Treatise on Greek and Roman Coins, Part II (Historical Description), vol. III — vol. II.3 — 1914

“hirl THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 718 1187. — Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck. B.TA. Tripod. ÆR 26; Sat. egin., 11 gr. 33 (Afh) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 20. 1188. — Laureate head of Apollo at 8, hair raised {more recent style). Be. I—A. Tripod. ZR 27; stat. egin., 11 gr. 35 (P) PL CCXXXV, fig. 21. 1189. — Same description. 2R 14; triobole zacynth., 1 gr. 87 (L) PL CCXXXV, fig. 22!. 1190. — Head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck. BR. T—A. Tripod. 2R 13: trihemiobole zacynth., 0 gr. 91 (Luynes) PL CCXXXV, fig. 23. 1191. — Same description. ÆR 9; obole zac., 0 gr. 06 (P)PI. CCXXXV, fig. 24. — Variety, without legend, 0 gr. 55 (L)? — other, 0 Ste (AND) *. 1192. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BL. T—A. Tripod. ZR 7; hemiobolus zacynth., O0 gr. 29 (P) PL CCXXXV, fig. 25. 1193. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BL. TA. Two olive leaves. ÆR 10; obole zacynth., 0 gr. 57 (L) PL CCXXXV, fig. 26:. 119%. — Variety; on the reverse, I and O (— 0606). ZÆR 10; obole zacynth., 0 gr. 55 (L) PL CCXXXV, fig. 27:. 1195. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BR. IA el H (iutw66k0), An olive leaf. ZR 6; hemiobolus zacynth., 0 gr. 26 (L) PL CCXXXV, fig. 28°. 1. Num. Chron., 1883, p. 91, no. 4, pl. 1, 10; Brit. of low weight corresponds exactly to the hemi- read. Cat. Pelop., p. 95, no. 13, pl. XIX, 9. Genetic mite. 2. Num. Chron., 1885, DANCE IN RME 6. Num. Chron., 1885, p. 91, no. 8, pl. [, A3 Brit. [us. Cat. Pelop., p. 95, no. 15, pl. XIX, 10. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 95, no. 18, pl. XIX, 12. This 3. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. 1, p. 1#1, #4. hemiobolus which bears its mark of value is of a 4. Num. Chron., 1885, p. 91, no. 6, DNA: low weight which makes it correspond exactly to the 5. Num. Chron., 1885, p. 91, no. 1; Brit. Mus. aeginetic tartemorion. at. Pelop., p. 95, no. 17, pl. XIX, 11. This mite

719 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 180 1196. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. BL. TAKYNOION. Tripod. ÆR 22; stat. egin., 11 gr. 57 (B) PI CCXXXVI, fig. 1; — other e.g. (Hirsch, cab. of Brussels) *. 3. — Coins minted from 405 to 39% BC. AD In 431?, the first year of the war from the Peloponnese, an Athenian fleet of a hundred ships under the command of Carcinos, came to receive the submission of the cities of the island of Cephallenia. As for Zacynthe, of- remained faithful to Athens, she did not have to be reminded to observe the treaties; on the other hand, the following year, it was mo- ballasted by the Lacedaemonian fleet *. More lard, the Zacynthians helped the Athe- niens in their expedition from Sicily *. After the defeat of the Alhenians at Aegospotamos, in 405, the Lacedaemonians sent oligarchs to Zacynthus to govern the island under their protection. The new regime lasted until the battle of Cnidus, in 394. It is in this short government period aristocratic that the following coins were minted, which are remarkable for their style: 1197. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BR. TAKYNOOZ and the letter =. The hero Zacynthos seated, right, on a cippos covered with a drapery: he is completely naked and he sits on his knees, with his left hand, his lyre, the strings of which he touches with his right hand. ZR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 31 (L) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 2*. 1198. — Same right. BL. TAKYNOOZ and =. The hero Zacynthos seated, on the right, on a covered cippe green of a drapery; he is completely naked and holds his lyre in his left hand on his knees, his right hand brought behind him on his seat. Æ16; Zacynthian drachma, 3 gr. 80 (L) PL. CCXXXVI, no. 3. 1199. — Same description. Æ11; triobole zacynth., 1 gr. 92 (P) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 4. 1. Imhoof-Blümer, Monn. Greek., p. 110, no. 711; Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 91, no. 3. 2. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 89; cf. Thucyd., 11;,:30. 3. Thucyd., 11, 66. 2 Thucya VI 157 5. Percy Gardner, Num, Chron., 1885, p. 91, no. 9; pl. I, 14; Brit. Mus. Cal. Pelop., p. 95, no. 19, pl. XIX, 15. th 6. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 91, don't 40, pl. 1, 15; Brit. Mus. Cal., p. 95, no. 20, pl. XIX, 14. 1. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1885, p. 92 No. 11, pl. I, 16. 3 L

781 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 182 1200. — Same head of Apollo, right. B£-TAKY. Tripod; in the field, on the right, a thymiaterion. ZR 11; triobole zacynth., 1 gr. 82 (L) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 5! 1201. — Same head of Apollo. A. IA. Amphora. ZR10; tritartemorion zac., On the reverse of the above coins, Mr. Percy Gardner proposed to recognize Apollo seated on the Delphic omphalos and Playing the lyre *. But one observation attentive allows us to recognize that the person ringing is not seated on the omphalos; he is on a cippe or on a rock. From moreover, it is obviously designated in the le- gende by his name, TAKYNOOS: this is the eponymous hero Zacynthos, playing the Overc47 ED: lyre like Apollo or like Achilles; he was assimilated to Apollo Zacynthian in the: local legends. Moreover, the currencies that we have just described are placed, by their style, at the end of the 5th century; however, the sta- The death of Apollo seated on the omphalos was not executed only in 346, at Delphi, at the same time when the beautiful sta- teres in the name of the Amphictyons *. 1202. — Laureate head of Apollo left, long hair on the neck. BL. TAKYNOOZ. Zacynthos seated left on a naked Dr. Lorse, the draped legs; with his left hand he leans on the rock and places the ae on the head of a serpent oo which stands before him; in the exergue, ZE *. ZR 24; slat. egin., 11 gr. 42 (Bibl. S. Marc, Venice) PL, CCXXXVI, 1 6:; — other ex., 11 gr. 30 (P) PL CCXXXVI, ie 7: While on stater no. 1197 the hero eponymous Zacynthos is depicted playing the lyre like Apollo, here on the contrary, on the stater No. 1202, Zacynthos, always accompanied by his name, is brought closer of Asclepius, son of Apollo. He is in the same attitude and with the same attribute of snake, that Asclepius on the currencies of Epidaurus; the statue of Aselepios by Thra- 1. Num. Chron., 1885, p. 92, no. 19, pl. 1, 17; Brit. Mus. Cal., p. 95, no. 21, pl. XIX, 15. 2. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. He, p. 141, no. 5, ol. XXX VIII, 16. 3. Brit. Mus. Cat. Peloponn., p. 95, no. 19. 4. See above, p. 343 et seq. 5. The letters ZE on this stater are the initials one name of magistrate; on staters nos. 1197 Symedes of Paros represents identically the god of Epidaurus placing his hand on the head of a snake which stands on its windings 7. The only difference is that Asclepius, at Epidaurus, is bearded, while that here, Zacynthos is beardless like the As- young clepios from the coins of Cierion, in Thessaly f; see also the nymph of staters of Priansos, in Crete. and 1198, we only have the letter Æ which cannot be the initial of the same magistrate. The parts are different in style and not contemporary. 6. Numism. Zeil., 1884, p. 263; Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 92, no. 43, pl. I, 18. 1. See above, at Epidaurus, p. 481. 8. Compare the type of the didrachm of Cierion (today. at Cab. of Paris) of the anc. coll. Photiades Pasha,

7183 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 184 4. — Coins minted from 394 to 357 BC. AD The year 394 is that of the battle of Cnidus won by Conon and Pharnabaze on the Lacedaemonians. We know that at following this great victory, the Athenians tried to reconstitute their empire that the disasters of the end of the Pelowar ponnese had dissolved. They set out to head of a new League to which rent a large number of maritime towns of Asia Minor as well as the cities of Oc- cident, the number of which, if we consider relates to monetary types, included Zacynthe, and even in Italy, Crolone Bruttium Locri ‘. All these cities minted coins with the lype of Heracles child strangling snakes: this was the political symbol of the alliance. However, as at this time we meet this guy to Zacynthe and that we know the loyalty which the Zacynthians always showed proof with regard to Athens, it is permissible to believe, even in the absence of any witness literary age, which in 394 Zacynthus took up pressed to join the new league: tel is the meaning of the stater below. 1203. — Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck. B. TAKYNOION. Heracles as a naked child, kneeling to the right, Lenant by the neck a snake coiled in front of him, while another snake placed to the left, erected on its folds, prepares to attack it. ZR 2%; stal. egin., 11 gr. 61 (L) PL CCXXXVI, fig. say: The Athenian league to which this stater reattached did not last two years; also, the currencies to the type of Heracles child strangling snakes, are they rare in all the workshops that struck them. Zacynthe nevertheless remained, subsequently, the ally of Athens. In 374, the atheist general nien Timothy came to Zacynthus where he established a naval station *. 1204. — Laureate tel of Apollo, right. As a counternote, a bucrane. B. TAKYNOION. Tripod; in the field on the left, AFE (initials of a name magistrate). ÆR 24%; stat. egin., 11 gr. 30 (L) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 9 Catal. of sale, pl. No. 51. On representations of young Asclepius, see: W. Wroth, in Journ. of Hellen. Sludies, t. IV, 1883, p. 46; Etienne Michon, in the Monuments Pivt, 2% tax. of 1896, p. 59. 1. We told monetary history of this league, in our Descr. hist., t. He, p. 985, 1095, 1018, 1073, 1099, 1365, 1418 and above, in this volume, p. 241. 2, Waddington, Rev. num., 1863, p. 223 to 235, pl. XI, 1; Percy Gardner, Numism. Chrono., 1885, p. 9.p.1, pl. 1, 19; Brit. Mus. Cal., p. 96, no. 22, pl. XIX, 16. 3. Xenophon, Hellen., VI, 2,2; Diod. Sic., XV, 4. 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chr., 1885, p. 94, no. 2, pl. 1.20; Brit. Mus. Cal., p. 96, no. 23, pl. XIX, 17. “ is dice u {

785 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 786 1205. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. B-. AI. Tripod; in the field on the left, ATE. /R 16; drachma zacynth., 3 gr. 36 (Ath) PI. COXXX VI, fig. 10:. 1206. — Head of Apollo surrounded by a headband, right; under the neck, A. Bt. TA. Tripod. ZR 1%; triobole zac., 1 gr. 72 (Ath) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 11. 1207. — Laureate head of Apollo right; in front, a torch (ja PL: LA: Tripod. All in a laurel wreath. ÆR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 20 (Milan) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 12 ?. 1208. — Head of Apollo, surrounded by a headband, right. Bz. same as the previous one. Æ19; drachma zac., 3 gr. 85 (L) PL. CCXXXVI, fig. 18 *;: — others, 3 gr. 69; 3 gr. 45 (A(h). 1208%. — Variety, with the laureate head of Apollo (L) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 14’. _The style of the head of Apollo, on the coins rains. The same head also appears on the previous, is of remarkable finesse Palé coins of Cephallenia. and recalls the coins of contemporary Elis- 1209. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BR. TAK. Aulel topped with a triangular stove. Laurel wreath. Æ12; obole zac., 0 gr. 57 (L) P1. CCXXXVI, fig. 15;. 1210.— Lyre. BL. AI or AI-KY. Tripod. Æ 17;(P) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 16°. 1211.— Same description (with AI). Æ 15; (L) PI. CCXXXVI, fig. 17. 1. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 94, no. 3. >. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 95, no. 9, 2. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 95, n°5, pl. I, 4; Bril. Mus. Cal. Pelop., p. 96, no. 98, I, 21. DJ EXIXS 2 0À ; rs : 3. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono. 1885, p. 95, no. 6, 6. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1885, p. 95, 11, 1; Bril. Mus. Cat, p. 96, no. 24, pl. XIX, 18. No. 10; Brie. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 91, nos. 29 to 32, #Num. Chron., 1885, p. 95, nos. 7 and 8, pl. II, 2 pl. XIX, 21 and 22. 3; Brit. Mus. Cat., nos 26 and 27, pl. XIX, 19 Volume 1V. 50

THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 788 5. — Coins struck in 357 BC. AD (Dion of Syracuse). The year 357 is an important date in the story of Zacynthus. A turbulent exile, the famous Dion of Syracuse made Pile, At that time, the headquarters of the expedition dition that he projected in Sicily against his father rent, the tyrant Dionysius the Younger!. Dion wanted put his army under the protection of god of the island, Apollo: August 9, 357, before 1212. — Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck. BR. IA and AINNOZ. Tripod. ÆR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 25 (Luynes) PL. CCXXXVI, fig. 18; — others e.g. ll sr 29311) 408" 914)" 1213. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Æ. I occupying the entire field; in legend TA et Al. Æ14; (L) PI CCXXXVII, fig. 19:. 1214. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. B. TA and AI. Tripod. All in a laurel wreath. Æ14; (L) PL COXXXVI, fig. 20:. 1215. — Lyra. &. AI and AI. Tripod. Æ17; (P) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 21°. 6. — Coins minted from approximately 356 to 300. After Dion's departure, the island of Zacynthus continued to mint his coins to the guys Apollonians, with the names of the magistrates 1. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 95-96; cf. Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. of Antiquity, t. 11, Athens, p. 354. 2. Plutarch, Dion, XXII. 3. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1883, p. 96, no. 1, pl. 1.7; Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 97, n° 33, DIS AIX 023 to go to sea, he celebrated sacrifices and games in honor of this god?. The coins intended for the pay of his troops are to types of Apollo Zacynthian; they bear both the name of Zacynthe | and that of Dion who, thus, appears have | held the supreme office on the island during his stay. politicians who were at the head of government development of the city. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. 11, p. 141, no. 6. 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 96, no. 3, pl. IT, 8; Brit. M. Cal., p.97, nos. 34 and 35, pl. XIX, 24. 5. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1885, p. 96, n°2, pl. I, 9; Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 91, no. 36, pl. XIX, 25. 6. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 97, no. 4.

789 ’É 1 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 790 1216. — Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck. BR. AI. Tripod and a variable name of magistrate. | ÆR 2%; stat. egin., 11 gr. approximately. Varieties, with the following names: ANAZIP., 11 gr. 22 (Ath); — other ex., 9 gr. 70 (L) PI. CCXXXVI, fig. 22!. — AIONY5OANPOY (2) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 23 ?. 1217. — Same laureate head of Apollo, right. BR. AI. Tripod and-a magistrate's name. ZR 14; drachma zacynth., 3 gr. 65. Varieties, with the following names: ZTPA and crescent (P) PI. CCXXXVII, fig. 1; — others, 3 gr. 22 (Ath); 3 5r. 68 (H):. 1218. — Same laureate head of Apollo, right. BL. AI. Tripod. 2R 12; trihemiob. zac., 0 gr. 78 (L) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 2:. 1219. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Bz. YOUR. el tripod ÆR 12; trihemiob. zac., 0 gr. 77(L) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 3°; —(or. 82 (Ath). / 1220. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BL. TA. Tripod. ÆR 9; hemiobolus zac., 0 gr. 30 (A4A)°. 1221. — Amphora, the handles decorated with laurel branches. BL. TA. Tripod. 2R 15; triobole zac., 1 gr. 72 (Munich) ‘. 1222. — Amphora, the handles decorated with laurel branches. BL. AI. Tripod. All in a crown. ZR 18; drachma zac., 3 gr. 74 (Ath) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 4°, 1223. — MA. Amphora, the handles decorated with laurel branches. BL. AI (retrogr.). Tripod. All in a crown. Æ18; drachma zac., 3 gr. 72(V)°. / 1. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 97, No. 5; Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 97, no. 37, pl. XX, 1. 2. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 97, no. 6. 3. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 97, no. 7, From It, 11; Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 91, no. 38, pl. XX, 2; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. I, p. 141, no. 7. 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 97, no. 8, Pl. 11, 12; Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 98, no. 39. 5. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 97, no. 10, pl. 11, 13; Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 98, no. 40, pl. XX, 3. 6. Percy Gardner, Num, Chron., 1885, p. 97, no. 9. 1. Gardner, N. Chr., 1885, p. 97, no. 41, pl. II, 44. 8. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 97, no. 12. 9. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 98, no. 14. This coin was considered a currency of alliance between Zacynthus and Palé of Cephallenia; but the letters PA are rather the initials of a magistrate: Ilatwvios, Tahxiuowv, Txhamdns, etc.

191 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE —- CRANION 192 1224. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BR. AI or AI. Tripod. All in a laurel wreath. Æ 17 to 20; (P) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 5and6!. 1225. — Varieties, with initials of magistrates on the reverse: KY:; OE; ®A. Æ18; (L) PL CCXXXVI, fig. 7”. 1226. — Variety, without legend (P) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 8. 1227. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Be. T and TA. Æ13; (L) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 9°. This coinage continues for the most large part of the mm° century, period when also appear coins of silver and bronze in the type of the protome of Pegasus, imitated from the Corinthian types. $III. — Cranion or Crane (from Cephallenia). For coins from the archaic period, see our Descr. hist, LT, p. 907 to 910 and pl. XXXIX, fig. 18 to 25. The coins of the archaic period de- written in our volume 1°", begin around the year 500 and their coinage continues until until quite late in the 5th century. These parts are at the Lypes of the head of the nymph Procris and the ram. To this series, the following obol is attached which is anepigraph: 1228. — Ram's foot, right. BL. Quadripartite hollow square. Æ12; obole, (Pozzi) PI. CCXXX VII, fig. 13. Coins minted in the 15th century BC. AD The coins of the first series are separated by a long interval from those the description of which follows. Cranion was, like so many other cities, deprived of the right to mint money all the time it is 1.Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 98, no. 15, pl. 11.16; Brit. Mus. Cat., p.98, nos. 42 to 46, pl. XX, 4. 2. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 98, our AGreti plu, 115 Bril Mys Out p-098/nosraiet died under Athenian hegemony. After the fall of Athens in 404, perhaps even only in the 15th century, she reopened her workshop link and issued the following series cut into the Cephallenian system (above, p. 773). 48, pl. XX, ©. 3. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1885, p. 98, no. 18; Brit. Mus. Cal., p. 98, no. 49, pl. XX, 6.

193 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — CRANION 794 1229. — KPANIQN. Head of the nymph Procris, left, hair raised xed and held in place with strips; behind, a stork on the right. BL. KEDA. Head of Cephalus as a young hunter, right, wearing a pilos conical; in front, a spearhead; behind, the head of the dog Lælaps. Æ1%; diobolus, 1 gr. 91 (L) PI. CCXXXVII, fig. 14: — 2 gr. 05 (B) ‘. 1230. — K. Ram head, right. BR. KPA. Ram's foot, right. Concave field. 2R 10; obole, O0 gr. 79 (P) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 15; — other ex. (Pozzi) PI. CCXXX VII, fig. 16; — 0 gr. 86(L); 1 gr. 05 (H)?. 1231. — Head of a Gorgon, front view. B.KPA. Three Ts arranged in a star shape. ZR10; trilartemorion, 0 gr. 66 (L) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 17:. 1232. — K. Ram's head, right. Be. KPA around the letter H (äutw66k10v); on the left, ivy leaf. ZR10; hemiobolus, 0 gr. 51 (L) PL. CCXXXVILI, fig. 18’. 1233. — Ram standing left. BL. Arc in a hollow square. Æ17; (P) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 19:. 1234. — Ram standing right. Bi Arc. Æ 15: (P) PI. CCXXX VII, fig. 20'. 1235. — Same description. Æ12; (L)”. 1236. — Attic helmet with paragnathids, right. BL. K, in a square of lines. Æ13; (P) PI CCXXXVIL, fig. 21'; — (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 22. 1237. — Same helmet, on the left. B. K, in a garnet. Æ15; (L) PL COXXX VII, fig. 23°. 1: Bril. Mus. Cat., p. 85, no. 7, pl. XVII, 13; Im- SPA MUSS PElOD NDS LOG SDIENNIETE oof-Blumer, Nymphen und Chariten, in the Journ. 4. Brit. Mus., p. 18. No. 17, pl. XVI, 18. to. of arch. numism., t. XI, 1908, p. 90, no. 270, DABriLMUS., p.18, n°018, pl XMI/MI9 1. VI, 32. Mr. Imhoof, by ensuring reading CBru MTS po nc MOER 21 IV 0 PANIQN to the right of this piece, determined the Brit Mus p.19 n022%%e023 pl XV Mus., n°5 24, pl. XVI, 22. good homeland; it was previously classified as Palé. 8. Br. Mus., n° 28, pl. XVI, 23. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Peloponn., p.18, n° 15, pl. XVI, CENTER ; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t, I, p. 137, no. 5.

195 1238. — Ram's head, left. BL. KPA. Ram's foot, right. Æ12; (L) PL COXXXVII, fig. 24! 1239. — Ram standing, left. &-. K above the crossbar of an H. Æ18; (P) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 25. 1240. — Bucrane from the front. B. The letter K occupying the entire field. Æ17; (Pozzi) PL. CCXXX VII, fig. 26, — other (L, H) ° 1241. — Bucrane from the front. BL. The letter H occupying the entire field. : (Pozzi) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 27; — other (L)”. 1242. — Bucrane facing. &. Big K, and above it, the letter H. Æ17; (AH) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 28°. Æ14 The types of Cranion coins are ex- argue by the legend that we have recalled *. Cephalus, the eponymous hero of the island of Cephallenia, was son of Hermes; the ram was dedicated to him, as to his father. Cephalus, the most skillful of hunters, had married Procris, daughter of the king of Athens Erech- thee, who gave him the dog Lælaps as a gift. $IV. — Palé (from Cephallenia). The city of Palé {IxAn) was located, as Cranion and in front of it, at the bottom from a deep indentation of the western coast dental of the island of Cephallenia. She seems 1.— Coin minted around 470 BC. AD 1243. — 1, Aries standing, left. BL. Pine cone between two branches, diagonally in a hollow square: ZR 13; triobole, 2 gr. 50 (L) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 29°. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., pl. XVI, 25. 2. Brit. Mus.,pl. XVI1,4, Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t SD ASS n0S 3. Brit. Mus., pl. XVII, 5. THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — PALÉ 196 This myth which created a kinship link between Athens and Cephallenia was exploited for tighten the political alliance of the Athenians with the inhabitants of the island; Gor's head gone (no. 1231) undoubtedly refers to Athena. As for the bucräne, it is obviously lies, for Cranion, a talking guy. having Baltu currency before the middle of the 5th century, if the following piece is well attri= fogging. . Macdonald, t. 11, p. 138, no. 7, pl. XXX VII, 10 OF NDESGrS IS SALE Ip eve 6. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 84, no. 1, pl. XVII, 9

This piece which bears the initial P (retro- rade) has types that are suitable for Cé- Dhallénie: the ram that we find at ranion and Samé, and the pine cone that iOuS will see on coins of Pronni 2 which recalls the immense pine forests which covered part of Cephallenia. THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — PALÉ 198 However, its style and manufacturing appear rents to those of the coins of Psophis in Arcadia!, could have it attributed to a city in Arcadia like Pallation or Parrrhasia. This room is isolated in Palé and almost a century removed from the series that follow, 2. — Coins minted from 400 to 375 BC. AD After the dissolution of the maritime empire Athens, consequence of the war of eloponnese, Palé resumed its autonomy under Lacedaemonian protection and struck the currencies that we are going to describe (see the Cephallenian system, p. 773). 1244. — PA. Juvenile head of Cephalus, right. B. KEDAAOZ. Cephalus as a young hunter, seated on the right on a covered rock rt of a drapery; with his left hand he holds his hunting spear supported between his shoulder and with his right hand he leans on the rock. ÆR 17; tetrobole, 3 gr. 71 (Luynes) P1. COXXXVII, fig. 30; — others, Br. 69.3 gr. 71 (L) ?. 1245. — Juvenile head of Cephalus, left. BL. KEDAAOZ. Cephalus seated right, on a rock, both hands on on his knees, holding his hunting spear horizontally in his left hand. ZR15; tetrobole, 3 gr. 72 (L) PL. CCXXXVII, fig. 31:. 1246. — ​​Juvenile head of Cephalus, right, curly hair. BR. KEDAAOZS. Cephalus sitting right on a rock, supporting himself with his hand rest on his spear which he holds straight, and with his right hand on the rock. AR 12; diobolus, 1 gr. gr. 02 (L) *. 3. When in the spring of 375, the general A Henian Timothy presented himself, with a L. Compare our pl. XXXVIL, fig. 29 (Descr. se., t. 1, p. 874, no. 1245). 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 84, no. 2 and 3, 80 (Luynes) P1 CCXXX VII, fig. 82; — other, Coins minted from approximately 375 to 300. fleet of 50 ships, to bring into the Athenian alliance those of the maritime cities- Di XVI #40: 3. Brit. Mus., Cal., p. 8%, n° 4, pl. XVII, 11. 4. Brit. Mus., Cal., p. 84, nos. 5 and 6, pl. XVII, 12.

THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — PALÉ 800 199 times that the Lacedaemonian influence in had moved away, Palé was the first to proclaim the Athenians; his example led all the island of Cephallenia and until Corcyreans’. Its currency does not suffer the repercussions of this change politics, as we see from the series below after. The two copies of n° 1257 which are overstruck on letroboles of Philip of Macedonia, constitute a pre- cicux synchronism. 1247. — N—A. Head of the nymph Procris, with a crown of reeds, left; earrings and necklace?. BL. KEDAAOZ. Cephalus seated left on rock, holding hands right his hunting spear resting on his shoulder and leaning on the left on the rock. | ZÆ 17; tetrobole, 3 gr. 50 (Luynes) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 33; — other ex., 3 gr. 56 to 3 gr. 24(L)*. ‘1248. — Variele, with Cephalus sitting right; 3 gr. 60 (Poza) PI. CCXXXVII, fig. 34: — other (L)*. 1249. — Variety, the head of Procris to the right and Cephalus also turned to the right. Æ17; letrob., 3 gr. 60 (P) PL CCXXXVII, fig. 35. 1250. — P—A. Head of Procris crowned with reeds, right. BL. KEDA. Cephalus sitting right on the rock, supporting himself with his hand left on its vertical spear, and left on the rock. Æ12; trihemiobolus, 1 gr. 39 (L) PL CCXXX VIII, fig. 1:. 1251. — Same right. BL. KEDAAOZ. Cephalus seated, left. ZR 14: diobole, 1 gr. 59 (L) PL COXXXVIIL, fig. 2°. 1252. — N—A. Same head of Procris, on the left. Be. Cephalus seated left, as above. ZR15; diobolus, 1 gr. 74 (P) PI. CCXXXVIIIL, fig. 8. 1253. — Same right. Bt. KE. Cephalus seated left. ÆR 11; (Pozzi) PL CCXXXVIIL, fig. 4. 4. E. Curtius, Jlis£. Greek, t. IV, p. 360. pl. XVII, 1%: cf. Imhoof-Blumer. Journal int, 2. B. Head (Hisl. numer., p. 428) points out of arch. num., t. XI, 1908, p, 90-91, pl. VI, 33. | that this type is inspired by older coins - born from Syracuse, 3. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 84, n° 8 to 10, 4 Brit. Mus. Cat, n°11, pl. -XVIT; 15. 5. Brit. Mus. Cal., p. 85, no. 13, pl. XVIII, 16. 6. Bril. Mus. Cat.,p. 86, nos. 45 to 17, pl. XVII.17

801 CEPHALLENIA — PALÉ 802 125%. — Head of Procris, hair in a sphendoné, right. BL. MY. Dolphin, right. ZR 18; telobolus, 3 gr. 30 (L) PL. CCXXXVIII, fig. 5 1255. — Same right. Be. Three grains of wheat in a star shape and separated by the letters T TT. ZÆR 9; trilarlemorion, 0 gr. 50 (B) PL. CCXXXVIIL, fig. 6 1256. — Helmeted head of Athena, left. . The letter P, in which is a grain of barley, Z 8; larlémorion, 0 gr. 22 {H) PL. CCXXXVIII, fig. 7°. 1257. — Rudder with its handle, between a dolphin and an iron BR. P—A. Ear of barbed wheat. ZR 16; triobole, 2 gr. 25 (Luynes) PL CCXXXVIIL, fig. 8; — others, 2gr.54;2gr. 36(L)°. javelin, 1258. — P—A. Head of Procris, hair raised, right. Be. Cephalus seated on the rock, right or left, as above. Æ16; (P, L) PL CCXXXVIIL, fig. 9°. 1259. — Tele of Procris, right, hair in a sphendoné. B. The letter P, in which is a grain of barley. Æ13; (P) PL CCXXXVIII, fig. 10. 1260. — Same right. A. The monograph. Occupying the entire field. Æ12; (L) PL CCXXXVIII, fig. 11°. 1261. — Head of Athena wearing a triple-crested helmet (re R. MA in a laurel wreath. | Æ20; (Pozzi) PL COXXXVIII, fig. 12. face, 1262. — Dauphin to left. BL. P in which is a grain of barley. Æ18; (D The bronze coinage of Palé continued into the 2nd century. 1. Brit. Mus. Cal., No. 48, pl. XVII, 18. 2. Imhoof-Bl., Num. Chr., 1895, p. 270 et pl. X, 4. 3. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. I, DS) we; E XXXVIII, 12. 4. Brit. Mus., nos. 19 and 20, pl. XVII, 19. These two London copies are over-minted on eteroboles of Philip II, king of Macedonia, — Volume IV. The ear of wheat, on the reverse, is copied on the coins of Metaponto. 5. Others, Brit. Mus., nos. 21 to 23, pl. CCLXI, fig. 20. 6. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., no. 26, pl. XVII, 22. 1. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. IT, p. 139, no. 5. 5

803 CEPHALLENIA — SAME 804 || $ V.— Samé {from Cephallenia). | The city of Samé (Waters; ethnic Exyrxios) was located on the eastern coast of Cephalle- nie, sheltered behind a promontory which look at [thaca and the entrance to the Gulf of Co- rinthe. Samé was the oldest city of the island which itself, originally, was called Samé, like its capital. Homer does not the island of Cephallenia was born only under the name of Samé!, But in historical and nu- mismatic, Samé is only one of the four Cephallenian cities which have a workshop monetary. She has not started to beat 1. — Coins minted from 400 to 375 BC. AD 1263. — Head of Cephalus, left, hair held back by a headband. Bt. ZAMAION. The dog Lælaps, right. ZR 15: tetrobole, 3 gr. 64 (Luynes) PL. CCXXXVIIT, fig. 18; — 4 gr. (L) *?. 1264. — Same right. B. >AMAI. The dog Lælaps, right, lowering his head. ZR 12; diob., 1 gr. 88 (L) PL. CCXXXVIII, fig. 44°; — 1! gr. 72 (H)*°. 1265. — Obol, at the same Lypes”. 9, — Coins minted from 375 to 300 BC. AD We told above that Timo- thee came, in the spring of 376, to settle with the Athenian fleet at Cephallenia including he made the base of his naval operations in the Lonian Sea, on the coasts of Acarnania 1. Victor Bérard, The Phoenicians and the Odyssey, t. IT; p. 411/et seq. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 90, no. 1, pl. XVHT, 9. Ds BRL MUS.- 022 pl XML 0: currency only after the fall of Athens which ends the Peloponnesian War. Its local traditions, such as ancient “ capital of the island, must have had an influence directly on the choice of its monetary types. This is why we see her adopting, everything immediately, the type of the eponymous hero, the hunt- Sister Cephalus, Procris his wife and the dog Lalapse which, for his misfortune, he made present. Later, under the influence of atheism nienne, Samé will also adopt types who allude to his alliance with Athens. and those of the Peloponnese. It’s from this mo- how the coins appear to date who follow and who, for the greatest name- bre, have as their type the head of Athena. 4. Macdonald, {unt. coll., t. He, p. 139, no. 1, pl. XXXVILF, 14. 5. Quoted by B. Ilead, Hist. numer., p. 428 (2nd ed.).

80 co and 0 l 1 2 3 4 5 The coinage of Samé ends, without etour, in the first part of the 1st century. 34 CEPHALLENIA — SAME 806 1266. — Bust of Athena almost full face, slightly inclined to the right, iffed with a triple-crested helmet (rotAogos). Be. ZAMAI. Ram standing, left. ZR 14; triobole, 2 gr. 65; 2 gr. 42 (Jameson, P) PL CCXXXVIII, fig. 16; — other, 2 gr. 52 (L)!. 1267. — Bust of Athena facing, wearing a triple-crested helmet. Laughed. ZAMAIQN. Aries standing, right. 15 Æ16; triobole, 2 gr. 59 (P) PL CCXXXVIIL, fig. 17; — 2 gr. 50 (L)?. 1268. — Head of Procris, crowned with leaves, right. B&. zA. The dog Lælaps, left. Æ12; tritartemorion, 0 gr. 65 (L) PI. CCXXXVIII, fig. 18”. 1269. — Head of Athena facing front, wearing a triple-crested helmet. B. 3AMAION. Aries standing, right. Æ16; (P) PL CCXXXVIII, fig. 19*, 1270. — Head of Athena wearing an Atlantic helmet, on the right or left. B. ZAMAIQN. Aries standing, right. Æ 17 (P) PL CCXXX VIII, fig. 20°. 1271. — Bare tel of Cephalus, right. BL. >AMA... The dog Lælaps stopping, on the right. Æ17; (Pozzi) PL CCXXXVIIT, fig. 24; — other (L)°. 1272. — Head of Cephalus right, hair held back by a light bandage. BL. SAMAION. The dog Lælaps sitting on the right, raising one paw between an arrowhead. Æ17; (Pozzi) PL CCXKXVIII, fig. 22; — others (L, H)". % there can be no chance of confusion MION. 6. Brit. Mus. Cat., pl. XVIII, 18. ant between the currencies of Samé (YAMAION) and those of the Ionian island of Samos (ZA- . Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., n° 1, pl. XVIII, 12. L . Brit. Mus., No. 3, pl. XVIII, 11. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., pl. XVIL, 19; Hunt. coll. t. IE, p.139, n°2; J. Lambros, 'Avayp. [Es h0TÔVYnS0$, . Brit. Mus., n°8, pl. XVIII, 413. . Others. Brit. Mus., pl. XVIII, 14 and 15. . Others, Brit. Mus., pl. XVIII, 17. p. 66. pl. H, 19.

807 $VI. — Pronni (from Cephallenia). Pronni (Howyvot), on the eastern coast of Cephallenia, south of Samé, was located the mouth of a torrent which descends from Mount Ainos. This mountain which dominated the city, was crowned by the sanctuary of Zeus Aivs1:0e, hence the type of this division nity on currencies. The slopes of the mountain Ainos was covered with a pine forest dedicated to the god, and the plain which extends dated around Pronni, was parlicu- 1273. — Juvenile head of Cephalus, left. Bt. FPONNON. Club. ZR15; triobole, 2 gr. 55 (P) PL CCXXXVIIL, fig. 28; — 2 gr. 36 (L) ‘4 1274. — Head of Procris, left, hair curled. B. The monograph. MP, in which is a grain of barley. ÆR 12; trihemiobolus, 1 gr. 17 (L) PI. CCXXXVIIL, fig. 24 1275. — The Po monogram occupying the entire field. Laughed. FPAN—NO. Club. Æ19; (L) PI. CCXXX VIII, fig. 25’. 1276. — Laureate and bearded head of Zeus Ainesios, right. Be. The MP monogram in which is a pine cone. Æ20; (L) PL CCXXXVIII, fig. 26:. 1277. — Same head of Zeus Ainesios, left. Be. P—P; between the letters, a pine cone on its stem. Æ17; (L) PL CCXX XVIII, fig. 27:. There are no other Pronni currencies. This city seems have, like Same, 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 89, no. 1, pl. XVIII, 4. 2, BU MUS. Do SDL XVII 3. Brit. Mus., n° 4, pl. XVIII, 6. CEPHALLENIA —— PRONNI 808 seriously renowned for its fertility in cereals: this is what reminds us less types of pine cone and grain barley. Furthermore, as in the three other cities of Cephallenia, the legend of Cephalus and Procris, who was partly particular honor among the Pronnians, has given them provided the other types of their currencies. Pronni has started to open his workshop that around 370 BC. AD closed his workshop around the beginning of the 19th century Br MUsS. no; pl DDASS MDI NV IETIENS:

809 ITHACA 810 $S VIT. — Ithaca. The small island of [thaca (today Thea- ki) which runs along the coast of Cephallenia to the north east, 13 miles in length, from north to south, with a maximum width of 4 miles. It is divided into two rising peninsulas. approximately equal gnuses, by the Gulf of Molo, on its eastern coast. It's at the bottom of this gulf where the capital of the island is located, Port Vathi; in antiquity this port must have be frequented like nowadays. It's there that were struck, towards the end of the 4th century key, the bronzes of which we are going to describe only the first samples. This poor and mediocre coinage which, by his types, recalls the memory of Ulysses, continues for most of the tif century?, 1278. — Bearded head of Ulysses, wearing a pilos, right. 1. Victor Bérard, The Phoenicians and the Odyssey, t II, p. 454 et seq. 2. We do not have to examine the problem here, so controversial these days, which consists of looking for expensive if Ithaca which mints coins in the 15th century B. Lightning in an olive wreath. Æ16; (Pozzi) PI. CCXXXVIII, fig. 28. 1279. — Head of Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet, left or right. BR. IOA. Bearded head of Ulysses wearing a pilos, left or right. Æ20; (P)PI. CCXXXVIII, fig. 29 and 30. keys, recalling the memory of Ulysses, is good Homeric Ithaca. See on this point, in addition to the ou- vrage of Mr. Victor Bérard, the memoir of Dôrpfeld, in the Mixtures Perrot (1902) and A. E. II. Goe- koop, Ithaca the Great (Athens, 1908, small in-4°).

CHAPTER XIV THE CYCLADES $ I. — General overview. The Aegean Islands (Cyclades and Sporades) which minted currency in the pre- prior to the invasions of the Persians, are An- dros, Ceos (in the towns of Carthea, Julis and Coresia), Tenos, Delos, Melos, Paros, Naxos, Siphnos, Seriphos and Thera. In this period primitive, these islands had sometimes an abundant coinage, large pieces of a beautiful archaic style, notably lies Naxos; this cash is related with the economic prosperity of the islands and the artistic flowering which developed there *. But the events of 490 and 480 ruined this prosperity. For a few one of these islands, like Naxos, were the Persians who reduced them to necessity to close their monetary workshop; for the Most of them were the Atheists. niens, when they included them, willingly or by force, in the Attico-Délian League. . Became members of this League, almost 4. Description hist.,t. 1, p. 1314. 2, See above the Introduction general of all the Cyclades were forced to pay to the Athenians an annual tribute; like naked benefit for their trade with the outside world and to pay this federal contribution, they had to make exclusive use of Athenian owls that became currency international of the Confederation?. Their traditional autonomous coinage was sup- awarded or restricted to the issuance of small divisions of the drachma or coins bronze essential for daily needs say residents. There are no exceptions, that for the islands of Dorian origin, Ana- phe, Thera, especially Melos who, supported by Lacedaemon, refused to enter the Altico-Delian League. Thus, during most of the 5th century, Athens imposed its tetradrachms to the owl on all the islands; at the same time, she had nothing more at heart than of maintain sound hegemony on them. present volume; cf, E. Babelon, Rev. numism., 1913, p. 457 et seq.,

13 syclades and force them to pay tribute federal. We will simply recall here that it was at Siphnos that one of the exles of the Athenian decree by which, in at last part of the Peloponnesian War nesis, was renewed in maritime towns rate islands which were under domination Mines, the ban on striking silver currency. This prescription prohibits bitive imposed at the same time, as corollary, Alhenian cash everywhere where the Athenian thalassocracy had succeeded to be recognized and to maintain oneself *. they are the reasons why numismatic series from the Aegean Islands, 5th century, are extremely poor and contrast, in this respect, with those e the period before 490 or 480. The situation of the Cyclades did not change uafter the humiliation and fall of Athens, the end of the Peloponnesian War. The most of them, encouraged by victorious acedaemonians, resumed with their political autonomy, the strike of their traditional species. For some, this ut immediately after the fall of Althe- es; for others, it was thanks to successive political events during the 15th century. The three cities of the island of Ceos, Carthea, ulis and Corésia which had minted currency before the invasion of Xerxes in 480, did not they reopened their workshop after departure Are you Persian? Athens lint always years his hand. It was only under the 1. See for development, the Introduction general description of this volume. 2, See the currencies of the cities of Ceos ante- ieres to 480, in our Descr. hist., t.1, p.1218 1295, pl. LX, fig. 5 to 29; pl. LXI, fig. 1 to 12. THE CYCLADES 814 Diadochi, successors of Alexander, that each of these cities began to broadcast again autonomous currencies. It is the same with Seriphos of whom we we gave the archaic broadcasts to the type of frog’. Andros remains without currency since 480 until the beginning of the 15th century. Likewise, Delos, Naxos, Siphnos, Thera don't reopen their workshop that after the fall of Athens, in 404%, if not later again. Ténos and Paros do not even resume their emissions only in the middle of the 15th century. Only Melos, we said, owed to her resistance tance to Athenian hegemony for having a very particular monetary situation until than to its ruin in #16. It is therefore, according to what we have just to expose, almost exclusively at 15th century that the currencies are concentrated that we let's describe. The Cyclades, emancipated by the Lacedaemonians during the fall of Athens, later saw their autonomy respected even by Atheists ours, when these, victorious in the waters of Cnidus in 394, tried to re- take the empire of the sea. We know that this first attempt had only one success ephemeral? It was at this time, apparently he, or following the Treaty of Antalcidas, in 387, that Mykonos which, until then, had not no workshop yet, start to beat currency. A second time, following the blow hand of Spartan Sphodridas against Athens, in 378, the Athenians understood the need to make the greatest efforts 1. Description hist. t. 1, p. 1303, nos. 1937 to 1938 &r, pl. LXI, fig. 21 to 94. 9, See our Descr. hisl.,t. II, p. 986.

815 to restore their maritime hegemony. They had to make great financial sacrifices and self-esteem: we were no longer in the time of Pericles. Iphicrates, Chabrias, Timothy, relying on the Theban alliance, The Aegean Islands and the Maritime States files to shake off the odious yoke of Lacédé- mone and to return to the alliance with Athens. Everywhere, there was no access to this position only because of the guarantees that the Athenians spontaneously fried, to relax pect autonomy of each State, the monetary rights of cities, freedom of contributions for the maintenance of a fleet federal. The new League was thus formed as soon as 318; the following year, almost joined all the Cyclades, and number of towns maritime routes from Byzantium and Thebes, up to that at Chios, Lesbos, Clazomene, Cephalleus- nie, Acarnania, Corcyra!. She was devoted created in some way, by the great vic- naval victory won, September 9, 376, in the waters of Naxos, by Chabrias on the Lacedaemonian fleet? _ Peace between Athens and Sparta was con- clue in 374. The events had therefore been favorable to the Cyclades. However, we can doubt that Athens spoke for a long time faithful to its commitments, because misunderstandings temptations significant burst soon against her. When in 363, the Theban fleet, who had just set sail for the first time time, presented itself in the Cyclades despite the opposition of Athens, all the adversaries of the Athenian party, believed in deliverance 1. Curtius, Hist, Greek, t. IV, p. 356; cf. Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. of antiquity, t. 11, Athens, p. 302. 2. Curtius, loc. cit., p. 358. | THE CYCLADES 816 and welcomed Epaminondas enthusiastically siasmus’. Rhodes, Chios, Byzantium relaxes. Chernt of Athens and the Cyclades followed the movement by rallying to the Thebans?. In Ceos, the anti-Athenian effervescence was energetically repressed by Chabrias which kept the island in close dependence of Athens? The other islands became afraid and hegemony Athenian asserted himself more rigorous than before until 357; to that date, which is that of the explosion of the Social war and the beginning of the struggle between Athens and Philip, several from the Cyclades, notably Paros, broke away from Athens to rally to the king of Macedonia {. The numismatic suite of Paros resumes this date. Other islands, however, remained hands of the Athenians who held garrison in Andros and from there monitored all movements. Victorious at Chaeronea in 338, " Philippe said the heir to politics of Athens vis-à-vis the Cyclades. After Alexander, during the coalition of Seleucus, of Ptolemy and Cassandra against Antigone, in 315 BC. AD, admiral Alhenian Timochares occupied the Cyclades, in the name of the allies, by making the island of Cythnos its headquarters *. Seven years later, in the spring of 308, Ptolemy 1°" Soter definitively got rid of lys the Cyclades from the yoke of the Macedonians and the Athenians. Immediately, under his protection tion, the island confederation was formed 1. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. IV, p. 463 et seq. 2. Diode. of Sicily, XV, 79. 3.UL. Kohler, in the Miltheilungen of the Institute. arch., Athen. Abtheil., &. 11, p. 112 and 150. 4. E. Curtius, Hist. Greekq.,t. V, p. 106 and am. * 5. A. Bouché-Leclercq, His!. of the Lagides, t. I, *p. 352. |

817 (æouwôv roy Nrstwzwy) who was to give a renewed prosperity and splendor to all islands of the Aegean Sea. The religious capital of the new Confederation was Delos: Ptolemy fit to that occasion gift of a superb vase, at the sanctum of Artemis !. It was a new era for the Cyclades oneal; not only all the islands who had previously struck reopened entered their workshops and emitted in abundance silver and bronze coins, but RTE We have told how ends the onnayage of Andros, when after Sala- ine, in 480, the Athenians took over ur the island which, moreover, had made herself odious or having favored the projects of Xerxes. hemistocle wanted to impose a heavy fine ux Andrians. These having tried to resist, the island was blockaded, the capital besieged taken by storm? Andros' fate of- will then have been attached to that of Athens; The island was governed by archons named és by the Athenians; clergymen Thenians were installed there as pro- landowners. In Aristide's taxation of contributions annual payments imposed on tribulars e the Attico-Delian league, Andros was priced 1. Th. Homolle, Bull. corr. hell., t. VI, 1882, 29; Archive of sacred stewardship, p. 40; . Bouché-Leclercq, Hist. of the Lagides, 1. 1, p. 63-64. 2. Herodotus, VIII, 411, 121; cf. E. Curtius, Hist. recq., t. 11, p. 347. 3. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. II, p.481. Volume IV. THE CYCLADES —- ANDROS 818 a large number of the Cyclades which, until there, had never had a workshop, benefited rights of currency and other freedoms granted to them by the kings of Egypt. Of this number, are: Amor- gos {with its three towns of Ægialé, Arcésiné el Minoa;, Anaphé, Cimolos, Cythnos, Gya- ros, [os, Pholegandros, Sicinos, Syros. This resurgent or new coinage is out of the scope of this volume. —Andros. For coins from the period before 480, see our Descr. hist. CI, p. 1275 to 4278 et pl. LX, fig. At 4. at 12, then at 15 lLalents. The hegemony of Athe- nes on Andros lasted until 408; the island then welcomed the Lacedaemonians. It was in vain that Alcibiades came with the fleet Athenian blockade of the port of Andros: it does not was able to seize it *. After the victory from Conon to Cnidus, in 394, had finally restored the fortune of Athens, Andros returned under the hegemony of the capital of Attica #. CononetPharnabaze having proclaimed the emanation cipation of the Aegean Islands, Andros reopened his monetary workshop * and struck, at his an- this type of Dionysus, the currencies which follow 5. We know that the freedom of Cyclades was once again recognized as established in a lasting manner by the treaty negotiated by Antalcidas in 387. LUC T AE, 1162; cf. -Xenoph,, Hellen., IV, 3; 11; Diod. Sic., XIV, 83, 84. 5. Journal inlern. of archaeol. numism., t. 1, 1898, p. 341. 6. On the type of Dionysus Pogon in Andros, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1278. 52

S19 THE CYCLADES — ANDROS 820 “ SECOND PERIOD. — From 393 to 376 BC. AD 1280. — Tela of Dionysus Pogon crowned with ivy, left. BL. A—W—A. Dionysian kantharos, from the handles of which are suspended ivy leaves. Æ10; egin. obol, 1 gr. 10 (B) PI. CCXXXIX, fig. 1:. 1281. — Head of Dionysus Pogon crowned with ivy, right. Bz. A—N—A—P—I, Dionysian Cantharus; above, a bunch of grapes. Æ18; (Cambanis) PL COXXXIX, fig. 2°. 1282.— Variety, without symbol (P) Pl. CCXXXIX, fig. 8; — others (L, B, Ath). 1283. — Same head of Dionysus Pogon. RL. A—N—A—P—I. Canthare with a long foot and two large handles. Æ18; (L, B) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 4°. 1284. — Variety; on the right, the letter © behind the head of Dionysus Pogon. Æ18; (H, Ath) PL COXXXIX, fig. 5 and 6:. 1285. — Same head of Dionysus Pogon; sometimes behind, the letter H. B, A—N. Canthare with very high foot. Æ16; (B, Cambanis) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 7:. 1286. — Same head of Dionysus Pogon. BL. YEAR. Amphora with two handles. Æ12; (L, B) PI. CCXXXIX, fig. 8*. 1287. — Same description. Æ9; (B) PI COCXXXIX, fig. 9:. 1288. — Same head of Dionysus Pogon. Bt. ANAP Tripod. Æ12; (P, B, L) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 10°. 4. Paschalis, Journ. int. of arch. numism., 1818, coll., t. He, p. 295, no. 2. t: Ep 910 n°7, ph il, 1. 5. Paschalis, nos. 13 and 14, pl. IF, 14,15, 48, 19. 2. Paschalis, n° 8, pl. I, 2. 6. Paschalis, n° 15, pl. IT, 7, 8, 11, 16. 5. Paschalis, n° 11, pl. 1F, 12 and 13. 1. Paschalis, n° 16, pl. IT, 17. 4. Paschalis, n° 12, pl. IF, 10; Macdonald, Hunt. 8. Paschalis, n° 17, pl. 1F, 21, 27, 28.

821 1289. — Same description. THE CYCLADES — ANDROS Æ 10 to 8; (B, L) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 111. 1290. — Same head of Dionysus Pogon. BL. ANAP. Bunch of grapes. Æ8; (B, Cop) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 12°. THIRD PERIOD. — From 376 to 363 BC. AD We saw above how the Athenians, from 378 to 376, restored their hegemony on the Cyclades. Despite their victory in the waters of Naxos, they did not obtain the membership of the Islanders in their new league only by guaranteeing them their autonomy political mie and their monetary rights. jump on a thyrsus. behind, the letter D. It is by virtue of this state of affairs and for celebrate the victory of Chabrias at Naxos, that the island of Andros inaugurated the emission of series that follow. They are headed by a rare tetradrachm whose grand style recalls shovel the most beautiful coins of Rhodes, Cnidus, from Miletus, in contemporary times. 1291. — Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck. B.A—N. Young Dionysus, in talar chiton, standing facing forward, looking left, holding a canthare with the outstretched right hand and leaning on the ÆR 26; letradr. Rhodian, 14 gr. 08 — P1. CCXXXIX, fig. 18’. 1292. — Head of Dionysus, hairless and crowned with ivy, on the right; Bz. ANAPION. Panther standing right, raising head. Concave field. ÆR 22; Rhodian tridrachm (?), 8 gr. 92 {low weight) PL. CCXXXIX, fig. 14. 1293. — Same head of beardless Dionysus; behind, the letter ®. R. ANAPION. Panther on the right, as above. Æ17; Rhodian drachma, 3 gr. 60 (P) PI. CCXXXIX, fig. 15; — others D 9 gr. 38(B); 3 gr. 37 (L)°. 129%. — Head of Dionvsos beardless and crowned with ivy, right. 1. Paschalis, n° 18, pl. IT, 23 to 26. 2. Paschalis, n° 19, pl. IF, 20 and 22. 3. Anc. coll. Prince Peter of Saxe-Coburg; . Paschalis, n° 20, pl. 14, 1: 3. A. Blanchet, Rev. numism., 1893, p. 453, pl. X, 1. 4. Coll. Mousouros. Paschalis, n° 21, pl. AI, 2. 5. Paschalis, n° 22, pl. TA, 3, 4, 5.

823 BL. YEAR. Amphora with two handles. Æ 12: diobole, 1 gr. 35 (P) PL COXXXIX, fig. 16. 1295. — Same right. R.A—N. Amphora whose two handles are decorated with a leaf of Hé Æ11; obole (Ath) PI. CCXXXIX, fig. 17” 1296: — 1297. — Same head of Dionysus. B. ANAP. Canthare. Æ12; (P) PL COXXXIX, fig. 19. 1298. — Same head of Dionysus. B. ANAP. Panther standing right, advancing in D the head carrying a thyrsus on the shoulder. Æ12; (P) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 20; — others (B, M) * On some of the pieces which pre- yield (n° 1285, 1293, 1294) we see, in the field of law, the letter that Mr. Not- chalis proposes to consider as the ini- tial of the name of the artist engraver of the corners monetary. This artist, according to this scholar, would not be other than Philistion, whose signature meets in full, DIAIZTION, or abbreviated ŒIAIZ. or simply, on coins, notice worthy of their style, of Térina, Vélia, Thurion, Pandosia, Neapolis. But fine objections may be presented to this interpretation; Philistion seems to have lived in a time before the show of our currencies; we do not see that he has engraved monetary coins outside of southern Italy. The letter maybe 4. Paschalis, n° 23, pl. AI, 6. 2. Communicated by Mr. Svoronos. THE CYCLADES —- ANDROS Head of beardless and crowned Dionysus long hair on the neck. B. ANAPI. Amphora with two handles. Æ17; (B, L) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 18:. 82% ivy, right, the the initial of any other name. Moreover, Andros himself, on others parts of the same series we find (n° 1285) the letter H instead of . Should we therefore also consider this letter as the initial of Heracleidas the engraver of the admirable coins of Catania, at the end of the 5th century? In short, even assuming that in the letters and H he when it comes to the names of engravers, there is no appearance that these letters could be the iniliales of famous Siculo-Italian artists Phihstion and Heracleidus. 1 In 363, the passage of Epaminondas com duisant the fleet theban through the Cyclades, had consequences harmful for their independence. They believed, for the most part, and without gift Andros was one of them, that he was one of them 3. Paschalis, nos. 24 and 25, pl. AI, 7, 8, 9, 10. 4, Paschalis, n° 26, pl. AI, 11.

825 interest in declaring yourself for the Boeotians against Athens. But soon, Epaminon- das, forced to intervene again in Arcadia, abandoned the Islands to vengeance of the Athenians. These, from 363, returned masters of Andros, make it an absolute dependence of their empire. This is how in 357, we found in Andros a #2 altic; in 355, an Athenian vrstasyos there his residence!. The hegemony of Athens over Andros him removed for one half century 0094 WHERE garrison THE CYCLADES — TENOS 826 the exercise of currency rights. After having suffered the yoke of the kings of Macedonia, during the Lamian War, Andros was delivered, then Delos and the others Cyclades, in 308, by Ptolemy Soter?. Under the patronage of the king of Egypt, Andros, like most of the Cyclades, reopened her workshop, She struck chalks which have, in the right, the hairless face of Dionysus crowned with ivy, and on the reverse, the thyrsus decorated with bands, with the legend AN- API(wv)?. $III. — Tenos. For coins from the archaic period, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1295 to 1298 and pl. LXI, fig. 43 to 15. From the invasion of Xerxes in 480, and the establishment of atheistic hegemony nienne on the Cyclades, Tenos closed its monetary workshop for a long time. To what precise time did she reopen it? According to the style el the weight of the pieces we will describe, it seems that this was only after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 av. BC, at the start of the Lamiac War. These coins are of Attic weight and their type of seated Poseidon, on the reverse, recalls by sound attitude Zeus Olympian of Alexandrian tetradrachms. 1299. — Bearded and laureate head of Zeus Ammon, right, with horns of huge and very developed rams. BR. T—H. Poseidon seated on the left, on a throne with backrest, bare bust, legs wrapped in drapery; on his outstretched right hand he holds a dolphin and with his left hand he leans on his trident. ÆR 26; tetr. att., 16 gr. 80 (P) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 21; — 16 gr. 43 (L)*. 1300. — Same head of bearded Zeus Ammon, right. 4. Rangabé, Hellenic Antiquilés, t. 11, p. 68-69, ANGLES 2, Diodorus of Sicily, XX, 37, 1. 3. Paschalis, Journ. int. of arch. num., t. 1, 1898, pl. lA, fig. 12 et seq. 4, Brit. Mus., Cat. Crele and Aegean islands, p. 127, no. 4, pl. XXVIIL, 10.

827 B.T—H. Bunch of grapes with three pendants, on a vine before two leaves. ÆR 15: dr. att., 3 gr. 46, worn (P) PL COXXXIX, fig. 22; — 4 gr. 12 (L) ‘4 1301. — Same head of bearded Zeus Ammon, right. B.T—H. Cluster of grapes with three pendants; from the tail hangs a leaf vine on the right; in the field on the left, a torlu-handled thyrsus. ÆR 16: drachma, 3 gr. 15, worn (P) PL. CCXXXIX, fig. 28; —3 gr. 35 (B)°. 1302. — Same head of bearded and laureate Zeus Ammon, left. Bi. T—H. Palm. ZR 13; triobole, 1 gr. 90 (P) PI. COXXXIX, fig. 24. 1303. — Same head of bearded and laureate Zeus Ammon, right. BL. TH. Bunch of grapes with three pendants. THE CYCLADES — TENOS 828 Æ16; (P, Pozzi) PL. COXXXIX, fig. 25; — other (L)”. 1304. — Same description. Æ14; (P)PI. CCXXXIX, fig. 26. 13035. — Same head of bearded Zeus Ammon, right. Circle around the edge. R.T—H. Bunch of grapes with two tendrils and two leaves. Æ12; (P) PL CCXXXIX, fig. 27 and 28. 1306. — Same head of bearded Zeus Ammon, right. Re. T—H. Trident. Æ16; (L) PL COXXXIX, fig. 29:. The head of Zeus Ammon seems inspired by that of the coins of Cyrene. As for Lype of Poseidon, at Tenos, it is explained by a Slrabon passage : “The island of Tenos, said Strabo, owns, in the town of the same name, which is not great, a temple of Poseidon who is located in a wood, in outside the city. This temple is very large and deserves in every respect to be visited. We notably created large refectories or cenacles (2sruarootx), which is the proof Shelter Musa CGL-Rp 1821/0002 ep IP ECRNIEIENNE 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Chrono., 1895, p. 275 eLIDI EX A0 obvious that the populations of the islands sines come to join the Tenians to celebrate in common the cracks of the Posi- donies” *. These festivals of Poseidon at Tenos were extremely popular among unaware Greeks laires from the Alexandrian and Roman times. People even flocked there from cities in mid-Asia. neure and European Greece, as an ante- laughingly we went to Delos. This temple of Poseidon has become today a 3. Brit. Mus., Cat., p. 1217, no. 6, pl. XXVI, 15. 4. Brit. Mus., Cat., n° 5, pl. XXVIIT, 14. D SADON NX 1; 11;

829 famous church, under the name of Pana- gra Evangelistria. As in antiquity, Tinos is today the big one center religious of Cyclades for the Greeks orthodox, and we celebrate great panegyries, twice a year, in March and in August; pilgrims flock there from all directions islands and all the shores of the Aegean Sea. This popular competition, in the old days ple of Poseidon, Christianized, gives us ‘idea of what happened there in antiquity. The bunch of grapes of the currencies of lenos, at the same time as it recalls the The rocky and infertile island of Mykonos the harbor is well sheltered from the winds and where it is located, like its neighbors Delos and yra, almost in the center of the Cyclades, was he major trading port of the Aegean Sea 27th and 16th centuries! She did not have the even vogue in antiquity. Colonized by one hour by the Athenians, the legend placed the retreat of the Giants defeated by Eracles and the tomb of Ajax the Locrian, they of Oilée?, She only played a very erased; Herodotus and Thucydides do not mention it ion only accidentally® and Ovid him ninflicts the epithet of humilis *: its inhabitants had a reputation for avarice ©; we say- 1. P. Tournefort, Relation of a Journey to the East Paris, 1717), p. 218; V. Bérard, The Phoenicians and ‘Odyssey, t. I, p. 320. 2. Strabo, X, 5, 9; Tzetzes, on Lycophron, 401. 3. Herod., VI, 118; Thucyd., HI, 29. | 4. Ovid, Melam., VII, 463. 5. Athénée, I, p. 1; Suidas, s. vo. 6. Strabo, X, 5, 9; Pliny, Hist. nal., XI, 317, 41. THE CYCLADES — MYcONoS 830 cult of Dionysus and the fertility of the island vineyards, we fail to remember that today again, it is in Tinos that we produce and this is where the famous wine is exported from peeled Malvasia wine. After the formation of Confederation of the Cyclades, under the protectorate of Ptole- mée Î Soter, in 308, the coins of Ténos continue to be struck at the Lypes of Zeus Ammon and Poseidon; but they have the legend THNION and are cut in the Rhodian system with a tetra- initial drachma of 13 gr. 54 approximately. $IV. — Mykonos. also knows that they were going bald from very good time 5. Mr. Svoronos devoted a comprehensive study completes the monetary series of Mykonos which began in the 15th century and continued, with interruptions until Augustus 7. The learned curator of the Athè- cabinet nes wanted to claim for Mykonos a series of anepigraph silver coins, type of the bunch of grapes, which Mr. Imhoof- Blumer had previously been classified as Tenos #. But the latter, resuming the examination men of the question, maintained his attraction bution in Tenos and we got there rallied? 1. J. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XVII, 1893, p. 455 et seq. 8. Imhoof-Blumer, Griech. Münzen, 1890, p. 12, 16 and 24, pl. I, 9 to 13; Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XVII, 1893, p. 476. ; 9. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Chrono., 1895, p.273; cf. above, Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1296.

83 l THE CYCLADES — MYCONOS 832 4. — Coins minted from 387 to 363. The oldest coins of Myco- all Greek cities. There are only our, we seem to begin only bronzes: their types remind us that at the foot after 387, when the trail of Antalcidas on the rocks of the island there were vineyards had decreed autonomy policy for and fields of barley. 1307. — Bearded head of Dionysus crowned with ivy, right. BR. M—Y. Bunch of grapes placed above a lying grain of barley. Æ12; (P) PL CCXL, fig. 4:. 1308. — Bearded head of Dionysus crowned with ivy, right. BR. M—Y—K—O. Bunch of grapes; on the left, a grain of barley. Æ 18: F P1. CCXL, fig. ARS 1309. — Same description. Æ10; (P) PI COXL fig. 3 and 4°. 1310. — Bearded figure of Dionysus crowned with ivy, right. Bi. M—Y—K—O. Bunch of grapes; on the left, a grain of barley. Æ18; (L) PL CCXL, fig. 5 and 6:. 1311. — Same description. Æ15; (1) PL CCXL, fig. 7°. 1312. — Same description. Æ12; (Ath) PL COXL, fig. 8°. 1313. — Same description. ÆS; (P) PL COXL, fig. 9:. 1314. — Head of Poseidon (?), right. B.M—Y. Dolphin on the right. Æ10; (P) PL COXL, fig. 10°. 20, — Coins minted from 363 to 311 BC. 1315. — Head of Dionysus beardless, almost full face, slightly inline at right, abundant and parted hair at the top of the forehead (like Helios), and surrounded by a crown of ivy. 5 Œ D SVOTONOS. #1 MDI. NX 11e0 2 HS VOLONOS HS Di To, 12. . Svoronos, No. 2, pl. X, # and 5. ÿ. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. X, 8. . Svoronos, No. 4, pl. X, 6 and 1. 1. Svoronos, nos. 6 and 10; pl. X,9 and 135. . Svoronos, nos. 7 and 12: pl. 40 and 11 and 14% at 17. . Svoronos, n° 10, pl. X, 3. In (2)

833 THE CYCLADES — DELOS 834 B.M—Y—K—O. Bunch of grapes; on the left, a grain of barley. 2.18; (P} PL COXL, fig. 11:. 1516. — Head of Demeter veiled and crowned with ears of corn, right. BL. MYIKO, in a wreath of ivy, Æ12; (P) PL CCXL, fig. 12 ?. 1317. — Head of beardless Dionysus, crowned with ivy, right. BL. M—Y—K—O. Bunch of grapes; on the left, a grain of barley. Æ 10: (P) PL CCXL, fig. 13*. ._ After the constitution of Confederation of the Cyclades, in 308, Mykonos continued the raps his chalques to the Lypes of the head of Dionysus and the cluster of grapes For coins prior to the Persian invasions, see coated with a grain barley. The legend is MYKO, later MYKONON and more sub- wind MYKONIOQN. N Y. Ke Delos. our Description hist., t. [, p. 1298 to 1305, and pl. LXI, fig. 46 to 20. Delos had a monetary workshop before the invasions Persians. When the fleet of arius, under the command of the sa- rapes Dalis el Artaphernes introduced himself ant the sacred island of Apollo, in 490', the erses, according to the testimony of Herodotus, respect- the temple, the inhabitants recalled who ran away fled, and even searched ar sacrifices to attract goodwill ance of the god. It is therefore possible that the archaic coinage with the edge of the lyre, that we described, extended near Marathon in 490, and even up to- rs the defeat of Xerxes, at Salamis, in 80. But Delos, at the very least, stopped 2 Svoronos, nos. 14 to 17; pl. XI, 19 to 22. 2. Svoronos, no. 18, pl. XI, 23. 3. Svoronos, no. 19, pl. XI, 24 to 27. Volume IV. baltre coin from the day when, after the departure of Xerxes, the Athenians seized it under the pretext of protecting her. De- they no longer had a workshop as long that it had the honor of being the religious center leaders of the Allico-Delian League. The cracks dazzling celebrations, every spring in the honor of Apollo were fueled by Atlantic money to the type of the owl. The treasure federal, although filed, in the early times, at Delos, was administered by exclusively atheist Hellenotames niens. This very treasure, from 454 BC, was transferred to Athens. After having reorganized, in 425, the cracks CR MAN AU E 4. Svoronos, XVII, 1893, p. 462 et seq. 5. Description hisl., 1. T, p. 1298, read 490 (instead of 480). 53

835 of Apollo and gave them a magnitude special, by devoting the entire island to god and en purifying it by the transport of all the graves that were there, in the island of Rhenea, the Athenians, under some vain pretext, resolved to expel serve the residents themselves. In 493, he exiled; the Deliens were obliged of reach the coast of Asia Minor and flee gier to Adramytion *. Of clerouques Athenians replaced them are in the holy island, and we know that everywhere the clerouchies attics, even when they minted bronze, they used were silver coins from Athens. However, the following year, an oracle Coins minted in the 15th century BC. AD 1318. — Laureate head of Apollo, left, wavy hair on the neck B.A—H. Four-stringed lyre. Hollow square. ZR15; Rhodian drachma, 3 gr. 30 (P) PI. CCXL, fig. 14. 1319. — Same right. WELL. Five-stringed lyre. ÆR 12: Rhodian hemidrachm, 1 gr. 60 (P) PI. CCXL, fig. 15. 1320. — Same description. BR: AHAION. Lyre. ZR 11; trihemiobole rhod., 0 gr. 85 (P) PL COXL, fig. 16. 1321. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left. WELL. Lyre. Æ13; (P) PL COXL, fig. 17. 1322. — Same description. Æ10; (P) PL CCXL, fig. 18. 1323. — Laureate tel of Apollo, right. WELL. Lyre; in the field, to the right, a swan. Æ10; (P) PL COXL, fig. 19. 1. It must be assumed that the Delians were demanding their autonomy vis-à-vis Athens, because of their religious role, like the Delphians in relation THE CYCLADES — DELOS 830 of Delphi had the exiled Delians repatriated # but the Athenians remained the masters absolutes of the island. After the fall and ruin of Athens, 404, Delos regained his freedom, under the pro protection of Sparta. Let's register learn that the Lacedaemonians him restored its political autonomy, with administration of its temples. It is at this date that we must bring back them. first currencies that follow. While that the series of the archaic period are of Euboico-Attic weight, these sonb layed according to the Rhodian elalon which includes: began, at the beginning of the 15th century, to spread= dre on the coasts of Caria and Ionia?s to Phocians. Thucyd., V, 1; cf. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. HN, p. 186. 2, See Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 1014.

Æ13; (P) PL CCXL, fig. 22. This poor coinage must not have been made ue than by intermittent, during Island 5th century, and to respond, in some way orte, to the needs of the local market : we or that it consists exclusively of this what we call today the menu onnaie. It may also be that it was not risked only during the events who momentarily possessed the Atheists- iens, during the 15th century. Mr. Homolle established, through the study of In- entary delinks, that domination of Thenians on the sacred island of Apollo took in the year 315-31% BC. *. Coerced and forced to join the alliance Uhenian in 479, the island of Naxos revolted, from 471, against the yoke every day more troit that was imposed on her: she was defeated t cruelly punished. The Alhenians resolve urent to give an example of repression to prevent any desire for revolt from apart from other members of the League. The 1. Th. lomolle, Conference on the island of Delos, Nancy, 1881; Bulletin of the Soc. Antique dealers France, Session of February 19, 1890; Review crili- that, March 10, 1890, p. 200. 2, Hlomolle, Bull. corr. hell, t. VI, 1882, p. 29; gl THE CYCLADES — NAXOS For coins from the archaic period, see our Descr. hist. and pl. LXII, fig. 4 to 7. 838 1324. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. WELL. Lyre. Æ10; (P) PL COXL, fig. 20 and 21. 1325. — Head of Artemis, left. BR A—H. Palm. Under the protectorate of the kings of Egypt, From 308, Delos was the religious capital gious of the Confederation of the Gyclades?. She then began broadcasting a new new series of silver and bronze, weight Rhodian or Ptolemaic, to the types of Apol- lon and the lyre, then also of Artemis and of the sacred palm tree under which Leto gave birth to his two divine children. The legend is AH where AHAIQN. The style and the somewhat weakened weight of these parts distinguish currencies previous to Alexander the Great. S VI, — Naxos. t. I, p. 1311 to 1318 Naxians were, therefore, declared subjects of Athens, and like such, deprived of their currency rights and subject to a COn- stronger contribution, to surveillance more rigorous*. In the revised tariff of 454, the tribute of Naxians to the Attico-Délian League is fixed to 6 talents 4,000 drachmas *, a related figure Bouché-Leclereq, Hist. of the Lagides, t. I, p. 63-64. 3. flerodote, IX, 405; Thucyd., I, 98; cf. E. Cur- tius. Hist. Greek, t. 11, p. 380. 4. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. W, p. 551.

839 weak light which clearly indicates that the island was ruined, most of the surrounding inhabitants indigenous people exiled, their property confiscated; the Athenian clergy were exempt from any participation in the federal tax. It was only after the fall of Athens in 404 that the Naxians, at the instigation of the Lacedaemonians, reopened their workshop which had remained closed for three quarters of THE CYCLADES — NAXOS 84 century. Naxos then began broadcasting silver and bronze coins which bear on the right, the head of Dionysus is beardless and has reverse, the Dionysian canthara with 1 caption NATION. The sieve system then adopted at Naxo is the Rhodian system for the drachma (3 gr. 73), the system eginetic louse the mite. 1326. — Bearded head of Dionysus crowned with ivy, right. B. NAZION. Canthare; above, an ivy leaf. ÆR 17; rhod. drachma, 3 gr. 65 (P) PI. COXL,, fig. 28; — 3 gr. 72 (L)'. 1327. — Head of beardless Dionysus crowned with ivy, right. R&. NAZ. Three ivy leaves spread around a central bud. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 91 (P) PI. COXL,, fig. 24. 1328. — Variety; the Lele of Dionysus on the left, 1 gr. 02 (P)PI. CCXL,,Fig. 25 / 1329. — Variety, with NAZION *. 1330. — Bearded head of Dionysus crowned with ivy, left. Bi. N—A, Canthare to whose handles are attached two ivy leaves above, a bunch of grapes. Æ12; (P, L, Pozzi) PL CCXL, fig. 26:. 1331. — Bunch of grapes. BR. N—A—2:—1I. Thyrsus (?). PI. CCXL, fig. 27. In 378, when Althenes wanted to then the Boeotians, reestablish his hegemony maritime on the Cyclades, it forced Naxos to give it its support. The new state of things was sanctioned on September 9 3176, by the great victory won by Chabrias on the Lacedaemonian fleet 1. Bril. Mus. Cal. Crete, etc., p.110, n° 7, pl. XXV, 10 2. Cal, sales. Consul E.-F. Weber, pl. XXX, ordered by Pollis, in the channel which Paros from Naxos ‘. Fallout ain under Athenian domination, Naxos vi sound workshop monetary again a faith closed for a long time. She was only able to reopen it from 30 during the creation of the Confederation of No. 2231 (Munich, 1908, 40). 3. BrilMus. Cat. p.M1,n0%8 4412, nl. XXV/. 4. See above, p. 815: cf. Diod, Sic., XV,3

841 Cyclades under the protectorate of Plolémée; she then began the broadcast of her beauties didrachms of Rhodian weight, to the types of THE CYCLADES — PAROS 842 the head of bearded Dionysus and the cantharus, with a name of a local magistrate, probably- ment the name of the pontiff of Dionysus. , S VIT. — Paros. For coins from the archaic period, see our Deser. hist., t. TI, p. 1310 to 1311 and pl. LXII, fig. At at 3. Like most of its neighbors, Paros was part of the Attico-Délian League and ceased to mint coins during the 5th century. Rich by the exploitation of his admirable marble quarries, we conclude that in the tribute rate of the year 454, Paros is registered for an annual contribution of 96,000 drachmas t, She does not appear to have taken advantage of the fall of Athens in 40%, no more than events of the beginning of the 1st century, for reopen his workshop. The reconstitution of the Federal League under the hegemony of Athens in 378-376 it was not more favorable to the resurrection of autonomous coinage of Paros. But later, in 357, during the explosion of the Social War and the struggle between Athens and Philip of Macé- doine, Paros was among the States which separated from the Athenians : in this defection, she followed Chios with whom she contracted a close alliance, Byzantium, Cos, Rhodes and the king of Caria Mausole?. It was then that Paros reopened his workshop and struck the following coins which, in because of the political direction that we just indicated, are of Rhodian weight. 1332. — Goat lying on the left and turning his head away; to exergue, MA. th 5 BL, Two goats' heads facing each other; below, ME (initials of a name of magistrate). Æ11; Rhodian diobole, 1 gr. 23 (P) PL CCXL, fig. 28; — 1 gr. 17(L)*. 1333. — Goat standing, right. B.FA. Ear of wheat with two leaflets. Æ15; hemidr. rhod., 2 gr. 03 (P) PL COXL, fig. 29; — 1 gr. 92 (L) ‘. 1334. — Goat standing right; in front, MNH- B. Fr —A. Ear of wheat with two leaflets. Æ15; hemidr, rhod., 1 gr. 90 (P) PI. COXL, fig. 30. 1. Ugh. Cavaignac, Hisl. from Antiquile, t. 1, Athens, p. 19. 2. E. Curtius, Ilist. Greek, t. V, p. 106 et seq., 3. Num. Chron., 1899, p. 95, no. 13 and pl. WINE, 1. 4, Brit. Mus. Cal, Crele, etc., p. 113, n°5 3 and 4, pl. XXVI, 2.

843 1335. — PA. Goat standing right. THE CYCLADES — PAROS B. Ear of wheat with two leaflets; in the field on the right, P (?). Æ11; hemidr. rhod., (Ath) PL CCXL, fig. 31. 1336. — PAP. Goat standing, right. Æ&. Crown formed of two ears of wheat on their stem. ZR15; hemidr. rhod., 1! gr. 85 (L) PL. CCXL, fig. 32°. 1337. — Goat standing, right. BL. FAPI. Ear. Æ 11: (Ath) PI. COXL, fig. 33. 1338. — Head of Demeter right, diademed, hair raised. R.MA. Goat standing, right. Æ11; (P) PL. COXL, fig. 34. 1339. — Variety, the goat turned to the left (P) PL CCXLI, fig. 1. 1340. — Goat standing, right. B.FA. Ear of wheat. Æ10; (L) PI. COXLI, fig. 2°. 1341. — Head of Demeter right, diademed, hair raised. ARM P=EL ft of wheat. At 13; (P) PL CCXLI, fig. 3 and 4. Demeter in Paros received the epithet of legislator (ssuoo6pos), hence the reputation of wisdom and experience in agriculture ture enjoyed by the Parians in the liquidity *. The previous coinage which is very poor, could have continued until the time of Alexander; we must avoid confusing it with that of the city of Parion in Mysia, where we also find the head of Demeter and the abbreviation FAP or FAPI *. 1. Bril. Mus. Cal. Crele, etc., p:113; n°0 5, Di XAVIS. 2 Brit, pl. XXVI, 4. 3. E. Curtius, Hist, Greek, t: E, p. 510; cf. Ros- dear, Ausf. Lexicon of Mythology, ° Demeler, DEV, D.2192 Mus.0Cal-ACrele "etc, p.113; na6; At the end of the 15th century, after the constitution Lion of the Confederation of the Cyclades, under the protectorate of the Lagides, Paros recovers and strikes, from 308, beautiful mon- silver plates to the types of Déméler, Crowned Dionysus of ivy, of Arlémis or Koré or a nymph (?), hair girded with bands Ÿ; on the reverse, the goat, with PAPI legend and variable names of magistrates. 4. See our Description hist., t. He, p. 1386 nes 2582 et seq. Parion of Mysia, as well as Pharos, island on the coast of Illyria, were colonies of Pa- ros. Strahon, VII, 5.5; X,5,15 XIII,1,14. - 5. Imhoof-Blumer, Journ. int. of arch. numism., t. XI, 1908, p. 103,

845 THE CYCLADES — SIPHNOS 8416 $ VIIL. —Siphnos. For coins from the archaic period, see our Descr. hist, & I, p. 1306 to 1310 ÉLODI LATE Hn20 430, Siphnos (today Siphanto or Sipha- no), of which we have seen the coins of the period before the Persian wars, closed his workshop when he entered the Attico-Délian League. She was, moreover, fallen from its former prosperity, so much as a result of the Persian invasion than because its gold mines invaded by the sea, had should have been abandoned! Also, we see that in the tariff of the tribuls of the year 454, the contribution of the Siphnians is fixed alone- ment at 18,000 drachmas?. We know that it was at Siphnos that one of the two texts of the decree, — the other text was found at Smyrna, — by which the Athe- niens, around approximately 416, renewed the prescriptions which prohibited cities, members of the Attico-Délian League, mint autonomous currencies, so as not to not compete to tetradrachms Athenians at the owl, on the international market national*. The disasters of the end of the war of Peloponnese having put an end to the thalassocracy Athenian, Siphnos, like most other members of the League, resumed his political autonomy, but it does not appear having immediately reopened its workshop. It was only in the 15th century that senses, by their style, the following pieces: 1342. — Head of Apollo to the right, surrounded by a band, hair raised. BL. 3lb. Eagle flying right, holding a snake in its beak; in the field, on the right, a bay leaf. ZR 12; aeginetic tetrobole, 3 gr. 72 (L) P1. COXLI, fig. 5'. 1343. — Head of Artemis, right, hair raised. R. 31. Eagle flying left, holding a snake in its beak. Æ16; (P) PI CCXLI, fig. 6; — other (L) *. 1344. — Head of Artemis, right. B.zld. Eagle standing left on an eminence, fighting against a snake who stands before him. Æ11; (P) PL CCXLI, fig. 7. 1. Herodotus, LIT, 57; cf. Ardaillon, The mines of urion, p. 128, 133, 143; V. Bérard, The Phoenicians t the Odyssey, t. I, p. 357. 2. Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. from Antiquity, t. SAW, thenens, p. 19. 3. See above, our general /n{roduction; cf. Revue numism., 1913, p. 466 et seq. 4. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1888, p.14, pl. I, 4. 5, Brit. Mus. Cat. Crete, etc., p. 121; n°5,8,,9; 10, pl. XXVIT, 14 and 15.

847 The eagle on the reverse of these coins recalls that of the coins of Chalcis of Euboea. The heads of Apollo "Evxoyos and Artemis ’Ex6z- +9! are those that we have already met countered on the coins of the 5th century. The coinage of Siphnos in the 15th century, is, as we see, extremely poor. Also, I find it hard to believe in the authenticity a small gold coin of #4 gr. 28, from Berlin Cabinet, which corresponds to the following description: Head of Apollo right, short hair. BR. xl. Eagle flying right, holding a snake in its beak? The sporadic appearance of this piece gold in coinage of Siphnos don't could hardly be explained, given the poverty nature of the island and the very misery of its silver coinage which, in the 1st century, did not does not exceed very rare drachmas. The mining golden of Siphnos were since $ IX. — Melos. For coins from the archaic period, see our Descr. hist., & 1, p. 1318 to 1325 and pl. LXIT, fig. 8 to 14. It was found that the oldest coins of Melos go back as far as the year 520 and that the series prior to invasions Persians split into two groups: 1° Pieces of the oenochoe type; 2° the grenade coins, p%kcv, the emblem speaking who, in this capacity, will always form LnDescr,TIuist stp Aa06 Ta 310: 2. H. Dressel, Zeit. für Num.,t. XXI, p. 216. This gold piece was part of the Pho- collection tiadès-Pacha (Calal., no. 1411). 3. Ardaillon, The mines of Laurion, p. 143: Ugh. THE CYCLADES —- MÉLOS 848 long abandoned: they had been submerged by the sea *. Here we go again traces on the northeast coast of the island, The victory of the Athenian Chabrias over the Lacedaemonians, in the waters of the island of Naxos, September 9, 376, in restaurant the preponderance of Athens over the Cycla- of, had an immediate backlash on the political situation of most of these latest‘. It was probably from from this date that the monetary workshop of Siphnos was closed, the passing island under the direct domination of Athens. This workshop had to be reopened only a lot later, during the constitution of the Confederation of the Islands, under the protectorate of the king of Egypt, Ptolemy Soter, in 308. The coins that Siphnos minted, from this time, bear the legend ZIDN., and later, ZIDNIQN. days, through the centuries, the monetary type principal of Melos. The pomegranate appears, in particular, as we will see, on all coins of the 5th and 15th centuries: The Meliens competed courageous lies with the Athenians to push back the Persian invasions. Of all the Islanders, 1 — Cavaignac, Hist. from Anliquilé, t. 11, Athens p. 19; Victor Bérard, The Phoenicians and the Odyssey, LL A.T. 4. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. 1V, p. 358.

9 THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS lived with the Siphnians and the Seriphians, ; the only ones who dared to refuse to the barbarians land and water‘, and at Salamis in 480, they rent two vessels with fifty oars ?. But after the victory, when the Athé- we wanted to constitute, under their own gemony the Attico-Délian League, the links remembered that they were originally ie Dorian like Thera and Anaphe; they slow faithful to Lacedaemonians and stubbornly tried to enter in the eu. This is why the monetary tile Melos does not stop with wars dics or shortly after, like those of most of the towns or islands that range ‘ent under the domination of Athens. Even time of greatest expansion of nworse Athenian, under Pericles, Islands ties resisted the interference of the Atheists ns in their business and they continued was coinage until the year 416 BC. AD it dates, that is to say in the last iodine war of Peloponnese, los, soulenue by the Lacedaemonians, it still one of the main establishments Dorian nts of the Aegean Sea. Its capital re the spokes, a large stone. , CCXLI, fig. 8°. Herodotus, VIIT, 46. Herodotus, VIIT, 48. Everyone knows it's in the ruins amphitheater of this city that we discovered, ril 1820, the Venus de Milo. Robert Jameson, in the Revue numismalique, , p. 301 to 310, pl. IX, and 1909, p. 188 to 208, and VI. See B. Head, Hist. number, p. 892. Volume 1V. ÆR 23; Milesian slate, 13 gr. 8 850 (today Palæo Castro) was provided of an excellent port, at the bottom of a bay natural very deep open on the coast northern part of the island *. Nevertheless, the monetary sequence of Melos for the 5th century had remained enough poor until the discovery that was made in 1907 and that Mr. Robert Jameson related ted in detail, after having enriched its administration rable collection of most of the pieces of the find f. It was 79 silver slaters, all from Melos, constituent 31 words varied, that two children of one peasant of the island, had while playing, accidentally so dug up with the debris of the vase of clay which contained them. A few only Lypes of these staters were already known before the find, by others very exemplary, but most were unpublished before Mr. Jameson's publication. Throughout this period, the Dorian Mélos remained faithful to the thousand-year-old stallion (stater of 14 gr. 30) which she had adopted from the beginning of its coinage, like the other Dorian colonies on the Meridian Coast region of Ionia and Caria *. 345. — Pomegranate with two leaflets at the tail. . Circle or four-spoke wheel: the rims are partly trimmed or off flan: the spokes have the shape of wide flat strips which cross in the center; 5 (Jameson, from the 1907 find) As we will notice it, Mr. Doctor Samuel Pozzi also acquired a beautiful following these staters that he well wanted us allow to reproduce. I grasp the opportunity that I have offered to send to MM. Jameson and Pozzi express it sion of my cordial gratitude. 5. Imhoof Blumer, Griechische Münzen, p. 20. 6. Cf. the three staters with the same types, with the 54

851 THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS 85 1346. — Variety, 14 gr. 02 (Jameson, 1907 find) PI. CCXLI, fig. 9 1347. — Pomegranate with two leaflets at the tail. Very fine grit. BL. W-A-AI-CM. Hollow field shared by four D-shaped braces flat strips. | ZR 23; slat. miles., 14 gr. 08 (Jameson, 1907 find) PI. CCXLI, fig. 108 1348. — Same right. R+ W-A-AI-C-U. Circle or wheel with six spokes around a central axis. ZR 23; stat. miles., 14 gr. 14 (Jameson, 1907 find) PI. CCXLI, fig. 114 1349. — Same right. RL. WAAICN. Same wheel or cerele with six spokes. ZR 23; slat. miles., 14 gr. 22 (Jameson, 1907 reprint) PI CCXLI, fig. 12 1350. — Same right. BL. Archaic wheel with a bulging, horizontal crosspiece, to which its fixed two parallel crosspieces; the rim is decorated with an inner circle su the perimeter of which we see, from distance to distance, heads of nails. ZR 22; stat. miles., 14 gr. 21 (Jameson, 1907 find) PI. CCXLI, fig. 18 4 1351. — Variety. The rim of the wheel forms two concentric circles. ZR 22; stat. miles., 13 gr. 20 (P. of the 1907 find) P1. CCXLI, fig. 14 1352. — Same right. Be. WAAI. Four-spoke wheel, with central hub. | ZR 93; slat. miles., 13 gr. 49 (P, from the 1907 find) PI. CCXLI, fig. 19 — other ex. 13 gr. 60 (Jameson, 1907 find) 5. 1353. — Same right. | Re. Square in relief divided into eight triangles alternately in hollow € embossed; on the raised triangles, MA-A-A-F. Grenelis. ÆR 22; stat. miles., 13 gr. 97 (Pozzi, finding of 1907) P1. COXLI, fig. 164 . Calal. Jameson, No. 1281. FES legend MA or MAAÏ. Desert. hist., t. 1, nos. 1957, 1958, 1759; pl. LXI, fig. 11, 12, 13; Catal. Jameson, 5. Calal. Jameson, No. 1283. No. 1280. 6. Catal. Jameson, No. 1286. 1. Calal. Jameson, No. 1279. 1. Jameson, Rev. numism., 1909, p. 193, no. to 2. Catal. Jameson, No. 1291. DIV 3. Catal. Jameson, No. 1282.

3 THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS 854 1354. — Variety. On the reverse, the letters AA-A-A-1 are inscribed in the hollow angles. 2R 23; stat. miles., 14 gr. 14 and 13 gr. 94 (Jameson, from the 1907 find) . CCXLI, fig. 17 and 18:. 1355. — Same right. BL. WAAI. Croissant. ZR 22; slal. miles., 13 gr. 99 {P, found. of 1907) PL CCXLI, fig. 19: — be ex., 1% gr. 27 (Jameson, from the 1907 find)? 1356. — Same right. B. Star with eight rays. ÆR 22; stat. miles., 13 gr. 52 (Jameson, 1907 find) PL. COXLI, fig. 20°. 1357. — Same right. Be. WAAICH. Pentalpha; between the points and in the center, the letters of the end. ZR 22; stat. miles., 13 gr. 93 (Jameson, 1907 reprint) PI. CCXLI, fig. 21'. 1358. — Same right. B£. MAAICN. Opening rosette, with eight rounded leaves. Large inler-grits could by the letters of the legend. ZR 22;slat. miles., 14 gr. 04 (Jameson, 1907 find) P1. COXLII, fig. 1:. 1359. — Same right. Re. Rosette with fourteen petals alternately rounded and lanceolate. R 23; stat. miles., 13 gr. 40 (Jameson, 1907 find) PL. CCXLII, fig. 25. 1360. — Same right. Bz. WAAI. Stylized Milesian rose window. 22; Stat. miles., 14 gr. 17 (Pozzi, reuv. of 1907) PL CCXLII, fig. 8’. 1361. — Same pomegranate. Guilloché circle around the edge. -NAAICN. Triskelion with human legs turning left around a central bubble. Granite. 23; stat. miles., 14 gr. 25 (Jameson, 1907 find) PI CCXLII, fig. 4°. Calal. Jameson, nos. 1297 and 1298. 5. Calal. Jameson, No. 1302. Catal. Jameson, No. 1293. 6. Calal. Jameson, No. 19284. Calal. Jameson, No. 1285. 1. Jameson, Rev. numism., 1909, p. 191, no. 8, pl. v. Calal. Jameson, No. 1289. 8. Calal. Jameson, No. 1287.

855 THE CYCLADES —— MÉLOS 1362. — Pomegranate with two leaflets on the heel. Same setback. ÆR 93; stat. miles., 14gr. 05 (P, from the 1907 find) PI. CCXLII, fig. # 1363. — Same right. Granite. B. MAAI. Human legged triskele (male sex indicated) rotating left around a central globule. Grenelis. ZR 24: stats. miles., 14 gr. 05 (Jameson, 1907 find) P1. COXLIT, fig. 6 1364. — Same right. BR. MWAA... Six-pointed Murex. ZR 22; stat. miles., 12 gr. 97, piece worn with a file (Jameson, from the tro from 1907) P1. COXLII, fig. 7. 1363. — Same right. BL. Fig leaf. Granite. ÆR 22; stat. miles., 14 gr. 33 (Jameson, from the 1907 find) PI. CCXLI fig. 8°; — other ex., 14 gr. 15 (Poza). 1366. — Same right. R. MAAION. Four grains of barley arranged in a cross around a central point and separated by four ivy leaves. Grenelis. ÆR 24: stat. miles., 13 gr. and 14 gr. 07 (P, from find. of 1908} PI. CCXLII, fig. 9 and 10; — other ex., 14 gr. 29 (Jameson)’. 1367. — Same right. B. MAAICN. Three dolphins swimming turning left around? central blood cell. Granite. ÆR 93; stat. miles., 13 gr. 93 (Jameson, from the find of 190 P1. CCXLII, fig. 11 1368. — MAAICN. OEnochoé, on the left. B. Three dolphins swimming turning right around a globule tral. Granite. ÆR 923; stat. miles., 14 gr. 21 (Jameson, dice the find of 19 PL. CCXLII, fig. 12'. 1369. — Pomegranate with two leaflets on the stem. 1. Catal. Jameson, No. 1299. 4. Catal. Jameson, No. 1301. 2. Catal. Jameson, No. 1290. 5. Catal. Jameson, No. 1288. 3, Calal. Jameson, No. 1294. 6. Catal. Jameson, No. 1300,

857 THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS 858 &. Amphora with two raised and very decorated handles, a garland of ivy on the shoulder. Grenelis. ZR 23; stat. miles., 14 gr. 38 (Pozzi, finding of 1907) PL. CCXLII, fig. 13. 1370. — Pomegranate with two leaflets on the stem. Re. Hydria in a hollow square. ZR 23; stal. miles., 13 gr. 59 (Jameson, of the find from 1907) PI. CCXLII, fig. 14°. 1371. — Same pomegranate. Around the edge, guilloche circle. Æ. MWAA.... Bunch of grapes with a leaf, on which is placed a wasp, in profile to the right. Granite. ÆR 93; stat. miles., 13 gr. 82 (Pozzi), of the find from 1907 PI, CCXLII, fig. 15*. 1372. — Pomegranate with two leaflets on the stem. BL. WYAAICN. Gorgoneion facing, sticking out its tongue, its head surrounded by ser- pents. Granite. ZR 23; stat. miles., 13 gr. 88 (P, from the 1907 find) PI. CCXLIT, fig. 16; — other ex., 14 gr. 07 (Jameson)’. 1373. — Same right. B. MAAION. Head of one of the Cabires, beardless, wearing a conical pilos, with right. Granite. ZR 93; stat. miles., 13 gr. 67 (Jameson and P., from the 1907 find), PI, CCXLII, fig. 17 and 18:. 1374. — Same right. . . . r r le 9 BL. WVA... Conical pilos whose narrowed lower edge is decorated with a band flat water; on the side, a caduceus. ÆR 22; Stat. miles., 14 gr. 27 (Pozzi, finding of 1907) PI. CCXLII, fig. 19”. 1375. — Same right. Granite. | BL. Four-pronged barbed fork (fishing harpoon). Grenelis. 1. James Rev. numism., 1909, p. 194, n°0 29 4. Calal. Jameson, No. 1295. pl VL + ha ss 4 é 3. Calal. Jameson, no. 1304. Other ex., coll. Fe- 2, Catal. Jameson, No. 1291 A. nerly-Bey, Catal. of sale, 1912 (Egger), n° 504. , 3. Jameson, Rev. numism., 1909, p. 192, no. 10, 6. Jameson, Rev. numism., 1909, p. 193, no. 19 DIV: pl. VI.

859 423: stalrmulated., 14 gr. PI. CCXLIII, fig. 1'. THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS 15 (Jameson, from the find of 860 1907) 1376. — Pomegranate, with two leaflets on the stem. Large grits. BR M-A-A-I. Harpoon with four barbed prongs. ZR 20; didrachm miles., 7 gr. 37 (B) PI. COXIL, fig. 2*. 1377. — Same pomegranate. &. MY. Harpoon with four barbed prongs. ZR15; drachma miles., (P) PL CCXLIIT, fig. 8. 1378. — Same pomegranate. Laughed. MVAAION. Ram's head, right. Grenelis. ÆR 93; stat. miles., 13 gr. 92 (Jameson, 1907 find) PI. CCXLIIT, fig. 4 and 5 * — other ex., 14 gr. 12 (Pozzi). 1379. — Same pomegranate. BR: MA. Ram's head, left. ZR 20; didr. miles., 7 gr. 40 (B) PI. CCXLIIT, fig. 6. The whole of preceding pieces gives rise to the following observations : Several types of lapels were already known by other specimens before the 1907 find *. of among them had remained until this discovery. When did the burial take place? treasure? Can we specify the chronology? of these Melian staters of the 5th century? The stubborn resistance of Melos to the Hege- Athenian monie ends up luring to the island the explosion of the anger of the Athenians. From the early days of the Pelowar strangers 1. Catul. Jameson, no. 1292; see below (n° 1377) the didrachm with the same type of fork four-toothed; it seems that the fishermen of Cy- clades still use a harpoon today similar to four teeth. 2. Imhoof-Blümer, Griech. Münzen, p. 546, no. 62, Di: 3. Calal. Jameson, nos 1303 ct 1296. Cf. below the didrachm of the same type, n° 1380. But most Ponnese, in 426 BC. B.C., Nicias led against Melos a fleet of 60 ships, which was forced to withdraw without being able to disembark a soldier $. In truth, in 424, the Athenians included Melos among the tributary towns for a sum of 15 ta- slow 7: only this taxation was not only on paper, and it was necessary to constrain the Meliens to pay it. A great expedition tion against Melos was decided : Thucydides gives us a detailed account of it. The seat was placed, in 416, under the walls of the capital of the island, by the Athenian generals Cleo- Mede and Tisias. The besieged reduced to 4. Imhoof-Blümer, op. cit., no. 65, pl. IN, 7. 5. Compare in particular our pl. LXIL, fig. 9 to 13; Imhoof-Blümer, Griechische Munsen, pl. He, fig. 5 and 7. 6. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. III, p. 134. 1. E. Curtius, op. cit., t. III, p. 303-304; Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. of antiq., t. 11, Athens, p. 139. 8. Thucyd., V, 8# to 116.

861 most horrible famine had to capitulate. The revenge of the Athenians was implacable. They slaughtered all the adults, reduced | women and children in slavery; the rest of the population ful expelled. A key- rouchie of 500 citizens of Athens was en- tile sent to Melos to repopulate the island and share the land. The monetary find of 1907 recalls bears on the events we have just witnessed summarize. Its burial cannot be posterior to the seat of the year 416: the style of the documents indicates this and, furthermore, after this great disaster, Mélos no longer had a workshop monetary during a quarter of a century less. We are therefore, likely- ment, in the presence of the headquarters currencies of 416. I assume that, to prepare to resist to strengths Athenians, the Meliens minted these coins des- intended to recruit troops and pay their pay, to restore the ramparts of their city. But a very singular particularity presents itself to our eyes as soon as we examine as a whole and comparatively pieces of the find. All are in flower corner and appear to have never been circulated, as if the burial had taken place before quickly, little after the strike of parts. EL however, these pieces are of a Very varied style. If some can represent the monetary art of the year 416, it are others whose style and manufacture indicate the middle of the 5th century; others finally, which we would place in the period chaic if we referred to their as- pect, for example, slaters no. 1345 to 1352, at the edge of the cruciform band or the wheel, or those who have a reverse very pronounced hollow. There is only one way to explain this disconcerting anomaly THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS 862 at first glance; it is necessary in conclude that in 416, the Melians obliged to make coins in all haste, were, in a share, served from their old corners or have them slavishly copied; else part, compete- rement with these old corners, they have engraved a Cerlain number of new types calves. This is why typed parts archaic are flush with the corner as well than more recent style pieces: some and the others have been hit in same time, during the siege of 416. This conclusion is confirmed by the paleographic study of the legend of these parts: we see that the workers gr- versers, some copied the characters of the old alphabet, while others have adopted more modern forms. The word MzAiov is, in fact, engraved with the va- following laughs: NVAAICH (n° 1347, 1348) NVAAICN (No. 1349) NVAAI (No. 1355, 1364) NVAAICH (n° 1357) NYAAICN (No. 1361, 1372). NVAAI (No.: 1352, 1360, 1371, 1374). NVAAION (No. 1378). MAAICN (nos. 1358, 1367, 1368). MAAIUN (No. 1366). MAAION, MAAI(n° 1373, 1353, 1354, 1363, 1376, 1380). The alpha therefore has the three forms À, À, A. The nude has two forms, WetN The omicron has three shapes, C, u, O; the cross shape health is also found in the inscriptions lions of Melos; we also found it ment on the archaic currencies of Cnidus’. The mu has three forms, M, M, M. 4. Description hist., t, I, p. 433.

863 This mixture of shapes archaic and more modern forms is explained by the emission circumstances that we come from to report. Among the newly created types in 416, there are geometric figures, stylized fleurons, imitated from those of reverse of the slaters of Miletus or Corcyra, wheels like those of coinage primitive, dolphins, a fishing harpoon with four teeth, the murex, the leaf of fi- guier; triskeles of remarkable pre- decision anatomical; a wasp devouring a bunch of grapes; barley grains; the gorgonion; vases of various shapes; the ram's head; the cabiric pilos decorated with caduceus (no. 14374); finally, the very head of youngest of the Cabires. The enumeration of these varied Lypes suffices to indicate that their choice was, as in so much others cities, left to the imagination of the masters responsible for monetary issues, the other side of the coin still bearing the emblem national, pomegranate. Only the guy from Ca- bire (n° 1373) seems to us likely to be Coins of At the end of the Peloponnesian War, after the battle of Ægos Potamos and the triumph of the Lacedaemonians, in 405, Ly- zander invited the exiles of Melos, as those of Aegina, to return to their homeland *. The Athenian clergy were expelled from possessions and properties where they had installed following the siege of 416. THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS 864 explanation of a general nature. We know that the Greek myths which have their origin in the Pelasgic cults of the island of Sa- mothrace, and which spread especially very early in the Cyclades, give the essential role to the Cabires, sons of Hephaestus. The Cabires are in number of three, Castor, Pollux and Cadmilos. The third, Cadmilos, identified himself, in the development of the myth, with Hermes: hence his symbol of the caduceus. He is pro- bable that because of his name, brought together, by a play on words, that of Welos, it was honored with a special honor in this island, perhaps even considered by the Melians, as an eponymous and founding hero, the #riorns. We can imagine that its protection was particularly invoked at the time when Melos found itself under attack and its existence nationally endangered; so we let's explain its effigy on staters of 416, as well as the presence of its attributes, the conical pilos, the caduceus and the head of ram. 1v® century. It was then that Melos seemed to have reddened. green his monetary workshop. But she was well fallen from its former prosperity: she could only emit screams divi- silver coins and bronze coins including poverty and con-style mediocrity trastent with the beautiful slaleres that we we described above. 1380. — Pomegranate with two Lige leaflets. BL. M—A—A--I. Canthare with high foot and large handles. 4. Xenophon, Hellen., II, 2,.9; Plutarch, Lysander, 14.

365 . THE CYCLADES — MÉLOS 866 2R 20; didr. miles., 7 gr. 70 (P) PL CCXLIII, fig. 7; — other ex., Der. 97 (L)'. 1381. — Variety, with M—A. Æ20; didr. miles., 7 gr. 44 (Bi 1382. — Pomegranate with two leaflets on the stem. As a counter, a grenade. Re. Spearhead. Æ15; rhod. drachma, 3 gr. 85 (P) PL. CCXLIII, fig. 8. 1383. — Same right, with the countermark. Bt. MA. Eagle standing right, on a rock; behind, a crescent. ZR15; rhod. drachma, 3 gr. 48 (P) PL. CCXLIII, fig. 9. 1384. — Granada. &. Heracles (?) young, naked, crouching to the right. and Reading of the are. Æ13; rhod. hemidrachm, 2 gr. 10 (L) PI. CCXLIIL, fig. 10:. 1385. — Granada. BR: Corinthian helmet, right. ÆR 14%; rhod. hemidrachm, 1 gr. 81 (P) PL. CCXLIII, fig. 11. 1386. — Pomegranate with two leaflets on the stem. RL. M—A. Canthare with bunches of grapes hanging from the handles. Hollow square. Æ16; (L) P1 CCXLIII, fig. 12:. 1387. — Pomegranate with two leaflets on the stem. Re. M—A. Heracles (?) young, naked, crouching on the right and shooting a bow. 2 16; (P)PI. CCXLIIL, fig. 13; — other (L):. 1388. — Granada. B. Are in its case (?) Æ 16; (L) PL CCXLIII, fig. 14°. 1388 bis. — Variety; the reverse guy obliterated by a great counter- urc representing a canthare. | Æ18; (P) PL CCXLIII, fig. 15. 1389. — Granada. BL. Bow in its case (?). Æ12; (L) PI. CCXLIIT, fig. 16° 1390. — Variety; in the reverse field, M—A—A—I. Æ12; (Ati) PL CCXLIII, fig. 17. 1. Brit. Mus. Catal. Crete, summer., p. 103, n. 1, pl pl. XXII, 17. XIII, 46. 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Crete, p. 104, no. 11, pl. XXIII,18, 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Griech. Münzen, p.541, n° 64, 5. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 103, no. 3, pl. XXUL, 11: II, 6. 6. Brit. Mus. Cases, Nos. 4 and 5, pl. XXII, 20. 3. Brit. Mus. Cal. Crete, etc., p. 103, no. 3, 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 6, pl. XXIII, 21. Volume IV, 55

867 1391.—Granada. B. Corinthian helmet, right. Æ10;(L) PL CCXLIIT, fig. 18:. 1392. — Granada. &. Shell (pecten). Æ14%; (P) PL CCXLHIII, fig. 19; - other ?. 1393. — Granada. B.M—A. Canthare on a very high foot, the handles decorated with bunches of grapes. Æ16; (P) PL CCXLIII, fig. 20; — others (L, Pozzi) 1394. — Granada. Bt. Canthare on high foot; sometimes in the field, Mr. Æ 11 and 8; (P) PL COXLIII, fig. 21; — others (Z, Pozz) *. 1395. — Granada. BR. Two grains of barley side by side. Æ19; (P) PL COXLIII, fig. 22. 1396. — Granada. &. Bunch of grapes in a laurel wreath. Æ14; (P) PL CCLIII, fig. 28; — variety, without the crown (Pozzi). The coins of Melos which precede lead us until after Alexander the Big. They allow us to see that Melos remained one of the Cyclades the less important until towards the end of the iv® century. After the constitution of the Confederation from the Cyclades under the pro- tectorate of the king of Egypt, in 308, Melos suddenly resuming its commercial activity cial, began the striking of beautiful letra- $ X. — Thera. For coins from the archaic period, see our Descr. hist., t. T1, p. 1323 to 1329 and pl. LXII, fig. 15 to 20. While the series of early currencies tives, to the type of the two dolphins, which we 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 7, pl. XXII, 22. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 10, pl. XXII, 23. 3. Brit, Mus. Cat., No. 13, pl. XXIV, 1. THE CYCLADES — THERA 868 3 Rhodian drachmas, 14 gr. 65, who have, has right, the head of Athena wearing the helmet co Rinthian, and on the reverse, Apollo standing chiton talaire and playing the lyre. The strip kind keeps in shape Dorienne, MA AIQN, with a magistrate's name. There to also didrachms, drachmas and bronze coins; later the legend is MHAIQN, which persisted until the empire Roman? L we classified in Théra stops at the 6th century the parts that we are going to describe do not 4. Brit. Mus. Cat., nos. 16 to 19, pl. XXIV, and 5. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 487.

That 869 THE CYCLADES — THERA 870 did not come to fruition before the middle of the 15th century. Thera therefore lasts almost 200 years without beating currency. This persistent silence may have caused by disasters caused by volcanic eruptions, rather perhaps be only political events. Original Dorian like Melos and Anaphe, Thera resisted in the middle of the 5th century Peloponnesian War, she lined up in the party of Lacedaemon. But in the end, when of the expedition of the Alhenians against Melos, in 416, the Teræans were forced to bow to the injunctions of the fleet Athenian. Thera workshop, closed for two centuries, was only reopened towards the middle key, to Athenian hegemony and during the from the 15th century. 1397. — Head of Apollo Æglétès, almost full face, slightly inclined to the left, laurea, a long knotted strip descending on each side of the face. BL. 1A4HO, in exergue. Cornupet bull, right; above, a dolphin. ZR 20 (low silver); Rhodian stater, 6 gr. 15, worn (P) PI, CCXLIII, fig. 24. 1398. — Same right. RÆ. OH. Cornupel bull on the right; in Pexergue, two dolphins. Æ20; (B, L) PL CCXLIII, fig. 25? 1399. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. Re. OH. Dolphin on the right; underneath, a trident. ZR 11; obol, 0 gr. 90 (P) PL CCXLIII, fig. 26. 1400. — Head of Apollo Æglétès, facing. BL. OH. Three dolphins swimming above each other, left. Æ15; (P) PL COXLIIL, fig. 27; — other ex. (L) *. 1401. — Variety. The three dolphins on the right. Æ14; (B) PL CCXLIII, fig. 28. 1402. — Same right. B.OH. Protome of cornupetous bull, left. Æ10; (P)PI. CCXLIII, fig. 29. 1403. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. Bt. OH. Cornupet bull, right. Æ15; (P) PL CCXLIII, fig. 80; — other (L) *. 1. Thucydides, 11, 9; cf. E. Curtius, list. Greek, BP p. 519. 2, Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, p. 225, no. 80; laughs, Mus. Cat. Crete, etc., p. 132, no. 1, pl. XXIX, 13. 3. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1890, p. 323, no. 23, Di XIX, 15: 4. Brit. Mus. Cal., p.132, n°2, pl. XXIX, 14.

871 140%. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Rz. OHPAI. Dolphin, right. Æ12; (P)PI. COXLIII, fig. 31. Apollo Atykñtne, “the Resplendent”, was honored with special worship in the Southern Cyclades. His temple in Ana- Phé, the close neighbor of Thera, was cen- lebre’. The currencies which precede the re- present as Helios on coins of Rhodes. In Thera, Apollo Ægletes rail to have been identified with the epochal hero nyme Theras. At the time when the Confederacy was formed lion of the Cyclades, in 308, the kings of Egypt installed a garrison and a naval station. Thera became prosperous again and was probably even the residence official of the Egyptian governor of Cy- 1. Strabo, X, 5, 1. 2. A. Bouché-Leclercq, Hist. of the Lagides, t. I, p. 263 and 324. THE CYCLADES — THERA 87 clades, while the religious capital of the confederation was Delos?. However the previous coinage seems to have com started before this time; the room silver (n° 1397) with the retro legend grade [AGHO (@nozxiwy) goes back, by so style, at least until the middle of the 15th century The coinage of Thera continued from rant throughout the 11th century, with bronzes that have the same types as before 0 the heads of Zeus, Hermes, Arlémis ? The small island of Anaphé also struck, at | late 1st century or early mr, bronzes with head of face of Apollo Ægleles. 3. B. lead, Hist. numer., p. 493; Brit. Mus. C tal. Crele and Aegean Islands, p. 132, n9S 3 ct RSR EN HAE CE

CHAPTER XV CRETE $ I. — General overview La Crèle, have we said, was a of countries of the Hellenic world where the mon- naie made his appearance the latest tion ‘. The oldest coins of this great island, — those of Knosse, — does not could go back beyond the year 500 which precedes our era. Cretan civilization from Minoan and Homeric times, founded by Rhadamanthus and Minos?, so brilliant and so perfected in the arts and a luxury so refined, knew how to do without the use of currency, like the pharaoh civilizations, Chaldeo-Assyrian, Mycenaean. Attached to their old customs, the Cre- For a long time, Lois was rebellious the invention of metal money Phidon in Aegina or Greek towns of the coast of Ionia. Among them, as among the Egyptians and the Asians, the monetary role was atlri- 4. See our Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 1330 to 133%; cf. B, Head, Hisf. numor. (2nd edit.), p. 457. 2. Strabo, X, 4.8. steamed with gold and silver ingots, with games, weapons, bodily ornaments such as rings, fibulae, bracelets and an- neaux; utensils necessary for life family items such as tripods and kitchen moths or cauldrons. We know that the fliade and the Odyssey often make men- lion coin tripods and heaters drons-currency (z217905, Aéônves) *. The fa- my laws of Minos, or more precisely Cretan laws from pre-Homeric times also admitted the tripod and the cauldron as the main mediums of exchange. This is attested to us by fragments of these laws, cited as a reminder and invoked as a reference and ancient authority, in legal and legislative texts which are more than a thousand years later. We will have to come back to certain points of these Cretan laws in the First part 3. E. Babelon, The origins of money, p. 72 and following.

875 (Theory and doctrine, t. 11) of this or- vrage. Let it suffice here to record this fact that several legal texts of 5th and 4th centuries, exhumed in excavations recent, copy and recall laws Cretan primitives where the payments were specified in cauldrons (Ai6ntss) and in tripods (roiméèsc)!. Next to this reminder old assessments in cauldrons and tripods, we naturally find, in these texts, currency evaluations con- temporary of their writing, slaters, drachmas, trioboles, obols, of v° el 4th centuries. These are these currencies, of weight eginetic, that we are going describe here after. But it is very curious to note that a certain number of these parts, in at least nine different cities attempt countermarks in which Mr. Svoronos has ingeniously recognized the image of a cauldron and sometimes of a 1. These texts were discovered in 1884 and in the following years, by Mr. Halbherr in Gortyn and Mr. Arthur Evans, at Cnosse. Many scholars took care of these interesting Cretan texts from the legal point of view and from the point of view of survival of these old customs. See above all: Comparetti, Museo ilaliano, t. 11, p. 118; R. Da- remainder, New historical review of French law and foreigner, t. X, 1886, p. 241-275; the same, Bull. corr. hell.,t. XI, 1887, p. 242; J. Svoronos, Bull. corrouell AS88ut XD D. 205 etes AR ADareste, Haussoullier and Th. Reinach, Inscriplinons juridi- Greek ques, t. I, 3rd part. (1894), p. 398 and 489; Fabricius in the Millheilungen d. Instlit., Athe- nes, t. IX, 1884, p. 363; Th. Reinach, The story by currencies, p. 27; Rossbach, Rheinisches Museum, t. XLIV, 3rd part, p. 431; Solomon Rei- nach, Rev. archeol., 3rd series, t. IX, 1887, p. ‘5; R. Meister, Der Münzwerth der kretischen Aé6nxes, in Berliner Philolog. Wochenschrift, t. IX, 40, p. 1259-1260. The bibliography of these Cretan laws and the essential points they contain at the point of view social and legal are condensed by M. E. Caillemer in the article Gorlyniorum leges du Dict. anliqs. gr. el rom. from Saglio. CRETE 876 tripod, like if certain species of currency had received, by tradition popular and as heirs of the monetary role Mint of Gortyn countermarked with lebes (enlargement). (area of cauldrons and tripods, the appliance pellation of these kitchen utensils. The cities whose currencies bear the countermark of the cauldron are: Aptera, Knosse, Cydonia, Gortyn, Eleuthernes, Lyl- tos, Moda, Priansos and Phalasarnes. All the parts thus countermarked are staters eginetic weight approximately: 12 grams. A stater of Cnosse, from Ca binet of Berlin, is countermarked with a very foot accompanied by the letters NAME (= soft) 1, To explain the presence of these similar countermarks on my born from such a large number of cities, we will undoubtedly point out others, — Mr Svoro's opinion must be accepted 1. Hereinafter, No. 1531; cf. Svoronos, Bull. corr hell.,t XII, 1888, p. 414; Numism. from Crete an Cienne, p. 68, no. 23.

877 nos *, according to which the Cretans must have constitute, to settle their disputes city to city, which were so frequent, a tri- supreme and common bunal, of a character federal, xotvodtxatov, who uttered sen- tences before which the parties, to whatever city they belonged- smells; this court sentenced to fines or to compensation payable exclusively in currencies bearing the countermark of cauldron. Probably installed to Cnosse or in Gortyn, this Court of Justice, composed of representatives from all cities, had to have a counter- marks the currencies that it admitted into payment, in order to avoid compensation or fines were paid in some other currencies of various types, often barbaric imitation, which swarmed in island and who were far from having among themselves the Same law, same value. Traditions that we reported above explaining why the Creole xotvoètxxtoy chooses like emblem of his countermark, the cauldron and in rarer cases, the tripod, in preference to any other symbol federal. This choice was obviously inspired ar the memory of the customs of pri- ailifs where the cauldron and the tripod of eui- ine were one of the most common means of exchange ordinary reading and officially admitted in the text of the laws. Queen of the Eastern Mediterranean Minoan times, populated to the point of being ualified by Homer with the name Hecatonpo- is “the island of a hundred cities”?, Crete was evenue, in the classical period, one of the countries are the richest in the Hellenic world in support 4. Bull. corr. hell., t. XII, 1888, p. #15. 2. Iliad, 11, 649; cf. Strabo, X, 4, 15. CRETE 878 mythological future: Creta multis fami- gerata fabulis, known as Pomponius Mela. In these legends or rather in the debris which have reached us, We notice a amalgamation singular of traditions self indigenous and loans exotic made to Pharaonic Egypt, the Phoenician East, to the Lycians and the Carians, to the [onians from Athens, to the Dorians of the Peloponnese. These old legends put into action not only gods, heroes, monsters and the nymphs of all the fountains, ri- valleys and forests, but also characters, like Minos, who can no longer be denied today reality historical. They attest that Crete was in possession of a powerful civilization and who shone with a vivid brilliance, like Egypt and Pheni- cie, well before the Trojan War, while the rest of the Hellenic countries were still immersed in prehistoric barbarism. Grace to discoveries do since thirty years, on various points of the island, notably ment by Mr. Arthur Evans at Cnosse, by Mr. Halbherr in Phæstos and Haghia Triada in the vast plain of Messara, on the em- placement of Gortyn, we Fulani almost say that pre-Hellenic Crete whose thickness knotting can go back to the second millennium BC, is better Con- naked we were left with more archaeological remains logical that historical Crete for centuries who precede Alexander the Great *. The currencies Cretan do not present no point of contact between art and gravity view of the corners and the engraving of the gems 1. See the bibliography and the summary of excavations of Crete in René Dussaud, Les civili- pre-Hellenic settlements in the Aegean basin. (1910, in-80); the 2nd ed. increased, from this work, is in press.

879 the so-called Minoan period. No radilion of art, technique or school is not for us revealed in this regard. But we see in the Cretan monetary Lypes the stake in action of myths whose inin- broken goes back surely until the Minoan centuries: such, for example, as the legends of King Minos and Pasiphae, Minotaur and the Labyrinth or “palace of the Ax (labrys)”, which appear to be original Egyptian; those of Europe and the monster sailor from Ilanos who are of Asian origin; those of Theseus, of Dædalus, of Ariadne, of Heracles, Rhea and the Curetes, others again, which seem, at least in part, emigrants from Asia Minor and Rhodes, from Athens, from Euboea, from Arcadia, of Lacedaemon; finally, the captions extracted from the primitive background of the Eleocretans, the Pelasgians indigenous people of the island, such as those of Zeus of Mount Dicté, of Zeus of Mount Ida, of Velchanos, of Britomartis, of Dictynna. In the times of Minos, the Cretans dominated born on a large part of the basin eastern Mediterranean; they were in ongoing or conflicting relationships with the Rho- dians, the Carians, the Lycians, the Phoenicians my people, Egypt. Athens itself paid tribute to the opulent king whose palace was found in the ruins of Knosse. By these friendly or hostile relations, Crete was open to the outside world; on the other hand, the population of the island consisted of multiple ethnic elements. Homer points out side by side, in Crete, of the Achaeans, Eteocretans, Cydones, Dorians, Pelasgians!. Is it any wonder after that, contrasts, multiplicity, enchantment inextricable garment and often contra- 1. Odyssey, XIX, 175; cf. Strabo, X, 4, 6. CRETE 880. dictionary of Cretan myths? from there, the obscurity rity of many of the monetary {types who put them before our eyes. In historical times, Crete, fallen from its ancient splendor, is under the influence Dorian and ancient geographers make it like an annex of the Peloponnese!. We travel to Crete the legislator my- ethics of Sparta, Lycurgus, to study the laws of Rhadamanthus and Minos?. Of Dorians from Lacedaemon colonize the pelasgic Lyltos, while Zacyn- thiens settled in Cydonia next to the Samiens. Cnosse probably received settlers of Argos, since the mystical marriage tick of Zeus and Hera is a myths common to both cities. Phæslos is fon-" deed by a Sicyonian grandson of Heractes and Gortyn receives its name from emigrants from the Arcadian town of the same name. All these failures and many others explain the borrowing of many monetary types made by the Cretans Peloponnese, They make the aristo government compliant+ cratic and the Dorian character of the class dominant in most cities. The Cretan language is a Dorian dialect, als phabet of monetary legends is Dorian, the system of size of currencies is regulated nelic as in the Peloponnese. May the ancient Minoan legends are of dead and all of Crete guards with his old traditions sound independence politics. Minos who sits enthroned, like Zeus on the reverse of the coins of Cnosse, a reminder by the wisdom that has become proverbial to laws, always invoked, the Pharaohs of Egypt. Pasiphaé, daughter of the Sun, is u 1, Strabo, X, 4, 1. 2. Strabo, X, 4

1 CRETE rsonnage that seems to have passed from the edges 1 Nile in Crele. Became the wife of Minos, introduces him into a cow of wood bricked by Dædale, to have trade ec the bull of Zeus. Daedalus built core the maze, perhaps on donations are Egyptian. We have said that the myth of the abduction ent of Europe by Zeus, interpreted in utes its phases on Islands created currencies ises, either under the name of Europe, or under he from Britomartis, is of Phoenic origin nne. Europe, daughter of Phoenix or Agé- r, king of Sidon, played with his comrades es on the seaside, keeping the Her father's skirt, when she was led by Zeus, guided by Hermes. The god metamorphosing into a bull approached s nymphs and basked in their shy resses; the king's daughter, bolder that others, sat on the back of the bull. Immediately, he got up and jumped into s waves, carrying away the nymph until et where Zeus made her mother of Minos, of iadamanthus and Sarpedon, the ancestor of ciens. This is one of the most fables popular in antiquity. Mythologists recognized it as a myth laire. Europe is Selene or the Moon, rising in the East, that is to say in the morning, by lios or the solar bull; she reappears evening in the West, that is to say in Crete, beyond the waves’. For us and histori- ement, this myth is the reminder, which has become endary, Phoenician navigations and the establishment of oriental merchants ix on the coasts of Crete. The same symbolic mification must be recognized . See art. Europa, in the Dict. of the Anliq. el rom. from Saglio. Toine IV. 882 to the ichthyomorphic monster, a kind of dragon Phoenician, that the numismatics of Ilanos to borrowed from that of Arados. We finally know from tradition the lilté- raire, that Zeus Korrayévrs was identified with the god Marnas, of Gaza. This is for Egypt and Phoenicia. More than one trait of Cretan legends put, in their original phase, in connection with those of the Pelasgians who can cry the islands of the Aegean Sea, and with those of Africa. Chersonesos is primi- lively colonized by Pelasgians of Tm- bros and Lemnos. The so curious lype of Velchanos, on the coins of Phæstos appears to be of pelasgic and cabiric origin. He has the rooster as an attribute like Hermes cabiric of Imbros and Samothrace; sound name seems to make it the prototype of the Vul- Cain from Etrusco-Laline mythology?; the name Greek of Vulcan elant Hephaestus, must we believe that we have compared this name to that of Phæstos since they are the mon- naive of this city which we show Zeus Velchanos enthroned? Hephaestus makes a bronze giant, Talos, a species of winged automaton, animated by a vein of fire; he donated it to Minos who charges the monster to ensure security of Crete. We see, on the currencies of Phæstos, the giant Talos who, every day, went around the island, to prevent the foreigners to approach it: that’s how that he 1. Etienne of Byzantium, vo l'äfa. See on this point: Charles Lenormant, New mythological gallery logic, p. 62. 2. Without going into further considerations lions, we will point out that Vulcan had a famous temple, at Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, where they landed all the merchants who came of Hellenic countries, — of Crete without a doubt, — and where the Trojans also landed. 56

883 chases away the Argonauts by throwing at their ship from the rock quarters. The mon- naies shows us him holding a big stone in hand. It is interesting that purpose, to note by the currencies, that the monsters of Cretan mythology are, like Talos, often armed with a stone. The Minotaur defends himself against Theseus with a large stone. Heracles fights with a stone. Apollo himself holds a stone, on the coins of Rithymna and of Eleutherne; the horse-hunting heroes wild animals often have a stone in their hand, a bow in the other. The Centaurs in the myths Thessalians fight, them also, with sections of rocks. If the legend of Velchanos and Talos belongs to the Eleocretan Pelasgians, that of Dædalus, Theseus and Ariadne, of whom some episodes are performed on the coins of Cnosse, is common to the Crete and Attica which did not only have hostile relationships, even at the time Theseus left with the Athenian hostages to go fight the Minotaur. The triskelion and the wild boar protoma coins of Hierapytna recall the origin Rhodian and Lycian of the first settlers of this city which even bore the Rho- dien de Camiros. It is also in mid-Asia neure that we point out the formation of the myth of Rhea identified with the Phrygian Cybele, with his procession of Curetes called Cory- bantes in Phrygia. These are migrations ethnic groups who carried this myth into Crete, in Minoan times. According to the tra- version already recorded in the Theogony of Hesiod, Rhea, wife of Cronus, prevents cha the latter to devour their child, Zeus, in July substituting a swaddled stone and hiding the newborn in a CRETE 884 cave of Mount Aigaion “mount of chè vres”, neighbor of the holy city of Lyltos The research carried out in 1899 in a cave near the village of Psychro, which dominates the ruins of Lyltos, allowed locate this legend. Mount Aigaioi or Ægæon is part of the Dictate chain the current Lassithi Mountains, and the cave of Psychro seems to be the famous lair reported by the ancients at Mount Dicté? Strabo places this summit nearby Præsos, who, indeed, glorified himself its temple of Zeus Dictaios *. The Zeus of Mount Dicté appears on the coins of Lytlos, Præsos, Hiera of the island. But, there was, in Crele itself, um another tradition, rival of what we have just reported, and to which relates there is another ethnic branch: it is To myth of Zeus Idaios, popular at Ile Eteocretans from the center and west of the island in Gortyn, in Phæstos, in Cydonia. To me Ida, near the village of Camarès, on# discovered two caves where praliquaiel already cull ceremonies from the time Minoan *?, one of the caves of Ida, west of Rhaucos and Knossos, passed just as good as that of Dicté, pot be that of birth of Zeus. Li two traditions were contradictory # on this rivalry, reported by Strabo,4 grafted, in historical times, h centuries-old quarrels from city to city which always soled Crete and made it dex 1. R. Dussaud, Les civilizations préhell., p. 2. Strabo, X, 4, 12. 3. R. Dussaud, Pre-hellish civilizations, p. M 4, Strabo, X, 4, 12.

85 CRETE 886 ir, despite its isolation in the middle The waves, easy prey for the stranger. We know the popular fables which give ent for nanny to the child Zeus, the Amalthée goat, bees, pigeons es, an eagle. We find the bee nurturer of eus, emblem of the Melissai nymphs, on »s coins of Præsos, Elyros, Hyr- \cina, from Tarrha. The eagle of Zeus appears n relation with the nymph Europe on the 1coins of Gortyn, Præsos, Lyt- >s, from Hierapytna. The dove is on the 1coins of Præsos. In legend, the Curèles form the armed and noisy brat of Rhéa-Amalthée t of Zeus Kontayévns; one of them gave n name to the city of Eleutherne. The Cre- they honored them as the ancestors names of their race, born from the trees of rêts (8v8sogueic), inventors of archery, exercise prescribed to all Creoles by the is from Minos!. Also, the Cretans were considered to be us skilled bow hunters of antiquity. from their childhood they were used to r the wooded mountains and meadows, at the ursuit of goats or ibexes ges (the ibex) whose horns flexible and ngues were used to make ares. there, on their currencies, the types of huntress vinilés, Apollon and Arlémis, e Xenophon thus describes : 'Aréhkwvos p xat ’Aotémuôos &yoa xai xôves, “of Apollo _ of Artemis come hunting and the come”?. The Crelois remembered that given popular in their types onetaries. We find Apollo the goat hunter 4: Strabo, X, 4, 16. . Xenophon, On the Hunt, 1, 1. savages at Eleutherne, at Rilplomb, at Ty- lisos; hunting heroes, like Heracles and undoubtedly the Curètes themselves, to Præsos, in Cydonia and elsewhere; in Cydonia even, currencies put us in pre- sence of the eponymous hero Cydon breast-fed by a hunting dog; in Præsos, Prian- sos, Elyros, Hyrtacina, Tarrha, it’s the vre Savage who falls pierced by a arrow; sometimes, perhaps, we need to recognize giving birth to the goat Amallhée in some episode of his legend which is not for us reached by literary means, no more than the legend of Cydon. The Curètes had also taught the Crelois the Pyrrhic, armed dance which gave, under their heavy armor, extraordinary agility and made their reputation in Lacedaemon and in all the armies where they were going to serve as mercenaries !. It is to this dance that we will relate the monetary Lype of Aptera, the mystical hero lerious Ptolioicos, who is undoubtedly only one of the Curetes. Besides the nymph Amallhée metamor- phosée as a goat and the nymph Europa who have, like Zeus and Minos, a character generic and common to all of Crete, the Creloise coins show us a crowd local nymphs which are, basically, that the same nymph whose myth took a particular twist or was enriched of a special episode in each city. A Chersonesos and in Lappa, the nymph is invoked under the name of Britomartis; in Gortyn, it’s Europe; in Knosse, we pro- pose to recognize Europe, Ariadne, Amal- {hee or even Pasiphaé; in Cydonia and 1. Strabo, X, 4, 17. The Curetes dance the pyr- rhique around the Rhea-Aimalthée breastfeeding Zeus in- fant, on many monuments.

887 Polyrhenion who disputed the Dictyn- paion of Mount Tityros, it is Dictynna, ap- peeled also Artemis Dictynna; we can pro- put the name of the nymph Acacallis to Cydonia; in Phalasarne, it is the nymph eponym Phalasarné; in Priansos, it is a nymph whose attribute a snake like Hygieia or like Asclepius in Epi- sea bream. Each of these local nymphs had in his popular legend a distinctive feature and its old sanctuary, a revered emblem of the small homeland. But at the same time they had in common the general traits rales of the same myth: all are loved of Zeus or Minos, under metamor- various situations. They come in that way, by the way- theirs, in the general character of the my- Greek theology. “The great number of loves lerres- tres of Zeus, the celestial god, says M. P. De- charm, should not be surprising if we think that the mythological system of the Greeks consists of fables borrowed from several legendary cycles, distinct in their origin, but which later became confused. The local legends which told of love of Zeus were often only the variants of a unique theme and diverse expression sified of the same natural phenomena. The soil fertility due in part to humidity fertilizing said of the sky, in many cantons of Greece we represented Zeus as having originally united with the nym- phe or the heroine which bore the name of country itself, who was the personili- calion alive, and who was said to have was the first mother of the breed that her soil had fed. »!. 1. P. Decharme, Mythology of ancient Greece, p. 40. CRETE It is, in fact, the same nymph, under multiple hypostases, which must be recognized under the names of Europe, Aegina, Ariadn Britomartis, Asteria, Acacallis, Dictynné Amalthea. Arrival in Crete, Europe marries Aslé rion, king of this island; Zeus, changed into aig removes Europa-Asteria. This last ef the same as Asteria-Aegina removed aunty by the bull, sometimes by the eagle. “ nymph Aegina, kidnapped by the eagle, not transported to new terrain, that of cult of Hera, to which the symbol of ta water was more particularly an attribute Aegina becomes Aphaia, honored in li of Aeacus (Aegina), the Dictynna and the Britoma Lily of Crete’. » This relationship of the Cretan genre and the Aeginetan legend are undoubtedly grafted onto ethm relations the commercial relations of the Cretans with the Aegineta. One of the nymphs Cretan folds popular, Britomartis, part of Phenicia like Europe. She goes to Argos, then in Cephallenia where the inhabitants honor him under the name of Laphria or Artémis LA phria; she arrives in Crete; in Chersonest a temple is erected for him. } In the development of his legend Britomartis who, we have just noticed more than one point of contact with Europ further identifies with Artemis Dictynr “In the island of Crete,” remarks M. charm, Artemis was confused with u local deity who resembled him in that some of its responsibilities. It was B 1. Charles Lenormant, New. mytha gallery gic, p. 61. 2, Strabo, X, 4, 14; cf. Charles Lenorma New gallery mythol., p. 67, footnote 9,

889 tomartis, “the sweet virgin”, the protection the joy of sailors and fishermen who greeted again of the name of Dictynna (goddess of nets)?. » Like Artemis, Bri- lomartis travels through forests and mountains, piercing wild goats with his arrows; like Europa, she is loved by Minos; she too becomes Selene, the moon saw leader, protector of sailors and hunters lurkers on the lookout. His cult passes on the island of Aegina like that of Europe, in favor, undoubtedly, ties of friendship which unite know the Aeginetans and the Cydoniates? At Knosse, the nymph Ariadne who helps the Athenian hero Theseus to find his way min in the mazes of the labyrinth, is that a new local hypostasis of Europe- Brilomartis. In Cydonia, in Polyrhenion, the same nymph is called Arlémis Dictynna and it has, under this last term, a sanctity one of the most popular shrines, the Dictynnaion at the top of Mount Tityros which dominated these two cities *. It's the same nymph who, in Cydonia, is the mother of breast-fed Cydon by a bitch and Miletos suckled by a wolf, fables lopics which form the pendant to that of Zeus breast-fed by the Amalthée goat. In Tarrha and Elyros, the nymph Acacallis is mother, through Apollo Tarrhaios, of Phy- lakis and Phylandros which are fed by a wild goat. If it happens that these multiple aspects and these local varieties of the same myth have resulted in giving to the protective nymphs 1. Hésychius, Bord, yhuxd Koñrss. Cf. Solin, XI: Crelenses Dianam reliogissime venerantur, Brilo- marlem generaliler nominantes, quod sermone nos- lro sonal “Virginem dulcem”. 2, P. Decharme, Mythol. of ancient Greece, p.156. 3. Cf. Panofka, Zeus and Aegina, p. 16. 4. Strabo, X, #4, 12 and 13. CRETE 890 of each city attributes characteristics- ticks and originals reproduced in the monetary types, it is easy for us to give give these feminine types the precise names that suit them. Unfortunately he is not always this way. Most often even, these monetary representations are resemble; these female heads are co- feet, without originality, some on the others and from city to city. Hence the difficulties we experience, in many cases, to call these heads feminine nines named Europe, Britomartis, Dictynna or any other. The search for rigorous precision even seems vain and scientifically irrelevant. The engravers of monetary coins created you went further in limitation; sometimes it's abroad that they took borrowed the intended type to represent the local nymph. This is how Demeter, Persephone, the Arethusa of coins Syracuse, are found, in Serial Copies vile, on the currencies of Præsos, of Cydonia, from Priansos where they are adorned with a other name; the Artemis of the slaters of Stym- phale passes without change on those of Chersonesos where it is called Britomartis. Monetary types of Gortyn, of Præsos and other cities, relating to the myth of Heracles and the Cretan bull, give give rise to similar observations. We will see further (at Cnosse) the summary of this fable special to Crete: it is the seventh of works imposed on Heracles by the king of Tiryns Eurystheus. Thus, the Crelo myths interpreted on the currencies, clearly present to us, the origin, two laurels, peaceful moon and gentle, which carries Europe, the other furious and devastating, that Heracles alone manages to

891 master. But the two bulls finished by being confused in the tradition and their amalgamated legends, in the same way how the legends were confused of Zeus of Mount Dicté and of Zeus of Mount Ida, the legends of Europe and Britomar- üs. | As for Heracles, the fame of his exploits in other parts of the world Hellenic, followed him to Crete. From there, the guy of Heracles fighting, on the coins of Chersonesos, copied on the slaters of Stym- phale; hence also the muzzle of the Nemean lion in Gortyn and Phæstos, and the wild boar of coins of Lyttos and Hierapytna. A Phæstos again, we will see Heracles at garden of the Hesperides or fighting Hy- Dr. of Lerna. Local tradition claimed that the cult of Heracles had been introduced in Crete by the eponymous hero Phæstos, king of Sicyon and grandson of Heracles. Likewise, the type of Poseidon Hippios Arcadian, on the coins of Rhaucos and of Priansos; that of the Hera of Argos, Knossos and Tylisos; the Apollo and the tripod of Zacynthos which we find identically ticks in Axos: here are some nu- mismatics which attest that the Cretans, attached to their Dorian origins, never cease will never be to maintain relationships with the Peloponnesians. This is not to say that the Cretans refrained from looking for garlic- theirs than in the Peloponnese of the proto- types for their coins of v° and 4th centuries. We cited earlier, about nymphs, syracu-types healthy ones introduced into creative numismatics Loise, but there are many others. Types Cretan coins are often the direct copy of currency types of cities CRETE 892 very distant, and one can wonder if these copies are purely fantasies workshops or if, as is more pro- bable in certain cases, we must consider them der like adaptations to legends local. This is how Eretria of Euboea, because of his legend of the cow lo, nourished rice of the child Epaphos, sees its types monetary copies copied at Præsos and Gortyn, at such a point that the award of some anepigraph pieces, in Euboea or to the Crete becomes uncertain. The head of Olympian Zeus of the coins of Elis is co- built in Chersonesos. The naked Apollo, seated on the omphalos of other Chersonese staters- sos, seems inspired by the staters of Nicoclès king of Paphos. Cretan towns even borrow their monetary coins and copy each other shortly. This is how a stater of Hierapytna has a right which is from the same corner than a stater of Eleuthernes, and that we find associated with the types of Priansos and Præ- sos (no. 1513). If the oldest coins of Cnosse can go back to the year 500, those from other cities are less an- ciennes. Those of Gortyn and Phæstos! begin at most around 480; those of Itanos and Eleuthernes, around 460; a little later still, those of Præsos and Lytlos. It's only in the last part of the 5th century that the coinage of the cities of Crete becomes very abundant. He is all- days in the eginelic system. From a style point of view there are pieces admirable. Some have signs tures of artists. We read the names of the artist Neuantos, in Gydonie (n° 1743), and that of Pythodoros in Aptera (n°1740), in Polyrhenion (a%11195,/4711)"elupeuisétre ren:abbreviated

Cydonia (n° 1746). It is obviously one of these two artists or one of their worthy emulators, who engraved the admirable coins of Sybritia to the types of Diony- sos Pogon and Hermes. But isn't it singular, as we point out further, that Neuantos and Pythodorus have engraved similar and neighboring corners Even in the smallest technical details? Obviously, one of two artists copied each other's work? This fact will surprise less if we remember the pa- equally narrow income from monetary wedges of Arcadia signed Olym. and Chari. ‘, that monetary coins from Olympia which bear the signatures enigmatic PO, AA and AA°; finally, the kinship of beautiful Sicilian women engraved by emulating or rival Arlist artists. In the Creole monetary suites the more abundant, alongside the pieces of excellence slow style, we encounter copies of work barbarian, neglected, like if the hits, prolonged for a long time, had summer abandoned to the most common workers, or as if it had been perpetuated by tradition, outside of any official control. The chronological classification of these pieces barbarians remains very uncertain. Next the principle adopted in this work, the towns of Crete are arranged CRETE — ITANOS 894 here in geographical order going from East to West. This system has the advantage tage, among other things, to bring the mounts closer born from towns in the same region, show that workshops neighbors like, for example, Gortyn and Phæstos, have the same types at the beginning of their coinage; that Zeus Arras reigns in eastern Crete tale, while Zeus ‘Tôxiss is the god of Western Crete; here again, we see more clearly that cities of the same canton as Elyros, Hyrlacina, Tarrha have similar currency types and connect their origins to the same mythical legends. We notes also, with evidence that emerges from the class- lies himself, that political life and trade of Crete was more active and more intense on the ribs oriental and northern part of the island than on those which look to the West or Cyrenaica. Almost all money cities in Crete open their workshop during the two centuries which fall within the framework of present volume. The only towns in Crete of which we do not have point to speak because that they did not monetize before the end of the 4th century, are: Allaria, Anopolis, Apollo- nie, Arcadia, Arsinoë, Bianos, Ceræa, Latos, Olous and Malla. S II, — Itanos. Itanos, the easternmost town of Crete, closest to Carpathos, Rhodes, of Cyprus, of Phoenicia, is located 1. See above, p. 587, 2. See above, p. 730. goes to surroundings of cape Samonion (today Sidaro); its location is represented by the ruins of Erimopolis *. 3. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crele, p. 200; Fr. Halbherr in the Museo italiano, 1890, p. 565,

895 CRETE — ITANOS 896 The emigrants of Thera going found email, ëv Korn, änô ’vävos oivics, said Cyrene, around 630 BC. BC, stopped at Ila- Stephen of Byzantium. This Phoenix origin nos, where a certain Corobios indicated to them the cienne explains the sir anguiped path to Libya’. Ilanos was already a oriental of the coins of Itanos, although the important city at that time; she had start of coinage is hardly anle- was founded by the Phoenician Ilanos: ‘xs, laughing in the middle of the th century. FIRST GROUP. — From approximately 460 to 400. 1405. — Sea god (Ianos, Glaucos or Triton) turned to the right, bearded, bare sheet metal, his human body ending in a forked fishtail; of the left hand raised he binds a fish by the tail and with his right hand he brandishes his trident. R. Star rosette formed of a central bud around which radiate four florets alternating with four leaflets. Hollow square limited by a line. ZÆR 24: egin. staler, 11 gr. 55 el 11 gr. 57 (P) PL CCXLIV, fig. 1 and 2:. 1406. — Variety, with a square of pebblestone around the rosette on the reverse; (B) PL COXLIV, fig. 3”. 1407. — Same right. BL. Star rosette with eight rays separated from each other others by eight globules. Square of lines around the edge. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 29 (Jameson) PL CCXLIV, fig. 4; — other, A1 gr. 27(L)*. | 1408. — Same right. B. Star-shaped rosette with eight petals flanked by leaflets | (rose window of Miletus); square of lines around the edge. AR 923; stat. egin., 11 gr. 69 (L) PL CCXLIV, fig. 5:. 1409. — Same descr. ZR 18; drachma egin. (Gotha) Pl. COXLIV, fig. 6. 1410. — Same right. B. Star rosette with eight rays, in a square of lines. Barbarian style. ÆR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 69(B)*. 1. "Herodotus, LV, 151, Jameson, No. 1331. 2, Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crele, p. 202, no. 3, 5. Svoronos, p. 201, no. 1, pl. XVIII, 21. Compa- pl. XVIII, 23. rez for the milleicne rosette on the reverse, our PI. XI, 3. Svoronos, p. 202, no. 2, pl. XVIII, 22. fig. 4 to 12; PI. XIX, fig. 14; PI. CXLIX, 6g. 1 to 5. 4, Svoronos, p. 202, no. 5, pl. XVIII, 25; Calal. 6. Svoronos, p. 202, no. 7, pl. XVIIL 27.

97 CRETE — ITANOS 898 1411. — Same right. R. Star rosette with eight rays. ZR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 70 (P) PL CCXLIV, fig. 7!. 1411 08, — Variele; rosette with eight petals separated by leaflets. ÆR 24; slat., 7 gr. 68 (abnormal weight)?. ne 412. — The same sea monster. B. Starry rosette with eight petals around a central globule. ZR 12; ob. egin., 0 gr. 88 to 0 gr. 72 (P) PL CCXLIV, fig. 8; - others ?. 1413. — Numerous varieties: the petals are separated by points; The islands are flanked by leaflets; sometimes their number is reduced to four *. 1414. — Head of the sea god, right. Rz. Star rosette, with eight petals separated by points. ZR 12, egin. obol, 0 gr. 85 (Poza) ‘. Judging by the style, the degenerations yielding drags imitations in its tow scenes of the rose window and the disappearance of barbarians of a later era. ute trace of hollow square, the group pre- SECOND GROUP. — Beginning of the 15th century. 1415.— ITANION. The same sea god, bearded, bare head, his body as a man rmined into a forked fishtail; he raises his clenched left hand in front n forehead, and with his right hand he brandishes his trident transversely. BC. Two serpentine sea monsters confronting each other; they have a head and horse ears, a bristly crest and fins; their curled tail ends in a fork, like that of the god. Æ 26; stal, egin., 11 gr. 25 (Luynes) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 9°. 1416. — Without leg. The anguiped sea god, as above. B. The two serpentine monsters; between them, the ITA legend. ul ZR 93; stat. egin., 10 gr. 50 (Gotha) PL. COXLIV, fig. 10; — 11 gr. 25 (Es . Svoronos, n° 10, pl. XVIII, 28. 5. Svoronos, no. 17, pl. XIX, Ge . Cameron and Hill, Num. Chron., 1913, pl. XV, 10. 6. Svoronos, no. 20, pl. XIX, 6. . Svoronos, nos. 8, 9, 11, 12, pl. XVIII, 29 to 35. 7, Svoronos, no. 21, pl. XIX, 7. . Svoronos, nes 6 and 9, pl. XVIII, 26 and 36. Volume IV. .

899 CRETE — ITANOS 900 1417. — Variety, without leg. (neither on the right nor on the reverse). ÆR 25; stat. egin., 10 gr. 46, gap (Saint-Florian) ". 1418. — Variety, barbarian style, with the retrograde legend ATI; the guy on the reverse in a square bordered with a rubble. ZR95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 80 (P) PI. COXLIV, fig. 11 1419. — Variety. The anguiped sea god binds a conch with his hand left raised, while his trident pierces a fish (barbarian style). BR. ITA. The two serpentine monsters; square of grènelis. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 10 gr. 98 (P) PI. CCXLIV, He.:12". 1420. — The anguiped sea god, as above. B. Without leg. The two serpentine monsters in a square of lines. Æ15; triobole egin., 2 gr. 66 (L) PL. COXLIV, fig. 19 1421. — Variety, with ITA on the reverse. Æ15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 62 (L) PI. CCXLIV, fig. 14:. 1422, — Anguiped sea god, as above, appearing to swim a conch with his left hand, and piercing a fish with his trident. B. ITANION, between the two serpentiform monsters. 2 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 38 (L) PL CCXLIV, fig. 15*. 1423. — Variety, with EYAMO (instead of the name Itanos). ÆR 93: stat. egin., 11 gr. 50 (P) PL COXLIV, fig. 16; — 11 gr. 36(B)* The sea monster of Itanos coins Cretan town, was an original navigator (nos. 1405 to 1423) is the same as that which appears of Arados. Under native influence, the god on the coins of Arados, in Phoenicia, and Phoenician in élé assimilated to monsters ser that we have called Dagon ichthyo- pentiformes, ouichthyomorph anguipeds morph or Baal Arvad %. We must without from Hellenic mythology, Triton, Ty doubt conclude from this connection that phon, especially Glaucos, son of Minos?. the hero Itanos, Phoenician founder of the The oldest currencies are anépi 1. Svoronos, no. 23, pl. XIX, 9; cf. Journal inb of arch. num., t. 1, 1898, p. 157. 8. See our Description. historical, t. 11, p. 150 9. Compare in particular the Fronto Typhoon of the primitive temple of the Acropolis of Athens. My Collignon, Hist. of the sculpture. Greek; t. I, p. 209. . Svoronos, no. 13, pl. XVIII, 37. . Svoronos, no. 14, pl. XIX, 1. . Svoronos, n° 15, pl. XIX, 2. . Svoronos, no. 16, pl. XIX, 38. . Svoronos, n° 17, pl. XIX, 4. . Svoronos, no. 22, pl. XIX, 8. D C7 to 9 19 >

901 CRETE — ITANOS 902 graphs; it was only in the 15th century {our 2nd group), only on parts with the same type of sea monster, we see the appearance legend ITANION, most often abbreviated. A curious varietal (n° 1423) bears, at the place of the ethnic, the name EYDAMO, ge- nilif of Edgauos or Edonuos. This name cannot be that of a tyrant or a magistrate of Itanos. According to a very plausible conjecture sible of Mr. Svoronos, Euphemos was a ty- ran of Itanos supported by the Lacédémo- niens. With the help of the Athenians, the Ita- nians drove out their tyrant and established the democracy. From there, the disappearance of the type tritonomorph which was substituted, like we will see, the head of Athena, inspired by the coins of Athens, and the eagle by Zeus Diclaios t. We must place this re- evolution in the first half of the 1st century cle before our era, perhaps from the time of the great defeat of the Lacedaemonians in the waters of Naxos, in 376?. THIRD GROUP. — From approximately 3706 to 300. 142%. — Head of Athena on the left, with Athenian helmet decorated with palmettes. B£. ITANION or ITANION. Eagle standing left, turning head away; square cr. ZÆR 22; stat. egin, 11 gr. 74 (B) P1. CCXLIV, fig. 17; — 11 gr. 70 (H)°. 1425. — Same description (with ITANION). Æ19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 50 (B) PL CCXLIV, fig. 18; — 5 gr. 20 (MW); 4 gr. 90 (P)°. 1426. — Same description. Æ14; triobole egin., 2 gr. 70 (V) PI. CCXLIV, fig. 19”. 1427. — Same head of Athena. B. Star-shaped rosette, with eight petals. Æ10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 90 (P) PI. COXLIV, fig. 20:. 1428. — Head of Athena to the right, helmet decorated with palmettes (barbarian manufacture). B. Without leg. Eagle standing left, turning head away. ZR 24; stat. egin., 10 gr. 82 (L) PI. CCXLIV, fig. 47; — 10 gr. 68(A). 1429. — Same description. Barbarian style. ZR 16; triobole egin., 2 gr. 05 (V)”. 1. J. Svoronos, Journ. int. of arch. numism., t. 1, 2898, p. 157. 2. See above, p. 815. 3. Svoronos, nos. 24 and 25, pl. XIX, 10; McDonald, Munt. coll., t, 11, p. 189, no. 2, pl. XLII, 8. 4. Svoronos, no. 26, pl. XIX, 11 and 12. ë. Svoronos, no. 27, pl. XIX, 13. 6. Svoronos, n° 98, pl. XIX, 19. 1. Svoronos, no. 29, pl. XIX, 14. 8. Svoronos, No. 30; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. IT, IDE RRE comfortable 9. Svoronos, n° 31. These barbarian style coins (nos. 1428, 1429) are perhaps post- laughing,

903 CRETE — ITANOS 904 1430. — Head of Athena right, wearing the Attic helmet. B£. ITANION. Eagle standing left, turning head away. Æ15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 51 (P) PL CCXLV, fig. 2; — 2 gr. 68 (L)!. 1431. — Same right. BR. Rosette formed of a central globule surrounded by seven more (replacing the leaves). Z 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 77 (B) P1. CCXLIV, fig. 8°; — 0 gr. 85 (V). 1432. — Same right. B. Rosette with four petals separated by points. ÆR 7; égin. tetartemorion, 0 gr. 24 (Ath). FOURTH GROUP. — Middle of the 15th century. 1433. — Head of Athena’ on the left, the helmet decorated with a palmette. BL. ITANIQN. Eagle standing left, turning head; behind him, the anguiped sea god (Triton), brandishing the trident and raising his right hand. Æ93; stat. e.g., 11 gr. 20 (Luynes) P1. CCXLIV, fig. 4; — 11 gr. 10 (P)*. 1434. — Same description. Æ19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 40 (P) P1. COXLV, fig. 5; —5 gr. 44 (B)°. 1435. Same description. ZÆR 14; triob. e.g., 2 gr. 52 (Luynes) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 6; —2 gr. 62(V)°. 1436. — Same head of Athena. A. Star with eight rays. ZR 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 88 (2); 0 gr. 75 (P) PL. COXLV, fig. 7 and 8°. 1437. — Same description. ÆR 9; hemiob. e.g., 0 gr. 50 (P) PI. CCXLIV, fig. 9. 1438. — Same head of Athena. Æ. Star with 8 or 12 rays; sometimes, a circle around it. Æ 17 to 14; (P, B) PL COXLV, fig. 10°. 1439. — Same head of Athena. BR. IT. Eagle standing right. turning his head away *. Æ14. 1. Svoronos, no. 32, pl. XIX.16. 5. Svoronos, no. 38, pl. XIX, 21. | 2. Svoronos, no. 33, pl. XIX, 16. 6. Svoronos, nos. 39 and 40, pl. XIX, 22 and 23, exhibit 3. Svoronos, No. 35, pl. XIX, 17; variety, in common, often of barbaric manufacture and of Ephemeris archeol. from Athens, 1889, pl. XII, 13. posterior. 4. Svoronos, n°5 36 el 41, pl. XIX, 18 and 24 (exhibit 1. Svoronos, n° 42 at 4%, pl. XIX, 25, 26 and 21. common, often of barbaric manufacture), 8. Cameron and Hill, Num. Chron., 1913, pl. XV, 13.

05 Æ13; (P) PL CCXLYV, fig. 11. As we indicated above, introduction of the head of Athena type about currencies of Itanos, seemed to be produced when the tyrant Euphemos was overthrown, thanks to the intervention of the Athe- iens. As for the eagle which appears ion at the same time, it relates surely- ent to Zeus Dictaios that the Itanians honor have a particular cult! It will be noted that the currencies to types of Athena's head and the eagle form two groups approximately contemporary orains by their style, and on both which we find a fairly hollow square purred, although we cannot place these pieces older than the 15th century. On one e these groups (n°* 142% to 1432), where we In the center of the mountain range who omines the eastern peninsula of Crete, he found Præsos (Iozxséc), capital of TeoCretans of the East, the most ancient people nothing from the island. Strabo reports to Præsos “the best temple of Zeus Dictaios » and the proximity to Mont Dicté #. The little river idymos had its source not far from there, t Eteia, a small town located on its embou- 1. Registrations in honor of Zeus Dictaios \ix Atxtaïov), Hera and other deities, found in rimopolis, in Cbarles Michel, Recueil d’Ins- Let's laugh Greek, fase. IV, no. 1317; B.Head, ist. num., p. 470. 2. See on this city, Annual of Brit. School The Athens, t. VIII, 1901-1902, p. 231 et seq. ; B.Head, CRETE — PRESOS 906 1440. — Radiated head of Apollo (?) on the right. A. Star with eight rays. meeting again sometimes the legend ITANION, going with [TANION, there is no to no symbol in the reverse field. On the other group (n° 1433 to 1440) where the legend is always [TANION, when she exists, we see reappear in symbol, at next to the eagle, the anguiped monster of first coins of Ilanos. The star figure on the reverse of small divisions, as well on the group with the ichthyomorphic god that on the group at the head of Athena. The coinage of Itanos seems to stop in the last part of the 15th century; but its various monetary series include barbaric and imitation coins posted- laugher of which chronological stretching remains uncertain. Præsos *. chure, served as a port for the entire region *. Inscriptions and remains from the Minoan era *. The men- tion of Præsos in Herodotus attests that this town had preserved its ancient im- lift in historical times. Besides, its currencies which are abundant, begin towards the middle of the 5th century and prove the commercial wealth of the city. Iist. num. (2nd ed.), p. 475. 3. Strabo, X, 4, 12. 4. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crele, p. 285. 5. Conway, Annual of the Brit. School at Athens, t. VIII, p. 125-156; t. X, p. 115-127; René Dussaud, Pre-Hellenic civilizations, p. 281-288. 6. Herodotus, VIT, 170, 171.

907 CRETE — PRESOS 90 FIRST GROUP. — From 450 to 400 BC. AD 1441. — Gorgon head facing, sticking out its tongue, hair parted middle of the forehead and curly. BL. Hero (Heracles?) beardless, naked, kneeling to the right and Reading Park; s chlamys floats on his shoulders; around the edge, a square of lines. Hollow square ZR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 82 (L) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 12°. 1442. — Cow standing left, turning away head to look at the child that she is breastfeeding. BL. 3IA9N (Ioausiov). Hero (Heracles?) naked (without the chlamys), beardless kneeling to the right and shooting the bow. Hollow square. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 60 (P) P1. CCXLIV, fig. 13”. 1443. — Bust of a beardless, naked giant (Triton?), half-length, looking left. the torso facing, the right arm extended, the left hand. brought back towards the face. Re. 31A91. Archery hero, as above. ZR20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 65 (B) PI. CCXLIV, fig. 14*. 1444. — Hero (Heracles?) naked, beardless, kneeling on the right and pulling the bow, her chlamys on her shoulders. B. PPAIS. Dove flying to the right. Hollow square limited by a line. ZR95; stat. egin., 12 gr. 06 (L) PL CCXLV, fig. 15*. 1445. — Varieties; the dove flies to the right. or left; sometimes, without legend. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 23 (Luynes) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 16; — others 10 POS PRUL BH)". | 1446. — Same description, with or without legend, the legs of the her sometimes out of the blank. Æ16; triobole egin., 2 gr. 68 (B) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 17, — 2 gr. 68 ( — variety, 2 gr. 96 (V) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 18°. 1. Svoronos, Numism. of the Crele ancient, Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XX VII, 3. p286 no Di XXNIL > 4. Svoronos, p. 287, no. 5, pl. XXVII, 4. 2, Svoronos, No. 2, pl. XXVII, 2; cf. Herm. 5. Svoronos, n° 10, 41, 12, pl. XXVII, 8, 9, Weber, Num. Chron., 1896, p. 18, pl. IL, 40. 6. Svoronos, n°5 7, 8,9, pl. XXVII, 5, 6, 1. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, p. 218, no. 40;

There is probably a report direct between the hero who shoots the bow, king of the previous pieces, and the dove he flies, at reverse of the same pieces. Like in Sicyone, the hero is supposed to shoot r the dove. But what name to give it? t what is the local myth illustrated by these monetary problems? It is probably Heracles, since this hero figure more rd with its unequivocal attributes on s currencies of Præsos (n°% 1457, 1461, the.). Should we conclude from this that there is a Cretan myth which would have been only one ariant of that of Heracies fighting s birds of Stymphale or similar to ythe of the Sicyonian dove!? The olombe she recalls those who bring gives ambrosia to Zeuschild in the den wreath of reeds (?). 41450. — Same description. 1. See above, in Sicyon, p. 39 to 542. 2. Strabo, X, 3; cf. Description hist., t. I, p. 681. 3. See the coins of Eretria. Description hist, t. I, “015 et pl. XXX and XXXI. 4. Svoronos, no. 14, pl. XXVII, 11; lmhoof-Blumer, ZR 14: triob. egin., 2 gr. 81 (B) PL. COXLV, fig. 21; — 28gr. 11 (A.S. 09 CRETE — PRESOS 910 from the mountain Dictated, neighbor of Præsos? On number 1442, a newborn child is suckled by a cow. It cannot be Zeus, since the Cretan legend gives him for foster mother the goat Amalthée which we will see later. Get child is undoubtedly Epaphos, son of Zeus and the nymph [o. The legend of the island of Euboea relates carried that [0o, loved by Zeus, gave the day at Epaphos in a cave of this island; Io was changed into a cow by Hera ja- louse?. On the coins of Eretria in Eu- gape, figure the cow Lo. There is thus a suggestion geslive relationship of lypes between the mon- families of Præsos and those of Erélria, then- that in both cities we find the Gorgon hat and the cow Io, mother of Epaphos *. SECOND GROUP. — First half of the 15th century. 1447. — Head of a nymph to the right, hair raised and held by a BL. PPAIZION. Cornupel bull, left. Lt. ee / + > # ZR925; stat. egin., 11 gr. O1 (Weber) *. 1448. — Same nymph's head; earrings and necklace. BL. PPAIZIOZ. Bull on the right, one front paw scratching the ground. ZR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 16 (V) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 19:. 1449. — Same right. &. Bull's head from the front. Hollow area. ZR15; egin. drachma, 5 gr. (P) PL COXLV, fig. 20; — 4 gr. 55 (W)°. to Journal int. of archaeol. numism., t. XI, 1908, p. 101; Ephemeris archaeol. of Athens, 1889, pl. XIII, 4. 5. Svoronos, no. 13, pl. XXVII, 12. 6. Svoronos, no. 15, pl. XXVII, 13. 1. Svoronos, no. 16, pl. XXVIL, 14.

911 1451. — Head of a nymph, right. or left; sometimes, on the reverse, FPAI. 112; "obole égin::0:gr: 97:to Oigr, The nymph's head, on the coins which above, is probably the personifi- cation of one of the nymphs to which Rhea entrusted the education of Zeus, after his birth in the cave of Mont Dicté. As for the Cretan bull tamed by Hé- THIRD GROUP. — Second half of the 15th century. 1452. — Zeus Dictaios seated left. on a throne, looking straight on, bare-chested, Legs draped, holding on his hand dr. Bz. MPAI. Cornupet bull, right, on a line. Æ 28; stat. egin., 10 gr. 92 (P) PI. COXLV, fig. 24; — 10 gr. 89 (L) *. 1453. — Same right, with FPAIM, to the right of Zeus. BL. HOIMIAS' (Ipaiouoy, retrogr.). Bull walking right. looking straight on. ÆR 25; slat. e.g., 11 gr. 10 (P) PL CCXLV, fig. 25; — 11 gr. 26(B)*. 1454. — Without leg. Zeus Dictaios enthroned on the left and looking straight on. BL. PPAI. Herakles (?) naked, standing right, shooting from a bow. ZR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 10 (formerly Imhoof coll.) PL. CCXLIV, fig. 26:. 1455. — Without leg. Zeus Dictaios enthroned on the left, formerly looking straight ahead, sometimes to the left. BC. Protome of a goat falling to the left and turning its head away; sometimes in the field, to the right, an arrowhead; behind, his quiver standing. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 02 (P); 10 gr. 52 (P) PI CCXLVI, fig. 1,2 and3; — others (L, B, M). 1456. — Even description. ZÆR 19; drachma egin., 4 gr. 97 (P) PL. CCXLVI, fig. 4; — 5 gr. 38 (M); | 1. Svoronos, n°5 17 to 20, pl. XXVII, 45 to 20. 2. Svoronos, no. 24, pl. XXVII, 24; Ephemeris archeol. of Athens, 1889, pl. XIII, 5. 3. Svoronos, no. 22, pl. XXVII, 22. CRETE — PRESOS 91 76 (L, B) P1. CCXLIV, fig. 22 and 28: racles, it is, in different aspects of its myth, one of the most widespread types in the numismatics of a large number of the towns of Crete: it is not surprising- nant to meet him at Præsos. an eagle and on the left, his scepter. 4 gr. 32 (L) ‘. 4. Svoronos, no. 21, pl. XXVII, 21. 5. Svoronos, n°5 25 and 26, pl. XXVII, 25, 26 and 21; Ephemeris archeol. of Athens, 1889, pl. XIII, 6. 6. Svoronos, no. 27, pl. XX VII, 28.

913 CRETE — PRESOS 914 1457. — Same type of Zeus Dictaios enthroned. BL. PPAIZION. Naked Heracles standing, right, brandishing with right hand his club above his head el Lenant his bow with his left hand advanced. ZÆR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 14 (P) PL CCXLVI, fig. 5!. FOURTH GROUP. — end of the 15th and mid century. 1458. — Laureate head of Apollo left, long hair on the neck. BL. PPAIZI (sic). Protome of a goat falling to the left, and diverting the head; in the field on the right, an arrowhead. AR 95: statistics. e.g., 11 gr. 06 (L) PL COXLVI, fig. 6; — 10 gr.-02 (Ah) 2. 1459. — Variety; on the reverse, the monogram. Æ (— Igz., instead of the legend). ZR 25 (formerly Bunbury coll.) *. 1460. — Same right. B. Protome of a goat falling to the left. ZR15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 39 (B) P1. CCXLVI, fig. 7:. 1461. — Same head of Apollo, right or left. BL. PPAIZION. Naked Heracles, standing right, brandishing his club right hand and holding his bow with his left. ÆR 21: dr. e.g., 4 gr. 97 (V) PL CCXLVI, fig. 8; — 5 gr. 12 (Napoli). 1462. — Same head of Apollo, left. _ Æ&. Goat's head right, in a crown. | | ÆR 16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 31 (P) PL. COXLVI, fig. 9, — 2 gr. ol (L); 2 gr. 45 (B)°. 1463. — Same head of Apollo, right. BR. Bull's head on the right. Æ16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 35 (L) PI. COXLVI, fig. 10:. | 1464. — Same right. &. Bee. Grenelis. n ÆR 16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 52 (V) PL. CCXLVI, fig. 11; — 2 gr. 23(B); 2 gr. 71 (Lambros) * : 4. Svoronos, n° 28, pl. XXVIII, 1. 3. Svoronos, nos. 32 and 34, pl. XX VIIT, 5 and 1. 2. Svoronos, no. 30, pl. XXVII, 3 and 4; Ephemeris 6. Svoronos, n°33, pl. XXVIIT, 6: rcheol. of Athens, 1889, pl. XIIT, 7. . Svoronos, no. 35, pl. LAS : 3. Svoronos, No. 31. 8. Svoronos, no. 36, pl. XXVIII, 9 and 10. 4. Svoronos, no. 29, pl. XXVIIT, 2. Volume IV. + 58

945 CRETE — PRESOS 916 | 1465. — Same head of Apollo, left. B. Bee. ZR 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 75 (B) PL CCXLVI, fig 12:. 1466. — Head of Persephone crowned with ears of corn, right; drop earrings *. Re. FPAIZION or FPAIZI. Cornupet bull, right; above, a rose on its stem. ZR 24; stat. e.g., 11 gr. 52 (P) PL CCXLVI, fig. 13; — 10 gr. 51 (Florence); 10 gr. 49(B); 11 gr. 30 (V); 10 gr. 09 (Jameson) * 1467. — Same head of Persephone; in front of the neck of the goddess, a rose. Re. Bull's head from the front. Æ20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 35(B)*. 1468. — Same head of Persephone. BL. MPAIZI or MPAIZION. Bull's head from the front; in the field, on the left, a rose on its stem. Æ19; Dr. egin., 5 gr. 20 (P) PL CCXLVI, fig. 14; — 5 gr. 25 B L 1469. — Same head of Persephone, on the right or on the left. BR. Bull's head from the front. R 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 86(B); — 4 gr. 89 (L) ‘ 1470. — Same description. Æ15; 1471. — Same head of Persephone, right or left. Æ&. PPAIZI. Bee; in the field at left ZR 20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 91 (P) PL CCXLVI, fig. 15. 1472. — Same description. ÆR 15; PI. COXLVI, fig. 16; — others, 2 gr. 57 (P); 2 gr. 77 (V)* The beautiful nymph head on the stater No. 1466, is a direct copy of the ce- lebre under the name of Persephone or Are- 1. Svoronos, no. 37, pl. XXVII, 11. 2. Type copied on the medals of Syracuse. In Præsos, this type of Persephone represents pro- probably the local nymph. 3. Svoronos, nos. 38 and 39, pl. XXVIIL, 12; Calal. Jameson, No. 1342. 4. Svoronos, n°s 40, pl. XX VIII, 13. ÿ. Svoronos, n°5 41 and 42, pl. XXVIII, 14. triob. egin., 2 gr. 83(B)7. , sometimes a rose on its stem. aeginetic triobole, 2 gr. 60 (Poza) thuse on the medallions of Syracuse, si- born of Evainèle, which date from the end of the 5th or from the beginning of the 15th century? Gelte, 6. Svoronos, n°5 46 and 48, pl. XXVIIT, 17 and 18. 1. Svoronos, no. 47, pl. XXVIII, 19. 8. Svorouos, n°5 43 to 45, pl. XXVIII, 15 and 16. 9. B. Head, History of the Coinage of Syracuse (4874), p. 21, pl. IV, 3; Arthur Evans, Syracuse Medallions, pl. IV and V;B. Head, Hist. numor. p. 176, fig. 99.

917 {head was also copied at Pheneus, at Oponte and in several other Greek cities. The bee {on nos. 1464 to 1472) made allusion to the fable according to which Zeus child was fed honey by bees, that is to say the nymphs Melissa or the nymph Melissa!. The rose of Rhodes, as a symbol on the No. 1466, 1467, 1468, 1471, is very important aunt to report because she is one of the same way on other currencies Cretan towns, such as Elyros and Hyrtacina. It relates, undoubtedly, to the predo- ‘eoärorvz, today Giérapetra, is located lives on the southern coast of Crete, opposite the island of Chrysea, quite far to the south west of Præsos. A very old city, it originally carried the name of Camiros, like the Rhodian town of that name. Sound founder Cyrbas came, moreover, of Rhodes, with Rhea *. The coins of Hié- rapylna begin with a rare stater which takes place at the beginning of the 15th century and CRETE — HIERAPYTNA 918 mining of the Rhodians in the Aegean Sea; in the 11th century, the rose of Rhodes also appears as a symbol on the currencies of Cyre- Naic and several of the Cyclades. It is possible that quite a large number pieces that make up our 4th group (No. 1458 to 1472) were struck alone- ment in the 11th century. The coinage of Præ- sos continues until around 150 BC. approximately ?. This city is mentioned in miscellaneous epigraphic texts from the time hellenistic discovered - in these der- recent years. $IV. — Hiorapytna. appears, until now, chronologically isolated. It was not until the Hellenistic period, then under Roman domination, which Hiera- pytna plays a considerable role, as both its rich coin series and its inaugurated in the last portion of the 4th century, the ruins of its buildings, the epigraphic texts that were collected there and the testimony of ancient authors. 4. — Beginning of the 1st century, approximately. 1473. — IPANV. Triskelion with human legs turning right. Crown laurel around the edge. R. Protome of a wild boar leaping to the right. Laurel wreath around the edge. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 31 (B) PL. CCXLVI, fig. 17*. 1. R. Dussaud, Civilizations pre-Hellenic, p. 247. 2. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 416. 3. Svoronos, Numism. of ancient Crete, p. 183. 4. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crele, p. 188, No. 1, pl. XVII, 6; Imhoof-Blumer, Zeit. für Num., t. XIII, p. 133, no. 14; Zeil. für Num., t. XXI, p. 215,

919 Types of this early story of 4th century, recalling those of the dynasts of Lycia aim the Rhodian origin and 1ly- one of the founders of Hierapytna’. By CRETE — HIERAPYTNA 920 his style this piece seems chronological- very far from the beautiful pieces that follow (no. 1474 et seq.) and which are not prior to the last third of the 15th century. 2. — Coins minted after approximately 330. 1474. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. Re. IEPA. Palm ; at the foot of the tree, an eagle on the right turning away the head. Æ 27; stat. egin., 10 gr. 86 (L) PI. CCXLVI, fig. 18:. It is curious to note that the droil of this staler is from the same corner as the right 1475. — Same description. of a stater of Eleuthernes (see below). Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 80 (Modena) PI. CCXLVI, fig. 19*. 1476. — Laureate head of Zeus, right or left. Bz. Palm ; in the field, the monogr. of Hierapytna, an apluster. FP A and sometimes Æ16; (P) PL CCXLVI, fig. 20 (common room) *. 1477. — Same description. Æ12; (P) PL CCXLVI, fig. 21. Previous currencies lead us felt until around 300 BC. Hiera- pytna had to broadcast later dantes series of tetradrachms with legend IEPATYTNION. with variable names of magistrates. These parts have the following types, right, a twisted head of Tyche and, at reverse, the eagle and the palm tree *. The eagle, at the foot of the palm tree, traditional type 1. Compare currencies Lycian dynasts to the types of the triskelion and the protome of san- glier, on our pl. XXI, XXII, XCIL to XCVIIT. 2. Svoronos, No. 2, pl. XVII, 1. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, p. 217, no. 29; tional of Hierapytna, recalls the legend following (which Zeus metamorphosed into eagle to kidnap the nymph Aegina who is only the hypostasis of the nymph Europe, the Phoenician virgin. The eagle-Zeus waits the nymph near the palm tree; in Gortyn, the nymph Europe seated on the trunk of a plane tree receives the hugs of the divine eagle. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XVII, 8. 4. Svoronos, n° 4 to 6, pl. XVII, 9 and 10. 5. Svoronos, pl. XVII, fig. 11 et seq.; B.Head, Hist. numer., p. 468.

(| CRETE — CHERSONESOS 922 $ V. — Chersonesos. Among the many regions or localities és of the Hellenic world who had to r topographic situation the name of osévnsos Where Xep5vnsos, There are two Crete. One is the most promontory cidental of the island: there was never a the in mint condition. The other is contrary on the northern coast, under latitude of Thera, approximately equal launches between Cape Zéphyrion to the east and modern city of Candia (Heracleion) in west. The village built with his ruins calls Xesosevnso again, Like Lyttos, neighboring inland and Where it served as a port, Ghersonesos claimed to have been founded by ancient lasges of Imbros and Lemnos would naked people settle there with atheist women niennes kidnapped during their pirate- ries?. Adventures and races at sea of the nymph Britomartis, before she came to settle permanently in Chersonesos, undoubtedly linked to these piracy and to these origins of the first inhabitants *. Certain monetary types also give think that Chersonesos received, later, a colony of Slymphalians who introduced led the cult of Heracles, next to those of Britomartis and Zeus Dictaios or Zeus Cretagenes. The Chersonesos workshop appears to have been opened from the beginning of the 15th century, if we judged by the great style of the first sta- terères (n° 1478, 1479) which bear the name of the Chersonesians. 1. — Beginning of the 15th century. 1478. — Laureate head of Zeus, right, long hair. B. Leg. crude. The nymph Britomartis seated left on a throne with her back r high: she is dressed in a lalar chiton tight at the waist; on the hand forward ear she holds a doe which leaps to the left, and with her left hand led back, she leans on her seat. ZR 27; stat. egin., (L) PI. CCXLVI, fig. 22. 1479. — Variety: we read on the reverse, XEPZONAZION.. ÆR 98; stat. egin., 11 gr. 67 (L) PI CCXLVI, fig. 23:. 1. Strabo, X, 4, 14. >, Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 48. 3. See above, p. 888. . This stater has been wrongly attributed conjectural- ment at Priansos and placed at the time of Philip of Macedonia. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1895, p. 96, n°13 pl: V, he;

923 The beautiful head of Zeus Kontayevis on the staters which precede is inspired by that of Zeus of Olympia on the staters of Elis described above (compare no. 1118). CRETE — CHERSONESOS 924 general appearance the goddess or nymph of Priansos coins from the end of the 5th century # We have here, undoubtedly, the image of Ke cult statue which stood in the sanctuary The seated nymph Britomartis, reverse of the same stalers, reminds by sound of Artemis-Brilomarlis; the fame of this temple is reported by Strabo *. Coins minted from approximately 370 to 320. 1480. — Laureate head of Britomartis, left, with pendant earrings, the hair raised around the forehead, tied in a bun at the top of the head, locks falling on the neck. BR. XEPZONAZION. Heracles naked, advancing to the left brandishing club above his head, holding his bow with his left hand lowered having a lion's skin wrapped around his arm. | Æ25; stat. egin., 10 gr. 52(B); 10 gr. 75 (L) PL CCXLVII, fig. 1*. 1481. — Variety, with the head of Britomartis on the right. ZR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 14 (Jameson) PI. CCXLVII, fig. 2°. 1482. — Varieties, barbarian style, the head of Britomartis generally left. The legend has many variations and is generally abbreviated, +EB3O, O9ZX, OZS3X, etc. (2, L, V, Ath) PL COXLVII, fig. 3'. The preceding staters, to the type of Hera- and represent Artemis Stymphalia and Hé key fighting with his club (n° 1480 to 1482), are for the law as for the reverse, the rather mediocre copy of the sla- teres of Stymphalus which have the same types 3. — Coins minted from approximately 320 to 300. 483. — Laureate head of Britomartis, left, with pendant earrings, the hair pulled up around the forehead, tied in a bun at the top of the head, def locks falling on the neck. 1. See below, p. 935, nos. 1510 et seq. 2. Strabo, X, 4, 14. 3, Svoronos, p. 50, no. 6, pl. HI, fig. 21 and 22 fighting fighter the birds of the lake Stymphale 5: The prototypes having been fraps pes in 370, the copies are surely pos later than this date. 4. Calal. Jameson, No. 1316. ; 5. Svoronos, p. 49, n° 2 to 5, pl. III, 18, 19, 20) 6. See above, p. 595, n° 884 et pl. COXXIV, fig. 2

925 CRETE — LYTTOS 926 B. XEPONAZION, or more often, XEPZONAZION. Apollo naked, seated straight on the Delphic omphalos, hair tied at the top of the head; of We have already observed that the fe-head inine of the staters of Chersonesos is opined on that of Artemis Stymphalia; but in Chersonesos she was called Artemis rilomartis, goddess to whom was devoted d the oldest sanctuary in the city #. The type of Apollo seated on the omphalos ut created at Delphi for the currency of mphictyons, in 346 BC. *. Mais l'Apol- n Delphic is fully draped and everything different from this one (n° 1483) which appears, in ontraire, directly inspired by the Apollo u, seated on the omphalos, coins of Icocles, king of Paphos (320 to 310 BC); Lyttos (Aÿztos, Atos, Aÿsroc), town of the ‘rieur des terres, sur le versant septen- ional of the Dicté chain, south of 1. Svoronos, Num. de la Crele anc., p- 50, n°8 26, pl. III, 24; 25, 96 ; Catal. Jameson, No. 1316. 2. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 49, no 1, DIT, 17. 3. Strabo, X, 4, 14. 4. See above, p. 343. FA ea with his left hand he holds his lyre resting on his knee and with his right hand baissée, le plectron ; in front of him, sometimes a thymiaterion. ÆR 25, slat., 11 gr. 65 to 11 gr. 01 (P) PL CCXLVII, fig. 4 (avec XEPO- NAZION); — others (P) PL CCXLVII, fig. 5, 6, 7 (with XEPZONAZION:. 1484. — Head of Britomartis, left, hair raised. BR. Legend simulated. Naked Apollo, seated right on a tree trunk, holding his lyre in his right hand and a disc in his left. lowered (barbarian style) ZR25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 55 (B) PL CCXLVII, fig. 8°. this naked guy becomes ordinary on the mon- births of the kings of Syria from Antio- chus I°" Soter 5. The preceding staters were struck until the end of the 15th century. We have points out that, in the number, alongside pieces of excellent style, there are some, although retaining the same types, are of harsh and barbaric work: the strike of these imitations must have continued for quite a long time. time. In the 1st century, Chersonesos issued small pieces of silver and bronze, types of Athena and the eagle, with the legend XEPZONAZION. Lyttos. Chersonesos which served as a port6. She is now called Xyda. C'était l’une of the oldest cities of Crete, color d. E. Babelon, The Kings from Syria, Introd., p. xLVI; The Achaemenid Persians, Introd., p. exiv; the present Trailé. Description hist, t. II, p. 802, pl. CXXIX, He 6. Strabo, X, 4, 7; cf. Svoronos, Numism. of the Ancient creel, p. 225.

927 nie of Pelasgians coming from Imbros and Lem- ours, then Dorians emigrants from Lacédé- mon!. His legends make him play a role important in the myth of the birth of Zeus? Lyttos is reported as being remained particularly attached for a long time attached to old traditions and cults primitives of the Cretans *. In 668, in the Messinian wars, we see archers of Lyttos serving vice of the Lacedaemonians. Then, it is necessary go back to the 15th century to find mention of Lyttos in history. In 345, following the sacred war of Phocis, Phalaecus, son of Onomarchos, having retired with his army the Peloponnese, gagea as a mercenary in the service of Knossians; he seized Lyttos for account of the latter. But the Lyttians 1485. — Eagle standing right, wings raised. BL. MOSTVA (Aÿzuv, retrograde). Boar's head on the right. Hollow square. ZR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 30 (B) PL. CCXLVIT, fig. ja 1486. — Same description, with the legend FVKTSOH (Aüxzu”). ÆR 16: egin. drachma, 3 gr. 79 (L) PI. COXLVII, fig. 10:. 1487. — Eagle flapping its wings, right, perched on prey. Æ.. MOITTVA. Boar's head, right. Granite square. ZR95; stat. egin., 11 gr. (B) PL CCXLVIT, fig. 11*. 1488. — Same right. A. AVT or FV. Boar's head right or left square of lines. AR 25: stat. egin., 10 gr. 95 and 10 gr. 91 (P) PI CCXLVII, fig. 12 and 4 (against a caduceus); — others (L, B, V)°. . Hom., Iliad, IN, 641; XVII. 610. . Hesiod, Theogony., 471. . Strabo, X, #4, 117. . Pausanias, IV, 19, 4. .Diod sic. XVI 02: CT to © IN CRETE — LYTTOS 928 implored the help of the king of Sparle Archidamos, by invoking their kinship" original. An army of Lacedaemonians passed into Crele, came to deliver Lyttos and he return its independence 5. After this epi soda, it's only at 1st century Lyltos is mentioned in the story: they continues to be, in turn, at war with its neighbors, Knosse and Gortyn. The oldest coins of Lyttos date back to the second half of the 5th century They give to the ethnic the shapes varied: Aÿrtov, Avxrioy and Aÿrruov, The letters have particular shapes and ar chaic who are characteristics of the Dorian alphabet. The legends are retrograde winds. The coinage of Lyltos is very abundant and often typing barbarian; the price is quite low. 6. Svoronos, Numism., from ancient Crele, p. 2 n° 1 and 2, pl. XXI, 1 and 2. 7. Svoronos, no. to, pl. XXI, 3. 8. Svoronos, n° 55, pl.®XXII, 1. 9. Svoronos, n° 56 to 60, pl. XXII, 2 and 7.

929 CRETE — LYTTOS 930 1489. — Same right. Bi. TVKTe. Boar's head on the right. Hollow square. ZR 17; egin. drachma, 4 gr. 57 (Ath) P1. COXLVII, fig. 14. 1490. — Same right. BR. Without leg. Boar's head on left. Hollow square. Æ 15, egin. triobole, 2 gr. 50 (P) PL CCXLVII, fig. 15. 1491. — Eagle flying left. RL. FVKTSON. Boar's head on the right. or left. Hollow and gritted square. Æ25; stat. egin. (L) PL. CCXLVII, fig. 16:. 1492. — Varieties of the preceding stater; the eagle flies most often at left, sometimes right. On the reverse, the boar's head is turned left. or to the right; the legend, differently arranged, presents the following varieties: AVTTIOH (P) PL CCXLVII, fig. 17 and 18: — MOXTVA?; — WOXTTVA‘; AVTTSON (P) PI. CCXLVIL, fig. 19:; —AYT | TION (Jameson) PI. CCXLVIII, fig. 1; — AVTTSON (Pozz:i) PL. CCXLVIII, fig. 2; — MO8TTVA (Poz:i) PI. CCXLVIII, fig. 8. 1493. — Variety, with AYT | TION. Two countermarks, a surrounded /ebès of points and a caduceus (P) PI. CCXLVIII, fig. 4. 1494. — Variele, without legend (P) PI. CCXLVIII, fig. 5. 1495. — Varieties, with the legend more or less distorted; the head of wild boar is turned to the right or left and below, we see a paw of Panimal (on the frontispiece of the volume) *. 1496. — Eagle flying left. BL. AVTTeON. Boar's head, right. Hollow square limited by a grit. Æ20; Dr. egin., 5 gr. 76 (L) PL CCXLVIIL, fig. 6; — 5 gr. 78(B)°. 1497. — Vanélés of the drachma: the eagle flies Most often to the left, sometimes to the right. On the reverse, the boar's head is turned to the left or to right; the legend is sometimes absent; it presents the following varieties, differently arranged: HO2TVA (444) PL. CCXLVIII, fig. 7; — AVTTSON; 1. B.Head, His. numer., p. 411. 15, etc. 2. Svoronos, n° 12, pl. XXI, 7. 5. Svoronos, Ephemeris archaeol. from Athens, 1889, 3. Svoronos, no. 16, pl. XXI, 11. p.205 nos%1/e142;-pl/XIL Ho 15and 16 4. Syoronos, n°5 17, 21, 23, etc. PL. XXI, 12, 14, 6. Svoronos, no. 19, pl. XXI, 13. Volume IV, 59

931 CRETE — LYTTOS 932 — AVTTSOS (B)1; — AVTTSON (P) PL CCXLVIII, fig. 8; — WARNING; — VA (P) PI. COXLVIIL, fig. 9. 1498. — Eagle flying left. RÆ. Without leg. Protome of a wild boar on the left, one leg advanced. Hollow square. Æ17; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 10 (L) P1. CCXLVIIL, fig. 10; — 5 gr. (B)°. 1499.— Same desert. R 14; triob., 2gr.85 (Weber) PL CCXLVIII, fig. 11°. | 1500. — Eagle flying left. BL. HOSTVA (Aurtoy, relrogr.). Boar's head, right. Hollow square. ÆR 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 90 (B) PI. CCXLVIII, fig. 12:. 1501. — Variety; the eagle flies to the right. &. STVA (Aux, retrogr.). Same type. ÆR 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 86(B). 1502. — Varieties of the triobole; the eagle flies to the right or to the left; the head of boar is turned to the right or left. The legend presents the variants following: STVA; — AVKTS (Ah) °; — AVTIOH; — AVTTSOS; — AVTTS. 1503. — Variélé, without legend (P). 1504. — Eagle flying right. BL. Without leg. Boar's head on left. Hollow square. : Æ10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 86 (B) PI CCXLVIIL, fig. 138:. 1505. — Eagle flying left. Re. Without leg. Protome of wild boar on the left, one leg advanced. Hollow square. 2ÆR 11: 1ohol6 éein.. O0 gr. 95.(B) *. 1506. — Eagle flying right. BL. Without leg. Boar's head on the right; square of gritted, ZR 11; egin. obol, 1 gr. 01 (A) PL CCXLVIIL, fig. 14°. 1507, — Eagle, wings raised, left. BL. AVT. Boar's head on the right, in a square of rubble. ÆR 10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 91 (Fox)”. 1. Svoronos, no. 25, pl. XXI, 17. 6. Svoronos, No. 6. 2. Svoronos, no. 8, pl. XXI, 4. 1. Svoronos, n° 11, pl. XXI, 6. 8. Svoronos, no. 9, pl. XXI, 5, 8. Svoronos, No. 10. 4. Svoronos, No. 2. 9. Svoronos, no. 30, pl. XXI, 21. 5, Svoronos, no. 3. 10, Svoronos, no. 64.

933 CRETE — PRIANSOS 93% 1508. — Eagle flying to the right or left. B. Without leg. Boar's head on the right or left. Æ 18 to 12 1. 1509. — Varieties, with the legends: AY; — AYTI: — AYTTION (P) Pl. CCXLVIII, fig. 15, 16, 17. The eagle of the coins of Lyttos remembers Jorte to Zeus who was worshiped in a Averna of Mount Aegion or Mount of Horses res (Aïyxov), the peak of the chain of Jicté closest to Lyttos. It's there ne Rhea, according to local tradition, hid child Zeus to hide him from voracity the Saturn, and she gave him the eagle to feed and protect it? Above the uines of Lyltos, near the village of 'sychro, we found the sacred cave and unequivocal ruins of pri- mititives Ÿ. As for the boar's head which the appearance recalls the type of staters of dynasts of Lycia, it leads us to believe that Lyltos, like Hierapylna, received, at a given time, a colony of Lycians or of Rhodians, or simply that she was in commercial relations with the coast from Asia Minor. From around the year 300, coins of Lyttos bear the legend AYTTION. $VII. — Priansos. The exact position of this city is still further inland, on the small river Kazxo- determined. It is conjecturally that we o#xrns. However, as Mr. Svo notes- place on the southern coast of the island, ronos, the monetary type of Poseidon appears away from the west of Hierapytna, in the to make Priansos a maritime city, ie from Sudsuro. Some geographers, By their style, the oldest of the mon- ec Bursian, wanted to identify it with The births of Priansos do not go back alos which is a little further north, at the bottom beyond the last third of the 5th century (around s last foothills of Dicté, in the 430) *. 1510. — Persephone (or local nymph) seated, left, on a throne, dressed double chiton, placing the right hand on the head of a serpent which rises his feet bringing the left hand to his lap; behind her, a palm tree. B2. FPIANZIEON. Poseidon standing left, bare chest, legs apées, his coat placed on his left arm and supporting himself with his right hand r his trident. . Svoronos, n° 51 et seq. . Hesiod, Theog., 411; cf. Num. Chron., 1884, 42; B. Head, Hist, num., p. 411; R. Dussaud, pre-Hellenic civilizations, p. 194. 3. F. Halbherr and P. Orsi, in the Museo Italiano di antichila classica,t. II (1888), p. 905 et seq. 4, Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crele, p. 293. 5, B. Head, His{. numer., p. 416.

935 CRETE — PRIANSOS 93 ÆR 26: stat. egin., 11 gr. 23 (P) PI COXLVIIT, fig. 18'; — others 10 gr. 48(L); 11 gr. 16(B); 11 gr. 15 (V). 1311. — Persephone (or local nymph) seated, three-quarters to the left, on a throne, looking straight ahead, its head crowned with laurel, dressed in double chiton, placing his right hand on the head of a serpent which stands at his feet and leaning on his seat with his left hand; behind her, a palm tree. BR. PPIANZIEON. Poseidon standing left, bare chest, legs draped, holding a dolphin on the outstretched right hand, and with the left hand his trident leaning transversely against his shoulder. Æ 21: stat. egin., 11 gr. 30 (Luynes) PL COXLVIII, fig. 19; — others 10 gr. 84(B); 10 gr. 74 (L)”. 1512. — Variety; in the field of the back M, and sometimes, against mark, a cauldron (/és) 1513. — Same right. B. Protome of a goat falling to the left in a detour head; in the field, an arrowhead. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 10 gr. 86 (B) PL CCXLVIII, fig. 20:. The right of this anepigraph stater ap- is from Præsos (see above, p. 942). leave for Priansos, while the reverse 1514. — Head of Persephone (or a local nymph), right, hair raised around the head and falling on the neck. BR. PPIANZIEON, or lPIA., or PI. Palm tree between a rudder and a dolphin ÆR 18; Dr. egin., 5 gr. 15 (P) PI. CCXLVIIT, fig. 21 and 22; — others (B) 1313. — Same descr. Æ15; triob., 2 gr. 78 (V) PL. COXLVIIL, fig. 23 The bronze pieces that follow the Mr. Svoronos, because of the snake that he silver coinage which precedes are not caress of the hand. We could more not earlier than the 1st century. think of Persephone who had started The goddess who appears to the right of the stalères with Zeus, the latter having taken the form of n° 4310 to 1513, was called Hygie by snake to seduce her, as well as us 4. Svoronos, Num. of ancient Crete, p. 295, no. 1, 5. Svoronos, no. 6, pl. XXVIIT, 23. pl. XXVIII, 21. 6. Svoronos, no. 9 to 13, pl. XXVII, 24 to 2. Svoronos, No. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Journal intl. of archeol. numis 3. Svoronos, no. 3, pl. XXVIII, 22. XI M1908 pr 102: 4. Svoronos, No. 4. 1. Svoronos, n° 10, pl. XXVIII, 28.