Doctrine of Ancient Coins, vol. 4 — 1795

But also silver is much more subtle was betrothed by the most distinguished of Tires, whether to confirm or to refute it's partly boring, it doesn't exist mo , especially with the disposition of genes lest they be alienated from the chaos of the Nazism Tideantar things, content them strictly he had proposed, the laxity of the law The abbot of Mazzolenoa will give an exposition in his observation of the emperor. Ejoa was the opinion of Norisius Pagiica, qoi sanxere, the first name of the emperor in that it was to be given to Julius Caesar the greatest honor, no prior ^ greater power to learned* But Hardoinas, as all new

maa, a mover of uninspiring opinions, «aiqae u

*

So far the triple imperial title We have explained the meaning and nature. It is best, that, in what manner the princes, and especially in the case of money, explain jams In this he mentions the titles of im- peraloris as the first and second born of victories. These methods are varied diTidemas in certain chapters.

§ I.

fn. the first name of the reporter is set aside.

We have said above, the title of the emperor, when it was placed in the form of a first name, summnm through the world R, to have signified and for this reason Saetonius To tell the summit of this cam, di-

a) Capilolin. in Macrulno c. 6" d) 1. c. page IS seq.

b) L. 79 § 2. c) Tom. IL pag. 393 and 405

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the imperial first name was given, and in that said this sentence to Dio ^): Imperato^ ria therefore appeal nea imperiala in the same way as ever . Aac indeed in the first place (xui Ti^ooryi yt) utun^ tur: And then to read obTium: IMP. GAES. VESPASIAN - IMP. NERVE Slaughter etc. On the denarii of the tribe of Pinaria it is read: IMP. CAESARL, SCARPVS. IMP., in another To IM^ His first name is Octavianus Decrelum, in Scarpo surname from ?icto« things We see this truth not consistently had been omitted. I can't find any the son of Lullius Caesar, to whom, however, the first the first name of the emperor was given, in where T0 IMP. before the name of Caesar ret, would not follow, at least so as to ction should not be ambiguous. That's right men are placed in the two heads of Caligu lae, whom in-ejus mbneta to V. C. 790 we have given, although here in others all theirs This is the mark of the god's power he has constantly given up. Preeminently IMP. like the surnames deineeps used also are Claudius and Nero, as : TI. key DIV. CAESAR AVG. P. M. TR. P. IMP. or NERO CAESAR AVG. IMP. rare imp. NERO CAESAR etc. for mix also Galba written already IMP SERIES GALRA, jam. SER. GALLA IMP. But in the coinage of Vitellius it was constantly postponed it is based on: A. VITELLIVUS GERMANY NOTHING IMP.

§ II.

Some of Augustus was the first name of the emperor they refused.

Of Tiberius they eloquently teach the Sue

Tonius and Dio, and again about Claudius Suetonius, which evidences in particular I recited the rum in parts. The authors to proclaim these things, let the gods, who in with these two first names IMP. constantly from they stand, even if they sometimes add it demigods in the provinces, but whose evidences, when they are alone, not facie they are to be heard. Many Augists often that he had omitted the hupc title in his works, though not to refuse him, with abundant examples it is evident, especially from the declination of the gods of the government ^

§ III

Poitposiium 1MP> some Aug* ntornm the gods together to the supreme command one is related to victories. ^

It is obvious to read in the gods of Nero V. g. NERO CAESAR AVG. IMP.el in avcrsa PONTIF. MAX. TR. P. VL P. P. But Nero in the tribe power VL had already been IMP. III., from marble sure bus Therefore the name IMP* utrum- which undoubtedly indicates honor. Cer* This is gathered from the works of Claudius for in others of these we read v. g. TR P. X. IMP. P. P., in others; TR. P. X. P. P. IMP. 16 Where do we learn from the number of victories how suppressed it was, that in Nero the snow of the gods was eternal, to these things both titles had something to do with of fortification, and to be strengthened. pointed out for the opinion of Mazzoleni, the name of the emperor because of his victories and that the occasion was rice because of the government.

a) L. 43 § 4'".

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§ IV.

PoBita in nummia IMP. omit Him by name soon IMP. ex vicioriiB^ and vieiissim»

Examples of the former mode are: IMP. NERO CAESAR AVG. P* P. and in averted IVPPITER CVSTOS - IMP. CAESAR VESPASIANVS. AVG. him in 2 Cos. \L - IMP. M. Avrel. AN- TONINVS. AVG., and in 1 PROVID, GOD TR. P. XVIH. C03. III. and so here and there On the contrary in others: NERO. CLAVD. CAESAR AVG. GER. P. M. TR. P. IMP. P. P. - CAESAR VESPASIA NVS AVG. and in 2 IMP. XIII - M. ANTONINVS. AVG.'IMP. IL or in Bliis: M. ANTONINVS. AVG. WEAPON KIACV8, and in. X ARMEN. P. M. TR. P. XVII. IMP. THE COS. IIL of this Again, there are plenty of snnt examples. Di- xi not in the Tariomm Augustorn coin rarely one and the same open to the public, as: IMP. TITVS. Slaughter VESPASIAN AVG. and in 2 IMP.'XV. - IMP. Slaughter He sleeps. AVG. to him and in X IMP. XIV. etc. - IMP. NERVE CAE8. AVG. etc. and in 2 IMP. IL etc. - IMP. CAE8. NER- VA. TRAIAN etc. and in 2 IMP. IIIL etc. It was then used by Trajan, as and atrines of the genus IMP. in the same god it was only very rarely copulated, and when the first title of the emperor from his victories began to multiply by writing t. g. IMP. IL forward IMP first name exiled Wherefore some depart from the common law

nami Comodi inscribed: IMP. COM» MODVS. AVG. PIVS FELIX, and in 2 P. M. TR. P. XV. IMP. VIII. etc. single laris is the most complete of the Cae* museum a bronze saree of the 11th form, in the front of which the emperor's name is used twice, thus: IMP. NERO CLAVD. CAESAR AVG. Germ. IM TR. P. XllL P. P., to whom it must be joined the other of Vespasian at Pellerium: IMP. CAE8AR. VESPASIAN IMP. TR. POT P. P. COS. III

§ V.

First name IMP. given prindpibun com it was supposed to be the first victory.

When some of the learned Boomerum wins the title of IMP. added tnm sometimes to be seen in unison in fact, the comments are interpretation- nes, but little solid, which Tidere you can at cl. Mazzolenus ^). Another one immediately learned bic Tir entered esc Then, by which this doubt would be resolved, I will remind you of a few. He said, first that the emperor's lyomen existed because of the ?icto- rlas, which has the same name for control and at last the birth of Tictorius was im- very much For there is no other way Julius Caesar, then Augustus of Rome the sum obtained Then he brings the place Dionis «), whom I recited in full a mouse, and every one is in doubt by solving this question It is enough to be shy. Words, each belong, sant: and hence that name (sc. IMP. pronoun) I am old the appeal of my empire, as

i) honey I. p. 200 b) AniroadT. I. p. 17- c) L. 43 $. 44

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I followed the name of Caesar to all The eunty of the emperors was not lamented exulted by the ancient reason of this notnina, but both intact (sc. IMP. for yictorias.) And so again in the name of the emperor it is given to them when they have some victory report the problem With what words, he said, open to teach you, princes B. so the name im- received by the operator, not only impe- they would have something from it, even his that name for the sake of repeating Tictorius they would take their starting point from there. Of course when someone was called emperor because of im- periautn, if this had been so understood, tan- what victory would have been obtained from the first Tictoria said IMP II., from the second IMP. 111« and so on* Therefore the name of the emperor because of his victories the name was the cause and the occasion of the rapist because of the government, and besides, whenever he meets someone in-law added to the title of operator, not so many Ti- ctories, as many as numbered, intelligent you give it to be, but one less, since it is in him to reject the number even without the order toris, that his command should be signified I believe that the reason is because it is not true the halls are properly marked with those numbers, but whenever someone is called an emperor* I heard the acclamations of the soldiers were the repetitions of the acclamation nnn, which in conveying it to someone for the first time had been issued by the government, and so .Claim any gluttons of this kind* that the lions were nothing else than to confirm the government itself, if con- I was surprised, already the other day had been dela- tnm

This yiri excellent opinion yal- of probable existence, and with the gods themselves conspiring, I gladly allow, ne-.

because of that jib I consider them to be withdrawn some examples of contrary teaching which he himself objects to himself. g. Tiberius, qoi Gum already before the government was called IMP, TIl., plnribus still after addition In the last years I went through the IMP. TH^ when, however, in this sentence at the time the receipt of priilcipatHS would have been called IMP. VIII. Vernm istnd yiri learned senten- it does not undermine it. In fact, scrapaloni He threw the god of Mediobarli into him, in which Tiberius, cam would be trib. the power of Xin. it is called RULE. Three years later before the death of Augustus. But for this the herald of the god, whom Mediobarbas he cites so perfunctorily, that n^ quideniy to whom he is tjpo, he would add, and whom they do not know Morellius and other illnstria I don't think I'm going to the museums, and even nt genuine demns numom, sa- it is agreed, Tiberius nollamlitali impe- ratori as a first name ralion to have had * Other examples, which of Gal. Maxiroiano objected, so much the right can be neglected, how much more free institutions of superior governments, and particularly positions and titles gnificatiQ, that known from another I will accept the face. Finally, in this For this reason we ask so much, what? He pleased the princes who were before him the emperor's access to the empire was not yet ex be distinguished by the title of yictoris. Gray Mazzolenus would have worked, if he had not he would have reflected the soul, aot, to con- I will speak of the cynius, there is not one Mediobar- bi catalog is often misleading Qae, what is common so far I found out that she was evil, but she momm oracles on the plan yocasset. It is read in the books of Severus: IMP.

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CAE 50 SEP. 8 PERT. A^VG. C08. I., among others: L. SEPT. SEV. PERT. AVG. IMP. I. • Later here modaB Me- diobarbo is clearly unknown, etfi nami They are not very rare to be so inscribed. Enough appears ^ ro IMP. nami I. to be like of the first name, but it is no less certain, To IMP. nami 11, because I will put it off, et He has an additional number to the yictoria to be reported Therefore if IMP. forename already cfuodara would have signified victory I^rimam, it would follow, after it was related Aon had already been written IMP. I., but IMP. II. But in truth the age of Severus ye* the terre custom was gradually loosened by other siirous examples taught, in what manner and the first was Severus, whose consulship I. is noted in names by writing COS* I., cnm is bactenus solo COS. enough to see tnr indicated.

Deuique Mazzotennis judeium sunm On another note, I'm very happy." He confirms it. Ait**), first name im- the peratoria rem roilitare especially re*. to have looked for the rest of the power were tied to England, from other titles pro- 6 had been, suppose; of the great pontiff, con- anlis, proconsuls, tribes power etc. , and the voice of Tiberius was appropriate cat, of the destitute, to be the lord of the ser" vorum, royal emperor, prince pem ceteromui, nt is read with Dio* nor ^). £x which is clearly similar to jaQi ipsnm to control additom or caa- that the name of sa had been a qooddam of victories omen, and at least Tictoria's good fortune .in'* It has happened. Whence it is confirmed again, that I am hinting that there is a great one between us

it had been a relationship, even though the effect would be different, since only ho- one would try to understand, the other even the sum power

§ VL

Of the names ilf. J^nionii^ and Ociaviani Ilivi' rorum with the first name imperial"

£z until now dictb perspexiros, the emperor's nickname was only for them. delivered, which the senate B. snmroae rei. He took full command of the cam. But such were not in Illviratu sno Octavia* nus, and Antonitts. Agreed, Octavianus it was only in the year 5. C. 735 that it was decreed the first name of the emperor, and yet that His number already stands by the preceding one signed a decade. Where is that right? if it were possible, Tide, not to recall what was said which to the brides of the same year 7215 I observed The major difficulty is in explaining when do I tell Antonius, in one part of which it is called IMP. ANT AVGVR IIIVIR R. P. C, in the other IMP. THREE See itennn, what I warned about this project in the same Illviri coin under the title of the emperor

§ VU. Of the imperiiM deMignatiiy and anticipations,

Many of these names are snpped Exeropla^ Niroirus with the son of Priaceps or natural, or adqptive in impc- rii called the company shared with

a) 1. c. page 25 (Vol. III.)

b) L. 57 § 8.

Yy

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CAPVT IV

eo pl^risqne jaiibos sais, dempto Au- gaiti titttlo, pontiticatra roaximo, aliia- Qoe somenallis * Because the manner in which This is an attempt by a government consortium fttit, already in BinguUs, quibuB these for« Tuna happened, was mentioned, and from nu mis, writers, and staiiifi, necessary it is not, to restore what was said elsewhere in this place, and it was done, to bring them together into one who, before they were Augustus, and say* they were to be made, of the emperor, as of the empire married, they were decorated with the title. Ho- rom primas fttit: . TITYS Yespasiani F. Is the third im- In the year of his father's centenary, he was called DESIG- uaiuM ^lM,Feraior ^ nemepe Y. C. 824« ^t in the same year he still obtained the government T. IMP began to be said henceforth. I will kill and T* CAES. IMP. until his dead father succeeded the epigra* phe: IMP. TITVS. Slaughter WASP AN. AVG. etc. See all these things in detail discnssa in his first name aub ti- emperor

TRAIANVS called emperor a Nerya scribal witnesses, as stated they put coins into them, but they throw away the tesles man

ANT0NINV8. PIVS Viyo -adbuc

Hadrianus dicitnr in nnumis: IMP. T. AEL. Slaughter ANTONINVS.

COMFORT . Before his father It is said that Augustus had taken away the title numismus: IMP. Slaughter L. AVBEL. COM- MODVS. Germ. SARB The rest of the tide in his arms.

CARACALLA. In ejue 9«mis-, qat are 5* C. q5o, the epigraph is reversed: DESTlNATO.IMPERAT^rt.

SALONINVS4 Read his title: IMP. C. L. VALERIANVS. WE Slaughter Look at his face.

CARINVS and NVMERIANV8. Ho- rnm is met with an epigraph in Numis: IMP. C. M. AVR. CABINVS. (or NVMERI-^ ANVS.) NOB. C.

IVLIANVS His epitaph in heaven phe not infrequent: IMP. IVLIANVS WE Slaughter

I told the princes, as I think, om lest those who, when they were only Caesars, because, nevertheless, in the government a certain consortia of these are the Tocati, the emperors of the Etiafti were called Check out Vopisco Cams went to the East He accidentally left the one who was ruling in the meantime Caesarian Empire candles which Au^sH faduuil

Chapter IV.

D B N O M I N B A F G y S T t.

\n I will not dwell on the honors of these ezplications, since they have a known origin,

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Bi caasam f in ejasqne asa anywhere It was very varied, if the lowest of the times lay down the law" Copiosius wrote about him Spanhemias *), abbot Mazzolenus ^), et bought from la Buterie Gallus c). * To understand the origin of a remarkable one, but generally later in other years R6mana imperatomm history, God gave Cassius «^), whom he brought so completely here transfer He said, "Po9teaquam indeed." agent of Gaesares Octavianus, guae polli* citu9 estj reipia perfecit^ AFJSVSTl no^ men (ro tm ATrOT2TOT o^ofia) ex the sefMtus popnlique took anenlenty. Ete^ . when they had decided to spare him a certain amount to denote by a nickname, and others would refer to other things and they would approve of Caesar, although Homolus He was vehemently desirous of a name, however, when He was suspected of being affected by the kingdom by omitting it AFQVSTVS ^ as if He himself would go beyond human nature, being called e^t. For all things worthy of honor and they are called AVQVSTA and therefore 2;EBA2TON Augustus of Greece they are interpreted as if you were saying to worship. The last part of the Cdjiis thus comes out in Greek* tur: oXXa ATrOT2T02, «^ %m tChM^ n ri %ara av^^oo^^g cJy, cTTfxXi^di}* 'kurra €ya^ ra ivTifjLorura nat ra h(^Q)rura , AT« rOT2TA 'K^otya^o^sverai. i^ ins^ %as fts* Pufov dvrof nat ihT^YiVi^ovrtg noog^ cotTTts^ riwa crsnrof , ano th trs^a^sodai , T^QOtrstnou Saeto relates the same fact in these words nius «): Later C, Caesaris^ then AV^ O VSTl assumed the surname ^ altermn /e- standing by the great uncle^ the other Mu*

the nation's opinion, with certain cen» as if they felt that they should be called Romulus and he had overtaken the very founder of the city that AVGVSTVS should rather be called^ no only with new knowledge, but also with greater knowledge mine^ which places also relfgiosh^ and in qm^ (be the augur of what is consecrated ^ augusta they may be called ^ from the height^ or from the behavior of birds taste, as Ennius also teaches, writing:

Augustus auspicious after the inclgta con^ Rome is rich.

Paacis YeHeius ^): from the king of the Parthians if* The Roman army was released by Augustus the surname of that man was agreed upon by the Planci the whole senate and the people Deniqne Censorinus R) : from the day before - XVL Kal, Fibr. emperor Cdesar D. F. sen* the tenacity of Z. Munatius Planci from the rest of the senate" that the citizens were called Augustus VIIL to him M. Vipsanius Agrippa Ilh cos. I had from these evidences the origin and origin of the title of Augustus. AnnuSf in which it was decreed is, was y« C. 727, even though there is controversy on the day, as we said in Augustus ad this year £x from the same authors the plication of the Yocabulus or the Latin Augustus^ or the Greeks cs^a^og hademnsi to which add Ovid b);

They call the august fathers Saints

are called Temples, duly dedicated by the hands of the priests.

and also the Feast of Poiqpejum >). pause nias ^)i TO rs ovo/ia iifUi T»rr« ATEOT-

a) Tom. no. page 371 Ull. §• 16. • '

I» V. 609.

c) B, L. Tom. 19 page 432. d) U e) in Aug. c. VIIL f) L» IL c« 91. g) of the date of nat. c. 2U h) Fast.

b) Aniraadvcrs^ IV.

^ „ JJ. VIIL f) U Ih

0 in August place. k) L« UL c 11.

T y 9

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2T02, 0 XOLTOL cyXcOTTaif ^VIfaTUt TYt» E\-

y^Yivm 2EBA2TG2. Nomcn indeed iUi it was AVGVSTl^ that in the Greek Un- gua idetn is, and VENERABtLlS. It's serious from another, but wrongly, I was led to believe tnm the name of Augustus, presumably from au" doing Said Isidorus of Spain ^):^ Augustus, therefore, with Romanus, the name imr they perished by that good once they increased their power. amplifying Whence, no doubt, the enalus ttttlus semper Augusti^ of which below.

As regards the nature of the title it appears sufficiently from the evidence adduced, He was then given to Octavianus by no other for the reason which was once given to Manlius is the name of Torquatus, Cn. Pompejo Ma- gni, Metellus Pius, others, of course illustrious for the sake of merit. Therefore, as ho- posterity with the same names They used it by inheritance, so also the Octavians the name of Augustus was acquired by the right of the family the old man Lure, therefore, nion Tiberius redo after the death of Augustus' father, Angustus he made his own name, but el hujua Livia's wife was adopted by her husband's will succeeded to the names of Lulia and Augusta, by right also Caius, called Caligula, quip-^ nephew of Tiberius by adoption. Which indeed, it was the reason why he did not hesitate Suetonius, to call the title of Augustus Ae-- returnee ^). Not long after that this by no right of inheritance to others it was shared, and his first Caligula published a copy, cu^ ayiam Antonia, who is neither of blood nor of blood by adoption with the house of Caesarea -that was it, said Augustus, and even though Claadios would have more right to him, yet Is Caligala was killed and ejected from the government

not in the manner of Caesar, himself and Augustus the name flew, about which see more io* fra in the title of Caesar, qaod then exem- plum to all who succeeded, Talult; for they are not all under the same command to learn it for himself, for a few days contrary to Yitellio, but also his wives to adorn their own, first Claudius this ho* bringing knowledge to Messalina saam, as was said in this book. A lot of things a more unusual tltulus dolatua of Augusta To the wife of Domitilla Yespasianus, ctsi mor* ^ it was already yours, before the husband married he got the riad, whether his husband Yespa- whether to honor his son Titus being, neither the wife nor the mother of the ruler tcr among the private ghosts would be forced ao- to live in the stomach Therefore, the name Au- you have already spent under Caligula's nature Alexander Severus struck at Lampri day: Augustus the first, the first is aw ctor of the empire^ and in his name" all FB* LVT by a kind of adoption we succeed"

She was born under the title of Augustus. qaod indeed the highest splendor, nul- yet he gained power. Clearly God explains this ilerum c): yi yu^ Jij

9UIUV jjLSf iSifJLtuv amoig otnua» jr^Of /SiyfJLuros 'KufJi/* I did not come, for I was called by Caesar and Augustus. la nihit ei^ indeed the power of the pe^ culiaris^ but that succession of race^ hoe it signifies the splendor of dignity. It's a house because to add all the power to them is so much the gifts collected and brought together acilicet of the emperor, tribune and pro-

a) 59 § of Kingdoms. b) in Tib. c. 26- c) L. 53 § 18

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coniulflris pjOteaUtia, paDtlficatus niaxi- my etc. tupriMMiin Tero the name of Augustus he said, having collected this power to be contained in one head. As a result, ^i common opinion, and the im- I perished in the majesty of the tpectes, in the name of Au«' the taste of the worlds atrium, and magnificent, and only After this, the auram was finally fastigun be understood There were leaders who liis suia, ceu Yespasianus Titus, Hadria* but Antoninus, whose name was Caesaria, and they would indulge the emperor. But now God was thought to be only a fool. 4 if the princes to bear the name of Augustus to the other, as M. Anrelips L. Yero's brother, and the same seritts to Iilius Commodus, then these pri- they were believed to have reached the summit, and considered companions of the empire, and colleagues and in honor they should be inferior to those who they brought it, and Tel therefore, because it brought runt* Moreover, the title of Augustus having added dignity to power It is clear from Telinde that he did not adhere to the principle you will bring him into wives, and other things women connected with the Caesarian house denying all the others which I have added to have power, because Rome TCtua in every age women are responsible for things removed

Since then from the beginning one and the same at the time it would only be in the title of Augustus he saw another commander coming out two centuries on this summit locatos, M. AureUum, and L. Verum, and after Paulius M. Aurelius oum iilio Conveniently * What ezeraplnm not, many after following Sererus the son of Antony Did Tulgus associate Caracalla with himself? and under Tita he three Getam, so that noTO more three

tnm Angostos would have control. An- cti numbers more age follower saw ex- examples But we ask what happened then the greater or lesser power of each, or dignity These are for the various reasons of Taria they were also He who He gave me the inheritance, if he had a son, trem, or a stranger, no doubt emi- nuit with dignity, and generally also po-* witness The fathers of both cannot be doubted prevailed, as Severus over the sons of Ca- Rachel and Geta. The mayor is also honored habitus of M. Aurelius, than this by the adoption of his brother L. Verus, whom he to government consortia TOQavit, and pro- Diocletian honors the same cause the account of Maximianus. Caracalla's dignity He preceded Getam, even though both were equally powerful. Father Severus willed to rule as a witness; for he was both older and older than Augustev to benefit from the title of the year, and therefore I am alone it was All this while they were away in Bal- Hino^ and Pupieno, for both sen- because of the times to control Tocavit'^ seems here to both and the power- He carried the title and dignity I am in both, qaod before now. which was done, with the greatest pontijlicatu, lest the greater of one would increase the hay of another envy Since then by Diocletian pln- things were at the same time in Augustus, and Cae#areft, without any blood among themselves. nexQ joined together, to these things each to his own so prevailed in the provinces, that the other from al- it would not depend on him, since they did not differ in power, yet they differed in dignity, which he contributed further, either to the first, or to the the time of the summit. I am honored there Augustus, who preceded this name took possession, and thus was honored even by Cae-

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358

CAPVT IV

far You are like Diocletian in this law Ensebia dicitnr Tr^wroj-aT»;^ , vc^cro^^ ni^sff^oTurog rm dKKm, yel i /Me» rt/xp rs xui X^^^V ^®" n(^st(09 T^^toojuLevag ^ who et in honor, and in age, the first to receive the mantle, From codenk dicimr Constantine M. Li- cinrom preiTisse rinifjxui raff/, konore^ and in order ^They also quarreled with each other caaaa primatns, muUa ejos evi exem- they teach pla When Maximianus was informed he would make the matter to Constantine M., that Augvstom had been excommunicated by three crossings being called upon, Maximia took it with difficulty xins, and, as Lactaniius relates *), itlud He excofitated Severus, who was of age the older man would call him Augustus; with but the statin, not the emperor but Caesar was with Maxinus to be called jttberet ^ to him from the second place would throw it into the fourth. But this is dignified, and the eminence of the emotions already ^ar- let us take the lead in that age mis, and you can see it apod Bimardiim on this topic erudtte issue "").

When the two women were Aoguati, these scribes pto AyGG. it is customary to indicate who the customer is began under Severus, with which Caracas, associating himself with the scribe then: ANNQNAE. AVGG. - VICT. ' AYGG. Therefore the script AYGGG three It signifies a consortium of Augustus. Owing to . sawing, however, not infrequently also fi-\ Hum Caesar in consortium with his father Augvsto Augustus was called T.g. The greatest Caesar the highest form: MAXIMINYS. AND MA- XVS AVGVSTl. GERMANICL Ln-

This appears more clearly than the Spo marble so c) : PRO Hello. IMP. AND CAE Sar. PHILIPPORVM AVGG. AND OTACILIA SEVERE AVG.. MA- THREE Slaughter AND CA8TR0R. Lap bis positus V. C. 997, which is clear from with the addition of Philip Aug. and Titian Cos. f in which year Philip the Younger certainly Aug. it was not yet standing, and yet this marble has AVGG., that is, by association* See what is said about this manner in the heavens Dumeniani, Maximus, Tetrici} the elder, Carini, alioramqoe diximua.. More mi- remar, the title of emperor in the same way married to his wife Augusta. De- says Maffeias marble Afncannm so in- written): SAFE. LORDS NO- STRIPE CHRISTIANITY impe- RATORIBVS IVSTICIO AND SOFIA etc. In the lower age, daughters-in-law often read gas AVGGGG,, ardoa often imposed read, only Atigostoram, number to collect

It is not uncommon for August to be something else read in conjunction, as: PERPETVV8. AVGVSTVS. E>us epileheti inkiam no- lim with Spanhemius thence by Trajaus to ask for the praised ejua 'numo, in which ia AVG. PERP. it is said; for one is linked the customer of Mediobarbi relies on faith. Perpetual ▼ocabulum, written often by the sun PP, the emperor's title will be added first I find in Probus: PERPETVO. IMP. I will tell you. AVG. Then from Constantine M. fiUis is frequently written in names PERP. AVG. The origin of praise today it is the root of the season, com jam in the first prince of their gods

a) of death persevere c. 25* d) Mouse. Vcron* pag. 460. 7*

b) B. L. Tom. 15 page 66- seq. c) Misc. village 98

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ON THE NAME OF AVGVSTL

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tctar acti?rnila«, at PERPETVITATL AVG* fences thence from Alexander SeTero, in eojat naoio it is also read singularly POWER Perpetual

6 EMPER. AVGVSTVS, today in the titles of the emperors met with, in Spanchmius does not record the record before the reign of Diocletian *)• Vcrum already tributor to Claudius the Gothic firmus in the bow triumphal ^) , which is already Phiiippo, if faith marble, which Gruteraa from Camden He hung ")" the first cst in the lalians the said Apostate, who is thus called upon, and after this some others

SENfor AVGitstus Thus, Diocletian tianus and Maximian after the abdication perium for the reason in both gods al- broad Commodity in nnmo Corinth to* Catum AYGsislus IVNforei/», testifies Pagius ^), presumably at the discretion of his father M. Aurehl's colleague, and Augustus the elder ris * Yeru, that we must remember with the lauded name of Nicosia, which he drew from Mediofarbo

Legunlar also in this titnli nsa nonnnllA absairda, but so much in the names, ^oos the Greeks are not sufficiently perceptive tura TulgaTere^ t. c

A1C. CGBacfTog^ Augusius again^ Totator Hadrian in the Namo of Metembria of Thrace, where the serTator ia the museum of Cae- area*

XABEINA ceBACTH. ATF evi- the teeth of tautology, in the shadow of uncertain trees ap«d Hajminm «). Somehow and in ckartola Valentis et Vrsacii^synod Ari- niinenaia l^gator : i^i na^Htrtet. th istr^KOTH

TifAOiTf lia(rt}iSGif KmravriH ATFOTSTOT rMoiWy^ti 2EBA2TOT, a Losinian also in marble Trapezuntio at Murato rium is dedicated to AEI. CeBACTOC. AT-

roTc 0.

But for those honored by so many sacks lis 2EBA2; TOT name finally also he began to be despised. Of course it is agreed, that that it had also been conferred on the priTatos, as well and I love the invented wonders of Taria tm crf ^a^H derirala, which was the fruitfulness of Alexius The talent of Comneni is partunTit. For he by the witness of Zonara §) his elder brother by birth Isaac of Comnenus TocaTit Zs^afO' x^aro^a, which dignified the Caesarian ho- nore would be more excellent. From these fra- of the three juniors, the second was called Hadrian is n^a)T0«Tf^tfj-3^, the other Nicephorus 2*- ^f0p, and you gave Drungarius. From ad- finibtts pleased Michael Taronites To touch TlavvnsQfTs^afov^ on the other hand of Melissene only Ka/o-o- What Michael tells the same thing more concisely Glfcas in the Annals sjib eodcm Alexius^ but much richer than these in the same Al^xii Anna Comnena added them to the list of fools the cause of these appeals ^). The same under the witness of Alexius, the father of the Venetians for the return of the sea from Robert IUu- strem Tictoriam Tl^ccrtics^ufit dignitale omaTit>), and that it's more, she- He tells the 4th a little below, from the same Alexius Apelchasem the Turk Jfieaeao archisatrapam 2s?af^rotro9 mum^ had been appeDatum* Ss^afcins^ Jo has made rare arrangements for us. Cionamus ^). I already add to those last words so many sae

a) T. II. p. 384. b) Reines. Inscr. class III. ■. 42. c) Pag. 272. p. d) Crit Baron to the year* Chr. 176. e) T. IF. p. m. 276. 0 page 467. 7-g) L. XVIII. c, 21. h) in Alexiade L. UL p* 78. edit. Paris i) 1. c. L. VL p. m. 129. k) Hist. L. II. c. 6.

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CAPVT V.

the colonists within the Boman empire will become eoerite to be dissipated dully in alieAOa, qoin and bar- baros to begin

ceBACToc Kai MerAc aom&

CTIKOC is called John YI. Cantacose^ aoa in nomo, which dedinraa altioftp* 370^ -

C A P V T V

D B CVLTVCHAPITIS AVGVSTORVM, CAE&ARVM, AVQVSTARVM.

VJoftos of the body totoios, habitosqoe in Augustus was Tarhis, instead of Tariis Scilieet the ministries in which they served. To be that is to say, to be played, him in the emperor's rite, eurisqoe belliois occupati proponun- there, in civilian clothes, when the duties of peace the generals of Telatic, with the greatest pontiffs agony treat After Gallienus, How rare was he now from arms? and because of the impending loss of the beard ros is the best of the prince's fathers, who most excellent in handling weapons, pa- they often flaunt the noplia in names rom eaptte they are helmeted, indoti tho- raca, spear in right hand, s. cljpeo she was arrested. In names chiefly in- ^ I will not infrequently pass the sway of the empire, re-* liqoomqoe cohom censular prefe* they roar that is, the process of consultation He decided to tell the story. cul- Tom, you persisted in explaining to me I don't think it belongs aia roinos transparente ez numis^ at lu- crops can be collected from estates, and

quite separated from them, which order from these I'm going to collect a book for myself to see But what kind of head is cultivated from elsewhere? better, which can be asked from names, in to inquire into the ways of the present we easily recognize the establishment*^

Corona laura impe^atorom Tetustio let us be worshipful, because I have already worshiped Caesar began to be used. Hon It had been decreed by the people, and it was inoperable much appreciated, in his money dt* ximus,' but where' adTertimos quoqoCy this L Caesbri laurea, ot from names it clearly appears that it was simple, com yet that which Octatianus began f t his example successors all os» they are, would be connected with the diadem, He gathers the parts of the doaO with a knot on the back of his head to droop the shoulders Oe noTa hao the form of the laureate extended to the name of Octa- Tiani inserted PAX Yol. YI. page 84 » Come now, let us inquire whether it will happen crown laurel crown what? Involved qoaestion, qoia ejw signv-

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ABOUT CVLTV HEAD

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ficatiOf nt aiiiltarom reram aliaromy for Tai^ia age is no different it was E^ first to I. Caesar, then Oc- Tatianus decreed, in part, it was tantttm honors, by which flattery is paid to both from his riches liberally pro- he poured out, without the taro having been brought together in this way it would contain some dignity, or emi- the notion of nothingness. it is clear that neither. I Cacsar, and Octavian, then Augustus, used by other bohors, except by public decrees. Why neither Agrippa is on the throne with a laureate which laurel was never decreed for him Ez also abstained from it for the same reason Tiberius, always with a knot on his head lus, as long as Augustus lived, and he He was only Caesar. After he died he began to use it again, with the words of his father nia and hoorea, so much he owed toss, eapeseret* In the same way Nero nodom Augustus has a laurel far away it was From which it could be gathered, only It was rightly worn by Augustus. unless the older Drusus opposed this law then Titus, and Domiianus. And yet Drosoa was not the same Caesar here, and however, the laureate is usually in heaven it has a head, and although it stands still, it is a tree his ouines only after his transgression even though they had been signed, the laurels were not given to him He would have been able to do so if he had informed the principalities would have been * To whom add L. Yitelliom Auli Aug. father, qoi, com priTatoa dead it would be, however, in the books signed by the son he has a laurelled head. Don't be lazy eas in Titus, who was also Caesar, and trib. gifted with power, and by his father in impe- learned from the congregation; But that so that Domitian only Caesarii hia* {Fol. FUL)

qoe omnibos titnlia earenli in laorea right? Each of the chaos is evident the guilt then still the highest peak did not mean * What then? is the tree was it a sign of trary? No way. For I see that they could have been honored with laurels to be contributed for the sake of the affairs of the war achievements, of which that badge of praise.semP^ir it was Of course Yictoria had that mana he always prefers your laureate letters" to always announce the quorum. lam TCro discovered, closely tested by Drusus war is not just given to force the name of the narrator, but also the state, and triumphal arch L. Yitellium, which Artabanus Parthum to obey He touched, receiving praise that was not widespread agreed Titus won the praises of arms, and de- who therefore is ignorant of broad honors? It is more difficult to associate Domitian with these. Yet * Terrible is the indulgence of Ye- Spasiani and Titus, with whom they triumphed they would act as a daicist, even with some virtues the ornaments of war with Domitian fu- ^ communicated to him. Of course it is agreed, hunno that he also attended the triumph with the horse Te* ctum, and in the gods of his own year, nem* pe Y* C. 8a4, proponi paludatum, and if nistra holding parazonium, and only from that time, with the head ever before if he were naked, he would portray the redeemed with laurels.

After that he went into the law, except Augustus, the laurel The gods teach clearly. In one Com* I just observe that it was a good thing ratom, but tom so much, quai\do, nec^ while at the same time receiving the title of Augustus, a to his father, as formerly Titus, in the so- it was called the city. "Therefore from him pore all the Caesars in money at least

1 2

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CAPVT V.

Bomana was proposed with bare head, allowed, however, later to radiate the crown, never laurels But the laurel is on the other side It was a sign of the height of the summit. nar- rante Herodian ^) entering Carthage Gordiano, whom his proconsul in Africa to hate Maximinus Augustus atre ^u^^ot i^upvyjpo^iVy ot^sq i^i (XvfjL^oXoif itg TQ Sixcyvoovut rug ^uaihi-nug 0.7^0 rav /J/OTjxcoy, /asces laureaii pregestad fu* ere, it is a good sign that you will make the kingdoms free from privation He learned from Diocletian's colleagues All the Caesars were contrary to the custom ez long received, they put on the laurel, as Con- stout Chlorus, Gal. Maximianus, Ma- ximinus, Fl. Se?erus, Conatantinus M. "It was in the case that each one of his pro- He ruled Ticinias with almost full power* They then followed their example The Caesars Crispus, Delmatius, and Con- son of Stantini M. But King Hannibalian Decentius, Constantius Gallus, Julianus Caesars, because they are more contemptible, are naked head After Constantine M. the sons of Laurea began to be neglected, and the diadem was more important tis use, of which soon.

Nero brought in a radiant crown, de the meaning of which I have elaborated in this one The coins of August, and they may be brought that of the nimbus, another of the emperor's head in the treatise on the lower gods We will teach you how to do it. then re- asks Yespasianus. A long time ago* he did not pay anything but the bronzes, and them only 2 under Caracalla de- He attacked the silver ones, but only them. whom we know by the example of the greater Yoluminus

ordered to be struck, which was then instituted by it was retained by his immediate successors. His more serious use was varied, and pertur- a trait that I am working to develop more carefully I don't think it's worth it, and when it's quiet, you can ask for the gods of the emperors themselves. With those who were only Caesars, for a long time the laurel had been denied him, yet since a Diadumeniano's radiant crown began to in- to be grieved Against Domitian still Cae- sari gods are given a laurel wreath, never radiated, though brother Titus, and still Caesar, both promiscuously ge- stand It was serious that the crown was radiated laurea Tiliore, Arguroentus certain there is a silver deity that presents heads Balbini and Pupieni Agg., and Gordiani Caesar, having been awarded to them, radiated this. It was also a sign that the crown radiated of consecration, it will be said in the treatise on god of consecrations.

diadem which descendants I'm sending a fairy tale, go ahead Bacchus was the inventor. The same certain, by that Tclut prince, by the sign of the reg^s to have been discreet, from what time, variously is discussed, which of the controTcrsia some I was touched by the daughters-in-law of Gelon I and Hieronia I. of the kings of Sicily, and Archelaus I. Mace- gifts of the king Why is it not surprising, in to the Hebrew people, from whom Bomanus was thence from driven kings, that common hatred Ilagrasse, on which subject we know more I was born in Augustus to the year Y. C« 726. However, he managed to impose it on himself some emperors are really stupid, even though they did not dare to do it. Witness Suetonius ^)

a) L. VII. c. 6. p. 22.

b) Pliny L. VII 5. 67. Diodorus, SIc. Bibl. L. IV. c) in Calig.

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Caligula was in it; but it burned the soul. Of Elagabalus liampridias *): He wanted to wear a diadem as well gemmato, because it would become more rotten, and more suitable for women's faces be at home So far the ships are hot in- He burned through desire. But eloquently about Aureliano Victor Schotti: This is the first at Bofnans he tied a diadem on his head, The gods do not confirm this. It was but Constantine M., whom first asom with a diadem, partly pure, partly pure The gods are encrusted with jewels, and aa- the teachers whom I sold for this money. . Testimony again the crown of the Augustus tom decorated the heads, and there is no lack of co- . The oracles of ancient times taught the same thing such, although, as it happens, there are also those who they confuse the traditional teaching, and per- mix, since they not infrequently wear diadems in the name of any royal capital they understood Yide in this dispa- tation copiosnm Spanhemium ^).

The helmeted head is not from Frobos infrequent, more frequent in the lower auricles era, especially when the emperor pan- It is not uncommon for him to be clothed in a pleat a helmet in addition with a crown of lariae, Tel rays surrounds

The bare head of the first Augastor less often with age, more often from Ha- Drianus, inclining to the command y\x more met At one time the leaders con- It will be said that it was intended to be sacred god of consecrations. He bares his head I will also say that he had distanced himself from Caesar.

The head of the Augustus already bearded already beardless For the sake of Alenda's beard another was juyentns, used by the Bomans not yet suitable for this shave, another lu^ shot An example of both in the names of said the Octarians, to be noted in his motion neta ad annum V. C 717, qao locp com- even more from this institution of romance not to be violated until a certain age We discussed beards. A bearded man too for the same reason in the first gods Nero is imagined as his own. After that time the beard was placed, and so were all the emperors hence from August they offer smooth cheeks and to Hadrian, who was the first, because publicly professed philosophy, bar- bam promised, nt we said in this no- mis, whose example was followed by his successors all, as long as age permitted, They nourished him in this manner Constantine would like to return to worship M., cast off his beard, vX in this coin What happened after this agreement? it will happen, Tide in Treatise on names of the old age § IL "^

They are singular, with the head of a lion dressed roof, in the gods of Commodus, Maximianus Hercules and his son Maxentius. cause We gave the money in individual coins, Ca- pnt with a crown of spices, in GallienOy whom I went to

About the yellow head a7rod«a>(rw^ information Tide, which are said in the consecration of the gods tions. But there was also a sign of the weapon of the priesthood, whence I. Caesar, and M. Antonius Tclati in the names of the propuntor, il)e, because the greatest pontiffs, here, what augur

a) Chapter 23. b) Tdm. 11. pag. 385 sq.

Z « a

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CAPVT VL

Nimbi a Oonttantiao M. inTecti ori* to give birth, form, and other ways the mouse in the tracts of the lower gods § 11.

Aagastamm caltns remains. In the beginning of the government, when it was not seen to strike a coin in the name of women, pla- cooked t$men them yesta, Piety, Sa- Itttis, in the form of Ceres to spin This is the way to wear a bar Ham Letus Livia Augustus, Anto- the daughter of Drosi, Agrippina of Claudius license is much greater in com* names with the eyes of a foreigner, everything can be seen they are in the currency of individuals" Imperante with the Yellow race when it comes to women too the monetary honor had begun to be extended, ad to return to human form, that in the gods there is no power of any one ArgumentOi and to him the worship of the head, which his own

the age of women is degenerate, and so much so It is becoming more and more varied and inconstant He had to, and he was capable of a thousand forms. Since were consecrated, they will be covered with weapons, Which of the examples do you have in Faustina? that, Domna Haes, Paolina, Hari> niana R. prima in the numis commatis was the lady whose head I put on the moon He rests on the radiant head of Severus rites, you should keep the chaos unfolded names of Severus to the year Y. C. qSS. In* From a Caracalla it is met in two ways ia "rgent"is the majority of the module, but notavi- mus in his Augustus coin, doratqoe in the time of Diocletian himself. Then he began The indolence of Augustus was jeweled with which he imposed upon himself. ReCert Philostorgius *), Constantine M. IIliae Constantine wearing the diadems of Toaiam had done

C A P V T VI.

De iituh DOMINFS NOSTBB 0i BA2{AET2 A^sgmsHs tawiofitmfue dU^

Lord's shelter the name of the father, because he had authority over the slaves usually meant, from the first imp to the reportors, then also to them, qnibua He chose to rule by love, not by fear, or

> was not admitted, or at least not to* approved* Aversatns iUud is Augu* stus l>), and as a witness of TertulHano c) AluguMiu^ The ruler of the government should not guide the master dici voiehai, tt kocomm dei esi coymomem*

a^ L. UI. c 22« b) Suet. in Aug* c 53. Dio L LY. $* 13« c) Apollo^. c U

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OUR LORD, BA2IAET2,

305

I added: he is the father of the country is it just the owner? Aversion to beauty Tiberius himself, pr4ȣeft8a8 openly, that he lord of the fields, commander of the army the chief of the rest 8U8 e%t by Svuetomo ^), as, with ta ae inTidio8um i&tud would not bear the name he would give it openly to the senators, and good and inquisitive, equal I have had you dominosy and you will have adkuc The first was Callgula, whose auberbae "They could appeal to the Lord." to carry, which was then followed by Ejua Titioroim aemulua DofBiliMiu8. Victor They persecute Diocletian, themselves the first of all^ he said, after Caligula, Domitia* and did he suffer to be openly called a master <^). This is less surprising in Domitian, who I am not only a master, but also a god to be called yioluit Mar* gave more testimony tial However, little by little, i>um had the name of ilkid, softened the use, and custom, so that you already Claudius she would be humane, dutiful, and civil appeal case Says Seneca <^): so him What did you call? We say that the gods are good men f>ios^ if the name does not help^ domiuos Let's begin * No wonder, you Trajan himself occasionally ae from Pliny in the epi- the master of the stilts was called But about of this nature, what more what we desire luo Spanhemios'). lam to the monument let's do the same step.

lam in marble fiomae eflbsso Au-

the taste of Tideus to be called Mr. N. that is: at home* whether 'Our g) , for this lesson jnre I trust him, because he is in the same tribe. power Yll. it is coupled with consnlatu III., to him Auguslus is said to be the fifth traveler of the Tatras he added the title to himself much later. Mar- Why did he neglect to mention this death? ill Oderic on the same subject start, I don't know. An ancient monument does not find the work of JBgulino, in which Ha- Drianus, the Lord, is our appeal, which is then the most frequently used title is begun Compare lyfranium >). Ad As for the gods, Antoninus was the first Pius Kvj»40gj DominuSy is said in the numo Antioch to Hippus Decapoleos n«mpe: ATTOKP. KTP ANTCOWei- TONIGHT ^). fsvAlo post ki numis M. Aop rclii, and his family in Me&opotamia , it is read as agnatis: TlieP NlKHC.TnPf. KTPlJflN. CCBACTilN. In the woods Ionia Antioclita Pisidia with the head Caracalla and the Getae: VICT. DD NN. and in the same colony of Gordianus yiCTORlA. LORD Ale- xandi inisC^lIicni : AeKAfiTHPlC. KT^ PIOT

&ed were these examples nonnitt roo- foreign nets First in nnmot Roman commas appellation of the house Aurelianus touched, when the scribe pnssua is: GOD AND LORD NATO (in others OURS.) AVBELIANO. AYG.^ which was imitated a little later Dear scnbendo: GOD. AND LORD dear AVG. , from which formula for See what I said, with the aignification of Babil

a) Dio L. 57: ^. 8, b) Chap. 27. 29 c) in Cacsarib.. d) Suel. c. 13"

t) Epistle III, f) Tom. II. page 482. g) Gruler p. 58. 1. H) of the god Orci-

lij pag. 72, i) Bro. ar? pa^. 688- 10 Pdieri Mel. II. page 75.

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CAPVT VI OUR LORD, BA2IAET2

in the coinage of Augustus. Very close after these the first name D. N. was given Biocletian and Maximian, but only from which to establish the government* to the Caesars, and to the Augasts themselves in for a certain reason, as I said in the gods of Licinius three Finally, that from Constantine The first name of the sons of M. Kto pauUatim with the first name IMP. , and then eeps is so involved in the work that, if someone lu- he would say that the reigning Stinianus was the master the emperor, and for Lady Augusta, as well and the officials other than $ervoB appel- he would cry out, that of manifest injury, or at least would be held guilty of rusticity *).

Of the name AeCIlOTHC of the same almost of meaning, and that late at last In Taluit, we will deal below in the discussion of nu- my lowest ae?i Moreover, these dignities Tocabula's national success to lose the pain, and I found it out marbles, in the lowest age of our Lord and ^ecnoTH Tocabola was canceled even fnisse not to Augustus, but to Caesar, on the subject of the Dissertations Edoardi' Corsinii, which are annexed eoia operi de noiis Graecoums^ p. YIII*

It bears the titles BAZLAEAS, KING. The early Greek writers called him Dio Chrysostom, Appianus. Athenagoras

Aristides, other princes of the Romans for the legitimate name uuTOx^uro^o^ aont I have laid the proofs of the fact that they have not been imparted withhold, because a great long time of them he collected a quantity, and from the locople soo horn proposed the indefatigable Spanlie- my ^). Neqae his in the Greek gods* ram examples are lacking, although very rare The well-known god Caphya of Arcadia, who calls Caracalla ANTHNLON* BACIXf^, as well as the god Commo

The name of the region is a Roman coin it is not surprising that it was held at a distance because the royal name I will rule from thenceforth It is evident that the Bomans have always been inyisom, and although Constantine M. diadem, pro- the garment of the first kings was placed on his head, and Hannibal's nephew part Pontius, with the title of king, gave way, to usurp it yet the king's name is not aosoa* 8e- rios would be, the command of the last East tores, obiiisinscriptions: MlXAHA, BAClAeTC. — niCTOi. BAClAeiC. FCOMAKON, and the like. But already Eusebia Constantius 11. oxorem Am« the queen's face

a) Procop. Hist. afc. chap. 30. b) Tom. IL pag. 39? c) L. XVI. c la

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CAPVT VIL ON THE NAME OF CAESAR

361

c A p V T vn.

D E N 0 M 1 N B C A E S ^ R I S.

\J\im cogniiron gentis luliae, d€ cnjoB etymo we did in the gods of Caesar toris, the extinct race of lulia, the title of ho- of knowledge and dignity. be known the first by adoption, and so on the name of Augustus had been propagated to others then This right was first called Caesar is Octavius sometimes adopted by Augustus so great a dictator, soon three Agrippa Caius, Lucius, Agrippa, by the adoption of Au taste, and Tiberius blesses the same stepson, from whom the Drusus xir. Finally, Tiberius adopting Ger- manicus, and this one.

Therefore the name of Caesar has not been unless it was hereditary, Romanora moved transferred to those who, by nature, whether it was by adoption, and from this Caius was the last of the Caesars Iilius of Germany, called Caligula. Nevertheless, in Teris still the Caesars Claudius, then, the son of this Britannicus, and such escaped by adoption, Nero, either as from nna- too many writers yet tias, whom Reimarns re-enacted in the animation Tersione to the last book of Dion 63

the rerba, with Nero finally buried in Cae- the ruler of the house of Sarus. But for Clai- a day before the government came, Cae- sari had no name, because it was neitra He was Caesar's son by law, and not so much he could transfer his mind to his children. I did yet indulgence, «t part of the possessor the house of Caesarea, because of this connection it happened For two of them came from this place grandmothers, from his father Drusp Livia Augustus spouse, from his mother Antonia Octavia the sister of Augustus, except then the tribe of Claudia after Lulia at the top should be held in place So definitely more Galba said to Tacitus: Finia The best in the house of Julius and Claudius

a) Hist. L. I, c. l6. b) Grut 154. 2. Murat. 445-5. Gori inscribed. Tom. II. p. 46

and Tom II. p. 173* in Marmorc Arval, which is in the Marinians no. 15"

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36s

CAPVT VII

Gonstat; or not even the Germans otem? Yocabttlum has two grandsons acknowledgments; or rather indicates him who was born to a son or a daughter, let him whom my brother or sister will give birth to. In in the former tense, Nero, or the nature of hope You are, or by adoption, the grandson of Germany could not be said, but could be said and de- it was in another sense, since he was adopted from Claudius, who was the brother of Germanicus. But have I ever been led by a few? • do you get used to it? Who doesn't immediately? nnimad?ertitY pleased with these marbles to bring the game to the organizers cabulo nep^ has a double meaning, as with his vile flattery of Nero the house of Caesarea of the Eonnecteri? However among the praised marbles are some The more audacious of the public by the impunity of the lie^* More ca-' The impudence of Gruterian marble in which Nero is called GERMANICI. F. TI. AVGVSTI No. DIVL AVG. PRON. ") ^liminato his own father Claudius, qnia pious Caesarianus, and enough in the ejua a joke on the false father Germanicus Caesar* We shall therefore be less surprised that SoTerum Ang. who by Tim in Antoninorum seae gen- lem inseniit^ as we di&imus Vol. VII. page 173.

The law of Tinculis has already been relaxed ninns ardunm aubinde was to the princes, even though you are completely outsiders from Caesarea's house" in ntromqiie the name of both Caesar and At- gnsti inToIare, that already the supreme po- He began to have both omens and fortunes ion Therefore Galba moz received cee- If Neronia announced that he was in Telia sna jurasae, do not doubt?it come Cae->

sari noroine sese mnnire ^)^cnjas con» Otho followed his example. dif- Vitelius is more attached to names other than himself He postponed the name of Augustus^ Caesar in per- He refused the petttum, as was said in the present god After these examples prevailed nsns» and a kind of perpetual law, as above would gain control over both bo- he would boast of me

It is so clear from these, nom^n At the beginning of Caesar's life there was no other the name of the nation of Lulia, from Romanornm propagated in the fashion, and so much It was of great importance to those who He was distinguished by it, and I had high hopes which, if it were not carried away by any force, he could not read. With the title of Caesar in the same way as Augustus, nothing in himself it would contain power, but dignity tantnm, and the snccessing of the cans of ProTisa reyerencia, it was in the discretion ordered" ris, or the first summit of the prieipisi, whether Caesar's sleep, se« of the second summit would prefer a prince within the title of this good* to contain the matter, or to add authority The adoption of the sons of Agrippa nor did he deny the Caesars a tribute witness, but at the same time He did not impart to his son Tiberius. while Caesar Domitian quoqe Ca^ aar, qnamdin father and brother tn yiyia fnere, by one of the princes of juTentitus titnlo o private fortnna fnit disereCus. Another thing Death struck him sooner than he had entered They could be tall, which was the fate of the said MPX the three sons of Agrippa, Drnsus and Nero Ger* Manicus, Britannicna Clandii, Piso Gal* bye On the other hand there were emperors, who Caesarea snos siye added to the tribunicio po*

•) Pag. 237.

b)^Sact. c. 11.

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ON THE NAME OF CAESAR

569

testate, aiTe command procoDMUri^ aive He became emperor with the title of qoasi in the legions to receive, to share the honour, ant Caesaribna Ti- Berio, Drusus ^aniori» Nero, Titus, Trajan, Antoninus Pius, M. Anreliot ariiisqne,^ nt dictnm in aingnUs. Plns Constantius Chlorus of power to the Caesars and GaL Slaximian decided that Diocle- Tianna and Maximiannus Augustus trihutis provinces and which are almost equal in power, aquelpsi snas, they would rule* In a similar can- said Yopiscus, from Carus in the West leaving Carinna, who was to govern him to the Cae^arian empire that law ceteif ifvae Augustus faciuni.

And Tarius, who died in Caesarea the methods of birth, they also remember you will return When the Spartans had told him, Ha* He was burdened with many diseases having adopted Aelin, he says of this: nothing has bci in his memorable life You were not addressed as Caesar nf aniea aolebai, nor by that means I was adopted by Trajan, but to spin^ with which you are nosed by the shoulders of the clC' Mentia (Diocletian) Jdaximianus aique Consianius Caesares was said to the sun I will give the princes of men the heirs of the majesty of GuMtae. Capitoline in the life of L. Yeri snb initinm : Huie uatura^ His father was X. Aelius Verus, who ab You are the first Caesar to adopt Uadrian dns^ and in the same connection he laughs Yictor Schoui in the line of Trajani sai: I divided the names of the Caesars and Au* taste^ and introduction into rem/p.^ to use duOy S€U several summao powers^ fUssimUesy

let them be disparate with honor and poise, Although the other spouses of Trajan Plotina in favor of the government of the following fmtent y quao the heir of the king was instituted by the testimony of his husband simuiaraim Ambignam of these authors I am not slow to explain the speech, once upon a time in this i^gumeot abundantly scoured Span Hemio *), and Mazzoleno ^), but still or to themselves, whether they have been completely satisfied with us, Tisi He also tried c1. Zoega changed in Aelius the account of Caesar's dignity from the god Alefxandrinus confirmed ^), as we noted- in this Caesarts numis Ale- ledges In the meantime, if that is true As regards the effect, let us consider it, it will be clear, a little later noTum istnd quality that the Caesars had been obserTated, and long ago you die in Caesaribns Teteris examples are to be found, of course, in Augustus, as previously established by the panllo sapra we have said, a man of dignity, sire power in Caesarea bus, as much as the individual agreed upon. Quippe, with little success in the land of the jury the reason for inqnirimns in that government the form in which the highest ruler himself can drink bound by the laws of Tinculis, and from Thee with other institutions, as he pleases, or abji- cit, or admits. What law if age* tis our writers more to the mind they had admitted, often less in discovery e)ns would have twisted themselves from the rights of the age, or de- they would hope wisely, especially when he the reason should be drawn from the writers, of whom from Nerta there is a great scarcity, or not the greatest to do the same height

There were emperors who were Cacsaris ap

a) Toin. U. pag. 351 sqq.

)>) Animadr. to Caesar

c) No. Acg^pt. page j6>. A aa

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510

CAPVT Vn. ON THE NAME OF CAESAR

pcllalion in filiit dislulcre. Anlotii Iius Pius ez was adopted at the same time }kl. Aurelio and L. Yero conspire him He said Caesar, not Vei, whom it is wrong to call him something else during his whole time he suffered no more than the son of Augustus M. Aurelius the sons of Commodus and An- mum Yerum Donnisi in the sixth year of the empire He called the Caesars. , postponed -even through tinaz, even though he decreed this honor to his son The senate had arrived. ScTeras Caracall-am non-^ nlsi in the third year of his reign, Getam in the fifth Cxiesares said. What from aHis principal the bus has been set up, ask from him rum of the gods

As long as the nation is dominated by Lulia, or the condition of being born, made the Caesars Mt was the surname of the Qnara race of Lulia. This com Caligula cxstincata in the same right the nation of Ciaudia invaded After that no to encumber the Caesars with the right for various or tem- pore, or to have local causes, or to himself to arrogate the emperors themselves, or the senate tus, or soldiers, from whose three triOf or part of the beds also Augustus oonstat Whose votes each to that they have ascended to the summit, I have said in each mouse, or can be seen at Maezole- whether the fortunes of each are united to one contributed to the place ").

Caesars began to succeed in time the name of the most noble as his own to add to the rest of his titles, as it were his illustrious prose from his elders they would preach piety, or as if by painting they would cover the lowliness of the race. Yide about the epithet lioc more in Spanish

mhim k), «t MasisoleAom <^), qo! jllud in marble already stolen by Commodus* then to find The first in heaven is...Dia- dumenianms, whom up to now this title use of knowledge These are the Lao- say Sjriae Seriua in Romaua he moved the currency. Writing in numismus : NOB. Slaughter or NOB C., or more economical N. C. It is singular, still^Ze* nonein and Leo II. in the forest of the Orient say NOV. (for NOB.) CAES., and much more rather to angle it, that both sides It was August. But in this day and age already accustomed to the prodigies of Geneva. Yt The so-called Caesars were nobilissiroi, sio o€ some women writing in them numis N.F., that is: l^obilissimaFemina^ such as Helen was. N. F. may be his wife Curls, and FAVSTA. N. F. may be his wife Constantius II. , the value of which is not known it is quite clear. That the most noble of the Latins the same to the Greeks Ctti ad numos Antiochus iv. Sjriae re«^ gis In the lowest age the discrimien in* three times Caesaret and the most noble<; for he tells Nicephorus of Constantinople in the end Historiae suae*, Constantinnm Y. Copro* only two of his sons Christopher Rome and Nicephorus had created Caesarea Tertinm Niceta Nobilissimum y rcov vtm avTH reg fJLev iifo H^^opo^cv ncct N/xi;^o^f KcatTct^x^^ Nnt)fTccjr Ss No^shitrifioif.'

Among the most insolent of the lower age you also shouldered the repeated Caesarea a title which soH Carinus and Numerianus they offer to the gods, of which see the other Caesar's coin.

Some things were added to the Caesars

a) Animadv dc Cacs. p. 49. b) Tom. II. p. 357- c) 1. c. p. 52.

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CAPVT VIII AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTY-FIGHT

571

fuiue- titalam Angiuti, but by ceasortiom com pttre-Agosto, dixiffloi ia title

C A P V T wine.

DB PniNCIPB IVVENTrTIS.

rlajas originem caasas^oe titali, qoi lode began to be qoodclani from Augustus aogoriom destined principalities, and pre- ler Gaesaris nomeii_^haracier secondi the summit, long ago eroded, they told the Tyrians the most eminent Spanhemios *), Norf^ his ^) , and the abbot Mazzolenos ^) , from qoo- rom preeeptn pleraqoe, qiiae seqoen« liir, derivatanoyeris, so, however, otoaosa to be willing to stand rim

and the republic itself had B. soos the princes of youth, the good name It was a long time ago for your legionaries, to him from the time of the Gracchans The ox drew the origin of the infamous order The horsemen were among the middle ones the senate, the people Often times iic\\ Juveniuw ^ qoia in general Rome to call the young soldiers, ho|o8 yero prineipei j qoia king Servios all I number them in YL classes divided from primoriduM eiviiaiie j ot aitLivios ^), du*

ipdecim eqaiUim seripsii eeniurias, eut, Dionysius Halic reached «) ro Ss rm /;r- ntoif nhti^og <^«X*|w ix rm ixovrm ro liscyt^O'9 rtfis^fJLOL xui iiaru «ywo^ Bmpupmf And of whom I had the choice of the greatest the census of the citizen, to him by his kind. At- ■which is easy, the heart often rides Livius dicantor /^rinf^r^* , princes for ceres juveniaii If I follow that example Perr at the time of the king of Macedonia after the village of Ro- With these words, the soldiers waved their hand soos adioqoenti siium ^ the Roman cavalry j quoinvictos to be giwriabaniur ^ fudisiis. Equite$ for to them PBINCIP^S IFFENTVTE^ from thence they were taken to the seminary of the elder inpatrumnumerum^ consultSy immediately" the Erean reporters. But long before the same thing Livius de L. Brotus said g) : The murders re* gis (Tarqoinii Supei bi) diminumpairum the number of the first steps of the horse after reading f, I expiated the sum of the sum that had been received.

m) DC Praest. noun Tom. II. page 359* ^) T- dc priBC, joT. d) I*. I. c. 43v t) L. II. c. I.

Cenot, Pis, argues" II. chap. 3. c) Anlmadv. 4, page 222. 0 L. XLIL c. 6k gj U

A a a i^

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572

CAPVT VIIL

Lure igUar the knights of the whole ^uTentatit B. could be called priacipes, alque no doubt in the people of the quoqa, to whom so ^ here y I establish a certain order of equality Sirs, were fired, because of the census and ge- you will go to the prince's place.

Great authority and honors from time to time he approached the horsemen, Ti. and C. Gracchis brothers who brought the law, but the judgments a the senate was transferred to the cavalry. Here he approached the thing to be done, and increased the cattle his opportunity For when because wealth acquired by inheritance almost alone taxes in the name of P. R. publicans had been redeemed, it was easy to They made a fortune by investing more tantalums. Then the horse began to move little by little order and institai., and nc to be called, and from the ranks of the senate are distinguished by the people These are confirmed by the testimony of Pliny in these rerba disputants •) : the judge tem by appeal to be spared him by order I have the heart of my heart to establish Christ the insolence of the people defeated the authority of my name in a variety of editions mtm event about the taxan$ $uMitit^ et for some time the Pubticans were the third force. Finally, Cicero gave the name of knight itt con$ulatu $uo Catitinani$ rebu$ from him celebrating himself in the order of the prophets, and his they seek by virtue of special popularity, /4b At that time clearly this third €orpu$ in weep it was done, and he cooked adjid Eenatui ^) Opuloque Humanus and the equestrian order. Here for the cause and now the people are written because it was last begun to be added. So many therefore you are exalted with honors and riches you are already more lazy to the standards of the legions

Tolabant, partly at home in Hull's house perils, siye incomm^dis to samma they could have gone, partly because he was ashamed of himself who, in his zeal, was the lowest of the aectors of Marius and I began to give the name of the rejected people And once established in the same order sir to the children also ster snperfoisset, equal dignity, but pa- of three children, passed by inheritance, which he I confess that it was a condition of great jokes Ovid, as Cam says

If that is anything, it goes back to the old forefathers heir to the order Nom will only act as a function of luck equals

I think to whom it was to be honored, because a inajoribaa partum, neintendom of the greater It was not, at what $\\\ lucky mummer^ that is to say, with the college census in fact, they hold Add here, qood elsewhere immotato .paoUom the other Clean ca •mt«):

If anything, it is from the old forefathers heir to the order Nom just became a crowd of soldiers equal

Acilice had said soprano, that he could do this He obtains the order of fortune in the office of fortune even the crowd of soldiers, that is, in matters of war to prey on the gestisy in which way L. Aconiua with Fabreto ^) it is said because of the beiium Ger* mother and Sarmatic. by the divine Trajan from my disputes in equal measure. It was, however, considered that even then there was a need

•) L. XXXIU § 8. b) Trist. L. IV. clcg. X. v. 7* d) Inscr» ant. page 399

c) Love L. III. eL XY. v. 5*

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AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTY-FIGHT

373

he hints at the law of the constitution of the church by calling himself who is a great knight and, from "Mica the prefect of the ecuttemi who such a one had recently died from the merits of war, knowing the nobles towards us Bomiaes laslidius is complained of «)^

Eece reeens riches parte by vlnnera

cent Preferinr nebiM tanguine facttn e

^^oam tAmen deHcieniis oensus law «b Augustus added to the condilione of having been roi- He taught tigata to the Suetonii >>). £x which He was executed, the knights, once properly called leaders of the youth, and the war 40S, after the equestrian order it was the same Forensic leisure, urban leisure and re- that he had chosen the Luptates with impunity, even afterwards and every horse to provide them with food tttr« to speak eloquently again about himself 0?idios <^);:

Atpera miHtiae jnvenit fnfi^ struggles And not unless the Insura moves annamanu"

And elsewhere);

jit I remember my life, more$qne

he liked it Illo^ which I would give in passing what

Let him know what I have discussed up to now I swear that it was taken by me from the learned plain, and a laborious dissertation*e cl* It Beau Ga)- li, in which he rode into the bngin

gionarii in the eqoestra d^niqite order He is looking for the ending, if anything another in ancient Boman, ardanm and entangled, that he himself might be thrown out, though is so much effort . lest the difficulties which mate- the river itself was co-fused and disturbed they prevent* |am therefore Tidendum, which in accord with the princes JuTentitus, ^ to whom I do not want to speak are connected

We have said, in the constant order of the horse a large horse R. part, which ye- He had destined the instituted of m^ity, to them In addition, the fact that they increased a little bit. you were strong, and the exercise was so much greater in 4ie8 -e^itiim reqoirente number, ve* it is not the same, as Mas throws down zolenos^), eqaites in ^astrals deincept Aolis primoribis juventutis R. constitisse^ and others of even less fortune ^is admitted * Why, he adds the same, ne- This also seems likely to be seen hereafter also, as once upon the legionary horsemen Arians are called to be the leaders of the youth wide He was about the same age as Cicero •men, Brulum, Atticnm, Torqua- Then Curion, the prince of the young He already also, and diverged from the former aam sigoification to be understood joat^ Of course, already from the first reip. lem- pOribtts had been placed in fashion, as ado- illustrious with power and riches after I took a robe of strength. on horseback the order should be read, and to the war from rent was not even iUi« qoibufl aoimos, Otmne aevum^in l>elli oil-demanding. AU-

a) Love L. Ili; choose VIII. v. 9« .. b) 10 Aug. become 40 d) 1. c. l. IL V. 9-0 B. L. Tom. 257 p. 1 seq.

c) Trisl. L. IV. d. I. V. 71- 0 1. c. f).^ 95.

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374

CAPVT VIII

^anto after the cattris rednces eopisse I would take hold of it, and then go to each of them dignitaries set up to prevent regCRdas cias, and exercises were sent. For ro Cn. Pompey, though of a distinguished race, and he was born to be consul of his father, already great that he led the army, and twice triumphed) when there were only so many Roman horses, lescentuluS) overadolescent, deprived, and a certain senator, the very witness of Cice- Ron *). The nobles are ordered to the Romans, ate, and the knights, until they entered the senate they would be caught. Because of whom I went here He could not receive all of them, and there were also those who were not angry with him having done so, he was very much in the equestrian condition ikd Titus and us were dnrarent. hi ho Pomponium had been numbered com ^), that even Maecenae, even though such at Augnstom could be very so much so, that from him the honors of the flies traTerit ^), and Augustus himself from himself he wrote, $e nikil ampHui quam^keitri fanrilia orium olde and locupteie^ to him in with which his father was the first farmer. Therefore the horseman and the ordnem not only junior boff, but also with seniors to have established These things, as learned, so also verily Of course, the abbot offered us thousands If azEoIenos, even if he admits himself, nollia can be proved by the monuments, which he was afraid, the last no time mine prince juventutrs something specious and those three, I will, as of old, rom the knight foisse inlelectonr, neqne even to define it, tom, whether the cries of the tora were the principal joTentntisy also both of these as well as

principea senatos a oonsoribns lecti fue it runs

These ntot ernnt, this certnm, Ai> taste judgment with titnlo priticipis juTen^ tntis was great and splendour, to him I will conjunct the omen. When I start He himself would lack it, and he would want it for everyone chance to have a successor ready, ge* nitoB ^the influenza of Caius and Lucius in the famine He had brought in that of the Caea's, and had not yet placed it childish pretexts PRINCES IFFEN- to be called TFTIS He had longed most earnestly for the recusant as Taetius narrates «y. Why are you Augusts? through the adoption of the sons so ambitiously cipts juTentutis titnlum he asked, which up to now it has been the most important We don't know where it is, no one rim, he undertook to inquire. Let it be con- to throw, I am certain that Angst It should be noted that these dignitaries were roof It is agreed, tntegra- adhoc repo>» that there was someone who was censored he was called the leader of the senate, reli- some excelled in dignity, though in power statis nibil would have the adjective But con- it also stands from Dion ^), Augttstom Y. C« 7^6, com censora ageret^ principeip senate, n^ox^trov rvjg cye^H&taf^ said to have been in that fashion, which I also mention He was taken back to the desired state, after which Ti*^ followed the example of the same witness berius R), therefore when the prince senate, seo should act as a senior, aequoom it is Tisum, nt, who would have destiaasted him successor, he would be joTentoli^t sen joniemm, eS sic |>rincipatoi senio- mra, totiosqoe popnli preloderetj qw

a; for the law Manil. c. 21. b) Cor. Ilep. in Eng. c. 2. e> Ann. L 3. 1) ^ I^IU.

in which Tita c) Wo L. LV. $ r. Mr. Suet 5. i. g) L. LYIL §. 8^

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ON THE PRINCE OF IWENTVTS.

315

d« the case of Capis Agrippa F», idefnque and Aagusius was called the prince of the Juten All this is said by Ovid*:

* Now the young princepg^ then will come

one more time

£t'go for this statute from Augustus read the leaders of the youth

Caius and Lucius Agrippa.

After these premature deaths, Aa- gastus Tiberius had prepared, the prince of Juyentuta did not xit he is almost equal to himself as a witness. I observe for Titus also epHis, the prince of the Yocari had ceased of youth

Germanic indeed from the heart unknown to this shore, for Goltzii's coin in his treasure, who gave him this therefore, we speak illocci, tell them taimen Ovid ^) :

You young prince, to whom 4o>t Germa^

nia namep.

Tiberius Drusi Jun. "The son's testimony the driver of the sword. His Yide gods

Nero^ thence into the house of Claudia He passed away by adoption. Yide the gods.

Titus, the leader of the youth, but feb e annous only, a little after his father in im- f erio sociattts

Domitianus paaskn in the gods dictns the beginning of youth through the father's brothers that governments

M. ^reiius Eam, ). Yide and the following meal.

The advantage of early youth they do not tell the gods of the obii. De mira Lampci by the prayer of God, who recruited him among said the three leaders of the youth, ra- rie disputant "Ernditi soon laadati lecis cited"

Caracalla and Geta^ princes |afea- safe witnesses here and there.

Diadumenus Maximus^ Philippus junior^ Herennius^ fostitianuSj Folusia' nus^ Saioninus^ Numerianusf CarinuSy Constantine CMorus^ Qat. MaxiniamsSy

a) Art. he loves L. I. 194. b) dc Pontus !• II. elcg» V* v* 4l^ LXXL §♦ 35. e) L. LXXTIIL §• i7. f) Tom. U. p. 36 o. c i. h) 50 c. p. 102 i€q. i) 50 c. p. 64.

c) in Aurelio. d) L. g) Genet. Pis» diss. II.

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376

CAPVT VIII

FU Severua , Maximinm Da%a , Comtan* tinttf Af. , Crispua^ Con$ianinius IL^ Couiians, Consianius II testified iteriiin threats, after qaos nulja his Amplios title mention*

We enarrayed the princes of the Jarentates Caesaresy Augustus with the same praise given below.

Let them now follow those who, with the prin The title of the title of jutentus is connected in marked by that name.

C. L. CAE8ARES. AVGVSTI F. COS. design PRINCIPAL IVVENT Caius and Lytciua, the son of Agrippa, veiled and yoked Bianies d* hasiam with shield kumi aiii^ nenif supeme capeduncula^ and iiiuus. Also: Tiius and Domiianus sitting with a spear to his shield. Vi

. In what agreement the spear and the shield are at the front we said in the gods of Caji and Lucius.

C. L. CAESARES PRINCIPAL IVVEN- TV Lucius summoned the knights to him running to the right of the atiotion The same tjpns is in the names of Titus and Domitian pum juT See the names of Vespasian ad the same year

Domiianus the knight s. scepimm

Gefa eqttes with a rapid course in the following years two other horsemen.

Caesar paludaius standing d. branch spear^ juxia tropeaum^ tn numis M^ Aurelius, Commodus, Caraealla, Ge- tae

Caesar paludaius sians intet^ sigua miiiiaria tmrio number^ in the god Dumeniani, Maximus, Salonini, Carini.

Caesar Pikimdaius sians d^ba^iltmm^ tel

group a spear in the gods of Herennius, Hosliani, Volusiani, Salonini, Nume- Rian, Carinus, Chloe, Gal. Maximian Fl. ScTcri.

Caesar Paiudaius Sians d. my sign iiiare^ s, aiierum ienei^ in numis Heren- they, and the Hostiles.

Caesar, standing in a pauper, d. joy hasiam^ juxia two military signs^ ia the nuns of Maximinus Daza, Constantius, Con* jun.

Caesar Paludaius Sians d. my sign iiiare^ t. hasiam^ caught on the ground^ in nu- mis Philippi)un. and Constantine M.

Caesar Paiudaius standing d. my sign iHare^ on the ground two capHvi sitting^ in the na- miss Constantine M., Crispus, Constantine June

The two right hands joined sign a thousand" ^ Iare anchored to the bow of the ship, in the nu- under Domitian and Commodus.

I omit the arbitrary ones, which do not nnnqnam by no apparent connection there with the epigraph PRINCIPUS. IVVEN- TVTIS, as in the gods of Domitian's Hope, Salus, Vesla, ara lulucenta, and deni- that you are the friend of Pallas. Similar to Yarietas> in the gods of Herennius and Hostilianus.

Part of the bores, especially in those gods who belong to the empire among whom the last is the deity of Geta The princes of Tototi's horses he feels But also from other monuments mm with the order of cavalry be beaten He tells about Cajo and Lucius mar- mor Ancjranom •): Knights auiem Ro^ the hands of the universal prince of youth which they gave to their parms and hays of silver he was born In the forest of Nero

a) ChishuU Anl. As. page 173-

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AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTY-FIRST.

377

Parmae ioacriptam readiur : EQYESTER. ORDER PRINCIPAL IWENT., how and the epigraph repeats the marble Gru- teri *), and within the bet numas to Commodus Caesar (licatus. Above 8ub M. Aurelius Tidimus, this one Cnesar was said to have been Tr^ox^/roy iTma^og^ the chief of the cavalry, though not quite certain let it be, that the captain of the cavalry was the same, and the prince of the juyentutes, as I observed there mouse Finally, Tacitus among the honors the memory of the German decrees, which he was also the leader of the juyentutes we test yours, he reports that tier order called the wedge of the Germans, who the ropes are cut and he installs ^ he uses* May I give them the picture of her there And this was the reason why not Norisius would doubt whether he would attend, for the same be taken to be the prince of JuTentntis, and the leader of the cavalry c). Even Spanish ipius thinks <*), the leaders of the oath They were leaders of the cavalry order having lived, and having passed away this office or in Circensibns sports, setf in maneuvers horsemen, or in the famous play of Troy, who preceded the example of Asanius, as the author is Virgil, from the older children bus, and the Circenses were already driven to the minors used to Valiantius also, where lauded by Getae po three equitnm decurrenlium expli- cat«), he asserts, that the coin was signed by him in memory of the game of Troy, in which Ge so that he presided over the prince of Juventus, and the same elsewhere ^, Iddis of Troy, says, who

he presided, the prince of juTentitus appeU it slides But I am not yet clear enough cere pbtui^ to have been the prince of juTentutisy lead the train in this Trojan game. for I am reciting the evidence of the Teters, of whom this exercise is the most important part of the meeting" xit Panvinius 6), thus, qnod Tolunt These poor men do not teach eloquently, lest ^ue also the gods, whom to their cause adTOcant For when the chief among them jutting out with a horse, I throw the roof it is based, here tjpus game of Troy is not de- points out that anything else the study of which he was a participant can tell Of course in the just funeral-' Drusilla's praetorian soldiers with his the commander and separately the fighting horsemen separately by the maneuver of the patrician boy of Troy They rode round the mound, as . tells God ^). EnimTOro game of Troy in the gods of Caius Agrippa, in which he is on horseback current Tcctus is proposed, easily recognized sco, because this happened to Dion also he is judged by the testimony, Terum is to this game He did not enter as the leader of the youth, because with this honor, when this god signs* he was not yet decorated, so that 11 in the explanation of this god. Therefore, here a certain tenancy of the prince of Juventus when . Trophy game link not found we will drink

These, therefore, are the authors of the prince's juTentutus to connect dignity with equestrian affairs they did not hesitate. But Harduinus with Ti- deret, the princess of JuTentitus in the heavens usually presented standing, and armed

«) Pag. 236. 11. b) Ann. II. c. 83" c) Cenot. Pis Diss. II. c 3. d) Tom. II. page 563. e) Num. imp. available f) Num. of Camps. p. 99. g) of Ludls. Circ. L. II. chap. 9. h) L. LIX. $. IJ.

(Fo/. FIIJ.)

Bb b

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3T8

CAPVT nni

tttm hasstay etpositts jaxa daobas signs military pedestrians, he asserts, prin- otpem jurentutis always been (light the beginning of the foot troops, He himself explains the language of his country, Colonel General de rjnfanierie. Yide in his Cover aeL page 647, as well as in Yariia such places of chronology.* The same as ex Spanhemius would observe the gods, who, as We have said that the leaders of the juTentitus orders The cavalry leaders stopped before, a little he subjects them to the rear, rather as pedestrians, rather than that the cavalry had been assigned to ridi^ri •)• Maz- in fine, the solemnity or the x>bftcarier is, or Cjerte because of the abundance of things im- more complex, than to make it with fewer yerbs in the prefixed work of the present brevity U* let us give an explanation.

It is clear from these things that he says, or almost jcc^vyaro^, certain certain, and hu- to represent the right of title, 4>um Let the most learned men disagree or disagree excmci themselves ^nt, or finally to sway, yariosqae ad to explain the methods of bringing him to com- may they perish * By mistyped oracles ad?ocamttS, which, however ambiguous they may be, Hitherto we feared. It is easy, however let us understand, under the first principle they were generally associated with this title tjpos «questres, after .Getam always pe- destroy who will be able to guarantee, the maeva of this dignity safe passage of time could not be learned aum, and perhaps one yeter soum did he preserve his condition? Her of course he was not immune from the noyandi study Nem, it will be revealed in the lecture

we will give, hanchonor, who long- pore Ca^sares only adorned^ ab that Elias had been received by them. Moreover, leaving aside all the conjecture, and the penitjos rimaodi lust these noTis$e it was enough, no one can do anything about it To touch, this title was not a tribute except to those whom fortune, as being Ango- atorpm Tel successors, yel colleagues, destined;

But .and the principles of JuFentotis named* it is clear that you are with which I paid Augustus would boast* luyat inqoirere, which of these first teatibs He was used by those who were fit for it. I am a fraudster moseo Theopoliano argente.ua Domitis^- ni com titolo Agosti, in cojos aTersa he is called Phineceps. IVVENTVTI8| but it is agreed upon the perTersion of the currency ar- the chief of the Boman race was FlaTiorum in age* guilty, but manifestly sober, neither I doubt it Theupolianus* Ait Taniniua ^), already Then in the 10th say the prince of juTen- tnlis He does not add to this. Be- perish at Mediobarbum c) , qoi eom ex Patini Thesaoro .nomismatom recites in which place p. 3o is proposed as follows: S£* VERV8. AVG. part MAX. 2 PRINC. IV\5ENT. COS. Three equestrian figures running down But they had already seen the Middle beard, and Patinus, not this ayersa to ScTerum, but to belong to Geta. No- mum quoted by Mediobarbus, in .quo Diadumenianns and JIAIP* dicitur^ and .ona PBINC IVVEN^ITTIS, I do not wait, because he was drawn from Hulsio Satorni aba» TO He recently visited the Caesarian Museum.

a) Tom. II. pa^. 36^, b) Suppl. to the Band. page 2. note 2. c) Pag. 277"

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ON PRIKCIPE IVVENTVTIS

379

mas Gordiani Ang. argenteot, all in l^ger, and this is of the most certain antiquity the word of honor I wrote Mediobarbus tres Philippi junio* rit already brings forth the gods of Augustus, in which rnm is aTersa prince jayentutis dicitnr. Whether it was properly collected in these, or from the mint by mistake the matrix aTer-» the age which was lately Philippi still Cae- air, who will fall? Later Decias and Augustus I and the prince of Juyentitus, though in namo is said to be the only one up to now, which Khel- Hus in his Supplement to the Yaillants ▼ulgaYit« Frimus will therefore be as usual Gordian III. 1 who titled this cam Au- I taste it in the woods. Before ad the gods of the following xemperors DimuTi memorandum Talgatum marble aSponio •), in which it is read: IMP.CAES» M. AVRELIO AKTONINO.PIO.FELI- 11 AVG. PRINCIPAL rVVENTVTIS -

I gave 18 KAL. SEVEN

CATEGORIES Sarino AND CORNELlO. ANVLINO COS. These consuls should proceed V. G. ^9, in which Caracalla already counts tribe power 19 and yet adhue prince jnr diary no.

After these the rest of the princes of Augustus pum juyentutia examples only by the way

I will tell you what can be described in each of the gods. Decius follows Herennius the children in the golden Pellerini, in the second son Hostilianus. Soon Trebb- nianusy and Volnsianus, Tetricus. Aure- I don't even know how to give such a gift cant) yet the marble at Reinesius ^), but who unfairly added this title de- He attributes the fault of the writer. The following ex god Probus, Numerianus, Carinus, Gal. Maximianus, Carausius maxencies finally, Constantine M.

£n you the absolute series Augusto- the princes of the youth. What for him? they sought by adopting the title, who bound only to the leaders of the second fa- The pertinuity of Stigius has not been explained by anyone I did not find it convenient for me yet For any reason it comes to mind, unless to refer this Tclis to the knowledge of this age conyer of all yete institutions sion, of which we have hitherto given in abundance examples*

De Numis Crispus CIPIA IWENTVTIS we have done in this money, in what place and we have done about the god Gratian Ang. with epigraph: PIVM Twenty-eighth

a) Mlcell. page 271. b) Class. llh n. 43.

Rbb. a

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380

CAPVT IX

CAPVT IX

DE POYTIFICATF MAJUMO, AND SACERDOTIIS AVGVSTORVM

AND CAESAR

Xoquirer, how will he make the servant re- the origin of the ligion in the tree, which Yarielas, no one does not understand how you progress, a to be completely foreign to mine. That who takes to know thoroughly, prepared will review the matter, and will expound located by the most learned Illiris Lacobo Gu- Therio in the work: on the old pontifical law of the city of Rome, which is inserted in Tomo y« antiquity of Eomatiarnm Graeyii, and Andrea Bosio in the Exercise of Hi$tori* cn of the greatest pontiff of ancient Rome restored in the same place to the other tjpis, to whom add another of the same work the most important of the Roman emperors especially the Christians there rejected. For us in the present chapter only talk will be 4c to the priesthood of the Augustus, Caesa- and rural areas, that argument whether from pro- posited, 81 ve <;am opportunity took, except praised to receive Baronius, Pagius, Tillemon- yours, Spanhemius, and others, and lastly Abbot Mazzolenus in a lengthy Animad- yersion of the great pontiff. Of these I used many excellent comments I wrote about this topic

com by chance I came across the dissertation Neni Bimardi Barony de la Bastie go the pontificate of the greatest Roman emperors" rniTi, the former part of which It exists in Acts Academy of Inscriptions, Volume XII. Mere page 355 and to the end, the other I take Xy. from page 38. Here a liar who I don't know how before he had fled from me) eagerly read by me when clearly agree with what you wrote ram, Tidetur, and in addition in order, with clarity, my learning is far away to overcome diligence, I took counsel to the reader his clear precepts in the same mouth I have decided to contribute here, even so, so that you can go we are to control the abundance, and add burn a few things that are relevant to the matter the past was seen.

Four heads of doctrine for it is comprised, in which I. which rit, that there was a difference between the the greatest republic R., and order tora? II. At what time the pontificate ximus to communicate with several coe«^ perishes, and does it also with the Caesars? III. Or the pontificate of Augustus max. mini

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ON THE PONTIFICATV MAX.

301

they have endured sterility by themselves, and-cam pla- one thing was the pontiffs roax., or om« do you equal in dignity? lY. At what time Aagasti pontificate max. start from hold?

§ L

What was the diRcrimen tUr poniificaittm the largest republic A., and of the emperors.

Known in the ralgas, the council of the pontiff-^ when it was instituted by king Numa, and who presided over this, the greatest pontiff called At the pulse of Tarquinius the people began to be created by the pontiffs, the rest ces from the Pontic college, until these read Domitia let the will of the people rent Sulla the dictator of the people hate the traditional assembly of these He went, but having done so, the people returned to him bearing the votes of Y. C. 691 T. Labienus tribune pl. the law, and it was the same year pontiff max. C. lulia Caesar, as we have said in these gods. This is a cod^- the raft was cut down by the authority of the soa M. An- tonius cos. glo creaqdi pontificus max. it would be right, qut tnm in M. Lepidus to agree. This one Octavisnus Y. C. 718 in order indeed he took off his coat of arms, but in the sacred magistrate it is pas- sus, because it is from an old institution. yiTenti * He could not be lost * This V. C. 741 nstu- in the following year Augustus was the greatest of all pe previously offered by the people, always re- He accepted the charge. Yide these more abundantly exposed in his currency. Yerilike

Bimardus thought, that dignity of Au- to have been delegated by the people. But po Tiberius soon after he entered the command He raised the election of the people, and all po« He transferred the witness into the senate, henceforth his right to confer pending the Senate tisse, which from time to time in its own right proves it with examples. However, Fl. Lulianus, from which he was hailed by the soldiers is Augustus, daring to call himself lare the greatest pontiff, reports Sozo- menu *). Here, therefore, to choose the modes of pri- mum established a difference between the pontiffs The Teteres were priates, and the Augustus pontiffs. There stood another crisis in it, that that great pontiff was imprisoned, though to all the congregations of saints, and ip- he also presided over the Yesthals,* the power He had not, if anything, a priestess he was silent in death, another in his place when training. Indeed, it is clear that as I said, you are already close to this evil the pontifical council, it was a plague. Yerum this option then it was at the discretion of the Augustus God teaches eloquently ^). Biraardus marvels, > Spanhemium and Pagium were destroyed by Dion indicates that the power belongs only to the Caesars, and in order to bind the Earth Gum tameh muUa be the examples there he gathers this grace from the prince it was also deriTa to priTatos so, in the more illustrious it is that Otho pontificate, and augur of honor already the old man had added You are the noble ancestors of your youth Tacitus recalled to the priesthood as a consolation it is said "). Another, qnod from Sjmma- I am from Constantius U. Christiano

a) L. V. c. 1. b) L. LIU. 5. 17. c^ liist. L. L c. 77. d) L. X. eplst. 64.

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3tt2

CHAPTER IX

principe narral I Nihitdecerp$iimcrannn I decreed the privileges of virgins to the nobles priesthood, Romanit ceremonies not ne^ cheers*

Third Bimardas ^iacrimen in am* by the power of the pontificate of Augustus he said In fact, the pontiff of Mazimns rep. it will not be eaten whole unless it is gathered together you will preside over the snoring he could give an opinion to these elders, ponti- max. Augustus fais limiiibas checked not fuity but for discretion)08 sacred he interpreted 1 and only permitted associations, as much as he took away, which the law for Taria of the prince or the ambition He was in control of the age. Yide at several authors on both sides examples*

In the fourth crisis he thinks that once the authority of the pontiff max. aola ur- be Rome, and see the adjacent field had been defined, but afterwards the same when the empire had a few borders* the examples which he gives in this place do not let them establish this enough I believe that he has given up his power even now ei?ities, with which from Tetere instituted le- TiTere conferred with his arms the aulonomy it was mass. We read, Trajanus cen- amlent in the cause of the dedication of Pliny in This Terba answered *): Iolnm pere^ not being capable of dedication to the citizens of Greece nisj qnaefii nositojure Tcro was driven the case of Nicomedia Bithynia. But in the name foreign citizens understand it, which He uses the laws of his own country, and is disputed elsewhere Aocedity was by the government of the popnlos, or that part which is from the religious

the pontiff's own inadvertence with the words of a foreigner they could not be hearers, such as fne- the Egyptians, the Lydians, and finally the Christians m« Contrary examples are not so Tiden- there to prove the pontifical right of the Augustus than the abuse of law, Augustus, and pro- The governors of Tincia are little by little than the shadow of antonymy to the dnlgentis, on which subject instead, I diared more copiously. Generally Ta^ citns only lialicis in the towns Ceremonies and impiaquoj him of the gods You will fix the law and the government of R. to be cooked c),

%. IL

In which age is the greatest com*

I began to defend myself against him

even with the Caesars.

Kemo has been up to now, who is in doubt Tocaret, sa^Ta republic only one that he presided over the greatest pontificate. Tem- pore emperors from this institution but when, Tariant senten- of I was the first to be criticized in history. ca snbsellii, Bosius, Norisius, Pagiua, Tillempntius, Spanhemius, Yallftntiaa, All conspire against him the first of the Balbia, and of the Pupi those great pontiffs. But it was am, those who would go ahead of the time, how Maz^olenns ^) enumerates those who attend they did not doubt, all the emperors agreed with him by the fact that they were driven to the government pontiffs max. OTasis, from which return, (am Titus) Trajan, L. Ye-

a) Epistle L, X. 60 crazy no page 55>

b) YoL lY* dc urbbt autont p. 270. c) Anot III. 71. d) Ani-

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ON THE PONTIFICATV MAX.

383

mm to him eodeih hoaore foiBse ornttos* The same sentence is resascitaTit virpra- ekrae in our studies of the reputation of Bonhieras rolled in the year 1880 "a struggle that is in the history of the half of the writings of Tomo IX. page 1 15 who then follows Maz^olenus lo« Praise him.

Of these he was keen in doctrine, and in law opposnit^Bimardns our in the dissertation not, what we have in front of the servants. £x historians snppedttat the classical place God, in which place the decrees of the emperor bus from the senate honors: ix ts ^y i» naa^eug ratg le^wfvvat^ /f^CDcSa/, ^ut n^o

to begin to be the colleagues of the government, fu- even in the greatest pontificate gas, nt Pfailippus junior, Yolusia- Bam, Carinus, and others chin yide the gods of the Sinhalese. Of course three at the same time in the same state tisse, GaK Maximiannm, Constantinumt and Licinium, it is clear from the edict GaL Maxi- miani, the good conserTavit £asebius ^) , iii by which all these three pontiffs max. call* lantur * Add those who in the proyinci per They had called themselves Augustus, and ona pon- lifies^ the greatest, whose in the gods of Postumus yctorini, Tetriei supplies examples Bandurias

lam ^ero and Bouhierus ces soa expe^iunt arguments, to which They are trying to get rid of it, and it is already shaking and others afterwards the legates of the empire, John the pontificate of Sammi was a council to be aware Caasas aum to entur inimiSf and marbles, for there are other sources for them was not available. The line of these Bimardus would strike down, with the same weapons for himself he chose, according to him I in a similar war. the country in general, and, ot unknown to the reader it cannot be, in this last work constahter or use For those who love hi nomi? what marbles? of course, in Quit, those we love to give Gok- zius, Occo, Mediobarbus, fal8os,, con- fictitious, ill-read promulgated the worst of all known^ or, even though even though they are under-aired, therefore ces, and the evils of reality [H^aecones, la- boring like marble siTO quadratarius stakes, sire descriptors, or other causes to bring them multiple yitium. But

a) L. LUL § 17. b) Hist, ecclesi. L. YIU^ Ct 8.

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384

CAPVT IX

I am going to dictate the laws of Dumos probos and genuine, as well as marble, which blica, and especially the Bomana author-* It happened, and an expert eye read it, and. transferred to the film. each de- hence the gods, to whom the enemies of the enemy He calls into judgment their bad faith points out, and to them yeros, and to every sn- He opposes the children with a spear. Not necessarily I think, "the neck of a man of great worth" to transcribe men, because in general It is very true, all the adversaries monuments to be of doubtful faith, and au- ctority, and I speak enough in Pro- vegetables to the gods of Augustus, par- tim in the treatise on the power of the tribunal I proved how miserable it must be to leave the history which is of this character relies on slime. Who is further instructed he wishes, that the oracle of Bimardi himself should come. Nor less solidly does he rebut seoten tiam, who is stoned, by the ancients not ra- ro be called simply pontiffs, who re she herself had been the greatest of the pontiffs, that for herself particularly to be proved by Cupid rus *)• For even though I have sometimes spoken thus they were historians, and others were not writers yet, either gods, or marbles pta yide the praised dissertation p.

377--

Dedimns above the place of Dios, in which The emperors are called by all the seropers. they were finally installed in the priesthood, so much so and the greatest pontiffs were united, and pre- the pontiffs, the augurs, and the sacred XYVIRI of the faci^ndis, and of Yllvir's feast, of whom bus only four schools see Nori- sinm ^), swells the gods of Nero Caesar.

Mar- morGruterian dedicated to Tiberius PON- TIF. MAX. AVGVRI XV VIRO 8. F. VIIVIRO EPVLON. Not so much they would only be a bar, but sometimes in the public records promulgated no. In the skies of Augnstor bet in the gods of the Caesars, of whom shortly) all these associations never declare there However, some Augustus in the forest to make any mention of it. Le- it is in the name of Caligula: PONT. MAX. AVG. P.M. AVGVR, Vespasian, and Titus: AV- GVR TRL POT See what is in each We noted the issue. After all, it still stands standing rep. several other priesthoods with pon- certified max. to have been conjoined lam lullius Caesar is said to be in heaven: AVGVR. BRIDGE MAX. , and Livius ^) : Exiiu anniet C. Ser- 8th Gemini the greatest pontiff yes the same Xvir was sacred. Pontifexin I was recruited by the college Q. I was vius Flaccus, but the greatest pontiff Af. Ae- Mius Lepidus, and Xvir Sacrarum Q. Mar*

cius Phiippus

m

* *

You have raised your children, either by nature or by nurture.

always raise children to the priesthood

to adorn, and indeed the prince

the nephews of Caius and Locius, Tibe-

, his son Drusus, then Nero

and Drusus the Germanic children* See ho-

rum of all gods. However, these are one

or else he would be content with the priesthood. 5*

Rum Claudius moved the senate, so that

Nero adopted by himself in all things

pig associations above the number of co-

a) Not in LacUnt de mort. persevere b). They eat diss. II. cS* c) Pag. 235 f 10. also Masonry page 225, 6* d) II»XL. c 42.

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ON THE PONTIFICATV MAX.

385

he would have wished to say that If there was any Caesar at any time pore the greatest pontiff, without any certainty He tries to be a monument of faith. What more xum^ Albinum Clodius known Augtt- and in some cases the goddess is called the pontiff the most important thing to do

§ in

'^n Augmti pontificatut tnajx. service

by $e they died, and with the majority it was

pontiffs max. , or all in dignity

parents

This question, and what follows they follow, Bimardus argues at length in the Acts of the Paris Inscriptions of Tomo Xy. from page 38. Cunl uunquam lack of outstanding Tiri, with which Irrequi- and to follow the subtleties of talent, that he loves to search in the sea those who asserted, or suspected, Augustus pbntificat max. titu)o con^ the tentacles were in no way connected with this functions adimpleyiase. Cosirarium following the judgments of others, he teaches Bimardos, com consists of the writings of Augustus ptoribos, qoorom copious testiioiOBia He mentions that he had executed them in general pomific^es max. whole republic to stand consaer^ront, to have restored very nias neglected, to establish new ones, for^ to take care of the sacred mud, to reform Kalen- darius qood not mpdo by I. Caesar, but Augustus reports the incident to Sueto xiios .«) in faith the books of the Sibyllines

Tisse of both sexes, and twice as much. to have sacrificed But the people in the use of the empire, no •cryptors ipodo, aed and infioita nomo- xmm ateirsa eopiole witness. Not because I repeat what I have done so often 4 iores, siire cuin- égrere arenten, sire taletodtne detinerentiir ^ Ticario ponti- become a user, for this command is ne- woven not even that of Anto .ninoPiopevbibet Capitolioiis: Mc ullum -Bacrificium per vicarkim fedt^ except when he was ill, which he loved to use as a test the commanders of the army, whom they approve of otherwise Ticarinm was always available, for himself the pontifical max. he would face his duties. But this speech does not teach anything else. except Antoninus in his sacred country to others pensions were affected, cojos illostiia let us give examples of his coins; none therefore this attachment to me so much wonderful deator, com, qooad imperarrir, not a foot from Nrbe, or Ticinia from* tnlerit;

To the other side of the hnjas qnif^stion Bimardos who had gone astray, I think, com the greatest pontiffs wept together, or were they all equal in dignity? denies in all the history of R. having found these arguments, yere doubt, Solas therefore -peresse conjectures, easqn^ from Augn- the reason for the dignity of the table. Trea igi- there with Fagio under the emperors guit government forms of administration, pri- it is ma, that Augustus adsciTcre suc- Caesar's successors, even so, as these lias were clearly subject, in whose number

a) in Aug. c. 31. (^Foi. FUL).

Cc c

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386

CAPVT IX

fttcrc Tiberias, Tilus, Trajan, Anthony ninus Pius, M. Aurelius. Moreover, which JL Aurelius L. Yerum, then Commo- while Severut Caracalla and Geta he was also associated with Auguati by name, however ctority in all equally of the empire R. pro- It would be worth it, and there was only one exit. imperium, even though many of them pre- they will eat Third, than after Diocletian and the abdication of Maximian rnnt Constantius Chlorus, and GaK Ma- Ximianus^ with these Iroperium diyiser^, and the progenitors, and the legions, which would correspond to each individual. And then im- one can only be called by name he protects, for from now on those who have gone over to him with the highest authority it was, that he was more liable to repeat leaving only the sign of the union, the laws passed by the Augustus ere, the names of colleagues were added Na^ Enarralis accuses these tribes of forrois Fagius, as far as Balbinus and Pupie- whether there was but one pontificate the greatest ««t said ^itius. After these he said, being in the dark, whether the mind of the pontiff max. with junior Au- the taste has been co-opinicated, and You are waiting for the last one, or I will go these, too, in the coalition of power they have been promised. But finally the facts of the government not only the division of Augustus noinen of this highest dignity, but also I was connected with this idea. Bi- Mardo, except that here is quite probable

he thinks, 'even from Balbinus until Chlorus junioribns Augustis no nudum pontifical max. title, etc even his exercise was permitted. I refrain from arguments, either which confirms the present case, because this exceeds the limits of the prefixed brevity and moreover to this no help run numL

S. IV. •

With the pontificate of Augustus 4: o^erint nbstinere?

This is a broad question of discussion. of the materials supplied, of which others contend that Gratian was the first to whom the priesthood of the Gentiles is supreme it would be wrong to act against others already from Constantine M., who was the first Christian Stiana is a sacred araplex, that {tiisse repudiatum, he adhered to the former sentence Baronius «), although he once preferred the other ret^), to adhere also to Bosius in the lau- given at the beginning of his historical exercise of the pontiff max. , Spanhemius ^), Yandale <^), often aUi, whom enu- Bosius deserves The second opinion fold cd Gotofredus iu letter, which in the name of Julius Placidius de forbidden to Christians with Gentiles issued by the munition of Geneva, Pagius •), Til- leraontius'), and after others recently compiled his learned abbot Maz^olenus Sf). And the other opinion of both part of the arguments in the strict, and for- tasse propter rermra coplam niraio pro*

a) Ann. etc. to ann. Chr. 312. b) No. in marlyrol Rom. to say Aug. 21 c) Tom. 11. p. 4l3. d) Dissert. IL de Pont. rose e) Crit. Bar. to ann. 312. 0 Hist^ i^PP- Tom in different places g) Animadv Ilf. of Poni. roax p. 66*

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OF PONTIPICATV MAX,

381;

ductom exaipeii y^iATit BimardQ» no' ater iDJe from page^S, fanxitqpe, prio* .remJBaronit, Boa^iqae opinion to another lopge to be preferred» It cannot be long •diapau^ionia nooniai fame this Gon« to bear, how many things can be done This excerpt

Bepudiali first by Gratian ponti- liver max. I will leave one testimony Zosimus offers «)• Tells him, cam He was present at the command of Yocatus I continue with the pontiffs who are friends with him to offer the pontifical, and the pootific so great was his appeal. Omr let the emperors of Tider ayide until now that he had accepted this position, and always used by this title, not even excepted Constantine, though he was rejected by his elders religipne Christiana would be aroplex. He also remained in the same purpose, who near .suci^ess^re , and these between Ya- the Lemtinian too, and the Yalen* Ye- the custom of the popes CQti offered the priestly robe to Gratian rent, that he had divorced her, when he denied ret, that man of the sacred Cbristian to be able to use ditnm Beddita igitnr ponti He said to the priests that he was the pontiff of the college let the prince, if the emperor be disgusted the pontiff's mind, paallo after futiiram High Pontiff* So far Zosi- xnns, cujtts contain the last words accession to Britain rannum, who really airqnot after years by killing Gratian, he seizes the government. * Hu- the right to argue the truth of Bimardu's testimony to others, to whom we the rich" who preceded me to establish mtitor*

Indeed, if Constantine H. this office had rejected the hand, con- time to tell the song in com*- they had neglected to write down their notes" .ecclesiastics, and particularly £usebius, aot the writers of the nation, and the rulers of Lulia nus apofl^ataK J^x^qup filentio argoi jure please a^pp^c^dentil^aspri^cibus Christ ^tianis that nothing had been changed in this manner* Then, if he could have the courage to do so I want you to know your religion, ta- men ;periculQ9um. would have been from accepting S^mmo this work is seen as foreign, because He would have been thrown into the heathen m^ro, then still; to the prevailing, not to receive them with new sacred power would wear Therefore, in the future also allowed the games to be played for centuries, and some ancient superstition nias, he himself could admit the same mnqns, according to the provisions of the law ges was governed by ancient superstition. Ae- it yields, that it should be removed from itself i.e. the just part of the imperial power proptei:; than those who are greedy it was requested, he had taken it for himself. What? that the Christian princes who retained them to have manners, to worship idols to attack the cannons, preventing them for these reasons the usual meetings, rites, ceremonies arguments, etc.* brought by Brother soon the testimony of Zosimos was mentioned also another of the Servius, who under the prince he wrote to the Christians said he, this was customary for the king to eat even $acerdoIf velpontifex^ how today that emperor tithe of the pontiff. Ad remonstrances as regards, er-

a) L. ly. c. 36-

Ce e s

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386

CAPVT IX

there are marbles that oltat BimaTdtis in which Constantinus M, , Yalentinia'* nus, Valens, and indeed also Grace They are not called the greatest pontiffs. Ad- do detiique e^ot if you were Tisum^et Coii- stantino ' to detract * from the pontificate, because to compose illnni euih causes of religion can't stop, can't even stop would have protected, the less the dignity of the prince when it was thrown away, it should be transferred to another, not to the pontiff the college would be without its head^ and with first at that age, in which so many still aenatus B, , collegia omnfra, ao xitiaxvAra they consisted of a part of the pagans. But y^eito so far away, as to be brought to bear a task was imposed, as from the monument and to the scribes also, no one before the Gralian tel by the pagans themselves then the most important pontiff, except the uhuni prince, ^ * *

These premanstrati Biihatdds diiu^re The objects of Gotofredi were attacked in the same way usns argument^, ^^^!^ ^^ eadeth Cansa Bosius once appointed Goihofrfedus, where- rum the main ca^ita ^ this ' suht. He said here for the first time reri faith, so that the narrative of this ya- He does not mention it. True, it looks like B6- sius, Tade was not the work of Zosimo auctd- almost synchronously. Zosimos,' is injected Gothofred, how much faith is there to be had, know although Christianbrum was sworn in, and that much of the boasting of Cong^antini^^ iii ha* and that Aroplier is the one who speaks of Gratiairi herself he said falsely, when he was c6ntk*a of all the faith of the writers, not of Lugdutius of Gaul but the pef-emptufli nari of Singiduni Moesiae rat Obloquilur Bosius^ odiuuv scrip- to the heathen, except for other suitable reasons are available, by themselves they are not sufficient

cere to abrogate the faith, ai' which h praiseworthy things about Christian princes he wrote. At the end of the day holds, Gothofredus Gothfredus oppo* nit^ who himself in the commentary sno in ti- mlnm eodicis Theddosiani : de paffaHi$^ Macrificiia^ to his temples and adherents of Constan- tinu lata read haruspicina uium to have sent By what means can he be excused psu^s Zosimi Singidum for Lyons writer, read copiously discussing Bi- slow Gothofredns follows, re- not likely, if the Christian emperors "Stianius admitted the pontificate, this a to end with the rains of other pagan writers concealed, nor even Tideri Teri- "Likewise, the fathers of EcJeiBiae did not all fu- they will spend their money, but from this pro- j^osicb prince^ Christiano^ aTOrterenr. But then, says Bosins, this is from him scrijfjtOrum silehtiof to be proved,' imperafo- refe to endure the pbntificBtuln you went through; for to be marked by solemn solemnities, which they depart from the old system, not at once curstiim stmm ordinariom retincnt Ce- Zosimus was not the only one who posited He told them that he had done it. Serrinm We have already mentioned Sufira. Ausonii below mcn- that will happen. But now to other things ProTOcat Gothofredus, aitqne, titulnm pontifical max. the same and this in the edict nor on the knees in silence, nor ih marbles: given ^Bespdmlet Bo^ sihs, nihi) ^stud to prove^, ' tell too much he was dying; for it is not necessary to do so «a, '^el lurianur iti/ edictis' «om praefd* runt titlutn ^ but no one jfitrcrptered nWgiiTerh , 'it was he ^oriftficte ' maxx^ mqs. Then from Claudius Gpthicq_ jBa.di- gnitas is rarely already expressed in the gods, and there were pagan leaders

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ON THE PONTIFICATV MAX.

389

quoriini Bttmi e«m plfiiia reticodP«w Idesn facttim findiAus with tpifc«iitet« you can* state* and cetiftulatu; Am I for it? ptei^ea utrifittque office repudiaite tta- protective? '.However, I fell in love with Contantini M.; who say that he is the greatest pontiff he went out and bought the coins, and brought Bi- mardus marbles, which is the same they attribute it *). That you have that in your son the name of Gonstantine M. has been omitted, Bimardut gives the reason, because then demptis titles Dotninua noater^ Impera^ tor^ Caetar^ AugUniui^ the rest all, he consults, tribune of power tifices malimi here and there in numismat- oihitti to begin Of course, until now the god of Lulian, who would make fun of this pontiff, was discovered He did not, but Libanius testifies to him you were not the only pleasure of the emperor. I add thee Socrates complained that luliannum temetiptum pontificem max, ap^ peltse <^).

These are the more important arguments, which ezpedit Gothofredos, then, who Bosins refuted this. He added to the conti-» nuo' ta)Bi prppria Bimardns , ted ante<^ how he behaved, he must be warned He led a centurion ®y, in the great pontiff three ette tpectanda, title iptum, a with which he who adorns himself with it was tainted I accepted a certain explanation, then po« tettat, which is silent for both tissues He will endow the old, and what will be forbidden or new he reasoned that the cult should be established, or already to be changed, finally, it serves to exercise cifium, which^ especially in the administration he says tacrit to the rites and offers tacrifi

ciit oouttabat» Pottreaiain Ittud cum the relfigiioia of Christiana ordered the compo<* He could not, indeed Cacile understands however, he noticed that it was the previous one duat oauttB) quin potiut to amplify* I will give the religion of ChristianBra, and coev* certain idolatrous piurimura conf«r«^ he could really hope. This changed everything He testifies and confirms having sought from hittoHa jut aeri thence from Con* ttantino M. utqae ad Gratiannm, tolu- and he will persistently give you riches, which to obtain the intention of the post-Ma- the moment of registration tit Tiberit on this day of Rome the propotita^ and the son of Valentiniani,^ Yalentit, Gratiani, who are all the same They were in Augustus with lemper, with aoctority between the bridge, qaae tingit palam pon*> He adds a masculine name. Hear a lot he has another edition at Grinter. £x with which Bimardut argues, as long as Ya- lentinianot, Yalensque tuperttitet fuere Gratian could not refuse the offer then the pontificate, which he was to take over He would hold it for Augustus yita faftcfitprimilt Augu^tut , atquO uni» Cut escaped, nothing now Obstititte, which mi* let me freely explain your yolontdt/ The rest of the dissertation, incle a page i25 examines Auson's tcri- ptit spends, whose protection is part of raqne to plead your cause* At the very least, he attacks the faith of the monument. rum, from whose doctrine he will be troubled still Valentinian III., Marciana, and the pontificate will say ximot K)«

a) 1. C.p. lOtr. b) etc. p: tlO» c) Paneg. Tom. H, p. 29&; «) I. c. p. 88. 0 Pag- t60. s) Pag. 1424

d) H.B.L*IU.e.i^

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390

CAPVT IX ON THE PONTIFICATV MAX

AbfiolTi snmmam his disputationiti which yirora preeminence sentences he was distracted" Yt not gra.vate himself Bimar- di, et qoi huic daces fuere» opinion I subscribe because of the strength of the arguments to perform yidetor, so I admit, however, su- I also have a weight attached to the other which of course relied on Tir. some learned Dominicus Marsella, late of Boro the hesitation of TulgaTit, which will be absorbed: // the pontificate was not assumed by May gives to the Christian Emperor, by which he is in dis- also for theological reasons he refuses without the most gracious fault of ex- could have been lured by a Christian prince aus, because of the profession of the same Christian openly opposed, because jiece evil, and the most grateful toret eu Tcrbis, or by any work I intend to pretend to be a true religion. Yt- and so while he denies that it can stand together Tir more pious and honest, we can rightly really, in which agreement the Christian princes which reigned until Gratian yere, not even by himself for many reasons after Constantine M., Tita unfaithful ao wicked, bloody dyed, £ra- three hatreds and murders, and what are these terrible snags, with theological readings, they were able to profess the religion of the Torah

do you agree? We would be surprised if the Isthaeus did not the learning of many men is quite con» would stand, what ceremony^, rite, opinion* nes some aStttjpo^ttg tighter Tin* with all the causes of religion than the solid precepts of Tirtotus, who especially when exercising. from the divine prescribed by the legislator. of the human race safety is contained. Finally, educated Yandale, not satisfied, Bo- If he had stuck to his decision, he was still beyond do not hesitate to sanction the progress ta?it, the Christian Caesars for a long time after Gratian himself as pontiff max. to have done among Christians, qaod this ti- tulus would include the summnm in Christian* church government and government and to that extent, what to SS. the Trinity and Catholic faith, to their churches that priTilegia, which to the bishops and clerics, what to heretics, what to baptisms, burials, etc. They say that they were Christian emperors direct, corrected, commanded, or by right the pontificate of the greatest, that to them through the Caesarian power, to which he was pontificate was attached to you, was removed *)• Com- several emperors were appointed to do so that they would believe that similar things belong to them Who cares?

a) Disstrt U. de pont. maz« ctp* t*

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CAPVT X. ON TRBBVNICIAN POWER.

391

CAPVT X

h B TRIBFNICITY POWER.

J. ribunicia imperatorvm potestas a tri- It is given to the plebiscite, who a year after ex- actos regia XVL, V-C. a6a established they are like the people of the patricians protection against insolence and cruelty feel At what steps did their yireSf "They have risen to power, however much they have been not only to the patricians, but to the very highest serious and troublesome to the officials, no it is to mention this joke. This cer- then, a major tribune, and an amphora that rights and power had been combined, which as princes, who remp. from old age, om? and the powers of the magistrates they tried to bring they would either seek to be anchored, or the other way around they would desire to be carried to themselves. For neither was necessary to the sum or power to be an accessory to happiness, to be sacrosanct* ctum, and, as Cicero says *), not just against yim and ferrnm, but also con- through Tcrba reading the sacred armor that any of the senate consuls could to march, to convene, it would please, and dismiss the senate and the people, magi- the strata opposing him by force to submission to drive Yide, what about this tribe

mm p1. power from time to time in command cl. of la Bletterie Gallus ^).

^ First, cni is out of order is the tribunician power, was Lullius Cae- sar witnessing this to Dion ^). Of course in three other honors, which he heard of the victory The people brought him to Fharsalica, he was also nt through all the tribnic life also somehow he would gain power. The same honor was offered to Octavian after born in Sicily Six Pompeii while, if the faith of Orosius *'), or ad Antony's actions were again witnessed by Dio but who then seems or does not accept tasse, or at least he had been more negligent Indeed, in the seventh year after that, Y» C* 781, as the same Dio refers^), decree from the senate, Augustus, tribune of the people perpetual ^sset, and continually adds: in from springing up, as Augustus, and whoever him The emperors were cut down in a certain way with the rest of these honors, then three they would use their power. first It was Augustus who read it in this way He accepted that it prevailed among his successors we understand from ancient monuments.

a> for Sextio b^ B^ L. Tom. 25 Mem« pa^;* 392. 6. c J8. c) L. LI. § 19. 0 L- LIU- 4*31

c) L. 41 c. 20. d) L.

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i92

CAPVT X

His sQsceptienda, and coniervanda Augustus had not one reason. For besides that according to them, which I have mentioned above, and power He added to himself, and the security of, the popnlar he declined envy of the appearance of power, the exodus of both the king and the dictator Tocabulis Indeed, Augustus con- that the more perspicacious did not run away, de- declared Tacitus acting on the power of three bunicia ■): That term of the highest fastiffii^ says, Augustus finds that neither the king nor he would assume the name of dictator and yet ap^ some other governments were rewarded by pelting he inherits *). And the same above about the same Augustus ^) : having assumed the name of Illvir lemming himself, e$ to protect the pleSem tri* Bunicius was content with the thief, Stittto is a professional, which I like very much He should have been afraid of the populace. stand most divine, and only you are reip. usually Titam and the goods of the cfvium defeBsurum» £t this was in some way a pretense of beauty necessary at the time of freedom the memory is still in the minds of men he was giving Rather, we are still following the same plan Tiberius, a man of violent temper but the stratagem being known, the consuls conspired together It began as in the old republic, and Ambiguous to command, Do not issue a certain order by which he called the fathers into the court, except the tribe fMCtae powers of prescriptive po^iy nt says Tacitus *). From which it appears that yalida was that power to fim^ttudufm

leadership, and resp. the issue, of course, of the popular species, certainties, how it was overthrown by open force. And bac Of course, it was said that Tacitus summs /b- the term of Stigii, not that of Samsum It would mean a peak, but in a way would effect it, in the same way as Tiberius Yellejus defends to affirm. judge him that the power of the consortium was equal to Aw^ gusto ^)y atque Yopiscas quoqae/;ar- Tocavit the greatest theme of the royal empire To be, who detracts too much from the power of the ox others are here, and they would be too much of a burden. £x To them Norisius is very sparing, as he relates Pagius 9) thinks, trib. power iroperatoruBi Bollum deaigpaase impe* rium, but only the right to intervene, at- immunity from all perjury. £x To them Dodwell was too generous and generous. with one power to end the testate The proconsul said that Yeram bas sin- He has already thoroughly refuted the views of Gnaleria the most learned Schwarzias io Exercita^ the academic session of Augustorwn Caesa^ and tribe you can % 14 eC XIU., and Mazzolena's dissertation ej^oadem an- gomenti pag. 7.

MagBom, however, was inler yeteres tri- bans the people, and the emperors of the tribes po- testate prediroa discrimination even Dtot himself expedient in other places. PviminD ineqaa Aagns^tus, nor ullot another inipevator triboAi pl. never mind aie, but titala trib, potesUtia ft). Ni-

a) Ann. L. IIL c. 66" b) Ann. I. % c) Amj^ I. 7* d) t. II. c. 99. c) in Ta- quickly Aug;. c. 1. f) CriJLic. Rarou. to ann. Chr. V\7 n.JX. g) L. 53 § 32

'•) Because the tribunatus did not so much respect honor for excellence as it did for confidence took, throws the praised Bletterius, (1. c. page 436«) conseAtiente also Gutherio,, for he should read it in advance.

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ON THE TRIBVNITIA POTESTATK

393

mirnm, which he says elsewhere *), to carry the guide of the tribunes of the piety of the wicked leader emperors, when of course the same people the river really trib power, gloves it was the greatest fuam they received. £x which docemnr also, imperatoret, even if ex the plebeian order should be issued, comiDuo in patricians fnisse adleetot, cojas qaoqae for example in Did. Julian gave 8 parts nut ^). Then complete the rep. he could not tribunat pl. to be consul at the same time, or another to pass the magistrate, which, however, by* was sent to the emperors" He adds, to order the tribune yeterem cx it would not have been a thing, except for the annual c) ^ him that entered lY* id. December, when ta- Xnen was the power of three emperors perpetual, and every season of the year decrees he had to be away from the city to spend the night, except on Latin holidays^), their* that, moreover, the power outside the city yalttit, but it was allowed that the commanders were absent the city, nor were they absent, the trib power, which is an example in Bhodo had been given by Tiberius, as quoted for the tribunal he ordered the conspirator to be taken away prison ").

Although Tero iipperatores trib. power they had taken possession, but not in the city of the tribunes pl. to cease to be created from Tetere, where- Then, too, there are not infrequent exeroples tribunicia liberty of senate consuls io^ the third, as Tidere is at Pighius • his own tribunes in single years, if any ttoria testified, giving But prone

is . yours, the little tribune Tisse's authority, and finally beyond leaving no name He thinks that PanTi^ nius, that the tribunes had lasted as far as Constans tinumM., from which it is certain, when noTtm would establish the republic form, many TCterA make institutions obsolete

Compare the commanding tribes. power tem, it belonged to the senate, from which it and it was brought to Inius Caesar, and to Augustus we know" But the beginning has already been established the decision of the leadership to the senate through sent, not that the princes were wanting Tires, which Tellent, to seize, Terum which honors have not been extorted from thee there Thus Tiberius himself testifies to Tacitus He asked the senate that the Drusus tribe He will contribute to the matter ^). Which of the cautious £la God has pierced the heart, because he did not ex- tpectato tenatuscOnsnito besides honors others were brought to the princes as usual in the tribe. the power of the name intolerit §)• But de his successor Alexander Lampridias ^), him on one and the same day by the senate of Angu* ttum, trib/ potettatit, the father of the country to have been anointed And I have a reason find out why one Pescennius, though Au He openly professed his taste, however tribe abstained from the mention of power than that it i)li from the senate, who first in the power of Didius Lulian, then of SeTerl does, is unable to decide, Terospe himself to seize control unless it is offered He did not take it away. Of course, in no way and by betraying her to the written power

a) L. LIIL § 17. Here. Ant. L. Vllf. § a. h) Chap. 1.

(fw. rm.)

h) Chap. 3. c) Appianus. Bcl. citizen L. L c. 14 and 21. d) Dionysus. c) Suct. in Tib. c. !!• 0 -A.nn. Chapter III 5^ g) L. 79

D d d

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i94

CAPVT X

find out Qttin Gam Antiochense» from Trajan, and afterwards the tetradrachm if you would like to write Gonstanter AH- MAPXIKHC* eHOTCIAC, tribuniciae from the said cause in one fish they did not change the epigraph after nPQ* NOIA eeOON, the providence of the gods^ ot it was said on the coins of Antioch.

Augustus himself in the tribe. can you apply buissd Gonlegas, there are examples Augustus himself supplies the three, who Y. C. 786 M. Agrippa for five years brought «), from time to time Y» C*.74i into another extended for five years ^). Y.C. 748 for five years also gave thee cousin, as Caji and Lucius Caesa to rebuke the insolence of rum, by which when it comes to private matters, it is luck again reduced, but Caius and Lucius left fnnctis, lest, as Tacitus says ^), sqc- the rebel would be in uncertainty, and pray for another hopes were restrained, V. C. 767 Ti- He adopted Berius, and the trib. power He gave you ten years, and expired He prolongs the branch, as we said in the coin Tiberius Augustus has already begun whom he decorated with this power, as it were a cup in command, and a destiny to have a successor, that his institution then suddenly he went into an example equating emperors to those whom through ad they had given up the option of the government, if they moved I am equal to the conduct of things through age be, immediately trib. power to decide to take care of something, to give examples Augustus in Tiberius, Nerya in Tra- Janus, Hadrian in Aelius, and soon An tonino I added, if by age to things

should be done in a fit manner, for neither An* the taste of Cajo and Lucius, even though by adoption* even to the designated successors, and he he would already be serving as a consul, ^rib. you can* the state of the decision has passed, nor Clan- Nero's god, nor Antoninus immediately ]IL Aurelio * The same law also in natu rales and each son, and what follows It was obtained by the Caesars. His famous exam* Tiberius, who with the tribe He would ask for power from his son Drusus, inter He also mentioned other uses to him at the same time, that he himself once from D. AuguMio to seize this mutm% vo^ Caius said, Nor now hastily^ 9ed by I freely take the experience of comprcMM aediiionibun ^ composiiii dellit ^ iriumpha* I am twice a consul for him. take the onion ^). The same honor Vespa Sianus to his son Titus was already of a mature age and Trembling, he learned, he imparted, "But at worst." M. Aurelius brought him to his son as an example In the year Xyi* nalo was added to the same still in the year of August, which that Severns would be driven to madness, for ten years his son Antoninus with the same power, and Augustus marked the shore. But hereafter everything was disturbed, as will be seen below, when The tribe of Philip the Younger and Yolnsian we will spend

^ Cnm trib. power ana with command The title of Thor was a kind of government foundation, and who would prefer it either he would be a prince, or he would be in charge destined, it pleased each prince from the day conferred upon him a certain power, if it is right to speak so, to lead a cham; of course what he betrayed

a) Dio L. LIV. § 12. Ann. III. S6.

b) God L, LIV § 28

c) Ann. III. c. 56. d) He is silent.

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THE TAXATION POWER.

DOCTRINE

395

)^m %u

fCfOfiSeVTUi , TlUi S^i* UUTVig XUi ^ i^U^iSfJLVj'^

repeated by the emperors of the tribunes testified

Because the method of repeated trib after having properly learned a great deal, so as to continue I said, to the chronological order of the emperors history contributes, not at all surprising, ma- let the best characters understand him correctly* while all work must be determined brought the tension. send details with respect to certain opinions, and what proved to be a little learned, two I will only produce more celebrated, which having finished another, which seems to me Terisi- better, I will decide.

8 ENTENTIA L

which was

ONVPHRII PANVINn.

The tribunician power" was renewed every year it was on that day that

I embraced her, aunt men and all gra seen, and in the matter of history most ver- sati, Norisius, Pagius, «panhemius, Tillemontius, and others. Reasons why linic favors, partly the nature of the area, pap- tim from the records requested. To the former as for what is appropriate, of course, as the right to count every year is valid then, as before, he would not return, unless and finally, in the coming year Dionis moz was quoted as an anchorite, Jerhi-

a) L. LUI (. 17.

Odds

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596

CAPVT X

bentis, from which you began to see the tribe po- The basket of the empire that we should have been numbered there are also copious monuments ez the provision of which trib. power so must be counted, so that its repetition moves it give, as I said, that is, from the day of his col- to be drawn And of course they would have acquired the associations of the rich in this Panyinian sen- unless the cause is serious, and solid're- to look at another TCI would have done Of course observed, in com- number of tribes in several Augusts. power It is indeed easy for you to conspire with numbers years, how many had commanded them teaches history; but observed also, if we choose to follow this opinion, in com* for most Augusts to be greater than others trib« the number of the power, than as with at the time, how long the government presided over them it is settled, it can be arranged. £n both example: Caligula ruled from XYI on Wartius Y. C. 790 to date 24 lanuarii V. C 794. Ergo iter- ata every year on the same day of March, trib. po- He entered the tribune attestation in the 4th year of the 5th century. 793, in which he was killed in the month of La- at the beginning of the following year* Easy therefore in Panvinius' opinion is explained. tribe can IV* of this emperor stood in his way god Elagabalus reigned 44 years 9 months He then began his tribune ly. And in this agreement from the doctrine of Panvinius Within this space you will find the tribune V., who read in his frequent there? Att[ui objected to the same difficulty not a few others go, etiatn Augti the empires of history.

- Therefore, to extify this node, Tel- distinguished men, yet not pta Paninii's decision to leave | Tide*

to find other things of all kinds, by which they escaped from the labyrinth, another to think that all the monuments are in forgeries, qua6 auctiores narrant tribunatns nnf mere, others absurd, and pessi- My death is threatened. This indeed when they did not laugh at everything, to whom the matter itself seemed to be controlled, that is inquiratnr another someone cardo, a qao the chiefs repeat the trib. power co- Bueverinti, whence she was born

SENTENCE H.

which was

NICOLAI TOINARDI

The power of the tribunician was renewed in the fourth year it was IF* iduB December.

Of course, he thinks that the established fu- to be the emperor, as in any year on which day she took power he would migrate to the second on the 4th that December, and that would go, even if the tribunate of I. of a few tan- then it would be days. Which is easily admitted of course it is, l^Iagabali, nt hujua again I will use an example to explain the tribune of Y. For when he was in power, and he had invaded the state in the month of May 5* C. 971, still in the same year the 4th of Dec. it was TR. P. II., on the same day of the year 97«. TR. P. III. , 973. TR. P. IIH. and demo 974. TR. P; Vm sliding with what power He was killed in March 5. C. 975. En tibi tribunatus V« liquid compro- batos* Rather than occur in this sentence can, nt a full year with a few nl- a third tribe every three days. you can*

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ON TBIBVNITY POWER,

397

to admit 6ie »i quis cam na- it would have been a little before lY. that December breSf it was renewed on this very day, in the year circumambulated by the tribe power IIL At- What is this aceession siifficerc Tidebator to explain the difficulty to everyone whenever the tribune of the number known im- They were afraid to leave the time of perishing It is not without cause that the said iieration to lY* id. December It was thought to be fixed; for God's witness They were wont to be created on the same day the tribunes of the people, and the emperors as witnesses * Dio *) thus counted the knperti an- n08 | as if every year they themselves I said to the tribunes, to be the doctrine of Toinardi, not indeed in something that is established by his work handed down, but taken from some of his ad Pagivm epistle, about which Tide Mazzole- no uniyersa bistoricum of this cause at least sparingly ^).

JKDICtVM VTniFSQVE SENTEN- TIAE.

In this part the doctrine of Pantinius labored I explained above, so much so, even though the days of many Augustus tribunes but not of all, Bt ez them, qoae in each of the princes I will say, it will be clear. To what extent Let it be known, to what extent it must be repaid, 4etn- we will distribute onions*

Another sentence, quanHim ea Toinardi is to be thought I will not be solicited because, as I said, he did not explain it so which he told When Abbot Maz- £ Olenus, Tyrus of excellent learning, no it will be twice the half-time that Toinard^ settten-

tiam de iterata ly^ idas Dec» tribuni- with that power in learned sais to the Museum Pisanoni's Commentaries Pecalari Anim adversary so proppgnaTit, that it tc- can be said to have done his right. That let it be in general about this his Incu- judgment, that is, you seek, so ha* beto: I don't think otherwise for another reason I will defend more from any help rae, «t learned collatum, and hoe qaidempaoto, as also, after pe- roratom «sset, much more ijos infir- the gentle and well-bred Titia appeared. Yes you see plenty of evidence, patro- whether more soric, and industrious nan- He could not be heard. for Nifatl sent, nothing intended, or "on from all hiding places" and shaken, that wherever I could only play with it. If their I have to admit that you are a heavy explorer cspta usually iCsse . from monomen by doubts, or by propagating falsities, or by Tio gently twisted here, out with warning fighting against the opinion of old scholars aunt If Hjuod finds the monument caa- if he sings a paean to his mother's propitiation what is said to Tersatur is available. ttanti escapes, ceu sna 4uci strategema- those to whom CTadat, or his own wives pencils, and pigments, with which color to coat the skin If these hopes are also false 4, the longer the delay, the less extended it is He wants a branch of peace, and com Pan- The teaching of Tinius, Pagius, and others, who but he made open war, in favor of re- and that not by one of his other works instead, but here and there from the most hostile Tideas best friend From which it appears, Tirum

a) L. IIL ^. 17. b) AnimadT.de trib. can PSG 22 seq.

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He did so exceptionally well ta effusa argumentora molei qaa Tel the legend of Qais is easily tuccombed, and the university prepared this sao and that in fine to have obtained as much learning as possible had undertaken to propagandize, especially pudianda yid^etur I don't want his argument by reciting the mind in detail* that you make the reader business and boring air, which is now so necessary to be thought that she herself in the following these commentaries are produced.

SENTENTI ^ AFCTOR

The power of the emperors It was thus carried out from Augunto and ad Antoninus Pius would be renewed in gold nis on the day on which it was received from An-^ the Ionian Pius pursued the Gallienus Mingulie Calends lanuariris.

The first farce, which is clearly the second the mind of PauTinius, an easy understander* Al- tei^a sie to be taken, as, at any time of the year Julian's day would be born, in the next calendar he would sing the second, even though Cjus had accepted it the time of the paocis is only a month, tcI even on the days before the said Kalends ret, in exactly the same way as the emperors years from Alexandria inside I added that he had obtained this method And all to Gallienus, because under this, qoin already added to the tribune under Father Yalerian your nnmeri in the records yeteribua They were so disturbed that they are already in the history and the use of chronology is hardly certain at all let them begin to contribute.

Since this doctrine is not accepted by anyone Let nothing be delivered, and be opposed by all the sentence that is repeated

prescribed, to do the same to him it is necessary to mention which authority and precepts he followed I would prefer to choose this opinion, not unconsulting one contradicts all, el pltts me how many men of the highest order yidearv

REGYL A I. In exploring the three po* the gods are the surest judges of the summer season.

These precepts will be further explained from those which refer to rule III. I will advise * QUEEN IL Not to be admitted to this the judgment of God, unless sincere and acknowledged of honesty

£n thee a stone ill-omened, ad which I was most anxious to accomplish, this one perhaps because I believed too much to be They eagerly seized anything Tel Goltzius, or Occo, yel ejua am- pliator Medioba^bus Tulgaveranti and that as following dictated by Pythius they led ^ But I often pre- I have not only affirmed the sense, but demon- I also strayed, that there was nothing wrong with Goltaius cios, there is no need for a Mediobarbi catalog atios Of course, these strengths are outstanding the lack of museums generous with ancient treasures instructed, with which Tulgatos hoa nu- they would have been able to find the rum, or Tclut torrent abrepli noa They dared to distrust the announcements like all learned societies of the law to receive Since then, the same is true it would be troublesome whether you have faith in God rent, if they denied Thee, that, qnod infinik' tis laqueis the cause of the entanglement istnd | that too bold Tiderelori md^ BMientia Teteribus, and coaeTia do not want to ad To use the knowledge of the case, I am incredulous which is often the cause of judgments The good has been properly attacked, and the unjust has been attacked

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ugly Both those I must admit, I heard the same for the first time ctorities secotnm, but with the outcome mal- I would not find it in the place, I ventured that Tydeus never dares them, I doubt tare ^e iide so much refractory love- rum, which by Goltzio "Mediobarbo, and many other obtraaofl find, in eo- and to make fun of the character more carefully, used for this judgment in the Caesar's Museum the Roman defendant was armed with a comma i.e. Nor did he regret me for a long time, to* and the oral examination, because, to be more careful I would act forward, and enter more than I would see it with other people's eyes, I would die that for many things are broken I heard the gods recited by the lauded yiris, of which there is no example in abundance my museums are held, by what right he can to be doubted, whether they are genuine, or properly pro- mulcted find safe, that without any discrimination or with the additional information of the under-aired trees and to confuse barbarians with genuine ones scrutinize But of these if Tclis stand witness nothing, nothing is per and stem, which you cannot in chrono- to introduce a lodge. £x which is clear, cata- logo^ hao read contfutos to import more evil, that it may be useful to our studies, I can testify to Toro myself rejected by these authorities much ex- I did not feel that Tisa was worse every day Tinkles, which our ancestors iti- aera impediTcre* Why even though omnibns in other cases I am Norisio, Pagio, Til- a lower lemon, but more so than this I confess myself, with the help of the art of money more cleaned today, and most read

the museums where I stay I can judge them to be confident, a by whose testimonies a great part of bi- history, and chronology, and especially present trib. power exam pen tooth

ROYAL III. Marble Judicittm in the cause of the tax powers uncertain.

It was often discussed between the parties or marbles more for the study of philology I see nothing here rather absurd and inept. who- who will judge soberly, will easily understand in which part the gods fail, to help marbles, and Ticissim. How much supply us with control and knowledge The most noble stone-making art, so It is agreed among all that it is right for one it consisted of Harduino, and most of the nes, which we read in the catalogues, much to be more recent at that age than before him they say, from people who are idle with fictitious, and so ill and day in that great monument of antiquity Mento, arcuSeTeri, we read Rome'); but whose learned insomnia who who does not know? In the present case more to be given to the gods, as Marnioribua no one who is sane will touch the judgment at first unknown to us, all of them sigoatos by public authority, then not one, but several, often the most opulent exemplars, deni- which they contain concerning their faith and what by reading not from the testimony of others to stand by them, but to them themselves the danger of becoming If they do not assert that they can, they themselves The patrons will easily give, But these things

a) Ilist. Aug. page 803 col 2*

OXFORD

/U.

i^A

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malai qnae marmormn acientiam yol- gO prevent them, in this trib. power they are much more difficult to examine. How for it tends to make the qaadratarii err provincials in writing tribnnatunm and the consulship will be appointed, in part qaod often to be ignorant of their state, in part that in the writing of numbers much &• an eyelash is sinned. For they are not all who once carved marble inscriptions so do the religious which was Sidoninus Apollinaris thus ad writing to a friend.) not the faeiai stoned in marble, which fa^ either by industry or by carelessness mihmaffis^ than quadratario lividua le^ ctor ascribed^ But much more frequent theirs are the sins of those who de- acripsere, especially also, when de it is a mere matter. Here are some songs for you examples with gravestones far away in Africa, or yete found Dacia, but monu- of the public mind, which is here and there day by day through Italy, and of all they are open to the eyes every day" thirdly ^) in the famous inscription of the bridge Augustus of Arimin is called COS. 14 TRIBUNIC CAN. 38 Eun- Sigonius appointed the same number in Fasting offers. At Norisius, who But he had read this many times, so in marble exaratom is attested: COS. XIII TRIBY Nothing CAN. 37 ^). in hunger approved by the inscription of Pantbei of Rome, of which I will do more copiously below under Caracalla, mentioned that it was carried to Vignoli

the tribe of Seyers Poles 11 for X", and even if the reading is wrong for the chronological reason The mule stirred up disputes, no one The mind lingers in the mind for a long time, like cutting to explore the health of the patient, in the great fig of the triumphal arch, qut today ex* ^tat Benerenti, witness Gruterus ^) Traja* the nut is called TRIB. CAN. XVIII COS. VIL Verum loannes de Vita «w ronrvig clearly writes in it: TRIBE CAN. 18 COS. VL on occasion he observes the subject note: Ex to whom I am reminded how badly protected most of them are let them be printed on the stones of numerals the faith of taru^ and what is said to us in them nd be careful when using our product* while Notes on the inscription of Pontius Fabrizio Many other herbs are added at Rome Gruterum ^, which carried away the testa- turFabrettus 8). At the gate yete, which is Fani Fortune in the field of Piceno, Gvut terus ex- stand these titles of Augustus: COS. 124 TRIBVNICIA. CAN. 32 IMP. 26 ^). I read the same names in the same place git Boissardos, as Montfauco tells nius, who hujas the gate and the image of* he said, and propagated the error ^). Fraecla* ris these yiris when from the monuments aliiy then it should have been clear to historians, Aug. I said this only once and twice he had been an invader, and he had just appropriated it itlis de Tera IMP. lesson 26 to laugh at the doubt Witness the asterisk at Gru- Gudius again notices the error, and IMP. XXI teaches to read the added cao* sa, because here the numbers of Augustus are in the heavens

a) L. m. cpist 12. b) Pag i (So. 2* c) Cenot. Pis Diss. H. d* 15. d) Pag. 2'*7. no. 6. e) He makes friends. B^cv. p. 256. f) Pag. 160 3. g) Pag. 2'40. h) Pag. 165. 2. i) Antiquities Suppkm. Tom. 3* pag. 151

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it is the year to be taxed gnile is false. In the triumphal arch" he who exaggerates the Segusione, the bed of others IMP. XllL, by others IMP. XIUL •) Eo- the same way in promulgating Tarialus epigram, which can be read in the arc por- your Anconitans ^). many to, qaam hacteDus done, corrections he proposed to prolileretar cL abbaa Fea in Winkelmannb sno ^), en tibi the other spot examined by him, when there certainly and necessarily COS. YL read COS. IV. easy to believe polithes that vice had crept into her. But for a little bit of advice that Titius was taken by the author, he brought the balance the river Therefore, if it is so abundantly wrong in taking epigrams from roonu* of the public mind, and of the best ae?i chara- Marked by letters, and indeed by men excellently educated, how abnormal sins are often admitted in de- writing roaring, with which charac- teres yel aunt scmibarbari, tcI aeyo especially when they tried this characters little learned, or little in this used training? £t?I'm in the selections Numbers make sins so much easier I am learned, because, whether TR. P. X. They wrote 40 in the air they do not suspect a fall, but this one they begin to suspect the same thing, when do not mix with the abductor at home they understand the numbers, but to return to the sea they are not capable of extensive disease, often in re- view of the most important countries along the way*

And these are the reasons, because the epigram on the other side of the catalog, which Grute- rus | Mason, and any other no matter how much Tiri's predominance accumulates, in jpublishing chronological notes as well Graciously, and also frequently sinned so that I can easily vouch for myself, ez in- ten writings, which in their you will find published works, yiz being eight, which you may be immune from the suspicion of error to testify £x therefore it is self-evident that when to pltts to the previous argument enoda- let the god give more than marble i^a. If the gods were published, then Our messengers are suspicious, possnmna to set aside their self-righteousness, when in illustrioribosr of Moses pia nnmi Mere, on which you can safely stand exhortations, and badly recited by the majority to correct But not the same in marble bna opportnnitaa 9 quornm with the mayor He said that they were ready to be thrown away, or that they were Yersa, or wherever they are, I know or to be consulted again for the sake of it distance, and other cansaa be difficult access, it is necessary to enjoy them in that way, which is described 'snnt. Therefore, a few the art of stonework aunt the examination on this side of the error serYi- in fact, of course, marbles only publicly laid down, and this by the expertise of Yiris, and the chaos of the chronology high, ~'qnod by the beloved Nor* We do not know that this has happened more than once. Serious great with Yoluptate Yidi, in this mine

a) Masonry page 1095. II^ and IIL b) Gruter pag. 247- 6- Fabretti de col. Traj.

page 293. Vaillant in Golon. page 150. Peter's Mus. Do it. Tom. VL page 221. c) Vol. IL pag. 373.

{It was. rm.) E e e

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of the marmoribns judgment with me plainly to feel that the excellent Bimardus was deluded by knowledge of the stone name, who, moreover, warns to beware of those inscriptions which at one time were learned by various the fun is confinxernnt, tuDo, from many others, although some men bear witness to them illustrious, and especially to the Spaniards which truths he believed ceL Andreas Schot lus, and while he communicated with Grutero "),

RULE IV. The doctrine of wax9 and

- cannot be secured by a large sum of money

there are some opposing forces to overthrow

figures, though of certain antiquity, and cer^

based on that authority

This is a great rule for the present crisis of importance» They have individual museums refractory gods not only snb- weathered, and semi-barbarous, whom you re- I told him that the gluttons were not to be heard and others with no fraud toss, and shiny commas, as well as all of metal It will be asked what is the matter with them in this examine the authority to be given. before wherefore I answer, that it should be observed, that that the genus of gods is singular, or rarely more of them in museums eroplaria, to meet others, and generally eognitos The gods of the former kind I will be seen as an unjust judge if I will give the tributes of the nobles, whose other knowledge is not infrequently yawning tias, and whose manifest slips in syn- Erasmus Froli opened the gular work who For if v. c, in bronze Ale- Alexander Severus which oHm I edited^), can be drawn in hybrid registration: ?• M. RTL PACI-

FERP., I do not know whether it was sent among the people why not equally in the engraving of coins errors could creep in with numbers, pre- first when in these writings, ot Paul I discussed it before, at much greater length, often and the next will be sinned against. For these errors and also frequently from mints cta with the head of each prince sa, which is clearly another's, inna- mere examples of habeinus. Wherefore people like me, even if they are excellent by fraud, so they are of little worth, or to fjaciendara faith, or to weaken the contrary opinion, which is a little old push the god sobaerati, when of course whether the coin of the coinage was a trick, or carelessness brings out the false not infrequently, and often cam hialu approved by Hardoin, Pane- lio, and other things, of course favor their singular opinions, ' which no one else, and perhaps not even themselves the authors may have thought they were true. But ve- those who will judge of course, agree with me they will all feel that everything is denied to them authority, and what was pronounced above the truth, not being able to overthrow the doctrine with candles and copious other monuments established There is another genus, ot dtxi those numbers which are not singular but more frequent, qoin are often met with, and trite, and the rest of the doctrine solidly com They replace the tested. There are examples for you aliqiiot: in the lamentations of the anti* who is the reader of Commodus trib. can XyilL, qoae is still greater, qoam ot her in every sentence up to now learned to be able to count In the woods Macinius was met by the legiur TR. P. IL COS,,

Q^. B. L. Tom. XII. Mein. p. 390. b) Num. vct. p. 312>

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BE TRIBVNITIA AUTHORITY.

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yet he opposes him in every sentence simple consulate combined with tri- kunatu 11. In the gods also ob?iis Ale- Xander Sev. TR is read. P. II. COS. IL when, however, to whomsoever you believe mitlas, court II. with the consulship II. cannot be reconciled* To these things as ex^ there stand the gods who adhere to the judgments. to all, they are so sometimes also who oppose your doctrine, and favor ant adTersae What about these healthy criticisms? ca? Of course, in the same way as them he will act as a critic critical evidence of these writers atoric Necessarily to sharpen the methods by which these contradictions can be reconciled, so of course find the mo- do not give Tiblentes by any means, but clearly probable, which refractory in spq- ciem Macrinus, and Alexander Ser, nu- order, which I have just quoted I would edit If this is not given, that is they will be the kind of gods to have in the untamed nor to be allowed, that one year's dis- feeling a certain deity, and the same they overturned the law of many years. MuUa are, and must be, in the ancient sta- uncertain, doubtful, and poorly coherent lias, the chief cause of which that most of the old commentators those who would expediency these doubts should perish. I had never known what they were like to explain the number of Macrini, of whom others they write within the same lulian year COS. simple, others COS II., unless ta- for hundreds of historians the difficulty of le« god And of all these If they had survived, perhaps we would have known also, by what agreement is it to be explained or Com- types of tribes the power of XYIII»| or, Qoam

they prefer the gods of Antioch, Trajan XXI , which precedes all chronology they resisted with alacrity. Why such although these obstacles should not deter in which minns we shall carry out the course of the institute; for neither with any doctrine we do things, it is too anxious and re- we look closely, what sometimes the constitution was extraordinary by law, only the ordinary law is solidly stable* we laugh Indeed, where all things are plain, unimpeded by laws and regulations there is no need, and then finally these re- gpicimns, when the difficulties with love pus, which hinders the cause, and if * what is the opinion of his nature, as a magician than anything else, it relieves troubles, let us seize it and hold it, reason orders*

REGVLA V. Ftrum imperatoret ali' which within the same day of the ancient Lulians after the Kalends of Lanuaria they repeated the trib. power, they most certainly teach the tridents with the consuls of the compound

Let us teach this by one example it will be enough to have established They are plentiful Domitian of the gods, of whom others with con- consoled 13 connect TR 6. , others TR. P. VII. but it is certain, either way it is written to be one in the year of Julian, I suppose 5* C 840. No they may be of the previous year 889, for so was COS. XII. , nor the following year tis 841, for then it was COS. XIV. £r- Go Domitian within the same year lolianum, and two Kalendas lan. reno He was a tribune. He draws the same from the nu- of Caligula, Titus, and others. But for these excellent things to cut this IrrationDis litem obsidia very often E e e a

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&U(uimt, because coniplures prlncipes, ut Yeftpasianus, Trajanus, Badrianus, ple- and they ignored it, trib. to their power add numbers; but thence from Philippi not even a consul in money we have cash

QUEEN VI. If the emperors intf-a the Lulian year was renewed by the tribe. the power There is no doubt that it was renewed by him on the very day that I received you"

As a witness to Dion, they appointed the princes to enumerate the power of the tribune, as years of empire It is good to advise only, but also to demand Tide* there, so that it is not established on another day faith, than where it ended, if only eer- you will find it somewhere between the two Ka- legends on the day it was renewed rum sentence, which generally adheres to All emperors have a certain someone that the day was fixed for repetition piopositum, as it is in £rma, pigeC to verify When he works with gratitude Clrina Mazzoleni, December 10 to this repetition of writing, she herself the things that I produce are abundantly refu tabun

BEGYLA YII. At whose command the power of the gods within one eun" I have never changed that year nb it is certain of these, that of Kalendis lanuarii had been renewed.

This doctrine from the rule of Y. For if from him, qood enter cundum anura lulianus twin oc* the tribune runs, follows in his own right, trib. power from that emperor, whose they are the gods, within a year it was repeated so, it will necessarily follow the cliam, if in each of the emperor's days within I will never give the same

the tribunes of the rii ocnrrant, but always some of the same, from that emperor of the tribe the power of Kal. lan. to be repeated as usual. His examples are to be found in the world of the princes, from Antoninus Pius they held the government, so in no way slower, as in Eiagabalus, as in hoe we will look

I have explained the rules that I follow I was very pleased with this repetition business can be judged, and eyitare drro- things, these dangers, to which, pray they admit that they are unwary, our things, their very lucubrations they teach earnestly. But sell now the monuments themselves, and those, as pro- I had put, on certain authority, that in build, as the Augustus each iterate* they followed the reason of the tribune, and ex 'with which com.probcm fine, that in I had received myself, trib. power from Augustus went to Antoninus Pius rare, as usual, on the day on which it was received from Antoninus Pius to Gallic whether with individual calendars. (^otbus having already completed some of the teaching for this part of the problem will be solved the most convenient things spin

AFQFSTFS.

We proved in this prince's warning ta, him V. C. 781 trib. power a given to the senate, and, as is, on the 27th Monday Therefore, if each years this day he repeated it, entered three bunatom 37 on the same day V. C 767, nor add another more po- he protects, when he passed away on the 19th. of August of the same year same number retr*

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ra tettimonla confirmanh tar from Augustus coninuataper aeptem and thirty years of power* *) , ^t the same name is read in the famous epigram mate of the bridge of Ariminensis that the fence* Norisius moved eagerly from his bed not even because of the fact that until now It had been published in the most excellent mendote ^). The gods contribute nothing; for whom tribune 302 he remembers the notables ?ideo, Goltzians snnt. Why the last one? this is his power for so much time it was his

Repeated by Augustus trib. they would testify within the space of a year, they testify mint yetera When they themselves are not in- (for it is seldom that Augustus is inscribed with the They will be tied to the number of things I will do marbles, but these certain ones, and whose faith and love barer-e

In CenotapWo Pisano HIJ is performed. WON. THE PRIVATE TRIBE POT 26 when to the consuls Aelius Cato, C. Sentius Satur- nino Frocesaere these Kal. lan. Y. C. 767. But if Augustus had renewed his tribune Cal. lan. , or with Mazzolenus X. Dee. of the preceding year, IV. No. April already fttisset trib* pot XXI. , "to co.mputanli it will be clear

Augustus in the feasts of Capitoline at • Gt of the womb ^) Kalendis lanuariis,• to which C. ^Silius, and Munatius Jancus consuU- then it is said to enter, or V. C. 766 TR. POT 35-, therefore Kal.fan V. C. 767 was TB. POT XXXVl. But when August of the same year stood, and indeed in the tribunate of 37

it is necessary within a year from him again both power He teaches the same thing the death of Narbonne published by Haffeius <>), in which Augustus is called COS. XII. COS. DE8IGNAT XIII IMP. XII. TRIBV NICIA, POWER. 20 8unt ha notes of the year 5. C. 75 1. In the sentence Mazzolni was already running the tribune XXI

Augustus in marble Ancjrano sa T. POT XVHI COS. XII. The consul proceeded 12 Cal. lan. V. C. 749» But indeed in each memo- rata doctrine Augustus pott Kal lan. the year could not have been more comprehensive trib, pot 18 but XIX., therefore it is tri^ within a year, and another law re- novated

And from the famous marm^re Narbo- but, as Gruterus had proposed, he got out Norisius (), Augustus trib* power repeated within a year: for I enter marble within the space of the same year 764 le- 34 his tribunes are given. and 35

With these reminders, therefore, he speaks In the middle of August at a certain time, 4 | that between the two Kalends lan. flows tribe that he had repeated the power, and indeed doubtless that day on which he first We have already said that. But Mazzolc nus, what is his opinion about the repeated X. In December, the tribune will judge and prove attempter^ Augustus not 27 Inside V < C. 73 1, which is the opinion of the common man having taken up the tribe power, and about Cal. No. of the second year s). How in- let them be firm arguments, you can yourself

a) Ann. I. 9. b) Ccnot. Pis diss. 11, c. if c) Pajf. 295. d) Ant. Gall. page 3t «) Pag. 220. 0 Cenol. Pis diss. II. c. 15 g) Pag. 102 sec.

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CAPVT X

to experience And ipsc, cnm ae a non- with no marbles, which are here mentioned he would see his excitement reduced to the usual I swear; the plow, namely the double one, which ximos, he gathers the rood of counting what efTugium in desperate times for reasons of his own, stored up for himself, often ?ir we must

TIBERIFS

We have said in the annals of Tiberius, eipr<^ under the care of Augustus the power of Y-C« 748 carried over for five years, and this lapsed to a private retreat tion reduced, Cajo died from time to time and Lucius Agrippa gave it to him again. and indeed on the 25th Monday 5. C. 767 granted, and until death continued Then began his tlrit- power 6 , presumably added to the tribune the five whom he had previously died on the said day 20 VH on Monday, when he died May yours be March 5, 790, if this on the day of every year it ceased, that the last for him was XXXVlH.t whom also the abundant gods nor the later one. Monuments which she taught, Tiberius also included to have renewed the year they have power the following :

On the feasts of Capiiolini at Grutera b) Kalendis lan. V. C. 761 is said to be Auga- stun TR P. 30., Tiberius IX-, Kal. Jan. V. C. 762 Augustus TR. P. 35, Tiberius X, Cal. lan, V. C. 768 Au- gusttts TR. V. 34, Tiber 40 Cal. lan.V. C. 766 Augustus TR. P. 35, Tiberius XIV. Also in the epi-

the grass of the bridge of Arjminensis at Gm- c) is said to be Tiberius TR. P. 24 COS. III. but if the Tiber, complain 5. C. 767 on the 27th Monday saw the tribune VI., he would have repeated it X December, or the nearest Cal. lan. , in with all these mentioned his tribune bns would have been a unit to be added, and instead of 9 to be written X., and so in the rest, and ex by this law his last tribune was I was 39 , who, however, we do not know he faces £x which follows, the tribune of Ti that they had been repeated within a year, and ul it can hardly be doubted, tus VL ^

Numi, who are the Dacians of Mazzolena" The tribune of Tiberius on the 10th of December ' it was contended, ez Goltzio and Me- those who, as elsewhere I do not find them published anywhere, from my insti- I do not listen to safety. But from the same cansa Neqiie I noraos Mazzoleno, and mar* I will oppose the delay, which from Mediobarbus and Masonry products are its causes. mica, and my favors; for what insists I would protect, I do not want to protect my cause, and to attack the case of the adversary, unless mo» of certain names, and of whom tate cannot be doubted.

CALIGVhA, CLAVDirS, ISERO.

I can make my chaos in these three ' of the sun, which of course is the most comforting then, iisqoe encountered p.rdpognare In sln- The two consuls of the Yidians under the same consulship Tarius is remembered as a tribune. So in Aumis Caligula of the year 5 C 798 read: COS. IIL TR. POT IIL and COS. III

Pag. 104. b^ Pag. 295. c) Pag. 160

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THE TAXATION POWER.

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TR. POT IIII., from qao daplice cha- he can't be the year before tooth 793, because then Caligula was COS. II., it cannot be here the following year 794» V^^^ ^°°^ ^"^^ COS. ly. But if tribanatus statutatar Kal lan. remarried sliding in the same year Julian double tri- he cannot meet the good. But and Maz Zolen's opinion is clear from the like it is shaken; for as the soles of Caliguia let me remember, all oppose him who are registered TR. P. III. COS. III. those two characters in his doctrine They cannot be at the same time, neither can TR. P. IIH. COS. III^, for when the consul lY. had proceeded, according to Mazzolenus He had already had to honor the tribune of Y,, which still in yete any warning* Caligulat's chin we give In the same way Tire learned attack the gods of Claudius and Nero. They did not run away from the target to see him, and the wolf, to whom they Titaverit's arts indeed they meet He said first, in them those gods, in whom bus custom com trib. no power calculated in another way do not agree. So good Tir, you say some gods who are of great number in all museums are they considered? Yes, he says, this kind of con- salted can be explained in this way, as can be said there only the designated ones, not the Tero inside, which, indeed, he had often brought but however undesirable it may be, it is easily we bind Or, he says, it is possible to believe similar necklaces are worn by those who trib. the anniversary of the emperors' power They returned to the river. Papael is comfortable, and a skillful opinion, which

It easily accommodates the smallest, and Aristippus eats more vegetables for lunch fkstidit, which, of course, as a matter of fact slope, which is steep then, to lay down the laws of each doctrine, He is inclined to see. Stomach Mazzolenus' opinion, which on the day ptae trib. power to repeat it tuit, to whom all the gods, and moou- certain minds are easily adapted give, and implies another, to whom all Tcrsantiir. Indeed, in these tribes He found nothing in the reports of his cause the last coin, and only one marble, probably the inscription of the brothers ArvaUum, which is near Gruterum), in which Nero Kal. lan. It is said that V. C. 8i3 TRIBE POT VII. COS. IV., when but he would be in an adverse mood on this day TRIBE POT 6. But it is also ugly here the stone provides support. According to the as well as in the previous rule due to It is not easy to listen to the sas who are there there are singular marbles, especially the oum they teach differently from the gods. Besides that the same thing happened in this stone, he will die to be suspected of us, and to lie in it unjustly TRIBE POT VII. for 6 , because in it dem n^armor in sin is once in number. For in the former place Nero Kalendis lan. V. C. 8i3 is called IMP« IIL, and a little in- fra to III Ninth lan. of the same IMP.' VII. And what is most similar, Nero within two days from IMP. III. di- ctiim imp. VII.? Ergd if it could be wrong in scratching, or reading one number, could. and in the other. So I argued so far, with only Gruteri's model

; a) Pag. tlfl.

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CAPVT X

because of my eyes It is true that the next illustrious Marinius, in this mar** xnore Boma still extantc, and that he himself carefully contributed, in both places if I have no doubt that I read IMP. VII. ■) Which la- 7. for 6. doctrine must necessarily be followed Mazzoleni, that in this place to demand "vi- It is given to Tir eruditissimns, after having read it himself with these my ai will be bitter.

Finally, I can't hide in- Mazzoleno's sign was clear the enemy That table, as they say, honorable missionls ediia in the preface to Tom V. Antiq. Herculan., in which AD III IDVS DECEMBER Clau- the god is called TR P. XII. IMP. 27 COS. V- Fausto Cornelius Sulla Felice, L. Salvidienus Rufus Salvianus cos.t quae 8unt notes of the year 5. C. '8o5 Second Mazzolenum Cl^dius V. C. 8o5 die On December 10, the tribune had to begin then 13 , but the present table ad- here on the 11th December says TR. P XII. I add the illustrious Tulgatum marble Buda from cl. communicate with Schonwisner then with him from Card. Garatnpio ^), that because it is less known, I put:

TI CLAVDIVS DRVSI F CAESAR AVGVSTVS GERMA

NOTHING PONTIFEX MAXV

MVS TRIBVNICIA POWER

TE VI COS IV IMP XI PP

CRIMINAL ROAD KEY

AVGVSTAM QVAM DRV8VS

FATHER ALPIBVS BELLO PATE

FACTS DERIVED MVNIT AB

ALTINO VSQVE AD FLVMEN DANVVIVM Ml CCGL

The consul Claudius IV proceeded. in the year 5. C. 800, and one is said in marble TR. P. VI. At the will of Mazzolenxi, the tribune VII. entered on Dec. 10 previous year you With this reasoning then Claudius post Cal. lan. the year 800 could be called TR* POT VI.?

G A L B ^.

ffn bujns numis is read only TH. P. without any additional number. At- with just seven months of experience rayerit, in my opinion, can't go wrong he could be tribuned. But it could be repeated in the opinion of Mazzoleni; for Galba's day On the 10th of December he went out of command, .at I don't know how, no one exists mus inscriptifs TR P/IL, without having there was once a famous gold coin of Galba musei d^Ennery, in cojus ayersa scri* The bottom line is read: TIBERIS. P. M. TB. P. COS« II. The consul II proceeded. Cal. lan. on Dec. 10 close to in the following, and yet so simple The tribune was betrayed in this name. This Mazzolennus protocat the consolation of the deserters to the Greeks of Galba - inscribed L. B., and adds, he can easily add this number to explain in his opinion, which born on Dec. 10 renoTandom teaches. For Kt to be obsefTandum, all hoa nu- must be Alexandrians, in whom im- . 29 years old So narrow litoa increased among all eonsfat. It is true whether he is also justified by some similar law

s) of Frat. Art. p. 102« and io Addoudis p. 8t5. b) Antiq. Sabariac p. 95.

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THE TAXATION POWER.

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to increase the tint of the sun, let this be said, of Qao it is asked, and that the strangers of the two gods they do not teach

VBSPASIANVS^ TITFS, i)OMh TIANFS.

You teach in Yespasian from Tacitus, and Suetonius, from him the Kalends of Jul. of the year y. C. 822 they have always been celebrated, because this day the army of Alexandria gave him command brought But similarly, Yespasianus in- terea of the emperor ^ of Caesar ^ Augustus ap« that the content of the pelts had not flown in on his own in the tribe power from the senate I see the usual,* but what, as to Yitel- He was a survivor, it could not be decided; which about the 20th day in December immediately, as Tacitus testifies *), Ro* in the senate, all things were usual for princes Spasiano decides that it was among the tribes. power cannot be doubted. That is if Temm, as of course Talde is probable, because almost to the Kalends themselves lan. delete* then there was a government, they cannot of which we are dealing, the number of tribunals but also in the details its repetition begins almost from Kal. lan. it will be conducted, as Kalendis lan. y. C. 823 should be attached to the tribune* tus I. , and Kalendis lan. y. 'C. 832 tri- Bunatus X.^ who taught his gods it was later, for in the same year and He died in the month of Tu- no I doubt that God did not experience they say, 4[he was very rarely tribuned in numbers they add, and that, bficasqae norim., npn-

except IV. and X. At ezpedietnr dnbium, if, by chance, the two gods are discovered under the same consulship they will issue a tribune and we shall be still more certain, if when will the monuments revive, which in addition to the tax power day Kalendis Lul. they will remember the latter. Ezstat Indeed, in the introduction to Tom y Ancient Berculan mission statement snow, in which Yespasianus on the ninth of March it is called TR POT COS. II. Yespasiano II. and Titus CO8., who are characters year y C. '823,, Tcrum sive yespasia- He is not pretended to have received the tribune of Kalen- push lul y. C. 822, ifTC around Kal. lan. y. C. 823, on both the ninth of March He rebated tribnnatus I. So much so teaches a similar table at Gruterum ^}, in which Yespasianus on the ninth of April it is said TR. POT II. COS. IIl. DE8. III. IMP. Yl. , qai are the characters of year y. C. 824. But if we imagine then, in which Yespasian t. g. Kalendis English it is called TR POT III. COS. III. we are forced to confess that he power that he had received Kalendis lul. y. C. 822^ et that he began the third on the same Kalendis y. C. 824 * But let these things pass in peace time

Titus trib. abundant power the gods, and indeed those who ex mention of the consulate yil. in year y C 832 are due. Others of these register tur: TR. P. yill. COS. yil. only Cae- sari title These may not be the year before cendenlis, for then it was COS. yi., ne- which could be signed a month later indeed, for Titus was already a boc ezeunte

•) Ilist. IV. 3. b) Pag. 573.

{Fol. real.)

Ff f

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4 n

CAPITAL X.

Augusius I picked up the purse of the same anni 83a tnscribuntuv : TR. P. YIIH. COS. yil. with all Titus already Au- From what has been said, it is clear that they in the first semester but not from go to them from the second semester, for pi*o- Ximis Kal. lan. Titus was already COS. TIIL From the fais, then, she was not born twice we are taught more, since this is under the same the consulship of the two Tarius tribnnatus runt, enm Kalendis Jan« not repeated to have been We are then taught against Ma;szo- smooth, had not been renewed Dec. 10 For in this sentence it will be necessary to sta- to protect" tribunate VIIJ began on Dec. 10 y. G. 83 if and tribunatum 9 with the same on day y C. 83a. There are many gods, and everywhere objects in gold and silver Inscribed: TR P. yiJII. I^P. XIV. COS. yil. adding in most P. P. tcI :

TR. p. yini iMP. xy. cos. yii. p.

P. In bac, therefore, learning will be necessary it»tuere, all these signed X. De- ccmbris y C. 832 up to the neighbors Cal. lan. Not before, for then in this sentence flowed tribunate yill., no later, for then Titus was COS. VIII from which two hercules follow ahsurda first, from the 23rd Monday y. C. 83a, which was called Titus Augustus, until to the 10th of December of the same year his body is a coin 5 for nothing exists Tiii AyGVStl inscriptions TJl. P. VIII. COS. yiL; the other, • within a little ^XI. the whole space of days, and in- a credible number of those who TR. P. yilll. COS. yil. inscribed, signed to be both, and moreover within a little that time to him Pa/n> Pairiae^ and IM-

Teratorius 15, that the titulars had come. From whom We also learn from God openly, YOU and in almost the same manner as that of Augustus He assumed the title of 'tribunate'. for if he had revived him long before they would stand where Caesar's feast was inscribed ptiTB. POT. VIII., at the same time, h»- his bererous ^i^^otf/inumos with epigra- phe TR. POT yill. Quaproptier pJoa which is similar to Vespasian Kal. Lul. y« C. B24 (the power of the tribune to Titus that he had brought it, and for this reason, that the same Kalenda of his empire was born there was a dispute from which the law of Titus was tribuned yill. He entered on Kalendis lul. V. C. 832 or on the day of yiL, from which Augustns was called it is, within which there is a dry season or none his oumi ci;m mention tribunatus VIIL they are almost, or only a very few, which the rum has reached us so far. That if so, it is also certain that Titus Ka- Lul. y. C. 834 tribunate XI start Tisse, in which they slide, died ibid. Se^ September In the back of the tribune We have 9 mums. , but in the famous inscription ptione porta majoris Jlomae readerTB» POT X. •).

In Domitian, everything was arranged yil. the consulship continued, qaomm each with two different jtribunatai ofTerant, follows, trifo. the power of Ka- lendis lan it had not been repeated. Maz- zolenus in this also Teteres saam He went on to defend his opinion; but when so consulattts with tribunatifons not conspi* rarent, he threw cautiously, Domitian not soon there Septemforis, to whom fra 'tri succeeded, sascepls^e trib. power but later on December 10, com reliqaia

a) Grulcr pag. 176. 1.

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THE TAXATION POWER.

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trilanes of the people But besides that this eonjector is empty, and tan then adrogata, but the father of his sentence ctnaretnri neqaaqaam himself dif&cilis ye- He also made use of a double trib. porestatts principle I don't need mas these aaxUiis, if in the rcnoyala day na- such a tribe let us rest in power, qaa in sentence not to a few, but to whomever tension, why is this so called Do- Mitiano alone, but also Titus and Yespasia no But it is also evident that the warning of the Flavius so more than he could believe the confused pro- pter a great supply of subaerials, as museums teach everything, but from whom they are healthy Criticism is almost unoffended we give An example of double under the same Domitian consulatn trib. of the power of God aupra in rule Y. Another example is lustre snppeditat a plate of honorable brass mission, which was published by Sanclementius *). In this Domitian at day XIII. Cal. March it is called TR P. V. COS. XII. IMP. XI. These were the Domitians of the title from a Ral. lan. V. C. 839.' But at the end of the year before his title was TR. P. 5* COS. XI. IMP. XI. The same tribune tns y. ran with part of the consulship XI. and part 12 In my opinion then Domitian was the last tribune 16., which he entered in 13 September 5 C. 849 y but on the fifth day after the conjnratis beaten

There were those 1 who from the testimony of the monuments of Teterus He had the nerve to consider giving away the tribute. But since it is settled elsewhere, Ner- vam XYI only a month ago incredulously, the extent of these things vexavertt characters of the chronologists, and qiiae to conciliate with monnmentia it was necessary to escape history nisci, as can be seen in Tillemontius b). Above all, in these monuments let us seek faith. Quoted by Golt- zio<^), and who copied this, Occone • T^umi Nervae, in one of which it is read: TR. P* III. COS. III. in another AH. IS r. TnATO. TO A. in another: eTOTC. TIPTO Then the marble of Gruteri <«): TRIBE CAN. III. IMP. II. something else Masonry <^): TRIB. CAN. III. COS. IIIT Other monuments, which are the same they would insist, they are not available. no one rum will be seen, that Maszplennm eagerly the embrace that his self-sentences in they are excellently adapted to the species, and they repulsed the other, which was tribuned He leads the government from his birth. But with a learned man they would oppose the god Nerta of certain faith, who with consnlatn IV. join the tribe power II , cnm ta- men according to his doctrine three times with the consulship IV. he would be joined tribunatus III. ret, he said first: indeed there are some nunU Latini with TR P. II. and COS. III. For 8ed not aliquoty but as many as possible

a) of vnlg. era page 155 *85. e; Pag. 448. 4.

b) Note y. sur Nerva

c) Treasure. »pag. 63- d) Ptg. Ff f «

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CAPVT X

"unt my name is inscribed there, "t in the soil mu- to that Caesar, ivon a«?iatu$ III., since two mar- they throw her up in arms, no one stands in the way let's not pay him and Ijuo X., because he Aem.lpco apnd Masonry bini propo- the stones are known, in which Merva's three the power of X. ^ed «t aUerani I was surprised at the time when Kaleor was overthrown 4 is lan. I^eratipnem tribonatus Tolet added for by sliding the same side IL read m P. , and TR P^ JL Why are you sure, Nervaro Majora? exeoipius tribe poi^atem ni^tAli imptc^rii 4renaTasse.

Trajan's god "they confer the existence of a parnm, qaia rarely m

twice I will add to my power Hatziolenus advocated his cause gods inscribed: TR., P. VIL COS. III. D£S. y., to whom I will teach, Tra- Janus, on the 10th of October y. C. .85o tri- bunatu a Kf^rya do.Qatam^, eafn proxi- modieX D^c. iterass^, whom iUe namoa iantq boasts^^coniidentiaS) qood pretevi- «a with facies preclace oonspirant. Ve- rnm in what agreement are these gods to be explained, Abande I debated on the coins of Trajan ad I nodded. y. C. 856. JLiubet aphim mo« offire, Md^jSALje^nL bo^ k>co preferra "The heroes of the present case." they are seen to favor Mon had remembered, sesa to have sanctioned the contrary elsewhere, itt fastis po* iiu$ consttlarilmf , he said , to fear errors p(h we will go where it is morning frequeatia itt iis prostaut, Marjnonia tetlimQnia

a) Crit. Bar. 4th year Chr. 103-

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ON THE TAXATION POWER

413

He still remembers many of us to con- Trajan's work on the cbronology

Qttod in Trajan's coin trouble i^e said, generally neglecting that. po- ie^tatit namerot, that in Hadrian much more the only one here with a prodigious train What do you know, who told his wife jpromMlgfttum by Yaillantius, and inscri- feathers: Xa. P. -U. •). aed and this indi- therefore useless, because the cpnsula is not added you can A. liae therefore to inject Ha- 4riani's account of the road what? Ma&- eoleans, but, «t v^rmi CateAr^ c^eno<^ them, and -qpae a «copo eeri^sin^ ajreiv tupt Ar^ui^i|ntJBm prii«iim leads from nu- mis AJexandrin's fladrjaniif qf^i his annum fCB stisti^nt Drink that instead Alexander) ca} Gulo^,, whose l^ge an- nus of Hadrian XX, IL He began on the 19th AngMtr y. C. 89P, and it lasted until to the 10th day of the following year he died in the drianii» ^l vc^^. was it that way? fnodo^ to count the tribe of power, who Al^xandfiifkis nnmerandorpim jemperii an- How much? •Rem deinoeps. .with marbles acts, Sjad projMdOi for those, which canr sae soae ad^^ersanturt disjiin^ulat. Why? to him yariantibiis marmornm lectipnibus v

billions, to which authors it is said TR. II. COS., which was admitted by Rev the attention of those who tribune tnm the birth of the empire they establish at what time Hadrian began to say there is TB. POT n., it was already COS. H. but in GruterOy who the same mari^or reci* tat ^), Hadrianus Reyera is called TB« POT y. CQ^. U. £x quo iierum ap- it seems to be as large as the brown ones, according to We find it in Tulgata, the faith to be tribulated flt of course in the monuments of Hadrian to be scattered here and there in numbers, he himself expe I was taught to laugh. At^ue after sirai- In fine, to argue the arguments that have been stated Hadrianus X* December trib. He repeated the power. lo a table of noble mission, which eM at Grute^um ^), Hadrianus ad day XJ Cal. M^t. it is called TR POT XXI Adduntiir consul P. Ju?eniiua Celsus II and Q. luliu^ fialbus, who sunC of the year Y. C. 882. But if the science was MazzoLeni, Hadrianus on the said day I say he had been TR POT XIU., and so di- cendtts fueiyit also, &i. tribunatnm Ka)« lan. would have repeated indeed, it establishes the tendency of those who tribuned repetition" They teach n^m^ from the birth of the empire. After all jBtti two times more general tribnam^ than with marbles, in what manner are they for I have mulgata, yet I do not want to yell at them I gave him the most, for in the table of his death he died 4 to Caesarea, which I published in my Sjllo- ^e I., Antoninus affingitor trib, power, openly opposed to everyone's opinions net ost ergo trib power X)^I behind mSf qoam Ekdrianus in his succession he could count the days of Bata)i>iterata, .¥#d«

;a) Uiwp, pF^kSil.>ram. I.D. page \^i, b) Pag. already .«)^?s« W^

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CAPVT X

3e hoc plara in nola Bcimari 171 ad Dionis libium 69., and in the dissertation Belieji *)• They may not pre- to grind two marbles at Maratoria tx Donius hauata ^) , in one of which Ha« the tribune is called TRIB. POT II. COS. IL in another trib. POT THE COS. III The earlier records indicate the year Y. C. 871, later in the year 873. These if not £al- lunt, (for the marbles themselves are unknown Uarinius, who restored them, and threw them by Donius that from the MS. who was ca« pta) ^) naturally follows, since it is the same tribe powers II. takes two years under the command of Hadrian Lulianus, and no doubt on his birthday You have been reno?atam of the empire as the same let Mazzoleni's opinion be pernicious, I did not yideti two marbles, which Ha- Tribune Drian 22 assigned, though according to the ordinary law he was only 21 must antnr, using a man learned in many ways Tcnt, they are not to be heard because of because not for this reason alone, but at other times also by the illustrious Iris in the falsity A number of rums have been reported. Yide cl. Za-

Chariae UtUuzione lapid. p* Sf2.

"

So far we have been timid, the warnings of Tete* ra to favor the opinion which trib. can He teaches that the state is impoverished on his birthday, and to replace any others. But they teach the same completed in the first year of the next Kalen- . push lan to have been renewed This is present. they were given to Antoninus Pius, M. Anrelioi and L, Yero not so many cases are available, how many then this under Commodus, and se- they demand of them, but still they do not know

what is what is and what persuades, nothing, what they contradict each other, so that it is completely similar to This is the only way to repeat Aotonino's command before ioTectom.

ANTONIMPUS PIFS

The name of today's emperor is JoTanda qoamconqoe opinion no help prac- they stand, because only from there a trib. power They begin to add 40 numbers. and the Antonines were saved from this terror They did not extend the consulship to the departure of Titus itersTiti snblata consulates with tribn- on the occasion of contesting the natives, qoo nno the principle of repetition can be found they are useless for what we want to be numbered as assistants to the tribunes. By name alone aliqaid sqggeront, qoi Antoninus tribo- natnm XXIY., which was his last they bear the inscription In that opium nor, that tribonatom on the birthday of the iroperius Antoninus' tribune began born XXiy on the 35th of February gi4, and it was only a few days; for the dead is established on YIL Mars immediately following, aot certainly panllo after, nt we said in his money. Af I am afraid of so many names of the nomommi those who mention this tribunate, indeed in these both Tarii tjpi, nt quite necessary let him be afraid, the last of these tribunes of the line to expand, which will happen if the trib. power* 23 years since the last calendar year push lan the order in which I am accustomed this age inTCCtum from the following it will be clear to the manifest. Another conjecture supplies the numns of M. Aurelii adhnc Cae- aaris, in cnjos aTcrsa reader TR. POT

a) B. L. Mem. Tom. XXIY page 06. b) Pag. 188. 4. S* c) Frat. no. page 718*

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PE TRIBYiSITlA POWER.

415

VII. TR. POT VIII., about what I will do under in the conclusion of his doctrines

S. no.

Cerilora already provides evidence of both renOTalae Kalendis lan. tribe you can We are ordered by Aurelius* On dignity This was conveyed to Caesar in a eloquent manner Capitolinus •) : Po9t haec du Fausiina he took a wife and received the fiha tribune He was endowed with power, £x marmoriboSi and nonMs, in which near the number 4ri even the number of consuls Tartar, and also from the tribune XXXIY. It is clear that he who kills him last is him in the year Y. C. 900 by Antoninus boc ho- nore affected But the day is controversial. Tillemontius casts out the bank brought to him power on February 35, since Antonipus quoqo. this day from Ha- Drianus received I don't disagree with this the thrusts, the els are a little solid; at rep I am forced to recognize the opinion of the same man the most learned, and most of the others, who Aurelius repeats the trrbunatum on the same day they are attuned They deny that this god is ni Ya C. 914 P. Xa 161 • Processit Au- Relius Kalendis lan* was consul of this relative III. , and from here until the 25th of February when Tillemontius ran his tri* hunatus 14 Then began the tribo- born 15 title in ten days only Ca^saris tenu4t; for Pius a little later On the yil» day of March, Augustus was rescued from Yivis took the title. £x which follows, if there are the names of Aurelius Caesar signed by KaU lan., on which day the consulate of IIL

Tit, until the day YII. March, May that this part of the matter is written down bere: AVRELIYS CAESAR TR. P. Xllli. COS. HI., since from the sentence Tillemontius for almost two whole months but these were his titles, but his I will present the part of the epigraph : AVRELlVS. CAESAR TR.P.XV.COS no , since there are only ten titles days to gild True to the contrary it shines In the abundant days of the distance between the bride and groom never read : TR P. 144 COS. III., but constantly: TR. P. XV. COS. III. Is it probable, from Ka? lan. until February 25 or new Au- I left the sealed gods, or if they were sealed in fact, this was the fate of those people, as ad all interircnt? on the contrary, those following A space of ten days passed, them alone, and indeed a great number perished is it? Therefore, when at the same time as con- 3 let's see the tribune then 15 9 must also decide him from Kal lan. led, after all let him appear clearly twice from heaven, and moreover, it is probable that Aureiium is not You count the tribunes in another way than whereupon Father Antoninut numbered them is confirmed, as I have already stated above, already Antoninus Kalendis lan* tribnna* then to repeat the usual, especially that We are going to see you soon, L. Vcrum qno- that he thus counted his tribunes. At- that the same also known as Maszoleni sen* they attack the tenfia, according to which Au- The relitts of the tribune entered the 15th day on the 10th. cembri V. C. 91 3 proximis Kal. lan. consul III. £x here therefore Aurelius was within this interral

a) in Aurel. chap. 0*

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4l6

CAPVT X

light TR P. XV COS. II. DES. III, and it is his doctrine, it is necessary to ex- to take any money thus inscribed > at indeed, it is not read into these tribal warnings tus Xy unless connected with the consulship III. nor the consulship II. give III. unless joined with the tribune XIV.

In the same way my case ez L Yeri's cousin He died around cite YII. March Y. C. 914* Antoninus Pius was soon abducted by Marcus Aurelius lega, and trib. He was empowered, as then, if Faninius, and his followers au- dias, every year on the same day YH" March renewed. But- that again the glove of God Indeed, if the tribune is so repeated, it is necessary, from KaL lan. Y.C. 920, in which year the consul III. until the said day Martil had flown re- •iduunv tribunatus YI , and thereafter co- -ptum tribunatum VII Why the gods? at this interval it was necessary to write the cusos TR. P. YI. COS. III. But that is not the case this one was found thus inscribed, but all, and indeed in a great number: TR" P. YII. COS. III. But the same gods They hit Mazzolenus, according to whom Yerus from December 10, Y. C. 919 until the next Kalends lan. it breaks TR. P. VII. COS. II. Not even one Indeed, the deity is found thus inscribed; all ejuB tribunate YU. connect with the third consulship, and the second consulship with three bunatu YI and the preceding ones. Why? it must be confessed that Kal. lan. tribe repeated power.

But the rise of the Panvinian opinion pa-

thrones another most serious difficulty. Cer- then there is I., roortoom L. Yerom Y- C« 923 P. X. i6i) as a witness £u8ebio, and the gods. Certain II. according to Galen the chrono, eora died in the middle of the home *). Certain III. his last tribe it was power 9 These three to conquer Panvinia no, they work miserably. Can't Ye- ri death racdio lanoario hu* in the year 922, which is about the middle of the the king's time, for then the three good nature 9 , who in their opinion only on YH It began in March of that year. Therefore the Tillemonlios were forced, No* risios c) aliiqae, ot et tribonatom iX. and the middle of the house Yeri's death in December of that year difibrre Yerom or the month of December the middle of the houses was ever inhabited, and isn't it rather the beginning of winter? Of course in Calendar of rural Famesiano notar in October: WINTER. INITIYH. IF* Y£. TROOPS. CHIMERIN., and likewise in another Calendar, qood was once in aedibua Bernardini della Yalle, ad eon* that month: WINTER INIT TRO- PAEAE. Chimera , then I go to the middle put the winter in the open the Ovidians, and the Calebdarians Qood is the forerunner of their fasts, Tom and Co* lomeUa ^), Necessarily, therefore, it will atantibos, or Gaienom •ynchronooi« and then Ronue, and m the very aola of* a nation, and distinguished by the medical tongue ?i* rom the name, the ar{[oere of the lie, aot the seasons of the year are different from him Oonxpotata, aot to tedium «irciter la-

a) m^i rcof I^ienf Pi^hioov cap. 2. el de Piaecognil. c) Epoch. Syrom. diss. lY. page 304^ d) Fast. I. v. 459-

b) Note 12 sur M. Aurcl- e) on the matter of rust» L. XI.

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Of the Tribvnitia of the Power

kil

to recall the wedding ceremony of Yeri's death yes, but then to marry me, Ye- ri trib. power 9 from Kalendis lan. to be led for eight years. But also another bent a knot, which they expedient, those of Yeri death into the tine of Deceipbris diferifnt, Jerua died in the tribe of Marcus Aurelius. 23 * in power, and it is still slipping after his consecration, he teaches a coin with the epigraph DIVVS. VERVS on the obverse of which is the head of Aurelius with mention of the said tribune 23 , whom I presented the correction in the name of Mr. Veri. At this Aurelius, still slipping away, de- disse congiarium, and soon in Ger- their signs show the progress of Roania a number from me in his money for a year V. C. q32 descripli, it is found in same tribe power 23., and in avcr- sa PROFECTIA AVG. , ct LIBERAL AVG. V. lam igilur if exiting De- The dead man is dead, he is new since the tribune of Aurelius 23 day February 25 he left, his funeral pam from Altino Venetorum, where he died As far as Rome, the solemnity of the consecration, accommodation agency, equipment ad a new war, and the departure itself even in the narrow space of two months to limit Atsi is declared dead Yerus about the middle of the spring of the year 5 C. q2Si, from there until the next Ka- legends to deal with so many things pus does not fail. All this matter is true will be cut off, if any Alexan- drinus L. Veri inscribed L. I. Nam annua Veri X. in the cal- began on August 39, Y. C. 922,

qoaposito absolutely necessary, L.Ve*- to establish the dead in December. Of course, the catalog offers one such inscription Theupoli, and I doubt about whose fate, as I said in L. Veri coin of Alexandria, ne- that even the most clever Zoega, who did everything the coinage of Alexandrine was vigorous He shook, worse than anyone in the year 0 young man*

COMFORT

No emperor's tribe You are so polite xcomplex reason, as well as recurring in itself rent knots ofTert, than Commodiana, which they tried to extricate the most eminent philologists, attracted of course you And after these trials he himself I also despair of exile, another thing for me in the present proposal there is no such thing as to show, no opinion, which pre- that these men of renown could bring it with certainty records were compiled.

Lampridius, who each Commodus I remember the honors so anxiously rat, so that you do not even consult the day omits, however, nothing of the collected tribes. you can, indeed, have a wonderful memory he betrayed Capitolinus after you tell* set'), Aurelius, to conquer Rome that he had triumphed, which happened on the 23rd Decem. V, C. 929, immediately submits: He went to Lanuvium. Advantage of" from there I sat as a colleague in the tribe. the power of jun^ hit By which testimony, if not perhaps fallacious it is, at least this we are taught, justified only after this triumph, and the time has come. With Capito

s) in Aurel. chap. 27. {Fol. rilL)

gg

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418

CAPITAL X

Jino also conspires with the gods of the year Y. C. 980, of which others are inscribed TR P., others TR. P. II., seem to indicate I took advantage of this opportunity last year. carried away by retreating >

To be sure, the tribe itself, initiated by Commodus power tem Xyill. It is certain that I. mis, which in Commodus coined to him I diligently collected all the tribunes, and carefully described by additional witnesses, that all this power in number ex- they like II. Certainly not from the epigram doubt again the authority, which inser- both of the great Hadrian, and of Commodus himself, as it is believed, the sepulcher thus re- it is quoted by Gruterus «): Z. Aelius Aurelius Conveniently Auguo — — — trib, pot. XFUL rules. FUL consul FU. P. P. The same tribune is read on the Mura stone thorium ^). Finally, III. God also, when letters given by Commodus to the senate mentions, these him in addition to other ti- refers to the use of tulis: trib. can XFUJf. imp. FUL cos. FU P. P. c) <^ui himself tribe the power of 18 gives her certainly entered, so that Hat^dui- the bird that judges the gods from the highest air then 18 preferring fake ads he does not hesitate to confirm, when here, as he says, he appears in nothing at all gold, silver, bronze medal one of the usual fdrms ^). that false I am, in the tribune of this god We have verified it. Same with Har- Argelatum had mistakenly felt that the duino had adjccia to a similar news of Mediobarbi familiar video

With these eight erudite over ex- order of tribes power of sentencing tents

»

Sentence L Ioruro, who is the beginning of it they arrived in the year 5. C. <^28 P. X. 175, which was the opinion of Norisius and Pagius, in which I will say that rum impinges on the Capitoline, that that perhibeat^), Marcus Rome ex I will bring back the triuraphasse to the east, which fa- ctum y. C. 929 on Dec. 23, then He proceeded to Lanuvium, and then finally A companion to him in the tribune having joined, when it was proved from the gods to be able He thinks that it was given to him by Y. C 928, and, as he conjectures, the 27th of February'). But let me take this more seriously with Commodus The position is about the month of August opinion g). As for the year he agrees also Tiilemontius ^).

I do not act as a patron of the Capitoline order of things tis, and nothing of this authority in cau&a be valid at present. I'm going to do something with the world. In in this opinion of learned men of the year y. C. 929 occupied the former part tribunate L, the other part II., and lastly the former part of the year 945» on the last day of which Com^ was killed mode, tribunate XVII, parliament alter- am tribunatus XVltL» 6t, quojl seqai- there was Commodus

V. C. 9.30 COS. TR. P. II. III 981. COS. TR. P. IIL IV.

932. cos. iL TR. p. rv. V.

933. COS! IL TR. P. V. VL

a) Pag. 253. 2. and 262. 6. b) Pag. 242. 5- e) 50 c. 0 Vot. ten page 115. g) Epistle

c) § L. 74 15. d) Hlst. Aug. page 79^. . cons, page 120. h) according to Aurelius. page 676

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THE TAXATION POWER.

410

V-C. 935. GOS; m. TR. P. VI. YIL 935. COS. III. TR. P. 7;

VIII. 93 COS. IV. TR. P. Wine; . 9

937. COS. IV. TR. P. 9 X.

938. COS. IV. TR. P. X. XI.

939. V. TR. P. XI. XX.

940. COS. V. TR. P. XII. XIII

941. COS. V. TR. P. XIII. XIV.

942. COS. V. TR. P. XIV. 15

943. COS. 6. TR. P. XV- 16

944. COS. 6. TR. P. XVI. 17

945. COS. VII. TR. P^, XVII.

xvii

From this calculation the following tribu- natQm Commodus IV. in his former part to run in the year 9^1, when he was consul I. was, and later with the year 932. At never read: TR P. IV. COS. , but always TR P. IV. COS. II. Therefore, an no V. C. 93 1 not yet babuit trib. can state IV

Tribunal VI. falls into the anvos q33 and 934, the former of whom was COS. II. posterior III., but nowhere will you find TR. P. VL C08. II. , constant TR P. VL COS. III. Therefore, in the year ^33 not yet was a tribanate VI

Tribunatus Vni occupies part of an of ours 935 and 936, of which he was COS. III. this COS. IV. , but nowhere it is written: TR P. VIII. CO». IIL, sem- pcr TR. P. VIII COS. III. , then in the year 935 was not yet given to the tribune SEVEN.

Tribunate XI falls in the years qSB ct 939. It was convenient for that COS. IV. this COS. V. , but you will not find it anyway TR. P. 40 COS. III. , always TR P. XI. COS. V. Why in the year 9^8 nonduiA had the tribune XI.

Tribunate XV runs with 943 years and 943, of which he was COS. V. this COS. VL, but nowhere is it read TR. P. XV. COS. V., but constantly TR, P. 15 COS. VL Ergo V. C. 94" not yet came the tribune 15

Finally, the 16th tribune fell into years 944 and 945. of whom was COS. VL, this COS. VIL But not the laws TR. P. XVII.COS. VL so that Tydeus is cited among the gods max. mode reg. Gall. Tab. 15 no. 4, unless I am wrong is under) but always TR P. 164 C08. VU. Therefore 5* C. 944 trib. power XVII you have not yet met

Notice that this law is consistent throughout all the consulates of Commodus it will be necessary to cut it, or it will be too ripe therefore, it was first used by the antiquarians tribunate, or the former tribune the good part, which Kalendas lan. it is very close, through all these an- that the currency was not to be signed which ring is likely? But a lot animates her opinion more bitterly Another thing, which is also expounded that place

According to the advocates of this opinion in the earlier part of the year V« C. 942, as from al- Commodus was running with a wide panel open Tribune XIV , posterior tribunatns 15 It is certain, convenient mis Kalendis lan. the consul had proceeded Ggg a.

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423

CAPVt X

Vr. Namis iguliru through the preceding pro- Kime months, sire in this sentence Iribunatu XY signed from yete mora tnscribencbim fueral TB. P. XV. COS Y. D£S* YI- Sed for Quaquaquam islud of this time of the god ofTerunX, but TR« P. Xllll. COS. Y- DES. YI. object I was struck by everything; you are where I appeared tribe p(ite6tat«m XI Y. noa XY* fuiss^ in at the end of the year, and next to the Kalends lan. anointed

Sentence II eradicated Ma«2oIeni. se when banc Commodus trib. power* tem received Nov. 27 V. C ^9, her- that after a short interval of 12 days light on Dec. 10 he repeated"). Why Com- 27 Nov. <)29 until the next day 10. De- cembers, with which the 2nd tribune began. come out 10. Dec. 930, and so on. Ouam 0La\»^aTu from this doctrine itself let them flow, , with two tannm ar|;usienti«9 for he is reluctant to tarry longer,^ Coinpro- I will go

Y. C. 980 Comraodus p rocessit COS. I. £x read by Mazzolenus lata Kalendis lan. tribune III. up to X December , with which - began lY But for me He would lead me in a long train, in • whose front is written: TR P. II. COS. , and who just after Mazzoleni ora- they have no where to put their foot. Let them refer to the previous year, citizenship will be denied, because then the consul while Commodus was; to the present they will also be disgusted, since this year Tribune III had already shone. , from time to time All are extorted by the same law, - who are registered TR P. 111 COS. II.

Processed cojnsul II. Y. C qSd , but hoe In the year when Mazzoleno was dictating, he became a tribune tus Y. , soon YI The same infection spreads all those who from time to time repeated a They offered a convenient consultation so great is the loss of the good people, no one not Tidet

Another argufnentnm pancis qnar Who was the tribune of Commodus natns XYHL is already too numerous Ti* pig, as we said above. £n you Max- 2 Olenum, who now announces to his own XIX. for equal this began with the tribune" XYUI. on the 10th December Y. C. ^44) lasted until eun- that day of the year 945, and it began then tribunate 19 , by which he was slain in a fall A convenient last day of the year. And these are not im- in a plausible manner, and clearly false statements let them suffice

But the opinions of others too • who doubles in the convenience of counting They endeavored to establish the manner of the as it is to laugh at Yalsechius ^) , plainly You will understand easily if I want them the gods described by me, and to them sincere and contend with wholes.

Therefore, since nothing has been discovered so far let it be, in which Tcrum the time of the iteration of the trib. power could be defined in Commodus, although it is quite certain that a beginning has been made for him at the end of the year .929 when from the manifest at the helm of the Capitoline, then of the gods, and elsewhere I could not have done it more opportunely I would describe the gods in the order in which they combined with the consulates they do, as I have already warned in this August coin to hymn Y^ C. qSo. Attitude

.a) about ti*ib. jpot. ptfg. 125. b) of init. imp. AIcx. j>a|^. 210.

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JJE TriiBVKITU POTPSTATE.

I'm sorry

4€candon this law Tidem.nt in numU i&nni 9^0 a double tribunate, namely 1 and 11, and a double item in the nth year p06tremi945, ne;aipe XVII. and 184 In leave a simple message find the tribune of the years, so that Kalendis lan him. inslar consulate .the example of the assepatris is clearly visible. Qty but there is a reason why you were born in the first year, and at last the duplez met the tribune, by no means can I be approached candidly proiiteor; but I am also ccrtns, some I am not fit for any other opinion to be able to add

The greater and better of the cfaronologists part of SeTerum at the beginning of the year Y. -C. 946 tribe a^iirmat given power, as I have said in the bojus numi^* Pagius idjis Apriles he prefers that year, but what It depends on the cause. demon I will therefore not be able to say so "had been a repeated recurrence, terea to be forewarned, after Severus the tribunals were Xyilll. , I read him you gathered in the woods, and you met him. Argument

mints:

"

I. If the tribnnatus of Scteri was captured in the beginning Monday Y. C. 946 at the same time It would have been repeated in the year reToluto, from the law according to the tenor of this tribunate XYII. started set at the beginning of Monday Y. C 964* At Sereri Tita ad boc and ns time did not dursTit On the 11th February of the same year from Tire ^rept. For it is a wonder that has happened .nt Tiri ernditi, qni ScTeri tribunatus to digest for years, to this stone

which object to himself o.cuiis yidere, lent to offend, to bow down from him. Of course Occ and Mediobarbus extremQ Se- Teri a year not a few numis with jtrib^ they recite with the power of XYIII*, yet they in them they conceal the title of the year to solo tribunatn XYIH- » of course that )iic Jesus lends himself to their calculus, neither did he. I also said the same thing* lat, as if it did not exist, excellently Tillemontius, and the command of Severus with tribunatn XYIII concludes, although the Middle- the list of beards is constantly used, unless perhaps in the description of these figures he preferred to be auspicious. Of course it is One Ifoc argument is sufficient in itself to the third sentence of the repeated

\ aub the beginning of Monday at the tribune. What a- snrda pages to explain faunc tri- Faunatnm has been forced to commit, Ti- of apnd the most active •). Lately Sancleniencies, as the object of diiriculta- tem l^nir^t, greatly praised the sen- tendency d. Zoegae, whose conjecture it was, SeTcrum, which is established, in Anto-

. that the nation of the children had so treacherously intruded the beginning of that tribe of power from the day when Commodus Tivendi he did not, taking no account of his anger rum Pertihaci, and Luliani ^). not in £cior, by this agreement Severus was tribuned 19 "to be explained in the most convenient way" when in this opinion the government of Severus is taken from Kal. lan. Y. C. 946, no but this tribune emerges easily also the consulship with the tribunes in his own right winning number ^ But whosoever shall persuade himself deat, neglected by SeTCro Pertinads only the inner government, which does not move

a) Crit, Bar. to ann* Cfar. 211 b) of Tulg. Weather page 287

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422

CAPVT X

I killed Konorcs, and he just acknowledged Caesar, but am from the singular to the most abundant onion^ by affection from his name Pertina*^ cem He wanted to be called himself, as we have shown in I killed Periinax and his son Did he use the index publicly? Therefore, it is we can state that this escape was taken away difficulty

II. Sevems Kal. lan. V. C. ^55 pro- consul III gave way , and the second I am this time of repetition at the beginning of the month Y. C. 954 entered the tribune 9 exhale tour in the same month of the year 955, he would receive it at the beginning, and it would be so necessary in the woods from the banks of the Kalends until the the anointed tribe power 9 with COS. III. But that was never the case conslanter Icgere estTR P. X. COS. III. Therefore Severus had already at the beginning of the year tribunate X

III. Exliibet Muratorius the remarkable discovery of Boma, in which omitting the rest, it reads: Z. Sepi» Severi Pius PerL Aug. Arabic * Adjab, PonU et Part, Max. Tr. P. VII. Imp. XI. C08. 11. Procos, P. P. and M. Aur. Anthony Pius Felicis Aug. Tr. Pl 111. Suitors. and Luliae Aug. M* K — — — ;- Dedicated Kah April Scvero and Fictorino cos» •). The consulship of these fell in the year Y. C. 953. Admitted tribunatus repetition in the month of June Severus was tribuned YIII. only at the beginning of this Monday, or ^53 he came Yerum from the advertisement of marble Kal. April of this year Bunatu Vin He was blessed. So that's it repetition must be anticipated. It exists

apnd Masonry marble dedreamtiof . Severely, in which he is called TRIB. POT III. IMP. III. COS. IL !>). Note these Masonry indicate the aininos V. C. 9/18 949 P* X. 195. 196. On the contrary, Ma- rhinius <^), but this indeed is the hope ctato tribune III , but not with regard to the title IMP. III. , who later this monument to the year P. X« iq^^retracts, and pro- the well-known marble stones suggests Admit with me, Severus trib. power 3 entered Kal: lan. Y.C. 948, and then all the titles will stand correctly talo, and this marble will be saved rites

How carefully in Severo con- let the tribunes conspire with the people, if the homra iteration from Kalendis lan. I was taken from you yourself will easily understand its currency.

CARACALLA.

There is a conflict among the learned, in which in the year or month Caracalla gave the tribune he was born Norisius first made it It was struck a little after Kalends Mon. V. C, 951 P. X. 198. three births of Severus' empire^). more seriously gave his opinion, and ex- order before Kal. April of that year draws besides various pieces and stones while the proofs of the movement are authorized by mar- the death of the Gruterians, in which Caracalla not the day before April Y. C. ^53 already tribu- born 3 is given «). I add, a stone after the discovery of the Roortem of Norisius, which I quoted above in Severus, Caracalla himself already Kal. April Y. C. ^53 the same tri-

a) Pag. 347. 2. b) Pag. 243. ?• c) Frat. arv. page 719 c) Pag, 2(^9. 2.

d) VoU dccenUr c«p* 4.

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THE TAXATION POWER.

423

banfitam in to be given away, so much so the hujas of power still more would be Bnticipandum. A complicated case they return rare marbles, which while Se- Teri, and the tribune of Caracalla now, between the two, there are already four, already and now they are placing six tribunes, src as necessary, if only these monu- faith is to be had, the birth of Caracalliani was at the edge of the border. That the men might escape from this labyrinth learned, a twofold beginning should be established for them Yisam was brought before the tribune of Caracalla from the year Y. C. qSo, by which he was destined to was in command, the second from the year 951 what Augustus was really called, to others this, to others on another principle in the tribune use your own account. In this self also to incline his opinion, but forced to use that Tillemontius himself confesses which in this suit was chiefly addressed, or Mazzolenus ^).

However, in uniyersa there is little for this reason it is to work. For a year for that matter, certainly the year 5. C. qSi the beginning of his power is to be assigned to snuffragers both names and mar- dying Of course, the distance between five some tribunes constantly between the father.

and they place their son, qaod apparct ez secular games in both currencies pressing one cam on both sides, or from the Kellic titles, one and the same at the time taken by both as we have seen So at what time did the tribune run? yi. Severus, lit up the tribunate I. Cara- calle, and so 5. C. 961. But the marbles are stunning. But when this Wasn't it shocking? Be, in the majority the bus of these is to be found. just an interval tighter, just looser, but it is certain also, the greatest part of natts five, as well as numos, in- put both three times. Or not then? will provide, fewer deviant enroll ptions corrected by several, especially when et.numi does not recommend this remedy let them give, but command? Who does not know vi- those who mar- wrote epigrams of manners? But He was the patron of the double in Caracalla ex- orders have the greatest confidence in repo as well as in the letter, which today it is in front of the temple of Boman, that The ancients were called Pantheon. He likes it this whole epigram, indeed the things that will benefit the causes, from the careful Authors transfer here:

IMP. Slaughter L. SEVENTH SEVERS. PIVS Stubborn ARABICVS. adia BLESSED PARTHICVS. MAXIMUS PONTIF. MAX. TRIBE CAN. X. IMP. XI. COS. III. P. P. PROCUS. AND IMP. Slaughter M. AVRELIVUS ANTO^INVS. PI- vs. HAPPY AVG. TRIBE CAN. V. COS. PROCUS PANTHEVM VETV 8 TATE. CORRVPTVM CVM OMNL CVLTV RESTITVERVNT

Gbrttteros, and so many others, who do not write, as it really is, X., and after so many tan- nis hajtts to remember, all learned in Severus dem yiros, and after so many between the titles read TRIB. CAN. 40, Vignolius, who was at Teram, betrays those suits

a) Note 19 sur Sever^r h) in Aniraadv. I. dc trib. can page 126

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424

CAPVT X

lesson TRIB CAN. X. reiteration tuit "), as he had recently been suffering from pain confirmed George Zoega *>), and Carolus Fea <=), e% what epigram is this restored, who will be greatly surprised below pere proliieinr <^), with so many this evening insciipion inler would be learned God, for a long time I found no one at all, who had recalled it in the examination" of this epi- Grammatis I remember above in rule III. by which I would prove how little to trust we can with cbronological features, such as no- twice from the marbles in the catalogs bentur to the public, and to it, bright and easy qnotidic access to all, so gratTiter be a sin Apply in addition* the choice of the arch of Scteri, which I gave in Caracalla to Y. C« qS^, and other pu- teaching the same thing, which he collected c1. Sanclementius ^). It is certain, then, what I said, five trihunates between pa- and Caracal Ine tribunate from the year Y. C q5i cx- order to take And this about the year a controversial beginning. month involved your examination, as I said, the beginning of others April, the beginning of Innius for the tribe. po- testified at the beginning of the statnentibns. history cis, and records nothing in this case when they fell, they hoped that they would be mentioned Iribunatttum time of the year who can So when it is made of marble they would soon see Caracalla on the ninth of April. Y. C. q53 had trib. UL power they argue continuously, first of all three He had begun his good work before April of the year

95 1 , for it is eertnm and indubitatnm ile Tisnm is, the emperors of the tribe. power always on the birthday of the empire I decided to repeat sncTisse But for this law as inr immediately preceding Augnsli, thus and to deceive Caracalla far away, in Tictis it was just demonstrated by the arguments.

I. Statnatnr, that the excellent Tir» Tolerant constitntum, Caracas ineun- te April Y. C q5i trib. please state* then, and it was renewed on the anniversary as well. Constitution II. entered Y« C* q59* He then ran to the patron saint jns sententiae a Kal. lan. this year that to April trib. YU potostas , then stock YIII Yerum in none of his years nnmo is read COS II. TR. POT Yll.r but constantly COS. II. TR. P. VIII. In the same way as in the year Y. C. q6i proce* ' deret consul III., whence it is read C09 III. TR. P. X., but later XI., deniqne in the consulship lY* anni 966 nnnqnam C09. III. TR. P. XY. , scd iemper 16 Ex which results, through the preceding years these months must not be signed the customer, or they all perished; good when it is not Terilike, even a hill the latter tribunatns nnmernm already an- nor at the beginning, and so much the same just as I had said in SeTcro, trib. perhaps the state had not been increased on the day of the third year olitama

II. In that opinion Caracalla Y* C. q64 a Kal. lan.^nsqne to KaU Apri- He numbered about 13 tribunes. Within this period SeTcrns York roo- ritur, fiiipira day lY February, and

a) Diss. II. of the honor of Alexander I. Sev. page 200. Tomi I. opp. St. Hippolytus eats. Ham- burg b) No. Egypt page 262. c) Sloria di Winckelmann Tom. III. page 2{^'k

d) Ibid. p. 6o\. c) of Tulg. era page 289.

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THE TAXATION POWER.

425

and before the tribune Xlil. He would have expired, Caracalla for a simpleton PONTIF. began to be called P. M. P. P, Al therefore his new name is considered the inscribed deity P. M. TR. P. XIII. P. P., on the other hand there are many inscriptions of PONTIF. TR. P. 14 , whence we hold, Caracailamjam at the beginning of the year he had a tribune .14., nor did he di- he had stolen

From these it naturally follows, unsuccessfully to torture himself with learned Tyros, while from the tri- number of good consequences sem, Tcldiem, where Caracalla first tribe the power was given to finish you they hope, with the cerlumplain Tideatnr, him of his father, and of his predecessors always at the beginning of the year rarely sewed, in what opinion Tillemontius himself, though timidly, to lean on Tideus •).

I don't want to hide the difficulty of not reading yem , which is my message to the Tersator which the inscribed demigods object to: PART. MAX. BRIDGE TR. P. 111 COS., whom described Tide to the year 5. C. 955* In this year Caracalla, the son of I. but tnm ex doctrinaa a.me atatuiafi ie^ He had no right to Y. £t, however ia these numisms of money fell ae-^ to be snipped at any time; for their likeness There are many lees, and no silver mo<; do, aed and gold. Stiiie H aiim>nim the genus per se satts TaUdnii ad «Tertea- I will give you my senlenitiuB, aon just moving solidly through Caracas itself neta arguiaeaiit slabUitMn, aed coi aaaiog^ qaoqae ax sf^^ioraai Aaga-

stomm ntrmis petitas sufiragatur, erudi- the reader will judge. Not infrequently the art of the stars object to the gods in no way subject to tos, ct evil commas, but good ones, and those obTios, "whom doipare nuo in-< genius you can, and whose indications cbro- you cannot have faith in logic unless you then, and from the rest of the train then reverse the order. £)us canora ex- empa will supply money on both sides Philippians Let them therefore have that kind of na- in that place where in the nature of my life stra biformi progna- so, nor left in the commune), which Justus Thorus published, let them be sent * Yide, which above/ in the rule ly. I warned. Cetei^um Terisimile Tidelur, in these gods the ancient rite tribe received power on the day of his birth to repeat, following, about which I will do more in the conclusion of this article ass 4*