Treatise on Greek and Roman Coins, Part II (Historical Description), vol. III — vol. II.3 — 1914

617 O— ARCADIA — PSOPHIS 618 (er 930. — X— 7 (— See:). Deer head, left. B. Swimming fish, left. Concave field. R 9; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 42 (Luynes) PL CCXXV, fig. 5. \ 931. — Leaping deer, right. B. The letter E in a hollow square bordered by a square of rubble. ZÆR 10; hemiobolus (L) PL CCXXVI, fig. 6:. 932. — Head of Athena wearing the Attic helmet, right. Ri, WOHDIAION. Club. ZR10; hemiobolus, 0 1. 451b) PL COXXVI, fig. 7°. The monetary group that we have just describe (nos. 927 to 932), following that which we have given in the period ar- chaique (t. 1, n° 1245 to 1252), appears to us lead chronologically until towards the start of the Peloponnesian War, in 431 BC We explained the type of the horned doe Cerynite, on the mounts nais of Psophis, as well as the type of Aroanios singing fish (Descr. hist., 1. I, p. 877-878). The particular forms links of the letter psi have also been reported lied; they must take their place in the list of letters of the Aeolo-Dorian alphabet?. We will particularly note here the legend XObI (Woe:) of No. 930, that he must be careful not to read Doy:. On number 932, psi has the classic Y form of all Greek alphabets of secondary age. The coinage of Psophis, suspended around the start of the Peloponnesian War, continued that after the death of Alexander, around the end of the fourth century, with the following parts boasts: Group C. — Coins minted after 323 BC. AD 933. — Head of Athena, wearing a Corinthian helmet, right. Be. YO where YAbI, or YADIA. Right-handed deer. Æ15; (B) PL COXXVI, fig. 8’. 934. — Virile, hairless head of the river god Erymanthus, right, girded ‘a crown of marine plants. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Peloponnesus, p. 198, no. 5, EXXXVI, 21. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Zeit. für Num., t. ADD; 213, pl. IV, 5. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Zeit. für Num.,t. 1, p. 191. 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Zeit. for Num., t. I, p. 193, do not MEMELtTO

619 BR. WQwI. Swimming fish, right. ARCADIA — THELPUSA 620 Æ14; (P) PL CCXXVI, fig. 9; — other ex. !. According to Pausanias the torrent god Ery- manthos had a lemple at Psophis; we're there saw his marble statue?. Erymanthus had its course parallel to that of the Aroa- nios, both tributaries of the Ladon. Later, in the 2nd-1st centuries, Psophis struck some bronzes with the types of the head of Hé- racles and the wild boar of Erymanthus *,. S VII. — Thelpusa. Etkrovsz was on course of Ladon, tributary of the Alpheus, equidistant from Pso- phis to the north and Heræa to the south. L’Éry- manthe also passed near this city whose ruins are still considered rables *. The nymph Thelpusa, daughter of the don, had given his name to the city; on its territory there were two temples of Demeter: one dedicated to Demeter Eleu- Sinian in which Pausanias points out the statues colossal figures of Demeter, of Perse- phone el of Dionysus *; the other was the one of Demeter Erinnys; this last goddess appears on the coins of Thelpusa. “From Thelpusa, says Pausanias, the Ladon goes to On- keion, towards the temple of Demeter that the Thehelpusians nickname Érinnys... Here where does this nickname come from? Demeter wandered all sides in search of his daughter Perse- phone, and she was chased by Poseidon who wanted to obtain his favors. She misunderstands transformed into a mare and went to graze in the middle of 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 206, no. 261; Antike griechische Münzen (in-8°, 1913, extr. of the Swiss Review), p. 12, no. 19, pl. I, 4. 2. Pausanias, XXIV, 12. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 206, no. 262; Zeit. für Num., t. I, p. 122-123. 4. Puillon-Boblaye, Research geogr. on the place of Onkeion's escapes. Poseidon from then transformed himself into a horse... When Demeter noticed the ruse, he was too late; she then entered a great anger, and that is why the Thelpu- his family gave him the nickname Erinys f. » Demeter had from Poseidon Hippios a daughter, Despoina, and also the horse Arion. In Arcadian legend interpreted by the coins we saw the goddess Des- poina, often even identified with his mother under the name of Demeter Despoina or Lusia ‘7. The Thelpusians honored with a particular cult of the horse Arion or Erion (Eolwv), son of Demeter horse, and this is why the horse Érion appears, with his name, on their coins *. : Pausanias complacently expands on the prowess of the horse Arion or Érion; we do not have to enter into these issues tails which are foreign to numismatics by Thelpusa. ruins of the Morea, p. 152. 5. Pausanias, VIII, 25. 6. Pausanias, VIII, 25. | 1. See Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 856 et seq. ; cf. Ge Ferns, Mantinea and Arcadia, p. 60, 229 and 240% 8. See Zeit. für Num.,t. 1, p. 125; B. Head, Hiséa numer., p. 456.

621 ARCADIA — THELPUSA 622 Group To. — Coins minted from 400 to 370 BC AD 935. — Head of Demeter Erinys, right, hair loose and in disorder; under the chin, the letter © (Oeirousiwv). BR. Galloping horse on the right: above, its name, EPIQON; below, O (= 660k6s). Æ13; obol egin., (Pozzi) PL CCXXVI, fig. 10. 936. — Same head of Demeter Erinys; under the neck, © (GeArovstwy). Be. EPION. The horse Érion galloping, right. Æ13; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 85 (P) PL CCXVI, fig. 11. 937. — OAS. Telephone of Demeter Erinys on the right, with pendant earrings and a necklace closed with a horse's head. &. The horse Érion galloping on the right: above, EPIQN; below, ©. Æ19; (University of Gôllinque) PL COXXVI, fig. 12! Group B. — Coins from the end of the 15th century. The bronzes following were hit the death of Alexander the Great in 323. under Macedonian rule, after 938. — Radiated head of Apollo Onkeiates, right, hair curled on the back of the neck. B2. OEA, in a laurel wreath; concave field. Æ17; (Pozzi) PL CCXXVI, fig. 13: — other ERA EME 939. — Same description; later style no. century). Æ19; (P) PL CCXXVI, fig. 14. Pausanias points out the temple of Apollo Onkeiatès (Oyxuärre), near that of Asclepius as a child. This Apollo was great horse breeder, like Ulysses, and he 1. Imkoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, p. 209, no. 282. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., pl. XXXVII, 22. Com- had huge stables at Thelpusa 5. In reality, the Thelpusa district was a country where people indulged in particular ment to the breeding and training of horses. see above, in Cleitor, n° 928. 3. Pausan., VIIT, 25; Fougères, Manlinée, p. 228.

623 ARCADIA — ORCHOMENUS S VIIT. — Orchomenus (£rchomenus). The very old town of Orchomène or Er- Chomenes the Osyousvés, "Esyopevés) was located between Phenea to the north and Mantinea to the south. It dominated the Ménale district, including taken between Mount Phalanthon and the course of Ladon. It was even, originally, the ca- capital of the semi-legendary dynasty which ruled over most of Arca- die. Pausanias attributes the founding of the city, to the head of this dynasty, Orchomé- nos, one of the sons of Lycaon'. The truth his- toric, is that Orchomenus of Arcadia was founded by Minyans, emigrants from Boeotia, who transplanted with them right down to the name from the Boeotian city from which they originated naries?. In numismatics, one must avoid con- melt the currencies of the two cities of Gold Chomene. At the time when Orchomenus of Arca- die opened his workshop, she was, since many centuries, fallen from its ancient power. After the arrival of Epaminondas in Arca- die, in 371-370, Orchomenes first refused to join the confederation of Arca- yours to found Megalopolis. The one alli- separaist study had as its pretext the pre- Orchomenus' intention to become the capital news league, because it was one of the oldest cities in Arcadia: she dreamed of the restoration of her old primacy *. The Mantineans opposed it and founded Megalopolis; the Orchomé- our people were forced to bow *. The currencies of Orchomenus have com- started to be issued only after the dissolution of the Arcadian League and the death of Epaminondas in 362. 940. — Artemis half-kneeling, right, hair tied at the top puts his head on, his tunic tightened at the waist by a belt; she has a butterscotch thrown over his shoulder; with her left hand extended she holds her bow, the lowered right hand is brought back. A:. EPXOMENION. Callisto nude, seated left, on drapery placed on a rock: she raises her head, leaning back in the attitude of the pain, the breast pierced by an arrow, the two arms lowered and extended; on the ground, next to her, her newborn child, Arcas, lying and stretching out her arms. Æ18;(P) PL CCXXVI, fig. 45; — other ex., (B)°. . Pausanias, VIIL, 3, 3. . G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 210 and 360. . Xenophon, Hellen., VI, 5, 11. . Mr. Imhoof-Blumer published the following piece which would seem to support the claims of Orchomenians: Hairless head of the hero Orchomenos, on the right, wearing a crest helmet. R£. Large monogr. In the middle of the field; below, the let- very EP (— Eoyopsviwv). Æ14; triobole aginet., 2 gr. 54 (lmhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, p. 202, + © ND — No. 245). By bringing together the big monogram federal ÆR, of both initial letters EP, we have interpreted: “Arcadian federal coinage, issued at Orchomenus. But it is now demonstrated that this piece, from the Berlin Cabinet, is the work from a forger (letter from M. K. Regling). 5. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 203, no. 246, pl. E, 10; Journal int. of archaeol. numism., t. XI 4908; .p. 92, n0.274.

625 941. — Variety: behind Ar \ Æ1 943. — Bearded head of a hey BR. E—P. Artemis dressed shoulder and drawing from the bow. Æ16; (B) PL CCXXVI, fig. 18: 944. — Head of Athena c BR. On the left, Ê RS Æ16; (B) PPozzi) PI. CCXXVI, fig. 20. 945. — Head of Artemis (or C phendoné. BL. E—P. Hero (Orchomenos?) ond to the left arm, and you EE 18; (Z, BP) We used to allocated the currencies recent events at Orchomenus of Boeotia, in rOposing to recognize episodes of the the Theban of Niobe6. The discovery by Mr. Imhoof-Blumer of a currency of ethydrion of Arcadia, to the same {types as No. 940, decided the question; Methy- milk ion a old colony from Orcho- . Imhoof-Blumer, Op. eyelash, no. 247; Brit. Mus. L. Pelop., p. 190, no. 1 and pl. XXXV,15; B.Head, + AuMorum, p. 451. ; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. In Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. he, Mus. Pelop.. P- 190, n° 3, pl. XXXV, 16. +Macdonald, Hunt. coll, t. 11, p. 161, F XXXIX, 22. The letter which is to the right of the type S the reverse field, can be F, F or l. : Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 203, no. 250; Volume 1V. DS greek., p. 203, no. 248. Greek., p. 203, no. 249: ? ARCADIA — ORCHOMENUS ; (B) PL CCXXVI, fig. 17” ros, wearing the Corinthian helmet, right double chilon, standing allisto), right, hair in leads? 626 issued, his dog sitting (L) PI. CCXXVI, fig. 16:. 942. — Half-kneeling Artemis BL. E—P, Same group of Callisto and Arcas 4 right-handed and drawing from the bow. , on the right. oil, on the right, the quiver on other e.g., (L) s. wearing the Corinthian helmet, right. — right F. Ar right, the quiver on the shoulder and shooting hairy lemis of the double chiton standing at ant of the are. P1. CCXXVI, fig. 19 _ other ex., (Hunter) *; — other re a naked and helmeted, standing right, a shield obliquely holding a spear with the right hand. PI. CCXXVI, fig. 21:. . The style and provenance lante pieces were already, moreover, tip the scales in favor of Orchomenus of Arcadia 8. We meet also the same Lÿpe d’Arlémis Reading of the arc, on Coins of Heraea. The attribution geographical fixed, com- how to interpret monetary types? We Brit. Mus. Pelop., p. 190, no 5, pl XXXW, 47. 6.J. Friedlænder, Archaeol. Zeilung., 1864, D'190 1871, p. 19; Num. Chron., 1873, P. 110, 309 and 331. 7. Pausanias, VIII, 5, DER00 CE Fougères, Mantinée, p. 383. 8. P. Lambros, Peloponnesos Jmhoof-Blumer, Monn. int. of archaeol. DIPAMIPRS (in Greek), pl. XV, 3; Greek, p. 201-202; Journal numism., t. XI, 1908, p. 92, no. 2173, 40

627 first thought of the legend of Actaeon of which Pausanias collected the memory in Orcho- even leads. A specter standing on a rock having terrorized the empowerers, they consulted a oracle which enjoined them to inquire about remains of Actaeon (who had been devoured by his dogs), to bury them, to carry out build a bronze statue of this hero and to chain him to the rock. Pausanias lives, in indeed, this statue and he adds that the Orcho- Menians offered each year to the hero funeral sacrifices! It's this legend what would our currencies aim for by showing, on one side, Actaeon seated, chained on a rock, and on the other, Artemis kneels- lant to throw his arrows. But the details of the monetary type do not do not agree well with this interpretation tion; we would not be able to explain the child to side of Actaeon who, moreover, is not en- chained. On the other hand, the same myth it Hazard of Arcadia ('AX£x, ethnic 'Ahegtnc) was a small town located between Orcho- leads and Slymphale: the ruins are still imposing, in the valley of Sco- lini, one kilometer away. northeast of the village of Bougiati. “After Stymphalus,” said Pausa— pias, we meet Aléa who, while being Arcadian in origin, was, like Stym- phale, itself attached to Argolis. 1. Pausanias, IX, 38, 5; cf. to the word Actaeon, in the Dict. of the Anliq. from‘Daremberg and Saglio. 2, Pausanias, VIIL, 3, 6. 3. See above P. p. 859. 4. See art. Kallisto in Ausfurl. Lexicon der Mythologie, by Roscher. 58 and Descr. hist., t. T, ARCADIA — ALEA 628 found interpreted on He- coins ræa, from Methydrion and Pheneus where the legend of Acleon has nothing to do with it. It is necessary therefore look for a myth with a characteristic general for the Arcadian race. Mr. Imhoof-Blumer has it found: this is the myth of Callisto. Callisto, daughter of Lycaon, assimilated to Des- poina, was loved of Zeus; Jealous Hera sent Artemis who tua Callisto at the. hunting ?. It was then, as we have : recalled above, that Zeus sent Her-. mès to save the child Arcas from whom he: recognized the father *. As for Callisto, killed by Artemis, Zeus placed her in the firma-. where it became the Great Bear. These are various episodes of this le-. kind that we find on the mon-. naies of Orchomenus, of Methydrion, from: Pheneus and Heræa “. In Orchomenus, Arté= mis is a poliade divinity who receives. sometimes the epithel of Mesopolitis *. Alea. The inhabitants of Aléa say that their town was founded by Aleus, son of Aphidas; the temples that we notice there are those of Ars Temis Ephesienne, of Athena Aléa and of Dio® nysos » f. The eponymous goddess Aléa, later Athene Aléa, was, with Poseidon Hippios, one of the oldest and most plentiful deities venerated in Arcadia *; his sanctuary # 3. According to an inscription found in 1913, pe MM. Blum and Plassart. See G. Fougères, d the reports of the Acad sessions. of the Ins and B. Letters, November 26, 1913. 6. Pausanias, VIII, 23, 1. 1. G. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 287.

629 more important was that of Tegea; it is possible that the town of Aléa was the primitive center. However, if this is so, it would hardly be possible to explain that the types of the oldest coins do not recall not the cult of Athena Aléa, which we do not against, on the contrary, that on the parts from a later period. It is so rather of Tegea that the cult of this goddess will have been imported to Aléa, at a fairly distant from primitive times t. Pausanias points out to Aléa a temple of Ar- 946. — ARCADIA —CALEA 630 Temis Ephesian. We can ask ourselves if this is not an error on the part of the Periegete, because it is not ephemeral Artemis his which forms the ordinary type of the first first currencies of Aléa, it is on the contrary the huntress Artemis. These currencies are placed about a hundred between the peace of Nicias in 421 and 370, that is to say since the first pe- period of the Peloponnesian War until the new constitution of Arcadia by Epaminondas. Head of Artemis the huntress, right, her hair raised and curled corymb leaves; the goddess has earrings. Be. AA, Arc; concave field. R 12; aeginetic obol, 0 gr. 90 (P) 0 gr. 80 (L); 0 gr. 85(B) PI. CCXXVI, fig. 22 ;: — other EY.. 947. — Head of Artemis the huntress, right. Re. Three Ts arranged in a star, and between them, the letters AAE ('Aksazôy), ZR10; tritarlemorion, 0 gr. 36*. 948. — Head of Artemis to the right. hair tied at the top of the head. 1 Bi. AA. Bow. Æ15; (P) PL CCXXVI, fig. 23. 949. — Head of Artemis right, hair raised and curled. BR. AA. Bow, the string of which is detached at one end. Æ13; (B, L) PL CCXXVI, fig. 24:. 950. — Head of Athena Aléa, right. Re. AAEA (’AkearGy) in a crown. Æ13; (P) PL CCXXVI, fig. 25: — other ex. (Aagenfurt) *. numer., p. 446. The three Ts are the mark of /ri- ltarlemorion; cf. above, p. 570. 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 186, no. 165: Soutzo, Rev num, 1869, pl. VI, 10; Wroth, Num. 1. See below, at Tegea. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Peloponnesus, p. 171, no. 1; XXXILI, 3; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, - 186, no. 164; Choice, pl. II, 82; R. Weil, Zeit. ür Num., t. VII, p. 369, note 1. Chron., 1888, p.11. 3. Anc. coll. Rhousopoulos. Jacob Hirsch, Auc- 5. Imhoof-Blumer, Numism. Zeit. of Vienna, ions-Calal., XIII (1905), n° 2791; B. Head, Hist. 1884, p. 264, no. 81. _— .

631 ARCADIA — MANTINEA 632 951. — Hairless head of Heracles wearing a lion's skin, right. BL. AAEA (=ùv), Pegasus flying to the right. ZR 14; lriobole egin., 2 gr. 67 (P) PI. CCXXVI, fig. 26. The style of oldest coins of silver of Aléa is remarkable and we dates back to the last part of the 5th century. These pieces were formerly classified in Aly- Zia of Acarnania; Mr. Imhoof-Blumer has them restored to their true homeland; homeland; the copies whose provenance is known were actually found in Arcadia*. The triobole with Corinthian types (n° 951) is from a later period. The ethnicity of Aléa is given to us, under its Dorian form, by the coins that this city had it struck as a member of the League Achaean around the year 235: AXAIQON AAEA- TAN. $ X. — Mantinea. For coins from the Archaic period, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 861 to 869 and pl. XXXVIIL, fig. 19 and 20. It is around the beginning of the 5th century, we tells us, that the coinage of Mantinea, to the type of the bear, was inaugurated. The first first parts that we describe below are only varieties or the sequence of those which have already been given and they are there attach tightly. They belong in the 5th century or at the beginning of the 15th century. We will find the explanation of their essential types, the bear and the glans, in the mylholo-commentary technique that we have developed about pieces of the oldest style?. Group To. — Coins from the 2nd and 15th centuries until 385 BC AD 952. — Bear walking left. BR. Hollow square, divided into irregular triangles. ZR 13; aeginetic triobole; (Pozzi) P1. CCXXVI, fig. 27. >) 953. — Bear walking left. BL. Without leg. Trident; on each side of the handle two small squares very deep. All in a hollow square. ZR 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 88 (B) PL COXXVI, fig. 28 . 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Die Miünzen Akarnanians, p. 50; Monn. Greek., p. 186. We also have sometimes confused the coins of Alea of Arcadia with those from Halos in Thessaly; however the legend of the latter is AAEQN. 2. See our Descr. hist., t. T.p. 866. 3. See our Descr. hist., LI, p863;1n0 1237.

954. — Bear walking left. oak. Hollow triangle. 2R 14; triob. egin., 2 of oak. The most important political events bearing the annals of Mantinea in the 5th century key, are as follows. Around 46%, the Manti- neans, to imitate their neighbors and allies, the Argives, form the project of a federation Arcadian ration, and force the inhabitants of their five demes to emigrate to concentrate in a single capital, Man- tined *. But this attempt at synoecism that the Mantineans had to renew more bacon, in the time of Epaminondas, was powerless to prevent them from falling under the yoke of Sparta, like almost everything the Peloponnese. “We don’t know,” said M. G. Fou- managed, to what extent the Mantineans participated in the Peloponnese campaigns nesians between 479 and 431. If they followed their masters (the Lacedaemonians), it was no doubt reluctantly, with the secret desire to emancipate oneself to no longer follow eu their clean inspiration and their 1. Already described but not figurative in our escr. hist.,t. 1, p. 866, no. 1240. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 198, no. 232 pl. E, 8. 3. See our Descr. hist, t. 1, p. 866, no. 1242, 4. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 335. ARCADIA — MANTINEA Be. MY. Three tassels arranged in a star shape, 956. — Bear's head on the left. BL. M— ZÆR 10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 88 (Copenhaque) PL. CCXXVI, fig. 31*. 634 accosted of two branches of gr. 37 (L) PL COXXVI, fig. 29! 955. — Bear running left: below, a globule. Be. Without leg. Three acorns arranged in a star shape and alternating with three branches 2R 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 90 (B) PL. CCXXVI, fig. 80 ?. A. Acorn., Hollow square. sympathies » 5, Around 495, took place in Mantinea, under the in- fluence of Athens, democratic reform which was the work of the former athlete Nicodo- pink; ancient authors extol its sa- gesse *. The Mantineans believing themselves to be enough strong to shake off the yoke of Sparta, concluded, in 420, an alliance with Athens, Argos and Elis T. War ensued; she ended with the Battle of Mantinea in 418, in which the Lacedaemonians and the Tegeates were victorious. Argos and Mantinée had to bow again under the yoke and sign, in the spring of 417, a humiliating treatment, concluded for 30 years. He was to expire in 387 &. It is during the events that we have just summarized and to deal with the war expenses, that the most recent coins from the preceding group have they were struck. 5. G. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 372. 6. G. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 336. 1. Thucyd., V, 47; a fragment of this treatise has reached in an inscription from the acropolis from Athens. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 338. 8. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 403 and 413.

635 The oldest trioboles of Mantinea have, on the reverse, two small hollow squares very deep, like the coins of Ar- gos and Heræa: that factory parity between the currencies of these three cities is closer to their political alliance. We we also know for what reasons these cities them, like all the others from the Peloponnese nese, only struck division coins- naries, the heaviest of which is the triobole which does not reach not 3 grams. Like large coin, the Aegina stater, currency international, was sufficient and was universal- widely spread. In Mantinea, while the triobole has three acorns, the obolus has only one. The Lacedaemonian yoke was supported by ARCADIA — MANTINEA 636 the Mantineans with too much impatience little concealed. Also, two years after the ex- piration of the trailé, in 385, the Lacédémo- nians, under the orders of their king Agesipo- read and with the support of the Thebans, undertook launch a new expedition against Man- tined which was taken and shaved. The inhabitants expelled were distributed among the rural demes rales, as before synoecism!. This way, the Lacedaemonians wanted to avoid seeing reconstitute against them a league whose the capital was a formidable fortress. The year 385 therefore marks, with the ruin of the first Mantinea, the end of the world swimming that we have just described. Group B. — From 370 to 362 BC. AD The victory of Leuctres in 371, won by Epaminondas on the Lacedaemonians, was the signal of emancipation for all the towns of the Peloponnese which suffered the Spartan yoke. Manlinée was immediately rebuilt, as were going to be rebuilt Messene and founded Megalopolis. These cities should be, in Epaminondas' plan, to verify entrenched camp tables, which can be extended hand, intended to monitor Sparta and to oppose in the future any attempt to domination on the part of the Lacedaemonians *. The man of action who ran the restaurant ralion of Mantinea was Lycomedes who was called the Alcibiades Mantinean. Lyeomede dreamed up the confederation of all the Arcadians under the hegemony of Mantinea, and it was to his instigation that the Mantineans made 1. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 421. 2. G. Fougères, Manlinee, p. 134 and 433. 3. See our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 866. transport the alleged remains to Mantinea of Arcas, the eponymous hero of Arcadia. We did not fail to involve the oracle of Delphi; he pronounced: cIlya a town, Mainalos, cold in winter, where are the remains of Arcas, eponym of the people whole. I order you to go there, to piously remove the ashes of Arcas and to bring them back to the lovely cut-off town by three, four, five roads, to tell him to consecrate an enclosure and sacrifices” *. The capilal of the xowôv ’Agxädwv, in the plan of Lycomedes, therefore owned the tomb w of Arcas which was solemnly erected on, the agora: it was still seen there at the time of Pausanias. But these pretensions of the Man- The Greeks were not to the taste of the Phoenicians. neates 5, neither of the Tegeans, nor of the Heraeans, 4. Pausanias, VIIL, 9, 4 to 36, 8; Ferns, Man= tinée, p. 435. 5. See above, p. 568.

637 who asserted similar ambitions; to silence these rivalries, Epaminondas decided to found a new city and neutral, Megalopolis. At the same time, we decided the erection, at Delphi, of a magnificent fic monument which would consecrate both the existence of the Arcadian League and success of Epaminondas in Laconia. The foundations of this monument on which We saw the statues of Apollo, Nike, of Arcas, Callisto and 37 Legeate heroes, have been recognized today! But after enjoying tea victories- baths and be constituted under the aegis of Epaminondas, the Arcadian League heard must have not only changed master, having freed oneself from domination of Sparle to fall back under the one of Thebes. Lycomedes, the soul of the Arca-League dienne, put himself at the head of the national party and resolved to break up with Epaminondas, caressing again his dream of the pre- dominance of Mantinea. He went to ask the alliance of Athens: he had obtained it when that on returning to Mantinea in 366, he was murdered? Get event cut short momentarily- neens. On these meantime, the League se quarreled, in 365, with the Eleans, under pre- text that they had occupied the small city of Lasion, which the Arcadians claimed 1. Pausanias, X, 9, 3: Homolle, Bull. corr. hell., t. XXI, 1897, p. 276 et seq.; Fougères, op. c. p. 444. 2. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 450. ARCADIA — MANTINEA lies to ambitious projects of the Manti-' 638 were for them. Victorious, the Arcadians indulged in all kinds of excesses, and al- went so far as to plunder the sacred treasure of Olympia. pie, a sacrilege which alienated all the Greeks from them. The Mantineans took this as an excuse to to split and separate from the League which recognized Megalopolis as its capital: they insisted on refusing their share of the spoils, fruit of the pillage of Olympia. Basically, the Mantineans, owners of the tomb of Ar- cases wanted to be the leaders of the Ar-League Cajun to. The supporters of Megalopolis, first among whom were the Tegeates, called the Thebans for help. From For their part, the Mantineans were reconciled with the Eleans and called the Athenians. Epaminondas ran and gave battle from Mantinea, in 362, the second of his great victories. The Theban hero found death in the midst of his triumph; it was however made the project, so long ca- ressed, of Arcadian synoecism around the tomb of Arcas, at Mantinea. It was during this eight year period (370 to 362) of which we have just summarized history, that Mantinée, knowing his pros- periled, almost queen of Arcadia, sent for Praxilèle to beautify his public squares and its temples, it inaugurated the currencies news that we are going to describe and of which guys are so curious. 957. — MANTI. Bearded Ulysses, standing right, wearing a conical pilos, dressed as a fisherman, that is to say in a short tunic (££yes<) tight at the waist by a belt, both legs bent, with shoes on their feet 3. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 454. 4. Percy Gardner, Journ. of Hellen. Studies, 1896, bp. 281-282; Fougères, Muntinée, p. 310.

639 ARCADIA — MANTINEA 640 rostriforms; in his right hand, he holds a javelin resting on his shoulder; of with his left hand, he pushes a large oar into the ground, the paddle of which is, {sometimes turned upwards, sometimes turned downwards. B. The tomb of Arcas in the form of a large sarcophagus with entablature ment and base, the sides are decorated with fluted pilasters; the entry bably, itself serves as a pedestal for two busts placed side by side, raising the right hand and holding their spear resting on the left shoulder. In the field, on the right, the monogram M. ÆR 20 out of 15; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 49 (P) PL COXXVI, fig. 34; — 5 gr. 30 (L):. 958. — Acorn. BR. MANTI. Horse's head, right. Z 11; obol egin., (Pozzi) PL. CCXXVI, fig. 35. 959. — Acorn. B. Large M, el below, MAN. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 90 (Luynes), PL COXXVI, fig. 86; — other ex., (Pozzi) PL. CCXXVI, fig. 37; — others (L)?. 960. — Variety, with two ivy leaves on the right. 0 gr. 90(B)*. 961. — Three tassels arranged in a star shape and separated by the letters M—AN-: Be. Three Ts arranged in a star shape. Æ9; tritartemorion egin., 0 gr. 70 (L) PL CCXXVI, fig. 88:. 962. — Acorn. R. Big E; on the left, MAN; on the right, A. ÆR 8; hemiob. e.g., 0 gr. 36 (Jameson) PL CCXX VII, fig. 1; — 0 gr. 36(L)*. 963. — Acorn. B. Big E (without leg). ZR 8; hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 49 (L) PL CCXXVII, fig. 2:. 964. — Acorn. BR AA; concave field. ZR 8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 43 (Dresden) ?. 1. Brit. Mus. Pelop., p. 184, no. 6, pl. XXXIV, 23. 4. Brit. Ms. Cat., p. 185, no. 12, pl. XXXIV, 26. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 185, n°5 7 to 11, 5. Br. Mus. Cat., p. 185, no. 14, pl. XXXIV, 28. pl. XXXIV, 24 and 25; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, 6. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 185, no. 13, pl. XXXIV, 21. p. 199, no. 235. On valuable brands, see above, p. 510. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cif., p. 199, no. 236. 7. limhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 199, no. 237.

641 The types of drachma No. 957 were until recent years a real crux interprelum for numismatists. We will not list the opinions di- verses which have been advanced, in particular, for the type of law, which we wanted to relate dear to the myths of Dionysus Meliastes, of Podarès, or other local souvenirs!. He must now subscribe to the explanation given finitive provided by Mr. Svoronos?. This guy relates to the legend of Ulysses and the part of the Odyssey called Néxwx [evocative- death). “The shadow of Teiresias predicted to Odysseus how difficult his return to Ithaca will be and painful, because of Posei's anger- don whose son he had mistreated; she him predict how he will manage to kill the suitors of his wife. After which, the soothsayer adds the following advice: “You will speak again a times {of Ithaca), you will travel the lands carrying an oar easy to handle (Ax6ov edñoes éserudv), up to until you reach a people ignorant of things of the sea (0% where x Toust OxAusoav avôoec), not mixing salt with its food, not knowing what is a vessel with colored sides, nor an oar, wing of a ship. Here are the signs you you will recognize this people, do not forget them: Lu will meet another traveler who will believe that you carry on your shoulder a scourge bale the wheat (äfmomhoryév); at this moment 1. See: Eckhel, Doctr. num. vel., &. He, From 2956 Cadalvène, Collection of Greek Medals, p. 206, Leake, Numismala hellenica, Europ. Group p. 68; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 199; Rud. Weil, Zeit. fur Num., t. IX, 1882, p. 34; G. Fougères, Mantinée, p.242; Imhoof-Blumer and Percy Gardner, Numism. Commentary on Pausanias, p. 94, S. xx. 2. Svoronos, in the Gazelle archaeol., t. XII, 1888, p. 257 to 280 ct pl. XXXV. Volume IV. ARCADIA — MANTINEA 642 precise, You will plant your oar in the ground (réTe ôù vain r/Eus ed 08s doeruv), and you sacrifice will solemnly proud to Poseidon %vaË, a ram, a bull and a boar; then you you will return to your home and you will sacrifice to gods immortals of saints heca- graves »t, According to this passage from the Odyssey, Mr. Svo- ron0os proposed to recognize in the Type of coins of Mantinea, “Ulysses characterized by his pilos, armed with his garden velol to defend itself during its journey, at the moment when, having found the man he was looking for, he immediately thrust the oar into the earth. He suddenly crashes it left hand with which he carried it on the shoulder (av œarôliup op) »?, Mr. Svoronos follows Ulysses on his journeys we grimaced, with the help of the fragments which came from the Elegony of Eugammon who the Odyssey continued. Ulysses, before to undertake sound new travel, going consult the soothsayer Trophonios, with Lebadée, then he goes to the country of Agamede, son of Stymphalos and petil- son of Arcas. The costume that, following the rites, Ulysses had to wear to descend in the adyton of Trophonios, is this one even which is given to him on our currencies. We enter the lair of Trophonios, said Pausanias, clad in a linen cloak, girt with bandeleltes, and shod with cre- pides, a type of shoe particular to the Country » *. We see, in fact, in the monetary type keep quiet, Ulysses, wearing a kind of roller skates high curved tip: these crepids quickly 1. Odyssey, XI, verses 121 et seq. 2. Svoronos, Gazelle archaeol., t. XIIT, 1888, p. 260. 3. Pausanias, IX, 39, 8; cf. Aristophanes, Acharn., around 300. 41

643 shovel certain shoes to the foal, middle ages. The exomis where short tunic with which Ulysses is clothed also has a bizarre shape, surrounded by strips which go around the waist. It is indeed Arcadia which is enigmatic- ment designated by the oracle of Teiresias. In effect, it was inhabited by mountaineers gnards who, from all antiquity, were reputed to be ignorant of the things of the sea and navigation. The Plain of Man- tinée was, moreover, renowned for its fertility in cereals. This is why the plowman that Ulysses meets takes his oar for a flail to thresh the wheat. In this mistake, Ulysses immediately recognizes immediately his man, plants his oar in the ground and sacrificed Hippios to Poseidon, one of whom famous sanctuary, founded by Agamedes and Trophonios, was in the neighborhood, seven furlongs (1300 meters) from one of the gates of Mantinea. Why did the Mantineans, after the vic- tory of Epaminondas at Leuctra, in 371, did they place on their coins the type of Ulysses that we have just explained? The answer to this question is given to us by the Ancients themselves. Before delivering battle, Epaminondas, seeing weaken Island morale of his troops, imagined for them reassure, to appear before the front of his army a man wearing the costume of those who went to consult the ora- key of Trophonios in Lebadée: this person- nage had the mission to say that he was coming to consult the oracle and that Trophonios had promised the Theban army a victory Are you sure? 1. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 104. 2, Diode. Sic., XV, 53; Polyen, Sératag., Il, 3, 8; Pausanias, IV, 32, 5. ARCADIA — MANTINEA 644 The oracle having come true, we understand that the monetary type which was created following the victory and the first consequence of which was the reconstruction of Mantinea, recalled the local legend of Ulysses, who had the end from his painful adventures to his journey in Arcadia after consulting the oracle of Trophonios. Let's move on to the reverse type of drachmas which we explain (no. 957). Some saw an altar of the Dioscuri, recalling, to support for this opinion, that a sanctuary of the Dioscuri is reported at Mantinea by Pauganias!, Others called it altar of Poseidon ävxë, or Poseidon ‘ris?. We must, we believe, recognize the famous {omb of Arcas of which we have recalled above the transfer of Ménale in Mantinea. Let's not forget that these mon- nays were issued at the time when the Mantineans asserted their rights to hegemony over Arcadia all whole, rights which they mainly supported on possession of the tomb of Arcas, the hero eponym of the breed. He's all natural that they had this tomb placed on their currencies and that they used these currencies to assert their claims. According to what Pausanias relates, this Lom- beautiful was, in reality, a double altar of Pan and the Sun; it was called the Altars of the Sun (or rägos êot ro5 ’Apxädos, 24h00a1v ‘Hloy Bouoss) #. Why this plural? don't is he not referring to the two busts which sur- raise the sarcophagus? The ruins of the building in which this monument was placed have been recognized today: it 1. Pausanias, VIII, 9, 2. 2, Cf. Barclay V. Head, Hist. numer., p. 449. 3. Pausanias, VIII, 9, 4.

645 was 8 m. long. over 3 m. 47 wide. “The appearance of the ruins,” said M. Fougères, “ justifies this plural by showing us two different bases joined together the other... The transfer of the remains of Arcas to this place was only a patriotic legend- tick which explains the solar character of Arcadian hero, hypostasis of Pan”!. Since, on currencies, we have a monument topped with two conjugated busts and that, in the text, if unclear, from Pausanias, it is spoken of a double altar said to be the tomb of Arcas, while, according to the Periegetus, it was in reality a double altar of Pan and of the Sun, it seems that we are authorized to recognize this monument itself same. That the busts which surmount it are those of Pan and Helios, it is little probable and Pausanias could have been wrong in sound interpretation. Again less can we see the busts of the Dioscuri who would not have, here, any of the attributes which characterize always. Finally, I don't see how could we justify the name of Poseidon Hippios altar given to this monument. The name of the city of Mantinea passed for formed from pävx, diviner, and meant “the city of the soothsayer » or indicated by the ARCADIA — MANTINEA 646 soothsayer. This soothsayer was Trophonios who, rent of Asclepius, had as interpreter a snake; now, the city of Mantinea was built on the order of the diviner (xxt% pévrsouz), in a place indicated by a snake. The river Ophis which waters the plain of Mantinea recalls he too revealed these legends by his name and the capricious windings of its course. Pausanias done allusion at passage of Odysseus in Arcadia when he says that he here erected a temple to Athena Soleira and to Poseidon? This is why it may be the head of Athena Soteira that we must recognize on certain coins of Man- tined. Finally, it is in Mantinée itself that the legend places the tomb of Penelope, the wife of Odysseus. In local tradition, Penelope to ele identified with Demeter- Despoina: similarly, Ulysses was identified with Poseidon-Hippios. Mr. Fougères de- shown that we must “recognize a doublet of the couple Poseidon-Hippios-Démé- ter in the Ulysses-Pénélope couple » *. It is Ulysses who peddles and melts everywhere, in all the cantons of Arcadia, the cult of Poseidon-Hippios; he is the high priest of this god, then he ends up identifying himself with he, like Lycaon, identified himself with his god Zeus Lycaios. Group C. — Last third of the 15th century. We said, above, the disas- treux in which Mantinée was left after his defeat of the year 362, despite the death of the winner, Epaminondas. She got up 1. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 193; cf. p. 316-318. 2. Pausanias, VIII, 44, 4. slowly from its ruins. It was only in 342 that we see the Mantlineans, moved by the conquests and ambitions of Philippe de Macedonia, entering the Athens alliance 3. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 240 et seq.

647 ARCADIA — MANTINEA 648 with the other cities of Arcadia, and again, currency workshop? The currencies that go in these circumstances do they stand on follow do not appear earlier, by a prudent reserve. their style, at the time of Alexander the Great. On what date did Mantinée reopen its They perhaps begin in 342 BC. AD 963. — Bearded head of Lycaon or Podarès, wearing the Corinthian helmet, on the right. B. MANTI. Head of the nymph Callisto, right, hair loose on the neck. ZR 20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 68 (L)P1. CCXXVII, fig. 3 966. — MANT. Hairless head of Arcas (or Athena Aléa), wearing a helmet Corinthian, right. B. Callisto's head to the right, as above. 2R 16; triob. egin. (Pozzi) PL. CCXX VII, fig. 4; — 2 gr. 68(L); 2gr. 85 (P)°. 967. — Same right. &. MANTIN. Trident. Circular hollow area. Æ13; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 31*. 968. — Same right. &. Big M occupying the entire field. Æ 12: egin. obol, 0 gr. 62 (Pozzi) PL CCXX VII, fig. 5; — 0 gr. 61 (L)*. 969. — Bearded head of Lycaon or Podarès, wearing a corin helmet thien, right. B. MANT. Bearded Ulysses, standing right, wearing conical pilos, hairy a short tunic tightened at the waist with a belt, the knees a little bent and having rostriform shoes; in his left hand he holds a javelin on his shoulder, and with his right he thrusts an oar into the ground. Æ17; (P) PL COXXVII, fig. 6°. 970. — Hairless head of Arcas (or Athena) wearing a Corinthian helmet, on the right. Bz. MANTI. Odysseus standing right, as above. Æ17; (B) P1 CCXXVII, fig. 7:. \ 1. G. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 410. (1905), no. 2824; B. Head, His£. num., p. 449. ADR MUsSACAE p.485; 00415 pl XXIN "29 5. Brit. Mus. Pelop., p. 11, pl. XXXV, 2. Lambros, Peloponnesos, p. 123 et pl. XIV, 15. 6. J. Svoronos, Gazette archéol., t. XIUIT, 1888, 3. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 186, no. 46, pl. XXXV, 1. p. 251, n° 2 et pl. XXXV, fig. 1. 4. Anc. coll. Rhousopoulos. Catal.J. Hirsch, XII 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gr., p. 209, no. 239.

649 Æ14; (L) PL COXXVII, fig. 8! The bearded man wearing the Corin helmet- well, which forms the type of drachma no. 965 L of bronze no. 969, was called Lycaon or same Arcas. Perhaps it would be better recognize the head of the historical hero there odarès, the Mantinean polemarch who stood out so courageously in the ba- dated 362, and to which the Mantineans recognized aissan(s) raised a sanctuary as if n god. “On the agora of Mantinea, said ausanias, here is the kéréon of Podarès who ut killed fighting the Thebans com- andés by Epaminondas. » Later, the descendants of the hero Po- ares occupied, in turn, a place incredible in the splendor of Mantinea; one of them, at the time of the Achaean League, gna coins; a third obtained the re a Roman citizen. Pausanias who general the Podareion of Mantince we nne this Curious detail: “The inscription of the mbeau de Podarès was changed and attracted ee, three generations before me, to one be Podarès, descendant of the first and I lived in an era low enough to u obtain the title of Roman citizen. In my time, the Mantineans honored The 4 re Aegean (Teyix, elhn. Teyeirs), in the center of great plain of Tripolitza, was the ca- : Bril. Mus. Cal., p. 186, no LS ADI RNA S | . G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 190 et seq. : G. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 318; cf. Bull. corr. ARCADIA — TEGEA 971. — Ulysses standing to the right, as above. . MAN. Altar on which is placed a Corinthian helmet in profile to the right. the memory of Podarès the Elder. » Mr. Fougères to be identified the ruins of monument erected to the hero Podarès: it was, he said, both a chapel and a maur- solée?, It is undoubtedly the engraved inscription on the architrave which, around 70 CE yours, was changed by the Manlineans from way of attributing the monument to one of descendant of the hero, the Roman citizen who had deserved their recognition. The Poda- region was, moreover, intended as a tomb in-law, to contain the remains of descendants of the hero for several generalizations; it became a small chapel in the Byzantine era? The hairless head wearing the corin helmet thien (nos. 966 to 968) could be the one of Arcas; However, it seems preferable Lil, to recognize it that of Athena Aléa, one of the most important deities of the Arcadian race, and whose cult was especially in honor of Aléa and Tégée. We also honored her at Mantinea where she had a temple, “It is plausible,” said M. Fou- manages, that the fusion of Aléa and Athéna was made in the new Mantinea, after “iE ER Tegea. pillar of southern Arcadia, the rival of Mantinée and at the same time the boulevard hellén., t. XX, 1896, p. 151, no. 17. 4. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 294.

ARCADIA 651 advance of the Arcadian nation against the Enterprises of the Lacedaemonians. According to the most trusted local legend- Tégéa was built by Tégéates, son of Lycaon; the tomb was shown in the agora beau of Tégéates and that of his wife Maira, daughter of Atlas. Another legendary story daire attributed the founding of Tegea to Aléos, father of Cepheus (Kryss), because of the old temple and culle of Athena Aléa whose the city was honored. Aléos was also the father of a daughter, Augé who became, through Heracles, the mother of Télé- phos, which having been abandoned on the Mount Parthenion, was suckled by a doe, until he was found by Hera- keys: it is the counterpart of the legend of Ar- case, son of Callisto, also breastfed by a doe, legend exploited on currencies of Pheneus? Augé was the first priestess from Athena Alea to Tegea; when in Telephos he passed into Asia Minor where he took a considerable place in legendary memories daires and the history of art in Pergamon *. The coins of Tegea interpret the most episodes of these lore legends wedges, as we will see. Group To. — From 423 to 400 BC around AD, 972. — Gorgon head from the front, sticking out its tongue, with serpents in its the hair and below the neck; above, B. Three large epsilons thus arranged 3%. Concave field. Æ{1; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 54 (L) PL CCXXVII, fig. of. 1. G. Fougères, Mantinea and Arcadia, p. T and 41; V. Bérard, Tégée and Tégéalide, in Bull. corr. hell., 1892, p. 529. 2. See above, p. 607. 3. M. Collignon, Hist. of the sculpture. gr., t. AI, p.529. 652 — TEGÉE Originally, Tegea dominated Manti- nique from where it had ousted the Orchomé- niens. But in the seventh and sixth centuries, the Te- geales having had to support long wars against Sparta, the Mantineans pro used these circumstances to recognize gain their independence; Tégée itself had to undergo the yoke of the Lacedaemonians, around 550, at the time of kings Ariston and Anaxandri- das *. During the great Persian wars, 490 and 480, the Tegeates lined up with ardor on the side of the Athenians, while the Spartans and Mantineans procrastinated and that the Argives did not hesitate to appeal lure the Persians. In 473, Argos having provos that a movement against Sparta, Tegea seconda; she was the first to experience the effects of the vengeance of the Lacédémox niens *. : During the 5th century, Tegea, jealous established by Mantinée, sometimes allies with Argos: sometimes with Sparta. It is probably to the occasion of the war which broke out between the Tegeates and the Mantineans in 423, that the first coins of Tegea have summer issued. | has the letter T. 4. Herodotus, IX, 35; Fougères, Manlinée, p. 36 5. Herodotus, IX, 35; cf. Ferns, p. 371. 6. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 200, No. 1 and pl. XXXVII, 6 and 7; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gre p. 207, nos. 267 to 269.

TE 53 ARCADIA — TEGEA 654 = 973. — Variele; on the right, the letter T partly outside the blank. (Pozzi) PI. CCXXVIL fig. 10; — other, 1 SPALUPT 974. — Laureate head of Athena Aléa, at gathered in clumps on the nape of the neck. BR. The letter T occupying the entire field. ÆR 10; egin. obol, 1 gr. 05 (Pozzi, P) PI. CCXXVII, fig. 11 and 12:— ber. 90 (L):. | right or left, hair 975. — Corinthian helmet on the right. R&. The letter T in a hollow square. /R 8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 68 (L) PL CCXXVII, fig. 13°. 976. — Helmeted head of Athena on the left. B. T in a hollow square. Æ6; letartemorion egin., 0 gr. 27 (P) PL. CCXXVIIL, fig. 14. 977. — Owl on the right, looking straight ahead. BR. E. Concave field. Æ8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 49 (L) PI CCXXVII, fig. 15°. 978. — Owl on the left, looking straight ahead. B. E. Concave field. ZR 8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 42 (P, Pozzi) PL. CCXXVII, fig. 16 and 17. 979. — Owl standing right, looking straight ahead. BR. The letter E and an olive leaf. Hollow square. Æ8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 43 (P) PL CCXXVII, fig. 18:. 980. — Gorgon head facing, sticking out its tongue. B.TE—TE. Owl standing left, looking front; concave field. Æ15; (P) PL. COXXVII, fig. 19. As we said above, the se- testimony sometimes have the letter T, which does not of the coins of Tegea begins chrono- perhaps only the initial of the name Tégée. only in the early days of the Other hemioboles {nos. 977 to 979) have the region of the Peloponnese. Trihemiobolus value mark E, archaic initial of the a valuable brand represented name of hemiobolus 5. three E; the obol, the hemiobolus, the tetar- Brit. Mus. Pelop., p. 200, no. 4, pl. XXXVII, 9; 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 207, no. 213 oof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 207, nos. 270 to 272. 5. Cf. this Treatise, Theory and Doctrine, F I, Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 200, no. 3, pl. XXXVII, 8. p. 435 and above, p. 570. We have sometimes classified to Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 200, no. 5, pl. XXXVII, 40. Tégéée of small silver coins which bear

655 Iron money. 981. — Gorgon head facing. BL HEAD. Owl. Iron: 21 mill. PL CCXXVII, fig. 20. The Gorgon's head, on the pieces of silver gent, bronze and iron which precede, recall shovels the gift made to Cepheus by Athena, of a hair of the Gorgon, a present which was to make Tegea impregnable. “There is, in Tegea, said Pausanias, a temple of Athena Poliade where the priest only enters once a year; we names the temple of the £ryma or the rampart (rod é29pmatos isoèv), and it is said that Athena made to Cepheus, son of Aleos, a present of which the possession was to make Tegea forever impregnable. This present is a hair that she had cut off Gorgon's head and who was to be the safeguard of the city? In the rest of time this Athena Poliade having identified with the goddess A hazard whose origin is quite different, it there was only one divinity, called Athena Aléa. The centuries-old feud of the Mantineans and of the Tegeates took, as we said, in 423, a very particular character of acuity. The Gorgon head introduced on the mounts Tegean nais at that time, allows us to believe that the Tegeates attributed to their talisman the relative success they obtained; they raised a trophy on the field of reverse the monogram E; Mr. Imhoof-Blumer demonstrated that these pieces are tetartemorions of Colophon. Num. Chron., 1895, p. 280, nos. 6 and 1e pl. X, 13 and 14. Cf. our Descr. hist, He, p. 1113- 1115: 4. Ulrich Kobhler, in Athens. Miltheilungen, t. VII, 1882, p. 317; B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 454; Arthur Eugel, Rev. num., 1885, p. 13, n° 2 ADNCIS above, the iron coins of Argos and Phlionte ARCADIA — TEGEA 656! battle, although the struggle remained quite indecisive #. Besides, Sparta entered soon in the running in favor of Tegea. Had August 418, the famous battle of Mantinea, in which the king of Sparta Agis and the Tegeates crushed the Mantineans soulenus by the Athenians *. The laureate head woman, the bun lying on the neck (n° 974) was named Athena Aléa by Mr. Percy Gardner *. To contrary, Mr. Imhoof-Blumer called her Artemis Hegemoné (‘Hysuévr), the mistress; who had a temple in Tegea°. Ge temple ful erected by a certain Chronios, the young Hrier of the king of Orchomenus, Aristomelida guilty of having removed a young girl of Tegea. By its style, bronze coin no. 98 is not prior to last years from the 5th century; it is also the time of lappë rition of bronze coinage in Athens and in many other cities. The analogy of the style allows us to classify towards 1 same date the iron coin No. 981, qi bears the name of Tegea. This coinage of iron, exceptional and momentary, is at ra close to that of Argos, Phlionte and and hereinafter an iron coin of Heræa, No. 10 2, Pausanias, VIII, 47, 5; Apollod., I, 7; cf. G. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 292. | 3. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 386-387. 4. Fougères, op. cit., p. 400. See above, p. and 634. | 5. Br. Mus., Calal. Pelop., p. 201. G. Pausanias, VIII, 47, 6; 53.11; Imhoof-Blum Monn. Greek., p. 208.

657 ARCADIA — TEGEA 658 Heræa ; we have said what needed to be thought memory the fables relating to the famous of these strange pieces which put back into Fehavoo of Lacedaemon t. Group B. — From 400 to 370 +. AD 982. — Head of Alhéna Aléa on the right, wearing an allic helmet, whose paragnathids are noted. BR. TETEA. Chouelte standing right, on an olive branch. 2 15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 75: gap (Luynes) PL. COXXVII, fig. 21. 983. — Variélé, with HEAD, and the owl on the left. 4R 15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 70 LEDs 984. — Variety, with the tel of Alhéna on the left. 2 15: {riob. Con 2er. 02 (P) PL CCXXVII, fig. 22. 985. — Laureate head of Athena Alea, left, hair tied around her neck. &. The letter T occupying the entire field. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 73 (L) PL CCXXVII, fig, 23:. 986. — Tela of Athena Aléa on the right, wearing an altic helmet whose üimbre is decorated with a Triton. BR. HEAD. Owl standing left, looking straight ahead: in front of her, a olive branch. Æ17; (Pozzi) PL COXXVII, fig. 24. 987. — Variety, the cabbage on the right. Æ17; (P) PI CCXXVII, fig. 25. 988. — Head of Athena Alea, wearing an allic helmet, right. B.TE—TE. Owl standing left, looking straight ahead. Concave field. Æ15; (Pozzi) PL CCXXVII, fig. 26. 989. — Same law. BL. YOU. Owl on the left, looking straight ahead. ÆA&; (PET, CCXXVII, fig. 27. 1. Cf. the present Trailé, Théorie el Doctrine, t.T, 2. Brit. Mus. Pelop., p. 200, no. 6, pl. XXXVII, 41: p. 374 and 876; above, at ATg0S, p. 466, at Phlionte, Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 208, nos. 274 to 271. P. 514, and hereafter to Heræa. — The Laced Tehxvos- 3. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 201, no ofE monien primitive, if it existed, was a cake of - pl. XXXVII, 19, iron weighing an aeginetic mine (approximately 628 gr.). Volume 1V, rs re

663 on the coins of Tézéc. Of parts bronze from the 1st-3rd centuries bear his name in full, AGANAZ AAEAS!, The same goddess is also found on coins of Aléa, of Mantinea, of Caphyæ. She had, in Arcadia, a national character like Despoina, Poseidon Hippios, Pan and Zeus Lycaios. His nickname derives from the name Aléos, son of Aphidas, one of the mythical founders ques of Tegea, who would have brought there from Argos the worship of the goddess?. “Alea looks like a lot, summarizes M. G. Fougères, at the Alal- comenia of Tilphousion. It's a problem trice. Its name means shelter, refuge, asylum and removal, relief. She welcomes fugitives and bind enemies at a distance. In Tegea, its temple is a famous asylum; we people rush there from Argos and Sparta. She is also the rampart of the city. She monopolizes the role of poliade divinity and received as an ex-voto the fetters of the captives or the spoils of the enemies. His name having a double meaning, she must necessarily benefit from the equi- “vokes” Ÿ, The Athena of the old sanctuary of Eryma got confused with Aléa who had the same role: “The two personalities of the Pro- reader and Polialis combined in an intimate union. The goddess from this mixture retained some of the ancient Aléa. the law asylum and added the war powers smiles of Athena Polias of Athens, who became the model for most goddesses Poliades » *. A registration archaic discovery 1. B. Head, Hisé. numer., D. 455. 2. V. Bérard, Origins of culles p. 348. 3. G. Fougères, Mantinea and Arcadia, p. 289. 4. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 292; cf. V. Bérard, Bull, corr, hell., 1889, p. 281; 1893, p. 2. Arcadians, ARCADIA — TEGEA 664 by Mr. V Bérard, near the temple of Athena Aléa, made it possible to establish that, from before 371, there was an amphitheater in Tegea Arcadian society whose cult of Aléa was the religious bond!. Tegeus replaced himself in this role in the city of Aléa, as well as Delphi supplanted the town of Anthéla in the amphi- Delphic lionia. “That amphictionie of Tegea brought together the ancient asylums placed under the protection of the Protector (Alea), that is to say the sanctuaries of Aléa, of Man- {inea and Tegea, perhaps also that of Caphyæ, linked by Kepheus (Cepheus) to the le- son of Aléos. The cult of Athena at Caphyæ is altered by the currencies. The point of departure of this association would have been, following before R. Meister, in the Primitive Times, the town of Aléa. Tegea, at the time of its development, supplants it. But Aléa conserved, for its sacred enclosure of privi- orders whose deadline is specified in the scripture.” The amphictionic cities were represented by hieromnemons to assemblies, sacrifices, festivals and Aksxix games, celebrated in Tegea?. The temple of Athena Alea was burned in 395 av. BC and rebuilt on grandiose proportions which made it the most beautiful ple of the Peloponnese after that of Olympia magpie *. Scopas was responsible for the construction and architectural decoration. We reinstalled in this new temple the 41. R. Meister, in the Berichle of the Sociélé des Sciences of Saxony, 1889, p. 84; cf. Fougères, Man- tinée, p. 292; V. Bérard, Bull. corr. hell., 1889, p. 281. On the exact location of the temple of Athena Hazard and the excavations that were carried out there, see also: Dôrpfeld and Milchhœtfer, in the A{henische Miltheilungen, t. V and VI; G. Mendel, Bull. corr. hell., t. XXV, 1901, p. 241-281. 2, Fougères, Mantinea and Arcadia, p. 292-293. 3. Pausanias, VII, 41, 5. ||

661 ARCADIA — TEGEA 662 991. — Variety; at the feet of the warrior, his spear lying and the letter X. ZR15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 56 (L)!. 992. — Same head of Athena Aléa. BR. TETEA. Cepheus fighting, as above; between his Legs, the monogram Æ (— APKawy), Æ19; (2) PL CCXXVII, fig. 29:. 993. — Same head of Athena Aléa. BL. HEAD. Rooster standing right. Æ14; (B) PI CCXXVII, fig. 30:. Herodotus * relaying the quarrels without glantes between Sparta and Tegea, in the 7th century, relates that the Spartans, having consulted the oracle of Delphi to find out if they could were going to conquer Arcadia, believed take that the Pythia advised them to first take Tegea. They started in the countryside, taking away even the nes with whom they proposed to through the Tegeates. But they were defeated and fails prisoners; the Tegeates en- chained with the links that the Lacédémo- niens had intended for them. “These obstacles, adds Herodotus, were, in my time again, Hanging in the temple of Alhena Hazard. » In honor of this victory, the Tegeates instituted the games called 'Akw- you, which we celebrated in the neighboring stadium of temple of goddess 5; it is these games that 1. Brit. Mus. Cal. Pelop., p. 201, no. 1; Imhoof- Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 208, no. 278. 2. Others. Brit. Mus., nos. 12 and 13, pl. XXX VII, 15. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 209, no. 219; Choice, pl. TI, 85. 4. Herodotus, I, 66. 5. Pausanias, VIII, 47, 4. 6. Instead of Cepheus, we wanted to recognize in our monetary type of Tegea, i.e. Arcas, at because of the presence of the mongr. Æ on some parts; or Aleos, son of Aphidas, who built the first first temple of Athena Alea, in Tegea; or Echeinos, refers to the type of the rooster, on the bronze No. 993, the rooster being essentially an em- agonistic problem. The presence of the APK monogram{#3wv) where APK(aôtéy,, on No. 992, indicates that these coins were struck in the name of the new Arcadian League formed in Te- gee in the circumstances that we have summarized. The warrior in battle whose name appears indicated by the letter K (Krez5s), refers to the victory won by the young League on the Lacedaemonians. Cepheus, son of A- leos was, for the confederates of Tegea, a national hero. But it is curious to consider later that this type is only the copy of the type of Ajax, son of Oileus, on the coins of Locrians of Oponte f. The head of Aûnvx ’Akëx is easy to justify son of Aeropos, mythical king of Arcadia and grand- son of Cepheus, who, in single combat, killed Hyllos, son of Heracles (Pausanias, VIII, 53.10); either finally Téléphos, son of Augé and Heracles, that we found, later, suckled by a doe, like type monetary in Tegea after the 1st century: Telephos fought against Achilles on the Caicos plain (Pausanias, VIIT, 45, 7). The letter K, on some pieces, seems to justify the name, which we prefer, of Cepheus, son of Aleos, the mythical founder of Tegea. The title of Cepheus appears, as an epochal hero nyme, on the coins of Caphyæ from the 2nd century.

By their style, the currencies which precede tooth (nos. 982 to 989) are not anterior at the beginning of the 15th century. Perhaps they have were minted after 394, when the prestige of Athens had been relieved by the victory of Conon to Cnidus. Types of these parts ARCADIA — TEGEA 660 remind both those of currencies of Athens and the old legends of Tegea; the Tegeates were eager to reattach their Athena to that of the capital of Atti- that, in order to have the protection of Athens against the enterprises of the Lacedaemonians. Group C. — From 370 to 300 BC. AD After the great victory of Epaminondas at Leuctra, in 371, it was at Tegea that said the delegates from the Arcadian cities to try to constitute finally, of a effectively, the federalism of their nation, through the creation of a capital mune!. Tegea and Mantinea reconciled a moment; the soul of these patriotic meetings ticks was Lycomedes. Despite the opposition of Stasippos, around the middle of the year 370, the synoecism from Arcadia was voted and foundation of Megalopolis, as capital federal, was decided. But the new state of things implied, for each city, the abandonment gift of one's autonomy, submission without reserved for decisions of the Federal Council sitting in the new capital, the exodus of a part of the inhabitants to populate Megalopolis? In Tegea, these obligations caused serious disorders; those who stole the creation of Megalopolis were massacred or chased away. The exiles took refuge in Sparta which asked for nothing better than to intervene on their behalf. Mantinée who had helped the Tegeates opposed to the synæ- cism, was accused of having violated the peace of 370; the king of Sparta Agesilaus set out campaign #. The intervention of Epaminondas caused the Lacedaemo to retreat once again. niens and saved the Arcadian League. The party victorious federalist tegeate made, by recon- birth, a magnificent offering to the god of Delphi*. It is in the conjunctures that we have just reported, that the mon- following swimming. 990. — Head of Athena Aléa on the right, wearing the Attic helmet, the para- raised gnathids; earrings and necklace. BL. TETEATAN. Cepheus fighting on the right; the hero is naked, wearing Corinthian helmet; he steps forward, left leg forward, brandishing his sword with the right hand lowered and having on the left arm a large shield oval, the interior decorated with a griffin. ZR15; triob. egin., (Pozzi) P1. CCXXVII, fig. 28; — 2 gr. 32, worn (P). s 1. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 435. 2. Fougères, op. eyelashes, p. 436. 3. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 439. 4. Pausanias, X, 5.6; cf. Homolle, Bull. corr. hell., 1897, p. 276; G. Mendel, Bull. corr. hell., 1901, p. 274. See above, p. 637.

665 old statue of Athena Aléa which had been preserved from the fire and was considered like the Palladium of the city. This statue chryselephantine had been executed by En- doios, in the last third of the 7th century. Endoios worked especially in Athens, and we see, here again, the link that existed, from this time, between Athena Alta and the Athena of Athens : it is in Athens that the ARCADIA —— PALLANTION 666 Tégéates went to look for the prolotype of their Athena Aléa!, The statue of Athena Aléa by Endoios preserved until the time Roman, was transported to Rome at the time of Augustus? The coinage of Tegea continues in no. century, under domination Macedo- nienne, by bronzes with the legend TE- lEATAN, most often abbreviated?, S XII. — Palantion. Ix)ävrtoy was an old and important town in the mountainous district of Ménale, founded by the hero Pallas, one of the sons of Lycaon; its ruins can be seen at the south corner West of the Tripolitza plain *. Evander who played such a big role in the origins legends of Rome, came from Pallantion He was the grandson of the hero Pallas. Like many others cities arca- 994. — Laureate head of Apollo (?) short hair. 1. M. Collignon, Hist. of the sculpture. Greek, t. 1, 111,167 and 337; G. Perrot and Ch. Chipiez, Hist. of art in antiquity, t. VUI, p. 552 and 485: It. The- hat, Review of Greek Studies, t. V, 1892, p. 393, 9 1; the same, Allic sculpture before Phidias, MA4S, 154, 466. 2. Pausanias, VII, 46, 1; cf. Collignon, op. eyelashes, diennes Pallantion issued rare coins after the Peace of Nicias, in 421 BC. This coinage stops at the arrival of Epami- nondas and the Thebans in Arcadia, in 371. The following year the town of Pallantion was depopulated and his inhabitants transported in the news capital from Arcadia, Megalopolis. where of the hero Pallas (?), on the right, the B£. AA" and a capital E. Traces of a hollow square. #8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 48 (2) PL CCXXVII, fig. 81; —Ogr. 47 (L)*. 995. — Same lele (or bearded head?), right; in front, a bay leaf. BR. Without leg. A capital E and a laurel shoot. Hollow square. 2ÆR 9; hemiob. egin., (Poz:i) Pl. CCXXVII, fig. 32 (doubtful attribution). 996. — The eponymous hero Pallas, beardless, naked, standing facing, looking to PAL DA055; 3. B. Head, ist. numer., p. 455. 4. Loring, Journal of Hellen. Studies, 1895, DE iT 5. Brit. Mus. Cal. Pelop., p.192, n° 1, pl. XXXV, 21; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 204, no. 251: Lambros, Zeit. für Num., t. 1, pP'A1607

667 right; he raises his left hand to his face and extends his lowered right hand; at his side, his dog standing on the right, head raised. BL. FAAAAN. Young hairless head, right. Hollow square. ÆR 11; obol egin., (Pozzi) PL. CCXXVII, fig. 38. On numbers 994 and 995 the letter E is the initial archaic tial of the name of the hemiobolus *; it will be noted that the arrangement of the $ XIIT. — Parrrhasia or Paroreia. We hesitate to classify the obols that follow and whose homeland is simply designated by the letters FAP, to the small town of Paroreia, or to the district of Parrhasia of which the old city of Lycosura was the capital. Paroreia was a small square in the canton Eutresians, on the road to Megalopolis in Gortys. In legend, it was founded by Izowpz%s, son of Tricolonos, and the latter deny itself one of the many threads of Lycaon that we find always to the origin of all Arcadian cities. ARCADIA — PARRHASIA 668 legend is the same as on the coins of Paroreia or Parrrhasia which are contemporary poraines (hereinafter Nos. 997 to 999). However, due to poor import Celtic spear pelilte city, Mr. Imhoof- Blumer doubts that she minted money. IT prefers to attribute the pieces to the legend FAP, in the mountainous district of Parrha= his. These currencies, in this hypothesis; would have been struck at Lycosura, towards the end of the 5th century? It must be admitted, in this case, that these parts have the legend FAP suc= give in to the series of those who carry APKAAIKON and which were issued by: Hereans until 418 #. | 997. — Head of Zeus Lycaios right, pointed beard, long hair. Æ&. AA, and a large one occupying the entire field. Z 12; egin. obol, 1 gr. (L) PL CCXXVII, fig. 34*. | 998. — Young naked Pan, standing to the right, left leg bent, foot on a rock, leaning with his right hand on a stick; leaning on the arm left on his knee, he raises his hand to his face *. Re. AA and a large M occupying the entire field. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 91 (Pozzi) PL. CCXXVII, fig. 85; — others PHNT 1. See above, p. 570. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 205. 3. See above, p. 511 and 582. 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 192, no. 4, pl. XXXV, 22; Imhoof-Blumer, Greek coins, p. 204, | 4 n0252 pl. 11. 5. The same type at Heræa: cf. hereinafter no. 101 6. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, p. 204, No. 2ÿ pl. E, 12.

669 999. — Laureate head of Apollo, right, long hair and A. A large PF occupying the entire field. ARCADIA — HER#A 670 streaked on the nape of the neck. R 10; egin. obol, (L) PI. CCXXVIL, fig. 36. On some bronzes from the Arca-League dienne described above (n° 873 and 875) we it the letters PO and OE. Mr. Rud. Weil has surjected that PO could be the initi- We know that currencies which have the legend APKAAIKON and the types of Zeus ycaios and Despoina were issued by are the Hereans (‘Hoxioi), as presidents The Arcadic games at Mont Lycée. They rapped this cash until 418, that is to say, as long as they are responsible for the stewardship and administration of What games? But at the same time and parallel ment they issued, during the fifth century, for the circulation of their local market, hollow arre. 1. Pausanias, VIII, 27, 2; See above, p. 567 and 3. 2. See our Descr. hist., t. [, p. 860-862, and the branches of Possicrates, and QE the initials of Theoxenos, These two characters were the delegates of the Parrhasians for the dation of Megalopolis!. $XIV. — Heræa. For coins from the archaic period, see our Deser. hist., t. I, p. 835 to 861 and pl. XXX VIIL, fig. 1 to 18. small divisions which bear the single name of their city. These are the hemioboles that we describe below (n° 1000 to 1004) el which have the legend EP{xtov) where HP(atov), The style of these small species makes them go back at least to the middle of 5th century. They have, for the most part, like the trioboles to the legend APKAAIKON issued at the same time, the types of Zeus Lycaios and Despoina-Artemis. Group A. — Mid-fifth century. 1000. — Laureate head of Zeus Lycaios with pointed beard, right. BR. 4—4. Head of Despoina-Artemis, left, hair on neck. 2K 9; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 40 (B) PL. CCXXVIIL, fig. 1 ?, 1001. — Same head of Zeus Lycaios, left. present volume, above, p. 571, n°: 836 to 865. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Chron., 1895, p. 272, TEN

ARCADIA — HERÆA 671 BL. Without leg. Bearded head of Ulysses (?) wearing a pilos, right. Hollow square. Æ8; hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 36 (B) PI. CCXXVIII, fig. 2:. 672 1002. — Same head of Zeus Lycaios, right. BL. Without leg. Hairless head wearing pilos, right. Hollow square. ZR 7; hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 50 (B) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 8*. 1003. — Head of Zeus Lycaios, left. ÆR 8; hemiob. 1004 egin., 0 g BL. H—R. Head of Hermes left, ZR 8; hemiob. egin., 1005. — Same right. BR. 4—3. Despoina Tel, (B) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 6. ZR 8; hemiobolus egin. r. 50 (B) PI. CCXXVIIL, fig. 4°. 4. — Same head of Zeus Lycaios, right. the petase thrown on the back of the neck. Hollow square. (Pozzi) PL COXXVIIL, fig. 5; — other, 0 gr. 4 1 (B) 4 left. Hollow square. 1006. — Head of Zeus no to the right, pointed beard (as in no. 1000). Be. H—R. Head of Hermes left Æ8; hemiobolus egin. The preceding hemioboles, some with the name of Heræa, the others, anep- graphs, are to be compared to those that we gave the same lLypes with the legend AR (’A oxadtxôv) 5. . with the pelase on the back of the neck. (B) PL CCXXVIIL, fig. 7. The head of Despoina-Artemis from n° 1000 which bears the name of Heræa, is similar to that of the small room described above; under number 850. Group B. — From 418 to 370 BC. AD In 418, the Argives, the Mantineans and the Athenians were defeated by the king of Sparta, Act, in Mantinée, an event which gives to the Lacedaemonians the ability to intervene as masters in the affairs of Arca-cities diennes, upset the whole Peloponnese *. 1. This piece and the following ones were, in the past, classified at Stratos of Acarnania. Imhoof-Blumer, Die Münzen Akarnaniens, p. 160, no. 5, pl. I, 24 Num. Chron., 1895, p. 272, no. 2. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Die Münzen Akarn., p. 159, No. 4, pl. 1.23; Num. Cluon., 1895, p. 272, no. 3. It appears to have been the determining cause of the abandonment without return of the games of the mountain High school, already in decline for some time time. Victorious Sparta did not allow Hereans to extend their religious role and continue to mint coins 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Chron., 1895, p. 214 not” iDl 06 er OD.LCul., D: 212, 05, PI. . Description hist fig. 10. 6. Here tt Ip. 843, No. 1996, pl. XXX LIFE above, p. 582, 634, 655.

673 ARCADIA — HERX#A 674 legend tended to make Heræa, the ca- bration of arcadic games’. They last Political death of an arcane confederation now be content to strike exclusively dienne. vement of coins with the legend more This is why, around the year 418, the He- modest, EPA(wY) where HPawv). Zeus Ly- ræens were forced to stop broadcasting caios also ceases, from 418, to appear trioboles to the legend APKAAIKON, on their currencies. that they emulated on the occasion of the cele- 1007. — Head of Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet, left. BR. A41. Three large E's leaning against each other and occupying the entire field. At 13; trihemiob. belt, floor: 53 (L) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 8:. The three ædossed E's are the mark of find them arranged in the same ma- lrihemiobolus at Heraea and Tegea where we nier?. 1008. — Dolphin on the right. &, A big E occupying the entire field. #11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 98 (P) PL. CCXXVIII, fig. Dr ver 1617) 1009. — Head of Artemis left, hair turned up and held back by a strip; in front of her, her bow. A. A large E occupying the entire field; on the left, the letter 1 and one ivy leaf; on the right, AP: above, IV (= ‘Hyaia), concave field. #k 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 73 (P) PI. CCXXVIIL, fig. 10; — Ogr. 85: (L)e. 1010. — Variety; on the reverse, in the legend around the big E, we read EPA. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 82 (L) PL CCXX VIII, fig. 11°. 1011. — Variety, with HPA in legend, on the reverse; — other variety without legend, (Pozzi) PL. CCXXVIII, fig. 12. 1011. — Young Pan standing right, with small horns on the forehead, sling on the shoulders: he is leaning forward, his left leg bent, the ied placed on a rock; he brings his right hand back to his kidneys; he leans his left arm on his knee, his hand resting on his hunting spear. 1. See above, p. 582. 4. Br. Mus. Cat. Pelop., n° 12, pl. XXXIV, 9. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop, p.182; -_.n0.11,"pl. 5. Br. Mus. Cal. Pelop., p. 182, no. 14, pl. XXIV, 8. XXXIV, 11. fie 3. See above, p. 651, no. 972; cf. p. 510, 6. Br. A, Cal., p. 182, no. 13, pl. XXXIV, 10. Volume IV. 43

67 ARCADIA — HERÆA 676 A. HP. Head of Artemis, left, hair curled. Hollow square. At 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 84 (L) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 13:. The head of Artemis recalls the head of Despoina on the coins with the legend APKAAIKON :: Pan had a temple at Heræa*; he was one of the main national deities of the Arcadian race, and this is why, later, it also appears on coins minted in Megalopolis in the name of the xowvèv Arcadians. The type of Pan of obols of Heraea and Parrrhasia is a copy of the Pan of the magnificent tetradrachms of Se- gesture in Sicily, to the legend EFEZTAION #2 1013. — Eagle spread to the right, holding a snake in its claws. BR. 1A93. The eponymous hero Heraios naked, beardless, seated right on left is covered with the chlamys and it rock and holding his bow; his shoulder leans with his right hand on his spear. Æ11; egin. obol, (B) PI. CCXXVIIL, fig. 14 The Lype of the right of this obol is copied on the coins of Elis. As for the reverse, it probably represents Heraios, son of Lycaon, the mythical founder of 1014. — Head of Artemis on the left, her hair turned up and tied with it. Héræa 6. On the coins of Palé, in the island of Cephallenia, we will see the hunt- Sister Cephalus represented seated in the same attitude. bandeleitis at the top of the head; earrings and necklace. Bt. The letter H and bow. Æ 12: egin. obol, 0 gr. 75 (P) PL COXXVIIT, fig. 15. 1015. — Head of Athena, wearing a Corinthian helmet, right. BR. HPAEOQN. The letter H occupying the entire field, crossed with an are, 4 left; in the left field, OL (?). underneath, an arrowhead with ÆR 14; diob. egin., 2 gr. 61 (B) PI. CCXXVIIL, fig. 16 1016, — Head of Athena wearing the Corinthian helmet on the left, hair" long on the neck. Be. The letter H el arc (as above). A.Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 182, No. 16, pl. XXXIV, 12; Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, 191, no 203. Compare above, the same lype, at Par- rhasia, No. 998. 2, Compare above, nos. 850 and 864. 3. Pausanias, VIII, 26.2. | 4. B.Head, His. numer., p. 165 (fig. 81). 5. R. Weil, Zeit. für Num. t. VI, p.215 and 311; pl. IV, 43; Ilmhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 191; No. 204. 6. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 191. 1. R. Weil, Zeit. f. Num, t. VII, p.370, pl. VIII, a | | |

677 ARCADIA — HERÆA 678 ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 76 (P) PL. CCXXVIII, fig. 20 Aer 1 From 1017. — Head of Athena wearing the Corinthian helmet on the right, sometimes on the left. | &. Artemis kneeling right and shooting the bow; she is dressed in a short chilon tight at the waist: her hair is tied with a braid at the top of head; in her left hand she holds her are and an arrow, and she brings the right hand back; in front, the letter H. Æ 18 (P) PL CCXXVIIL, fig. 18; — others (L)?. 1018. — Head of Athena wearing a Corinthian helmet, right. Be. The letter H occupying the entire field. Æ19; (Pozzi) PL CCXXVIIL, fig. 19: — other Vo 1019. — Same figure of Athena on the right. or left, wearing a Corinthian helmet. Be. The letter X( or H, surrounded by four globules. Æ15; (Pozzi) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 20; — other ex., (B) *. 1020. — Head of Athena wearing an allic helmet, right. A. The letter M or H occupying the entire field. DA 14; (P) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 21: — other VAS 1020 #5, — Variety; in the reverse field, a globule. Æ14; (P) PL COXXVIIL, fig. 22. 1021. — Same right. B. The letter X (surrounded by four globules, Æ14; (P) PL COXXVIIL, fig. 23°. 1022. — Same right. A. The letter H approached, on the right, by an arc and on the left, Pun dog sitting and turning his head away. Æ14; (Pozzi) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 24. 1023. — Same right. &. The monograph. HP occupying the entire field. Æ12; (B)°. 1 R. Weil, Loc. cit., t. VII, PS0 ND VILES: Rud. Weil, Zeif. für Num., t. VIL p.367. A big 2. Brit. Mus. Cat., nos. 17 and 18, pl. XXXIV, 13. number of these bronzes with the letter H, with or without 3. Brit. Mus. Cal., n° 19 to 23, pl. XXXIV, 14. points, have were collected in Olympia or in the 4. Brit. Mus. Cat., n° 24 to 27, pl. Xxx1V, 15 and 16. neighborhood. 5, Cf. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. MAIN CAD 6. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 193, no. 222,

679 Iron money. 1024. — Head of Athena wearing the Attic helmet, left. BL. HPAOAI (‘Houoxiov), legend occupying the entire field. Iron money. (B) PL. CCXXVIII, fig. 25. Barclay Head said, wrongly, that he doubts of reading this piece and that it even ask if it is indeed a mon- nae’. She was published for the first time times per the learned epigraphist Ulrich Kuhler? In addition, we also have, for the end from the 5th century or the beginning of the 15th century, some examples of iron coins which bear the names of Argos, Phlionte and Tegea *. Like Tegea and Mantinea, Heræa had, as we have seen, pretensions to hege- mony throughout Arcadia. After the victory from Epaminondas to Leuctres in 371 and the de- deliverance of the Peloponnese from the Lacedae yoke monien, Heræa wanted, like her rivals, assert your so-called rights and she refused, consequently, his membership in the Arcadian League which decided the foundation of a neutral capital, Megalopolis. The Hereans went so far as to contract a 1. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 448, note. 2. In the Mittheil. of the Institute. archaeol. go inand, Athenische Abtheilung, t. VIN, 1882, p. 311; P. Cauer, Delect. register. graec., p. 354, no. 410 to; J. Adr. Blanchet, in the Journal. int. of archaeol. num. t. X, 1907, p. 269; Percy Gardner, Catal. ARCADIA — UERÆA 680 alliance with the Lacedaemonians, led against the New League. The Lacédémo- nians made Heraea a rival capital of Megalopolis *. This was the cause of the loss of Heræa. At the end of December 370, the Arcadians resolved to destroy it : they entered the mountainous country of the Hereans, cut down all the trees there, burned down all the houses $, Everything® was destroyed: we do not know what happened came from the fortress itself. Always Did she stop minting money at this era. For a long period of time silence falls on Heræa, as the : revenge of the Arcadians was terrible and without thanks. It was only 130 years later : later, around 240, than at the time of the League Achaean, a new chapter of the numismatic history of Heræa. Peloponnesus, Introd., p. xLvr; cf. the present Trailé, Theory and Doctrine, t. 1, p. 314. 3. Above, in Argos, nos. 633 and 633 a; in Phlionte, No. 929 a and in Tegea, No. 981. 4. Strabo, VIIL, 3, 2. 5. Fougères, Mantinea and Arcadia, p. 443.

CHEXPITRE XI THE MESSENIA S I. — General overview, Of the three peninsulas by which se ends the Peloponnese in the south, Messinia is the most western and the closest of Sicily and southern Italy. To the east, it bordered on Laconia, where it was separated by Mount Taygetos; at north, it bordered the Arcadian territories of Phigalia, of Lycosura, of Megalopolis; it also touched Triphylia, a country politically included in Elide. Everything the rest of its borders, very indented, was bathed by the sea where pour the Pamisos and the Cyparissos, torrents both descended, in different directions tions opposite, of blanks of the famous Mount Ithome, at the foot of which Messene was built. During the conquest of the Peloponnese by Dorians Heraclides, Messinia fell n lot in Cresphonte who built his capital tenyclaros in the fertile watered plain ar the Pamisos!. 1. Pausanias, 1V, 3, 1; Strabo, VIIL, 4, 1. The long and terrible war of the Mes- Senians against Sparta, in the virth and verth centuries, which ended by crushing el the exile of the Messenians are recounted by all historians. At the end of the first war, around 724, the Messenians retreated cherish in a fortress that runs- was born Mount Itôme, famous for its sanctity national luary of Zeus Ilhomatas including the image forms the main type of mon- Messenian naies, At the end of the second war, around 668, the Messenians retreated likewise on Mount Ira. It's there that Aristomenes defended himself for ten years against the furious and repeated assaults of Lacedaemonians. So, most of the Messenians who do not were not exterminated took the path from exile; those who remained were reduced under the condition of helots. Some people embark querent under the guidance of two son of Aristomenes, to go to Rhegion in Ita- lie, then in Sicily where they founded a city to which they gave the name Messana

683 (Messina), in memory of their original homeland gin!. From this date (668) until the vic- tory of Epaminondas at Leuctra, in 371, that is to say for 300 years, the name of the Messinia was, so to speak, erased from history. loire; only once, in 464, during an earthquake which almost destroyed Sparta, the Messenians op- prize-winners believed they could profit from the disaster to try to shake off the yoke. After a resistance of several years on the mountain Ithome, they were obliged to surrender to the king of Sparta Archidamos ?. Fleeing the anger of their masters, they implored the pity of the Athenians who allowed them to settle in Naupactus, among the Locrians Ozoles, on the northern coast of the Gulf Corinthian. Finally, after his victory of Leuctres, Epaminondas called back the helots and the ar- great-grandson of the banished and he invited them to resettle in their former homeland. Most of the exiles responded to his call, and in 369, they built their new capital, Messene, in the center of their country, in the knot of mountains which dominates the Fee We come to recall in which circumstances and for what political purpose, Epaminondas, helped by the Democratic Party Arcadian, decided, in 370, the reconstruction of Messene and Mantinea, as well as the 1. See our Descr. hist.,t. 1, p. 1484 and 1490. 2. Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. from Antiquilé, t. 11, Athens, p. 58, MESSENIA — MESSENIA 68% sources of Pamisos; the acropolis of new new city was installed on Mount Ithome, which recalled for them the heroic struggles from ancient times; annual games, calls the ‘Iÿwpuzzx were established there in honor of national Zeus *. The currencies include began to be struck at this time; they are of the type of Zeus [thomatas and Eleusinian Demeter. - After the Battle of Chaeronea in 558, the Messenians favored by Philip * and enriched by him from the canton of Denthé- liatide, substitute in the size of their species the standard of the coins of the king of Macedonia to the eginetic standard. But this was for few Lemps. After the death of Alexander, under the dominion Macedonian nation, the Atlantic standard is applied to the size of all currencies of the Peloponnese, in particular to those of Messene. Besides, in outside of this city, it is only Mothoné who beat currency in Messinia, before Alexander. The other monetary cities of this con- tree, Asiné, Coloné, Coroné, Cyparissia, Pylos, Thuria only have a workshop from of the third century or even later. Messene. foundation of Megalopolis. Details of the rebuilding of Messene are recorded in Pausanias in a ma- particularly moving PR new capital Messenian manifesto 3. Pausanias, IV, 33. 4. C. I. Laconiæ, Messeniæ, Arcadiæ, 1, P. VI. 5, Pausanias, 1V, 27, 6.

685 MESSENIA — MESSENIA 686 immediately his independence and his self- silver to the types of Demeter and Zeus, political nomy in opening a workshop deities whose temples were neighboring, monetary; she issued magnificent pieces on the summit of Mount Itôme. Group To. — From approximately 369 to 338. 1025. — Head of Demeter surrounded by a crown of ears, on the left, the hair up; she has earrings and a necklace. MEZZANION. Zeus Ithomatas nude, standing left, left leg advanced; with his raised right hand he brandishes the thunderbolt; he has his left arm outstretched forward and an eagle is perched on his wrist. /R 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 18 (L) PL. CCXXVIII, fig. 281. 1026. — Even head of Demeter. BR. MEZZ — ANIQN. Zeus Ithomatas, as above. ZR 17; lriob. egin., 3 gr. (Luynes) PL. CCXXVIII, fig. 24. 1027. — Same head of Demeter. BL. M—53. Tripod. | 2R 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 98 (P)P1. CCXXVIIL, fig. 25, — other, Ogr.95 (L)?, 1028. — Same description. Hemiobolus, Ogr. 38(L)*. 1029. — Same head of Demeter. BL. ME. Tripod, Concave field, ZR15; (P) PL CCXXVIII, fig. 26; — other (L)‘. 1029. — Same head of Demeter. B. ME occupying the entire field. Æ17; (Pozzi) PL CCXXVIII fig. 27; — other (B) 5. 1031. — Varieties; Demeter's head is turned to the left or right. On the reverse, we have ME or 3M°. 1032. — Head of Demeter left, crowned with ears of corn, hair raised and falling in abundant locks on the neck. 1. Bril. Mus. Peloponnesus, 09 nd pl. zur, 3. Brit. Mus. Cal. Pelop., No. 3. ; B. Head, Hist, num, p. 431. 4. Br. Mus., Cal., p.109, n° 4, DIS 32 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 109, no. 2; Wroth. 5. Brit, Mus., Ca. No. 6, pl. XXI, 4. smoke. Chron., 1889, p. 255, no. 18, pl.

687 MESSENIA — MESSENIA 688 BR. M — E. Zeus Ithomatas, as above; in front of him, the tripod. In countermark, one star. Æ19; (L) PL COXXVIII, fig. 28. The beautiful stalères of Messene which pre- give way are of a style analogous to those who were struck at the same time in Sicyo- ne, in Argos, in Elis, in Stymphalus, in Pheneus, in Megalopolis, in Zacynthus, and we can say that all of these pieces are epo- that in the history of art and coinage Peloponnesian? From them, we see that the era of Epaminondas (371-362), was truly the period of splendor of the story of Peloponnese; but also we let's see that that rebirth was ephemeral and that it didn't last much longer of around ten years, which confirms historians. The monetary style, after this brilliant brilliance, falls back into mediocrity. The head of Eleusinian Demeter, right of stater No. 1025, is the copy of the type of Demeter created in Syracuse by the engraver Evainète 5. This beautiful effigy, which quickly became extremely popular, was also reproduced on the currencies of Pheneus and the Locrians Opontians ‘. Moreover, with regard to Messene, the type of Eleusinian Demeter is explained by the very venerated temple that Celtic goddess, consort of Zeus Ithomatas, had on Mount Ithome ÿ. The Zeus of The reverse of our coins is the image of a sta- executed kill by the sculptor Agélaïdas for the Messenians who took refuge in Naupactus in 46%, as we have recalled. In 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 10, pl. xxx, 5. 2. Percy Gardner, Brit. Mus. Cat. Peloponnesos, Introd., p. XLIII. 3. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 116, fig. 99. 4. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 431. See above, p. 365. this revolt of the year 464, the isoles nians, pursued, hunted by the Lacedae- monians had finally taken refuge on their old and holy mountain of Itôme. Unable to reduce them, the The Lacedaemonians offered them their lives, on the condition that they undertake to leave the Peloponnese. The Messenians spoke; under the protection of the Athenians, they settled went to Naupactus. There, in memory of their homeland, they had Agelaidas execute a statue of their national god, Zeus Itho- mats 5; it was in the 2nd year of the 81st Olympiad (455 BC): the sculptor Agé- laidas, the master of Myron, Polykleitos and of Phidias, was then very advanced in age. This statue is thus designated by Pau- sanias: “The statue of the god is the work of Agelaidas who performed it for the Messes- nians established at Naupactus. We choose him, every year, a priest who keeps it in his house. The Messenians also celebrate every year festivals called ‘IMopxia; we once awarded a music prize there... »?. When the Messenians returned in their old homeland, in 370, recalled by Epaminondas, they reported with them the statue of Zeus and installed it in their sanctuary on Mount IJthome. So transported from Naupactus, across the Gulf of Corinth, all of the Peloponnese and the 5. Pausanias, LV, 31: Afuntpos ispèv Mesznviots Égriv &yov. Pausanias adds that this temple was decorated with statues of the Dioscuri kidnapping the girls of Leucippos. 6. Pausanias, IV, 32, 2. 1. Pausanias, IV, 33, 2.

)89 Honlagnes of Arcadia, the SaCro statue ainle was installed at the top of Ithome, u center of an {emenos, in a sancluary ü labernacle that Pausanias mentions: The Messenians, he says, draw all the water flow at the Clepsydra fountain, for wear in the :soev of Zeus Ithoma- S»!. The Zeus Lycaios of Lycosura in cadie was the same in a tabernacle surrounded by a temenos, at the top of the Lycée. The Zeus of Ithome and the Zeus of the Lycée rise, both of them, to give rise to eagle that beats its wings, resting on their chest el tense? ; only, Zeus Lycaios tassis, while Zeus Ithomatas is butt. The type of Zeus Ithomatas, standing, mrs on the Messenian staters, figure opposite on archaic currencies lily-Olympia, to the legend YNOArI- M”, coins which appear earlier time when Agelaidas flourished; hence the con- Zion that we have brought out, that the nd Argive sculptor, executing his S Ithomatas did not create a new Lype u in Greek art, but that he was inspired ‘an older work that we saw lymphia *. We cite at least two slatuel- of bronze that go back to the end sixth century, and whose attitude is already close to the type of Zeus Ithomaltas. e given semi-archaic character in- ionally to the monetary type mes- Pausanias, 1V, 33, 1: cf. Hitzig and Iugo Blucm- Pausaniæ Graeciæ descriplio, t. 11, p. 175. See our Descr, hist, t, I, p. 843 et pl. IL, fig. 8 et seq. Description hist.,t. I, p. 886-887, nos. 1254 and 1255 and XIX, fig, 1 and 2. escr. hist., t. 1, p. 889. £. of Chanot, Gazette archéol., t. VI, 1880, and pl. XI; G. Perrot, Hist. of art in the year +. VIII, p. 468. Volume IV. MESSENIA — MESSENIA 690 nothing, recognizable by the stiffness of the limbs bres and the protrusion of the muscles, suitable well to the works of Agelaidas. “Without these currencies, rightly remarks Mr. Colli- 8n0n, we would not have an idea of the o- life of the Argive master, we could not appreciate its originality, the progress it thread to art, and finally we could not have give a name to Zeus brandishing the lightning that was found at Olympia and which reproduces the same type”!. In these replicas of Olympia as on the Messenian stalers, Zeus is always bearded, a peculiarity which appeared in various scholars like H. Brunn? and Overbeck # an argument to support that the statue of Mount Ithome, executed by Agelaidas, was in no way consistent at Type of coins nor that of bronze replicas found at Olympic. According to them, the statue executed by Agelaidas was to represent Zeus beardless, young, still a child, for two main reasons: 1° The Messenian legends place the childhood of Zeus in Messinia. “The Mes- Senians, says Pausanias, claim that the nymphs [thomé and Néda were his nourishers rices and that they gave their names, one in the mountains, the other in the river. The Curèles having removed the child Zeus from the barbarity of his father, the two nymphs washed in the Clepsydra fountain which took his name of this theft » *, We conclude from there 1. Mr. Collignon, Hist. of the only pt. BIG The dl p. 318. 2. Heinrich Brunn, Geschichte der griech. Kunst- 12 OP 1 CAE € to 3. Overbeck, Griech. Mythol. Zeus, . 1, Dilie Rhein. Museum, Neue Folge, t. XXII, 192: A9: Murray, A history of Greek Sculpture, 2 6d., t. I, p: 187. 4 PASS AIN SE ,

691 THE MESSENIA that Zeus Ithomatas must have been a Zeus child, at most adolescent. 2 We know, on the other hand, that the sculptor Agélaïdas had executed for the city of Ægion, in Achaia, a statue of Zeus standing, thundering, similar to that of Zeus Ithomatas’. The coins of Æ- region, in the Roman imperial era, reproduced derive the image of this slatue; she is even sometimes accompanied of the inscription tion: ZEYC METAC or ZEYC TIAIC *. However, on these currencies, Zeus is always hairless, adolescent, just out of childhood. Hence the obvious conclusion that the statue of Zeus, executed by Agelaidas for the city of Ægion, represented young Zeus, adolescents- hundred. Pausanias, in addition, we says: “He in the city of Ægion there is a statue made of bronze of Zeus still a child (Zeÿe re za mas) and a beardless Heracles; they are both works by Agélaïdas of Argos.. To honor the childhood of Zeus, we chose as priest of the god that of young boys from the town who had carried the beauty prize. When the beard began to push him, this load not- knows to another”?. Thus, at Ægion, the statue executed by Agelaidas, represented Zeus hairless, standing, thundering, and with an eagle on the left wrist. This atmosphere is that same which is given to Zeus Ithomatas of Messinia. Agelaidas had executed two Zeus in a posture and with altri- identical goals. And as in Messinia, just as much as in Ægion, we wanted to honor 1, Pausanias, VII, 24, 4. 2. W. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1902, p. 323, no. 13, pl. XV, 13; Svoronos, Journ. intern. of archaeol. bare- mism., 1899. t. II, p. 302, pl. XIV, fig. 11. 3. Pausanias, VII, 24, 4. MESSENE. 692 the childhood of Zeus, born on Mount Ithome; fed by the nymphs Ithomé and Néda, the scientists whose names I have cited think that the Zeus Ithomatas of Agelaidas, had to to be a young Zeus, if not a child, and not a Elderly and bearded Zeus. But this conclusion is too rigorous; it does not take into account name variants legends that contain my ethics of the Greeks, without even us Let us claim to know them all: It cannot be denied that we have, on the coins of Messene, the image of Zeus of Ithome, the national god who symbolized the homeland for the unfortunate Messenians: they owed him the happiness of rebuilding Messene and restore their homes. Here it is why they put it on the coins that they strike from this reconstructed: lion. The persistence of this monetary type for several centuries is an argument irrefutable in favor of our thesis, also although the archaic forms which characterize: read a work by Agelaidas well. At surplus, the name [ONM, written next to the divinity, on certain parts of which we we'll talk later, designate it by so# name. If Zeus was born, was nurtured, became: naked teenager in Messinia, he must have also} become adult, take it this aspee of an upstart man at maturity, that read give the long sequence of currencies my senians. Let us conclude that the sculptor Agé laidas executed for Ægion a Zeus im berb, adolescent, and for the Messenians an elderly and bearded Zeus, while giving his two statues the same movement and the same attributes. Moreover, in its two works, Agelaidas did not do it himself, we let's repeat, that taking inspiration from a Zeus pl ancient, which we saw at Olympia.

693 On the small group of currencies described above, the legend is presented in a Dorian form, MEZZANION; in Zancle- Messana of Sicily, we find the two for- my MEZZANION and MEZZHNION. However, the Greek historians insist precisely on e point that, during 300 years of exile, the Mes- + faithful to their memories, although After the fall of Theban supremacy, S Messenians threw themselves into the alliance ith Philip of Macedon against Athens. following his victory at Chaeronea, in 8, Philip rewarded the Messenians n forcing the Lacedaemonians to yield to them a few cantons of Taygèle, disputed then five or six centuries? These relations of Philippe with the Messe- iens are attested by the coins. In Laughed. MEXZANION. Zeus Ithomatas This weight of 14 gr. 73 is the weight (mile- that) silver staters of Philippe de cedony *; the very style of the staters Ssenians is close to that of the sta- ous Macedonian domination, the era- altique is introduced into the size of Messenian naies. It is, in fact, at Pausanias, IV, 27, 11. Strabo, VIII, #, 6: Pausauias, 111, 26, 3. MESSENIA — MESSENIA 694 living among strangers, do not abandon had nothing of their traditions, their uses, of their language which was the dialect dorian (=#v êrihsxros

THE MESSENIA — MOTHONÉ 69 695 1034. — Head of Demeter crowned with ears of corn, right, hair combed RL. MEZZANION. Zeus Ithomatas, naked, laureate, standing right, leg left advanced, brandishing the thunderbolt with the right hand raised and holding his wrist, with outstretched arm, an eagle flapping its wings; in front of him, a (tripod behind him, his name, I6QM-A. In the field, A-!; under the tripod, ®l-. Æ 98: tetradr. attic, 16 gr. 51 (P) PI. CCXXVIIT, fig. 30. Varieties of this weight letradrachm attic, carry (8QM or I0QN, and names of magistrates, for example, ZQXZIKPATH3X, AÂAEZIAZ, AEZIAX, etc. ‘. We don't have $IET. — Mothoné was located at the southern end west of the Messenian peninsula, opposite of the OEnusses Islands and a short distance from the famous island of Sphacteria. His name was Mobsvrn, but it is also called, at the ancient authors, Meôwvr, of sorle that we seems to have it, from antiquity, confused with the Argive city of Sea of which we we have given the currencies above. The Modern numismatists often also confused the currencies of the two cities *. Mothoné of Messinia was a former city extremely old, founded by Mothoné or Methoné, daughter of Oeneus, the inventor of wine‘. But she doesn't start to be published 4. Br. Mus., Calal. 110 and pl. XXII, 6-and 7. 2, We wanted, on the tetradachm that we give- not as a specimen of this series which does not include hardly begins before 300, recognize in 18Q@M, the name of Zeus, and interpret MESEANIQN 18Q@M{xiwv). But the Messenians are nowhere referred to under this name; the very place of the word I89M does not does not allow us to stop at this interpretation of their little in conformity with monetary habits. Peloponnesus, p. given that a sample of these tetradra chems whose striking lasts a long time: in the 11th century? Mothoné. in history than at the time of war: from Messinia. At the end of the second of this: wars, the Lacedaemonians gave Mo given to the inhabitants of Nafplio, when these were chased from their clean homes by Argives. For a long time after, in 431, at the time of the incident di Sphacteria, at the start of the Pela War ponnese, the Athenians tried to take to adorn Mothoné, but they were em: caught by Brasidas *. The currencies that follow are far from go back to that time; they place themselves the time of Philip of Macedonia, that is to say say around 338 BC. AD 3. There is still a third M<86% who minted coins: it was Methoné d Macedonia, in Pieria, on the Thermaic Gulf but the currencies of the latter, which have legend ME8Q and the lion guy grinding a To lance, cannot be confused with cell of the two Peloponnesian cities. 4, Pausanias, IV, 35. 5. Thucydides, II, 25.

697 THE MESSENIA — MOTHONÉ 698 1035. — Hephaestus standing on the right, walking with hasty steps; he is bearded, wearing a conical pilos, dressed in a short tunic, tight at the waist: with both hands, the right brought back, the left he holds a long pole ending in a Fe torch Be. The letters MO occupying the entire field. Æ18; (Luynes) PL. CCXXVIII, fig. 31:. The legend MO recalls the coins of Messene, from the same period, with the letters ME which occupy the entire field (below above, n° 1030 and 1031); the bronzes of Méthana similarly have M or ME@ in a crown of ears. To Epidaurus and Hermione the initials of these cities also occupy the entire field of the reverse of certain coins. On the coins of Methana of Argolis, the type of Hephæstos is explained by the position tion of this city sitting in a region 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. 170, no. 79, pl. E,.2. MNRECU. D: particularly exposed to tremble- ments of earth. We we don't have not the same reasons to give for Molhoné, city where, according to mythical legend, we would rather go to find emblems Dionysians. The Lype of Hephaestos zura- 2690; suggests that we were celebrating lampadephories or torchlight races in honor of this god in Mothoné, as were there some in other cities? 2. Cf. Herodotus, QUICKLY, Hist. number, p. 433. 98; B.Head,

CHAPTER XII THE ELIDE $ I. — Elis and Olympia. For coins from the period before 480, see our Descr. hist., t, I, p. 879 to 902 et pl. XXXIX, fig. 1 to 8. Group To. — Coins minted before 472. As we have explained, the mon- nays that carry the name of the Eleans, have been struck every four years, on the occasion sion of the celebration of the Olympic games, in Olympia, a religious city which depended of Elis’. This coinage with the legend FA, FAAEI, FAAEION we seemed to begin around the year 500, succeeding the rare slaters who wear OAYNMIKON. The first parts that we are going to describe (n° 1035 and following.) are rather attached to the group already recorded, only to the one which begins after the political reform of 472. 1035. — Eagle flying right, wings outstretched horizontally, holding in its beak a snake whose folds are wrapped around its body. Bt. F—A. Lightning with four wings, two of them curled into volute, the other two developed in a fan. Circular hollow area. 1. See our Description hist, t&. 1, p. 819 et seq.; Cf. G. Hill, Historical Greek Coins, p. 11; Cb. T. Seltman, in Nomisma, fascic. VIII, 1913, p. 23 and fac. IX, 1914, p. 1 et seq. This last and important work gives all the known varieties of mon- berries of Elis; but the systematic classification and very complicated adopted by the author does not seem to us not always well in accordance with the style and manufactures parts. secd nt i we unm h ie O tie not ds po

101 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 102 ZR 21; slal. egin., 11 gr. 92 (Jameson) PL. CCXXIX, fig. 11. 1036. — Varieties of the stater. The eagle flies sometimes to the right, sometimes to the left; the reverse legend is F—A, where A—3 or F—A. 1037. — Same description, the eagle flying to the left. _2R 24; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 58 ?. 1038. — Same description {eagle on the left. ÆR 1%; hemidrachm (Pozzi) PL COXXIX, fig. 2: — other, 2 Bt, 14 (E 1039. — Same description (eagle on the left). Æ10; obol egin. (Pozzi) PL. CCXXIX, fig. 3:. 1040. — Variety, with the eagle flying to the right, 0 gr. 76 (L). 1041. — Eagle flying left, wings spread horizontally, carries holding an overturned hare in his claws. RC. A—3, Winged Lightning. ZR20; stat. egin., 11 gr. 92 (4) PL. CCXXIX, fig. 4 i. 1042. — Eagle flying left, carrying in its claws an overturned hare. BL. A—4. Niké striding to the right; she is dressed in a talar chiton and its wings are outstretched:; with the left hand extended forward, she holds a crown and with her lowered right hand she raises the edge of her dress. Circular hollow area. IR 24; slat. egin., 12 gr. 05 (Boston) PL. COXXIX, fig. 5; — 11 gr. 03 (L)°. 1043. — Eagle flying to the right, Lenant in its beak a serpent whose folds are wrapped around its body. Circular hollow area. B.F—A. Niké striding left, holding hands 1. Varieties of the stater described in our Description hist.,t. I, p. 895, n° 1256 and DENIS EC Br. Mus. Cat. Pelop., pl. X, 3; Calal. Jameson, No. 1223; Ch. Seltman, Nomisma, fase. VII, 1913, p. 98 et pl. I. 2. Anc. coll. Montagu, Num. Chron., 1892, p. 28, pl. He, 12; cf. our Descer. hist., t. I, p. 895, No. 1257, pl. XXXIX, 4. 3. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 58, no. 2, pl. X, 2. 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p 58, n° 4, pl. X, 5. 5. Macdonald, Hunt. coll., p.134, no. 1, pl. XXX VII, 5; Seltman, loc. cit., p. 31, no. 22, pl. I, P. 6. In the field, often small punches in countermark; wheel, flying bird; fleuron, etc. Cf. Seltman, Nomisma, fascic. VIII, 1913, p. 27, where these hallmarks are noted with care. 7. K. Regling, Samml. Warren, in Boston, No. 912; Bril. Mus. Cal. Pelop., p. 58, no. 6, pl. X,6. Types of the eagle and Nike, on the coins of Elis, are explained in our Descr. hisl.,t. T, p, 898,

703 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 704 right stretched forward, a crown, and raising the edge of her dress from the left hand lowered. Circular hollow area. \ At 24; stat. egin., 12 gr. 11 (L) * 1044. — Eagle flying to the right, holding an overturned hare in its claws which he dismembers with his beak. B.F—A. Nike walking left, holding a crown in the hand right extended forward, left hand lowered and brought back. Area circular hollow. ZR 24; slat. egin., 11 gr. 89 (L) PL COXXIX, fig. 6:. 1045. — A—13. Same description. ZR 18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 87 (L) PI. COXXIX, fig. 7:. 1046. — Eagle flying left, holding in its beak a snake in its folds are wrapped around its body. B. Without leg. Niké striding to the left, Lenant from the right hand raised a crown and left lowered a strip. Circular hollow area. ZR 2%; stat. egin., (Jameson) PL. COXXIX, fig. 8. 1047. — Eagle right, wings raised, holding its back in its claws, a hare that he kills with his beak. BR. F—A, Nike running left, as above, with a crown in right hand, left lowered. Circular hollow area. ZR 24; stat. egin., (Pozzi) P1. CCXXIX, fig. 9. The ranking chronology of mon- Olympic swims of the Eleans is extreme difficult because he cannot rest than on the appreciation of style. However, we notes that in the midst of the great variety pieces, the same types are repeated, copy, modify, cross and overlap 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 59, n0 8, pl. X, 8. Cf. varieties of this stater, with the eagle flying at left, in our Descr. hist, t. 1, p. 895, nos. 1259 and 4260, and pl. XXXIX, 6 and 7. intertwined in an inextricable way. In in certain cases, old ones are put back into service corners or we copy them by coupling them to others which are of more recent invention. Mr. Ch. Seltman took infinite pains to arrive at a rational grouping of all these varieties. It places quite far after 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 59, no. 10, pl. X, 9; another copy, Catal. Jameson, No. 1224. 3. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., n° 11, pl. X, 10.

705 472 pieces with the legend OAYNFIKON and some others that we believe in con- lary prior to this date!. The class- proposed by Mr. Seltman who appears already have the style of the pieces against him and the paleography of legends, could not be accepted for these parts, only if it was demonstrated that after 472, without leaving the first half of the 5th century, the presidency of the Olympic Games was momentarily taken from the Eleans, because one would not understand not that they had, Occasionally, substituted themselves the archaic legend L’ÉLIDE — ÉLIS pr OLYMPIA 706 YNOATIKON to their traditional name, FA OR FAAEÏION. Apart from the considerations lions of slyle, such a substitution does not Not justified historically: from 412 the currencies Olympics with the legend FAAEION form an inin- interrupted until an advanced period of the 1st century? At most we could try to support, but without historical proof, that the pieces with the legend OAYNMIKON Could have been struck thanks to the revolution lution of 472 which we are going to talk about. Group B. — From approximately 479 to 431. 472 (1st year of the 77th Olympiad) : constitution of Elis undergoes a change ement essential; aristocratic that she Yes, it was henceforth democratic ?, a new Elis was founded at the foot of the ell acropolis, on the banks of the Peneus by Synoecism of the inhabitants of the rural demes Luxury of the region, and this rejuvenated Capilale immediately came one of the reli- them, artistic and economic the most iportants of all Greece *. The series owners of Elis are, therefore, very abundant nles, varied, indistinct during 2 centuries and they also offer a first-rate loan, both to the point of e of the history of art than from the point of view nistic and religious. € Synoecism of Elis, which must have Compare our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 886, pl. D let2:cC. Seltman, in Nomisma, t. VII, » Pl. II, AB and pl. III, AQ. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 420 (2nd 6d.). See our Descr. hist.,t.1,p. 885. Volume IV, a direct influence on Olympia and its Games, preceded Synoecism by a few years of Argos and Mantinea, and it is suspected that all this movement was caused by Themistocles who, banished from Athens, was refugee in Argos. Themistocles had the idea of coalition of these three States against Sparta; the project was not carried out until complete execution *, Despite Themistoele's attempt, the Eleans remained faithful to their al- alliance with Sparta; they maintained it without largest interruption of the 5th century key. During this entire period, the administration ration of the Olympic Games is between the hands of the Eleans. The Hellanodices, called in the much envied honor of the presidency of Games, are regularly chosen among the 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1819, p. 226: B. Head, Hisl. numer., 2 6dit., p. 419; C. Seltman, Nomisma, fase. VIIL, 1913, p. 23. 5. G. Fougères, Manlinée el l’Arcadie, p. 316-311. 45

107 descendants of old aristocratic families ticks of the Elean race; they are the ones who award prizes to the winners; L’ÉLIDE — ÉLIS ËT OLYMPIE 708 they are also, without a doubt, who make hit the admirable medals-my- nays that we are going to review. 1048. — Zeus seated left, on a rock, bare chest, his cloak wrapped around legs and left arm; on his right hand he holds a eagle about to take flight; with his left hand he leans on the rock; his scepter is placed next to his right arm. B.AA1. Eagle flying left, holding a snake in its beak and its greenhouses. Hollow square. ÆR 26; stat. egin., 12 gr. (L) PL CCXXIX, fig. 10:. 1049. Zeus seated left on his throne, bare torso, legs dra- pegs; with his right hand lowered he holds the thunderbolt and with his left hand he leans on his scepter; in front of him, an eagle flying to the left. BR. [FAAJEIOIN!. Eagle, wings raised, left. Hollow square. ZR 21; stat. egin., 11 gr. 30 (L) PL COXXIX, fig. 11 1050. — Same type of seated Zeus. B.F—A. Nike seated left, wings raised, raising right hand, palm forward (holding a crown or writing?) and relying on the left hand on his seat. Hollow square. ZR 24; stat. egin., worn (Pozzi) PL COXXIX, fig. 1. On the rare parts which precede (No. 1048 to 1050), we have a very markable type of seated Zeus which presents varietals. The god sits on a ro- dear (n° 1048) or on a throne (n° 1049, 1050); he holds the eagle or the thunderbolt. When he holds the eagle (n° 1048), it in his hand or verle to give it momentum; when he holds the thunderbolt, with lowered hand (n° 1049 el 1050), an eagle flies in front of him. Zeus seated, giving the eagle its flight is like the Zeus of Mount Lyceum that we 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 59, no. 13, pl. X, 12, 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 59, no. 12, pl. X, 41. E have seen as reverse Ordinary of coins of the xowèv of Arcadia, from the time archaic. Was this also the type of un of the large statues of Zeus that were admitted Would he come to Olympia before Pheidias? We know that prior to Phidias we saw in the Altis enclosure more several statues of the god. One, an ex-voto of Metapontines, executed by Aegina Aristo noos, represented Zeus holding the eagle @ lightning; we have brought the type closer of Zeus standing, on the pedestals On the Faksiov legend see our Descr. hisb (‘1 D 0936811:

709 Gende OAYNMIKON {our PI. XXXIX, lg. let 2):. Another colossal Zeus in bronze, work of Anaxagoras of Aegina, was dedicated to the me- moire of the Greeks who died at Plataea in 479?. There was at least a third Colossal Zeus, who had been offered by Cyp- Selos of Corinth from primitive times *. Pausanias reports that Gypselos mou- rut before having written his name on his ex-volo; the Corinthians demanded the right to put theirs there; the Eleans refused will be. To take revenge, the Corinthians ex- included the Eleans of the Isthmian games. But no text tells us whether these statues were sitting or standing, so that our numismalic connections as well that those of figurative archeology lack one well-assured base, Are we better in situation of approach our monetary types {n° 1048 L 1050) of the Olympian Zeus of Phidias? Usually, art historians ad- eltent, according to the testimony of Philo- hore, that it was after the execution of his thena Parthenos for Athens, that is ire around 451, that Pheidias was called to lympia by the Eleans, to sculpt its Meuse chryselephantine statue of Zeus: n place the dedication in the temple ‘Olympia around the year 448 #. 1. Historical description, t. 1, p. 887 to 890. 2. Herodotus, IX, 81; Pausanias, V, 23, 1: Cf. ax. Collignon, Hist. of the sculpture. Greek, 1. 1, 282. 3. Pausanias, V, 2, 3; Strabo, VII, 3, 30; 6, 20. 4. However, this is not Mr. Wernicke’s opinion I believe, on the contrary, that Olympian Zeus is e work from the early days of the art career tick of Phidias, while Attic art had not S still stripped of all traces of archaism: Phi- as would have come to Elis from around 465; later only he would have executed the major works THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 710 Modern critics say that the sta- The seat must have, with its base, en- around 14 meters!. “With the right hand,” said Pausanias, Zeus wears a Nike made, she also, ivory and gold; she is holding a banner delette, and a crown is placed on her tel. In the left hand of the god, is a scepter encrusted with all kinds of evil to ; on the scepter is an eagle. The god's shoes are also made of gold, as well as his coat on which are re: presented figures and fleur-de-lis. » We will return later {n° 1078) to that which is only worth bronze coins of Hadrian most faithfully represent?, but which was interpreted to satiety, with all kinds of detail modifications, on Greek coins of all the centuries, in particular on the tetra drachmas of Alexander the Great. The question lion that presents itself to us, for the moment, is reduced to this: the stater of Elis describes higher (no. 1049), where Zeus sits on a throne, is it inspired by the masterpiece of Pheidias? If so, it is necessary ad- put that already in contemporary times of the statue, the currency substitutes arbilrai- rement the lightning at Victory, in the hand of Zeus. Which is at least certain, according to all monetary types, it is that Phidias was inspired, in the conception tion of his sculptural work, of a type from Athens and his Athena Parthenos (Wernicke, in the Archeologische Anzeiger of 1898, P- but was following.). The chronology of Pheidias' works is again quite uncertain and this is not, here, the place to recall the discussions in which she given rise. See below the comment on No. 1078. 1, Max. Collignon, op. cit., t. I, p. 521. 2. Rud. Weil, Zeit. für Num., t. VII, 1880, p. 110; Collignon, Hist. of the sculpture. Greek, t. I, p. 528. See below, p. 123, note 6.

711 of pre-existent Zeus, like had it done before him, Agelaidas, for his Zeus Itho- matas standing. Out of respect for tradition religious, Phidias only modified the actions accessories and attributes of the god of Olympia pie, while giving his work the origin nality of his genius. We see this by coins: the type of Olympian Zeus was, before Phidias, that of Zeus Lycaios of Arcadia. This one was bearded like the Zeus of Pheidias; like him, sitting on a THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 712 vexing the kidneys and legs; like him, he leaned with his left hand on a scepter, the end of the shaft placed on Island ground, and advancing the right arm. Alone, the attraction aim of the right hand is modified. Instead of the eagle that flies away, Phidias imagined. to place in the hand of the god a small Victory, the Nike of the Olympic Games: in this only consisted the originality of the work of Phidias, not to mention well in-. strained by perfection of execution and throne, the torso naked, a drapery covered the richness of the material. 10351. — Eagle left, wings raised, carving with beak one. lamb that he holds in his claws; in the field, a murex B. [FIAAE. Niké standing, almost facing forward, head to the left, raised arms, wearing a chiton talar and a cloak thrown over her left arm; from there. right hand extended she holds an untied headband, and with her hand leans on a long scepter topped at its upper part by a tuft of. small branches. Hollow square. H.R. 25; stat. egin.… 1052. — Eagle left, standing on a base, wings raised, having 12 gr. 21 (P) PL CCXXIX, fig. 18. in front of him the corpse of another bird. A. Same as above. ÆR 24; stat. egin., 1053. 11 gr. 84 (L)”. — Same right *. RL, [FIAAEION. Niké, wings raised, sitting three-quarters to the right, on she is draped and she inlines her head with a thoughtful air in " with their right hand lowered, they a square base; pressing it on the back of his left hand; bind a crown. Hollow square. ZÆR 24; stal. egin., 105%. oit *. 12 gr. 22 (Luynes) P1. COXXIX, fig. 14. RL. F—A. Niké running to the left with long strides, wings raised, 4. On the edge, to the right, two small counter- brands. On these varied countermarks and names- breuses of Elean staters, see: C. Seltman, No- misma, t. VIII, 1913, p. 27. 2, Bril. Mus. Cat. Pelop.,p. 60, n°18, pl. 3. Small uncertain countermark. 4. As a counterpoint, a small wheel. left her.

113 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 714 dressed in a talar chiton, holding a crown with her right hand outstretched in before holding with his left hand below the breasts, the folds of his coat. Hollow square. Æ25; slat. egin., 11 gr. 64, worn (P) PL COXXIX, fig. 15. 1055. — Eagle flying to the right, carrying a snake which it holds in its beak and whose folds are wrapped around its body. Be. ....AA. Running Nike, as above. ZR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 95 (L) PI. CCXXIX, fig. 16!. ;, 1056. — Eagle on the right, wings raised, cutting up with its beak a hare that he holds in his claws. Re. [FJAAE. Nike running above; before his chest, under his wing, the artist signature OY3. Hollow square. ER 25; slat. egin., 11 gr. 64 (Boston) PI. CCXXIX, fig. 17°:— 11 gr. 64(L). 1057. — Variele with the same name, OY3 (Jameson) PI. CCXXIX, fig. 18. The letters EYO are the initials of the gr- love of the monetary corner. It is probably blably of Euthymos whose signature also appears on beautiful Syra medals cousins?. The coins of Elis signed engraver Eulhymos must be placed towards “the year 432 BC, if we judge by their style; those of Syracuse signed by the same artist, are surely later; however, we dates them to 425. M. G. Hill observed, for specify the date, that on these Syra- cousins the monster Seylla appears there by allusion to the victory won by the Syracusans on the Athenians in the de- troit of Messina, in 425. 1058. — F—A. Eagle, wings raised, left, carving up a snake which it holds in its claws *. BR. F—A. Nike seated right on a two-step base, draped, wings raised, leaning with the left hand on his scepter (long branch) and placing his right hand on his seat, against which a crown rests. Hollow square. 1. Brit. Mus., Cal. Pelop., p. 59, no. 14, pl. X, 13. 2. K. Regling, Samml. Warren, in Boston, No. DA Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 60, no. 16, pl, X, 14; Seltman, op. eyelashes, p. 46, no. 83. 3, Count Alb. du Chastel, Syracuse, pl. VI, fig. 70 at 72; R. Weil, Kunstlerinschrifien {(Winckelman- nsfest), p. 8; Arthur Evans, Syracuse Medallions, p. 63 ets. ; L. Forrer, Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, v° Euthymos; G. Hill, Coins of ancient Sicil;, p. 63. The same artist Euthymos appears having also engraved the corners of beautiful coins, unsigned, from Selinunte, Agrigento and perhaps of Cyrene. 4. In the field, several countermarks.

715 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 716 ÆR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 65 (P) PL CCXXIX, fig. 19. 1059. — Eagle, wings raised, right, carving up a hare that he is holding from the back in its claws.” Be. [FAJA. Nike seated left, on a square base, draped, wings raised, holding a crown with the outstretched right hand, and leaning on left hand on his seat. Æ95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 66 (L) PI. CCXXIX, fig. 20°. 1060. — Same right. RL. F—A. Nike seated on the left on a square cippe placed on a rectan- gular; with her right hand she holds a long palm and with her left she leans on the cippus; at the epigraph, a laurel branch. ZR 28; stat. egin., 12 gr. 17 (Jameson) PL. COXXX, fig. 1; — others, Der oil: to shoot. 00 (PIE 1061. — Without legislation. Eagle flying right, both wings vertical, one in top, the other below the body, Lenant in its beak a snake whose folds are wrapped around the bird's tail. BL F—A. Niké seated on the left on a square pedestal with a large base; of the right hand advanced, the palm forward, she holds a crown (?), and with her right lowered she leans on her seat. Hollow square. Æ25; stat. egin., (Pozzi) P1. CCXXX, fig. 2. 1062. — FAAEIO. Eagle flying left, both wings vertical, one at the top, the other below the body. Two small countermarks. - R.F—A. Nike walking left, turning his head away, wings outstretched; she is dressed in a talar chiton and binds with both hands, arms outstretched, one strip. Concave field. 2R 26; stat. egin., 12 gr. 09 {Boston) P1. CCXXX, fig. 3. 1063. — Without legislation. Eagle flying right, both wings vertical like above, carving up a hare that he holds upside down in his claws. BE. F—A. Winged thunderbolt, having two symmetrical tendrils. Concave field. ZR25; stat. egin., (Pozzi) PL CCXXX, fig. 4. 1. Several countermarks: wheel, head of Gor- 3. Catal Jameson, No. 1227; Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., gone, etc. p-6€ n052#%pl XI 107 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 60, no. 17, pl. X, 15, 4. K. Regling, Sammlung Warren, no. 913.

717 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 718 106%. — F—A. Eagle left, wings raised, carving up a snake which it bind in its claws. R.F—A. Lightning, with great wings with long outstretched pinnae and erect, the base provided with symmetrical tendrils. Hollow square and pebbles. ZR 27; stat. egin., 11 gr. 85 (P) PL. CCXXX, fig. 5: — other, 11 gr. 821, 1065. — Eagle, wings raised, right, carving up a hare that he is holding reversed in its claws. BL. F — A. Lightning, with curled wings, and decorated with two symmetrical tendrils lrics; in the field on the right, an olive leaf; hollow square. 2 24; stat. egin., 12 gr. 15 (L) PL. CCXXX, fig. 62. 1066. — Same description, but the olive leaf to the left of the thunderbolt, £R14; hemidr. egin., 2 gr. 75 (L) *. 1067. — Eagle, wings raised, left skinning a hare which he is holding reversed in its claws. Bz. A—3. Winged lightning. 2R 15; egin. hemidrachm, 3 gr. 05 (P) PL CCXXX, fig. 7. 1068. — Eagle, wings raised, right, killing a lamb with its beak which he holds by the back, in his claws. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. Concave field. ÆR 25; slal. egin., (Jameson) PL COXXX, fig. 8. 1069. — Eagle, wings raised, right, killing a hare with its beak which he Binds by the back, in his claws. BR. F-A. Winged lightning. Hollow square. ZR 18; egin. drachma, 6 gr. (P)PI. CCXXX, fig. 9. 1070. — Same right. BL. F—A, Winged Lightning. Hollow square. /R 12; obol, 0 gr. 90 (Luynes) PL CCXXX, fig. 10; — 0 gr. 69 (L) ?. 1071. — Eagle on the right, wings raised and killing with blows of a bee hare that he holds by the back, in his claws. B£. [FJAAEON. Winged lightning. ZR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 70 (Boston) PI. CCXXX, fig. 11; — 11 gr. 89 (L)5. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 61, no. 95, pl. XI, 6. 4. Brit. Mus., n° 21, pl. XI, 3. : 2. Brit. Mus, Cat. Pelop., p.60, n° 19, pl. XI, 1. 5. K. Regling, Sammlung Warren (in Boston), 3. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 60, no. 20, pl. XI, 2. No. 919; Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 61, no. 26, pl. XI, 1.

719 THE To : : THE ELIDE — ÉLIS AND OLYMPIA 120 1072. — Same right. B. Without leg. Lightning with large outstretched wings and two symmetrical tendrils. Traces of a hollow square. ZR 27; stat. egin., (Jameson) PL. COXXX, fig. 12. We explained, in the period ar- chaic, how Elis being the country con- sacred to Zeus of Olympia, the Hellanodices placed, consequently, on the currencies Olympics, types relating to Zeus, i.e. the image of the god, or his symbols. The figures of Nike, on the stalères which precede tooth, contours sometimes so irregular, are of incomparable nobility of style. Sometimes, Victory runs with great strides gaping, like on Camarine coins, to offer the crown to the winner or the headband with which he must gird his forehead; sometimes, seated on a squared stone, the legs crossed, she has her head tilted on the back of her left hand, while she holds a crown with his right hand sée. This pensive air which recalls the figures designated in the history of ancient art, under the name of Penelope, seems to indicate the uncertainty of fate before the race; Nike pensive wonders who, of all athletes, she will soon offer the coverage ronne which she holds in her hand. We don't se never tire of contemplating this monetary type, ease and breadth, grace and majesty attitude, the supple elegance of the drapes laughs. The crown that Nike holds in her hand is braided leaves picked by a child, with a golden knife, on the olive tree sacred (èhalx xahhtozéwavos) who was in the enclosure of the Altis near of the altar of Aphrodite and the Hours!. 1. Pausanias, V, 13, 3. 2. Description hist., t. II, pl..CLXXIV, fig. 39. This crown was offered, for the first first time, in the sixth Olympiad, on the order of an oracle; it became tradition- truly the reward of the victors. On another Lype, Niké seated no longer seems meditative from earlier; she draws it up head and looks straight ahead at the race started, calling itself to get up to rush to meet the victorious athlete. Elsewhere, Nike sitting, hand straight carried forward, seemingly inscribed on a mo- mention the name of the athlete, as we here we are on a stater of Cyzicus *. Lightning, attribute of Zeus, which forms the type of backhand of a such a large number of stateres, presents itself under varieties ca- precious, amusing, indefinable, with particularities whose symbolic meaning immediacy escapes us. However, from a generally speaking, we notice that the wings of lightning, when they are not siylized, and that they imitate nature, res- sometimes seem like the wings of the eagle, the bird of Zeus, sometimes with the wings of the fly. These fly wings are reminiscent of Zeus Moia- 006, Motwôrs, ‘Améuvtos, the Zeus who hunts pestilential flies *. The Eleans of Olympia immolated every year a bull to Zeus Apomyios. The Arcadians, for their part, originally had a fly god, the hero Myiagros. This Zeus Moizyoos or ‘Amépuos was perhaps a divinity original oriental derivative of 3. Pausanias, V, 14.1; Pliny, Hist. nal., XXIX,106.

721 Baalzeboub “Baal-fly » semilic, loved particularly in Accaron en Pa- lestine!, The eagle of Zeus triumphing over the serpent, is an obvious allusion to the famous episode rique where the eagle struggles with a snake in the air, appears to the Greeks and Trojans in the middle of the fight? The snake is sometimes in a state of defense, seeking to bite his opponent or choke him in its folds; sometimes he is defeated, expiring in the powerful claws of the bird, or in the state of a corpse inert. The eagle is in even more varied attitudes, theft, Where hovering or at rest, flapping its wings, raising the head, victorious and throwing proud- there is a look of triumph all around yes. he carves up his prey with determination, We can start towards the beginning- ent of the Peloponnesian War a new her period of coinage the Elis. year 431 BC. AD corresponds to the 2nd year € the 87th Olympiad. The Lacedaemonians ant for them the god of Olympia, the festivals anhellenics took, at that moment, a mainly Peloponnesian scrape, but the monetary pes remained what they have before. The Eleans were the faithful allies of rsé in its claws. . Marshall, in the Proceedings of the Society biblical archaeology, t. NII (1886), p. 76; Ch. lman, in Nomisma, fase. IX, p. 10. . Iliad, XIT, 209 et seq.; see, our Description Volume IV L’ÉLIDE — ÉLIS Ef OLYMPIE 722 or he takes it vigorously in the spirit pace, whether the snake or the turtle, the hare, fawn, lamb, They were there above number of symbolic pledges of victory Olympic Games, sent by Zeus!. We we have not reproduced Loules these varieties of corners: we will find them gathered together and classified in M. Seltman's study. The coins of Elis are, in short, mis- religious coins issued by the care of Hellanodices, presidents of the Olympic Games spades, to pay the fresh of parties, reward victorious athletes and com- remember the celebration of these large panhellenic solemnities; this double ca- scraping of religious pieces and agonisti- ques explains both their legends and their Lypes. Group C. — From 431 to 421 BC. AD Sparta during the early years of the Peloponnesian War, Until the Peace of Nicias in 421. This trail, concluded between Athe- nes and Sparta, dissatisfied a part of the allies of the Lacedaemonians who found themselves sacrificed in the arrangements caught between the two main belligerents?, He en- followed a war between the Eleans and the Lacedaemonians: the counter-blow go away fit directly felt in numismatics of Elis, as we will see later. 1073. — Eagle, wings closed, right, carving up a hare which he is holding Be. F—A. Winged Lightning; all in an olive wreath. history, &, 1, p. 898. 1. See our Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 898. : 2, See above, p. 567.

123 THE ELIDE — ÉLIS AND OUYMPIE 724 AR 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 30 (Luynes) PL. CCXXX, fig. 13; — other, 12 gr. 09(L); 12 gr. O1 (Jameson) PL COXXX, fig. 14". 1074. — Same right. B.F—A. Winged Lightning; all in a circle. ÆR 18; lriob. egin., 2 gr. 91 (L) PL COXXX, fig. 15 1075. — Eagle in three-quarter view to the right, flapping its wings, raising its head and holding the corpse of a snake in its claws. B. A—1, Winged Lightning. ÆR 27: stat. egin., (Pozzi) P1. COXXX, fig. 16. 1076. — Eagle three-quarters right, flapping its wings, body erect and turning his head away, standing on an animal carcass. BL. F—A. Winged lightning. ÆR 17; hemidr. (Pozzi) PL. COXXX, fig. 17; — 2 gr. 19 (P); 2 gr. 98(L)*: 1077. — Eagle, three-quarter view to the right, flapping its wings, body erect and holding a snake in its beak and claws; at the bottom, the letters A—A. Be. F—A. Winged lightning. Grenelis. ÆR 26; stat. egin., 12 gr. 10 (Luynes) PL COXXX, fig. 18; — others, 11 gr. 70 (L); 12 gr. 04 (Jameson)*. 1078. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. All in an olive crown under which we reads the letters A—A. At 93; stat. egin., {1 gr. 99 (Pozzi) PL. COX XX, fig. 19; — other, 11 gr. 96 (L) PL. CCXXX, fig. 20 *; — other, 12 gr. 14(B). The magnificent head of Zeus from the stater previous (n° 1078) has a physiognomy 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 61, no. 29, pl. XI, 9; Catal. Jameson, No. 1230. 2. Brit. Mus., n° 30, pl. XT, 10. 3. Brit. Mus., Cat. Pelop., p. 61, n°5 23 and 24, Di XI 0 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 61, no. 217, pl. XI, 8; Catlal. Jameson, No. 1228. 5. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 64, no. 54, pl. XIT, 10; Seltman, Nomisma, fasc. IX, p. 2, n°5 145 to 147. 6. See this bronze coin with the effigy of Ha- drien, reproduced in Overbeck, Kunstmythol. identical to that given to Zeus dt Phidias, on the famous bronze of Hadrian, Zeus, Munstaf. 1, 34; Imhoof-Blumer and Perct Gardner, Numism. Commentary on Pausanias, pl.Æ 22; Fraser, Pausanias, t. II, p. 532; Max. Colli gnon, Hist. of the sculpture. Greek, t. 1, p. 532, fig. 24 Wernicke, Archaeol. Anzeiger, 1898, p. 178 (da the Jahrbuch of the Arch Institute. German, t. XIH Other coins from Elis, also struck at the time imperial, have as type of reverse the statue co complete Olympian Zeus seated on his throne ( Collignon, op. cit., t. T, p. 528).

SUMMER 725 which is considered to be the most faithful to the statue. They are the same trails, the same profile, the same thick beard; so that we must conclude that we have, on the stater silver n° 1078, an image of the head of the Olympian Zeus of Phidias. engraved at a time very close to the dedication of the Statue ‘. These effigies of Zeus, on bronze of Hadrian and on statue no. 1078, are so many images of the work of Phidias, that they reproduce the appearance again imbued with archaism. Through them we can, says Mr. Wer- nicke?, affirm that the sculptural work of Phidias was older, more art- Chaique that his two Athenas, the Proma- chos and the Parthenos of Athens. According to this scholar, Phidias would have put his genius to service of the Eleans, from around 465, that is i.e. before working for the acropolis ‘Athens. The year 465 must be about rs that where the temple of Olympia was completed i began in 472: it was during its de- icace, and not just a dozen Years later, the Eleans thought install a colossal statue there and made call to Phidias. In 465, Pheidias was already n great reputation, since he had executed previously the dedicated bronze votive group Delphi by the Athenians, in memory of ur Marathon victory. reads the letters A—A. sometimes not closed. . This same head, accompanied by the inscription NZ, appears on a Locre didrachm from THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 126 But this ingenious thesis of Mr. Wer- nicke can be contested by various arguments ments. First, this hindsight of a ten barely years old, in the chronology of Olympian Zeus of Phidias, would it be enough Sant to explain the character again noticeably archaic of the work who is revealed to us by the bronze of Hadrian and stater no. 1078? We may hesitate to add put. On the other hand, we observed higher than Phidias did not innovate anything in His Statue of Zeus seated, outside the Nike that the god holds on his hand. Phi- dias conformed to the older type, venerated at Olympia, and perhaps he must have comply with the requirements of traditional respect- nel and superstilious. For the same rails, he wanted to preserve an ancient appearance for Zeus. cien; he intentionally left his work a character reminiscent of archaism of the earlier statue. By this, the chrono- logic imagined by Mr. Wernicke is found well shaken. Indeed, if Pheidias wanted execute an archaic work, he was able to do just as well after the Parthenon than before. Mr. Wernicke's argument drawn from the older aspect of the monetary type would no longer have value, and our hypothesis a, On his own, the advantage of not hitting read the literary tradition represented by Philochorus (see above the comme- keep slater nos. 1048 to 1050). 1079. — Eagle's head on the left; underneath, an oak leaf on which BR. F—A where F—A. Lightning ale; all in a crown olive tree, Bruttium. B. Head, Hist. num., p. 102. 2. Archaeologische Anzeiger, 1898, p. 177 et seq.

727 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 128 Æ 22; stat. egin., 11 gr. 72 (Luynes) Pl. CCXXXI, fig. 1; — other, 12 gr. 16(L); — other, 12 gr. 11 (Jameson) PI. COXXXI, fig. 2 1080. —— Variety; on the right, under the eagle's beak, the letters AA (or AA) (B) *. 1081.— Variety: on the oak leaf, we clearly read AA (Pozii) PL. CCXXXI, fig. 3. 1082. — Same description; under the eagle's beak, the letters FO. Æ17; hemidr. egin., (Pozzi) P1. CCXXXI, fig. 4; — others, 2 gr. 70 (L)° 2 gr. 83 (Luynes). 1083. — Eagle’s head on the left. BL. F—A. Winged lightning. Æ10; obol egin., (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXI, fig. 5; — other, 0 gr. 69 (L)* 1084. — Eagle’s head to the right; underneath, a lizard. BR. F—A. Lightning (without wings); all in an olive wreath. ZÆR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 37 (L) PL. CCXXXI, fig. 6; — other, worn, 4 gr. 62 (P). The Lizard (oxd205), on the drachma who eu by the name of X2590; given to one of 96) q that P Ù precedes, relates to the myth of Zeus neighboring peaks of Olympia and Arcadia, Olympian, whether we consider him as on which stood the eagle of Zeus and where, the personification of the monster Typhon, according to Pausanias, it builds its nest. enemy of Zeus f, or rather we explain it 1085. — Eagle’s head to the right; below, F. Be. F—A. Winged lightning. Concave field. Æ18; triob. egin., (Pozzi) P1. COXXXI, fig. 7. 1086. — Eagle’s head to the right. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. All in an olive wreath. Æ16; triob. egin., 2gr. 82 (L) P1. CCXXXI, fig. 8°. 4. Brit. Mus., n° 38 to 40, pl. XII, 1. Catal. Jame- 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., no. 43, pl. XI, 3. sound, no. 1231; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. II, p. 135, 5. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 63, no. 43, pl. XIT, 4. pl. XXXVIII, 6. 6. Duchalais, Rev. numism., 1852, p. 5 et seq. 2. Percy Gardner, Coins of Elis, p. 22; Brit. 1. Pausanias, VI, 21, 3. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 63, note. 8. Brit, Mus. Cat., p, 63, n° 44, pl. XIE, 5. 3, Brit, Mus., no. 41, pl, XII, 2,

729 L L ELIDE — ÉLIS AND OLYMPIA 130 1087. — Eagle’s head to the right; below PO. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. All in an olive wreath. Æ16; triobole egin., (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXI, fig. 9. 1088. — Eagle’s head, right. BL. F—A. Winged lightning. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 92 (P) PL. CCXXXI, fig. 10; — others, 0 gr. 80 (L, Poz:i) PL COXXXI, fig. 11:. 1089. — Eagle’s head, right. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. ZR10; obol egin., (Pozzi) PL CCXXXI, fig. 12. 1090. — F—A. Eagle's head on the left. R. F and olive shoot. Æ8; tarlémorion egin., 0 gr. 26 (L) PL CCXXXI, fig. 13°. On a certain number of currencies of the preceding group, we meet initi- tials of proper nouns which appear to be signatures of arlist engravers of the corners monetary. These initials are as follows: AA {n° 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080 (?) AA (n° 1080, 1081) FO (No. 1082, 1087, and hereinafter, No. 1091 and 1092). These syllables cannot be considered like the initials of the names of magistrates, because at that time the coins of Elis are anonymous. The Hellanodices or the treasurers of the temple of Zeus do not appear not having ever signed the olvm-coins spades. Like there is an artist name die engraver, Euthymos, on the stater No. 1056 (OY4), it is natural to seek to recognize, likewise, firstly, in the letters PO, the initials of the name of an engraving artist: we proposed the name 4, Brit. Mus, p. 64, no. 49, pl. XII, 7. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 64, no. 51, pl. XII, 8. 3, Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1879, p. 244; Lambropoulos, Zeit. für Num.,t. XIX, p. 229. 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 18179, p. 242; cf. of Polyeletus, designating either Polycletus the An- cien, the author of the statue of the Hera of Argos, namely Polykleitos the Younger, student of Naucydès, which flowers before the middle of 4th century and worked as an architect and sculptor, at Olympia, at Argos, at Epidaurus?. As for the letters AA, Mr. Percy Gar- dner sees there the initials of the name of the sculptor tor Dædalos, brother of Naucydès, who, in 399, was loaded by the Lacedaemonians to raise a trophy at Olympia’. There is hardly any need to bring out the large part of conjecture that contains these interpretations. Let us add that reading AA is not always the right one and we must, in certain cases, read AA, notably- lies about the stater Pozzi, No. 1081. He It seems that we also decipher AA on the No. 1080 of Berlin; but we read no less clearly AA on other parts 5. The reading AA has already been proposed by Mr. Lam- M. Collignon, Hist, of the sculpt. Greek., &. 1, p. 165, 5, Percy Gardner, Num, Chr., t. XIX, p, 244, 2, pl. XIII, 2 (Bed AA); Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek, p. 168 (reads AA); Lambropoulos, Zeit. for Num., t. XIX, p. 225, says that on the Berlin copy

731 bropoulos, who wanted to recognize the name of Alcamène, one of the most brilliant students by Phidias, the author of the famous Aphro- THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 7132 known as the Gardens, who worked for a long time in Olympia. Thus, Daedalus, Alcamene and Polyeletus would have engraved these beautiful staters Group D. — From 421 to 402 BC. AD Following the Peace of Nicias, concluded between Athens and Sparta in 421, a disac- cord arises between the Eleans and the Lacedae- moniens, concerning Triphylia. This dis- trict had been, from the VIII Olympiad (747 av. BC), annexed to Elide, but the Triphy- links were said to be of Arcadian race and derived of Triphylos, son of Arcas'. Relying on these mythical traditions, they aspired to political independence. In 421, the Triphylian city of Lépréon believed the time had come to rise up against the Eleans, and in this she was encouraged and supported by the Lacedaemonians. The Eleans, irritated, broke away from Sparta and formed a new league with Argos, Corinth and Mantinea *. The monetary consequence of the alliance between Elis and Argos was the adoption of a type new on the species of the two cities. This type is the head of Hera which appears, from 421, both on the currencies of Argos and those of Elis. While Ar- gos abandons its traditional emblem of the wolf, Elis renounces to the type of Nike. the letters AA are very clear. B. Head, Hist. numor. (2nd ed.), p.424, reads AA. I just said that, according to me, it should read AA, in most case; AA on a few other pieces; finally, the most often it is impossible to choose with confidence between these two readings. In the memoir of Mr. Seltman whose the second part (Vomisma, fac. IX, 1914) has just appeared, this scholar does not admit - (p. 11) everywhere that reading AA: 1. E. Beulé, The Peloponnese, p. 215; Butan, Only the traditional types of Zeus, the eagle and lightning or the nymph Olym- pia, will now go to currencies of Elis with the head of Hera. On the coins of Elis, the head of Hera is of remarkable breadth of style. We know that it is the reproduction of the statue that Polycletus sculpted for He- region of Argos, a work which passed for the worthy rival of the Olympian Zeus of Phidias”. The Eleans also had their time. ple of Hera within the walls of Altis, Olympia. At each Olympiad news, the priestesses of Hera, sixteen in number, chosen from the sixteen tribes of the Eleans, smoothed a peplos for the goddess and we celebrated festivals, the ‘Hozix, in his honor neur “. Thus, the Argives and the Eleans put their alliance under the protection of Hera, their common divinity. On currencies of Elis as on those of Argos, Hera is wearing a high stephanos decorated with flowers rons or palmettes on its perimeter, hence his nickname ‘“Hox ä%v0eux, Who can say if it is not Polycletus himself, Memoir on Triphylia, 1864, in-80. 2, Thucydides, V, 31; cf. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1819, p. 238; Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. of the year- tiquity, t. I, Athens, p. 133; cf. above, p. 454, 61, 631. 3. See above, in Argos, p. 456. 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1819, p. 238: see a beautiful head of Hera, in archaic style, found in Olympia: Perrot and Chipiez, Hist. of art in antiquity, t. VII, p. 431,

ENG THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 734 who engraved these first monetary coins as in sculpture; these two staters (n*% 1091 and 1092), because The great arlisle actually bear its initials PO, which considered as skilled in loreutics we explained above. 1091. — F—A. Head of Hera on the right, the stephanos decorated with palmettes. BL. r—O. Eagle standing right, wings raised and head turned away. All in an olive wreath. ZR 25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 07 (Luynes) PL CCXXXI fig. 14; — other ex. 11r. 08 (B) ?. 1092. — FAAEION (retrograde). Head of Hera right, the stephanos decorated palm leaves. &. Eagle standing three-quarters right with wings raised and turning away the head; in front of him, the letters FO. All in an olive wreath, ZR 25; slat. egin., 11 gr. 08 (B) PL. CCXXXI, fig. 15 ?. 1093. — Domed shield, decorated with an eagle, wings closed, in profile left, perched on a fallen ram, whose throat he pierces with his beak. BR. F—A (the letter A incuse). Winged Lightning; one of the wings of lightning is folded over the tip of the instrument, so as to veil it. Granite. ZR 24; slat. egin., 11 gr. 66 (Luynes) PL CCXXXI, fig. 16:. 1093 4. — Variety, the two letters F--A are incused. /R 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 66 (P) PL COXXXI, fig. 175. 109%. — Domed shield, decorated with a eagle, wings closed, standing left, holding a snake in its beak and claws. BR. F—A (the letter F in relief and the letter A incus). Winged Lightning; one of the wings of the thunderbolt are folded over the tip of the instrument, so as to veil. ZR 24; stat. egin., 12 gr. (Luynes) PI. CCXXXI, fig. 18; — other (L) ‘, 1095. — Same right. BR. F—A. Winged Lightning; all in an olive wreath. concave field, ÆR 24; stat. egin., 12 gr. 22 (P) PL CCXXXI, fig. 19. 1. Lambropoulos, Zeit. für Num., t. XIX, p. 223, 3, Other. Bril. Mus., no. 36, pl. XI, 12. pl. IV, 3. 4. Other. Brief. Mus. the elop., n° 37, 2. Lambropoulos, Zeit. für Num., t, XIX, p. 223, 5. Brit, Mus, Catal, Pelop., n° 34. pl. IV, 2.

735 1096. — Even right. THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 736 R. Boeotian shield seen from the inside; its concave surface is decorated with winged lightning alongside the letters F—A; Laterally it has the two small exchanges semi-cireular crures which characterize it as Boeotian. ZR 24; stat. egin., 12 gr. 05 (L) PL CCXXXI, fig. 20:. 1097. — Large eagle head on the right. In countermark, the letter F. \ Be. same as the previous one (no. 1096). ZÆR 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 02 (Gieseche); 11 gr. 95 (A. Weber) *. The preceding coins (No. 1093 to 1097) are from the year 420 BC. J.-G., for the following reasons. This year (the 4th of the 90th Olympiad) being that of the celebration of the Olympic games pikes, the Eleans, under the pretext that Islands Lacedaemonians had sent troops relief to the Lepreates, after the proclamation mation of the sacred truce, condemned Sparta to pay a fine of 2,000 mines. The Spartans having refused. to fulfill, were excluded from the Games *. On staters no. 1093 to 1094, one of the wings of the lightning are lowered on the tip of the terrible instrument, to emphasize, in somehow, the offense done to Zeus by the Lacedaemonians who did not have wanted respect the sacred truce of rigor, impo- addressed to the belligerents during the celebration games. We would say today that the lightning is at half mast, like a flag. The reverse of the last staleres (n° 1096 and 1097) will complete the justification of this interpretation retaliation which, at first glance, could seem a little subtle. We have just recalled that in 420, the Lacedaemonians were excluded LB EMUSACAPMPElO DD 620083 DEXIA 2. Ch. T, Seltman, Nomisma, fase, IX, 1914, p. 7, No. 161. 3. Thucydides, V, 49, 50; cf. G. Fougères, Manti- of the Olympic Games. Now, the Lacedaemonian Lichas had himself registered, by fraud, among the competitors, by concealing its origin and by declaring himself of Boeotian nationality. He won the chariot race. Immediately after the proclamation of his triumph, he had the insolence to reveal his true nationality. To punish this new outrage to Zeus, the Eleans had him beaten of yards. However, the Hellanodices ad- put the validity and the regularity of the race and victory; only, this suc- this remained registered, not as a cathedral nien, but like Boeotian and Lichas figura as a Theban on the olÿm splendors spades #. The Aeolian shield on the reverse of the stater No. 1097, alludes to this episode; it is reason for the deception that we come to report, that this mud bowl is presented returned, the victorious athlete being a fake Boeotian 5, These incidents of the year 420 were quite sensational and exciting for deserve to be commemorated on the me- dailles and thus publicly withered. born, p. 393-394. 4. Thucyd., V, 50, 4; Xenophon, lellen., 111.22; 21; Pausanias, VI, 2, 2. 5. It is according to the same conception as today

37 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 138 1098. — F — A. Head of Hera, right, the stephanos decorated with palmettes. . Eagle, wings closed, standing right, turning head away. Crown olive tree around the edge. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 31 (Luynes) PL. CCXXXI, fig. 21; — other, 22 gr. 40 (L)!. 1099. — F — To. Head of Hera, right, the stephanos decorated around its edge an olive wreath; she has earrings and a necklace. A- Same as the previous one. ZR 26; stal. egin.; 12 gr. 22 (Boston) PL CCXXXI, fig. 22: — variety, 12 gr. 22 (L) ?. 1100. — F — A. Head of Hera, right, the stephanos decorated with palmettes between which we read the word HPA. Be. Eagle, wings raised, standing three-quarters to the left and turning away the head. Olive wreath around the edge, R26; stat. egin., 12 gr. 27 (Luynes) PL CCXXXII, fig. 1; — others, 12 gr. 26(L); 12 gr. 22 (Jameson) PL COXXXII, fig. 25. 1101. — Same description, without the olive wreath on the reverse. ZR 20; egin. drachma, (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXII, fig. 8; — others, 5 gr. 70 DL); 5 gr. 71 (P)+. 1102. — Same description. {R 15; hemidr. egin., 3 gr. (L) PL CCXXXII, fig. 4. 1103. — F — A. Head of Hera, right, the stephanos decorated with palmettes. Be. Eagle standing in three quarters, left, on a deer's head, wings raised and turning their heads away. All in an olive wreath. ZR 25; stat. egin., (Pozzi) PL CCXXXII, fig. 5; — other, 12 gr. 15 (L)°. 110%. - Variety; the eagle is standing on the corpse of an overturned hare. 2R 25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 15 (L) PL. COXXXII, fig. 6:. ‘Today again, we return upside down the tunic Jameson, No. 1239. ‘a soldier convicted of an act 4. Brit. Mus. Cal., n° 91, pl. XII, 14. se e dishonor or treason. 5. Brit. Mus., no. 92, pl. XIE, 45. The Museum ri- 1. Brit, Mus. Cal., No. 94, DIFRXINONE tannic has another overstrapped copy 2. K. Regling, Samunlung Warren (in Boston), on an archaic piece of one 2930; Brit. Mus. Cal., No. 88, pl. XIII, 12. 6. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 97, pl. XIV, 2. 3, Bril. Mus. Cat., No. 90, pl. XIII, 13; Calaloque 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 98, pl. XIV, 3. j Volume IV. bi

139 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 740 1105. — Head of Hera, right, surrounded by a stephanos decorated with fleurons. R. F— A. Wingless lightning; all in a crown olive tree, to curled leaves. ZR 24: stats. egin., 12 gr. 02; 12 gr. 07 (P) PL. CCXXXIT, Fe ER 1106. — Variety; on the reverse, the letters F — A are replaced by leaves of reshelled olive trees. ZÆR 24: stat. egin., 12 gr. 12 (Luynes) PI. CCXXXII, fig. 8. 1107. — Variety; in the field, above Hera's head, her name HPA; under the chin, A. BL. F — A. Wingless lightning; all in an olive wreath. ÆR 24%; stat. egin., 12 gr. 03; 12 gr. (P)AP. CCXXXII, fig. 9 and 10?. 1108. — Variety; on the stephanos, between the florets, H—PA: AR 21; stat. egin., 12 gr. (Luynes) PL COXXXIT, fig. 11; — varied, with H—P—A between the florets (P, L)?. 1109. — Variety; with H—P—A on the diadem bordered with two cords, the hair of the goddess in small locks on the neck and ears. At 28; stat. egin., (Pozzi) PL COXX XII, fig. 12 (remarkable style). 1110. — Head of Hera, right, surrounded by a stephanos decorated with fleurons. BL. F — A. Wingless lightning; all in an olive wreath. Æ18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 28 (L) PL COXXXII, fig. 15: (e) 1111. — Same right. RL. F — A. Wingless lightning (no crown). Grenelis. ZR 18; triobole egin., 2 gr. 70 (L) PL. CCXXXII, fig. 14*. 1112. — Head of Hera to the right, surrounded by a stephanos decorated with fleurons and on which we read HPA. R.F—A. Wingless lightning. Granite. ZR 18; triobole egin., 2 gr. 88 (L) PL. CCXXXII, fig. 15”. : 1. Others. Brit. Mus. Cal. Pelop., p. 64, n°5 55 to 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., n° 65, pl. XI, 15. 59, pl. XIE, 11 and 12. 5. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., no. 67, pl. XII, p. 16. 2, Cf. Brit. Mus., p. 65, no. 60, pl. XII, 43. 6. Brit. Mus., no. 69, pl. XI, 17. 3. Cf. Brit. Mus., n° 62 to 64, pl. XII, 14.

741 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 142 1113. — Head of Hera to the right, surrounded by a Stephanos decorated with fleurons and on which we read HPA. &. F—A. Winged lightning. ZÆR 11; egin. obol, 1 gr. 10 (Luynes) PL CCXXXII, fig. 16 and 17. 1114. — Head of Hera right: on her slephanos, FAAEION. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. ZR 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 89 (P) PI. CCXXXII, fig. 18. 1115. — Head of Olympia, right, hair up. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. R 11; hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 49 (P) PL CCXXXII, fig. 19. 1116. — Variety, with F—A on the right and reverse. 2K 11; hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 37 BLLT, 1117. — Variety; Olympia has her hair in a sphendoné {Z,) ?, \ / Group E. — From 402 to 365 BC. AD When the fall of Athens in 404 had assured the Lacedaemonians supremacy undisputed throughout Greece, they resolved to take revenge on the Eleans. They wake- against these the old evil hatreds stifled by the Pisales and the Triphylians. The king of Sparta, Agis, invaded Elis around 402; the war lasted three years with alternations Lives various and, to a certain extent at least the Eleans could consider themselves as victorious since they remained masters of Pisa *. At the conclusion of the peace, in 398, the Eleans, in truth, lasted deliver their fleet to Lacedaemonians and give autonomy to the cities of the Tri- phylia, but they kept that to which they born the most, the presidency of the Olympic games spades *. Pausanias even points out a tro- phée erected by the Eleans in memory of their victory over the Spartans and executed by Daedalus of Sicyone. It is, it seems, at the time of these findings bloody wounds or in the wake of these wars, that the Eleans struck the following staters vants who rightly count among the most admirable Greek coins. 1118. — FAAEION’. Laureate head of Olympian Zeus, left. BL. OAYMPIA. Head of Olympia, right, hair in a sphendonate and having drop earrings. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 67, no. 80, pl. XIII, 6. 2 Brit. Mus., no. 79. 3. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1879, p. 241. The chronology of this war is very uncertain; cf. duly-Wissowa, Real Encycl. vo. Elis, col. 2401. 4. Xenophon, Hellen., III, 2, 21 et seq.; Diod, Sic., XIV, 17; 34; Pausanias, Ill, 8, 4; V, 4, 8; VI, 9, SE cf. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1819, p.242; G. Fou- manages, Manlinée, p. 409. 5. The omicron is open.

743 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 144 ÆR 26; stat. egin., 11 gr. 98 (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXIT, fig. 20; — other ex., 12 gr. 07 (Jameson) PL. COXXXII, fig. 24; — other ex., 12 gr. 37 AP 10 gr. 33(L); 12 gr. 14(B)*. 1119. — FAAEION. Laureate head of Olympian Zeus, left. Re. Eagle, wings closed, standing right, on an Ionic capital (the mela). ZR95; stat. egin., 12 gr. 31 and 12 gr. 15 (L) PL COXXXII, fig. 22; — other example, 12 gr. #1 (B) *. 1119 4. — Without legend. Same type of Olympian Zeus. BR. F—A. Eagle perched on the meta, and turned to the right or left. | ÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 84 (Cambridge); 11 gr. 97(B); 11 gr. 99 (L) *. 4 The admirable staters {n°1118 and 1119) that we have just described are inspired, for the type of law, of the head of Zeus Olyÿm- pien of Phidias, but they interpret it very freely. They deviate much more than the effigy of the stater described above under the No. 4078. It is easy to see that Islands engravers of these two new corners (nos. 1118 and 1119) gave free career their personal genius. They answer themselves same, moreover, to two conceptions, and we notice that, if it is indeed the same Zeus, the interpretation is completely different and denotes two rival and competing artists, like Cimon and Evainète for adults Syracuse medallions. But, on our two staters, we find the general data unique theme: same beard brought back under the neck in wavy locks, same hair want short and wavy curls, same eye, same mouth free of beard, same profile, same crown. Thus, 1. Calal. Photiades-Pasha. 1890, n°0 1031; Brie. Mus. Cal, p. 66, nos. 71 and 72, pl. XIII, 1; Catal. Jameson, No. 1235. This piece is only known in five copies which are from the same corner. See C.T. Seltman, in Nomisma, fase. IX, 1914, p.16, n. 175. these masterpieces monetary engraving, # while attaching himself to the Zeus of Phidias, “ interpret it freely and adapt it, to so to speak, to the taste of the time when they been hit; they have no more pre- attention to the accuracy that the head of Zeus Olympian on Phi- silver staters Lippe of Macedonia. Furthermore, the strike of these pieces is far from going back to the time of Pheidias. The ionic order column on which the eagle is standing, at rest (n° 1119), is the N Olympia Racecourse mela; we We will meet again often in the following. This way, the agonislic sense of the monetary type of- comes very clear; he recalls that the departure of the eagle, flying from the altar, above the racecourse, was the starting signal for the tanks which took part in the race f. The head of the designated nymph Olympia w by his name, on the reverse of stater no. 1118 is a work of art no less admirable Mr. Sellman places these magnificent staters after 363. 2, Brit. Mus. Cat., p.66, nos. 73 and 74, pl. XII, 2 54 Seltman, No. 176. 3. Seltman, no. 177, pl. VI, CB, nos. 178, 179, 180. 4. Perey Gardner, Num. Chron., 1879, p. 230-231.

745 than the head of Zeus. We find it, but inferiorly treated, on other staters where his name does not appear. The nymph Olympia which personified the sacred town to which his name was given, was girl of Arcas, the eponymous hero of Arcadia. She married Peisos, the eponymous hero of Pisa. A vase painting from the British Museum THE ELIDE — ÉLIS AND OLYMPIA 746 nique represents her as a young winged woman holding a crown; she seems to identify proud with the Olympic Nike and even with Hera’. Perhaps we should recognize its image in the figure of a nymph who decor- rait the western pediment of the temple of Olympian Zeus? 1120. — F — A. Head of Olympia, right, hair in a sphendoné. Be. Eagle, wings closed, standing facing away and turning its head away; crown olive tree around the edge. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 1121. — Same description. Æ15; triobole egin., 15 and 12 gr. (L) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 1 and 2°. 2 gr. 78 (L) PL. CCXXXIII, fig. 3' 1122. — Head of the nymph Olympia, right, with her hair raised. BR. F—A. Eagle standing three-quarters right, on an eminence, wings closed, turning away the head; in the field on the left, a fig leaf. ZR 18; triobole egin., 1123. — Same right. (Pozzi) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 4. Be. F—A. Eagle standing right, wings closed and head turned away. Æ18; triob. egin., 2 gr. 70 (P) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 5. 1124. — Diademed head of Olympia, right. Bi. F — A. Eagle, wings closed, standing to the left and turning its head away. ZR 13; obol egin., 1125. — Same right. 0 gr. 81 (P) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 6. BL. F— A. Eagle, wings closed, standing left and turning head; in the field on the left, a fig leaf. ZR 11; egin. obol, 2 gr 1. The Duke of Luynes also identified her with Hera- Ilithia. Luynes, The Culle of Hecate, p.32. 2. Max. Collignon, Hist. of The sculpture. Greek, t. I, pl. IX-X (outside text), WEAR . (P) PL CCXXXIIL, fig. 7. 3. Brit. Mus. Cal. Peloponn., p. 66, nos. 75 and 16, 3 and 4. 4, Brit. Mus., no. 71, pl. XIII, 5

747 L ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 7148 1126. — Same right. BR. F. Eagle, wings closed, standing to the right and turning its head away. Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 70 (P) PL CCXXXIIL, fig. 8. 1127. — F—A. Head of Hera, right, hair raised, surrounded by a stephanos decorated with palmettes. &. Eagle, wings closed, standing right. Olive wreath around the edge. ZR25: stat. egin., 12 gr. 09 (P) PL COXXXIII, fig. 9. | 1128. — Head of Hera left, hair raised, surrounded by a stephanos decorated with a palmette which separates the letters F — A: B. Eagle, wings closed, standing left; behind, a thunderbolt. Crown olive tree around the edge. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 10 (Luynes) PL CCXXXIIT, fig. 10. 1129. — F — A. Head of Hera, left, hair raised, stephanos decorated with fleurons connected by scrolls. BL. Eagle, wings closed, standing left. Olive wreath around the edge. Æ95; stat. egin., 12 gr. 03 (Jameson) PI. CCXXXIIL, fig. 11; — other, 12 gr. 08 (L) PI CCXXXIII, fig. 12:. 1130. — Variety: on the reverse, in the field on the right, a thunderbolt (Pozzi). / 1131. — Head of Olympia from the front, slightly tilted to the left, hair relenus by a diadem and radiating in wavy locks * BL. FA. Eagle, wings closed, standing right on an Ionic capital; behind, a caduceus. All in an olive wreath. Æ20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 58 (P) PL CCXXXIIL, fig. 13; — other ex. *. 1132. — F — A. Head of Hera to the right, surrounded by a low stephanos; pendants” very ornate earrings. B. F A. Eagle standing left, wings closed; behind him, a cluster of grapes on its vine. Æ17; egin. drachma, (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXIII, fig. 14. 1. Catal. Jameson, No. 1243; Brit. Mus., No. 113, from Syracuse, and which we also find imitated on the pl. XIV, 43. coins of Larisse in Thessaly. 2. Type copied from the head of Arethusa of the coins 3. P, Lambros, Peloponnesos, p. 55, pl. Z, fig. 1.

719 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 750 1153. — Head of the nymph Olympia, left, hair curled: she has earrings. FRG. Eagle standing left, wings closed: grapes and a fig leaf. in the field, a cluster £R15; hemidr. egin., 2 gr. 79 (L) PL. CCXXXIII, fig. 15:. 1134. Diademed tel of Hera or Olympia (?), right. BR. F— A. Eagle standing, right. Æ12; obol egin., (Pozzi) PL CCXXXIIL, fig. 16. 1135. — Variele; the eagle is three-quarters to the right D, 1136. — Head of Hera, right, wearing the stephanos on which we read FA. BL. F. Eagle, wings closed, standing right. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 88 (L) PL CCXXXIIL, fig. 17*. 1137. —F — A. Head of Hera to the right, surrounded by a headband. B. Eagle head on the right, in an olive wreath. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 88 (L) PL. CCXXXIII, fig. 18:. Group F. — From 365 to 323 BC. AD, When, through battle of Leuctra in 371, the power of Sparta would have been ruined born by Epaminondas, the Eleans you- read profiler of circumstances for reconquer their supremacy over the Tri- phylia. To ward off the danger, the city of Lépréon, arguing for its arcane origin dienne, had it admitted, in 369, in the Arcadian Confederacy reorganized by Epaminondas, which made the Eleans the sworn enemies of the Arcadians. So, the Eleans revived their ancient alliance ith Sparta, and in 366, the war began nencça; the Arcadians invaded Elis. 4. Br. Mus. Cal. Pelop., no. 107, pl. XIV, 8. 2. Bril. Mus. Cat., nos. 108 and 109, pl. XIV, 9 and 10. 3. Brit. Mus. Cat., no. 111, pl. XIV, 11. In 364, first year of the 104th Olympiad piade, the Arcadians who garrisoned in Olvmpie hence they had hunted the Eleans, resolved to restore in favor of Pisates the presidency of the Games: it is in these circumstances that were struck, in the name of Pisa, rare gold coins and money that we will see later (below after, $ Pisa). This state of affairs did not continue. The Eleans were restored to the presidency dence of the Olympic games from 362, and the peace was concluded on the smoking ruins from Pisa *. 4. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 100, pl. XIV, 4. 5. Xenophon, Hellenica, VI, 4, 33-34. See below, p. 163.

151 From this moment, the Eleans, de- now peaceful masters of Olympia, struck fathered the abundant series of coins who are of the types of Hera and the eagle, which we are going to describe. Their show continues without interruption until after the Alexander died in 323. Among the political events of Celtic period, we must point out the alliance that Philip of Macedon, Alexander's father, contracted with the Eleans in 356, under pre- text to protect its allies in the Peloponnese nese. Philippe presided over the Olympic games in that year; he got involved in quarrels local and party struggles in 343; we knows that he won the prize in the race in THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA chariots, the same day Alexander was born. Later, in memory of his victory at Chaeronea, in 338, Philip had built in Olym- pie the Philippeion. At the advent of Alexander, the Eleans showed some desire to revolt against domination Macedo- nienne!, but they were quickly terrified by the unfortunate fate of Thebes which had recklessly insurgent. These events do not appear to have had the slightest backlash on the types of coins of the Eleans. In terms of art tick we will judge how much these parts are in- inferior, whatever the merit may still be, to those of the previous period. 1138. — F—A. Tela of Hera on the right, hair up, surrounded by a stephanos on which we read FAAEIQN; necklace and nEnTE of tn Re. Eagle standing quarter left on a shield and detaching the head, Re raised; all in an olive wreath. ZR95; stat. egin., 12 gr. 13 (Luynes) PI. CCXXXIII, fig. 19; — other, 12 gr. 20 (L)? 1139.— F—A. Head of Hera right, hair raised, stephanos with palmettes. BL. Eagle, standing three-quarters right, wings raised and turning away the head. Olive wreath around the edge. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 11 gr. 55 (P) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 20. 1140. — Variety; the eagle, three-quarters to the right, as above, does not don't turn your head; (Pozzi) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 21. 1141, — Variele: the eagle is standing on a deer's head. ZR25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 37 (L)P1. CCXXXIII, fig. 22*. 1142. — Head of Hera to the right; on his stephanos, the word FAAEION. R. Eagle, three-quarters to the right, turning his head away, wings raised. 2R 16; hemidr. egin., 2 gr. 85 (Luynes) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 23. 1. Diode. Sic., XVIL, 3. 3. Brit. Mus. Cat., 2. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 101, pl. XIV, 5. No. 103, pl. XIV

153 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 754 1143. — F--A. Head of Hera, right, wearing a low stephanos. BR. Eagle, wings raised, three-quarters to the left, turning the head away, standing on a shield. | R 15; hemidr. egin., 2 gr. 56 (L) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 24:. 1144.— Head of the nymph Olympia, right, hair in a sphendoné. I. F. Eagle three-quarters left, wings raised and head turned away. 2R 16; egin. hemidrachm, 2 gr. 75 é7 Re 1145. — Head of the nymph Olympia right, hair curled. R.F—A. Eagle standing three-quarters left, on shield, wings raised and turning their heads away. 2R 15; hemidr. egin., 2 gr. 63, worn (P) PL CCXXXIII, fig. 25. 1146. — Laureate head of Olympian Zeus, right. BL. FA. Eagle three-quarters right, wings raised, head turned away. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 79 (L) PI CCXXXIV, fig. 1:. 1147. — Laureate head of Olympian Zeus, right. B2. FAAEION. Eagle, wings closed, standing right, on a capital ionic (the meta). /R 24; slat., 11 gr. 72 (Luynes) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 2; — 19 gr. 18(L)*. 1148. — Same description. ad 2R 16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 66 (P) PL. CCXXXIV, fig. 3; — 2 gr. 63 TER 1149. — Variele; at reverse, in front of the eagle, an olive leaf (Pozzi) PI. CCXXXIV, fig. 4. 1150. — Laureate head of Olympian Zeus on the right. . F—A. Eagle, wings closed, standing right, turning head away. ZR 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 85 (L) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 5°. 1151. — Variety, with the eagle on the left. ZR 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 82 (L) PL COXXXIV, fig. 6:. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., n° 104, pl. XIV, 7. Nomisma, fasc. IX, n° 183 et seq. 2. Brit. Mus., no. 114, pl. XIV, 14. 5. Brit. Mus., no. 83, pl. XL, 9. 3. Brit. Mus., no. 119, pl. XIV, 12. 6. Brit. Mus. No. 85, pl. XI, 10. 4. Br. Mus., no. 82, pl. XIII, 8; Seltman, in HBriEe MTS; ns DL XII MUC Tone IV. #8

755 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 756 1152. — Variety. On the reverse, eagle to the right, turning away the tele; in the field, a bunch of grapes. Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 82 (P) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 7. 11353. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. BR. FAA, letters placed between three Ts arranged in a star shape. Æ11; tritartemorion egin., 0 gr. 56 (Jameson) PI. CCXXXIV, fig. 8; — other, 0 gr. 62(L)*. We will notice, from the point of view of the syn- the head of Olympian Zeus on the staters chronism, kinship of Zeus on the money of Philip of Macedonia. previous staters (no. 1146 et seq.), with Group G. — From 323 to 300 envu'on. 1154. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. B.F—A. Eagle, wings closed, standing right; in the field, A—PI, lightning and crown. ZR95; stat. egin., 12 gr. 06 (P) PI CCXXXIV, fig. 9; — 12 gr. 04 (L) ?. 1155. — Same right. _ R.F—A and A—P. Eagle, wings closed standing right, on a capital ionic (the mela). ZR925; stat. egin., 11 gr. 88 (Luynes) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 10; — other, Ver eriLi, 1156. — Same right. BL. F—A and A—P. Eagle, wings closed, standing right; in front him, a coiled snake raising its head to the right. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 12 gr. (L) PL CCXXXIV, fie. tt 1157. — Laureate head of Zeus, left. BR. F—A el A—PI. Eagle, wings closed, standing right on the corpse of a hare; in the field, lightning and crown. ÆR 95; stat. egin., 12 gr. 17 (Luynes) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 12. 1. Catal. Jameson, No. 1237; Bril. Mus. Cal, Pelop., 3. Brit. Mus., No. 122, pl. XV. 2. Others, in HOT Di EXTIIS TE Seltman, Nomisma, laser. IX, p. 25, nos. 214 et seq. 2. Brit, Museum, n9s 120 and.121, pl. XV, 1. 4, Brit. Mus., no. 124, pl. XV, 3.

757 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 758 1158. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. BL. F—A and A—PI. Wingless lightning. All in an olive wreath. 2R 15; hemidr., 2 gr. 65 (P) PI. CCXXXIV, fig. 13; — 2 gr. 63 (L)!. 1159. — Variety, with F—A and A—P. #R 15; egin. hemidrachm, 2 gr. 62 (P) PL CCXXXV, fig. 14. 1160. — Variety, with A—P and FA, 2 gr. 70 (Luynes) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 15:. 1161. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. Be. A—P and F—A. Horse to the right, raising one front leg. Æ19; (L) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 16:. 1162. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. B. F—A et Al. Eagle, wings closed, standing right; in front of him, a ser- _pent coiled and erect. ZR25; slat. egin., 11 gr. 95 (L) PL. CCXXXIV, fig. 17:. 1163. — Same right. BR. F—A and H. Eagle, wings closed, standing right; in front him, a snake coiled and erect; behind him, a thunderbolt. ÆR925; stat. egin., 12gr. 12 (P)PI. CCXXXIV, fig. 18; —other, 12gr. 03 (L) 4 1164. — Laureate head of Zeus. right. Bt. F—A. Eagle, wings closed, standing right on the meta; in front, a horizontal lightning. ÆR 25; stat. egin., 12 gr. 02 (P) PL CCXXXIV, fig. 19; — other (Pozzi) PI. CCXXXIV, fig. 20. 1165. Laureate head of Zeus, right; below, A: | BL. F—A. Eagle, standing right, wings closed; in front, a vertical thunderbolt. ZR 2%; stat. egin., 11 gr. 93 (Luynes) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 1. 1166. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. | B.F—A. Eagle, wings closed, standing right; in the field, to the right, an olive leaf. ZR15; egin. drachma, 2 gr. 79 (P) PI. COXXXWV, fig. 2. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 125, pl. XV, 4. 4. Brit. Mus., n° 131, pl XV, 7. 2. Cf. Brit. Mus., no. 127, pl. XV, 5. 5. Brit. Mus., no. 132, pl. XV, 8. 3. Brit. Mus., no. 129, pl. XV, 6.

759 THE ELIDE — ELIS AND OLYMPIA 7160 1167. Head of Zeus, right. _&.F—A. Eagle, wings closed, standing right on the meta; on the right, A. ÆR 15; egin. drachma, 2 gr. 35, worn (P) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 8. 1168. — Eagle, wings raised, standing right, cutting up with blows of beak a hare that he holds in his claws. BR. F—A. Winged lightning. ZÆR 18; Attic drachma (Pozzi) PL. COXXXV, fig. 4; — other, 4 gr. 68 (P). 1169. — Variety in the form of lightning, 4 gr. 50 (Pozz) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 5: — other ex. (L) '. 1170. — Same type; in the field, Z. B. F—A and >—Q. Winged Lightning; in the field, to the right, a crown. ZR 20; Attic drachma, 4 gr. 34 (L) PL CCXXXV, fig. 6. 1171. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. B.F—A. Eagle, wings closed, standing right, on the meta; in Island field, ZA. .ZR 15; allic hemidrachm, 2 gr. 24 (L) PL COXXXV, fig. 7. O 1172. — Variety; on the reverse, in the field, to the right, the letter A. ÆR 15; hemidr. attic, 2 gr. 20(L)*. 1173. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. BL. F—A. Winged lightning. All in a laurel wreath. ZR15; hemidr. attic, 2 gr. 35 (P) PL CCXXXV, fig. 8. 1174. — Laureate head of Olympian Zeus, right. B.F—A. Snake standing on the left, on the capital of a column (the #efa). Æ 23; (B) PL CCXXXV, ‘fig. 9°. 1175. — Laureate head of Zeus, left. B.FA. Horse to the right, raising one front leg. Æ 21; (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 10. 1176. — Variety, with the head of Zeus on the right and the horse on the left. Said Mus Cat. Pelop.. nor pli exVe 10: 3. Others, Brit. Mus., n°5 139 and 140. -Brit. Mus., n°136, pl. XV, 10: 6. Lambros, Ishomownoos, pl. Z, fig. 9. "Br eMruS., mo 191 pl XNA 1. Brit. Mus., no. 144, pl. XV, 15: ADI MIS soft: + © D

"+ THE ELIDE — 761 ELIS AND OLYMPIA 762 1177. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. B. FA and PYP. Galloping horse, right. Æ20; (P) PL COXXXV, fig. 11. 1178. — Variety; on the reverse, FA and El (P) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 12. 1179. — Laureate head of Zeus, right; behind, AI, Be. FAA and A. Galloping horse, right. Æ 21; After the death of Alexander, when all Greece rose up against its weak successors cessors, the Elide does not did not stay behind. She sent troops against Antipater?; she thus took part in the Lamiac war and undergoes the humiliation which, following this war was inflicted on the whole of Greece. Under Macedonian domination it is probable that stalers Alexandrians were struck at Olympia or Elis. It is necessary seek to disentangle them among the tetra- drachmas of Alexander which have a thunderbolt in symbol, as mint mark *. We knows that the type of reverse of currencies silver of Alexander the Great, is the Zeus Olympian sitting on a throne with file high, holding in one hand an eagle or Nike, and in the other, a long scepter. Sound coat leaving the chest bare, is wrapped oped around the legs; the folds are thrown on his shoulder left. General ement he has a stepladder under his feet. Although this image is purely convenient ional, there is no doubt that the proto- ype goes back to the Zeus of Phidias. Around the year 312, an event occurred who had a considerable influence on the fate of Elis and Olympia “. Teles- Hore, general of Antigone, king of Asia, who 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., No. 146, pl. XV, 16. 2. Pausanias, V, 4, 9. 3. Ludwig Muller, Numismatics of Alexander the (L) * commanded some troops in the Pelo- ponnese, jealous of another general of the name Ptolemy, to whom Antigone had subordinated her given, rebelled and settled in Elis with intending to proclaim itself independent. At the same time, to pay for his merchandise naries, he laid his hands on the treasure of the temple ple which amounted to 50 talents of silver. But Ptolemy walked against Telesphore, the expelled from Elis, restored to the inhabitants their berte and to Zeus his treasures. The Eleans erected manage a monument in honor of Dé- Métrius Poliorcetes, son of Antigone, that they proclaimed their liberator. We do not know no change so far of Elide in the name of Télesphore; but it could have existed, given the shows he streams with the riches of the temple. Perhaps he happy to have tetradra made Alexandrian chems, like many generals of his time. On the other hand, we have currencies of Elide which bear the name of another tyrant, Aristotimos, who proclaimed himself independent in Elis and reigned five months, in 273 or 272 Pausanias, Plutarch and Justin tell his tragic story: he was stabbed in the temple of Zeus where he had taken refuge. Mr. Percy Gardner proposed to assign to Large, nos. 894-895. 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1819, p. 255.

163 this character the coins which carry, in the field, the letters API or AP (hereinafter above, n% 1154 to 1161)!. But this altri- bution was contested by Mr. Lobbecke *? and by Mr. Lambropoulos * who thinks, according to the composition of a find made at My- cenes, that the currencies in question are from a significantly older period L’ÉLIDE — PISA 764 than that where the tyrant Aristotimos lived. On the other hand, the API or AP letters are pre- smell on currencies in the same conditions that Al, H, À, >, Z2Q, TYP; El, A, who cannot designate tyrants like Aristolimos, they are, very likely- ment, the initials of municipal magistrates paux in the mm century. S IT, — Pisa. The city of Pisa (Iesïisx or Iisx), capital from the Pisatide, was only six furlongs away. building of Olympia. She was famous in mythology as the residence of OEnomaos and Pelops. At the origin of the story, she was the capital of a confederation of eight pelils cantons and its municipal magistrates were president of the Olympic Games until the day the Eleans stole from them this privilege, in 572 BC. J.-G.; after a fierce war we waged allusion above, Pisa was razed and reduced to the rank of a simple slave town. In the center of Allis, near the big altar of Zeus, we still saw, in time of Pausanias, the remains of the ancient aedicula or loggia of the king of the Pisates, when he pre- sidelined the Games. It was then just a column of worm-eaten wood, but it is pre- served with pious care; she had sup- once carried a throne and a canopy surrounded by a tent *. The old race of OEnomaos therefore had 1. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 1819, p. 257 and next; cf. Seltman, Nomisma, fase. IX, p. 31. D Let TURIN, NEST 16- 3. Lambropoulos, Coins found at Mycenæ, p. 22 (extract from Ephemeris archeol, vol. II, 1896); B.Head, its history closely linked to that of cult and legend of Olympian Zeus and of the Olympic games. At the time when the Pisates had the presidency, the parties had only a local character and they did not constituted a national demonstration as for the Pisate confederation, likewise that the games at Mont Lycée were not nals only for the Arcadians. The character Panhellenic Olympic Games manifested that after the Eleans had seized the presidency with the support of # Sparta. In the bloody struggles that took place On this occasion, the Pisales managed to several times, to take up this presidency dence so envied. But the Eleans, in the end definitely victorious, refused of recognize as Olympic and panhel- leniques lrois of the holidays that they did not have chaired themselves and who had summer celebrated by the Pisates ©. These noted festivals as ävohvurt4 by the Eleans, and who Hist. numer., p. 424-425. 4. See our lescr. hist.,t. I, p. 883 et seq. 5, Pausanias, V, 4#, 7: V, 20.6. 6. Pausanias, VI. 22, 2.

765 mark the momentary successes of the Pisa- your, are the following: The VIII Olympiad (748), in which King Phidon of Argos presided over the Games; The XXXIV® Olympiad (634), in the- which the presidency was devolved to Panta- Jeon, king of the Pisates; The CIV® Olympiad (in 364) in which the Arcadians assumed the presidency! The Pisates remained under. the yoke, reduced to slavery or exiled, so that when the king of Lacedaemon, Agis, around 402, thread irruplion in the Elide, calling the Pisates in revolt, he only succeeded in pro- invoke an agility that the Eleans repress met without difficulty? After the peace which followed this war between the Eleans and the Lacedaemonians, around 398, There remained hostility between the two peoples. deaf lity who was just waiting for an opportunity to burst again. It happened the occasion of the Theban Wars #, Allies ÆEpaminondas, the Eleans favored his arch through the Peloponnese to the ortes of Sparta. But the Arcadians whose paminondas, after his victory at Leuctres Re. PISA. Lightning (non-winged). \ 1. Rud. Weil, Zeit. für Num.,t. XXII, p. 1 to 19. 2. See above, p. 141. 3. Percy Gardner, Num. Chron., 18179, p. 246. 4. See above. p. 568 and 638. 5. G. Fougères, Mantinée, p. 452; cf. . 638 and 749. above, L’ÉLIDE — PISA 766 in 371, had reconstituted the confederation, and who had just relieved Mantinée and of found Megalopolis, thought of restoring also the old city of Pisa. We have ra- told above how the Arcadians succeeded in their project, rebuilt Pisa They reinstalled the Pisates in their anti- that privilege of the presidency of the games" Olympics *. Victorious of the Eleans, Arca- dians and Pisates occupied the Cronion, col- line which dominates the Altis and celebrated the games of the 104th Olympiad (364 BC). Unfortunately, the necessities of the war, led the victors to make hands on part of the sacred treasure from the temple of Zeus, to make currencies and pay their mercenaries. This sacrilegious audacity led to a reaction against the Pisates. Several cities even among Arcadians, their allies, Mantinea at their head, took to heart to restore the sacred treasure, and resolved to restore to the Eleans the pre- games headquarters ÿ. The coins minted in 364 by the Pisates in the circumstances that we have just recalled, are as follows. 1180. — Laureate head of Zeus, left. BR. IZA. Three half thunderbolts arranged in a star shape. At 8; gold trihemiobol, 1 ton (D) PL COXXXV, fig 13Y 1181. — Laureate head of Zeus, left. AT 8; gold mite, 1 gr. 04 (L) P1. CCXXXV, fig. 14°. 6. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1819 pp. 950, No. 7 and pl. XIV,7; Seltman, Nomisma, fac. IX, HELENE 1. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1819, p. 250, no8and pl. XIV,8; Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 16 and pl. XVI, 8. Seltman, Loc. cit., no. 174.

767 L’ÉLIDE — PISA 7168 1182. — Laureate head of Zeus, right. Large grits. BL. PI—£A. Lightning. ÆR 11; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 47 (P) PL CCXXXV, fig. 15 * (authenticity O doubtful). These pieces known so far, each in a alone exemplary, are especially rare because the coins of the Pisates must have be removed from circulation by the Eleans victorious, due of the sacrilege which had caused the broadcast. This plundering of sacred treasure of Zeus aroused indignation general and the Pisates were abandoned by the Arcadians themselves. Like us we told above, the presidency games was returned to the Eleans from 362 and Pisa fell back under the yoke. It was then 3. Gift of Mr. Lieutenant Jean Vi- old, in 1913. — See especially on this coinage of Pisa, the study of Mr. Rudolf Weil, Zeit. für Num. t. XXII, p. 1 et seq., and Percy Gardner, Catal. Peloponn., Introd., p. XXXVII. He is curious to note that small bronzes struck at the sanctum tuary of Zeus at Dodona, in Epirus, are the same types, on the right and on the reverse, that the gold coin of Pisa No. 4181; they only differ from it by the legend, which is AÏlA on the right, and NAON on the reverse. The Zeus of Dodona is qualified Zeÿs Naïo;s in several several authors (Th. Reinach, in the Revue archéo- logic, 1905, p. 97). The rapprochement that we have just indicated leads us to raise the question authenticity of small gold and silver coins people we come to describe. I have no that the triumphant Eleans proclaimed their victory by refusing to recognize the legal existence of the Olympiad of which they had been excluded. Furthermore, to avoid the return of any new attempt to restoration, Pisa was destroyed from top to bottom attic. The anger of the Eleans was exercised be her to such a degree that they did not let any even the slightest vestige remains. Vineyards were planted on its location, if although in Roman times it was doubted that this city had existed *. reason to suspect the authenticity of the two small unique gold coins, described under numbers 1180 and 4181; but it has passed through my hands several gold coins from Pisa, different in weight and coinage, the falsity of which is certain and which I have no recorded here. As for silver coin no. 1182, recently given to the Paris Cabinet, its aspect makes it somewhat suspicious to me as well as the shape letters of the legend. I thought I had to record it because of its provenance which pleads in its favor. I noticed it in a batch of coins, all authentic, which Mr. Jean Vivielle had obtained, in the vicinity of Gallipoli. 4. G. Fougères, Manlinée, p. 452. 5. Strabo, VIII, 3, 31; Pausanias, VI, 22, 1.

CHAPTER XII THE ISLANDS FROM ELIDE ZACYNTHE, CEPHALLENIA, FLHAQUE “ With regard to the islands which, by their geographical position, are linked to the coast of Elis and Achaia, we have no could, in the period archaic of the world Greek nayage, to represent that Zacynthe el the city of Cranion of Cephallenia’. But during the 5th and 15th centuries, new monetary vaults are open in these islands which are commercially like the trait union between Greece, Italy and Sicily. We return below to the sequence of mon- Zacynthus bays, the southernmost and closer to the Elide. Then, in the great Cephallenia which commands the gulf e Corinth we will find four at- iers in activity : Cranion, Palé, Samé and purred. Finally, the small island of Ithaca, between on the coast of Acarnania and Cephallenia, com- ence before the end of the 15th century, to be struck 1. See our Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 902 et seq. 2. Percy Gardner, Brit. Mus. Cal. Peloponnesus, Volume IV. S |. — General overview. small bronzes that we will record. The geographical area of the present vo- lume does not extend further into the di- north direction; we reserve for tome next the island of Lefkada (Sainte- Moor), Corcyra, Acarnania, these clients of Corinth. If we consider as a whole the story and numismatics of both large islands of Zacynthus (Zante) and Cé- phallenia {Kefalonia), we notice firstly that they suffered the same viciss- political situations? Throughout the 5th century, even through the twists and turns of war of the Peloponnese, Zacynthus and Cephallenia remain attached to the Athenians, pitiful for the actions of the Lacedaemonians and of the Corinthians *, But Zacynthus never ceases point of baltre currency while she Introd., p. XXXIX. 3. Thucyd., 11, 25, 30.

771 is in the alliance of Athens; she is stupid stunned as an independent ally and master of her autonomy. There are some trement of Cephallenia; its four cities, Cranion, Palé, Samé, Pronni close their workshop for most of the 5th century, as long as the tha- assocracy Athenian. It is also to Cephallenia that the Athenians, in the 15th century, were to establish their naval station intended to monitor the Gulf of Corinth and the neighboring rages: there was, without doubt, even from the 5th century, at least until the time of the Sicilian expedition. After the fall of Athens in 404, Za- Cynthia and Cephallenia are influenced by of Lacedaemon: the cities of Cephallenia reopen their workshops; as for Zacynthe it continues its coinage as before raving. Zacynthe and Cephallenia return in the Athenian alliance after the victory from Conon to Cnidus, in 394. The atheist general nien Timothy, in 375, strengthens constancy shaken of Cephallenia; Zacynthe was remained faithful! It was in the 15th century that the The coinage of these islands is the most abundant. The monetary types of Zacynthe relate to stain to Apollo and the eponymous hero Za- cynthos. As an allusion to the events contemporary histories, we will cite the stater (n° 1203) which recalls the League Athenian so ephemeral which followed the vic- tory of Conon at Cnidus in 394; it is suitable to also point out the currencies which bear the name of Dion of Syracuse, struck in 391 (No. 51212 to 1215). In the four cities of Cephallenia, the monetary types exploit the le- 1. Diode. Sic., XV, 36, 5: E, Curtius, list. Greek. t. IV, p. 360. to , Hisl. qrecq., THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE 172 son of Cephalus, Procris and the dog Lalapse. The primitive name of Cephallenia, the only that know Homer, was Samé or Samos, a term whose origin is unknown but which seems to mean the Upper. The climbers mountains of the island, in particular Mount Néro which has 1596 meters of altitude, dominate in effect in the distance the maritime horizon, so that the sailors ended up calling it the 7th, the Tetiere, Ksoxk, Keoakvix. Samé's name remained to designate the capital of the island *. Cephallenia naturally had as its hero eponym Képhalos or Cephalus; this one had two sons Samos and Cranios whose names are found in those of the towns of Cranion and Samé. The monetary systems adopted for size of currencies are not the same Zacynthus and Cephallenia, although they derive both wind from an aeginetic slater weakened which is pretty much the same. The Zacynthian stater, which was minted, provides a normal elalon of approximately 11 gr. 64. For to form the drachma, we divided it by links, as in Corinth, so that the drachma zacynthienne is 3 gr. 88; the triobole or hemidrachm is 1 gr. 94; the obolus, of 0 gr. 65. On the contrary, in the tetrapolis Cephallenian, we did not hit the stater; the strongest division there meeting is the letrobole whose weight normal is 3 gr. 92, which gives theo- rically a stlater of 11 gr. 76. The denominations registered on certain divisions : sions, as we will see in this The following list provides a basis safe to our reconstruction of the system: 1.Victor Berard, The Phoenicians and the Odyssey, LOL

773 THE AO RC Tai pr: 92 Triobole......sleep 2 gr. 94 To 11 Ft) lee APAPENPEREESS net The 6T. 00 FoBemiobole,. 21... ler. 47! Obol....... A 0 gr. 98 Tritartemorion .......... (War 127 OO 20.01. Golden. 49% ROMEO A |. 0 gr. 245 ELIDE ISLANDS Den LACYNTH 17% This system of cities in Cephallenia has ele attached to that of Corcyra #, We note- era that some divisions remain, the most of the time, quite far from the weight normal; the Lriobole of 2 gr. 94 theoretical- ment, recently exceeds in practice the weight of 2 gr. 60 which is that of tetrobole Zacynthian and Rhodian. The tetrobole of Philip of Macedonia is 2 gr. A6. SIT. — Zacynthus. For coins from the Archaic period, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 902 to 906 et pl. XXXIX, fig. 9 to 17. The coins of Zacynthus (Zante) describe in our first volume we have led until 456 BC, Dale of the ruin of Aegina. The Athenian admiral came that same year, now without obsta- cle, in Zacynlhe impose on the inhabitants the al- bond Athenian 5: these had to remain faithful. The currencies of the island do not appear to have suffered the repercussions of this change politics. We conti- nuerons to find there mainly the mblemes and the type of Apollo assimilated u eponymous hero Zacynthos, hence the epi- Kv610s host (Za-x5v0106) given sometimes 1. Trihemiobolus with value mark and weight effects: 1 gr. 23; 1 gr. 12. (Descr. hist. t. I, p. 910, D1275). 2. Tritartemorion with value mark and weight effective, 0 gr. 68 (below, no. 1231). 3. Hemiobolus with brand of value and weight effective, 0 gr. 51 (hereinafter No. 1239). 4. Percy Gardner, Catal. Peloponnesus, Introd., : XL; See B. Head, Hist. number, p. 426-427 (the normal oid of the stater is fixed by these scientists at to the sun god f. However, we do not counter the croissant that we have presented some coins of the time archaic (L. 1, n° 1264 to 1266); Artemis lunar or Selene of which the croissant is the emblem, was honored under the word of Artemis Kw, in a temple which covers Mount Elatos purred, the highest sum- puts the island *. | We have brings out the particles rities of the size system adopted by the Zacynthians for the size of their species 8. It will suffice here to draw up the picture: 11 gr. 14). 5. Diode. Sic., XI, 84; cf. Percy Gardner, Numism. Chronicle, 1885, p. 86. 6. Our Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 903. T1. Elalus mons (Pliny, Hist. nat., XXXV, 15); cf. B. Ilead, Hist. numer., p. 429. The crescent makes its reappearance on the coins of Zacynthus, of re ct ne centuries BC. AD 8. Description hist, t. 1, p. 903; cf. Percy Gardner, Catal. Peloponnesus, Introd., p. xxxix.

775 THE ISLANDS OF ELIDE — ZACYNTHE 776 Stater (weakened eginetics). 11 gr. 64 of Zacynthe with Italy or with Corcyra, Drachma {links of the stater).. 3 gr. 88 was not always rigorously applied- He TT THIS TL 2 gr. 60 ment in the size of small divisions. HA leds no 1 gr. 94 We weakened certain weights to create DO YOU BELIEVE PPT AND 1 gr. 30 parts more easily interchangeable Frhéniobolee 24200201 0 gr. 975 with foreign parts. Ie NAT RE PET RER 0 gr. 65! With the exception of the first (No. 1183) THAREMOnODEA. Eee 0 gr. 48 which fits into the series described previously Hennobolestañi ss srue Ogr. 325? remenl, the pieces which follow are classified RATIÉMOTIOU: seu 0 gr. 16 has been around since 456 BC. BC until around This particular system which appears to have its origin in commercial relationships the end of the Peloponnesian War during which the Zacynthians remained loyal to the Athenian alliance. 1183. — I—A. Dionysian canthare with two raised handles. RL. — Apollinaire tripod topped with two rings. Hollow square. Æ15; Zacynthian drachma (Pozzi) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 10 2. — Coins minted from 456 to 405 BC. AD 118%. — Laureate figure of Apollo, right, long hair on his neck. Be. I—A. Tripod topped with cortine; in the field on the right, a head of cock on the left. ÆR 24; stal. egin., 11 gr. 31 (L) PL. COXXXV, fig. 17:. 1185. — Same description. Æ18; drachma zacynth., 3 gr. 84 (L) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 18. 1186. — Same head of Apollo, right. BR. — Without leg. Tripod. Hollow field. ZR 17; letrobole zacynth., 2 gr. 46 (P) PL. CCXXXV, fig. 19. 1. See obol n° 1194 which bears his mark of salter: effective weight, 0 gr. 55. 2. Cf. heiniobolus no. 1195, which bears his mark of value: effective weight, 0 gr. 26. 3. This piece is a variety of those that are described in our Description hist, t. 1, p. 906, no. 1267 and 1268, pl. XXXIX, 13 and 11. 4. Percy Gardner, Num. Chrono., 1885, p. 91, no. 1, pl. 1.8; Brit. Mus. Cat. Peloponnesus, pÿ. 94, no Di XIX, A2 5. Num. Chrono. 1885, p. 91, no. 2, pl. I, 9; Brit. Mus. Cat. Pelop., p. 94, no. 12, pl. XIX, 8.