT. 293

Nameo led it from Damarete, the wife of Gelon, who had been struck first in 480.

§ 16. Hispania,

1. Feldmafse. For actus (% 14, 2) said the farmers in Baetica after Goluniella (5, 1, 5) acnua^ after Isidor (Orig. 15.15) as in Gaul arapennis. The same people called Colu- mella adds, a field size of 30 feet wide and 180 feet Length porca. All of these names are rustic Latin i). After Varro, the main mafs of the province was Hispania Ulterior the iugum or daily work 2). Hygin^) mentioned as Hispanic Feldmafs the centuria without determining whether they were with the Roman The technical dimensions of this name (§ 14, 4) are identical.

2. Coins. Since the establishment of a Roman province In the year 206, pieces of silver weighing the equivalent of... Roman denarius of -^ pounds in large quantities at the time beaten. Such Hispanic denarii are below the Argentum Oscense to understand what was in the Spanish triumphs of the Years 195, 194 and 180 were listed ^).

§ 17. Galh'en,

• - * *

The Gaulish waymafs was the leuga or letica, which after several consistent testimonies 1^ Roman mile = 0.3 geogr. mile was ^).

The source he used looks different than the one we use happened, understood. Therefore, Hussey p. 58 and Böckh p. 305 according to Scaliger's process, the damareteioo for a gold coin in weight an Attic drachma and worth 10 drachmas of silver.

1) Rudorff Gromat. Institute p. 279f.

2) Varro de r. r. 1, 10: in Hispania ulteriore metiuntur iugis — , iugum vocant, quod iuncti boves uno the exarare possint. Compare § 14 Note 4.

3) De condic. agr. 122.

4) According to Liv. 34, 10, 46; 40, 43 were listed in the year 195 by Hel- vius 119439, from Minucius 278000 Oscensis argenü'^ further in the year 194 from Cato 540000, finally in the year 180 by Fulvius Flaccus signaU Oscensis num' mum 1 73200. Compare Mommsen p. 668. Ad of the last step means number The piece must be made of Oscan silver, not the usual one Roman way of calculating the sestertius,

5) Jerome. in loel. c. 3 (t. VI p. 84 D ed. Basll.), Ammian. Marcell. 15, 11. 16, 12, Isidore. Orig. 15, 16. For more detailed evidence, see Ideler Treatise 1S12 - 13 pp. 136f., which at the same time points out that the newer

29 1 AIHIIAN«. g 18.

In Narbonese Gaul this was called arable mafs partly libra partly parallela^). The amount of this measure is not specified.

Another Gallic area mafs was after Columella (5, 1, 5) the candetum: *Galli candetum appellant in areis urba- nis spatium centum pedum, in agrestibus autem pedum GL' (namely m^s squares). Half of Jugerum was named after him or the Actus as well as in Baetica arapennis,

§ 18. Germania,

According to Caesar's report, the Germans knew him No distance measurements at the time, but only estimated distances after day trips from ^). Later, however, the Wegmafs appears rasta in the amount of 3 Roman miles or 2 Gallic Deny s).

The gromatist Hyginus found the pes among the Tungrians Drusianus, who was larger than the Roman one. He cheated therefore 332.6 millimeters = 1.06 preufs. Fuss. The name In any case, the foot came from Claudius Drusus, the stepson of Augustus, who, as governor, controlled the German forces to the Roman standard may have.

prefer the serrati higatiquej denarii of republican Coinage, which, according to Tacitus, appeared in the first century AD Germania were in excellent circulation and the late light tern denarii were preferred, see § 36, 2 (note 18) above compare.

French hay in terms of amount is not the old leuffa, but the corresponds to Germanic Rasta.

6) Hygin. de condic. agr. p. 122.

7) Caes. Bell. Gau. 6, 25: Hercyniae silvae — latitudo novem dierum iter expedito patet: non enim aliter finiri potest, neque mensuras itinerum noverunt.

8) Jerome in the passage cited in note 5: nee mirum, si una qoaeque gens certa viarum spatia sais appeUet nominibas: cum et Latini miUe passus vocent, Galli leucaä, Persae parasangas et rastas universa Germania. The amount of the rasta is determined by Dufresne in the glossary, med. et inf. lat. and d. W.

9) De condic. agr. p. 123: item dicitar in Germania in Tnngris pes Drosianos, who has monetary pedem and sesconciam.

TABLES.

v

I

TABLES.

Tab. I. The older Itinerarstsdion (§ 9, 3 with note 11).

sta- serve

FufB

M.Uen

Studies

Pars

miles

ä,.«.““

Faro sauEcn

miles

►

1

470

ö,"2

41

T935T

0%2

1)30

21

12 b

2

910

0.04

42

19620

0K4

6<)0

22

132

3

1410

o;o6

43

20300

86

690

23

138

4

leso

0.08

44

20770

OfiS

-00 720 750 780 800

14

14.4

15

15 16

5

2360 2S30

0.10 0.12

45 21240 40 21710

90 0O2

24

7

3300

0.14

47 22180

94

2a 26

8

37S0

0.16

48 i 22660

96

S

4250

0.18

49 23130

096

10

4720

0.20

50 1 23600

1

810 «40

27

28

162 168

11 12

5190 5660

0.22 0.24

870

29

1T,4 6

n

6140

0^6

Sludia

sang

11

61)10

O^S

Ifi

n

7090 7550 8020

0.30 0.32 0.34

60 70 SO

2

2

18

8S00

0.36

90

3

IS

8970

0.36

100

20

SJ40

0.40

120 150

5

21

9930

0.42

22

10400

0144

ISO

6

23 24

10S60 11330

0.46 0.4fi

200

210

7

25

IISOO

0.50

240

8

26

12270

0.62

270

9

27

12740

0.54

300

10

28

13220

0.56

29

13690

0.58

330

11

30

141fi0

0.60

360 390 400

12 13

31

14630

0.62

32

15100

0.64

420 460

480 500

~4~ 15 16

33

15570

0.66

34 35

16040 16520

0.68

0.70

36 37

10990 17460

0^74

510

17

38

17940

0.76

540

JK

1S4I0

ü.ii

570

lo

c

40

1B880

o;bo

600

20

12

^=

Table II.

Overview of the Greek longitudes niarse (§ 5 and 6).

1 däxrvlO! . . _

2 däxivloi ■=■ 1 KÖrävkos

^1nalaitlT-^(cTaipoi',äo^fi^)

= 2 naX„iaial\= 1 A/iis) '. '.

(= 1 deSriJotpoc)

=1 1 aiTiOafi^ = 3 Tiairtiaial

= 1 nois -^ 4 iraXaiUioC . .

(= 1 nvyfi^)

= 1 Tiuytav = 5 !7tti.aiaTaC . .

pr.Züll;Mimm.|l

0.7*

ro.3

1=*7

38.5

2.21

a,»ft

77.1

3«8

as,3

4.42

UM

6.16

5.99

154.1

tl,63

ia2,7

S,]ö

211.9

8,S4

231.2

958

250.4

IU,3I

269.7

11.09

289.0

11.70

3(IS,3

12, B2

la.at*

346.8

14.0(1

i4, yes

38B,3

1 travs

li nödet^lnijxv!

2i - (= 1 ßij/ia ÖTtloSv) .... 2.45

3 • — 2nii^<« 2.95

4i - =3 - 4.42

5 - (= 1 ß!jfja iiTiloiiy) ....

6 - = 1 öpyiiio = 4 Ti^dc . . . lU - =° 1 Sxttiva {xäXafio;) . . .

100 - —inXf»eov-=l^ÖQymae=

66|7r^(«f 98.22

600 - =--1 aiiiSiov=lf>OäQ)'vuU='

4U0 7njy(it 689.35

1200 - =\äiavip! = 2

Table III. The multiples of the Attic (Olympic)

Fufscs, the Elle, the Orgyia and the Plethron

to the stadium (§ 10, 4).

A. novg {and nls&gov).

~ — V—V

Il

pr.

Fors

meters

n,!)N

0.31

0.62

out

0.9a

3,(13

4.91

1.54

S,"!!

1.85

(i.N7

2.16

H

7, »6

2.4e

^

8.84 2.77 |l

U^

_==

— — —

[■p

^\nl{'

S1^."

in

S.ftS

VIS

100 1 1 1 9a,i

30,S3

from

1D,"4

6, lu

200 2 196.4

61.65

X)

29.”

V5

30Ö 3 294.1

92.48

\i)

13.33

400 4 1 392.9

123.31

M^

4911

15.41

500 5! 491.1

154.14

60

70

Art

58.93 68.76 78.5p

18.50 21.58 24.06

*00ti: 6S9.3

184.97

"

»0

88.40

"■'*“

B. n^%vg.

Jf

f

1

147

0.40

2.95

0.92

3

4.42

1.39

4

5.89

1.85

S 7.37

2.31

6 8.84

2.77

1 10.31

8 ll, 7 fl

|9 13.26

4.16

-K

b'uiTH

Multif

in

20

29.47

9,?5 1

44.20

13.87

40

58.93

18.50

5«

73.67

23.12'

H1I

70

103.13

32.37

help

36 99

9A

132.60

41.62

1

Fofe

meters

100 200 300 400

147.3 1 46.24 294.7 and 92.48 442.0 138.73 589.3 , 184.97

C. X>Qyviä.

3 ymaC

Fuft

«.J

10

58.93

6.50 p.m

20

117.87

36.99

30

55.49

40

235.74

73.99

50

294.67

92.48

60

353.60

1 10.98

70

412.54

80

471.47

147.97

9A

530.41

166.47

100

589.35

184.97

Table IV. The Olympic Stadium (§ 10, 3. 4)

2Ttiiiia

pT. FufB

g

689

Ü.025

1179

0.05

1769

0.075

2357

0.1

2947

0.125

3536

0.15

4125

0.175

4715

0.2

5301

0.225

56G3

0.25

6463

0.275

7072

0.3

7R6I

0.325

8251

0.35

88-JO

0.375

9429

0.4

1ÜÜI9

0.425

lOßOB

0.45

11199

0.475

11787

0.5

12376

0.525

12966

0.55

13555

U,S75

14144

0.0

14734

0.62>

26

15323

Ü,G5

15912

0.C75

2S

16502

o;7

29

170SI

0.725

30

176K0 18270

0.75

31

0.775

32

1S9Ö9

0, p

33

19448

0.823

34

aü(l3s

0,S5

35

20627

0.875

36

21216

0.9

37

2 BOG

0.925

3S

32395

0.95

39

229S4

0.975

40

23574

I

9

aiadia

geogr.M.

»

45

50 G5

60

65

70

75

60

B5

90 95

3

100 ISO

al

200

5

250 300

5yrs

350

H

400

10

450

i'i

500 550

121 13

600

16

650

16

700

17

750

18

800

20

. 850

21

900

22 23

950

1000

25

2000

50

3000

75

4000

100

6000

)25

6000

150

7000

175

8000

200

9000

225

lOOOO

250

20000

50O

Table V. The Greek surface niafs (§ 7).

1 n fufs = 0.9648 preufs. Fufs = 0.0950 meters above sea level 100 n - =96.481 - - =9.504 O meters 10000 □ - = 1 7r;U#^oK= 9648.1 n preufs. Fuss = 0.372 preufa. Moi^en = 0.09504 hectares.

mia^a

Tomorrow

HecCitien

1

0.372

0.095

2

0.744

0.190

3

1,117

0.285

4

1,489

0.380

5

1,861

0.475

6

2,233

0.570

7

2,606

0.665

8

2,978

0.760

9

3,350

0.855

jiA^tfe«

Tomorrow

HecUi^n

10

3,722

0.950

20

7,445

1,901

30

11,167

2,851

40

14,989

3,801

50

18,611

4,752

60

22,334

5,702

70

26,056

6,652

80

29,778

7,603

90

33,501

8,653

100

37,223

9,504

TABLES.

Table VI. Overview of the Roman longitudes.

A. The foot after the duo decimul healing (§ 12, 1).

II = -V 0.23

= ?" 0.94 24,G

~i qBdJnat 1= J^

qoinponi ='^j,

miptB) = J

4.7J ■ 123.2| 5,li5 14T,S,,

6.59 ni,s|

= -J 7.54 ll(:,l|

-^i 8.4ä, 231.8

=°i 9.43 246.4

= 1-1 10.3al271,I

,--. - . , 11.31 i2!)i,7a

dupoDdina =2 '2S,62 501.6 1|

pei Best-i'

ji ■ 29.27 1 739.3 ll

B. Di« arcliitektoni see MaTse (§12,1.2).

ldi6ilnfl=,'“Fiir”

U.71

]8.ä

1.41 36.9

2.12 55.4

3.53 over 2.4

4.24 110.9

495 I2tt,4

8 - = 2p«laii

5.65 147.6

6.36: lCfi,3

7.07, 184.8

2 - = 3paly>i

S,4S

221.8

11.31

2»S,^

- = lp«l[n[pe»

16,!I6

443.6 )[

10

12U

pr. Fuk

it 0.94

ledM = 1 ^-adat . 2.36

- =lpossn. 1 4.71

- =ldecen.peda 9.42

- -laelu/. 113.07

mttor

0.296 0.739 1,479 2,957 35,489

D. üie itini^rari see Mafse (§ 13).

VII. The multiples of the foot and the passage (§ 13).

r. 1-..1»

t-uls

38.63

SI

S2

40.53

83

41.46

S4

42,411

85

86

44.2«

87

8S

46.17

90

46,(16

91

i'.lfiO

93

49.94

93

5U,SS

94

51,S2

95

52.77

öfi

53.7L

97

54.05

98

55.59

99

5fi,54

67.48

156

5S,42

.200

59.36

25Q

611.31

3ÜU

ei,2i

350

«2.19

400

U3,I3

451)

500

65.03

min

700 800

67.84

900

68.70

1000

69.73

1500

2000

71.61

2500

72.5U

3000

73.50

3500

74.44

4000

75.38

4500

-i.--!

76.3

79.1

17

should

Sl.O

82.0

18

84.8

85.7 86.7

88.6

19

89.5

91.4

92.9

93.3

20

94.2

30

141.3

40

18»,5

•SUN

235.6

61)

282.7

7(1

329.8

KO

376.9

Hl)

424.0

100

471.1

120

attl5,4

1-10

650.6

1K0

180

848.0

200

942.3

300

1413.4

4110

1BS4.6

500

2355.7

NOIl

2826.8

700

3298.0

8011

900

4240.3

Table VI. About the Nimischeii length measurements.

A. The foot according to the duo- B. The arclectonic dimensions decimal healing (§ 12, 1). (§ 12, 1. 2).

«extans — ,1 quincnn* =jl>,

at =.

4.71 123.2

5,(i5 147.8' 6.59 172.5]

7.54 1

'J,42; 246.4

}' l(i,38!271,l

111.3)1295.71

2 22.02 ;5!(1.5

,,:-«"'■

! Idigitns^-ji.Fnfs

: 0.71 18.5

U\eHi .

1.41. 36.9

2.12: 65.4

i IpRlntt«

2,(>3, 73,pp

3.53 92.4

(i - ...

■1.24 110.9

4.95:129.4

: 8 -^2palnii

5.65; 147.8

6.36 166.3

10 - ...

7.07 184.8

8.48 221.8

!l6 . — Ipei

11.31 295.7

20 - = Ipalinines

14.13 369.7

24 Uobitus

16.96 443.6

. 29.2'

1,739.3

^=9 C. The geodestic dimensions.

pr. For«

meters

0.94

0.296

2.36

0.73a

4.71

1,479

1 9.42

2,957

113.07

35,489

D. The itinerary Marse (§ 13).

"."

pr. Fiifs 0.94

Jlctur

0.29

1.48

194.84

1478.70

5 noies^= 1 pas 625 - = 125 5000 - =1000

= 1 sUnlinm ^Ircfin.Meil

Table VII. The multiples of the foot and ■ (§ 13).

:-

1

Pa5-

pr. Fiifa

fern

passport

[ir. Fofs

Fud

passport

pr. Fufa

U,a4

41

38 63

81

76 3

2

1,S8

42

39

82

7 3

3

■2,S3

43

40 52

h3

78 2

4

3.77

44

41 4b

B4

79 1

5! 1

4.71

45

g

4') 4

8

I.T

80 1

(i

5.65

4O

43 34

86

810

7

6.59

47

44 29

87

82

S

7;54

48

45 2y

88

82 9

a.48

49 1

46 1

89

83 9

10

3

a.42

50 (10

4 11

90

18

84 8

11

ll),3t(

51

48 06

91

Ba7

13

11.31

. 52

49 00

92

8b7

13

■ 12;2p

53

49 94

öi

87 b

U

13.19

54

50 S8

94

88 b

16

3 14.13

55

11

6162

9d

19

69 5

16

15.08

56

52

9r

9 5

n

16.02

57

5311

J7

914

18

: 16,"6

58

54 6a

98

9 3

19

■ iT;9a

69

S5 59

99

9J3

20

4 1 lg,gs

60

12

56 4

10t

2 30

94 2

21

19.79

61

57 48

150

141 3

23

i 20.73

62

58 42

200

4

188 5

23

21.67

63

5136

260

50

2Ji.b

24

, 22.61

64

bu31

300

60

282 7

2d

5' 23.56

65

13

61 2i

350

70

329 8

26

: 24.50

66

e’io

400

60

3 b9

27

' 25.44

67

63 13

49)

00

424

2S

■ 26.30

68

64 07

600

100

4711

2»

; 27.33

69

66 02

~b

12r

5

30

6

2S,27

70

14

65 96

700

80

140 IbO

balb 7o3 8

31

29.2!

71

66 90

32

' 3ü;is

72

67 34

BüO

18

e4Sü

33

31.09

73

i ÖS U

1 night

2

942 3

34

3S,"3

74

! foe 3

'iUO

YOO

141J4

3ä

7

32.98

75

15 7« n

2U

40U

1884 6

36

33.92

76

■■ 7161

2jOU

5

2Yes5

37

34.86

77

72-1

OOOO

60)

282b 8

3S

35.80

78 13 5

■iaUO

700

3298

39

3fi;?5

79:74 44

4000

80

3 69]

!l 40

g

37.69

80 IG 1 75 38

4500

90

4 4 3

1

Table XI. The Roman hollow mafse (§ 18). A. The hand of the liquid. C. The dimensions of the dryc

pt, yuilrt

LiWr

1 cycle

ü,u3a8

0.45C

U,0597

0,U(>84

2 cyathi

u,u7a6

0.0912

3 - =1 ouirtD-

0.137

a,]B2

S-

0109

0.22S

! e 1 bemina

ü,239

0.274

1 7 -

0.27il

0.319

1S'

0.318

ü,3Gä

9 -

0.35S

0.410

10 -

0.39p

0.456

11 -

0.43S

U,&U2

UJäfi

3

1,434

1,641

4 -

1,"11

2,l>.y

5

1 CODgiUS

2,867

3 -

8,B0

9,S5

i - — I urns

11.47

13.13

5 -

14.33

isUi

6 -

17.30

19.70

7 -

20.07

22.98

1 amphora

22.94

26.26

i 0.119 0.137 1 0.239 '0.274 I 0.478 ,0.547 ! Mflo 4377 '8,'754 I

3.82

D. The multiples of Hodius

B. The multiples of the amphora.

(Unphorae

pt.EUn«

l

ü.382 ( 26.26

J,H7

78.79

1.5 29

131.32

157.58

2,076

183.84

3,059

210.11

9

236.37

10

3,833

262.63

20— IcDleus

7,645

525.27

niüilii

l).Sclieff.

liters

0.15a

8.75

2

0.318

17.31

;j

0.47p

26.26

4

0,"37

35.02

1^

ft,796

43.17

0.956

53.53

7

1,115

61.28

1,274

70.04

9

1,433

7Ö,T9

87.54

20

! 3,186

lra,Ü9

, 4,-78

262.63

40

; 6,371

350.18

50

: 7,964

437.72

60

9,557

525.27

6J2.81

80

12,743

700.36

90

1 14,335

100

i 15,928

8'R.,45

Table XII. The Attic weights {§ 19). A. The parts of talent.

] oßoXös .

1 flVB = 100 SQBXfiaC

grams

ITuLi.i Lorti

0.091

_

0.005

0.364

0.022

0.728

0.044

. 1,455

0.037

2,183

0.131

2,«ll

0.175

3,638

4,360

0.202

13.10

._

0.786

17.46

21.83

1,310

30.56

1,834

34.93

2,096

39.29

2,358

43.06

2,620

436.0

26.20

26ia6,2!

52

B. The multiples of talent.

täkairra

Kilograms [ Pfnnil. "^6.20 ~52',39

jalayta

Kilograms

pounds 1047.85

1

20

523.92

52.39 04.78

785.89

1571.77

78.59 57. p

40

1047.85

2095.70

104.78 209.57

130.98-26 96

60

1571.77

3143.55

6

157.18 314.35

70

1833.74

3667.47

7

183.37 366.75

SO

2095.70

4191.40

209.57 4 9, 4

90

2357.66

4716.32

9

235.77 47 .53

100

2619.62

5239.25

261.96 523.92

1000

26196.24

52392.48

TABLES.

Tai). XI. The Roman hollow mafse (§ 18). A. The dimensions of the liquid. C. The dimensions of the dry.

.^=0 0=.

2 cyalhi

6 - =r I hcmin

j.r.yu,m

liters

(I,«3a8' l),i>VM

0.05971 l),Ut)84

0.079", 1>,(IUI2

0.119

0.137

U,IS'J

0.182

0.1aa

0.228

0.239

0.274

0.279

0.319

0.318

o, aü5

0.368

0.410

0.39s

O.läti

0.478

«547

0,H5O

1,434

1,911

2:1 «.9

2,389

2.73e

5.7.1

fi,57

B,eo

9.85

11.47

13.13

14.33

16.41

17.20

19.70

20.07

22.98

22,-H

2ä,2li

cynthus' 0.0398. U,0456 acetibulum j 0.0597 U,Q6S4\\ quarUi-ius 10.119 0.137 H

D. The multiples of Hodios.

B. The multiples of the amphoi

amphorae

pr.Eimor LUar

1

D,ä82 t 36.26

1,147

78.79

i

1,529

105.05

5

l.9\l

131.32

6

2,294

157.58

2,G76

b

3.05 p

210.11

3,440

236.37

10

3,923

262.6.1

20^1 ouleos

7,645

525.27

niodii

p.Scbcff

Litet

»

1

0.159

p.75

2

0.318

3

0.478

26.26

0.637

35.03

0,T9G

6

«,956

52.S3

1,115

61.28

1,274

10.04

78.79

1 1,593

14,778

262.63

40

16,371

350.18

50

1 1,964

437.72

eo

i 9,557

525.27

1 11,150

612.81

like that

1 12,743

90

1 14,335

7B7'fiO

100

16,928

875.45

XII. The Attic weights (§ 19). Ä. The parts of the tale.

ralxoäs ^- J opoXüg i 0.091

^uimßöXiov ! 0.364

oßoXÖs 0.728

- ! > 1.455

2,183

2,011

3,638

äpay/iti I 4,366

] 8.73

13.10

17.40

, . .' 26|20

30.56

- 34.93

39.20

43.66

iufn = 100 tfpB^;uaf 436.6 jöXaviov -= 60 fivai 26196.2

2,358 . 2,620 . 26.20

I 52 1Ü7

B. The multiples of talent.

1

Kilogi'. 1 pound 26.20 52.39

t,fABV.«

Kilograms

pounds 1047.85

20

523.92

52.39 104.78

30

785.89

1571.77

3

78.59 157.18

40

1047.85

2095.70

4

104.78 209.57

50

1309.81

5

130.98. 261.96

60

1571.77

3143.55

6

157.18 314.35

70

1833.74

3667.47

183.37 366.75

80

2095.70

4191.40

209.57 419.14

90

2357.66

4715.32

9

235.77 471.53

100

2619.62

5239.25

10

261.96 523.92

1000

26196.24

52392.48

310

TABLES.

Table XV.

€ - -^:

Reduction of the Atian talent (§ 29).

Talents 1 Thulcr

1 2 3 4 5 6

s

\)

]()

11

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

15712 3143J 4715» 62S7

7858» 9430J 110Ü2y 12574 141453 15717J 17289 18861 20J33 22004 23576 25148 26720 28291 29863 31435 33007 34578 36150 37722 39294 40865 42437 44009 45581 47152 48724 50296 51868 53439 55011 56583 58155 59726 61298 62870

Talents Thalcr

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

64442

66013

67585

69157

70729

72300

73872

75444

77016

78587

80159

81731

83303

84874

86446

88018

89590

91161

92733

94305

95877

97448

99020

100592

102164

103735

105307

106879

108451

110022

111594

113166

114738

116309

117881

119453

121025

122596

124168

125740

Talents

Thalcr

81 82

83 I

84' •

85 I

86 I

87,

88!

89 i

90 i 95 I

100!

200,

300

400

500

600 I

700 I

800■

900!

1000 ;

2000:

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

200000

127312

128883

1 30455

132027

133599

135170

136742

138314

139886

141457

149316

157175

314350

471525

628700

785875

943050

1100225

1257400

14H575

1571750

3143500

4715250

6287000

7858750

9430500

11002250

12574000

14145750

15717500

31435000

47152500

62870000

78587500

94305000

110022500

125740000

141457500

157175000 /

3 14350000 II

TADELLEK.

311

Table XVI. Reduction of the Attic Goldstaler

(§ 30).

€

>

Statere

Curwerth in

Altei-thum

<

Today's metal value

>

Thlr.

Sgr. until

Thlr. Sgr.

Thlr. Sgr.

l

2

18.6 -

3 4.3

4 1.8

1

5

7.2 -

6 8.6

8 3.6

2

10

14.4 -

12 17.2

16 7.2

3

15

21.5 -

18 25.8

24 10.9

4

20

28.7 -

25 4.4

32 14.5

5

! 26

5.9 -

31 13.1

40 18.1

6

31

13.1 -

37 21.7

48 21.7

7

36

20.2 -

44 0.3

56 25.3

8

41

27.4 -

50 8.9

64 29.0

9

47

4.6 -

56 17.5

73 2.6

10

52

11.8 -

62 26.1

81 6.2

100

523

27.6 -

628 21

812 2.1

300

1571

23 -

1886 3

2436 6

1000

5239

6

6287 —

8120 21

3000

15717

18 -

18861 —

24362 3

= lTa-

lent

1

1

C

gold

_

i

(

>

Table XVII. Reduction of the libral copper ace

(§ 34).

€

i_ - ..

Thlr.

Sgr.

Thlr.

Sgr.

>

oncia

—

0.4

10 aces

1

16.7

sextans

—

0.8

20 -

3

3.3

qaadrans

1.2

30 -

4

20.0

trieos

—

1.6

40 -

6

6.7

semis

2.3

50 -

7

23.3

1 as

4.7

60 -

9

10.0

2 -

—

9.3

70 -

10

26.7

3 -

—

14.0

80 -

12

13.3

4 -

—

18.7

90 -

14

5 -

23.3

100 -

15

16.7

6 -

28.0

500 -

77

23

7 -

1

2.7

1000 -

155

17

8 - ;

1

7.3

10000 -

1555J

€

9 -

r t

1

12.0

100000 -

15555

9

312

TABLES.

Table XVIII. Reduction of the oldest silver money and of the triental ace for the years 268 - 217 (§ 35, 7).

A. The triental ace in the metal value of 1.87 Sgr., soon on the sextantars worth 0.93 Sgr. and even further down- walking; in the coin value of f sesterce = 0.82 Sgr.

i

Aces

metal value

(

MüDzwerth

>

Thlr.

Sgr.

until

Thlr.

Sgr.

Thlr. Sgr.

1

—

1.9

—

0.9

— 0.8

2

—

3.7

^

—

1.9

— 1.6

3

5.6

^

—

2.8

- 2.5

4

—

7.5

^

—

3.7

— 3.3

5

—

9.3

^

—

4.6

— 4.1

6

— .

11.2

^

5.6

— 4.9

7

13.1

""

— .

6.5

— 5.7

8

14.9

-

—

7.5

— 6.6

9

16.8

-

8.4

- 7.4

10

—

18.7

-

9.3

- 8.2

20

1

7.3

-

18.7

16.4

30

1

26.0

-

28.0

— 24.6

40

2

14.7

-

1

7.3

1 2.7

50

3

3.3

-

1

16.7

1 10.9

60

3

22.0

-

1

26.0

1 19.1

70

4

10.7

-

2

5.3

1 27.3

80

4

29.4

-

2

14.7

2 5.5

90

5

18.0

-

2

24.0

2 18.7

100

6

6.7

-

3

3.3

2 21.9

1000

62

7

-

31

3

27 8.6

€

10000

622

-—

-

311

273 —

>

«0=

B. The oldest denarius of ^V Pfd.

3Cb=

T7

Sestertius

Denarius

1

2

3

4

1

5

6

7

8

2

9

10

100

25

1000

250

Thlr.

6 68

Sgr.

2

4.1 6.1

8.2 10.2 12.3 14.3 16.4 18.4 20.5 24.7

7

Denarius

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

100

1000

'O€'■

Thlr.

1 1 1 1

2 2 2

27 273

Sgr.

8.2 16.4 24.6

2.7 10.9 19.1 27.3

5.5 13.7 21.9

8.6

<>

“O

UM

from

TABLES.

313

Table XIX.

A. The silver courant of the Roman Republic in the years

217-30 (§ 36, 5). B. The gold courant of the imperial period from Augustus to Septimius

Severus (§ 38, 6).

Sesterces

Denarii

•

A

b.

1

— Thh

•• 1.7 Sgr.

— Thlr. 2.2 Sgr.

2

-—

3.5 -

- - 4.4.

3

>— -

5.3 -

— - 6.5 -

4

1

—

7.0 -

8.7.

5

—

8.8 -

— - 10.8 -

6

—

10.5 -

- 13.0 -

7

.^— —

12.3 -

— - 15.2 -

8

2^

—

14.0 -

17.4 -

9

15.8 -

— - 19.6 -

10

.

— -

17.5 -

— - 21.7 -

12

3

— -

21.0 -

— - 26.1 .

16

4

—

28.1 -

1 - 4.8 -

20

5

1 -

5.1 -

1 - 13.5 -

24

6

1 -

12.1 -

1 - 22.2 -

28

7

1 -

19.1 -

2 - 0.9 -

32

8

1 -

26.1 -

2 - 9.6 -

3ß

9

2 -

3.1 -

2 - 18.3 -

40

10

2 -

10.2 -

2 - 27.0 -

50

2 -

27.7 -

3 - 18.8 -

60

15

3 -

15.2 -

4 - 10.5 .

70

4 -

2.8.

5 - 2.3 -

80

20

4 -

20.3.

5. 24.0 -

90

5 -

7.9 -

6 - 15.8 -

100

25

5 -

25.4 -

7 - 7.5 -

200

50

11 -

20.8.

14 - 15.0 -

300

75

17 -

16.2.

21 - 22.6 .

400

100

23 .

11.6 -

29 - 0.1 -

500

125

29 -

7.0 -

36 - 7.6 -

600

150

35 -

2.5 -

43 - 15.1 -

700

175

40 -

27.9 -

50 - 22.6 -

800

200

46 -

23.3 -

58 - 0.2 -

900

225

52 -

18.7 -

65 - 7.7 -

1000

250

58 -

14.1 -

72 - 15.2 -

2000

500

116 -

28.2 -

145 - 0.4 -

3000

750

175 -

12.3 -

217 - 15.6 -

4000

1000

233 -

26.4 -

290 - 0.8 -

5000

1250

292 -

10.5 -

362 - 16.0 -

6000

1500

350 -

24.6 -

435 - 1.2 -

7000

1750

409 -

8.7.

507 - 16.4 -

8000

2000

467 -

22.8 -

580 - 1.6 -

9000

2250

526.

6.9 -

652 - 16.8 -

(»

314

TABKLLEiX.

II

ii

!;

€

Sestcrzc

10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70000 80000 90000

100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700U00 810000 900000

1000000 decies 1100000 undecies 1200000 duodecies 1300000 terdecies 1400000 quatcr decies 1500000 quinquies decies 1600000 sexy decies 1700000 septies decies 1800000 duodevices 1900000 undevicies 2000000 vicies

3 million tricies

4 - quadragics

5 - quinqaagies

6 - sexagies

7 - septuagies

8 - octogies

9 - nouagies 10 - centies 20 - ducenties 30 - trecenties

40 - quad ringsties

50 - qaingenties

60 - sexcenties

70 - septingenties

80 - octingenties

90 - nongenties

100 - inilies

200 - to roilies i

A

5S4TliIr. 21 Sgr.

1169 - 12 -

1754 - 3 -

2338 - 24 -

2923 - 15 -

3508 - 6 -

4092 - 27 -

4677 - 18 -

5262 - 9 -

b.

5847 thr.

11694 -

17541 -

23388 -

29235 -

35082 -

40929 -

46776 -

52623 -

58470 thr.

64317 -

70164 -

76011 -

81858 -

87705 -

93552 -

99399 -

105246 -

111093 -

116940 -

175410 -

233880 -

292350 -

350820 -

409290 -

467760 -

526230 -

584700 -

1169400 -

1754100 -

2338800 -

2923500 -

3508200 -

4092900 -

4677600 -

5262300 -

5847000 -

11694000 -

725 thr.

2Sgrr. !

1450 -

4 -

2175 -

6 -

2900 -

8 -

3625 - 1

10 - ;

i 4350 -13-1

5075 - 15 - i

5800 - 17 -

6525 - 19 -

7251 Thlp.

14501

I

'21752

-.

1 29003

-.

36253

—

; 43504

1

50755

; 5S00G

-

1 65256

f

1 72507

Thlp,

79758

-

87008

-

94259

-

101510

—

108760

-

116011

«

123262

-

130513

.

137763

-

145014

•

217521

.

! 290028

.

! 362535

■.

435042

-

507549

-

j580056

.

652563

-

725070

-

1450140

-

'2175210

—

2900280

-

3625350

-

4350420

—

5075490

—

5800560

-

6525630

1

7250700

.

14501400

«

=C5

TABLES.

315

Appendix A. (§ 4, 5).

1. Greek length measure reduced to feet.

ITovg

OQyutd (SrdSiov

Baden Bavaria Hannov.

1,028! 1,056

1.54 and 1.58

6.17, 6.34

102.76 I 105.63

616.56 and 633.76

rr.^

OesteiT. Saxony

1,055

0.975

1,089

1.58

1.46

1.63

6.33

5.85

6.53

105.54

97.52

108.86

633.26

585.15

653.16

Württem.

1,076

1.61

6.46 107.61 1! 645.64!!

€t

^

2. Roman linear measure reduced to feet.

Pes

cabitas passus mille p.

Bathing

Bavaria

Hannov.

0.986

1,013

1,012

1.48

1.52

1.52

4.93

5.07

5.06

9.0

5066.5

5062.5 1

Austrian

0.935 1.40 4.68 4677.3

Saxony

Württem.'

1,044

1,032

1.57

1.55

5.22

5.16

5221.5

5161.5

“O

3. Greek and Roman area dimensions reduced to ba Indian, Bavarian, Hanoverian and Württemberg traditions gen, Saxon fields, Austrian yoke.

nxi&Qov

iagerum

©-

Bathing

Bavaria

Hann.

Austrian.' Sachs.

0.264 0.700

0.279 0.738

0.363 0.961

0.165 0.438

0.172 0.455

Württb.

0.3015 0.799

<*

316

TABLES.

I. Greek and Roman hollow mafs reduced to the liquid candy and grain factories from Baden, Bavaria, Hanover, Austria, Saxony, Württemberg.

Fluidi^kcitsmafs

Grain mafs

d

s3

u

a it

33

sextarius j^oDf, congias amphora

sextarias Xovg, coo^ias amphora fitTQrjTrjg

Mar«

: 0.365

: 2.19 : 17.51 =

: 26.28 =

Mafs

: 0.512 : 3,071

24,571 = : 36,857 =

Ohm

0.175 0.263

bucket

0.384 «0.576

sextarius ;ifot);,coDgiu8i amphora fiiJQrjtrig

Quarter = 0.562 = 3.373 =26.98 = =40.47 =

ülim

.0.1686 0.2529

'zi sextarias § ;^ot7c, congias ^amphora

Z I fi€TQrjTrig

Mafs Wcineim. . 0.387 ■• 2,320

: 18.56 =0.450 23.84 =0.675

Ifafslein Malter sextarias «== 0.365 XoTvt^ «=» 0.73 modios = 5.84 =0.0584 fji46ifjivog = 35.02 = 0.350

sextarias XoTvt^ mode fjL46ifivog

Mafsl

= 0.118 =: 0.236 = 1,890 = = 11.34 =

Bushel

0.0394 . 0.2362 I

Sixteenth Malter sextarias =^ 0.281 XoTvii = 0.562 modias = 4.496 = 0.0468 fji46i^vog = 26.98 = 0.2810

I I sextarias je i ;|fou;, coogius i j amphora fiiTQrjTrig

Can bucket

0.585

3,509 28.07 =0.390 42.11 =0.585

s

sextarias Xovg, cong, amphora

ItiStQTJTI^g

Mar8(Hell.) bucket = 0.298 = 1.787

= 14.296 = 0.08935 =21.444 = 0.1340

sextarios Xotvi^ modias fjiidifjivog

Mühlmofsel = 0.142 == 0.285 =« 2,278 = ==13,666 =

Metzen

0.1423 0.8541

MSf bushel sextarias = 0.333 Xotvi^ = 0.666 modias = 5.328 = 0.0833 fAidifivog = 31.99 = 0.4998

sextarias Xotrt^ mode fjii6ifjivog

Quadruple bushels 0.099 0.198

1.581 «=0.0494 9.484 = 0.2964

=i^

The main measures may follow in round amounts.

c^

Coo^ias amphora

Bathing

Bavaria

Hannov.

Austrian

Saxony

Württem.

2^ Mafs

3^ Mafs

17y Mafs |24| Mafs = iOhm =|Eim.

€

modias OMafsieio

3J^Qaart.

27 qaart.

2| Mafs

18iMars

^Ohm =|^Wmr.

^Metzeo 4}Six. i |Metzea

=^Malt;=,ifScbft. =/yHmt.

3^Kaaae

28Kaaaeo =fEim.

liMafs

14iMars «^Eim.

l^Metze! f Zimri =TVSchff.|=^Scli,

i^i,^2aM^LiiHik

MkaäJK.i^E.jaM

mammmm

TABLES.

317

5. Greek and Roman weight reduced to inch pounds, which were introduced in Baden-Württemberg, Hanover, Saxony and Württemberg are, on Bavarian and Vienna pounds.

Libra rdXavTov

inch pound

Bavaria

0.655

0.873

52,392

0.5847 0.780 46.78

Austrian

0.5847 0.780 46,777

■-(>

Attic money reduced to the Austrian and southern German currency.

€

Austrian

South Germans

Currency

Currency

Chalcus

0.01 fl.

— fl. \ kr.

Obolos

0.06-

— - ^-

drachma

0.39-

— - 27i -

Tetradracbmon

1.57 -

1 - 50 -

mine

39.29 -

45-50 -

Talent

2357.5'-

2750 - 24 -

Gold stater

\ — ; ,

12.18-

14- 12 -

= r^

Roman money reduced to Austrian and southern money German currency.

c =

Austrian

South Germans

Libral copper as

Currency

Currency

0.23 fl.

— fl. 16ikr.

Trental copper as

0.09-

-- 6i-

Oldest denarius of -f^ Pf.

0.41 -

— - 28| -

Add sestertius

0.10-

- 7 -

Denarius of ^^ pounds

0.35-

- - 24^ -

Add sestertius

0.09-

— - 6 -

Sestertium of the re]iublica-

some silver currency

8770 -

10232

Aureus of Augustus

10.88 -

12-41 -

Add denarius (coin value)

0.44-

— - 30^-

sestertius -

0.11 -

— - 7i-

sestertium -

10876 -

12689

Aureus of Caracalla

9.14-

10-40 -

Solidus of Constantine

6.34-

7- 24 -

o

:iis

TAIJKLLK.N.

1. Kiloni. reduced to geogr. and a thousand miles.

(§

Kilüinct. ; };c(»^r. AI. i ivin. -M.

1 •)

3 4 5

7 b

0.135 0,«)70 '

0.27 1.3:>2

0.10.3 2.020'

0.54 2,700 I

0.075 3.3bl j

0.S1 4.057

0.945 4.734'=

1.0S 5,410

1.215 : 0.0i?() I

^ — - - --h

O

II

4.5).

Lieues de France reduced. on geugr. and Roman miles.

»

I/ioiies , ^oo;;r. M. rum. ]M.

1 2 3 4 5 () 7 8

O'

0,() 1.2

3,006 G,011

l,'!"

9,017

2.4

12,022

3.0

15.02p

3.0

18,033

4.2

5.4

21,039 24,044 27,050

llectaren reduced to i)reufs. Morning and Roman Jugera.

llc('tan.n

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9

Morjrcn

3,917 7,S33 11,750 15,666 19,583 23,500 27,416 31,333 35,250

3,970 7,940 11,910 15,SbO 19,850 23,820 27,790 31,760 35,730

©^

4. English miles reduced to geogr. and Roman miles.

-^ .-^ ■ - - - .- ^

|! Engl. M. gcogr. M. i rum. M.

Il i!

1

2 3 4 5 6

t

8 9

0.21726

0.434

0.652

0.869

1,086

1,303

1,521

1,738

1,955

1.0883

2,177

3,265

4,353

5,442

6,530

7,618

8,707

9,795

^

5. Engl, acies reduc. on preufs. Tomorrow and Roman Jugera.

Acres

2

3 4 5

6

7 8 9

1,585

3,170

4,755

6,340

7,925

9,510

11,095

12,680

14,264

1.6065

3,213

4,819

6,426

8,032

9,639

11,245

12,852

14,458

^^ -^=3 € ----.Tr-=^^^^^:

• ""' - '" ''*---"'""*"Ti*y^^''

REGISTER.

A

Acetäbulu7n Hohlmafs 90. 91. 95. l4/cKvr) Boeotian hollow mafs 257,

Persian 275. Eighth lobolos, Attic, in gold 149.

163. jlcnua Ackermafs in Baetica 293. yicttis longitude mars 64, area mafs « 6Open.

Zi6^t^, a^^t^tg Persian hollow mafs 275. Aebutischcr Fufs 72 note 5 f. Aeginaean coin fox 131 - 138.

258, before Solon also in Athens 140;

Hohlmafs 258. Egyptian cubit 279 f., Wegmafs

282 f., Artabe 284, coinage

285 f., mine 286. yies grave, aen's gravis 195. 204 f.

210. 213; Calculation coin 220.

221.

— ntde 189. 190.

— signatum 189 f. AesUmare, derivation 189. Aezani in Phrygia, Stadium 267

Note 1. Ikxaiva length mafs 36. HldßaaTQov 273. Alexander the Great, gold coinage ^ 180, silver coinage 180—182.

rrJQSg 180 Note 8. Alexandrian, the anon^Tiie 11. Zi/bifitt Egyptian longitude mafs 36.

Amphipolis Macedonian coin site 183.

y4mphora 89. "99.

IdfbKfOQSvs 80 Note 8.

Antioch Mint in the Imperial time271f.

j4ntonmianusSUh e rm coin since Cara- calla, later billo coin 242 bis 244. 245. 250 Note 14.

Antonius, copper stamp 237.

IdnoQQv^a Hohlmafs 257.

Arados, Münzfufs 271.

u4rapennis Ackermafs in Hispania and Gaul 293. 294.

Argenteus naming the silver coin since Caracalla 242.

'Aqovqu Flachenmafs 38. 284.

Artabe Persian hollow mafs 275; Egyptian Artabe 284 f.

As the duodecimal to be divided Whole llOf. , copper coin in Libralfufs 192. 195 f. 198, im Trientalfufs 204. 211. 213, im Uncialfufs 218. 220. 225, in se- muncialfafs220, in the imperial period 237 f. 240.

Asian currency s. Asia Minor.

Assaron Hebrew hollow mafs 272.

Athens, coin fox before Solon 139 f., the coat of arms coins 151 f. Compare the following article.

Attic coin cases 146-173. 177f., in the Macedonian Empire 180 to 184, in Cyrene 287, in Etruria 288r., in Sicily 290.

320

REGISTER.

Attic LengthDiuafs 53, MUozge- weight 107, trade weight 108.

Anii^astus encourages the coin order nuDg^ of the imperial period 229; gold embossing 232.

j4urelianus argenteus 242.

j4ureujn miliarium 66 note 4.

aureus Roman gold coin, from Caesar introduced 227 f., under Au- gustus 232, from Tiberius to Ca- racalla 232—234, value determination mung for this era 239; from Caracalla bisiDiocletian 241. 245.

y4urum vicesimarium 226.

b.

Babylonian Talent Herodotus 129. 276f. 279.

Balbas gromatic writer 12.

ingot 126; Copper bars in Rome 189 f., silver bars 200, gold ingot 226.

i«(r/A^io? 71 ?}/i;?s.Royal cubit.

Bath Hebrew Hollow Mafs.

BfjfjLtt Läogenniafs see step.

ßes in the Roman duodecimal system 111; Part of the foot 61, of Sextarius 93 note 20, of the pound jles 112.

Bigatus name of the Roman Denarius 201. 294.

Binio gold coin 241.

Bithynia, coin fox 184.

Boeotia, Hohlmafs and Münzfufs 257.

Roman fraction calculation 113.

Candititrnpt^'^' - . Ackermafs294. Capitol storage location of the mu-

stermafse 71. 90. Capitoline foot 73 note 7. Capponian Fufs 72 note 5 f. Caracalla, gold coin 233,240. 241,

Silver coin 242. Caesar, gold coinage 227 f. tastrensis rnodius 94. Census records from Servius 191. Centenionalis nummus 252. Centuria Ackermafs 70. 293,

XftAzoDffWeightlOe. 114, atti!

Copper coin 165 f. 173. XUwj/«f 133. X^^i?81.91 Note 11. Chios, coin fox 262, chiotis<

Fourtieth 131. 262, PenUdrac

mie 262. XoXvi^ 82 f. 87. Xovg 80. 82. 87.

XQvaovg , xQvaoüg cfTitTng , atti- shear 162 f.

Cistophore currency 269 f.

Clima area mafs 70.

Cochlear 91 note 11.

Concula 91 note 11.

Congius 90. 91. 99.

Constantin, gold coinage 245 - 247,

Silver coinage 248 f. Cofistratus pes 68. Cossutic foot 72 note 5 f. Cubitus length mafs 62. Culeus Hohlmafs 90. Cijathus Hohlmafs 90. 91. 92. 95. Cvrenaica 286 f.

D

Jaxivkoöoxfiri length mafs 34.

zlaxxvkog length mafs 28.

Damareteion Sicilian coin 292.

Dardanos tisqI ara&fjiwv 7.

JctQHy,6g 129. 277 ff.

Decemmodiae corbulae 94.

Deceinpeda length measurement 63 f. 68.

Decemvirn carry the copper coin in Rome a 191 f.

Decimal system, Old Italian 64. 288, in Greek weight 103.

Decussis copper coin 212.

^fexa^Qa/fiov, Attic 149. 151. 156. 173, Macedonian 182, Sicilian 148 note 6. 292.

j^€xdXiTQ0Vf öaxdkitgog axarriQ 260. 291.

Denarius, oldest 201-203. 212; since the Hannibalic War 213 to 216,225; the Attic drachma equal 184 - 186; Denarius the imperial period 235 f. 239. 242, 245. 248, billing coin Diocletian 252 f.

Denardrachm, Denaritalent 186.

Denarius aureus 231.

REGISTER.

321

9eunat in Roman duodecimal system 111 ; Part of the barrel 61, of Sextarias 93, of Pfand 112.

Dextaiis in Roman Doodecimai System 111 ; Theii of the foot 61, of deposit 112.

i^iavXos length mafs 36.

^(;^ailxoi'attischeKui)fermünzel66. 168.

jjixäg Length mafs 34.

^lyolvixov 83 note 20.

^CoQttXfJi'OV, Aeginaean 132, atti-

. scfaes 149. 150. 157. 172, siciii- sches 148 note 6. 290, Hebrew sches 273.

Did^mos, Metroiug 10 f.

Digitus length mafs 59.

^uoßokovy Attic 149. 150. 158. 172.

Biocletian, gold coin 241, silver coins 247 f., copper coin 250, Edict de preisüs verum vetialium 252.

Diodoros, author of a writing Ttegl öxttd-fjLbiJv 8.

Dionysius the Elder reduces them Sicilian coin 292.

Dionysius the Brazen leads the Caper coin in Athens a 165 f.

Dioskorides, ¥vfi^;mtTitniQ\fiiTq(ov ital aiaOfjLÖiv 12.

^inovvTiov 238 note 28.

^oxf^V Length mafs 34.

Dodrans in Roman Duodecimai system 111; Part of the barrel 60. 6J, pound 112.

/ioXi/og length maize 37.

jdmqov length mafs 33.

^Qa/f^rj, derivation 105.

Drachma, Attic 107. 149. 157f. 172, equal to the Roman denarius asked 184 - 186; attic-make- Donic 181, Aeginean 132, Corinthian 258 f., Rhodian 263, Ptolemaic 285 f.; drachma Gold 164.

Drunanus pes 294.

Doodecimal system in Greek Weight 103, in the coin 132 Note 3, Roman HO — 112. Compare the following article.

Daodecimal portion of the barrel 60,

- HolUcb, tfeUology.

of Digitus 59 note 1, des Jugerum 70, Sextarias 92 f., the Hemina 93 f., the pledge 110, the caper coin 196, the Stand 113 note 12.

Dupondius in the Roman system 112, the double foot 60. 61, Copper coin 192,212. 237 f. 240.

Crossed out numbers 216. 223.

E

Iron as a medium of exchange 125.

Iron money in Sparta 261.

Electron 269 Note 9.

Elle Greek length measure 29, oriental 30 ; the mean one Elle (fjLixQios nrjxvs) Herodotus 41 f., the Egyptian 279 f., the Sami 41. 264.

'E/nnoQixrj fiva in Athens 108. 139.

Epeiros, Munzfufs 184.

Ephah Hebrew hollow mafs 272.

Ephesus, stadium 267 note 1.

Epiphanios, Bishop of Salamis on Cyprus, author of a writing tibqI uitqmv Ttal örct&fxöiv 12.

Euboea, coin fives 262 f.

Evßoixov vouiafia 263.

Euboian talent the gold weight in the Persian Empire 129. 276 f. 279, by Solon in the Attic Silver coinage introduced in 141 f., Name for the Attic Ta- Lent 142-145.

F

Farnesian Congius 95 - 97.

General coins, Roman 227. 228.

Flaminiscies ( ; 218 f.

i^o//tf Calculation •:• and tiupfer-

münzedersp«..^ ,.iaiserzeit251f.

Fufs Greek longitude mafs 29. 30, Attic foot 53, Ptolemaic shear foot, see there^ Roman Fuss 59f. 71 - 76,281, Dra8ischer 294.

Footsticks, Roman 73.

G

Galenic metrological fragments 11.

21

322

REGISTER.

GewickUtöfike, Roman 115 f.

TTmvxss 151 Note 9.

Gold, car value in the Orient and others Greek Dlaod 174 - 176, in Rome 220; MÜDZwerth see below Werth- relative.

Gold coin, see below Goidstater, also reuSf solidus.

Gold pound, Roman 239. 245.

Gold coinage of Athens 162 - 165, Philip of Macedon 181, Alexander 182, the Roman Republic 226-228, the imperial time s. below aureus and solidus.

Goidstater, Attic 163. 177, ma- Cedonian 180 f., Persian 12i). 277. Compare Stater.

Gold talent, altic 164, small of 6 drachmas 109 f. 2S5.

Gold currency of the Roman emperors time 230 f. 238 f. 244. 245. 247.

Gradus length mafs 63.

rgdfifia Greek weight 106.

riri Homeric Mafs 38.

H

Hebrew Mafs, weight and

Money 272 f. ^Exatofine^og name of the Parthenon

at Athens 52. "ExTat 4>ü)xal'^(g 268 note 7. ^Exrevs Hohlmal's 82. ^IlfinxrioVy ^/u/'fxrov Hohlmal's 82. ^HfiCexTov xQVöov 164 note 9. ^HfjilxvnQov 263. "HfiCliTQOv 290. *Iifii[jiioifjLVov 83 note 20. Hetninam, 91. 95. 99. *Ilut(oß6kiov, Attic 149. 158.

172. ^Hfitnoöiov 29 note 8. According to legend, Heracles was the founder

of Stadium 32. Heredium Ackermafs 70. Herodotus does not do so regarding measurements

always reliable 13. Heron,Heronic Fragments 8 - 10. 'E^ag 290.

Hin Hebrew Hohlmafs 273. '^Inntxov length mafs 37. 'Olxii«='Sqayui^ 107. Homeric Talent 104.

Hygions, gromatikerSchrifUtelUl 14.

Incretnentum premium on the Soii-I

the 247th ^iTalixbv x^Qa/LiioVy the Roman clKl

Amphora 90 note 10. ^IiaXixov vofiafjiu, Roman Cou*

rant 185 note 2. Italic Fufs, the Roman 281

Note 10. Italian Stadium at Censoriu 4i2

Note 12. 67 Note 6. Itinerary Stadium 40 - 51. Compare

Step stadium and stadium. luf^eriwi Ilauptfeldmafs of the Romans

09; Kintheilung same 70;

Ueduction to more recent times 76;

no Längenmai's 64 note 13b

The Jugerum entered Egypt leads 282. 284. lugum Hispanic Ackermafs 6).

293. Julian Paper Law 191. luno Moneta 201.

K

Kab Hebrew Hohlmafs 272.

Kadog 80 note 8.

KttXauog length mafs 30.

Kanirig s. the following.

Kani&r] Persian hollow mafs 275.

KiQuiiov weight 1 06, SiibermÖDze

since Julian 249. KCy/aq^g 273 note 7. Asia Minor Stadium 57, coin ^ fufs 131. 207—269. Asia Minor, longitude mafsc267 ; Münx ^ Currencies 130f. 267-269. Cleopatra, author of the xoafiij

TiXtt 11. Ko/Xi((Qtov 91 note 11. KoXlvßog Attic copper coin

166 f. 168. Koyyrj 81.

KovovXog length mafs 33. Royal cubit of Herodotus 30.

274; royal Egyptian express"

279f. 281. Koipivog Boeotian hollow mafs 257. Kor Hebrew Hohlmafs 272.

REGISTER.

323

KoQai 151 note 9.

Corinthian coin fuis 258-260.

KoTvXrj Liquid Mars 80. 82. 87, Mafs for dry 83, the Roman Hemina equals 92.

Crete, coin cases 263.

KgoCasioi (TTctTrJQfg 268.

Copper medium of exchange in Italy 189.

Copper coin of Athens 165 - 168, red mix s. and y/sj in the imperial time 230. 236—238.

Copper currency in Rome 189 - 200, in Sicily 290.

Kva&og 83.

Kypros, Hohlmafs 263.

KvTiQog lesbian hollow mafs 263

Cyrene s. Cyrenaica.

Cyziken Stater 130. 268 f.

L.

Laodicea, stadium 267 note 1.

Laurion, Silver Mines 168.

AavQKOTiy.ttl yXavxsg 151 Note 9,

Alloying of Greek silver luünze, especially the Attic one 170-172, Macedonian 182, the Roman at the time of the Re- public 224, in the imperial period 235 f. 243; the Macedonian gold coin 183, the Dareiken 279 Note 17, of the Roman Aureus 239, the solidus 247 ; the Roman chen copper coin 196. 237.

Leontini, Ackermafs 289.

..^fTiToV smallest copper coin 167.

Lesbos, Hohlmafs 263.

Leug^a , leuca Gallic way 293.

Libella 207. 292.

Libra 110, see pound; Ackermafs in Gaul 294.

Libralas, Libralfufs, Roman 192 to 196. 198.

uii/dg Length mafs 34.

Ligula 91 note 11. 95 note 27.

^(tqcc, Sicilian 206. 290.

Lydia, old gold coinage 131.

M.

t Magistrate names on Attic coins zen 155. 161 f., in Roman Denarii 214. 216.

Maiorma pecunia 252.

Macedonia, Hohlmafs 265; older silver embossing 265 f.; gold coin since Philip II 179 f., silver Minted since Alexander 180 - 184.

Mdoig Macedonian hollow mafs 265, Persian hollow mafs 275.

Medimnon Ackermafs in Cyrenaica 286.

Mt^ifj,rog, Attic 82 f. 87, lake- demonic 260, cyprian 263, Macedonian 265, Ptolemaic 284, Sicilian to the Attic equal to 289.

Fashionable Siglos 129. 277 f., Artabe 275.

mile, Roman 66. 76, Egyptian 282.

Milestones on the Roman Strafsen 66 note 4.

Brass coin metal in the imperial time 237f.

Metals as a medium of exchange 125.

MeTQTjTTig^ Attic 80. 82. 87, Lacedaemonian 260, Macedonian shear 265, Syrian 271.

MiTQiog nr^vg of Herodotus 30.41f.

Metric and static ounces 93 f. 86 note 27.94.

Metrolog of the Benedictine 8.

Metrological writers 7 - 13.

Metronome 79.

MiliarensCj fziliaQrjaiov Silver Coin Constantin's 248 f. 253.

Miliarium 66.

MChov the Roman Mile 37. 66.

Mine as weight 104; Attic Mine 107. 173, Mine Gold 164, Sicilian mine 290.

Minimus actus 69 note 3.

Minuttdus argenteus 242.

Mpk 104.

Afodius 94. 99.

Movüg naming of the Dactylos28.

MonetaUs pes 71.

coin in contrast to the usual gene metal 126 f.

Mint master in Rome, see truimviri monetary.

Coinage law, Roman 227.

MvaTQoVyTnystrujnSl. 91 Aom. 11.

21*

324

REGISTER.

N

Nero redocited the Aareos 232, the Deoar 235, alloys the silver 235f.

NojAog^ vovfxuog in Taranto 289, in äiciUen206. 291 f.

NummuSf original meaning 291, in the Roman silver coinage gun^ 206, name for the Sestertius 221; tiummus aureus 231.

O.

"OßXol, oßsX^axoi 106 note 10, oldest money io Sparta 261.

'OßoXog, derivation 105. 126.

Obolos as weight 105f. 114; at- tables 107. 149. 158. 172, in Copper 168.

Obrysa aurij aurum obryziatum 247 .

Oelborn 86. 93 note 21.

Octadrachm, Ptolemaic, Gold coin 285.

Olympic stadium according to legend founded by Heracles 32, according to Pytbagoras longer than all the others in Greece 32, according to Censorin different from the Italian and Pythian 42, among the New ern name for the common Greek or eighth mile sta- dion 43. 56; Determination of the ben 51-56.

^Oqyvtd 30.

^OQd'6d(OQov length mafs 34.

Oscense Argentum 293.

*0$vßa(povSl»

P

IZcc/sla ^Qaxfiri 134. Uaiatatfj, naktttarris 28. Palestine, Langenmal's, Hohlmafs and

Coins 272 f. HaXXtt^Es 151 note 9. Palmipe's length mafs 61. Palmus length mafs 59. Paper law 220. Paraüela Ackermafs in Gaul 294. ITaöaadyyrig Persian Wegmafs

37. 274. Parthenon in Athens, dimensions

same 52.

Passus unit of distance measurements 65; confused with the oQyviti 66 Note 3.

nfj^ve length mafs s. Elle.

Pecunia 188. 190.

Peisistratos establishes a new one Epoch of Attic silver minting 152. 160.

nikavoQ iron coin in Sparta 261.

ITfvrayo^vtxov 83 note 20.

[TiVTaSQtt/fjiov in Cyrene 287.

IlevT^/aXxov 168.

n%vx(6ßoXoVy Attic 149. 150. 158. 172.

Hivttoyxiov 290.

Pergamos, Münzfufs 184.

Persian cubit 274, Parasang 37. 274, hollow dimensions 275, weight niid Münzfufs 276-279.

Pertica Mefsstange 63.

Pes s. Fuss.

Pound, Roman 115-119.

Pheidon, King of Argos 133. 145.

Philetary Fufs 267. 281 f.

Philip II of Macedon, gold embossed 179 f., silver embossed Dg 266.

fptXinnetoKTTttTrJQcg 180 Note 7.

Philippeus naming the Coorant coin in the late imperial period 242 note 5.

Phocaian Stater 130. 268, Six- tel 268.

JTA^^^ov length mafs 31. area mafs 37 , with the iugerum ver- changes 38. 66 note 3.

PUnthis Ackermafs in Cyrenaica 286.

Pompey, gold coinage 227 ; tariff Firing Syrian money 185. 271.

Pondera iniqua 115. Pontos, silver embossing 184, hollow mafs 263.

Pore field mafs in Baetica 293.

Porrecttis pes 68.

Priscian de figuris numerorum and

de ponderibus et mensuris 13. Ptolemaic drachma 285 f. Ptolemaic Fuss in Cyrenaica

v

REGISTER.

325

54. 286, in Egypt (various that of the previous one) 281.

Ptolemaic Medimnos 284.

IJovg 8. Fuss.

ITvyficcToi 35.

Hvyfjiri and nvytav length mafse 35.

Pylbagoras' view of the lost different length of the Greek Stages 32.

Pythisches Stadion 42, no Langen mafs 46.

e

Quadrans in the Roman Duodeci ma]system 111 ; Part of the foot 61, des Sextarin 92. 93, des Pifnndes 112; Caper coin 196. 198. 211. 220. 237 f. 240.

Quadrant 88.

square, hammered, on the Attic coins 153.

Quadratus pes 68, actus 69, ag^er 70 note 7.

QuadHgaty's naming of the denarius 216.

Quartarius Hohlmafs 90. 91. 95.

Quaternio Roman gold coin 232.

Quinar Roman silver coin 201. 216. 225, in the imperial period 236. 239. 242.

Quincunx in the Roman Duodeci painting system 111; Part of the foot 61, of Sextarius 92 note 16. 93 note 19. 20, of the pound 112.

R.

Rasta Germanic Wegmafs 294.

RauduSj raudusculum 189.

Accounting talent, Roman 186.

Rhodes, Münzfofs 263 f.

^Ponri surcharge when weighing 108.

Beef as a medium of exchange among the Greeks and Romans 124 f. 188, stamp among the Greeks 138. 146, stem- pel on Roman copper bars 190.

Ris Hebrew Stadium 272.

S.

Saltus area mafs 70. Sami cubit 41. 264; 264.

Fuss

Z^oivog Egyptian Wegmafs 37.

282 f. Step as length mafs 27, in Phil-

etary system 36, basis

the route for the Romans

65. Step stage 46. Scriptulum 106. 111 Note 6. Scripulum in the Roman Duodeci

painting system 111; part of the youth

ruin70, of the pound 112. ^rjxcjfzaTa calibrated measurements 79. Semipes 61 note 5. Setnis, semissis in Roman duo-

decimal system 111; Part of

feet 61, pounds 112;

Copper coin 196. 198,211. 220.

237 f. 240; Gold coin 246. Semodius 90. 94. Semunda in Roman duodecimal

system 111 ; Part of the foot 61,

of the pound 112. Semuncialfufs 220. Senate, coinage law at the time of the Re- public 227. 229, in the imperial period

229. 237 f. Septunx in Roman duodecimal

system 111; Part of Sextarius

93, the pound 112. Serrati denarii 216. 294. Servius Tullius determines Mafs and

Weight 114, leads the aes si^a-

tum a 189. Sescunciaxm Roman Duodecimal

svstem 111 ; Part of the foot 61,

of the pound 112. Sesquipes 62 note 8. Sestertium bill coin 222f.

225. 240. Sestertius pes 60. 61. Sestertius silver coin201. 212,216.

225; Copper coin in the imperial time 237. 240. Sestertius bill coin 205. 207.

210. 221—224. 240. 244. Sextans in Roman duodecimal

System 111; Part of the foot 61,

of Sextarius 92, the pound

112; Copper coin 196. 198.

220. Sextantarfufs211. 212. Sextarius 90. 91 . 95. 99 ; as ^iarrig

326

REGISTER.

¥

i

i

I

t-

transferred to the Greek system gone 81.

Sextula in Roman duodecimal System 111.

Shekel, Hebrew 105. 273.

Sicilictis in the Roman Daodecimal System 111 ; Part of the foot 61, of the pound 112.

Sicily, surface and hollow Mars289, Coinage 206. 290-293.

Sidon, Mänzfüfs 271.

Siglos, medical 129. 277 f.

2!(xlog, Hebrew 273.

Silver in the Greek coinage 131. 168, in the Roman 200 until 203.

Silver pound, Roman 213.

Silver currency, Attic 168f.,. rö- mix 213-225.

Silian Plebiscite 89. 98.

Siliqua weight 144.

Sitiqua auri silver coin since Ju- lian 249 f. 253.

ZiXTigbg fxiSifAVog 82.

Pay of the Greek soldiers 135 Note 24, Roman 186. 219.

SoUdus gold coin since Gonstantin 246 f. 253.

Solon leads the Euboian coinage fufs in Athens 138 - 145.

Sparta, hollow mafs and coins 260 f.

Snid-afiri 28.

StadiaUs ager 67 Note 6.

Sra^Lov length mafs 31t.; ver- different stages of French scientific scholars assumed 40 ; the stadium by walking out determined 44. 46; Stadium of Herodotus 47 f., Xenopbon 49, of Eratosthenes and Hipparchus 50; the Olympic stadium see below Olympic ; the longer stages the imperial period 56 f. 267; that Stage as Roman Mafs 67 ; Hebrew Stadium 272.

Starriq, original meaning 105; ^ageixogy 6exdXtrgog, XQvaeios see below -the W.; later also naming of the Attic Tetradrachmon 1 50.

Stater, Attic s. Gold Stater, Aegi- Oean 132, Corinthian 141.

259, Phocaean, Cyzican, Krösischer 268 f., hebräi8cher273.

Static ounces 93 f.

Static foot 72 note 5 f.

2^T€(favri(f6Qos 139 note 5.

Sulla, gold coinage 227.

ZvfxßoXa Mnstermafse 79.

Syracuse, silver coins 148 note 6.

Syria, Hohlmafs 271, Coin Wäbmo- gen 184. 271.

System of Greek longitude mafse 27 f., the Roman countryside genmafse59 — 67, the Greek Weights 103 - 107, the Roman cal weights 110 - 114, the Attic coins 146.

T

Talavxov 103. 104.

Talent as weight 103 f., Attic 107. 147.

Talent as an invoice sum, atti- sches 142 f. 173, Goldtalent 164, Attic - Roman or Denarta - lent 186, aeginue, babylonian sches and Euboischen s. there; rhodian and cistophore talent 270 Aum. 15, Hebrew 273; Ptolemaic 286 note 3, sici- lish 290.

Taranto, coin currency 289.

Temio gold coin 241.

Tertiarius third sextar 95 note. 27.

TfiaQtrifjLOQioVy Attic 149,150. 158. 172.

ThttQTov 81.

TexQciyvov 38.

TsTQadQaxfioVy Attic 146. 149. 150. 153. 156. 172. 173, makedo- niche in silver 181, in gold ISO, Sicilian 148 note 6. 290, Egyptian 286.

Terqäg 290.

TsTQaaaaQtov 237.

T6TQ(üßoX{C(ov 135 note 24.

TeTQMßoXov, Attic 149. 150. 158. 172.

Q^Qfxog weight 106.

Theseus should first get money in Athens have shaped 138.

Trenassis gold coin 241. 246.

RESISTEB.

327

Tressi's designation for 3 As 112, Copper coin 212.

Daily 290.

TqtxoCvixov 83 note 20.

TqCSQttXfiov, Asia Minor 131 (compare Asia Minor coin currency ration), Corinthian 259; the at- table coin barrels foreign 150. 181.

TQirj/LiKoßoXiov, Attic 149.150. 158, 172, in Etruria 289.

Triens in Roman duodecimal system 111 ; Part of the foot 61, of Sextarius 92, the pound 112; copper coin 196. 198,211; Gold coin 241. 246.

Trientalfufs 203-207.

TQixoXkvßov 166 note 15. 168.

Trimodiiiwi 94.

TQKoßoXov, Attic 149. 158. 159. 172.

TQirrifjLOQioVy Attic 149. 150. 158. 172.

Tqitevg 83 note 20.

Triumviri monetales 201. 227.

TgvßUov 81 note 10.

Tyros, Coin Fuses 271.

u.

Overweight, ^otit] 108.

Ubia length 62 f.

üncia in Roman duodecimal system 111 ; Part of the foot 6], the Jugerum 70, the Sextarius 92, of the pound 112; copper coin 196. 198. 220.

Uncialfufs 211. 212. 218-220. Oifyxta in Sicily 290. Urtta Hohlmafs 90.

v.

Valerius Flaccus bets the Münzas the invoice amount equals 220 f.

f^ersus, preceded by old Italian arable mafs 288, dalmatian 288.

Fictoriatus silver coin 217 f. 225.

Volnsius Maecianus 12.

W.

Coat of arms coins in Athens 151 f.

Water and wine weight 88. 98.

Value relationship of metals: Gold to silver in the Persian Empire (iMünzwerth)278, in the Orient main 174, in Greece 174 to 176, in Egypt 285, in Rome at the time of the Republic 226, in which first imperial period 230 f. 238, in the late imperial period 249. 252, more recently 127 f. — gold to copper in the late Kai- erzeit 252, in Egypt 285. — Silver to copper in Roman Libralfuis 198. 206, in the sextan tarfufs 199. 211, in Uncialfufs 199. 211. 218, in the late Imperial period 252, in Sicily 292, in Egypt 285.

Value symbols on the Roman Copper coin 195. 196. 238, on the silver coin 201. 216, on the Antoninian 242 note 7, on the solidus 246, on the denarius Dioclctian's 248.

X

Siaxrig 81. 82. 84. 87.

Svlov Egyptian length mafs 36.

i^ANt. MÜUiUAi. l^iöKAKY

This book should be returned on or before /f-^J

the date last stamped below.

ri

jm-

in

':

v

r

.>

r.

f:

.■ '*.

*4".

■. ' <

I ■

iJ

1 s">. v

~"— ' —