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Treatise on Greek and Roman Coins, Part II (Historical Description), vol. III — vol. II.3 — 1914
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937 show coins from Segesta and Selinunte ‘. Mr. Imhoof-Blumer admits to preferably a local nymph with a episode similar to that of Persephone *. This nymph, the palm tree and the snake bring CRETE — CNOSSE 938 pellent, as during, the nymph Europe, the plane tree and the eagle of the coins of Gor- tyne: this parallelism makes, effectively, think of a rival legend whose data literary is lost. $S VIII. — Cnossus. For the first Cnosse broadcasts, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1330 to 1334, No. 1968 to 1972, pl. LXII, 21,22, 23. Cnosse (Kywssôs or Kvwsis), the most important lante and one of the oldest towns in the Crete %, was located in a plain declines, hilly, and well watered, to 25 stadiums of the sea, 4 kilometers away east of Candia (Heracleion). We have recalled that this ancient capital of Minos in pre-Homeric ages, became again famous, in the last quarter of a century, by the excavations carried out there by Mr. Arthur Evans’. It appears to have been colonized by of the Argives, if we refer to the myth of the marriage of Zeus and Hera, common to Knossos and Argos *. In historical times, Cnosse was built greatly jealous of her neighbors, Lyttos and Gortyn, and still at war with one or with the other. The appearance of the currency in Cnosse seems to have coincided with the revolution of 490 who expelled the tyrant Ergoteles, son by Philanor f. These are various episodes of the legend local version of Minos, the Minotaur and the labyrinth rinthe that we are going to find, in one ma- first constant, interpreted in types monetary. To the first pieces that we we described, followed by the following whose strike continues abundantly until only at the end of the 5th century. FIRST GROUP. — Coins of the 5th century. 1516.— MOMWY (= Kvos.). The Minotaur running to the right, turning his head away; in each hand, one raised, the other lowered, he holds a large stone. BR. The Labyrinth, in the form of a cross formed of square meanders; at 4. Eckhel, Doctr. num. vet., t. IT, p. 240; B.Head, Hist. numer., p. 166 (Segesta), 169 (Selinunte) and 4176 (Priansos); Percy Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, D. 162, pl. IX, 5. 2, Int. Journal. of arch. num., t. XI, 1908, p. 102. 3. Strabo, X, 4, 6 et seq. 4, Cf. Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1331 and above, p. 878. 5. Diode. Sic., V, 72; cf. below, nos. 1547 et seq. 6, Description hist., t: |, p.1932:
939 CRETE — CNOSSE 94 center, a star; in the cantons of the cross, small hollow squares. Lt. everything, in a large hollow square. ÆR 98; stater aginet., 11 gr. 37 (L) PL. CCXLIX, fig. 1:. 1517. — Variety; same legend, the Minotaur running on the left. | At 935: stat. e.g., 12gr. 07 (Jameson) PL. COXLIX, fig.2; — 11 gr. 71 (Weber)? 1518. — The Minotaur half-kneeling on the right, looking straight ahead, the two arms raised and lowered. B. Star or fleuron in three squares inscribed one inside the other. ZR 18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 80 (B) PI. CCXLIX, fig. 3. 1519. — Same type of the Minotaur. B&. Star or fleuron in a square of lines inscribed in another square; between the two squares, a series of denticles. | Æ 14: triob. egin., 2 gr. 35 (B) PL CCXLIX, fig. 4'. 1520. — The half-kneeling Minotaur, left or right. BL. Star with four rays. Hollow square. | Æ 10: egin. obol, 0 gr. 77 (B) PI. CCXLIX, fig. 5and6 — 0 gr. 86 (Ath)*: % 1521. — KWNOMSOW (Kvozuw), The Minotaur running, half kneeling, to left, Ka head facing, leaning with his right hand on a stick, the hand left lowered holding a stone. BR. Square meandering maze, as above, with four small very deep hollow squares, at the corners. ÆR 96; stat. egin., 11 gr. 13 (At) ‘ 1522. — The Minotaur running to the right, half kneeling, holding a stone in each hand, the right raised, the left lowered. BR. Hairless head of Theseus, right, surrounded by a laurel wreath; at around, a frame of meanders which represent the labyrinth. Hollow square. Æ 30 of 22; stat. egin., 11 gr. 31 (L) P1. CCXLIX, fig. 7”. 4. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1896, p. 90. Cf. our 4. Svoronos, p. 66, no. 7, pl. IV, 27. Description hist., t. 1, p. 1331, no. 1968, pl. LXIT, 21. 5. Svoronos, nos. 9 and 10, pl. IV, 28, 29 and 30. | 2. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 65, no. 4, 6. Ephem. archaeol. of Athens, 1889, p. 199, No. 13.1 pl. IV, 25; Catal. Jameson, No. 1317. pl. XI, 13. | 3. Svoronos, p. 66, no. 6, pl. IV, 26. 1. Svoronos, n° 11, pl. IV, 31. |
5 | *CRETE — CNOSSE 942 1523. — The Minotaur running to the right, looking sideways is raised, left arm lowered. B. Square labyrinth formed by meanders; in the center, square room. ZR 23; stat. egin., 11 gr. 62 (P) PI COXLIX, fig. 8; — 12 gr. 09 (EE , having the arm SECOND GROUP. — From approximately 400 to 350. 152%. — Head of Ariadne (?) right, diademed, hair raised and tied top of head; she has earrings and a necklace. For- r, the labyrinth in the form of a circle of meanders. BL. KNO£ION. Zeus seated left on a throne, bare chest, legs swords, leaning with his left hand on his scepter and raising a hook the right hand. 29; Stat. egin., 11 gr. 52 (P) PI. CCXLIX, fig. 7, Er 42 (pr 1525. — KNOZION. Head of a nymph (Ariadne?) crowned with reeds ite, hair raised; she has a necklace and earrings. At riour, the labyrinth in the form of a square of meanders. + MINQZ: Minos seated on the left on his throne, bearded, bare chest, draped dresses; with his right hand he leans on a long scepter and he moves with his left arm on the back of his throne. 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 51 (B) PL. CCXLIX, fig. 10:. 926. — Head of a nymph (Ariadne?) on the left, crowned with ears, having earrings and a necklace. : KNOZION. Zeus seated left on his throne, legs draped, holding pter and peg. Around the edge, a labyrinth formed by a square of meanders. 24; stat. egin. (Break!) P1. CCXLIX, fig. 11:. 927. — Same nymph head. : KNOZION {leg. is often corrupted and barbaric). Bull's head (the otaur) from the front, in a labyrinth formed by a square meanders. Svoronos, n° 12, pl. IV, 32. pl VE CE: Svoronos, no. 13, pl. IV, 33. 4. This type is copied from Syra coins= Svoronos, no. 14, pl. IV, 34; Imhoof-Blumer, cuse at the head of Arethusa or Persephone, to, int. of arch. num,, t. XI, 1908, p. 97, no. 281, 5, Svoronos, n° 15, DIV 55
943 | CRETE — CNOSSE 94 ÆR 93: stat. egin., 11 gr. 32 (P) PI. COXLIX, fig. 12: — 11 gr. 68 (14 10 gr. 55(B)*. 1528. — Head of a nymph (Ariadne?), crowned with ears of corn, right, 1 hair up; earrings and necklace. BR. Cruciform maze, formed of square meanders turning left in the center, five globules. ZÆR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 35 (Luynes) PI. CCXLIX, fig. 138. 1329. — Variety. On the reverse, as a countermark, an /ebès surrounded by points AR 24%: stat. egin., 10 gr. 80 (P) PL CCXLIX, fig. 14. 1330. — Varieties. The nymph head is turned to the right, sometimes left. In the center of the labyrinth, which turns right or left, u star or crescent. Sometimes, as a countermark, a lebes or a head bull facing (P, L) PL COXLIX, fig. 15. 1591. — Varieties. Sometimes at B. KNQZ (H. Weber *); — others: da each canton of the cruciform labyrinth, crescent (L) PL. COXLIX, fig. 16 1332. — Var.; in the center of the labyrinth, a (P) PI globule. CCXLIX, fig. 1 1333. — Variety. The head of Persephone or Ariadne on the left; per hundred of the labyrinth, five globules, 11 gr. 20 (Naples) PL COXLIX, fig. 18*. 1534. — Variety. The nymph's head on the left. R. Cruciform maze turning right: in the center, five globules in the cantons four small hollow squares. Slater (P) PL CCL, fig. 1. 1333. — Nymph's head to the right; below, KN. R. Left-turning cruciform maze; in the cantons, which small hollow circles. Slaterus (Jameson) PI. COL, fig. 2; — other (P). 1536. — Variety; in the center of the labyrinth, a star; in the field, growing. On the right, in countermark, a tripod and NAME (véuioua) (B) *. 4. Svoronos, p. 70, no. 31, pl. V, fig. 14. 5. No doubt véuisux OR véHY L01VW VOIS Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XII, 1888, p. 4 Num. of ancient Crele, p. 68, no. 23. 1. Svoronos, n° 16 to 18, pl. V, 1. 2, Herm, Weber, Num. Chron., 1896, p. 18,n. 33, IUD 3. For all these varieties, see Svoronos, n°$ 23 to 32, pl. V, fig. 2 to 14.
945 CRETE — CNOSSE 946 _ 1537. — Variele in barbarian style. Nymph head left; the hair in granular lines. Be. IBBQMUY. Cruciform maze, the meanders turning left. In each canton, a star with four rays. ÆR 24; stat. egin., 10 gr. 73 (P) PI. CCL, fig. 4:. 1538. — Head of a nymph, crowned with ears of corn, to the right or left. Be. Cruciform maze, turning right or left; sometimes at center, a star. ZR20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 67 to 5 gr. approximately (2, M, P) PI. COL, fig. 5 ?. 1539. — Laureate head of Apollo, left or right. &. KNQZ. Same maze turning left or right. Æ 22; (B, L, M, Gotha) PL COL, fig. 6 and 7:. 1540. — Varieties, without legend. Æ18 (L, V). 1541. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. B. Star in a square of lines. Æ11; (L, Ath) PL CCL, fig. 8'. 1542. — KN. Head of nymph right, crowned with reeds, hair raised and falling on the back of the neck. BR. Square maze. ÆR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 08 (P) PI CCL, fig. 9. 1543. — Same right (with KN). A. Square maze; in the center, K; in the field, on the left, a iron arrow; on the right, a sword in its sheath. Æ95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 10 (P)PI. CCL, fig. 10:. 15%4. — Nymph's head to the right, hair raised. B. Square labyrinth, below, 414. ZR 23; stal. egin., 11 gr. 10 (L) PI CCL, fig. 11; — 10 gr. 80 (P)°. 1545. — Variélé, with KNAQ under the nymph's head (V) *. dSvoronos, n0.929, pl. V, 13: 6. Svoronos, n° 61, pl. VI, 1; Imhoof-Blumer, 2. Svoronos, n°5 24, 36, 50, pl. V, 1, 8, 9. Journal int. of arch. num., t. XI, 1908, p. 97, no. 283, 3. ovoronos, 00551, 52, 53, 54; pl. V, no: 23,24, 25. pl. VI, 43. 4. Svoronos, nos. 56 and 57, pl. V, 26. 1. Svoronos, No. 49. 5. Svoronos, no. 48, pl. V, 22. Volume IV. 60
947 CRETE — CNOSSE 948 1346. — Varieties, with BPI, BPIQ, BPIQN, AI8, on the reverse. Barbarian style (P) PL CCL, fig. 12:. The preceding pieces, generally anepigraphs, except the last ones which bear try the initials of the names of magistrates, present many varieties. The nymph head is, on some pieces (No. 1526 et seq.), the direct copy of the head of Persephone or Arethusa on the Syracuse medals signed by Évainète?. At Knosse she was given the name Ariadne, of Pasiphae, of Artemis Britomartis. The style degenerates quickly. Turn right or on the left, the nymph is crowned ears or leaves of reeds, with or without tiara, with or without pendants of o- reilles, hair arranged in various manners, sometimes simply represented by parallel lines of large gravel which descend from the top of the head. The maze . rhinthe of the reverse passing from degeneration in degeneration, comes to no longer have that the shape of a meandering tetraskele which turns sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left. The central star is only shown per five globules. This barbaric coinage and imitation must have continued for a long time. THIRD GROUP. — From approximately 350 to 300. 1547. — Argive Tela of Hera, left, wearing a high decorated stephanos palmettes, loose hair; necklace and earrings. BL. KNQ3ION. Square maze, made up of squares inscribed one within others with a break on one side. In the field, on the left, A and iron | of arrow; on the right, P and lightning. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 47 (Luynes) PL CCL, fig. 18; others (L, B, LR 1548. — Same telegraph of Argive Hera. B. KNOQ3I. Same maze; left, A; on the right, P. ÆR 18; Dr. e.g., 5 gr. 54 to 5 gr. (P)PI. COL, fig. 14; — others (L, P,, V}"s 1549. — Same right. B.KNQ. Same maze, with AP. ZR 19: right, 4 gr. 02 (P) PL CCL, fig. 15°. The wedding of Zeus and Hera was commemorated each year, in Cnosse, by 1. Svoronos, nos. 63 to 66, pl. VI, 2, 3, 4, 5. 2. Compare in particular: B. Ilead, Hist. number, p.116, fig. 99: great festivals called ispùs 72106. According to local legend it is in the . Svoronos, no. 67, pl. VI, 6. . Svoronos, n° 10, pl. VI, 7. . Svoronos, No. 72. Qt æ CO
No. 919 sinage of Knossos that this is accomplished mystical union of Zeus and Hera!. This myth served of pretext to the Knossians CRETE — CNOSSE 950 to seek the alliance of the Argives and to copy on their currencies the type of Hera created by Polycleitos in Argos, in 421?. 1550. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. BR. KNQ. Square maze, as above, with A—P. ÆR 17; triob. egin., 2 gr. 41 (B) P1. CCL, fig. 16:. 1551.— Same description. Æ11; ob., 0 gr.69; 0 gr. 65 (Ath, B) PL COL, fig. 17°. 1552. — KNQ. Laureate head of Apollo, right. Re.KNQ. Diademed head of Artemis, right. Æ14; (V, At, L) PL CCL, fig. 18. 1953. — Laureate head of Apollo on the right. (without leg.). B. Nymph head to the right. Æ 14, (P) PL CCL, fig. 19; — other (H. Weber) *. 1554. — Variety, with KNQ on the reverse. 1555. — KNQ. Head of Zeus, right. B. Nymph's head to the right. Æ14; (P) PI CCL, fig. 20°. 1556. — Head of Zeus, right. BL. Nymph head to the right; sometimes with KNO. Æ 12 to 8; PL COL, fig. 21°. We know almost nothing about the story. of Knossos during the two centuries which were minted the monetary suites so numerous that we have just describe. We only glimpse rivalries bloody tees between Cnosse and the towns of Crete who competed with him for pre-eminence political or economic. In 346, the Knossians, thanks to the support u Phocian Phalæcus and his mercenaries BDIod. Sic., V,/12. . Compare above, at Argos, p. 451. . Svoronos, no. 73, pl. VI, &. .- Svoronos, no. 74, pl. VI, 9. . Svoronos, no. 75, pl. VI, 10, . Svoronos, no. 77, pl. VI, 11: Imhoof-Blumer, D O1 To CO ND naries, seize Lyttos; but this one is delivered shortly after, by a party of La- Cedemonians. Finally, in 305 BC. B.C., tan- say that Demetrius Poliorcetes besieged Rhodes, we see that he had the Knos- his for auxiliaries ‘°. These are the mid- small historical shreds that we can collect on Cnosse for the 15th century. Also, can we say that the legends Journal intern. of arch. num., t. XT, 1908, p. 97, No. 284, pl. VI, 44. 1. Svoronos, no. 78, pl. VI, 12. 8. Svoronos, n° 80, pl. VI, 14. 9. Svoronos, nos. 78 and 82, pl. VI, 12 and 13. 10. Diode. Sic., XX, 88,
951 images in our monetary types are better known than history. The sa- law of Minos, son of Zeus and the nymph Europa had him chosen as sovereign judge of the Underworld, with Aeaque el Rhadamanthus. Homer depicts him seated on sound throne, a scepter by hand, as it is figured, with its name, on our stater no. 1525. In his earthly life, Minos set out pledged to sacrifice, each year, to Poseidon a bull white chosen in his holes skins. Once, he wanted, to the detriment of God, spare the most beautiful of these animals evils to substitute one lesser price. Poseidon, to take revenge, inspired Pasiphae, wife of Minos, an infamous passion for this superb bull. From Celtic connection was born the Minotaur, half man, half bull. Minos resolved to lock up this monster in the labyrinth he threads built for this purpose by Dædalus. But he had to feed the Minotaur with human flesh maine. The Athenians, then dependent on Minos, were forced to send in Crete, every seven years, seven young boys idiots and seven young girls who were delivered to the monster in pasture. This human toll was paid three times. The fourth, Theseus, inspired by a Delphic oracle, se fit number among the chosen victims; the Athenian hero succeeds in killing the monster in a struggle that ancient art has inter- lent to dirt. The well-known fable that we come to summarize, present among authors an- there are multiple details, variations and sometimes contradictory data. The daughter of Minos, Ariadne, who became a lover reuse of Theseus, gave him a ball of wire which he used to navigate the CRETE — CNOSSE 952 detours of the labyrinth and reach the Minotaur, then to get out of these inex- tricable arcana. Theseus took Ariadne, then he abandoned it on the island of Naxos where Dionysus collected her. Daedalus who had built the labyrinth was there itself in- closed by Minos; trying to get out of it, he could not find the way out; so he made wings for him and his son Icarus and could thus escape into the air. Pasiphae, wife of Minos, who had herself built by Dædale the bronze cow in the- which she locked herself in to give oneself to bull, was a nymph, daughter of the Sun and the nymph Perseis; upon her death, she returned take your place in the sky among the stars. As for the bull, Poseidon had returned it furious and indomitable. He ravages everything the island, put the inhabitants to flight, pheasantb despair of Minos. Heracles having approached in Crete offered to fight him He managed to chain him alive, and he took him carried on his shoulders to Argolis Released by King Eurystheus, the Cretan bull terrorized Attica until he was subdued again by Theseus in the plain of Marathon. Most mythical characters whose names we have just pronounced inspired the types coins Cnosse, and others Cretan towns; more several of them, like Minos, the Mina Taurus and Theseus (n° 1522) are easily there recognizable, just as the lab} rinthe with its multiple shapes and styli seated. The stones that the Minotaur bind in his hands (n° 1516 et seq.) So! those which he used in his struggle designed Theseus. As for female types, he is more difficult to specify their names, el l'o
33 CRETE — TYLISOS 954 often hesitated between Ariadne, Eu- pe, Pasiphaé, Britomartis, loved by Mi- >s. It is possible that all these nymphs wedges are represented on the mon- ouch, but if we can think of Ariadne rs that the nymph has the appearance of a Maenad, , in Pasiphaé when, on the coin, appears he star or the lunar crescent, it is, in ineral, very risky to specify. The female head, on the coins of ourness, presents itself under varying aspects és as well as, moreover, the nymphs lo- T5Ato0s or Tito, some distance from sea, near of Candia (Heracleion), isine of Rhaucos and Cnosse, placed, even the latter, the head of Hera gienne on its currencies. Two villages the last ones which still bear his name are tis on its ruins?. Its currencies which wedges in the others cities Cretan. Like in the period previous, his physiognomy reminds the one of figures which we call elsewhere Demeter, Kora, Persephone and whose prototypes are on the coins of Syracuse from the 5th and 4th centuries keys ‘. In the 20th century, the coins of Knosse carry the KNOXIQN legend, accompanies often embossed with the monogram of a name of magistrate. SIX. — Tylisos. are abundant, hardly begin before the middle of the 4th century. They have the reverse like those of Eleuthernes, a naked hunter, holding his bow, probably Apollo, or maybe a local hero. The lyre that appears on the bronzes (n° 1565) gives us think that it is rather Apollo. 1557. — Head of Argive Hera, right, long hair, and surmounted a large stephanos decorated with palmettes; she has earrings. BL. HOBIAYT. Apollo (or local hero?) naked, standing left, holding on to with my right hand advanced a goat's head to the right, and with my left hand lowered, n arc. In front of him, a shrub (the dixtauvoy). ZÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 05 (P) PL COLI, fig. 14; — 10 gr. 71(B)*. 1558. — Variety; the goat's head that Apollo holds is turned to the left, there are no shrubs in the field. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 05 (M) PL. CCLI, fig. 2'. 1559. — Variety, with À on the right. &. the leg. is TVASION. ZR 25; stat. egin., 10 gr. 45 (Cop, B)°. . Imhoof-Blumer, in the Internal Journal. of ar- ol. numism., t. XI, 1908, p. 96. . Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crele, p. 328. 3. Svoronos, n°5 { and 2, pl. XXX, 29. 4. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XXX, 30. 5. Svoronos, no. 4, pl. XXX, 31 and 32.
955 CRETE — TYLISOS } 1560. — Same head of Argive Hera. R. TVAI#IO. Naked Apollo, standing left, holding avane on his right hand a goat's head turned to the right, and lowered to the left, its bow; deva Jui, a shrub (the Sixrauvoy). ZR 23; stat. egin. 10 gr. 95 (P) PI. CCLI, fig. 3. 1561. — Variety, barbarian style; leg. out of the blank; the goat's head turned left (Pozzi) PL. CCLI, fig. 4. 1562. — Same head of Argive Hera. B. MOBIAVT. Apollo standing, as above; the goat's head is turned {sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left. In the field, iron arrow. ZR 25; stat. egin., 10 gr. 95 (P) PL. CCLI, fig. 5; — 11 gr. 92 (Jamesoi PI. COLI, fig. 6; — 11 gr. 92 (L) ‘. 1563. — Variety, with TVAIZION. 10 gr. 19 (B) PL. CCLI, fig. 7:. 156%. — Varieties, barbarian style. TYAIZIOZ. Apollo holds a hook laurel; 11 gr. and is accosted of two branches PI. CCLI, fig. 8 and 9:. 1565. — Same head of Argive Hera. &. Lyre. Æ 12 (B) ‘. The workshop of Tylisos, which seems not to have only functioned until the end of the 15th century, borrowed its monetary types from its two nearest neighbors. Indeed, while we find, in the right of the staters of Tyli- sos, the head of Argive Hera of coins of Knossos, we see, on the reverse of same parts, the Apollo hunter of mon- naies of Eleutherne. Only the Apollo hunter of Tylisos holds in his hand no 4. Svoronos, p. 330, nes 5, 6, 7, pl. XXXI, 1, 2, 3. 2. Svoronos, no. 8, pl. XXXI, 4. 3. Svoronos, n°3 10 and 12, pl. XXXI, 6 and 7. 50 (W, Napoli no longer a stone, but the head of the goat savage whom he shot down with arrows Additionally, he is standing in front of a shrub which is probably, following an engineer deny conjecture of Mr. Svoronos, the ôk rauvoy, the famous medicinal plant, species of fennel, which took its name from Mont Dicté and was close to Cyrenean silphium. The coins of Tylisos are often poorly struck and barbaric in style. 4. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. XXXI, 5. 5. Aristotle, Hist. animal., 9, 6, 2; cf. Svoron( ‘Egauéois doyatcx. of Athens, 1893, p. 154.
1 CRETE — RHAUCOS 958 X. — Rhaucos. thaucos, at the foot of Mount Ida, between sse and Gortyn, was almost at the be from the island of Crete. Far from the coast, ame Arcadia in the center of the Peloponnese, aucos, like the Arcadian cities, as also the cities of Thessaly and Boeotia, had a special cult for eidon Hippios, the god of iron springs made of two volutes. Hollow square. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 304, no. 1, XIX, 6. Svoronos, No. 2, pl. XXIX, 7. Svoronos, p. 305, no. 3, pl. XXIX, 9. The attribution of this drachma to Crete does not seem to us sure, tilizing and wet meadows. We can infer that Rhaucos was connected, by its ethnic origins, to these regions of the Mainland Greece, probably in Ar- cadie, like several other cre- toises. The oldest coins of Rhaucos are from the last third of the 5th century. Coins minted from approximately 430 to 300. 1966. — Poseidon Hippios, bearded, naked, standing facing, looking to the right, At the side of his horse which he holds by the bridle with his left hand, while on his right he leans on his trident. + VAI—KIOH or PAY—WOIYN where PAYKION (retrograde). Trident, the handle 25; Stat. egin., 11 gr. 90 {Luynes) PL. CCLI, fig. 10; — others (L, B)'. 967. — Variety; on the reverse, in front of the horse, a rock. 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 70 (V); 11 gr. 19 (B) PL. CCLI, fig. 11°. 568. — Young hairless head, three-quarter view to the right. - Two dolphins swimming in opposite directions and placed diagonally in a D hollow. At two of the corners of the hollow square, a fleuron. 10; e.g. drachma, 5 gr. 70; 5 gr. 60(B); 5 gr. 44 (L) PL. CCLI, fig. 12:. 969. — Same right. B. Trident, the handle decorated with two scrolls. 45; triob. egin., 2 gr. 55 (Ath); 2 gr. 54 (B) P1. CCLI, fig. 13°. 4. Svoronos, no. 4, pl. XXIX, 8, The trident of reverse of this triobole is similar to that of other currencies of Rhaucos : this is what just happened tifies the attribution of this anepigraph piece and seems to lead to the classification in the same city of Drachma No. 1568.
959 CRETE — RHAUCOS 9 1570. — Horse's head, left. B. Without leg. Barbed Trident Æ16; (Ath) PI. COLI, fig. 14°. 1571. — Poseidon Hippios naked, standing next to his horse, as € above, with a rock in front of the horse {less ancient style). BL. PAYKION (sometimes retrogr.). Trident as above. (Without hollow square At 93; stat. egin., 11 gr. 27 to 10 gr. (L, B, P) PL CCLI, fig. 15*. 1572. — Variety. On the right, as a countermark, a bull's head of (P) PL. CCLI, fig. 16. 1573. — Variety: the horse places its front foot on the rock. ZÆR 25: stat. egin., 11 gr. 04 (L, B, P) PL CCLI, fig. 17. 1574. — Varieties of previous staleres (P) PL. CCLII, fig. 1 and 2. 1575. — Head of Poseidon Hippios, right. B. PAYKION. Trident; below, two dolphins. Æ20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 64 (P) PI. CCLIX, fig. 3:. 1576.— Same right. B.PAYKION.Trident, with two entrelesden dolphins ÆR 20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 44(B)*. 1577. — Laureate and bearded head of Poseidon Hippios, left. BL. PAYKION. Trident between two dolphins. ZR 93; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 03 (Carlsruhe); 4 gr. 55 (P) PI. CCLIT, fig. 1578. — Same right. Bt. PAYKION, between two dolphins. ÆR 15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 47(B); 2 gr. 41 (P) PI. CCLIT, fig. 5*. 1579. — Head of a nymph crowned with reeds, left. B2- PAYKION. Tride Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 90 (B) PL. CCLII, fig. 6*. . Svoronos, no. 16, pl. XXIX, 19. 4, Svoronos, no. 5, pl. XXIX, 10. . Svoronos, no. 14, pl. XXIX, 117. 2, Svoronos, nos. 6 and 1, pl. XXIX, 11, 12. 3. Svoronos, nos. 8 to 12, pl. XXIX, nos. 13, 14, 15. . Svoronos, n° 23, pl. XXIX, 26. The rock which is in front of the horse and which characterizes . Svoronos, n° 24, pl. XXIX, 25. poses well Poseidon Hippios, was sometimes taken for . Svoronos, n° 25, pl. XXIX, 27; Imhoof-Blu a bow. Journal int. of arch. numism., t. XI, 1908, p. 10 OO = Where CT
We have explained the myth elsewhere e Poseidon Hippios, his cult and his role in Arcadian legends; it was the god of springs gushing on the slopes of the mountain ochers and going to fertilize S meadows where herds of swallows’. Poseidon Hippios was the god he immense meadows of Thessaly and Mantinea plain. At the foot of the mountain Gortyn (leprova, leprove), represented Today through the village of “Ayior dix, n the central part of the island, was located nlourée of a big and fertile plain dew by the Letheus *, whose waters emptied into the Libyan Sea. The road who went from Knosse to Gortyna cut the line rete into two approximately equal parts. he imposing ruins of Gortyn were pllored and searched in recent times, rlout by Mr. Halbherr who discovered there, indeed, texts legislative and legal ics of the utmost importance #. According to legend, Gortyn received »n name of Gortys, son of Rhadamanthus, era of Minos; another tradition gives 1. Our Descr. hist., t, I, p. 867 and 1001. . Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 153. . Strabo, X, 4, 11. + Fr. Halbherr, in the Monum. antichi of ie. des Lincei, t. L (1889-1892), p. 49 et seq. ur the bibliography on Gortyn, your art. Volume IV, 61 CRETE — GORTYN 962 Ida, the low, grassy plains of Rhau- cos, from Arcadia, from Lycastos were furrowed- born by numerous rivers including most important were the Pothereus and the Theren. The situation topographic of these meadows was similar to that of the Thessaly and Eastern Arcadia; the same aquatic divinity presided over breeding there of the horse. $XI. — Gortyn:. for father to the eponymous hero Gortys, the arca- of Tegeates, what matches with the testimony of Plato, according to which Gor- tyne of Crete would be a colony of Gortyn of Arcadia and also of Argos of Argolis 5. The similarity of the name of the two Gortynes gives historical value to this tradition. In the first half of 5th century, era to which belongs the big one inscription which contains the laws of Gortyn, and where the monetary series begins, Gortyn the disputed in political importance and com- commercial in Cnosse and Cydonia. She was then the ally of its neighbor Phæstos, if we relates to monetary types of two cities. Group To. — From 480 to 430 BC circa AD. 1580. — Europe seated facing a bull which carries her away by leaping right; she is dressed in the double chiton, extends her right arm, and leans on Gorlyn, in Real. Encyclopaedia of Pauly-Wis= sowa-Kroll, 5, Pausanias; VIII, 53, 4: Plato, De leg., 4, 108; Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 154; the same, in Rev. Belgian numism., t. L, 1894, p. 140. ol
963 CRETE — GORTYN 96 the left hand on the rump of the animal; below, a dolphin on the right BL. AM2AD OT MOMVTSIOA (légzuvos sd maïua), around a square of line in the center of which is a lion's head, facing. All in a hollow square. ÆR 19; stat. egin., 11 gr. 23 (B) PL CCLIT, fig. 7°; — other ex. (1 PI. CCLII, fig. 8; — other ex., holed (A) P1. CCLIT, fig. 9*. 1581. — Same right. B. Without leg. Two inscribed squares separated by denticles; in the center, 1 lion's muzzle, from the front. All in a hollow square. ZR 20; stat. egin., 11 gr. 30 (P) PL. CCLIT, fig. 10; — other ex., 11 gr. 3 (B) PL CCLII, fig. 11*. 1382. — Varieties. The guy from Europe on the bull always turned to the right the dolphin is missing. The square of lines, on the reverse, is simple and formed of a single line (P) P1. COLII, fig. 12 and 13:. 1383. — Variety. Overstruck coin; we can see, on the reverse, the remains of a old legend (At) PI. CCLII, fig. 14. 1584. — Bull lying on the left and turning his head away. BR. Lion's muzzle, from the front, in a hollow square limited by a large rinteti 2 21; stat. egin. (Ath) PL CCLII, fig. 15. 1383.— Bull lying right. , turning his head away; above, ZHVT SOA (Poprus BL. AMIAD OT 2MVT SOA (Tosruvioy rù noïua), around a square of lines; center, a lion's muzzle from the front. Hollow square. ÆR 15; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 61 (L) PI. CCLII, fig. 16°. 1586. — Variety; on the right, VT OA (Topru). B. Without legend. Lion's muzzle, from the front, in the center of two squares inscribed separated by a sandstone. All in a hollow square. ZR15; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 61 (B) PI. CCLII, fig. 1 Fe AE 1587. — Variety, without legend, 5 gr. 47 (Jameson) PL COLIT, fig. 18 4. Svoronos, p. 158, no. 1, pl. XIV, 21. in Phæstos (nos. 1621 to 1623). 2. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. II, p. 184, no. 1, 4. Svoronos, p. 158, nos. 4 to 10, pl. XIL, 23 to 26 pl. XLI, 18. 3. Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 159, no. 12, pl. XI, 28. 3. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XII, 22. Parts too 6. Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 159, no. 14. anepigraphs, with the same types, are classified 1. Catal. Jameson, No. 1325.
65 CRETE — GORTYN 966 1588. — Bull lying down, to the right or left and turning its head away. Æ&. Lion's muzzle, facing, in the center of a hollow square or two squares iscrits separated by a sandstone. All in a hollow square. ZR15; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 67 (P) PL. CCLII, fig. 19 and 20!. 1589. — Same desert. R 13; triob. egin., 3 gr. 03 (B) PL CCLII, fig. 21 ?. 1590. — Same description. Æ10; ob. egin., 0 gr. 97 (M) PI. CCLII, fig. 22:. 1591. — Europe seated on the bull walking to the right or left. BÆ. Lion's muzzle, from the front, the two claws extended on each side of the release. Below, FOPTYNION. Hollow square. ZR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 66 (P) PL CCLII, fig. 28: — 12 gr. 95(B); — atre, stamped on an Aegina stater, 12 gr. 25*. 1592. — Bull lying on the left and turning his head away. BR. Lion's muzzle, from the front, the two claws extended as above. Square > lines; all in a hollow square. | ÆR 18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 47 (Hunter) *. The lion's face, on the reverse of the coins primitives from Eretria in Euboea f. precedents, is imitated from tetradrachms 1593. — Europe seated on the bull walking at a walking pace, right. BL. ...VTIOA. Head of Hermes on the right, wearing a petase decorated with fins; in front of the face, the caduceus. ZR 23; stat. egin., 11 gr. 83 (Cameron) P1. CCLII, fig. 24. The preceding monetary group has a both to one or the other of these two characteristic alogy with currencies neighboring towns and momentarily asso- Phæslos contemporary (hereinafter ciated. 1620 et seq.). It is at this point that the The legends l'éprovos to raïpux Where the oprovioy èces differ only in the name of the 7ù raïux or Parorioy rd mîua (n° 1620) si- the inscribed in the legend; the parts which signifies: here is the imprint, the stamp, the type nt anepigraphs can be classified monetary of Gortyn or Phæstos. THE . Svoronos, 0p. eyelashes, p. 160, nos. 16 and 17, pl. XII, 5. Svoronos, no. 23; Macdonald, Huné. coll., t. I, t 31. | p. 184, no. 2. Mosvoronos, n° 18, pl. XII, 32. 6. Compare our pl. XXXI, fig. 14 to 11. MOvoronos, n° 21, pl. XII, 33. 1. J.-S. Cameron and G.-F. Hill, Numism. Chrono., . Svoronos, n° 24 and 25, pl. XII, 34 and 35. 1913, p. 382, no. 7, pl. XV, 41.
967 old term raus is synonymous with sua, xôpua, yaoakréo, èmionpov, and others, which we sometimes find on coins or in literary texts. To Gortyna Group B. — From approximately 430 to 300. 1594. — Europe seated on the enormous trunk of a partially broken plane tree: ché; the nymph, dressed in the double chiton, is in a pensive attitude, | head tilted forward, chin resting on his right hand; from the email left she leans on the trunk of the tree. It is seen from three quarters around born sometimes on the right, sometimes on the left. B£. Bull lying to the right or left and turning its head away. Æ29; stat. egin., 11 gr. 02 (B) PL COLIII, fig. 1°; — 11 gr. 68 (V). 1595. — Variety; to BL, 2O4V MT (= Tisupot, retr.) (B) PL CCLIII, fig. 2 1596. — Same right. B. Standing bull, right. or left; sometimes without leg., sometimes with leg. 2OIVMET (= Tisvsot, retrogr.) (P) P1. CCLIII, fig. 8; — others (BP, L, M) The Tisusot inscription is difficult to inter- lend. Mr. Svoronos wanted to see the ethnic name of a town of Tisyros which would have had the same monetary types as Gortyn °. This town of Tisyros is not mentioned by no author; Mr. Svoronos brings this name of that of Cape Z'iüyros (today 1597. — Varieties, with MO2UVTIOA or AOPTYNSON (lopruvioy) P1. CCLIIL, fig. 4°; — other ex. (Jameson) P1. CCLIIT, fig. 5 and 6. This stater has many varieties and imitations barbarians. At right, the nymph seated on the trunk of the fa- 1. See the present Trailé. Theory and doctrine, HD 381 2. Svoronos, Numism. of the Ancient Crete, p. 117; B. Head, Hisé. numer., 2nd ed., p. 461. 3. Svoronos, no. 26, pl. XIII, 1. CRETE — GORTYN 964 even, coins of the time posted dating back to the beginning of the middle century, have the legend FOPTYNION OIBO3, which we explain p Toptuviwv Toto è, er Cavos Spatha) and assumes that the city da the name is almost similar was in neighborhood of Mont Dicté, where the work was famous Atzvwazioy or temple of Artém Dictynna. This explains the pañ of the monetary types of Gortyn and this so-called city of Tisyros or Tityros. FRS best plane tree of Gortyn, is turned Î early on the right, now on the left and in di annuities attitudes, p. e.g., raising a may 4. Svoronos, n° 27, pl. XIII, 2. 5. Svoronos, n° 29 et seq.; pl. XIII, 4 and su 6. Svoronos, Rev. Belgian numism., t. p. 125 and 132. 7. Svoronos, pl. XIII, 4.
969 CRETE — GORTYN 970 leaning on the tree trunk with the other, or else, the head inclined and resting on the back of the left hand. On the reverse, what- sometimes, the legend is absent or represents felt only by a few letters : AOPTVN, AOPTV, AOP. The bull of- end, generally turned to the right or to left, is sometimes seen from three quarters; sometimes finally, instead of turning your head away, he trains it, jumping or raising a paw from the front; we also see him scratching his muzzle with one hind foot, like on the coins of Eretria. FODULIF 09, 1.9, 9.10 1101424 13, 14, 15 (countermarks on No. 10 t). 1598. — Variele; on the reverse, FOPTYNION. The bull licks a paw behind. (P) P1. CCLIV, fig. 1. 1599. — The nymph Europa, bare bust, draped legs, seated right on the trunk of the plane tree; she rests her bowed head on the back of her hand left, and the lowered right hand rests on the trunk of the tree; near In this hand, we see an eagle resting on a branch. Bt. HOINVT401. Bull standing right, raising and turning his head. ÆR 26; slat. egin., 11 gr. 25 (P) PL CCLIV, fig. 2. 1600. — The nymph Europe, bare bust, draped legs, seated right on the trunk of the plane tree; of the left hand. she holds a scepter surmounted by an eagle; of the hand of dr. lowered, she caresses an eagle resting on the tree trunk next to her. BR. Bull standing right, raising and turning his head; sometimes, a fly, under his belly, seeming to goad him. R26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 30 (P) PL. CCLIV, fig. 8 and 4; — others (B, V)?. 1601. — The nymph Europe, seated as above on the throne of the pla- lane; on his knees, an eagle, wings outstretched; under the nymph, the head of the bull, three-quarters to the left. &. Bull standing right, raising and turning his head. ZR 26; stat. egin., 10 gr. 60 (Luynes) PL. COLIV, fig. 5; — others (L, N\) *! 1602. — Varieties; on the right, without the bull's head; on the reverse, the bull turned right. or left, turns head to lick a hind leg. ÆR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 57 (L) *. 1. Cf. Svoronos, pl. XIII, XIV and XV, where we will see other varieties. 2, Svoronos, nos. 70 and 71, pl. XIV, 17 and 18. 3. Svoronos, n° 72 and 13, pl. XIV, 19. 4. Svoronos, nos. 73 and 14, pl. XIV, 20.
971 CRETE — GORTYN 972 : 1603. — Same right. BR. MOIMVT 401. Bull standing right and turning to scratch the muzzle with a hind leg; below, fly and arrow head. ÆR 27; stat. egin., 11 gr. 22 (P) PL CCLIV, fig. 6. 1604. — The nymph Europe, seated as above, on the trunk of the pla- {ane; with her raised left hand she pushes aside her veil. RÆ. Bull standing right, stopped, raising and turning his head; below, a dolphin on the right. Æ 217; stat. egin., 11 gr. 62 (P) PI. CCLIV, fig. 7*. 1605. — The nymph Europa, as above, seated on the right on the trunk of the plalane, looking straight ahead, spreading her veil with her left hand and leaning pressing with the right hand on the trunk; at his side, an eagle on a branch. BL. FOPT. Bull standing left, raising and turning his head. Æ 21; egin. drachma, 6 gr. 65 (P) PL CCLIV, fig. 8*. 1606. — Variety, with FOPTY (Z, B) *. 1607. — The nymph Europe, bare bust, draped legs, seated on the trunk of the plane tree, right, surrounded by foliage. BL. Apollo seated three-quarter right, bare torso, legs draped, holding of the left hand. his Iyre on his knees. Laurel wreath around the edge. ZR 93; stat. egin. *. 1608. — Bull's head on the right or left. B. Head of Europe, right. or left, hair held back by strips. Z 18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 80 (Jameson) P1. CCLIV, fig. 9; — 5 gr. 53; 5 gr. 82(B)*. 1609. — Same description. At 13; triob. e.g., 2 gr. 90 (P) PL CCLIV, fig. 10°. 1610. — Bull's head, right or left. B. 401 or TOP or AOPTV (Tor). Head of Europe, right or left. 1. Svoronos, no. 76, pl. XV, 1, p. 127 et pl. IV, 16. The reverse of this stater appears 2. Svoronos, n° 98, pl. XV, 16. borrowed from those of Chersonesos, above, p. 926 3. Svoronos, no. 105, pl. XV, 18. 6. Svoronos, nos. 32, 37, 38, pl. XI, 6, 41, 12, 19 4. Svoronos, no. 106. 1. Svoronos, nos. 33, 39, 40, 41, pl. XII, 7, 43, 14 5. Svoronos, Rev. Belgian numism., t. L, 1894, 15, 16.
973 CRETE — GORTYN 974 R 21; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 70 (P) PL. CCLIV, fig. 11: — 5 gr. 63 (V) *. 1611. — Same description {with 404). ZR15; triob. art. 2 81 65 (ble 1612. — Head of the nymph Europa, right, hair raised, girded a crown of marine plants: drop earrings. Large grits. B. Cornupelous Bull, right, /R 22; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 70 (M) PI. CCLIV, fig. 12:. 1613. — Same right. R. Bull on the right, turning his head to lick a hind leg. R 22; egin. drachma, (P) PL CCLIV, fig. 13; — other, 5 gr. 55 ?, 1614. — Same right. BL. Bull's head on the right. ÆR 22; egin. drachma, » gr. 68 (P) PL. CCLIV, fig. 14:. 1615. — Same right. &. Laurel head right. 2R 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 60 (B) PL CCLIV, fig. 15°. Coins from Eretria in Euboea are all following the Attic system, while the made similar to those we come from pieces of Gortyn are anepigraphs and to describe {nos. 1612 to 1615); only they carved out of the eginetic system 7. bear the legend EYB(o&wy) and are cut 1616. — Same right. A. TOP. Bull's head, right. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 74 (B) PL CCLIV, fig. 16. | 1616 #5. — Same description. Without legend. PL. CCLIV, fig. 17°. 1617. — Head of the nymph Europa, three-quarter view to the left. . Bull's head in three-quarter view, right. {R 17; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 39. 1618. — Head of Europe, right. Bz. Bull head from the front. 2K 17; egin. drachma, 4 gr. 90 (Herm. Weber) P1. CCLIV, fig. 18*. 1. Svoronos, nos. 43 and 144, pl. XIIT, 17 and 18. at 8 and above, p. 195 et seq. 2. Svoronos, p. 163," No. 0 45. 8. Svoronos, p. 170, no. 96, pl. XV, 14. 3. Svoronos, pl. XV, 9. 9. Svoronos, Ephemeris archaeol. from Athens, 1889, 4. Svoronos, p. 169, no. 90, pl.IXV, 10. p. 202, n° 31 et pl. XII, 5; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., 5. Svoronos, no. 92, pl. XV, 11 and 12, t. IL, p. 185, no. 42. 6. Svoronos, n° 95, pl. XV, 13. 10. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crele, No. 79, 7. Cf. Brit, Mus. Central Greece, pl. XVII, fig. 4 pl. XV, 3.
975 1619. — Head of Europe, facing, the temples decorated with bands. RL. FOP. Bull's head facing, decorated with strips. Æ12; (P) PL CCLIV, fig. 19:. The type of the nymph sitting on the pla- tane comes in many varieties- ties that can be developed into episodes graduated or successive tables of the same legend?. A. — The nymph seated on the trunk and in the middle of the branches of the plane tree, supports his head on one hand in the attitude of meditation; she put the other hand on the tree or on his knees; or again, she holds with both hands spread apart The branches of the tree. B. — On a branch of the tree we see an eagle; he seems not to have been noticed by the nymph who continues to remain in the same expectant attitude and thinking sive. C. — The eagle, with outstretched wings, covers the breast of the goddess and form with her a group analogous to that of Leda with the swan. D. — The eagle is once again perched on a branch of the plane tree, but turning the back to the nymph and casting a triumphant glance phantom in space, he is about to take his flight to get away. E, — Finally, the nymph, who became the wife of the divine eagle, sits enthroned on the trunk of the pla- tane, having like Hera, the scepter in left hand; she caresses her hand right the eagle of Zeus perched next to her, and became her husband. This succession of episodes, put into images 1. Svoronos, n° 80, pl. XV, 4. 2. See J. Svoronos, in the Review Belgian numism., t. L, 1894, p. 117. CRETE —- GORTYN 976 on the reverse of the previous staters and rap- close to the bull which appears in right, adapts so well to the myth of Zeus and the nymph Europe, let the interpretation go imposes on the mind. The famous plane tree of Gortyn on whose old trunk stands fold the marriage symbolic of Zeus and of Europe (iso0$ yauos) is indicated by the ancient authors ÿ. An abundant spring revitalized the roots of the sacred plane tree and it was said that he never lost its leaves, even in winter. The coins of Gortyn, like those of Phæslos that we will see later, sonb agree with the literary texts. After transforming into a Taurea to carry the nymph Europe on the waves, and after having deposited it on the shore Cretan, Zeus had to metamorphose into eagle to find her in the branches from the old plane tree of Gortyn where she soared refugee. Despite the clarity and naturalness develops ment of this interpretation, scholars believed they could challenge it, claiming that on the coins of Gortyn, the tree is not a planelan, but an oak. Far from being a tree always covered in its abundant foliage, the currencies; said Mr. Svoronos, we present it to opposite completely deprived of leaves; finally, no legend says that Zeus, who arrived in Crete with Europa, had to st 3. Theophrastus, Hist} Plant., 1, 15, 9; Plin., Hisb Ra eXETIE Varro/. of Re rustlica, 1, 7, 6; ch Svoronos, Belgian Revue de num., t. L, 189%, p. 120
ansformer in eagle for seduce the ymph *. From there, this scholar prefers to recognize be in our monetary type the nymph itomartis seeking to escape the Minos Bear. Britomartis whose cult dates back to the was Minoan, later received the nickname Dictynna (Axrowva), because of her sanctity area called Dictynnaion ?. The legend picked by Callimachus *, in fact one Gortynian goddess, follower of Artemis. inos fell in love with her; it was then that ur escape from the enterprises of the king of bone, Dictynna went to hide at the bottom s oak forests with bushy foliage. is, seeing herself discovered by Minos, she throw her into the sea, from where she was pulled by fishermen in their nets Hruz) *. But this legend is contradictory rmelle with our monetary types can ‘it aims to show that Brito- arlis, far from being seduced by Minos, Mrs. Europe by Zeus, preferred to throw herself Wed. It is nowhere said that Minos transformed into a bird to continue itomartis. In a word, if there are some alogies in certain episodes of myths Britomartis and Europe, the presence of Eagle of Zeus next to the nymph and the one bull which appears on number of . W. Froehner, Annuaire de la Soc. franc. of mism., t. 111, 1868, p. 31, no. 6; Percy Gardner, es of greek Coins, p. 166; Imhoof-Blumer, Thier d Pflanzenbilder, p. 63; Svoronos, in the Review age, t. L, 1894, p. 195. . Pausanias, II, 30, 3; Diod. Sic., V, 78, 3. . Callim., Hymn to Arlémis, around 189 et seq. . Cf. J. Svoronos, Revue bleue de numism., t. L, 4, p. 133 and 142. Volume IV. 11 CRETE —— GORTYN 978 staters of Gortyn ‘, prevent us from deviate from the traditional interpretation- nelle. Without doubt, certain details of the monetary type silence do not completely agree with the literary data, but it is to be presumed that the legend included variations which Don't We Sound! not arrived. We can recognize say, for example, with Mr. Svoronos, that the leaves of the tree on which the nymph sits, hardly resembles leaves plane tree. But they don't look like more to the leaves of the oak: in the cases where they are clearly distinguished, they are rather olive leaves. I do not consider point that there is reason to rely on this anomaly for refuse to recognize in our monetary terms the translation of the popular legend which had taken Gortyn and Phæstos a national character. In 1894, Mr. Halbherr discovered in Gor- lyne a curious inscription which demon- weaves the silver obols to replace them bronze coinage. This decree whose date is uncertain, but which can be placed in the first half of the third century, seems to target silver obols, which have become today very rare, of which we give a specimen under our number 1616, and the bronze pieces described under our n° 1618 and 1619 which follows the silver obols and replaced them? 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Journal int. of arch. num. t. XI, 1908, p. 98. 2. On this decree of Gortyn, see: G. Blass, in Herm. Collitz, Sammlung der Griechischen Dialekt- Inschriften, A. III, 2 part., no. 501; especially the com- comment by Mr. Théod. Reinach, in the Review numism., 1904, p. 12 et seq. 62
979 $XII. — Phæstos. The Homeric city of Paurés was located west of Gortyn, in the valley of little river Electra, but quite far away upstream of its mouth on the sea Libya’. “According to Diodorus and Strabo?, she was a of three towns of eret founded by Minos *, tradition to which appears to relate to the monetary type of giant Talos (no. 1626 et seq.), winged monster of which Hephaestus made a present to Minos. According to Stephen of Byzantium, on the contrary, it was founded by Phæstos, son of Rho- Palos, son of Heracles. Its currencies, including the types very often relate to Hera- keys, agree better with the latter legend. Pausanias * says that Phaestos was one of the sons (and not the grandson of Hera- keys). He was king of Sicyone where he had Group To. — From 480 to 430 BC circa AD. 1620. — Europe, dressed in the double chiton, seated facing on a laurel qi walking at a walking pace to the left; she leans with her right hand on the (ele € the animal, and with the left hand on its back. | BR... AMSAD OT HO2TM2A9 (Darsrioy sd maiua), around a square of lines with center ea is a lion's muzzle from the front. All in a hollow square. ZR 22; stat. egin., 11 gr. 87 (L) PL COLV, fig. 1°. 1621. — Same right. BR. Without leg. Lion's face from the front. Hollow square bordered by a line. 11 gr. 20 (B) PL COL, fig. 2*. ÆR 22; stat. egin., . Strabo, X, 4, 8-and 14. . Diod. Sic., V, 78; Strabo, X, 4, 14. he o 3. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 255. 4. Pausanias, IT, 6, 6. CRETE — PHÆSTOS 96 established the cult of his grandfather, when on the advice of an oracle, he emigrated to found in Crete the town which bore his name and where transplanted the myth of Heracles. The abundance of Phæst coins attests to the importance of this city from he beginning of the 5th century; the relationship of the types oldest monetary currencies with those ( Gortyn is explained by the proximity of two cities, and undoubtedly, by one combining policy which ceased as soon as the danger common was ruled out. From then on, the two cities came to be jealous of each other like sisters enemies and they were constantly € war. These stubborn struggles ended pi the triumph of Gortyn and the destruction of Phæstos in the 1st century BC. 8. Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 254, no. 1; pl. XXII, 6. Capped on a stater from Aegina. Classified Gortyn in Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 159, no. pl. XII, 24,
1 CRETE — PHÆSTOS 982 1622. — Same right. Be. Without leg. Lion's muzzle from the front, in a hollow square bordered with a sandstone be two lines. /R 22; stat. egin., holed (L) PI. CCLV, fig. 3. 1623. — Europe on the bull standing on the right: the nymph holds them two arms, holding a horn of the animal in one hand and leaning on the other r His rump. B£ - Without leg. Lion's muzzle from the front, in a hollow square bordered by a pebble stone be two lines. 2R 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 33 (Luynes) PL CCLV, fig. 4! The oldest coins of Phæs- represent, like in Gortyn, the water of Zeus taking away the nymph rope on the waves; the sea is sometimes icated by a dolphin placed under the be bull. Among these slaters, those i are anepigraphs are generally classified in Gortyn rather than in Phæstos, the types being the same in both cities. However, it seemed to us that the staters where the bull is walking or motionless came better to Phæstos, because of slater no. 1620 which responds to this indication- lies and bears the name of the latter city, Group B. — From approximately 430 to 400. 162%. — MOSTM2A9I (— Parsrioy), Europe, dressed in the double chiton, seated at uche on a rock, extending his right hand towards an advancing bull rs her and of which we only see the protome; one of the bull's horns is oile, the other is contoured below. Be. Naked Hermes, seated on the left on a rock, the petase thrown back on the back of his neck, holding a caduceus with his right hand and leaning on the rock with his left. ZR 28; stat. egin., 11 gr. 25 (P) PL. CCLV, fig. 5; — other, 11-01 (He other (Pozzi) PL, COL, fig. 6. On the stater previous, we see it mphe Europe sitting on a rock and gently touching the head of the bull which close to her. This scene is exact- Svoronos, p.159, n° 10, pl. XII, 26 (at Gortyn). LSvoronos, n° 2, pl. XXII, 35, 36, 31. described by the poet Moschos and by Lucien *. This is the first phase of the myth of the kidnapping of Europa, when Zeus metamorphoses into a bull to seduce her. 3. Moschos, Europe, towards 89 et seq.; Lucien, Dial. of Zephyros and Notos.
983 CRETE — PHÆSTOS 9 According to the tradition preserved by Ovid', the sea the royal herd that guarded it was Hermes who, faithful interpreter of nymph Europe and her companions, troop desires of Zeus, led towards the shore of with which Tauromorph Zeus came to mingle. 1625. — Protome of a bull, on the right, one leg advanced and having a horn convoluted below. BC. Head of the nymph Europa, right. Z 22; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 29 (L) PL. CCLV, fig. 7. 1626. — The giant Talos naked, standing facing, wings outstretched, jamming apart, looking to the right and throwing a stone with the right hand raised between her legs, her dog sniffing the ground. BR. Head of the nymph Europa on the right, wearing a ceryphal head. Circle. AR 31 >< 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 88 (B) PL. CCLV, fig. 8*. 1627. — Same right. BR. Protome of bull to right, legs forward (both right horns ÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 73 (B) PL COL, fig. 9; — 11 gr. 53 (L):. 1628. — Head of the nymph Europe, right, in a sphendoné,. BL. Same as the previous one and from the same area. ÆR 29; stat. egin., 11 gr. 37 (A) *. 1629. — Hairless head of Heracles on the right, surrounded by a headband, the p lion tied under the neck. BL. PAIETTIO (sic). Two bulls side by side, standing right. ZR95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 12 (Ath) PL COLV, fig. 10*. The winged monster Talos (Täkws) or Talôn ly admitted. Minos charged him which we will see later accompanied by every day around the island of Crete, p his name {no. 1661 to 1663), was a giant of prevent strangers from approaching it: 1 bronze than Hephaestus who had made it, hunted with stones or fa sent to Minos, to guard the nymph perish in the flames 7, During the ex Europe. This is the most general data tion of the Argonauts, Medea succeeds, thanks 4. Ovid. Metamorph., II, 831 et seq.; cf. Charles 5. Macdonald, Hunt. Coll., t. IT, p. 192, Lenormant, New. gallery mythol., p. 66-67. pl. XLII, 12; Svoronos, n° 7, pl. XXIII, 4. 2. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XXII, 1. 6. Svoronos, no. 8, pl. XXII, 5. | 3. Svoronos, p. 255, no. 4, pl. XXIII, 2. 1. Apollodorus, 1, 9,26; cf. Charles Lenor 4. Svoronos, no. 6, pl. XXIII, 3; Wroth, Num. New mythological gallery, p. 64-65. Chron., 1895, p. 96, no. 12, pl. V, 10,
985 CRETE — PHÆSTOS 986 his magical power, to make him perish. The a stone in hand, like the Minotaur giant Talos has outwardly no connection fighting against Theseus; the Cretan Heracles port neither with Heracles nor with the Minotaur: sometimes also a stone in place of its it is remarkable, however, that he fights, club. Group C. — From approximately 400 to 560. 1630. — Young Heracles, beardless, naked, standing facing, looking to the right; with his lowered left hand he holds his bow; with his right hand he leans on his club. In The Field on the Left, the tree from the garden of the Hesperides to which the lion's skin hangs; on the right, sometimes a grain of barley. RL. HMoNITMIAI (— Parsrix6v), Bull standing left, head lowered and bro- so much, one front foot raised and tied to a long rope. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 12 gr. (P) PL CCLV, fig. 11; — 11 gr. 97(L); 12 gr. 04 (B):. 1631. — Young Heracles, beardless, naked, standing facing forward, leaning on his right hand on his club and holding his lion skin with his left hand. In the field on the left, an enormous coiled snake which stands up, its head towards that of Heracles; on the right, the tree in the garden of the Hespérides. B&. Bull walking left or right, a long rope attached to a front foot. Laurel wreath around the edge. ZR95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 62 (P) PI. CCLV, fig. 12; — others, 11 gr. 82(B) 1 gr. 72 (L)*. | 1632. — Young Heracles, naked, beardless, standing facing forward, leaning on his right hand on his club, and holding with the left hand the bow and the skin of lion. On the right, a long olive branch and above, a snake. Æ. Same as the previous one. ZR25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 88 (P) PL COL, fig. 13; — others (L, B)?. 1633. — Young Heracles, naked, beardless, standing facing forward, leaning on his right hand on his club and holding his bow with his left. In the field x left, the lion skin hanging from the tree in the Garden of the Hesperides; to 1. Svoronos, n° 9 to 12, pl. XXIII, 6 and 7. 3. Svoronos, no. 16, pl. XXIII, 12, SYVOron0s, 0041940419, Dl. XXLLL:8 910711.
987 right, a long branch olive tree above which stands a snake staring at the hero's face. A. Same as above. Æ95; stat. egin., 12 gr. (P) PL. COLV, fig. 14; — other (B)?. 1634. — Young Heracles, naked, standing facing, looking to the right; of the With his right hand he leans on his club and with his left he holds his bow. In the field, on the left, the lion skin hanging from the tree in the Jardin des Hespé- wrinkles; on the right, a grain of barley; in the field, four globules. R. Bull standing left. Laurel wreath around the edge. | ÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 82 (Luynes) PL COLV, fig. 15; — 12gr. 10 (B)*. 1635. — Same right. &. Bull's head from the front. Concave field. ZR95; stat. egin., (Pozzi) PL COL, fig. 16; — 11 gr. 66(L); 11 gr. 76 (Luynes) *. 1636. — Hairless head of Heracles, right. or left. RL. Bull's head from the front. 2 19; Dr. egin., 6 gr. 05 (Luynes) PL COLV, fig. 17; — 5 gr. 75 (L) ‘. 1637. — Same description. Æ14; triob., 2 gr. 90 (P) PL CCLV, fig. 18; — 2 gr. 82 (L); 3 gr. (B)°. The myth of the abduction of Europa is replaced, towards the beginning of the 4th century, on the coins of Phæstos, by that of Heracles which recalled more directly the origins ethnic people of the city. We see there, under multiple aspects, the famous bull Cretan who was fought by Heracles and by Theseus. This is the bull that Minos had wanted to save and that Poseidon, to Group D. — From approximately 360 to 300. 1638. — 3OUAXA3J. Zeus Velchanos, naked, hairless, seated left on a 1. Svoronos, n° 17 to 20, pl. XXIII, 13, 14, 15, 16. 2. Svoronos, no. 21, pl. XXII, 17 (law). 3. Svoronos, n° 22 to 24, pl. XXIII, 17 (reverse), and 18 (reverse). See below, the type of the same CRETE — PHÆSTOS 988 \ avenge, made him furious by making him sting by a fly. The preceding staters also show Heracles in the Garden of Hesperides and fighting the dragon that guarded the tree with the famous golden apples. We will see other phases later of the same myth, or Heracles fights such as the Lernaean hydra, a fable imported from Sicyone in Phæstos from primitive times. bucrane in Moda. 4. Svoronos, nos. 95 and 27, pl. XXIII, 19 and 20. 5. Svoronos, nos. 26 and 28, pl. XXIII, 21, 22, 25.
989 CRETE — PHÆSTOS 990 tree trunk whose branches are stripped of leaves; with his right hand he caresses a rooster resting on his knees; on the left, he leans on the tree. Be. IT3IAD or DAIZTION. Cornupelous bull, right; on his back, a fly; sometimes, a crown around the edge. ZR 27; stal. egin., 11 gr. 45 (P) PI CCLVI, fig. 1; — 10 gr. 78 (Jameson) PI. CCLVI, fig. 2; — 11 gr. 64(B)1. 1639. — Variety: the bull turned on its side is immobile. O ÆR 27; slal. egin., 11 gr. 85 (B) PI. CCLVI, fig. 3; — 11 gr. 86 (V)°, On previous staters, Zeus Velcha- _nos is sitting on a tree trunk like the one on which Europe sits, on the Coins of Gortyn *. Parallelism is obvious and the intended opposition, given the state of hostility and jealousy in which lived these two neighboring towns. Zeus Vel- chanos was a god of the Eteocretans, without doubt of pelasgic origin, which had the Rooster for attribute; Hesychius defines it : Telydvos * 6 Zebc Tao Koñsuw. This Zeus Velcha- our to the rooster as an attribute, which seems bring him closer to Hermes: it seems be, according to its name, the prototype of the Vulcan (Hephæstos) Etrusco-Latin #. 1640. — DAIZTION. Young Heracles, naked, at rest, seated left on a rock on which his lion's skin is placed, and looking straight on; he crosses the hands on his knees, holding his club in his right hand. In the field” to left, the bow and the quiver tied to a tree: on the right, a big one tilted amphora. B. Bull walking to the right. ZR 26; slat. egin., 11 gr. 61 (P) PL CCLVI, fig. 4; — {1 gr. 70(B)5. 1641. — Same right. BR. DAIZ. Bull walking left. Laurel wreath around the edge. ZR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 57 (P) PI CCLVI, fig. 5 5. 1642. — Same right, with DAIZTION. BR. Cornupet bull on the right. Laurel wreath around the edge. 2R 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 85 (P) PL CCLVI, fig. bi Mer i2 (piA 1. Svoronos, n° 29 to 30, pl. XXII, 24, 25; Calal. Ameson, No. 1338. 2. Svoronos, no. 31, pl. XXIII, 26. 3. J. Svoronos, Rev. Belgian numism., t. L 894, p. 127, pl. IV, 20. , 4. O. Rossbach, Rheinisches Museum, Neue Folge, t. XLIV, p. 437 et seq. 5. Svoronos, no. 32, pl. XXIV, 1. 6. Svoronos, no. 33, pl. XXIV, 2. 7. Svoronos, no. 34, pl. XXIV, 3.
991 CRETE — PHÆSTOS 992 1643. — DAIZZTION (sic). Heracles at rest, seated left, on a rock, as above; his lion skin is on the rock and he folds his hands on his knees, the right hand holding the club. In the field, on the left, the arch and the quiver attached to a column. B. Cornupelous bull on the right, in a laurel wreath. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 99 (Jameson) PL. COLVI, fig. 7; — 11 gr. 95 Peer 00 L). 1644. — Variety, with MOIT3IAD (— Paisruov), on the right (V, Milan) *. 1643. — Same right. B. IT31A®. Bull walking left. ÆR 26: stat. egin., 11 gr. 50 (P) PL CCLVI, fig. 8; — 11 gr. 70 (B)°. \ 1646. — ILO>lAD. Hairless head of Heracles right. BR. AI. Bull's head from the front. Æ 22; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 60 (P) PL COLVI, fig. 9*. 1647. — AIS. Hairless head of Heracles, left. B- Bull face from the front. ÆR 21; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 57 (L) *. 1648. — Hairless head of Heracles, right or left. Bt. Bull head from the front. ÆR 15; triob. egin., (P) PL COLVI, fig. 10 and 11; — other (B)”. 1649.— AIX. Hairless head of Heracles, left. Bt. Bull's head facing, in a laurel wreath. Æ19; egin. drachma, P1. CCLVI, fig. 12 1650. — Same description, with 31A®, or without legend. Æ 15: triob. egin.,3 gr. 11(L); — 2gr. 70 (V)'; — 5 gr. (Poziii) P1. CCLVI, fig. 13. 1651. — OIT}IAD (= Pass), Heracles young, naked, standing from the front, the legs apart, brandishing his club to strike a large snake which stands against him, on the right; with the left hand brought in front of the chest, the hero holds his bow. 1. Svoronos, no. 39, pl. XXIV, 6; Calal. Jameson, 4. Svoronos, no. 36. No. 1337. 5. Svoronos, no. 41, pl. XXIV, 8. 2. Svoronos, no. 40, pl. XXIV, 7. 6. Svoronos, no. 38, pl. XXIV, 5ÿ. 3. Svoronos, no. 35. 1. Svoronos, nos. 42 and 44, pl. XXIV, 9, 10.
D3 CRETE — PHÆSTOS 994 B. Bull walking to the right or left, sometimes lowering his head, sometimes forward or turning away the head. JR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 60 (P) PL. CCLVI, fig. 14: — 11 gr. 82(B):. 1652. — Variety, with DAISTIOZ, on the right. B. Taurus. Laurel wreath around the edge. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 35 (P, Jameson) PL. CCLVI, fig. 15 and 16:. 1653. — Variety, with a fly flying under the bull. 11 gr. 04 Hello: ; / 1654. — AIZTION. Young Heracles, naked, standing left, seen from behind, legs artea, brandishing his club with his right hand to fight the Hydra of rne which stands before him; of the left hand covered with the skin of n the hero grabs one of the monster's many snake heads. Be. Bull walking left. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 73 (P) PL. CCLVI, fig. 17:. 1655. — Heracles fighting the Hydra, as above, but on the right. BL. DAIZTION. Bull walking right. Æ 25 ;slat. egin., 11 gr. 57 (Venice, Bibl. of S. Mark) ‘, 1656. — Variélé, with OIT31AD (Luynes) PI CCLVI, fig. 18°. 1657. — Heracles on the left, fighting the Hydra, as above; between s legs of the hero, a crab which pinches his calf. RL. DAIZTION. Bull standing right. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 60 (P) PL CCLVII, fig. 1°. 1658. — Variety, with DAIZTION. (P) P1. CCLVIL, fig. 2°. 1659. — Varieties, with a horned bull, facing right or left , V, P) PL CCLVII, fig. 3°. 1660. — Variety; behind Heracles, the bow and the quiver (S. Florian). . Svoronos, n° 46 to 49, pl. XXIV, 12, 13 and 15. | 5. Svoronos, no. 54, pl. XXIV, 11. . Svoronos, No. 50, pl. XXIV, 14; Calal. Jame- 6. Svoronos, no. 55. > n°0 1335. T. Svoronos, no. 58, pl. XXIV, 19 (L). . Svoronos, No. 52. 8. Svoronos, no. 59, pl. XXIV, 18. . Svoronos, no. 53, pl. XXIV, 16. 9. Svoronos, n°5 60 to 65, pl. XXIV, 20, 21, 22. Volume IV. 63
995 When Heracles came, with help of Jolaos, attacking the Lernaean Hydra, a crab giant slipped behind Heracles and pinched him in the calf. We have already had the opportunity to point out, regarding the telra- drachmas of Cos, the role of the crab in the legend of Heracles. The crab is the ally of the Hydra and during that the monster se 1661. — The giant Talos naked, standing facing, wings outstretched, legs spread apart, throwing a stone from the hand dr. ; in the field, his name, TAAQ BL. AIZTION. Cornupet bull, right. ÆR 26: stat. egin., 11 gr. 42 (Luynes) PL. COLVIL fig. 4; — others dora) kill 25 (B)/. 1662. — Same dr. RL. 31AD (or without | Æ96; stat. egin., 11 gr. 34; 10 gr.: 1663. — Same dr., with NOAAT. B-. NOIT3IAD. Leaping bull to the right ÆR 935; stat. egin., 11 gr. 32 (Hunter) *. 1664. — Bearded head of a hero (Heracles or Phæstos), right, short hair . The naked giant Talos, standing facing, as above, wings outstretched legs apart, stepping to the left, turning the head away, arms raised and extended; between her legs, a dog. ÆR 22 of 27; stat. egin., 11 gr. 75 (B) PL COLVIL, fig. 5”. 1665. — Same hairless head, right. BL. pAI. Bull's head, three-quarter view to the right. ÆR 18: egin. drachma, 5 gr. 98 (Herm. Weber) PL COLVIT, fig. 6:. Of coins anepigraphs who d- have the same description as the No. 1665, can be classified as well Gortyn than at Phæstos. 1. Apollodorus, H, 5, 2; cf. B. Head, Hist. number, p. 473. 2. See our Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 442 ett. He, p. 1032. 3. Svoronos, n° 67, pl. XXIV, 21. 4, Svoronos, nos. 68 and 69. CRETE — PHÆSTOS 99 e.g.). Bull on the right, turning his head away \1r2 defends against club blows from the ht ros, the crab pinches the latter at the lalon @ at the calf. This legendary scene is rep# felt on a certain number of mountains ments?. The currencies that will follow are Lype of the winged giant Talos, of whom we have summarized the legend above. C The coinage of Phæstos continued in the third century, until the destruction of city by the Gortynians *. 3, Macdonald, vol. 11, p. 194, pl. XLIT, 15. 6. Lôbbeeke, Zeit. für Num.,t. XVII, p. 7, no. PM AlUE 1. Hermann Weber, Num. Chronicle, 1892 p. 2 no. 29, pl. XVI, 9. 8. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crele, p. 254
Axos {today Axo) is called Oaxos 2605) by Stephen of Byzantium and some monetary people; ancient authors i also give the name from Naxos and xos. This important city in the region Mount Ida, was located in the interior s land, built on a terrace, towards the sour- s of the river called Oaxos, quite far away west of Knossos and Tylisos. The legends Locals say Axos would read his name xos, son of Acacallis, daughter of Minos. At century BC, it had a royal nastie; one of its kings, Etearchos, t the father of Phronimé, mother of Battos, the Erean founder of Cyrene *. We believed for a long time, on the faith of some Their elders, like Suidas, who There is a town of Naxos in Crete (N4%04, is Kofrns), that there existed in this island a the one of Naxos, different from the city of Axos Oaxos. This way of seeing seemed . Herodotus, IV, 154; Svoronos, Numism. of the The old one, p. 33. . P, Lambros, Unedirle Münzen von der Kretis- n Stadt Naxos, in the Zeit. fiür Num., 1885, 226 et seq.; cf. Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 35. . An inscription gives both forms at the same time 7 CRETE — AXOS OR OAXOS 998 $ XIII. — Axos or Oaxos. even rely on the interpretation of certain any monetary legends? But he is established, now, that there is only one city, whose name was written in various ways by the Ancients: "AËos, "Oaëos, Näëos, Faios, LzËos, Ilx£os *. On currencies, moreover, we don't not find NAKZXION, as we believed, but + AKZION: the letter Æ is not an N, but a digamma of a particular form, equivalent of F or E, which we find on others parts (FAZIQN, CAZION), especially from 1st century. Although the city of Axos is very Cienne, she did not have a monetary workshop before the middle of the 15th century. Its currencies, to the types of the head of Apollo and the tripod, imitate those of Zacynthos, so that we may hesitate to classify parts that are anepigraphs, to one or other of these two workshops. 1666. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BÆ. Without leg. Tripod in a hollow square bordered by meanders. ZR 29; stat. egin. (Afh) PL. CCLVII, fig. 7. 1667. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. B£. NOZ3HA Y\ (— Faxsiov). Tripod. All in a hollow area, Z2R 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 72(B)P1. CCLVII, fig. 8; — other, 11 gr. 22 (L)°. 1668. — Same description, with M AKMSOM (— Faxsiov); different style. LR 27, stat. egin., 11'gr..67 (P) PL. COLVII, fig. 9. Ex£os and Lav£os. The Bottom and Waddington, Travel archaeol. in Greece. Inscriptions, vol. IL, p. 31, no. 65. 4. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 36, n°1, pl. IT, 30. 5. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. IT, 31:
999 * CRETE — AXOS OR OAXOS 100 1669. — Variélé, with OAKMSON — Ouxsiov), PI. CCLVIÏ, fig. 10 + 1670. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. &. Without leg. Tripod; concave field Æ24; stat. egin., 12 gr. 11 (B)*°. 1671. — Same description. Æ20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 78; 5 gr. 67 (Ath, B\ PI. CCLVII, fig. 11 1672. — Variety. On the reverse, in leg. ...:1Q. (P) PL. CCLVII, fig. 12. 1673. — Same description (without leg.). Æ16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 67 (Ath) PL CCLVII, fig. 13*. 1674. — Same description. Æ11; obol egin. (Ath) P1. CCLVII, fig. 14. 1675. — Head of Artemis, right. &. Tripod. Æ10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 88 (2, Ath) PI. COLVII, fig. 15. 1676. — Same desert. Æ9; hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 48; 0 gr. 39 (A4, B) 1677. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BR. AZION. Tripod; in the field on the left, a thunderbolt. Æ 22; stat. egin., 11 gr. 90 (Naples) PL. COLVII, fig. 16’. 1678. — Same head of Apollo. R. FAZION. Tripod. IR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 36 (P) PL COLVII, fig. 17; — others’. 1679. — Same desert. R 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 82 (P)P1. CCLVII, fig. 18: 1680. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BL. FAZION. Tripod. Æ15; (B) PL CCLVII, fig. 10°°. 1681.— Laureate head of Apollo, left. Bt. CAZION. Tripod. Æ 14 ‘1. 1682. — Head of Artemis to the right. &. Tripod. Æ14; (B) PL CCLVII, fig. 20 After the year 300, the legend of the coins of Axos is: CAZIQN, CAZON, FA and in AZ, AZION. 1. Ephemeris archaeol., 1898, p. 265; B.Head., 7. Svoronos, no. 41, pl. III, 1. Hist. Num:-p. 459. 8. Svoronos, no. 12, pl. III, 2. 2. Svoronos, nos. 3 and 4. 9. Svoronos, no. 13, pl. II, 3. 3. Svoronos, No. 5. 10. Svoronos, No. 14. 4. Svoronos, No. 6. 11. Svorouos, n° 8, pl. II, 36. 5. Svoronos, n° 7 and pl. II, 35. 12. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. IT, 87. 6. Svoronos, same No. 7.
001 Eleutherne, one of the most important cities ortants of the interior of Crete, located to the northwest of the massif of Ida, between xos, Sybritia and Rithymna. Its ruins, near the village of Prinias, are imposing es, and the country which surrounds them is still, as before, remarkable for its fertility in cereals, vineyards and olives viers!; the fir forests which cover the steep sides of the Ida, in its neighborhood swimming, were very gamey and populated with herds of ibexes; moné types keep quiet remind him, in we showing hunting subjects and the gods Apollo and Artemis under protection of which the CRETE — ELEUTHERNE 1002 $XIV. — Eleuthernes. skillful Cretan archers liked to place themselves cer ?. Arlémis was identified, in the legends Cretan women, with Britomartis - Dictynna; as for Apollo, he is characterized on our coins by the pebble he holds in his hand like the other Cretan gods, wrestlers or hunters. After being called, in historic times- torics, 'Awpos, then XZäzoz, Eleutherne changed her name to the one she has in history, in honor of Eleuther, one of the Curètes who knocked on their shields to cover the wailings of Zeus, at his birth, in the lair of Mount Ida. GROUP AT. — Coin minted between approximately 460 and 400. 1683. — Apollo Styracites as an archer, seen from behind, walking to the left and appearing to rise to a height on which we see a fir tree (s{yrar); he is naked, except for a short jacket tight around the waist; with his left hand he bind his bow; from the right hand extended, a stone; in front of him, his dog running left; behind him, another fir tree. Large gravel. BL. 43@V343 (— Ehsules.). Artemis the Huntress standing right and shooting the bow; she is dressed in a talar chiton; in front of her, her dog running to the right. Hollow square limited by a large rubble. ZR25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 02 (P)P1. CCLVIII, fig. 1*. The Apollo hunter on cre- Styracites hunting in a fir forest toises, often not only holds his bow but a pebble, like the giant Talos and the Minotaur. On the stalère no. 1683, Apollo L.T. . 1. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crele, p. 128. 2, Xenophon, De Venat., 1.1. 3. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crele, p. 130, No. 1, (srioames) whose branches he cut to make arrows.” Fr. Lenormant ingeniously brought together the costume of pl. XI, 4; cf. F. Lenormant, Rev. num., 1883, p. 129. 4, Svoronos, in the Egnpéots 3py210., 1893, p. 154.
1003 god, prototype of Cretan hunters, of the one given to two of these hunters, on an archaic bronze plaque found in Crete; they have the same short jacket which leaves the arms and legs bare; one CRETE — ELEUTHERNE let them come of kill !. of them carries the bow and its companion, the bou- We soaps by the Ancients as the archers Cretans used the horns of ibexes! wild in the making of their ares. 168%. — Laureate head of Apollo on the right; around the edge, laurel wreath. R£V343. Naked Apollo, standing frontally, looking to the right. holding hands ) O ? left lowered his are, and with the right hand raised, a stone. Hollow square limited by a large granite. ÆR 27; stat. egin. (Saint-Florian) *. 1685. — Same right. A. Same as the previous one, without a square of grit. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 22 (P) PL COLVIIL, fig. 2°. 1686. — Same right (the laurel wreath around the edge is barely visible). BL. EAE. Naked Apollo, standing frontally, looking left, holding hands left lowered his bow, and with his right hand raised, a stone. Hollow square limited for large gravel. ÆR 2%; stat egin., 10 gr. 97 (B) PL CCLVIIL, fig. 3°. 1687. — Same description, | Æ19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 30 (P) PL CCLVIIL, fig. 4; — others, 5 gr. 60; # gr. 95 (L) 5, 1008 1Memerdescr.: R 27; iriob.vegin., 2 gr. 92; 2 gr. 52 (VB PL. CCLVIIL, fig. 5°. 1689.— Laureate head of Apollo, right. Be. X (— Es), monogram occupying the entire field. Æ12; trihemiob. egin., 1 gr. 65 to 1 gr. 15 (B, L, Ath) P1. CCLVIIL, fig. 6. 1690. — Same right. BR. E, occupying the entire field. Æ9; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 57 (B) PL. CCLVIIL, fig. 7°. 1. Fr. Lenormant, Rev. Numism., 1883, p. 129; cf. W. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1884, p. 28. 2. Svoronos, No. 2, pl. XI, 5. 3. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XI, 6. 4. Svoronos, no. 4, pl. XI, 9. 5. Svoronos, no. 5, pl. XI, 10. 6. Svoronos, no. 6, pl. XI, 18. HISvoronos, Mn plEXI 12: 8. Svoronos, no. 8, pl. XI, 13.
1005 CRETE — ELEUTHERNE 1006 1691. — Wheel with four spokes. Be. Naked Apollo, standing frontally, looking left, holding with right hand raised a stone, and with the left lowered, a are. Hollow square and large grit. Æ19; (Turin) PI COLVIII, fig. 8:. 1692. — Wheel with four spokes. A. Oil-rayed star. Æ11; (Ath) PL CCLVIIL, fig. 9°. Group B. — Coins from the 15th century. 1693. — Head of Apollo on the right, surrounded by a crown of large pebble stone. 2. MOIAUH3OV3A3 (— Esofevaioy, sic), Apollo naked, standing facing, looking ant to the left, holding his bow with his left hand lowered and his right hand raised don't stone. Hollow square limited by a grit. R 27; slal. e.g., 11 gr. 27 (L) PL. COLVIIL fig. 10; — 10 gr. 76 (Florence; *. 1694. — Same right. BR. 30V3A3 (— Elsub:), Apollo naked, standing facing, looking to the right. or to the left, in hand dr. raised a round stone and with the left lowered, its bow. Æ 27; lat. egin., 10 gr. 30 (Gotha) PL. CCLVIII, fig. 11:. 1695. — Variety, without leg.; 10 gr. 55 (P) PL CCLVIII, fig. 12. 1696. — Laureate head of Apollo on the right or left (his laureate crown ier often crudely figured). BR. MOIANA3OV3A3 (— Ehsulepvaioy), Apollo standing, like above, holding a stone with his right hand and his bow with his left, ZR95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 16 (V) PL CCLVIII, fig. 13;. 1697. — Variety; (P) PL CCLVIII, fig. 14. 1698. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. A. Without legislation. Apollo standing, holding his bow and a stone. R 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 87 to 0 gr. 70 (B, V) PL CCLVIIL, fig. 15°, 1. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. XI, 8. sometimes a countermark: caduceus, cluster of ray- 2. Svoronos, n° 10, pl. XI, 1. sin, 3. Svoronos, p. 132, no. 41, pl. XI, 14. 5. Svoronos, nos. 14 to 17, pl. XI, 16, 17. 4. Svoronos, no. 12, pl. XI, 15. On these staters, 6. Svoronos, n°$ 18, 19, 20, pl. XI, 18, 19, 20.
1007 CRETE — ELEUTHERNE 100 1699, — Laureate head of Apollo, right. Bt. EAE—YOEP. Bow. Æ14; (V) PL CCLVIII, fig. 16:. 1700. — Head of a nymph, left, hair raised and falling on the neck. As a countermark, an /ebès surrounded by a garnet. Æ., Without leg. Apollo standing, as above, holding his bow and a stone ÆR 28; stat. egin., 11 gr. 24 (P) PL. COLVIIL, fig. 17; — 11 gr. 31? 1701. — Same description. Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 75 (H. Weber) ° 1702. — Same description. Æ16; (P, B) *. 1703. — Laureate head of Apollo, right or left. BR. EAEY. Naked Apollo, standing left, holding his right hand forward a stone and from the left lowered his bow. ÆR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 06 (Jameson) PI. CCLVIII, fig. 18; — others FE 'A AL 170%. — Same right. BL: EAEYOEPNAION. Same type of Apollo. ZÆR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 40 (Luynes) PL. COLVIII, fig. 19°. 1705. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. BR. Without leg. Apollo standing, holding his bow and a stone. Æ 17, (P) PL COLVIII, fig. 20:. 1706. — Laureate head of Zeus Idæen, right. BL. EAEYOE. Naked Apollo, standing left, holding right hand forward created a stone and from there a bow. ÆR 26; slat. egin., 11 gr. 25 (P) PL CCLIX, fig. 1; — 11 gr. 13 (L) * 1707. — Variety, without legend (Naples)?. 1708. — Variélé, with EAEYOEPNAION (Jameson) PL CCLIX, fig. 2; harm LP, SWEET 4. Svoronos, pl. XI, 21. 1. Svoronos, pl. XI, 29 2. Svoronos, nos. 22, 23, 25, pl. XI, 22 and 24. 8. Svoronos, no. 29, pl. 1h 27, cf. Ephemeris arch 3. Svoronos, no. 26, pl. XI, 25. 1889, p. 202. 4. Svoronos, no. 24, pl. XI, 23. 9. Svoronos, no. 28, pl. XI, 26. 5. Svoronos, no. 32, pl. XII, 4. Catal. Jameson, 10. Svoronos, Num. de la Crèle, n° 30, pl. XI, 28 No. 1323. The right of this stater is of the same corner as the sta- 6. Svoronos, no. 33, pl. XII, 2. mother of Hierapytna, n° 1474.
1009 CRETE — SYBRITIA 1010 1709. Laureate head of Zeus Idæen, right. Re. Without leg. Apollo standing, holding his bow and a stone. Æ17; (Ath) PL CCLIX, fig. 8°. Then came, in the 1st century, the mon- on the reverse, an Apollo seated on the omphalos, naies which have, on the right, the head of Apollo el with the legend EAEYOEPNAION. $XV. —Sybritia*. West of Mount Ida, and about almost nothing of its history and it is difficult equidistant from the two seas, was located cile to explain the types of Dionysus the town of 2%69!74 where E6o!tx, south of É- Pogon or sometimes beardless, and Hermes, leutherne. In the 15th century, a time when on its currencies. We are reduced to admitting its beautiful monetary series, it seems to have rere their admirable artistic beauty. been a flourishing city, but we do not know Coins minted from approximately 400 to 300. 1710. — Bearded Dionysus, bare torso, draped legs, seated left on a throne without back; he is crowned with ivy; with the right hand. advanced he holds the cantharus, and with the left lowered, the thyrsus leaning against his arm. Bt. ZYBPITION. Hairless Hermes, standing on the left, the petase thrown back on the neck, and the chlamys on the left arm; in his right hand he holds a patera, and on the left, the caduceus. Æ 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 45 (P) PL COLIX, fig. 4; — 11 gr. 44 (Naples) *. 1711, — Same description, with ZY—BPI on the reverse. Æ20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 75 (B) P1. CCLIX, fig. 5' 1712. — Bearded head of Dionysus, surrounded by ivy, right; in front, a bunch of grapes. Bt. ZYBPITION. Head of hairless Hermes, right, wearing petase, neck draped; in front, the caduceus. 4. Svoronos, no. 31, pl. XI, 30. doubtfully to Sybritia an anepigraphic obol 2. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crete, p.313. which has, on the right, a seated figure and on the reverse, a | 3. Svoronos, p. 314, no. 1, pl. XXX, 12. head of Hermes. We have classified these small parts 4. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. XXX,13. M. Svoronos (Num. to the satrap Mazaios. See our Descr., hist, t. I, of ancient Crete, p. 314, no. 3, pl. XXX, 14) gives p. 415, no. 750, pl. CXIV, fig. 20. Volume IV, 64
1011 CRETE — SYBRITIA A01£ AR 25; slat. egin. (Pozzi) P1. CCLIX, fig. 6 and 7; — 10 gr. 73 (Hirsch Brussels); 11 gr. 36 (Hunter), 11 gr. 29(L)*. 1713. — Same desert. ZR 18; drachma, 5 gr. 46 (L) PI. CCLIX, fig. 8* 1714. — Head of beardless Dionysus, crowned with ivy, right; behind a bunch of grapes. | BL. 3YBPITION. Naked hairless Hermes, standing left, the pelase rejected on the neck; in his right hand he holds a long-shafted caduceus and its chla myde on the left arm. R 24: slat. egin., 11 gr. 23 (H) PL CCLIX, fig. 9*. 1715. — Young Dionysus, bare torso, draped legs, seated facing on a panther leaping to the left; with the left hand the god grasps the neck of the animal, and with his right hand, he binds the thyrsus resting on his arm. BL. XYBPITIQN. Naked Hermes, left, his chlamys on his back; leaning front, right leg raised, foot placed on a rock, he ties his heels nières; in front of him, a caduceus. ZÆR 95; st. e.g., (Pozzi) PL. CCLIX, fig. 10; — 10 gr. 69(L); 11 gr. 14(B)* 1716. — >YBPI. Hairless head of Hermes, left, petasus thrown back on 1 neck. B. Apollo seated left on a rock and adjusting his bow. Æ20; egin. drachma, # gr. 85 (B) PL CCLIX, fig. 11:. 1717. — Hairless head of Dionysus, right. BL. ZYBPITION. Ibex head, right; in front, a spearhead. Æ20; drachma aegin *. 1718. — Ibex head on the right. Be. ZY. Bunch of grapes. Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 77 (L)”. 8 1719. — Caduceus. B. Ÿ Hollow square. Æ9; hemiobolus egin. *. 4. Svoronos, no. 4, pl. XXX, 15, 16; McDonald, 5. Svoronos, no. 7, pl. XXX, 19. Hunt. coll.,-t, 1, p. 199, no. 1, pl. XLIIL, 4; Wroth, 6. Svoronos, Ephemeris arch. of Athens, 188 Num. Chron., 1890, p. 321, pl. XIX, 11. p. 210, no. 60, et pl. XII, 11; B. Head, Hist. numom, 2. Wroth, Num. Chr., 1895, p. 97, n°14, pl. V, 12. p. 418. 3. Svoronos, no. 5, pl. XXX, 17; Macdonald, Hunt. 1. Svoronos, Ephemeris arch., 1889, p. 210, no. 6 coll., t. 11, p. 199, no. 3, pl. XLII, 5. and pl. XII, 10. 4, Svoronos, no. 6, pl. XXX, 18. 8. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 478.
1013 CRETE — SYBRITIA 1014 1720. — Hairless head of Hermes on the right, wearing a pelase. B. >YBPI. Caduceus. Æ18; (P) PL CCLIX, fig. 12:. Æ 21; (P) PL CCLIX, fig. 13°. Æ13; (B) PL CCLIX, fig. 15'. Æ9; (B) PL CCLIX, fig. 16°. We are amazed to find, at the beginning of the 5th century, in a small town in Crete like Sybritia, currencies that can take rank among the most beautiful antiquity has struck. The head of Dionysus Pogon recalls that of the bronzes of Myco- our ‘ ; it is of a finer, more detailed style licat as the head of Dionysus Pogon of the te- tradrachms from Thasos. The head of Hermes wearing the petase is su- also superior to that of the staters of Lampsacus and Cyzicus #. Finally, the Hermès putting on his endromides, on the reverse of No. 1715, can bear comparison with the most beautiful engraved gems that have similar subjects: the anonymous engraver of 1. Svoronos, no. 8, pl. XXX, 20. 2. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. XXX, 21. 3. Svoronos, n° 10, pl. XXX, 22. 4. Svoronos, n° 13 (this bronze was awarded by- times to the island of Symé) (Imhoof-Blumer, Greek monn. p. 323, no. 131). The parts anepigraphs to same types are rather from Elyros than from Sybritia. 5. Svoronos, No. 14. 172%. — Trident, in a crown. &. ZY. Dolphin. Æ15. 1721.— Laureate tela of Zeus, right. B. ZYBPITIQN. Wild boar jaw. 1722. — Head of Hermes wearing the petasus, right, the caduceus on the shoulder. BL. ZYBPITIQON. Wild boar jaw. Æ13; (P) PL CCLIX, fig. 14*. 1723. — Ibex head, right. &+ZY. Bunch of grapes. 5 1725. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. BR. >—Y. Spearhead. Crown around the edge. our monetary coins — maybe Neuantos or Pythodoros * — was surely one of the most skillful gem engravers of the first half of the 15th century. The museum of Louvre has a marble replica of a work by Lysippus which represents a ephebe at rest, tying his sandal and thinking ched in an altitude identical to that of our monetary Lype. This statue, famous under the name of Jason, is rather a Her- mès, like indicate it our currencies. It was probably Lysippus who, at the time of Alexander the Great, introduced into the statuary this attitude given to figu- res of bas-reliefs from the time of Phidias °°. 6. Svoronos, No. 15; cf. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 342, n° 132 (in Symé). 1. See above, p. 831. 8. Compare above, pl. CLXXI, fig. 13; pl. CLXXIII, fig. 6. 9. See below, at Aplera and Cydonia. 10. Max. Collignon, Hist. of Greek sculpture, t. IT, p. 420 et seq.
1045 CRETE — RITHYMNA 101 $ XVI. —Rithymna :. The town of Ptüvuvx (or PuÜouvtx, of its ancient history; his little series Peldouva) was on the northern coast monetary does not begin before the middle of the end of the island, northwest of Eleutherne; 15th century. today it is Péfouvos. We don't know anything Coins minted from approximately 350 to 300. 1726. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. B.PI. Naked Apollo, standing facing, holding a stone in his right hand raised, and his left bow lowered. ÆR 24; slat. egin., 10 gr. 67 (P) PL CCLIX, fig. 17; — 11 gr. 10(L)*. 1727. — Helmeted head of Athena, right. B.P —1. Trident between two dolphins. ZR 17; egin. drachma, 6 gr. 29 (Hunter) PL. COLIX, fig. 18:. 1728. — Same right. &. PI. Trident. ÆR 15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 58 (L) P1. CCLIX, fig. 19:. 1729. — Same description. Æ12; (L, V)*. 1730. — Helmeted head of Athena, right. BR. P — 1— ©. Two dolphins. Countermark. Æ18; (P) PL CCLIX, fig. 20*. 1731. — Varieties, with YOI or PIOY. Æ15; (P, B, V):. 1732. — Head of Athena on the left or right. BP between two dolphins. Æ16; (P) PL CCLIX, fig. 21 and 22°. There are no other currencies of Rithymna. 4. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crete, p.309. 2. Svoronos, p. 309, no. 1, pl. XXX, 1 (No. 2 of Svoronos is a bronze from Elyros). 3. Svoronos, No. 4; Macdonald, Hunt. Coll., t. 1], p. 198, no. 1, pl. XLIII, 3. . Svoronos, n° 7, pl. XXX, 3. . Svoronos, n° 9, 10, pl. XXX, 11 . Svoronos, n° 11, pl. XXX, 6, 1. . Svoronos, n°5 12, 13, pl. XXX, 4, 5. . Svoronos, nos. 45 and 16, pl. XXX, 8 and 9. Co 1 Where Gold
17 CRETE — LAPPA 1018 $ XVII. —Lappa:. Lappa (today Argyropolis), city of Lampès, originally from Tarrha. Its ruins nterland, southwest of Ri- were identified by Abbot Thenon *?. We ymna, was located in the upper basin only knows its history well from heart of a small river called the Mesapios. middle of the 1st century. Its monetary series de- claimed to have been founded by Aga- stumbles into the previous century. emnon and owe his name to a certain 1733. — Head of a nymph to the right, hair raised in a crown. Bz. Bull's head from the front, one horn straight, the other curved below. Æ 22; Dr. e.g., 5 gr. 80 (P) PL. CCLX, fig. 1; — 5 gr. 68 (Ah); 5 gr. 60 (L)*. 1734. — Hairless head, left. BL, Same bull's head, with a convoluted horn underneath. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 85 (B) P1. CCEX, fig. 2 1735. — Head of a bull, frontally, with a convoluted horn below. BR. Head of a nymph, right. Æ19; - variety. Æ 13, PL COX, fig. 3*. The preceding pieces are anepigra- name. On obol no. 1734, we recognize hes ; in the 1st century only begins rather a man's head. About the issue of silver and bronze coins, head of a bull with one of the horns x same types, which have, in the legend To or bypassed below (xvAhdy xéoxs), we A (Azrralwv) : these parts are out of recall that we observed the our chronological framework. same oddity in Phæstos (n° 1625). The The nymph whose head appears on the symbolic meaning of this particularity, rachme n° 1733, must be Britomartis or although obvious, escapes us. no local nymph of which we do not know $ XVIII. —Aptera. “Arteox Where ‘Artapz, today Palæo- northern coast of the island (the bay of astro, at the foot of Mount Bérécynthus, on the Sude), was located at a certain distance 4. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crele, p. 208. Chron., 1894, p. 10, no. 10. 2. Archaeological review, N. S.t. XV, p. 265 et seq. 4. Svoronos, nos. 2 and 3, pl. XIX, 28, 29. 3. Svoronos, No. 1, pl. XIX, 30; Wroth, Num. 5. Svoronos, no. 4, pl. XIX, 31 and 32.
1019 from the sea and Cisamos served as its port. There were 80 stadiums from Cydonia to Ap- tera!. According to legend, his name came to him was born from the fact that it marked the location of the fight in which the Muses returned to the Sirens the feathers of their wings; it was also made to derive from a hero who came of Delphi, Apteros, “without wings”, whose legend was undoubtedly opposed to that of Talos? This name of Apteros is perhaps a qualifier originally given to a sort of Ares that the currencies call Trototmos (—nékews oixiorc). On the Lypes monetary this eponymous hero introduces himself as a warrior, like Ares. Now, Pausanias relates that, if the Athenians had their famous flightless Nike, whose wings had been removed so that victory couldn't 1736. — ATTEPAIQN. Diademed head of a nymph, right. RL. PTOAIOIKOZ. Hoplite hero, naked, bearded, standing left, helmeted on the left arm; he raises his right hand, K planted in front of him. 52 (P) PL CCLX, fig. 4; — 11 gr. 53 (L)4 his shield decorated with a star palm forward towards an olive tree ÆR 25; stater aginet., 11 gr. 1737. — Same right. _ &. MTOAIOIKOZ. Bearded hoplite hero, standing left, helmet, neck green of the breastplate and short tunic, its baldric crossing the pot trine, having cnemides on the legs and shod; with the left hand he links his spear and his shield passed to his arm; he raises his right hand towards the olive tree” in the field, the monogr. To (— ‘Arrapaiov), ZR. 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 08 (L) PL. CCLX, fig. 5°; — variety, the legend right out of the blank. 10 gr. 73 (Jameson) PL. COLX, fig. 6:. 1. Strabo, X, 4, 13. 2. Pausanias, X, 5, 10; And. of Byzantium, s. you 'ATRTEOS. 3. Pausanias, III, 45, 5. 4. Carl Wescher, Rev. archaeol., new ser. t. X, p.Tiets.; Archives of scientific missions, series 11, CRETE — APTERA 102 . . 1. Catal. Jameson, No. 1314. never move away from their city, the Lacédés monians possessed, of their side, a statue of Ares feet of which he had put iron fetters, so that the god of war could never get away gn from them *. We don't know anything about it the legend of Ptolioicos-Apleros, the prole type of Crelo warriors who figured as mercenaries on all fields battles of antiquity. The ruins const Aptera maples attest to its importance from prehistoric times to the Byzantine era *. The oldest coins of Aptera are not earlier at the beginning of the 15th century; the legend reveals the two forms: the Dorian form is more ordinary. 'Anveoatw el 'Artaoziov, Mal t. I, p. 439; Svoronos, Numism. from Crete an Cienne, p. 11. 5. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 14, no., DIPAMENNE 6. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. I, 9.
21 CRETE — APTERA 1022 1738. — Variety, with PTOAIOITOZ (sic) and without monogr.; 11 gr. 37 Luynes) PL CCLX, fig. 7; — others (2, H, Naples) 1. 1739. — MQIAGAT'A. Same diademed head of a nymph, on the left, the hair them rolled up. Bz. >ONIOIAOTA. The hero Apleros or Pteras, in hoplite, like ei-des- us, standing in front of an olive tree. JR 25; slal. egin., 11 gr. 08 (L) PL CCLX, fig. 8°. 1740. — APTAPAIQN. Diademed head of a nymph, right, with hair laughing and large earrings; in front, in faint characters, FPYEOANPOY. Be. PTOAIOIKOZ. Same type of the hero Apleros. ZR 27; stat. egin., 11 gr. 35 (P) PL. CCLX, fig. 9; — others, 11 gr. 30 OF 10 gr. 85 (B)°. We noticed the style particularly distinguished and elegant of this slater which carries, elsewhere, an engraver's name. It's Python- oros, who also signed coins of olyrhenion (hereinafter, n° 1775 el 1776). Is it to Pythodoros that we also owe the wonderful currencies of Sybrilia? Which, Every case is singular, it is that the head The nymph, signed with her name, is like 1741. — Diademed head of Artemis, the replica of the one signed Veuantos in Cydonia (n° 1743), or vice versa: one of the two artists copied the other. The signature of Pythodoros also appears on coins of Polyrhenion (hereinafter, n° 17175 and 1776) and we must probably also recognize it in the initial on of stlaters from Cydonia (hereinafter, No. 1746). right. Bt. APT—APA. Bow. Æ18; triobole egin., 2 gr. 80 to 2 gr. 50 (P) PI. COIX, fig. 10:. 1741 bis, —_ Same description. Æ13; diobole egin., 2 gr. 10 to 1 gr. 75 (P) PI. CCLX, fig. 11:. 1742. — Same head of Artemis. BL. APTAPAION. Bow. Æ10; (Ath) °. As in other towns in Crete, local nymph was only a hypostasis 4. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. 1, 8; G. Macdonald, Hun- rion Collection, t. 11, p. 168, no. 1, pl. XL, 15. 2. W. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1900, p. 15, no. 11, : CPI by Artemis Dictynna or Britomartis. A Aptera inscription mentions +ù isoûv v 8. Svoronos, no. 5, pl. I, 10. 4. Svoronos, n°5 6 and 7, pl. I, 14, 42. 5. Svoronos, no. 8, pl. I, 13. 6. Svoronos, n°5 9 and 10. E
1023 räs ‘Aptémiôos rüs ‘Anréons!; that's why we gave her the name Artemis, on previous currencies. $XIX. — Cydonia. Located, as notice it Strabo, just opposite Laconia, Cydonia (Kuôw- vla) was, with Knosse and Gortyn, one of the three most important cities of Crete. She was at the foot of a mountain called the Tityros, crowned by a famous temple, the Diclynnaion, dedicated to Britomartis?. The modern city of Chania (Chania) was high on its location. Primitive- ment, it was the capital of the Cydones, perhaps indigenous plade of western Crete. Legend attributes its foundation to Minos himself?, or more generally in Cydon, son of Acacallis, daughter of Minos, who had married Hermes, according to some, Apollo following the others *. Cydon, abandoned in a forest after his birth and al- milked by a hunting dog, became the typical hunter that appears on the mon- Cydonian nais. The Cydoniate archers whose skill was so renowned made their bows with the big and flexible ones horns of the wild ibex (ibex) including the herds swarmed in the chain of the Ida; the breed is still reported there by travelers *. 1. Lebas and Waddington, Archaeological journey. in Greece. Inscriptions, vol. IIL. p. 37, no. 75. 2. Strabo, X, 4, 12. Strabo says that tradition preserved by Callimachus confused Mount Dicté with Tityros. 3. Strabo, X, 4, 1. 4. Pausanias, VIII, 53, 5; Apollonius of Rhodes, V, 1492; cf. Svoronos, Numism. from Crete an- CRETE — CYDONIA 102 The Aptera workshop appears to have suspended its broadcasts towards the end of the 15th century; he m was supposed to take them back until around 250 BC. AD Historically, Gydonia was colonized by Zacynthians, then, in 524, by Samiens who fled the tyranny of Poly crate; newcomers build! on Mount Tityros, the consecrated Dictynnaion to Arlémis Dictynna, hypostasis of the nymk phe Britomartis’. Later, from the Eginetei also came to settle in Cydonia?. | At the start of the Pelos War Ponnese, the Cydonians were on the side of Sparta against Athens. Also, from 429, the: Athenians came to demonstrate! moreover ineffective, against their port ®. must then cross one more interval of a century to see Cydonia reappear in history. In 344, after the SAS War created from Phocis, Phalæcos, the leader of the Phoë= cidians, passed, with his mercenaries, Laconia, from where he embarked for Crele# He seized Lytlos, then he came to put the siege before Cydonia. But the Cydonians victoriously resisted this attack sion and Phalæcos perished in this audaz Great attempt. After this time, the very obscure history of Cydonia seems filled especially by the Cienne, p. 96. 5. Num. Chron., 1884, p. 31. 6. Herodotus, II, 59. 1. Strabo, VIII, 6, 16. u 8. Thucydides, II, 85; Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 97. 9. See above, p. 326. f 10. Diode. Sic., XVI, 63; Pausanias, X, 2, 1; Svos ronos, loc. eyelash.
1025 LA CHÈTÉE — CÿDONIE 1026 quarrels of this city with its neighbors, Moss and Gortyn. The first coins of Cydonia are not earlier than the beginning of the 15th century. FIRST GROUP. — From approximately 400 to 360. 1743. — Head of the nymph Dictynna, right, hair raised in rolls, crowned with vine and grape leaves; she has a necklace and drop earrings; behind, NEYANTOZ ETOEI (in very thin characters). B. KYAQW. Archer (Cydon) naked, standing three-quarters left, leaning n before and attaching the rope of an are whose end is passed between her thighs. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 20 (P) PI. COLX, fig. 12, — 11 gr. 28(B); LM gr. 31 (V); 11 gr. 54(L); 11 gr. 12 (Jameson) PI. CCLX, flute: _ It is important to note that the head of aymphe, on this stater signed by Neuantos No. 1743), is similar to the nymph's head the slaters of Aptera, signed by Pythodo- bone (no. 1740). Besides, Pythodoros appears see also signed coins in Cydonia itself ei-after, no. 1746). A similar identity of coins areas bearing two different artist names ents are also found on currencies Rcadian women who have the OAYM signatures t XAPI°, and on the coins of Elis-Olym- ie signed MO, AA and AA *. Such observations oblige us to be very circumspect when it comes to at- award pieces to a specific artist no signed, in based only on the appreciation of style. Cydon, represented as an archer who bends sound arc, is in an attitude close to that of Heracles who bends his bow in the same way, on slaters from Thebes in Boeotia, struck after the middle of the 5th century ele *. Finally, from the point of view of design aesthetic, the installation is not without some that relationship with Hermes attractive his endromids, on the staters of Sibrytia *. 174%. — Same nymph head, right; behind, the mongr. ÆxP. BR. KYAQN. Cydon tying his bowstring, as above; in front Yes, his dog looks at him, jumping with impatience. ZR95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 02 (P)PI. CCLX, fig. 14; — 11 gr. 17(L); er. 80 (V)*. 1. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crele, p. 100, 0 3, pl. IX,3; Catal. Jameson, No. 1320; W.Wroth, um. Chronicle, 189%, p. 9, pl. I, 8. 4, Compare above, p. 227, nos. 226 et seq. 5. See above, p. 1011, n° 1715 et pl. CCLIX, fig. 10. 2. See above, p. 587. 6. Svoronos, n°5 4, 5, 6, pl. IX, #. We could 3. See above, p. 1730. trying to recognize the name of an engraver artist Volume IV. 65 o
1027 CRETE — CYDONIÉ 102 1745. — Same nymph head (Dictynna), right. B. KYAON. Cydon tying his bowstring, as above; in front him, his dog looks at him, raising a paw; in the field, an arrowhead ÆR 35; stat. egin., 9 gr. 25 (Lambros) PL COLX, fig. 15'. 1746. — Same nymph head, right or left. BL. KYAQN. Cydon tying his bowstring, as above (san the greyhound); sometimes, in the field, the letter P (Pythodoros?). Æ 95: slat. egin., 12 gr. {1 to 10 gr. 50 (B, V, L) PL CCLX, fig. 16:. These staters often carry a counter- el barbare (see especially n°1747 el seq.)$ brand variable : cauldron (/ebès), bu- they are not rare and we can believe that skull, vine leaf, torch. Furthermore, the the factory continued for a long time: most of them are sloppy work 1747. — Same nymph head, left (barbarian factory). BR. KYAQN (legend sometimes altered). Gydon tying your bowstring, as above, with or without greyhound; in the field, sometimes the letter or an arrow. ÆR 95: stat. egin., of 11 gr. 32 to 9 gr. PL. CCLX, fig. 17 and 18”. 1748. — Same nymph head on the left (barbarian manufacture); against mark, two crescents leaning against each other. BL. KYAOQN. Cydon tying the rope of his are, as above; dan the field, a bunch of grapes. LR 25; stat. egin., 10 gr. 80*. (There are many varieties). 1749. — Same nymph head (good style). B. KYAQN. Cydon as above, with his dog; in the field, left, a lit torch. ZR95; stat. egin., (P) PI. CCLXI, fig. 1. 1750. — Same head of nymph (Dictynna), left, as above. B. KYAON. Cydon tying his bowstring, as above. in the monograinm which appears to the right of this may represent the name of the engraver Pythodoros: room; but it could not be Neuantos nor See above, p.1022 and below, at Polyrhenion Pythodorus. nos. 1715 and 1716. 1. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. IX, 2. 3. Svoronos, n° 15, 16, 23, 24, pl. IX, 1, 8, 45: 2. Svoronos, nos 7 to 13, pl. IX, 5. The letter M : 4. Svoronos, n° 27, pl. IX, 18.
1029 CRETE — CYDONIA 1030 ZR 18: egin. drachma, 5 gr. 92 to 5 gr. (P, L, B) PI. CCLXI, fig. 2:. 1751. — Head of a nymph, right, crowned with marine leaves. BL. KY—AQ. Amphora whose handles are decorated with bunches of grapes. Æ 12: egin. obol, 0 gr. 73 to 0 gr. 60 (P, L) PL COLXI, fig. I 1732. — Head of a nymph, left or right, as above. BR. Three leaning croissants; in the center, the letter K or a bucrane, or a olobule. ZR 13: egin. obol, 1 gr. 08 to 0 gr. 78 (BP, L) PL. CCLXI, fig. 4”. Group B. — From approximately 360 to 300. 1753. — Head of the nymph Dictynna crowned with vines and leaves vineyard, left. BR. KYAON. Doggy standing left, turning head to look the child Cydon whom she breast-feeds. ÆR 95; slat. egin., 11 gr. 33 (Luynes) PL CCLXI, fig. 5; — 10 gr. 91 (Hunter); 9 gr. 26(B)*. 1754. — Same description; in the field on the reverse, a bunch of grapes. ZR95; stat. egin., 9 gr. 43 (M) *. 1755. — Variety: the head of the nymph Dictynna copied from the Syra type Eusain of Arethusa. ZR 25; stat. egin. (Jameson) PL CCLXI, fig. 6. 1756. — Same description (without symbol). Æ17; egin. drachma, 4 gr. 62 (P) PI. COERL fs. 1737. — Head of Athena right, with Corinthian helmet decorated with a serpent. BR. KYAON. Greyhound breastfeeding the child Cydon, left or right. Æ 20: egin. drachma, 4 gr. 58; 4 gr. 08 (P, B) PL CCLXI, fig. 8:. The) 1758. — Head of a young Satyr, with small goat's horns, left. . 4. Svoronos, no. 25, pl. IX, 16. 4, Svoronos, no. 37, pl. IX, 23. - 2, Syoronos, no. 14, pl. IX, 6. 5. Svoronos, no. 36, pl. IX, 22. 3. Svoronos, nos. 26, 29, 30, pl. IX, 13, 14, 17; 6. Svoronos, no. 38. nos. 43 to 48, pl. IX, 27 to 30. 1. Svoronos; nos. 39 to 42, pl. IX, 25 and 26.
1031 B£. KY. Greyhound sitting right. ÆR 13; trihemiobolus egin., 1759, — Young hairless head of Cydon, to the right or left. B£. KYAQ or KY. Greyhound dog sitting on the right or left. Æ13; (P, L, B) PL CCLXI, fig. 10*. 1760. — Head of a young Satyr with small mud horns, right. Æ&. KYAQ or KY. Greyhound sitting or sometimes walking to the right. Æ11; (P) PL COLXI, fig. 11*. 1761.— Head of Dictynna, right or left. BL. KYAQ. Bunch of grapes: Æ13; (P, B) PL CCLXI, fig. 12:. 1762. — Variélé, with EYTIOA (name of magistrate), on the right *. We easily recognize a hunting dog in the type of currencies that we come from to describe; there is no doubt that on the documents n° 1753 et seq., we must recognize born the child Cydon, son of Hermes or of Apollo and the nymph Acacallis, breastfed by a doggy style. But the literary legend that this guy could illustrate is not for us not yet reached. On the other hand, we know that Miletus, brother of Cydon, the founder mythical Miletus on the coast of Mid-Asia neure, was breastfed after his birth, by a she-wolf in the nearby forest of Cydonia f. There must have been a parallel legend about $XX. —Elyros. In the western part of Crete, on the southern coast of the island, bathed . Svoronos, no. 18, pl. IX, 9. . Svoronos, n°5 49 to 56, pl. IX, nos. 31 to 40. . Svoronos, n° 19 to 22, pl. IX, 10, 41, 12. : Svoronos, nos. 31, 32 and 35; pl. IX, 19, 20, 21° ; Svoronos, nos. 33 and 34. CG EN CRETE — ELYROS 1 gr. 40:1 gr. 35 (BP, V, P) PI. CCLXI, fig. 94 103 Cydon fed by a hunting dog. In Cydonia, the nymph Britomartis stood designated only by its nickname Die lynna, because her sanctuary, the Dictyn naion, was located on Tilyros, in 1 neighborhood of the city *. The popularity of his cult makes us think that it is Dic= tynna rather than Acacallis which appears on the right coins of Cydonia. It is represented path crowned with vines like a Mé- nade or a nymph of the thiasis of Dionysus. Coinage of Cydonia continues in the 11th century with the type of Artemis Dico and the legend KYAQNIATAN. by the Libyan Sea, there were several cities which minted currency: Tarrha, 6. Nicander, Heteroium, 2, in Antonius Libe- realized, 30. Cf. Roscher, Ausf. Lexicon of Mylhol., v° Milelos, p. 2971. Fe Strabo, X, 4, 12; cf. Svoronos, in Rev. Belgian numism., t L, 1894, p. 141.
033 CRETE — ELYROS 1034 yrtacina, Lissos, Elyros. The latter, at 6 kilometers from the coast behind the port e Syia (Zvta) and at the foot of the Leuca Mountains, st represented by the modern village of odobani built on its ruins’. Les Ély- iens, Doriens original, offered, to one oment given of their history, at the temple e Delphi, a bronze ex-voto which re- represented a goat suckling Phylakis and Phylandros, the children of Apollo and the Acacallis nymph?. It's no problem for the Celt local tradition that the goat refers to savage of Crete, with long horns straight lines, which is the constant type of mon- naies that Elyros emitted from the middle from the 15th century. The bee is more closely related to myth of the childhood of Zeus, as in other Cretan towns. 1763. — EAY—PION. Head of a Creloise goat (i4er), with very elevated, right; underneath, an arrowhead. BR. Bee seen from behind. ZR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 15 (P) PL. CCLXI, fig. 138; — 5 gr. 63 (L) *. 1764. — Variety; in the reverse field, a pink. ZR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 20 (P)P1. CCLXI, fig. 14; — others, 5 gr. 31 (L): 5 gr. 28 (B)°. 1765. — Same right (sometimes without the arrowhead). Re. M—I. Bee. ÆR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 28 (P) PL. COLXI, fig. 15; — 5 gr. 22 (B)°. 1766. — EAYPION. Goat standing right, raising one foot on the trunk of a shrub whose leaves it grazes on. BL. M—1. Bee. ÆR 19; egin. drachma, 4 gr. 80 (P) PI. CCLXI, fig. 16; — 5 gr. 15 (B)°. 1767. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Be. EAYPI. Goat walking left. Æ18; (P)PI. COLXI, fig. 17; — others (B, V, Ath). Questionable attribution: 1768. — HA (for EA). Protome of a goat wounded by an arrow, age- noodled to the right, turning her head away. B.HA. Bee. . 1. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crete, p.140. 2. Pausanias, X, 16. Cf. W. Wroth, Num. Chrono. 1884, p. 31; B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 465. * 3. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crele, p. 141, no. 1, OF XII, 9. 4. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. XII, 10. fi 5. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XI, 11. 6. Svoronos, no. 6, pl. XII, 43. 1. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 310, no. 2, pl. XXX, 2. These bronzes have been wrongly wind classified in Rithymna, Ephesus or the island of Syros. Cf. Myres, Num. Chron., 1894, p. 92.
1035 Æ12; (B, Ath) PL CCLXI, fig. 18 and 19!. $XXI. — Hyrtacina *. “Yotauos, to ‘Yovaxios, milk Kodrns, said Stephen of Byzantium; the most form ordinary is ‘Yozzztvn. This town was sine of Elyros, but closer to the sea, not far from the western end of 1769. — YATA. (sic). Goat's head (iber) on the right; under the neck, arrowhead. &. Bee. Æ18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 30 (P) P1. CCLXI, fig. 20:. 1770. — ININATPY (= Yo). Goat's head on the right; behind, arrowhead. A. Bee. Æ18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 76 (L) PI. CCLXI, fig. 21:. 1771. — Variélés, with MQIWIHATAY or YPTAKINION. 1772. — Goat's head on the right. B- Y — P. Bee and monogram. To. Æ15; (J. Myres) *. These last pieces are perhaps not not earlier than the 10th century. It is equal- ment in the 11th century, that is to say outside our framework in which the silver obols are placed and gold, to the types of the dolphin and the dove $S XXII. —Tarrha:. Tä992, on the coast of the Libyan Sea, at east of Elyros and Hyrtacina, has mounts 4. Svoronos, Num. from Crete anc., p. 146, pl. XII, 14 to 17. Several copies of these bronzes were collected from the ruins of Elyros. 2. Svoronos, Num. de la Crèle anc, p. 196. 3. Svoronos, no. 4, pl. XVIII, 7. 4. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. XVII, 8. CRETE — HYRTACINA, TARRHA 103 Crete, on the Libyan Sea. Its currencies do not begin before the middle of the 15th century= key and the relationship of their types with those of Elyros and Tarrha is explained by the way sinage of the three cities. (or the eagle?) which carry both the abbreviated names of Hyrtacina el de Lisos eb appear to have been struck under a alliance between these two cities °. | born from the second half of the 15th century, which are the same types as those of its 5. Num. Chron., 1894, p. 96. 6, Svoronos, op. eyelashes, p. 198. Gold coins have were sometimes classified in Sicyone; it is wrong, it seems til, its authenticity has been contested. See B. Head, Hist, numor. (2nd ed.), p. 469. 1. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 320.
037 CRETE — POLYRHENION 1038 them neighbors, at the same time. She ho- orated from a special cult Apollo Tap2ztos!. ausanias reports that Apollo met the nymph Acacallis at Tarrha where were born their children Phylakis and Phylandros who were suckled by a wild goat? This legend is common in Tarrha, Elyros and Hyrtacina. 1773. — TAP. Creloise goat head, right; behind, a stone ‘wave; under the neck, an arrowhead. RL. Bee. Æ20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 06 {Weber) PI. CCLXI, fig. 22*. 1774. — Goat's head, right. BR: To — P. Abeille. Æ12; (Gotha) PL CCLXI, fig. 23; — other ex. { V) ‘. S XXII. — Polyrhenion. Hoasptvtoy was the most important city from the west coast from Crete, well that it was located more than one time of sea walk; its ruins are near the modern village of Palæocastro. Stra- good indicates its Dictynnaion or temple I Artemis Dictynna (Britomartis), located in summit of Tityros, and which, although considered derated as belonging to the Cydoniates, found himself in reality, says Slrabon, on the territory of Polyrhenion. It is the head of celtic nymph who appears on coins from the 15th century which we are going to describe. Group To. — From 400 to 330 BC. J -C. 1775. — Head of Dictynna right, hair curled; in the field, PYOOAÏQPOY {artist signature). Rte. Bull's head from the front, the horns decorated with knotted strips. ZR 18; egin. hemi-drachma, 2 gr. 13. Overstamped on an Argos coin. L) PL CCLXI, fig. 24°. 1776. — Head of Dictynna left, hair up; in front, PYOOAQPOY. BR. MOA. Bull's head facing, the horns decorated with bands, 1. And. of Byzantium, vo Téooz. Cf. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1884, p. 31. 2. Pausanias, X, 16. 3. Svoronos, No. 1, pl. XXX, 271; Ilerm. Weber, Num. Chron., 1896, p. 19, no. 35, pl. II, 14. 4. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. XXX, 28. 5. Svoronos, Numism, from ancient Crele, p.274. 6. Strabo, X, 4, 13, 1. W. Wroth, Numism. Chronicle, 1900, p. 15, No. 18, pl. 1, 11.
1039 CRETE —- POLYRHENION 1040 : ÆR 17: triob. egin., 2 gr. 77 (Stultqart) PL. CCLXI, fig. 25:. 1777. — Same right (rude leg. or outside the blank). B. Same reverse, without legend. Æ17; triob. egin., 2 gr. 65 (P) PL CCLXI, fig. 26; — other ex., 2 gr. 71 (L); 2 gr. 62 (H); 2 gr. 61(B)*. | 1778. — Head of Dictynna, right, her hair curled and surrounded by a double strip; behind, a crescent. B. AO1 (retrograde). Bucrane from the front, the horns decorated with bands. Æ14; (P) PL COLXII, fig. 1. The engraver Pythodoros of whom we find (above, No. 1740) and probably let's see the name on the hemidrachms n° 1775 Cydonia (above, no. 1746). and 1776, also signed staters of Aptera Group B. — From approximately 330 to 300. 1779. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. BL. POAYPHNION. Bull's head facing, the horns decorated with bands. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 28 (B) PL COLXII, fig. 2; — 11 gr. 11 (L)° 1780. — Same right. BL. FMOAYPHNION XAPIZOEN. Bull's head, as above. ZR 97 to 25: stats. egin., 11 gr. 65 (B) PL COLXII, fig. 8:. 1781. — Variety, with XAPIZOENHZ; in the field of the reverse, on the left, sometimes a caduceus; in the exergue, a spearhead. Æ25; stat. egin. (Jameson) PL CCLXII, fig. 4 5: — other, 1 gr. 27 (P} 1782. — Same right. B. FOAYPHNION. Bull's head from the front, the horns decorated with bandele1t knotty; in the field on the right, a caduceus. 2 93; stat. egin.. (Pozzi) PL CCLXII, fig. 5. 4. Svoronos, no. 13, pl. XXVI, 4. | 4, Svoronos, nos. 2 to 4, pl. XXV, 22, 23, 24. 2, Svoronos, no. 16, pl. XXVI, 5. 5. Svoronos, n° 5 to 7, pl. XXV, 25 to 28. 3. Svoronos, p. 2176, no. 1, pl. XXV, 21.
1041 CRETE —— MODA 1042 | 1783. — TIO/AYPHNI | ON. Bull's head from the front, the horns decorated with knotty strips. BL. TOAY | PHNI. Spearhead. ÆR 21; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 70 (P) P1. CCLXII, fig. 6: — others (L, B) 1. 178%. — Varieties, from a later period, with TOAYPHNIQN in Far law Pozzi) PL CCLXII, fig. 7 ?. 1785. — Head of Hera wearing a high stephanos, left. Be. Without leg. Bull's head from the front, horns decorated with strips. Æ14?. 1786. Boeotian shield. 2. TOAYPH. Cretan goat's head, right; behind, a spearhead. Æ16; (B) PL COLXII, fig. 8'. 1787. — Variety, without legend (B) PL CCLXII, fig. 9 i. 1788. Helmeted head of Athena, right. B. TOAYPHNI. Bull's head from the front, the horns decorated with bands. Æ20; (P) PL CCLXII, fig. 40 6. 1789. — Round shield, the episema decorated with a bucranium on the front: grènelis. BR. TIOAY. Spearhead. Æ11; (Pozzi) PL CCLXII, fig. 11 and 12. It is likely that some of the are numerous on Cretan currencies. The parts that we have just described belong to Minting of Polyrhenion continues come only at the beginning of the nr century, Until the Roman Empire, with the ethnic time when the names of magistrates become than ROAYPHNION. $XXIV. —Moda. Next to Polyrhenion, we report a from an old town called Mwôzx. But org of fishermen, which bears the name of this city is only known by mon- won and which seems to mark the location following centuries which date back to the 15th century. 1790. — Bearded head of Zeus Konrayevis, right. 1. Svoronos, nos. 11 and 12, pl. XXVI, 1. 4. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. XXV, 33. 2. Svoronos, nos. 13 and 14, pl. AXIS 229 5. Svoronos, no. 10, pl. XXV, 34. 3. Svoronos, no. 8, pl. XXV, 31 (not in Munich, 6. B.Head, His. numer., p. 415; Svoronos, p. 283, after letter from M. G. Habich.) No. 48, pl. XXV, 32. Volume IV. ; ) 66
1043 BL. MAAAIQN. Laurel head facing forward. Æ %6: stat. egin., 10 gr. 11 (P, At) variety, marked with a cauldron (Xééns), on the right (A, Florence)”. SXXV. — Myrina:. The Cretan town of Myrina is not men- lionized only by Pliny who cites it immediately tement after Polyrhenion *. She should not therefore not be very far from the latter niere. It is, moreover, in Western Crete dental that we found the rare pieces 1791. — Head of a bull, three-quarters to the left. BR. MY. Bull's head, three-quarter view to the right. Concave field. Z 22; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 65 (P) PI. CCLXII, fig. 15:. 1792. — Same right. &. M in a concave field. Æ10; egin. obol, 1 gr. (Ath) °. 1793. — Head of a nymph on the left, hair curled. Bi. MY. Bull's head, three-quarter view to the right. Æ18; egin. hemidrachm, 2 gr. 52 (L) PI. CCLXII, fig. 16:. S XXVI. — Phalasarne *. The city of Phalasarne {+4 bakxszova; elh- hique Paraseovns) was near Cape Cory- cos or Cimaros, the westernmost of the island and the closest to the Peloponnese. She 1. Svoronos, Numism. from ancient Crete, p. 244, pl. XXII, 20 and 21; cf. on Moda, To, von Sallet, Zeif, für Num., t. XV, p. 258-261, 2. Svoronos, Numism. of Crele ancient, p: 245. 3. Pliny, Hist. Nat., IV, 12, 59. CRETE — MYRINA, PHARASARNE 104 PI. CCLXII, fig. 13 and 14; money from the 1st century that Mr. Svorono attributed to Myrina and which only bear MY or M. The classification to a city of My cenes, cited in Crete by Velleius Paterculus as having been built by Agamemnon #, would be less likely. would have, according to legend, received its name from the nymph Phalasarne, to whom the Pha the Sarnians raised a temple; but this nymph was, according to usage, only one LVell Paterc 1st 5. Svoronos, p. 247, no. 1, pl. XXIF, 22. 6, Svoronos, no. 2. 1. Num. Chron., 1895, p. 9, no. 11. 8. Svoronos, Numism. from ancient Crete D.208.
1045 CRETE — PHALASARNE 1046 adaptation to a local fable of the myth of tynna’. So this is the nymph zrhzsaovr Britomartis-Diclynna-Artemis. In effect, assimilated to the nymph Brilomartis {Dic- Dicearchus tells us that there was in Phala- (ynna) which appears on the currencies that 2 sarne a temple of Artemis nicknamed Dic- we will describe ?. 179%. — Head of the nymph Phalasarne, hair raised and held by a headband; she has earrings. Be. DA. Trident, points at the bottom, the handle decorated with symmetrical scrolls. ZR 23; stat. egin., 11 gr. 50 (P) PL CCLXII, fig. 17:. 1795. — Head of Phalasarné to the right, hair held by a cord he turns his head twice; she has earrings. R&. A. Trident, the points at the top, the handle decorated with scrolls. ÆR 25; slat. egin., 11 gr. 30 (Luynes) PL. CCLXII, fig. 18; — others (Z, *); — variegated with, on the right, a /ebès in countermark (L) *. 1796. — Head of Phalasarné on the right. BL. A.Trident. ÆR 20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 52 (P) PI. CCLXII, fig. 19*. 1797. — Same description. ÆR 16; hemidr. egin., 2 gr. 35 (P) PI. COLXIL, fig. 20; — 2 gold. 65 (L) ‘. 1798. — Same description. Æ14; (B)*. 1799. — A large © and in its rings, the letters, A-A (— Pan). Br. DA. Trident, points up. Æ 23; (P) PL. CCLXII, fig. 21*. "1800. — Same description. Æ 12; (B) ". 1801. — Dauphin to the right. &. A large © occupying the entire field. Æ12; (P) PL. CCLXII, fig. 22 1. Dicæarch., Descr. Graec., ch. 119; And. by By- 6. Svoronos, no. 5, pl. XXV, 7. ance, s. v°; Pliny, fist. nat., IV, 12, 20. 1. Svoronos, n°: 7 and 8, pl. XXV, 10, 11. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, in the Journal intern. of ar- 8. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. XXV, 12. hey. numism., t. XI, 1908, p. 101. 9. Svoronos, n° 11, pl. XXV, 13. 3. Svoronos, op. cit., p. 269, no. 1, pl. XXV, 4. 10. Svoronos, no. 13, pl. XXV, 14. 4. Svoronos, no. 2, pl. XXV, 5 and 6. 41. Svoronos, n°5 14, 15, pl. XXV, 15, 16, 17. 5. Svoronos, No. 3.
CHAPTER XVI CYRENAICA S |. — General overview (Cf. our Historical Description, &. 1, p. 1336). We found that the Cyreneans began to mint coins from the end of the fifth century BC. These pre- first series consist exclusively globular-shaped silver coins, to the types of the seed of silphium or stem plant of the same plant; then comes- in the 6th century, less primitive Lypes tifs, among which we distinguish the nymph Cyrene, Heracles in the garden of Hes- perides, Zeus Ammon, elc., ‘. Whatever have said certain scholars, there is no the archaic period, of gold coins nor electrum; the parts in these two me- rate, that following Ludwig Muller we con- sometimes still remains to be classified in the Cyrenaï- that ?, are currencies which belong, in reality, on the coast of Asia Minor where they are found and where we described them *. 1. Description hist., t. 1, p. 1342 et seq. 2. B. Head, Hist. numer., 2nd edition, p. 865. Under Darius I, son of Hystaspes, around the year: 513 BC AD the satrap of Egypt Aryandes, made an expedition to Cyrenaica which n@ failed to establish Persian domination in this country *. It was also in vain 3. Description hist., t. I, p. 211, nos. 371 to 373; pl. IX fig. 14, 15 and 16. These pieces form a premie group which is calibrated next the system had boic like the electrum coins of Samos which we have brought together. A second group is composed of pale gold or electrunx pieces very yellow, described in our t. 1, p. 74, nos. 79 to 82;*and pl. Lil, fg4 5, 6 and 7; these follow the state lon milesiac. — These two series are very dis= distinct from each other, not only by the title metal and by their weight, but also by their types. In truth, in both groups, all these gold and electrum coins from the coast of Ionia. have types whose main motif is a fleuron$, but this flagship has nothing in common with the sil= phium and its stem. From no point of view this my= nayage cannot be compared to currencies. silver that Cyrene issued in the contemporary era groove of these electrum pieces. 4. Our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1340.
049 u at the time of Xerxes the Persians, masters of Egypt, renewed this attempt. Cyrenaica remained independent under the kings of the Battos dynasty. Cities main areas of this region were, before the death of Alexander, Cyrene, Barcé, Teu- cheira, Evesperis and Apollonia. Of these five cities, only the first four have a autonomous coinage prior to the domination of the Lagids; the city of Apollo- nie, neighbor of Cyrene and who served as her port, does not appear to have ever had an ale- bind. We know that the Greek colonies of Cyrenaica were very flo- laughing. They maintained relationships most active trade with Sicily, southern Italy, Etruria, Corcyra, Co- Rinthe, Athens, Samos, the coasts of Asia- minor, Cyprus, Crete, Egypt. The finds of primitive coins made in these different regions include almost always Cyrene coins, thereby attesting that this African colony was constantly visited by ships merchants who made cabotage on the coasts of the Mediterranean, to the vi and 5th centuries. In the Cyrenean towns we see the de- wonderfully develop industries various such as ceramics. The country fed many herds and was extremely fertile in cereals; but it mainly produced the umbel plant- life called silphium Cyrenaicum, barge from which presides the king Arcesilaus, on a ceremonial Cyrenean cut ‘ . 4. See in particular : the discovery of Taranto (E. Babelon, Rev. num., 1912, p. 20) and the findings cities of Egypt and; Thera sen) cited 1 _hous, loc. cit., p. 34-35. CYRENAICA 1050 lebre, preserved in the Cabinet of Medals. This plant that the currencies give us smell in stem or plant of two or three crowns tiered, in flower, in grains cordiform, in root, was considered as a universal panacea. The Cy- Renéans who exported it to all parts of the ancient world, sold it a high price; they had dedicated it to their god Aristaeus who was also the protector of their flocks and their honey bees fragrant. Lush orchards surrounded the suburbs of cities, so that the legend place in Cyrenaica the famous Garden of golden apples of the Hesperides. Cities were populated not only by Greeks who formed the dominant class, but Libyans through whom the Greeks traded with neighboring tribes. Caravans were conveyed to their warehouses all the PR CRE of African continent. If we are thus informed about this commercial prosperity, on the other hand, the interior history of the Cyrenean towns is almost unknown to us as soon as Hero- dote, who visited them, ceases to inform us of them truir. We only know that these cities, of Dorian origin, had Isa kings towards the end of the 5th century. In Cyrene, the Battiades dynasty which counted, we they say, alternatively four Battos and four Arcesilas, takes end, after the middle of the 5th century, with Arcé- silas IV who was dethroned by the democratic party 1. See our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1362-1363. On Silphium cyrenaiicum, see art. recent Dict. Antiquities. gr. el rom. from Saglio; the author, Mr. A: Rainaud, concludes that silphium has not yet been found by naturalists and that we PRE have maybe gone. .
1051 cratic. Around 450, he retired to Evesperis which he had embellished and colonized. Like Evespéris, Barcé and Teucheira were colonies of Cyrene. Also, the his- loire of these cities, although autonomous and independent of each other, is it united, just as their currencies have similar types and do not differ wind than by their legends. It is usually around 431 that the historians torians put an end to the domination of the Bat- tiades and which was substituted in these cities the democratic regime. But the troubles The bloody episodes continued for a long time. The exiled aristocratic party attempted many returned and knew how to interest the stranger manage his fate. This is how, for example, that around 401, Messenians came to Evespéris supporting the aristocratic party; from there they tried to resettle the exiles in Cyrene itself. A struggle ensued bloody which seems to have had a counter- direct hit on the show species in all Cyrenean towns *. Evesperis (Benghazi) was far to the west from other cities: this distance earned him to be chosen as the headquarters of the aristocratic party and as a starting point barge of their Messenian allies. Here too we will explain the originality types of the oldest currencies of Evesperis. But from the middle of the 5th century, the four monetary cities of Cyre- naïc, Cyrene, Barcé, Teucheira and Eves- perishes itself, adopt on their species, besides the already traditional type of sil- phium, that of the head of Zeus Ammon, and later, the head of the god Aristaeus. He is thus during throughout the 15th century; in 1. Diode. Sic., XIV, 34; Pausanias, IV, 26. CYRENAICA 105 all the cities, the standard is competing Attic and Milesian style or Rhodian as we explain later detail. There is no gold coin even in Cyrene, before the death of Alexander the Great. If our series are well classified chronologically logically, the names of magistrates appear rise sporadically on currencies around the beginning of the 15th century. These names which are found in Cyrene and to Barcé, become there numerous especially after Alexander. There are also some to Evesperis. Sometimes registered in full very genitive, sometimes in the nominative, sometimes in abbreviation or in monograms, these names are probably those of the chiefs: (archons) of the administration or the pon- tifes of the cult of Zeus Ammon, but none index don't we allow me to specify this period. After Alexander conquered Egypt, in 331, the trembling Cyreneans hastened: are going to send him a charz depulalion age of the richest present. Alexander the received the oracle of Ammon which he elected to go visit. It was the most revered shrine of the Cyreneans, the one where they made official and periodic pilgrimages; here it is why the effigy of Zeus Ammon appears. in an almost constant manner on the Cyrenean currencies. The conqueror fits the warmest welcome to the deputation and ac- corded his friendship to their cities, but he did not neither he nor his lieutenants penetrated, the territory of Cyrene. . After the death of Alexander in 323, the Cyrenaica he immediately feels himself again= pods which shook the empire. Factions rivals argued power; one from them called Thibron, this adventurer fa
them who then left Crete with a army of 6,000 mercenaries. He had them in- ôles after having seized the treasures of Har- ale, the great treasurer of Alexander, that he ssassina!. Thibron hastened to cross to Africa, landed at Apollonia, marched against the habilitants of Cyrene whom he defeated. Cities de Barcé and d’Evespéris declared themselves in his favor. But soon, the Cretan Mnasi- clès, lieutenant of Thibron, betrays him and passing into the camp of the Cyreneans, there brought back confidence and victory. In at the same time, the Cyreneans implored the help of the satrap of Egypt who did not mandail no better than to intervene, what- that he was then busy in other struggles. Ptolemy sent his lieutenant Ophellas with a weapon. Thibron was defeated and killed. The following year (322), Ptolemy placed de- ultimately all of Cyrenaica under the domination Egyptian. New years more late, in 313, the Cyreneans revolted _ The following three pieces (No. 1802 to 1804) fall into the group prior to 480 and must be considered as a supplement to the archaic series that we have described (t. I, p. 1342, no. 1973 to 1. The history of Thibron is summarized in Droy- sen, Hist. of Hellenism, t. 11, p. 97 et seq.; cf. CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1054 at the instigation of Ophellas himself who took the title of king. But Magas, son-in-law of Ptolemy, reconquered Cyrenaica in 308 and in was appointed governor; he had to take the title of king himself, upon death of Ptolemy I°" Soter, in 285. At the beginning of these disorders we see the develop particularly coinage of Cyrene which includes gold coins, of silver and bronze struck, some, in the name of Ptolemy, satrap of Egypt, by Ophellas and Magas; the others, many more abundant, by urban authorities, with autonomous types. Barcé and Eves- perished also have silver coins and autonomous bronzes during this period. Teucheira hasn't hit since the end of the 5th century. As for the currencies which carry the names of Ptolemais {the new Barcé) and other Cyrenean towns, they are from an era subsequent to the framework of the pre- feels volume. SII. — Cyrene. For coins from the Archaic period, see our Historical Description, t. I, p. 1336 to 1363 et pl. LXIII and LXIV. Period archaic. — Before 480 (Supplement). 2023). This coinage whose products are globular in appearance, with irregular sides, appears to have ceased on occasion of the attempts tives of the Persians against Cyrenaica, under the reign of Xerxes *. A. Bouché-Leclercq, Hist. of the Lagides, t. 1, p. 16 2. Polyen, Sératag., VIT, 28.
1055 1802. — Rod of silphium; on the left, two turned silphium seeds in the opposite direction, separated by a globule and a jerboa, upside down. BC. Lion head, gaping mouth, left. Hollow square el grénétis. ) PL CCLXIII, fig. 1:. ZR 25; tetradr., 15 gr. (Pozz 1803. — The nymph Cyrene seated on the left on a throne and picking the a stem with three tiers of leaves, which stands in front of it, on the left. In the field, on the left, a silphium seed. Granite. bearded, facing the eye, diademed and equipped with a ram's horns, right. Hollow square. Æ 93 out of 20; tetradr. eub., 17 gr. 20 (Jameson) P1. CCLXIIT, fig. 2:. silphium fruit Be. Head of Zeus Ammon, 1804.—Silphium; in the field on the left, a seed. Bt. Taurus deboub right; in the background, a palm tree. Hollow square. 16 gr. 86 (Jameson) PI. CCLXIII, fig. 8:. ÆR 23; tetradr. eub., Second period. — COINS STRUCTURED FROM 480 TO 401 BC AD , The Battiades dynasty in Cyrene had for eighth and last representing the king Arcesilas IV, son of Battos IV, whose Pindar immortalized the victories in Pythian Games in 462 and the Olympic Games spades in 460 *. This prince reigned happily when, around 450, a revolt broke out among its subjects who undertook to abolish royalty to constitute itself as a democratic government cratic ÿ. The revolt was initially suppressed first time, but it was repeated in the 1. Bring together the types of this tetradrachm of those of the tetradrachm which appears on our pl. LXIV, 4; Description hist.,t. 1, p. 1354, no 2005. The weight of 15 gr. connects this stater to the system of cities of the island of Rhodes? 2. Catal. Jameson, no. 1346, variety of our Description hist., t. T, p. 1359, no. 2017, pl. LXIV, fig. 17. 3. Catal. Jameson, No. 1341. We have observed- worm that it was necessary to remove a group from Cyrenaica of silver staters than Lud. Muller gave this province and who are, in reality, from the coast Macedonian (Descr. hist, t. I, p. 1254 et seq., CYRENAICA — CŸYRENE 1056 sequel and Arcesilaus had to take refuge in Eves- perished where he seems to have ended his days. The era troubles, on which we are strong poorly informed, was prolonged at least Until around 431. The coins that were minted in Cy- rene, in the period between 480 and the end of the 5th century, differ completely from earlier group. While the parts archaic are globular and struck on thick flan, with irregular edges, despite: nos. 1839 to 1856; see also, {. I, p. 1263 and 1364)." It has also been proposed to classify Cyrenaica euboic tetradrachms that we have discovered written to the Incerlaines of Thrace and Macedonia doine (Descr. hist, t. 1, p. 1266, nos. 1860 to 1865) 3" it seems demonstrated today that these pieces are from the Thessalian island of Peparethos ne Journ.« of Hellen. Studies, 1907, p. 90 et seq.; B.Head, Hist. num., p. 312 and 8617). 4. Pindar, Pyth., 4 and 5. 5. Our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1340.
057 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1058 varied, the interest and finesse of {No. 1805) have an intermediate weight and flot- eurs Lypes, those that we are going to describe both between the two systems. The table have, on the contrary, at constant Lypes, on following will make you grasp at first glance the year regular and with rounded contours, reminiscent of double system of size of Cyrean currencies ant the currencies of Argos or Arcadia nean, after 480. onlemporaines. Furthermore, prior to 80, all the coins of Cyrene are established Attic tetradrachm... 17 gr. 44 lonated according to the euboico-atlic system Attic didrachm....… 8:10 (normal letradrachm, 17 gr. 44; drachma, Attic obol............……. 0 — 72 Per. 36). After 480, on the contrary, Gyrene Milesian tetradrachm 14 — 32 hits simultaneously in two different sizes Milesian Drachma.…… 3 __ 38 references: the Attic system and the system Triobole miles. (hemidr.). 14240 Milesian, as we have explained | higher. The tetradrachm is the most common In the Attic tetradrachm we include pair of penthouse weights, house in ren- Milk five drachmas or 10 hemidrachmas against, however, a few (n° 1806) Milesian. Five Attic obols made which are related to the stallion milesian about a thousand-year-old drachma. in a well-characterized manner; others 1805. — Silphium (stem or plant). BR. K-V | P-A. Laureate tel of Zeus Ammon, right, streaked beard, eye almond-shaped front, a triple row of curly hair on the forehead (beautiful style archaic). Granite. ÆR 24: letradr. reduced allique, 15 gr. 84 (Jameson) PL. COLXIIT, fig. 4”. 1806. — Silphium. BR. KVPA. Laureate head of Zeus Ammon, right, the streaked beard, hair forming a braided tuft on the forehead. Granite striated. Archaic transitional style. ZR 24; letradr. Milesian, 14 gr. 42 (Jameson) PI. CCLXIII, fig. 5. 1807. — Same description, with varietals; sometimes K-Y on each SIDE of the silphium plant. Transitional style. ZR 24: tetradr. attic, 17 gr. 34; 17 gr. 27; 17 gr. 173 16 gr. 10 LERRERS 1808. — Silphium. BL. KVPA. Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right. ZR 18; Attic didrachm, 8 gr. 08”. 1. Catal. Jameson, No. 1349, nos. 119, 120, 121; B. Head, His{. numer., P. 868. 2. Catal. Jameson, No. 1350. 4. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 868. 3. Muller, Numism. of the anc. Africa, t. 1, p. #3, Volume IV. 67
1059 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 106 1809. — Silphium. BL. KYP. Head of Zeus Ammon, right. ZR 14; Milesian drachma, 3 gr. 36 (P) PI. CCLXIIT, fig. 6. 1810. — V | X: Silphium. . Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right. Hollow square limited by a grit ZR15; drachma miles., 3 gr. (Copenhagen) PL CCLXIII, fig. 7 ?. 1811. — Silphium. ER. K-Y-P-A. Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right. Hollow and gritted square.M ZÆR 15; drachma miles., 3 gr. 50 (Luynes) PI. CCLXIII, fig. 8*. 1812. — Variety, with A-9-V-X. The head of Zeus Ammon on the right, in ul circle of pebblestone. All in a hollow square. 3 gr. 33(A)*; — other ex (Pozzi) PL. CCLXIIL, fig. 9. 1812 bis. — Variety, without legend (Florence) *. 1813. — Same right. RL. KYPA. Head of Zeus Ammon right, in circle of grnetis. Hollow square. ZÆ 12; triobole miles., 1 gr. 65 (V) f. 1814. — Variety, without leg.; the head of Zeus Ammon is sometimes in ul circle, sometimes in a square of rubble. ÆR 12; triob. miles., 1 gr. 60 (P, M, H) PL. CCLXIII, fig. 10 and 11?. 1815. — Same right. BR. KY. Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right Hollow square. ZR 9; Attic obol, 0 gr. 68 (P) PI. CCLXIII, fig. 12*. 1816. — Silphium. BL. K-Y-P-A. Archaic head of the nymph Cyrene on the right, diademed, the hair pulled up in a ponytail at the nape of the neck; circular grit around 1 head. All in a hollow square. ZR 14; drachma miles., 3 gr. 37 (L) PL. CCLXIII, fig. 18*. 1. Muller, No. 122. 6. Muller, No. 123. . 4 2. Muller, No. 126. 7. Muller, No. 34; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t.1 3. Muller, No. 124. p. 567, no. 3. 4. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. 1, p. 567, No. 1 and 8. Muller, No. 125. HS EXCIEN: | 9, Muller, n° 115. 5. Muller, No. 33,
061 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1062 1817. — Variety, without the circular grit around the head of the nymph. gr. 28 (Pozzi) P1. COLXIIT, fig. 14. 1818. — Silphium; in the field on the left, a silphium seed. BL. KYPANA. Head of the nymph Cyrene left, diademed, hair raised in a ponytail on the back of the neck. Granite. ZR 1%; drachma miles., 3 gr. 29 (Cop) PL CCLXIII, fig. 15’. 1819. — Silphium. B. K-Y-P-A. Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right; circular grit around the head. All in a hollow square. ZÆR 15; drachma miles., 3 gr. 4° {P) PL CCLXIITI, fig. 16 *; — other x. varied, 3 gr. 35 (Pozzi) P1. CCLXIII, fig. 17. 1820. — Variety, with A-9-Y-X and the head of Zeus Ammon on the left. ZR15; drachma miles., 3 gr. 40 (P) PL CCLXIII, fig. 18*. 1821. — Silphium. B. K-Y-P-A. Head of Zeus Ammon on the right, in a sandstone. Hollow square. ZR 11; triob. miles., 1 gr. 64 (P) P1. CCLXIIT, fig. 19. 1822. — Variety, without legend. ÆR 12; triob. miles., 1 gr. 60 (P) PL CCLXIII, fig. 20. 1823. — Silphium. &. Head of Zeus Ammon right; grit. Hollow area. Æ8; Attic obol, 0 gr. 65 (P) PI CCLXIIT, fig. 21. 1824. — Head of the nymph Cyrene, right. _BR. K-Y-P-A. Head of Zeus Ammon, right. Hollow square. ._ MR 9; obole att., 0 gr. 72 *. 1825. — Variety. On the right, Cyrene's head is in a crown. ZR 9; obole att., 0 gr. 74 (L) PI. CCLXIII, fig. 22:. 1826. — Head of the nymph Cyrene, right. . B£. Without leg. Head of Zeus Ammon right. Granite square. 4. Muller, No. 116. 4. B. Head, Hist., numer., p. 868. 2, Muller, no. 117. 5. B. Head, Hist. num., p. 868. 3, Muller, no. 118.
1063 Æ9; obole att., 0 gr. 77 (Cop) PI COLXIIL, fig. 23°; — other ex 0 gr. 90 (Pozzi) PL CCLXIIT, fig. 24*. Around the year 431 BC. BC, following a long period of unrest, royalty was abolished in Cyrene and replaced by the regime democratic. We might be tempted to close on this date the second period of the monetary history of Cyrene *. But the style of various pieces in this series pa- authorize us to admit that they descend tooth until the end of the 5th century; moreover, he is clear that the change of regime politics and the unrest which, moreover, continued for a long time after 431, had no influence on the choice of monetary types in Cyrene. Around the year 401, a certain Aris- your, to the Lete of the democratic party, while Third period. — COINS According to their appearance, the currencies who follow must be placed in the first half of the 1st century. They are of a style more advanced than those of the pre- assignee; any trace of hollow square or circular depression has disappeared. We notice- quera the magnificent tetradrachm [n° 1827) of the Museum British, with the head of Zeus Ammon three quarters, almost face, like the beautiful Syracu coins healthy minted at the beginning of the 15th century. All Cyrene coins of this period that we end at the death of Ale- Xander the Great, are calibrated according to the 1. L. Muller, p. 23, no. 43. 2. This weight is exceptional; the room is perhaps to be a milesiac trihemiobolus. CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE MARKED AROUND AOL AT 323. 106 that the exiled oligarchs try to return with the help of the Messenians who, themselves themselves, were driven from their homeland by the Lacedaemonians *. This is all that knows something positive about the inside story Cyrene from the fall of Arcesilaus to Alexander the Great, that is to say duran the space of more than a century. But this role of Ariston and the intervention of the Messenians in Cyrenaica, certificate that the country then suffered a real war civil which led to great disasters It is at this time and in these conjones tures that, agree with the style of the pieces we will place the end of the second Cyrene coinage period. Rhodian system which is, like us, not know, that a derivative of the milesiac system and his main heir. There is only silver coins; we will see further that the coinage of gold does not make its appearance rition in Cyrene only after Alexander. Finally it is in our third period that the names of magistrates begin to do their appearance on the coins cyre nean. They are sometimes registered in nominative: Atooroaros; most often has genitive : 'Aplotos, ’Aotsrourôeos. This sound undoubtedly, names of archons or the names of the pontiffs of Zeus Ammon. 3. B. Head, Hist. num., p. 868. 4. Diode. Sic., XIV, 34; Pausanias, IV, 26, 2. 5. See below, at Evesperis.
1065 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1066 1827. — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, frontally, slightly inclined to the left. Laurel wreath around the edge. BL. K-Y-P-A-N-A. Silphium. Æ 26: tetradr. Rhodian (L) PL CCLXIV, fig. 1. 1828. — KYPANA. Bearded and diademed head of Zeus Ammon, facing. BR. APIXTOMHAEOS. Silphium, with a gazelle on the right, standing on its hind legs and grazing on a silphium leaf. ZR 26; tetradr. rhod., 13 gr. 39 (Carlsruhe) PL CCLXIV, fig. 2”. 1829. — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, almost frontally, a little to the right. Be. Without leg. Silphium. . Æ 17: rhod. drachma, 3 gr. 35 (P) PL. CCLXIV, fig. 8. 1830. — Bearded and laureate head of Zeus Ammon, left; behind, a laurel shoot, with two leaves. Bt. AIBYZTPATOZ (retrograde) Silphium. Æ 27; tetradr. rhod., 13 gr. 60 (Luynes) PI. CCLXIV, fig. 4 to. 1831. — Bare head of bearded Zeus Ammon, left or right. BR. K-Y-P-A-N -Al. Silphium. ÆR 27; tetr. rhod., 13 gr. 47 (P) PL. CCLXIV, fig. 5'; — 13 gr. 10 (Pozzi). 1832. — Varieties, with KYPANA or KYPA or without leg. (P) PL CCLXIV, fig. 6. 1833. — Varieties of the preceding tetradrachms; on the right, a name of magistrate: APIZTIOZ (L, H, P) PL CCLXIV, fig. 7*; — APIZTOMHAEOZ (Luynes) Pl. CCLXIV, fig. 8and9:. 183%. — Hairless head of Aristaeus, right, surrounded by a twist and fitted with of ram's horns. Be. Without leg. Silphium. ZR 19; rhod. didrachm, 5 gr. 60 (Pozzi) PL. CCLXIV, fig. 10; — other (P). 1. B. lead, Hist. numer., p. 869 (fig. 387). 5. Muller, nos. 128 to 131, and also nos. 37 to 41. 2, Imhoof-Blumer, Zeit. für Num.,t. VII, p. 29 6. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1898, p. 119, no. 37; Mac- etpl. I, 17; B. Head, Hist. num., p. 869; cf. below Donald, Hunt. coll., t. HE, p. 510, no. 23. 'Apiottos is No. 1833. The name ‘Aozstoufôsos is the genitive the genitive from “Apiotts. of Agisrouens. | 1. Muller, nos. 132 to 134, 140 and nos. 37,38. The sign- 3. Muller, No. 41. silence of this tetradrachm is undoubtedly the same 4. Muller, p. 43, no. 121. ’Aotsroutèns whose name appears on number 1828.
1067 The god Aristaeus whom we recognized on the didrachm (n° 1834) which precedes, encountered frequently, as we have already let us see, on gold and silver coins minted in Cyrene after Alexander. We don't would know how to confuse his youthful head with the bearded head of Zeus Ammon. It's good the name of Aristaeus which should be given to this beardless and horned god, son of Apollo and of the nymph Cyrene, protector of the real estates, vines, herds and Fourth period. — COINS STRUCTURED FROM 323 TO 305 BC This new period includes since the death of Alexander the Great, in 323, until that at the moment when Ptolemy 1°" Soter takes the title of king of Egypt, in 305. It is therefore all the time during which Ptolemy was only satrap, Cyrenaica being rat- attached to his government of Egypt. Alexander the Great did not have the leisure to incorporate Cyrenaica into his empire. While after laying the foundations from the city of Alexandria, in 331, he visited the oasis and the oracle of Zeus Ammon, he extended his friendship to the Cyreneans and took them under his protection, but things remain were there. See Descr Uhrs Etap 1219; 2. School. on Aristoph., The Knights, around 894; cf. B. Head, Hist. num., p. 865. 3. See above, p. 1053. 4. Bouché-Leclercq, op. ci., p. 17. We wanted attribute to this Thibron, the rebel in Cyrenaica, the currencies that are designated by lexico- Byzantine graphs under the name Dt6pove:ov want. But at the time of the Thi-uprising bron, this character, if he undoubtedly monetized the treasures of Harpale, must have struck only coins with Alexandrian types, and even with the name d'Ale- Xander, as did the other generals, Ptole- CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE in Cyrenaica sound lieutenant Ophellas, » that he was driving against the satrap Tissaphernes. 1068 bees. His cult was very widespread in. the Cyclades! and in Cyrenaica where he was. associated with that of Zeus Ammon, of the nym- phe Cyrene and Apollo. The silphium was dedicated : Kvoñvne, roüros tiv éoyasiav toù ouAwlou éÉéboev, Gares ka Tù peduwoc. & Aristaeus, son of Apol- lon and Cyrene, found, the first, the. preparation of silphium and also that of honey? ", ’Aotozatos, to ’An6AAwWvVOG ai Immediately after the death of the conqueror, the adventurer Thibron passed into Libya, called by a party of Cyreneans, in the circumstances tances that we have remembered more “ top *. The civil war led to the intervention tion of the satrap of Egypt. Around the middle of 322, Ptolemy sent with a fleet and an army. Thibron beaten, : was taken prisoner at Teucheira and put in cross. Ophellas entered Cyrene where Plo- Lémée himself did not take long to make his appearance. There he annexed Cyrenaica to his . satrapy of Egypt (end of 322) and Ophellas in was appointed governor. mee himself, after the death of Alexander the Great. We have amply demonstrated elsewhere that the @t6owvetoy vôuoux on the contrary designates the mon- gold coins that were minted by another character from the . name of Thibron, the Lacedaemonian harmost who, in - time of Xenophon, in 401, issued gold coins in the workshop of Ephesus, for the pay of the army See the present Trailé, Theory and Doctrine, t. 1, p. 474 to 419 and Descr. hist., t. 11, p. 1095; for the developments, see our Rumismal Blends, “ 2nd series, p. 313 to 322.
1069 It was during these wars that Cy- Rene began broadcasting monetized series very abundant, notably sta- gold terers of very beautiful style which have the weight staters of Alexander the Great. It is necessary then distinguish in the products of the workshop link of Gyrene, two parallel series: 4° The autonomous currencies of Cyrene; 2° The coins of the Egyptian governors, Ophel- las etMagas: these are first in the name CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1070 of Alexander, that is to say Alexander IV Ae- gus, recognized as king by the generals; then they bear the name of Ptolemy as salttrap of Egypt. The parallelism of these two series is made certain, as we will see, by the presence of the same names of magis- trats, as signatories of the species, in both groups. Group A. — Autonomous coins of Cyrene minted during the satrapy of Ptolemy (from 323 to 305 BC). These autonomous currencies are often wind of names of magistrates in all letters (in the genitive case, sometimes in the nomina- tif) or abbreviated, or represented by monograms. Several of these names or of these monograms are, like us let's come to make it observed, the same than those which appear on the currencies of the satrap Ptolemy, which constitute our group B (hereinafter no. 1931 to 1942). This way, we are sure that these currencies autonomous were struck in the same time that the currencies satrapales and that thus they would not know, whatever we wrote, to be before 323. Here, for greater clarity, we have separated adorned the coins of the three metals; but, of course, the three species are related and the same name of magistrate is found on gold, silver and bronze, or on two of the metals only, depending on emissions or our information. COINS GOLDEN. The coinage of gold, in Cyrene, includes simultaneously takes cut pieces We strike in the Attic system, the following four divisions: Attic stater (didrachm), 8 gr. 73. Hemi-stater (drachma), 4 gr. 36. Third of a stater (Létrobole), 2 gr. 91. Quarter stater (hemidrachm or trio- according to the Attic standard and tailor-made pieces linked according to the Rhodian standard. A. — Gold coins of Attic weight. bole), 2 gr. 18. The effective weights are almost always significantly lower to weight nor- evils. Stater No. 1862 is an exception. actually 7 gr. 16, weight which makes it a Rhodian stater. |
1071 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1072 1835. — Without leg. Zeus seated right on his throne, bare chest, legs draped, leaning with his left hand on his scepter, and leaning on his arm right on the back of his throne. Bi. KYPANAION to ex. The nymph Cyrene in a galloping quadriga left, holding the reins with both hands. At 19; stat. attic, 8 gr. 62 (P) PI. CCLXIV, fig. 11. 1836. — @EYDEI (retrograde). Zeus seated left on his throne, torso, naked, legs draped, leaning with his left arm on the back of the throne and holding his scepter in his right hand; in front, an eagle flying towards the god. BR. KYPANAION, ex. The nymph Cyrene in a galloping quadriga at left. AT 19; stat. attic, 8 gr. 61 (P) PL COLXIV, fig. 12; — other, 8 gr. 49*. 1837. — OEYDEIAEYS. Zeus enthroned on the left, as above; behind him, an eagle perched on a vine and turned to the left. BL. KYPANAION. The nymph Cyrene in a quadriga trotting right; at on it, a star. At 21: stat. ai., 8 gr. 55 (P) PL. CCLXIV, fig. 18; — other (Cop) *. Esvoeldeus is the genitive of @svgetôns. The (hereinafter, n° 1933, see also n°* 1853, name of this magistrate is found on 1877, 1889, 1893, 1909, 1910). | golden staters in the name of Ptolemy satrap 1838. — IAZONOS. Zeus enthroned on the left, as above; behind him, the eagle on a vine, turned to the right. BL. same as the previous one. | At 21: stat. att., 8 gr. 58 (Luynes) PL. COLXIV, fig. 14; — besides (Hunter). 1839. — IAZON. Zeus enthroned on the right. BL. KYPANAION. The nymph Cyrene in a galloping quadriga, left. At 19; stat. att., 8 gr. 61 (L) PL COLXIV, fig. 15'. 1840. — IAZONOZ. Zeus enthroned on the left; behind him, the eagle on a vine, “ turned right. BL. KYPANAIQN. Niké in a quadriga, from the front. 4. Muller, n° 184. 3. Muller, nos. 186 and 188. ‘1ä50v0s, genitive of ‘Iisuv: 2, Muller, n° 185, 4. Muller, No. 189.
073 Staters Nos. 1838, 1839, 1840, bear obviously the same name of magisterial, hymaialerion. BR. KYPANAION. The nymph Cyrene in a quad above, the sun shining. CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1074 AT 91; stat. ai., 8 gr. 60 (P) PI. CCLXIV, fig. 16; — other, 8 gr. 61 (H)*. (nos. 1838 and 1840); the name of the same person ringing is abbreviated [A on n° 1878 el you nominative {No. 1839) and at genitive 1891. 1841. — KY XAIPIOZ (retrograde). Zeus seated on the left, Lenant Paigle on his right hand, the left arm resting on the back of the throne; in front of him, a trot, right; at At 19; stat. att., 8 gr. 60 (P) PL. CCLXIV, fig. 17; — other, 8 gr. 61 Poz:i) PL CCLXIV, fig. 18°. 1842. — Variety, with XAIPIOZ (retrograde), on the right. AT 19; stat. att., 8 gr. 73 (P) PI. COLXIV, fig. 19; — other, 8 gr. 63 (Jameson) *. 1843. — TIOAIANOEYS. Zeus standing left, holding a hook of the right hand, the left resting on the scepter; in front of him, the hymaialerion. BR. Same as the previous one. AT 21: stat. att., 8 gr. 64 (Jameson) PL CCLXV, fig. 1; — 8 gr. 58 (V)”. 1844. — Same right (with TOAIANOEY2Z). BL. KYPANAION. Niké in a trotting quadriga, right. MA 24: stat. garlic., 8 gr. 65 (Vallon) PI. CCLXV, fig. 2, — 8 gr. 62 (Luynes) *. 1845. — Same types. On the right the monogram. KE and a crab. 1. Muller, n° 187; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., {. IT, p. 568, no. 4, pl. XCIT, 2. 9, Muller, n° 190. 3. Catal. Jameson, No. 1352. The name Xaiotos, gen- tif of Xaïo:6, is found on n° 1855, and abbreviated Xaio:, on No. 1860. On Nos. 1866 and 1860, where we have X4:, and Xalo., we can complete Xafotos or Xarpep@v (No. 1848). 4, Calal, Jameson, n° 1353: Muller, n° 191. Volume IV. 5, Muller, n° 192; cf. J, de Foville, Coins Greek and Roman of the Coll. P. Vallon, äu Cab. of Medals, p. 121, no. 582. The name Ioktavbeus, genitive of Iohtxv8ns, is found on n° 1897 and 1898, and abbreviated on nos. 1855, 1860, 1869, 1871, 1872, 1878. It may be the same name that is designated by his initial NF on a bronze in the name of Ptolemy (No. 1941).
1075 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1076 Rhodian weight stater also described below, no. 1862. 1846. — AAMONAKTOZ. Zeus Ammon with ram's horns, standing face, bare torso, draped legs; in his right hand he holds a small Nike; with his left hand he holds the folds of his chlamys and his scepter rests transversely on his arm; to his left, a ram. È Bz. KYPANAION. Nike or Cyrene (?) in a trotting quadriga, right. At 21; stat. att., 8 gr. 62 (P) PL. CCLXV, fig. 4; — other (Munich) *. the ram, on the right. B. APIZTATOPA, ex. Cyrene in a walking quadriga, left. At 21; stat. att., 8 gr. 60 (P) PL CCLXV, fig. 5 ?. 1848. — XAIPEDON. Zeus standing frontally, bare torso, draped legs leaning with his right hand on his scepter, the dead hand brought back on the hip; on the left, an eagle; on the right, silphium. B2. KYPANAION. The nymph Cyrene in a galloping quadriga, right. È At 20; stat. att., 8 gr. 65 (P) PL CCLXV, fig. 6°. | 1849. — Without leg. Zeus standing, facing, bare torso, draped legs” leaning with his right hand on his scepter, his left hand brought back on the hip; on the left, an eagle. A. Same as above. | At 19; stat. alt., 8 gr. 60 {Luynes) PL. CCLXV, fig. 7* 1850, — KYPWAION. Rider, chlamys on shoulders, walking to the right Silphium; in the RL on the left, a jerboa. At 14; hemi-stat. att., 4 gr. 31 (P) PL CCLXV, fig. 8:. 1851. — Without leg. Rider at a walk, right. BL. KYPA. Silphium; in the field on the right, a jerboa. 1. Muller, n° 494. It is difficult to say whether the woman 'Aptotayéox is the genitive of 'Aptorayopas. 1 who drives the quadriga has wings (Niké) or if, : Xawes&v is a registered name, unless suppo® the place of the wings, we see the drapery raised ser the genitive ruled Xatpspv(tos). Ë (Cyrene). Axuwvautos is the genitive of Axpüvaë; cf. 4. Muller, No. 193. G. Habich, in the Münchner lahrb. d. Bildenden- 5 Muller, n°496! kunst. 1909, Ist issue, pl. 1, 20.
1077 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1078 At 14: hemi-stat. att., 4 gr. 27 (Stockholm) PI. CCLXV, fig. 9:. THE 1852. — Rider, the chlamys on the shoulders, the petase thrown back on the neck, moving at a step to the left. B- KYPA. Silphium. At 14; hemi-stat. att., 4 gr. 30 (P) PL. CCLXV, fig. 10:. 1833. — KYPAN. Same rider. BR. © — E. Silphium. At 14; hemi-stat. att., 4 gr. 29 (P) PL COLXV, fig. 11, — % gr. 30 (H) 1834. — KYPA. Rider going at a walk, right. BL. K—Y—P—A—N—A. Silphium. At 1%: hemi-stat. att., 4 gr. 27 (P) PL CCLXV, fig. 12f 1835. — Varieties of previous gold hemi-staters, with names of magisters trats placed sometimes on the right, sometimes on the reverse. These names are: KYAIOZ (P) P1. CCLXV, fig. 13 and 14:. TIOAI, and on the reverse right, a jerboa (Pozzi) PL. CCLXV, fig. 15. OA, and on the reverse left, a jerboa (P) PI. CCLXV, fig. 16. XAIPIOZ (Pozzi) PL. CCLXV, fig. 17; — other (H)°. 1856. — Rider going left, petase thrown back on the back of his neck; above, a star. BL. KYPA: Silphium. = A7 12; third of stat. att., 2 gr. 84 (P) PL CCLXV, fig. 18:. 1837. — Varieties; on the reverse, monograph. F'; — other, S (P) PL CCLXV, fig. 19 and 20*. The monogram F' appears on a di- by Ptolemy (nos. 1931 and 1932). silver drachma (hereinafter, No. 1892) and on The monograph. hi se find on the gold coins minted during the satrapy n°* 1880, 1892, 1908. 1838. — KYP. Head of Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet, left. 1. Muller, No. 195. 6. Muller, nos. 200 to 204; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., DMuller, n°191 t. III, p. 569, n° 9. The name Kÿôtos, genitive of Küôt, 3. Muller, n° 198; Macdonald, Hun£. coll., t. excluding tax, is found on nos. 1873, 1878, 1882, 1890. On p. 569, no. 7, pl. XCIT, #4. The name of the magistrate is name Iohiavbeus, see the note of n° 1844; on Xai- undoubtedly Oevveions. See n° 1837 above. otos, the note of n° 1842. 4. Muller, n° 199. 1. Muller, n° 205, 206. 5, Other, coll. Jameson, No. 1354; McDonald, 8. Muller, nos. 207, 208. Hunt. coll, t. II, p. 569, no. 8.
1079 Be. Three silphium rods arranged in a star shape around a central globe. At 10; quarter stat. or Attic triobole, 2 gr. 16 (P) PL CCLXV, fig. 21’. 1859. — Head of Athena, right. BL. KYP. Same type. A7 10; quarter stat. Atlantic, 2 gr. 15 (Cop) PI. CCLXV, fig. 22:. 1860. — Varieties; the head of Athena on the right. or left. and names of magistrates, right: MOAIAN (Cop); — XAIPI (P) PL CCLVIL, fig. 1*; — XAIP (H)°. 1861. — Without leg. Same head of Athena, left. Re. Without leg. Three star-shaped silphium rods, as above. A7 10; quarter stat. altica, 2 gr. 2 gr. 20 {L) “. 2, — Gold coins of Rhodian weight. The following gold coins are safe- contemporary with the previous ones and that they have the same magistracy names trats, but they are cut according to the standard Rhodian adopted in Egypt. They present the following theoretical divisions: 1862. — Zeus standing on the left, holding a peg in his right hand, the left leaning on the scepter; before him, the {ymiatérion. In the field right, the monogr. KE and a crab. Bt, Nike in a quadriga (same as n° 1844). At 21; Rhodian stater, 7 gr. 16 (P) PL. CCLXV, fig. 3. By its Lypes, this stater should take place after n° 184%, where we we have it already reported {no. 1845; ; but its weight 1 gr. 16 makes it a gold coin of the system Rhodian; it is the only Cyrenean gold stater . Muller, No. 209. . Muller, No. 210. . Muller, nos. 211, 212. . McDonald, Hunt, coll, t. VI Gift "No. 12: EE D = CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1080 15 (Poza) PL CCLXV, fig. 24; — eo Rhodian stater (didrachm), 7 gr. 16. Hemi-stater {drachma), 3 gr. 58. Quarter stater ‘hemi-drachma or trio- bole), 1 gr. 79. Eighth of a stater (quarter of a drachma or: trihemiobolus), 0 gr. 88. which is carved out of this system. The KE monogram is found on parts money autonomous described ei- after and also on coins of Ptole- mee satrape (n° 1940 and 1941). the names of these magistrates are found on parts described above. 5. Muller, n° 54. On the piece in the coll. Pozzi on sees À Z (?) behind Athena's head.
1081 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1082 1862 05, — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon on the right. BR. (without leg.). Silphium. A 12: Rhodian hemi-stater, 3 gr. 43 (P) PL. CCLXV, fig. 25'. 1863. — Same description. At 10; quarter of a Rhodian stater, 1 gr. 68 (L) PI. CCLXV, fig. 26:. 1864. — Head of Zeus Ammon, left. &. Hairless head of Aristaeus, right. At 8; eighth of a stater or trihemiobolus rhod., 0 gr. 88 (Luynes) PI, CCLXV, fig. 27. 1865. — API. Head of Zeus Ammon, right. BL. Head of the nymph Cyrene, facing forward. At 8: eighth of a stater or trihemiobolus Rhodian, 0 gr. 8% (P) PI. CCLXV, fig. 28*. 1866. — XAI. Head of Zeus Ammon, left. BL. Head of the nymph Cyrene, facing. At 8: eighth in stat. or trihemiob. rhod., 0 gr. 82 (P) PI. CCLXWV, fig. 29°. 1867. — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right. Bz. Head of Aristaeus beardless, facing, with ram's horns. At 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 84 (L) PI. CCLXWV, fig. 30:. 1868. — Same right. B. Head of Artemis right, with quiver. At 8; eighth of stat. rhod., 0 gr. 78 (P) PI. CCLXV, fig. 31'. 1869. — Same head of Zeus Ammon; behind, MO. Be. Head of Libya, right, calamistrated hair. At 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 87; 0 gr. 80 (P) PI. CCLXVT, fig. 1. 1870. — Same head of Zeus Armon, right. or left. Muller, n°.52° Xatosowv (cf. no. 1848) or Xaziot (cf. no. 1842). 2, Muller, no. 53. 5. Muller, No. 55. 3. Muller, No. 62. The name of the magistrate is Ag:otts 6. Muller, No. 56. (ef. no. 1833) or ‘Aptotaydoxs (cf. no. 1847) or ‘Ap:o- 1. Muller, n° 57. The name of the magistrate is Hoa:xv- roufôns (see nos. 1828 and 1833). Gns (see n° 1844). 4, Muller, nos. 63 and 64. The name of the magistrate is
1083 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1084 Bz. Head of Cyrene, right or left. At 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 86 (L) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 2 and 3. 1871. — KY. Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, left. BL. Head of the nymph Cyrene right, hair turned up; to the right and on the left, the letters FO. At 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 89 (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 4°. 1872. — Variety; on the right, FO and on the reverse KY (P) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 5. 1873. — KY. Hairless head of Aristaeus, with small ram's horns, left. BL. KY or KYA (—Kÿôto:). Head of the nymph Cyrene, right. At 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 89 to 0 gr. 80 (P) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 6.4 — other ex. (Cop, H) *. 187%. —AAM. Hairless head of Aristaeus, with small ram's horns, right. R&. KY. Head of the nymph Cyrene, left. At 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 87 (P) PL. CCLXVI, fig. 7°. 1875. — Variety; on the right, a star (P) PL, CCLXVI, fig. 8. 1876. — KY. Hairless head of Aristaeus, left, with ram's horns. R&. Head of the nymph Cyrene, left. | At 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 78 (P) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 9. 1877. — OEY. (@svoeciüeus). Same head of Aristaeus. R£. OEY, — or OE, — or nothing. Same head of Cyrene. : At 8; eighth of stat., 0 gr. 89 to O gr. 78 (P, A) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 10°. The name of the magistrate @ssosidess (genitive of Ptolemy satrap (hereinafter, no. 1939) 7. from @svoeièrs) meets on the staters 1878. — Varieties, with the following names, on the right: KYA (— Küôtos); —TIO M 1. Muller, n° 58 to 60. on No. 1846. 2. Muller, nos. 213 to 215. 5. Muller, No. 65. 3. Muller, nos. 216 to 219; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., 6. Muller, nos. 66 and 61; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. IL, p. 570, no. 16, pl. XCII, 6. See above, the t. 111, p. 569, no. 18. | No. 1855, note. 7. See above, the annotation of n° 1837. 4. Muller, n° 220. Cf. the genitive noun Axuevaxros,
1085 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1086 ([lohtdyQeus); — API (— Apistayooa); — AA Aauôvaxtos); — AI (— ‘lasovos) (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. : THE 1879. — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right. B£. Lightning between two stars, NM 8; eighth in stat. rhod., 0 gr. 78 (P) PI CCLXVI, fig. 12*. 1880. — Varieties. On the reverse, next to the thunderbolt: MÆ and two stars (P) PL. CCLXVI, fig. 13; — Ÿ the star; — star and plow (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 14°. 1881. — Uncertain type. Re.Silphium. At 6; tritemorion (?) 0 gr. 45 (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 15. There can be no doubt that gold coins of Attic weight (n®* 1835 to 1861) and of Rhodian weight (No. 1862 to 1881) are _ contemporary. They are the same style, have the same types and the same names of magistrates. We usually do start this my- sinking of gold in Cyrene, from before Alexan- dre, if not even from the last quarter of the 5th century *. But, we insist on this point: such a chronological system is unacceptable sible, and it must be assumed that Cyrene did not mint gold before death of Alexander in 323. The weight of the pieces is Attic and Rhodian like that of the mon- births of Egypt under Ptolemy I Soter. The type of seated Zeus, which we find on a certain number of these pieces, is the copy of the reverse type of tetradrachms of Alexander's money. A certain number names of magistrates noted on these parts come together again, as we have observed, on currencies struck at name or under the authority of Ptolemy satrap. Finally, considerations of style and manufactures come to confirm our class- lies and place, without exception, all this coinage after 323. COINS MONEY. While the gold currencies which pre- yield are cut with perfect re- weight regularity including the mixed system (Attic and Rhodian) is easy to define, the silver coins which are contemporary to them 1. Muller, nos. 68 to 15. All these abbreviated names of magistrates are found on documents described above or below. 2. Muller, No. 76. porains, present themselves, on the contrary with a disconcerting weight irregularity. Without a doubt, it is possible to relate dear also the greatest number of these silver coins, some to the system of attraction 3. Muller, n°5 76 to 19. For the monogr. See each other above, n° 1857. 4. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 868.
1087 that, the others to the Rhodian system, like the coins of Ptolemy I Soter in Egypt. But next to these normal weight parts, there are others of irregular weight, which he is impossible, without arbitrarily forcing the weighings, to classify in one or in the other of the two competing stallions. In the presence of this irregularity and this weight floating, which imposed the use of the balance in daily life, we we had to draw up the following table of divisions, taking as a basis the weight number of copies, without worrying about CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1088 to make these normally agree divisions between them: Tetradrachm (Rhodian),, of 1% gr. 40 to 12 gr. 90. Didrachm (Attic and Rhodian), 8 gr. 52 at 6 gr. 45. Drachma (weakened Rhodian), 3 gr. 35 to 3 gr. 05. Tetrobole (Attic), 2 gr. 75. Trihemiobolus {(Rhodian), 1 gr. at 0 gr. 78. Obol (Rhodian), O0 gr. 60. Tritemorion, 0 gr. 49. 1882. — Bearded and laureate head of Zeus Ammon, on the left. BL. KYPANA. Silphium; in the field, the name of the magistrate, KYAIOZ. Æ 27; tetradr. rhod., 12 gr. 73 (Cop) P1. CCLXVI, fig. 16:. 1883. — NIKIOZ. Bearded and laureate head of Zeus Ammon, right. Re. KYPA. Silphium. Æ 27; tetradr. rhod., 13 gr. 23 (P) P1. CCLXVI, fig. 17. 188%. — NIKIOZ. Bare head of Zeus Ammon, left. B£. A-9-Y-X. Silphium. Æ 27; tetradr. rhod., 12 gr. 87 (P)P1. CCLXVI, fig. 18:. 1885. — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon on the right (very beautiful style). Be. KY PH. Silphium; on the left, the monograph. | KP; on the right, the monogram. K£ and crab. ZR 26; tetradr., 15 gr. 45 (Pozzi) PL. CCLXVI, fig. 19; — other ex., \ 1% gr. 39 (Jameson) *. The monograph. 1KP meets on bronzes in the name of Ptolemy satrap (hereinafter after, n° 1940 and 1941); we find it again rons also just now on di- drachmas (No. 1892). The monograph. KE se 1. Muller, n° 135. For the name, in the genitive case, KUë:04, see above, no. 4855. also found on pieces of Pto- lémée (hereinafter n° 1940 and 1941) and on autonomous didrachms (No. 1892); we we saw it above on gold staters (b. 1862). 2. Muller, nos. 136 to 139. Nixtoç genitive of Nix:s. 3. Calal. Jameson, No. 1351.
1089 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 1090 1886. — Hairless head of Aristaeus, with small ram's horns, right or left. &. KYPA. Silphium; on the right, a cornucopia. ÆR 19; didr. rhod.,7 gr. 61(L); 7 gr. 93 to 7 gr. 60 (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 20 and 21:. 1887. — Varieties; in The reverse field, two stars, or one star (P) P1. CCLXVI, fig. 22:?. 1888. — Same description, with KY; KYPA; or KYPANA:; or without legend. Æ15; rhod. drachma, 3 gr. 28; 3 gr. 12 (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 23:. 1889. — OEY (— @euyeideus), Hairless head of Aristaeus, with small horns of ram on the left. R. KYPANA or KYPA. Silphium. Æ16; rhod. drachma, 3 gr. 18 (P); — 3 gr. 28 (L) ‘. 1890. — Variety, with KYAIOZ, 3 gr. 30 (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 24 i. 1891. — Variety, with IA (= ‘lasovos), 3 gr. 29 (P) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 25 &. 1892. — Hairless head of Aristaeus, with small ram's horns, right or left. B. KYPA. Silphium; in the field, letters, monograms or symbols. Æ 21; didr. of 8 gr. 50 to 6 gr. 50”. Varieties. In Re.: +: — 'E and star (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 26; — Crab; — S and crab; — N and crab; — °K and crab (P) PL CCLXVI, fig. 27; — € and crab (P) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 28; — Tripod; — F'et tripod (P) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 29; — FFP and quiver (P) PI. CCLXVI, fig. 30; — FP; — 1 and snake (P) PL CCLX VI, fig. 31; — Serpent and F1 (P) PL. CCLXVI, fig. 32; — 1©;, — [KP and KE (The Hague) PL CCLXVII, fig. 1. — Without monogr. nor symbol (P) P1. CCLXVII, fig. 2. On these pieces, the KYPA legend is sometimes missing *. 1893. — @EYDEIAEYZ. Hairless head of Dionysus crowned with ivy, right; behind, a thyrsus. Re KYPA. Silphium. 4, Muller, nos. 148 to 152. 6. See above, nos. 1838, 1839, 1840, 1878. 2. Muller, n°5 153 to 155. 7, Muller, p. 46, n°5 156 to 175. 3. Muller, nos. 146, 147; Nos. 49 and 50, 8. Muller, no. 47, 48; McDonald, Hunt. coll. 4. Muller, n° 143 and 144, t. II, p. 572-573. Most of the monograms of the 5. Muller, No. 145. No. 1892 are found on other pieces. Volume IV, 69
1091 ZR 19; Attic didrachm, 8 gr. 42 (P)P1. CCLXVII, fig. 8'. 1894. — DEIAQNOZ (retrogr.). Head of Apollo right; behind, quiver: BL. KYPANA (retrogr.). Silphium and palm. | ZR 20; didr. att., 8 gr. 03 (L) PI. CCLXVII, fig. 4*. 1895. — Same right {with DEIAQNOZ retrogr.). Bt. AAMQ. Eros walking, right, playing the lyre. Æ20; didr. att., 8 gr. 46 (P) PI. CCLXVII, fig. 5*. 1896. — Same right (rude leg.). B. KYPANA. Silphium and palm. ÆR 91; didr., 7 gr. 26 (P) P1. CCLXVII, fig. 6. 1897. — TIOAIANOEY3. Hairless head of Aristaeus with small horns ram, right or left. B£. KYPANA or KYPA. Silphium. 52 (Pétersb.) PL. CCLXVII, fig. 7' Æ 22; att. didrachm, 8 gr. 1898. — Same law (with TOAIANOEY2). Hermes standing left, holding a caduceus BL. AAMQ. KYPAZA (sic). to which a strip is attached. ÆR 21; didr. att., Bronze No. 1914 bears the same le- Gen AAMQ. KYPANA. It is important to observe- ver that AAMO is associated with the name PEIAQONOË on didrachm no. 1895 and name HOAIANSEYS, on n° 1898 ©. Like it is unlikely that the same part bears two names of magistrates, one of which would be Pheidon or Polianthes and the other 1. Muller, No. 176. — For the name of the magistrate Ocvpelèns, see the note of n° 1837. 2. W. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1898, p. 120, no. 38, TEN 15 3. Svoronos, Rev. numism., 1892, p. 506; Num. Chron., 1897, p. 220. For the word Aauvw, see the nos. 1898 and 1914. 4. Muller, no. 142, 5. Six, in Num. Chron., 1897, p. and 3; B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 870. 6. We still find the abbreviated names AA and AAM on gold coins nos. 1874, 1875 and 1878, 221, no. 2 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 8 gr. 43 (Weber) PL. CCLXVII, fig. 8:. 1092 Damonax or any other starting pan Damo... J.-P. Six rightly concluded that Aäuw is a Dorian genitive for As por, and that we must interpret the legend of our pieces: Aduw Kopava(lowv) for Afpob Koonvatwy. These coins were therefore minted peaces in the name of the people of Cyrene 7. but it is the abbreviation of AAMONAKTOE; which we find in full on the stater of o No. 1846. 1. J.-P. Six, Numism. Chron., 1897, p. 220 et seq# cf. Lud. Müller, Numism. of the anc. Africa, Supplied ment, n° 175 a; “ef. t. 1, p.78. We can hardly sound ger to see in Aäuw an abbreviation of Axuwvax yours, in full on stater no. 1846. All accepting Six's interpretation, we cannot let's follow this scholar when he thinks he's reading the now of Magas in extremely tenuous characters, on the strip attached to the caduceus of Hermes, in dream
1093 CYRENAICA —— CYRENA 109% 1899. — Head of Zeus Ammon, left or right. B£. Three silphium rods arranged in a star shape around a globule. Æ10; trihemiobole rhod., 0 gr. 87 (P)P1. CCLXVII, fig. 9'. 1900. — Hairless head of Aristaeus, with ram's horn, left. RL. KYPA. Silphium. Æ10; trihemiobolus rhod., 1 gr. (P) PI CCLXVII, fig. 10. 1901. — Hairless head of Aristaeus, with ram's horn, right. BL, (without leg.). Silphium. Æ9; rhod. obole, 0 gr. 60 (P) PI. CCLXVII, fig. 11°. 1902, — Head of Zeus Ammon, right. B. Aries on the right, at the foot of a palm tree. ZR 9; rhod tritemorion, 0 gr. 49 (P) PI. CCLXVII, fig. 12. 1903. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. B£. KYPA. Silphium. Æ19; didr. rhod., 6 gr. 78°. 1904. — Same right. B£. KYPA. Silphium; in the field, ZQ (linked) and a jerboa plant. ZR 20: didr. rhod., 6 gr. 65 (P) PL CCLXVII, fig. 13: 1905. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BR. KYPA. Silphium; in the field, a crab. ÆR 22; didr. rhod., 7 gr. 42 (The Hague) *. 1906. — Variety. On the reverse, in the field, a crab and KE; 6 gr. 87 (L) PI. CCLXVIL, fig. 14°, 1907. — Variety, with K. 6 gr. 38 (P). 1908. — Head of Apollo surrounded by a headband, left. Ez. KYPA. Silphium; in the field, a star and the monogram. ES of didrachm No. 1898 and on the strip held Nike on bronze no. 1914. These pieces, according to this sa- before, would thus not be prior to the reign of Magas (284-258 BC). 1. Muller, p. 24, n°5 45, 46. . Muller, No. 51. . Muller, No. 171. . Muller, No. 178. . Muller, No. 179. . Muller, No. 180. D OX to Co ND
1095 CYRENAIQUE — CYRENE 109 Æ15; Attic letrobole, 2 gr. 73 (The Hague) PI. CCLXVII, fig. 15. BRONZE COINS. 1909. — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, right, with ram's horns Laughed. KYPANAION @GEYDEIAEY3. Sort of column topped with an urn and having as a base a very flared conical cippus (Lombeau de Battos?) Æ 23; (Luynes) P1. COLXXVII, fig. 16 ?. 1910. — Same description. Æ20; (P) PL CCLXVII, fig. 17. The name 6:sœ:'ôr< is found on independent of money (see above, 1 coins of Ptolemy Salrape, and on note of No. 1837). 1911. — Bearded head of Zeus Ammon, with ram's horns, right, Re. K. Silphium. Æ16; (Cop) PI. CCLXVII, fig. 18 *; — others, without letter (L, M) *. 1912. — Hairless head of Aristaeus, with ram's horns, right. Re.KY. Silphium. Æ24; (P) P1. CCLXVII, fig. 19 ;, 1913. — Same description. Æ16; (P) PL CCLXVII, fig. 20°. 191%. — AAMQ. KYPANA. Head of Artemis right, quiver on shoulder. R&. Nike flying to the right, holding a strip in his right hand and left a crown. Æ 21; (Turin) PL. CCLXVII, fig. 21. 1915. — KYPANA. Head of the nymph Cyrene, right; sometimes, a sym- bole (?). BL. Three silphium bands grouped in a star. Æ 25 and Æ 21; (P) P1. CCLXVII, fig. 22 and 28 *. 1. Muller, n° 182, The monogr. of No. 1908 is re- 6. Muller, nos. 82 to 85. found on gold coins nos. 1857 and 1880 and on the 1. Muller, No. 236; Svoronos, Rev. num., 1892, silver didrachm no. 1892. p.215 and J.-P. Six, Num. Chron., 1897, p. 221, n°038 2. Muller, p. 54, nos. 234 and 235. On the interpretation of AAMQ KYPANA for Afpoy 3. Muller, no. 223. Kvuonvaiwy, see above the note of n° 1898. 4. Muller, n° 81.- 8. Muller, nos. 231, 232, 5. Muller, No. 224.