Treatise on Greek and Roman Coins, Part II (Historical Description), vol. III — vol. II.3 — 1914

297 honored his former type of the leaping horse protome, emblem of Poseidon Hippios or Onchestios, the god of Boeotian amphictionia. This guy that we met and explained to Haliarte, and which we also frequently see on coins of Arcadia and Thessaly, was able BOIEOTIA — TANAGRE 298 to be, in Tanagre, chosen to symbolize the Asopos. This adaptation local tified by the torrential aspect of this little river which, precisely, in the vicinity of Tanagre, rushes impetuously from middle of the rocks, forming a red ravine stony before emerging into the plain. Group A. — Coins minted from 456 to 446. 333. — Indented Boeotian shield. A. TAW. Protome of a leaping horse, right, a crown around the neck. Hollow square. ZR 21; stat. egin., 12 gr. 24 (L) PI. CCIII, fig. 32:. 334. — Same right. Æ. TAM. Protome of a leaping horse, right. Hollow square. 2R 12; hemidr. egin., 3 gr. 08 (L) PL. CCIIL, fig. 33 ?. 339. — Same right. BR. YOUR. Protome of a leaping bridled horse, right. Hollow square. ZR 20; stat. egin., 12 gr. 23 (Luynes) PL CCIIL, fig. 345; —_11 gr. 86 (L)*°. 336. — Same description. ZR 13: hemidr. Pet 297 10 (PIPI-CCIV, fe. 1 337. — Boeotian shield. BL. TA. Horse's head, right. Hollow square. ZR 8; egin. obol, 1 gr. (L) PI. CCIV, fig. 2. 338. — Boeotian half-shield. BR. TA. Horse's head, right. Hollow square. ZR 8; trihemitartemon egin., 0 gr. 35 (L) PL CCIV, fig. 3°. 339. — Boeotian shield, the marli divided into twelve compartments. Be. TA. Protome of a leaping bridled horse, left. /R 20; stat. egin., 12 gr. (B) PL. CCIV, fig. 4: — other, 12 gr. 18 (L)°. 340. — Boeotian shield. 1. Brit. Mus., Central Greece, take? 2. Central Greece, p. 62, no. 25. 3. Central Greece, Pol, n02% "pl x 4: 4. Central Greece, p. 62, no. 27, pl. X, 3. 5. Central Greece, p. 62, no. 28. 6. Central Greece, p. 61, n° 24, pl x 2 Imhoof: Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 27, no. 93, pl. I, 93,

299 BOIEOTIA — TANAGRE 300 &. YOUR. Protome of a leaping bridled horse, left. Hollow square. ZR 13; triob. egin., 2 gr. 74 (P) PI. CCIV, fig. 5; — others, 3 gr. 04(L); 2 gr. 66(B)*. 341. — Same description. ÆR 10; egin. obol, 1 gr. (B)*. 342. — Same description. ÆR 7; larlémorion egin., 0 gr. 22 (B)°. We saw how, in 446, the oli- Garchic supported by the Lacedaemonians regained power in all the cities of Boeotia, the failure and death of the Athenian Tolmides in Coronea, when he undertook to help democratic governments. Once again the capital of xotvov Botwwrwv, Thé- bes monopolized the Aeolian coinage and all local workshops closed their pharmacies *. Tanagre suffered the common fate. In the first period of the war of Peloponnese, in 426, we see the Athe- I wish to make an incursion into the territory of Tanagre won a victory over the Boeotians *. This success was short-lived, and the Thebans, with the alliance lacédémo- nienne, remained the masters of the federal currency. Group B. — Coins minted from 387 to 374 BC. AD Under the Treaty of Antalcidas, in 387, Tanager, like the others cities of the Boeotian League, reconquered its autonomy, 343. — Indented Boeotian shield. reopened his mint and struck the currencies that follow. Bt. TA. Protome of a leaping horse, right, a crown around the neck; underneath, a bunch of grapes. ZR 93; stat. egin., 13 gr. 96 (P) PL. IVOC, fig. 6; — other, 12 gr. (P). 344. — Variety, without symbol on the reverse. 2nd. corner. 1167 50 PP); 11 27.85 (EL). Silver stater cases (nos. 343-344) are to the same type of horse protome as those of the period which ends at 446 (hereinafter above, n° 333 et seq.). But to the point of 1. Central Greece, p. 62, no. 26; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 21, no. 94. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cit., no. 96. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Loc. cit., no. 95. From a style perspective, the difference is easy to make come out and we see that three quarters of century separate the two groups. 4. See above, at Thebes, p. 226. 5. Thucyd, ILE, 91. 6. Central Greece, p. 62, no. 29, pl. X, 4.

301 BOIEOTIA — TANAGRE | 302 345. — Indented Boeotian shield. B.TANA. Protome of a leaping horse, right. Concave field. ÆR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 81 (P) PL CCIV, fig. 7; — other, 0 gr. 80 (L)!. 346. — ​​Indented Boeotian shield. B.TA. Protome of a leaping horse, right, a crown around its neck. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 97; 0 gr. 80 (L) PL CCIV, fig. 8 ?. -347. — Same right. B.TA. Protome of a leaping horse, right {without the crown). ZR 11; egin. obol, 1 gr. at 0 gr. 80 (P) PI. CCIV, fig. 9 and 10; — others (L)?. 348. — Varieties; on the reverse, a variable symbol: Ivy leaf (?) PI. CCIV, fig. 11; other (L). — Bunch of grapes (P) PL. CCIV, fig. 12; other (L; *. 349. — Variety, without leg. nor symbol. ÆR 10; 0 gr. 92 (P) PL CCIV, fig. 18. 350. — Variety, with TA and the horse turned to the left (ZL) PL. CCIV, fig. 14". 391. — Same right. R. TA and D. Horse Protome, right. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 91 (P) P1. CCIV, fig. 15. 352. — Boeotian half-shield. R. TA. Horse's head, right. Æ8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 42 {L) PI. CCIV, fig. 16°, 393. — Boeotian shield. BL. TA. Horse's head, right. ÆR 7; tartemorion egin., 0 gr. 21 (L) PL CCIV, fig. 17:. 354. — Boeotian shield. &. TA. Prow of galley, left. Æ9; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 87 (P) PI. CCIV, fig. 18; — other, 0 gr. 87 (L) ®. 359. — Variety, with the bow on the right {L) *. 356. — Boeotian half shield. Be. TA. Prow of galley, left. ÆR 8; trihemitartemorion egin., 0 gr. 38 (L) PL. CCIV, fig. 19". . Brit. Mus., Central Greece, p. 62, no. 30. 6. Bril. Mus., Central Greece, p. 63, no. 41. . Central Greece, p. 62, nos. 31 to 33, pl. X, 5. 1. Central Greece, p. 63, no. 42. . Central Greece, p. 63, nos. 34 to 39. 8. Central Greece, p. 64, no. 47, pl. X, 8. . Central Greece, p. 63, nos. 44 and 45, pl. X, 1. 9. Central Greece, no. 46. . Central Greece, no. 40, pl. X, 6. 10. Central Greece, p. 64, no. 48, pl. X, 9.

303 BOEOTIAS — THESPIES 304 357. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. BL. TA, in a crown of ears. Æ9; (P) PL COIV, fig. 20. 358. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. &. YOUR. Bunch of grapes on its vine. Æ13; (P) PL CCIV, fig. 21!. On the bronzes (n° 357, 358), the head of Apollo is probably that of the Apol- along Délion, the port of Tanagre. There had in this locality a temple of Apol- lon Délien, built on the model of that of Delos? When the coup d'état of Pelopidas, in December 379, had replaced Béolia entirely entirely under the hegemony of Thebes, the Group C. — Coins We already know that Phi-'s victory Lippe of Macedonia in Chaeronea, in 338, and the humiliation of Thebes which was the consequence, led the reconstitution, under the protectorate of the king of Macedonia, of the Boeotian confederation. Mon- 359.— Indented Boeotian shield. local workshops ceased to operate; Thebes issued federal currency. But this substitution does not occur not done in a day, nor everywhere at once. For Tanagre, who hits paid since 387, it was only in 374, after the destruction of Plataea by the Tea baths, which she recognized the preponderance of Thebes and once again closed its workshop. minted after 338. silver coins were minted at Thespians probably, in the name of xotvèv forwrwv, el each of the cities which adhered to the new new League was able to issue local bronzes to his name; Tanager was among the number, as shown in the following piece : BL. TAN, in large letters occupying the entire field. Æ 22; (L) PL CCIV, fig. 22°. This coinage, we said, lasted only a few years; Tana's workshop- gre should only work again under the Roman Empire. S XVI. — Thespies. Thespies (@ssrut), seated at the foot of Hé- licon, west of Thebes, had as port 4. These little bronzes {nos 357 and 358) can be confused with those of Temnos of Æolis which have the same TA legend (Descr. hist, t. I, the small town of Creuses, at the bottom of the gulf of Corinth. Its mythical legends di- p. 1178-1179). 2, See above, p. 261. 3. Central Greece, p. 64, no. 49, pl. X, 10.

305 Are founded by Thespia, daughter of Asopos, or by Thespias, son of the king of Athens Erech- tea’. She was always, with Plataea, al- tied with Athens against Thebes; like Pla- also, it was burned by Xerxes and rebuilt after the departure of the Persians 2. But, as well as most others Boeotian towns she did not open all of following a monetary workshop. His first series are placed only after the size of OEnophyta in 456, when most share of cities Boeotians were finally able 360. — Boeotian shield. hollow. The events of the year 446 appear see had an immediate impact on From the start of the Peloponnesian War ese, the Thespians like all the Boeotians, laughed gone for the Lacedaemonians between Athens. Thespies seem to have played, 361. — Boeotian shield. 1: Pausanias, IX, 26, 6: Diod. SIC IN 20; 2. Herodotus, VIII, 50 and 75, 3. Brit. Mus. Centr. Greece, D 99 00229/pl- Fri Volume IV, BOEOTIAS — THESPIES 306 coin money in their individual names. Thespies is an exception to the rule, in that sense that its first coins are ana- pigraphs; but they have, in the field on the reverse, a crescent symbol, which is enough to characterize them. Crescent Ge, emblem of Aphrodite Me- lainis, the main divinity of Thespies, also appeared, later, on most coins which bear in legend the name of the Thespians. Group A. — Coins minted from 456 to 446 BC J-C. . Amphora with raised handles: in the field on the right, a crescent, Square 2K 15; egin. hemidrachm, 2 gr. 78 (L) PI. CCIV, fig. 23:. the political situation of Thespians whose at- Link was closed for a while. Group B. — Coins minted from 431 to 424 BC. J-C. approximately. 1 at that time, a fairly considerable role, because of the number of hoplites it could arm. It is during this period that we must classify the following currencies: B. OESP"I. Two back-to-back crescents. Concave field. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 99 (L) PI CCIV, fig. 24: 362. — Variety, with leg. retrograde 17230. Æ 11: ob. e.g., 0 gr. 65 (L)5. 11; cf. p. 91; B. Head, Hist. num. 28, ed., p.354. 4. Brit, Mus. Central Greece, p. 90, n° NO MI L 5. Central Greece, p. 90, no. 8. 20

307 BOEOTIAS — THESPIES 308 363. — Boeotian shield. A. OES. Crescent, horns up. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 95 (L) PI. CCIV, fig. 25:. 364. — Same description. ZR 7; tartem. egin., 0 gr. 19 (L) PI. CCIV, fig. 26:. It will be noted that on the group that precedes, in the legend OEsFi(swv), the form of sigma is still archaic; the reform of the alphabet, in Athens, which for sigma substituted the classic ZX shape to the archaic form S, is, as we know, of the archonship of Euclid, in 403 BC. AD This observation, combined with considerations tions of history and style, justifies the place chronological that we let's allocate at monetary group that we have just defined write. Allies, as we have said, Thebans and Lacedaemonians, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the Thespians se found directly opposed to Athenians at the Battle of Delion, in 424, and they almost all succumbed to their post ÿ. The following year, in 423, the Tea- baths themselves destroyed the ramparts of Thespians that they feared to see Lom- ber in the hands of the Athenians. Then we let's see Thespies desolate by the quarrels intestines of the aristocratic and political parties mocralic, in which the Athé- niens *, so that this weakened city had to wait until the Treaty of Antalcidas, in 387, came to give him back, with political autonomy, their monetary rights. Group C. — Coins minted from 387 to 374. 365. — Boeotian shield. B. OE{TIKON. Head of Aphrodite Melainis on the right, hair up around the head, having pendant earrings and a necklace; in front of his face, a large crescent; under the neck, a smaller crescent. ÆR 93; stat. egin., 12 gr. 40 (P) PL CCIV, fig. 27; — variety, leg4 otherwise arranged, 12 gr. 40 (L) 5. 366. — Boeotian shield. BR. OE£. Head of Aphrodite Melainis, right; in front, a large crescent: Æ15; hemidrachm egin., 2gr. 80 (P) PL CCIV, fig. 28; — 2gr. 80 (L) ‘ 367. — Boeotian shield. BR. ©. Head of Aphrodite Melainis, right (without crescent). Æ10; egin. obol, 1 gr. (L) PI. CCIV, fig. 29; — other, 0 gr. 80 (B)”. 1. Central Greece, p. 90, nos. 4 to 7, pl. XVI, 1. 2. Central Greece, p. 90, no. 8; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 48, no. 156. 3. Thucyd., IV, 93 ets. and 133. 4. Thucyd., VI, 95. 3. Central Greece, p. 91, no. 9, pl. XVI, 8. 6. Central Greece, p. 91, nos 10 and 11, pl. XVI, 1. Central Greece, p. 91, no. 12, pl. XVI, 10 Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 47, no. 154.

309 368. — Boeotian half shield. BOIEOTIA — THESPIES 310 B. $10. Eight-rayed star: underneath, a crescent. ZR 9; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 42 (B)!. This monetary group (nos. 365 to 368) is place between the peace of Antalcidas in 387 and the destruction of Plataea in 374, when all the Boeotian cities had to recon- birth of Theban hegemony. In the inter- valley, in 378, the king of Sparta Agesilaus had rebuilt the walls of Thespiae. The type of Aphrodite Mehavts where “ the Black”, is explained by a passage from Pausanias who reports to Thespians the sanctity luary of this goddess?. She also had a temple in Corinth and Mantinea. It was We said that following the great victory of Philip of Macedon ur the Athenians and the Thebans at Che- onée, in 338, the old ones enemies e Thebes, Orchomenus, Plataea, Thespiae, e recovered from their ruins or their decline and constituted, under the ecloral of the king of Macedonia, a new unfederation Boeotian. Thebes having Oulu oppose it by revolting against the oi of Macedonia, was destroyed by Ale- andre in 335. The cities which joined new league were, — besides Orcho- nene, Plataea and Thespiae, — Haliarte, Le- adee, Tanagre, and no doubt others mcore. The League had two categories of 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Z., t. IX, p. 48, no. 155. 2. Pausanias, IX, 21. 3: See our Descr. hist, t. I, p. 890 et seq. Æ" Pausanias, IX, 13, 8; 14, 1, 2: cf. Diod. SIC. V, 46; Xenophon, Hellen., VI, 3, 1. a lunar goddess, hence the symbol of crescent that appears in the name field many coins of Thespians. The legend GEXPIKON instead of OEx%- PMIEQN, is to be compared to the ana- logues,”Aoxadixéy, Oloumiuév, Pevrxév, Aakotxéy and others, which we have explained elsewhere their on time 5. After Ja victory of Epaminondas to Leuctres, in 371, the Thebans destroyed Thespians and demolished its walls: the residents were evicted Group. D. — Coins minted from approximately 338 to 335. currencies: coins money which bear the name of the xowèv Botmrüv and the mon- local bronze castings, including the pieces common types, differentiated only by the name of each of the Confederate towns. Regarding these bronzes, there is no no possible difficulty in attributing them tion. But for the silver coins which bear the legend BOI9(r&v) or BOI(wr&v), we hesitate to classify them as Orchomenus or Thespies, and to make, therefore, of one or the other of these two cities, the headquarters of the new league 5. Which brings us to classify these federal currencies at Thespies, it is the presence of the crescent as a sym- deputy bole, permanent on a certain “ 5. These pieces are dubiously attributed to Orchomenus and Thespians in the Cutal. of the Brif. Mus., p. 36-38, nos. 42 to 62, pl. V, 14 to 17; described in /isl., numer., 2nd 6d., P' 502

311 © BOEOTIAS — THESPIES 312 number of them (nos. 370 and 373). We called Melainis, figures in an almost we actually observed, higher, constant on coins from pre- that the lunar crescent, attribute of Aphro- which bear the name of Thespies. 369. — Boeotian shield. R. BO—IQ. Amphora with raised handles (diota) and decorated belly; above, a variable symbol, ÆR 24; stater egin., approximately 12 gr. Varieties: Bow and club (P) PL CCIV, fig. 80. — Arc (P) PI. CCIV, fig. 31. — Dau- phin (P) PI. CCIV, fig. 32. — Bunch of grapes (P) PL CCIV, fig. 33. — Club and bunch of grapes (L). — Club (ZL). — Bow and quiver (L) *. 370. Boeotian shield. BL. BOI. Dionysian cantharus; above, club lying; right, crescent. Æ14; triobole egin., 2 gr. 54(P) PL CCIV, fig. 34; — 2 gr. 91 (L)*. 371. — Variety, with the club lying down; in the field on the right, a leaf of ivy (P) PL. CCIV, fig. 35; — in ch. on the right, a bunch of grapes (P). 372. — Variety, with BO—IQ and the club lying down. P1. CCIV, fig. 36. 373. — Boeotian shield. BL. BOI. Dionysian cantharus; above, club lying; right, crescent. Z 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 82 (P)P1. CCIV, fig. 37. 374. — Boeotian shield; on the left, B. Æ. Head of Athena wearing an Athenian helmet, right. ÆR 10; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 54 (P) PL CCIV, fig. 38. Besides these federal currencies in the name Thespies struck in his name and for his Boeotians in genere (n*% 369 to 374), local market the following bronze: 315. — Boeotian shield. BL. OEX, in large letters all over the field. Æ 22; (L) PL CCIV, fig. 39°. Thespies was famous in antiquity statue of Eros in marble, executed by Pra= for his cult of Eros and the Muses and for xitele, who was admired in a temple of the games ('Epuwrtt, Eowridta) that were celebrated there Thespians, was transported to Rome on the order in honor of these deities *. The famous of Nero who gilded the wings *. 1. Central Gr., p. 36, nos. 42 to 48, pl. V,1#and 15. t. XV, t. XVIII, t. XIX (excavations of the French School 2. Central Greece, p. 31, no. 50, pl. V, 16. of Athens). 3. Central Greece, p. 91, no. 13, pl. XVI, 11. 5. Pausanias, IX, 27, 3; Strabo, IX, 2, 25. Cfs 4, Pausanias, IX, 31, 1: cf. Bull. corr. hellén., Collignon, Hist. of the sculpture. gr., t. IN, p. 266. 5

CHAPTER IV PHOCID $S 1. — General overview. Before the Persian Wars, the Confederacy ration of the Phocians which extended its territory ritory from Thermopylae and the gulf Maliaque to the Helicon and the bay of Crisis on the Gulf of Corinth, had employed sound political activity outside to fight against the Thessalians in the north and the Boeo- hold on to the east’. Inside, she had to debate against the claims of the Del- phiens, whose territory was encompassed in Phocis, but who, in the name of independence dancing of their Panhellenic sanctuary of Apollo, claimed political autonomy tick. The invasion of Xerxes did not impose on these struggles than a momentary truce. Following of the defeat of Mardonius at Plataea, in 479, the Phocians came down from their mounts tagnes where they had hidden, put everything implemented, diplomacy and force, to keep or regain the administration of sanctuary of Apollo and management of 1. See our Descr. hist, t. I, p. 979-980. Pythian games. League currencies Phocidian and Delphic Amphictions, during the 5th and 15th centuries, are like the reflection of the vicissitudes of the struggle which ensued waged between the Phocidians and the Delphians. We will see that as soon as the Phocians manage to get their hands on the temple, Delphic currency ceases immediate- lies, only to reappear at certain times of freedom and independence. There is therefore, in a way, an alter- chronological balance between currencies of the Phocidians and those of the Delphians; the The first ones bear the legend DOKIKON. most often abbreviated, the other AAAI- KON, which we also find most abbreviated ordinarily; they mean Poxxèy or Aukotxdy veto). Regarding eginetic weight current currencies of Delphi and Phocians, it is remarkable, says Mr. Head,

315 that they present an alternation which, when that we brings them together, forms a system complete and where all divisions are located Triobole 3.11 Trihemiobolus 4.55 Obol 1.03 Tritartemorion 071 Hemiobolus 051 Tartemorion 0.25 In a contemporary Athenian inscription Poraine of the Peloponnesian War, he is spoken of ovarñpes owxmol? that we have, with other critics, considered as designating the federal currency of Phocians. However, this cash subscribes dant does not include not division more stronger than the triobole (3 gr. 11). There is no point of stlater, and in assuming that some sample from the Phocian stater is discovered one day, it is unlikely bable that the accounts of the quaestors of the temple of Athena, in Athens, at the end of the 5th century, mention this monetary species shut up. It is more rational to believe that these are staters of account, constituted with commonly minted currency, it is- that is to say mainly with trioboles. In in any case, these Phocian staleri (owxr- ol) thus recorded in the accounts of quaestors from Athens, don't would know be, we believe, confused with the s{atères phocaiics, that is to say the electric staters trum of Phocaea (Ionia), often mentioned- also born in the same atheist accounts I don't, but under the names of vuxatôe, ouxaixol otatfoec, yovsioy owxxixo Ÿ. I don't 1. B. Head, Central Greece, Introd., p. XxXxI-Xxx1r. This AtIic., MT no 20 CENT Envrmant Rev. num., 1868, p. 430; our Treatise, Theory and PHOCID Poe this p.m. — 316 represented, as demonstrates it following blue: Phocian currency). Delphic). Phocidian). Delphic). phocidian) Delphic, ‘. I don't think we should admit, on the part lapicide, a confusion between owxzxiuoi and owxrmot, and believe that he wanted, by this last expression, designate the staters of electrum from Phocaea. In 357, the Thebans engaged against the Phocians the Sacred War, in the- which most of the states of Greece are found them encompassed. Athens and Sparta, by jealousy against Thebes, favored the Phocians. This terrible war ended by the intervention of Philip of Macedonia and by the destruction of the cities of Pho- cide. It was in 346. The Thebans were Philip's allies when he captured Elatea in Phocis, then in 339, when he prepared to march to through Boeotia against Athens. But the following year, the Thebans having loved ones of Athenians against the enemy common, took with them the Phoci- say : all succumbed to Chaeronea the September 1, 338 and suffered the wrath of winner. The confederation of Phoci- say don't se raised that after death of Alexander. We know the names of the twenty-two cities of the confederation Doctrine, t. I, p. 495, $12. 3. See our Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 106, and Theory el Doctrine, p. 489,

| 917. Phocidian, but it is useless to list them mother, because most of them do not have minted currency. The only ones who had a monetary workshop are Delphi, Anticyra, Élatée, Lilæa, Ledon, Néon and maybe Cirrha, cities to which it is necessary to add the workshop, - undoubtedly Daulis - which struck federal coins, with the legend DOKI- KON, then HOKEON. Concerning Anticyra, Elatea and Lédon, their currencies are not ante- dated to the second century BC and they don't not fit in our framework chronological. As for Cirrha, the port of STE PHOCID — THE PHOCIDIANS 318 Delphi, we recently wanted to make it take rank in the numis nomenclature malic, by attributing to him obols of the 5th century, to the types of bucrane and wild boar protome, on the reverse of which we read the letters [-K which would be the ini- Tiales of the name of this city. This attribute tion seems too uncertain for us allow to open a Cüirrha paragraph. Apart from federal currencies and those Delphic amphictyons, the alone cities of Phocis which surely had a monetary workshop in the 5th and 4th centuries, are Lilæa and Neon? — The Phocians (federal currencies). For coins before 480, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 978 to 987 and pl. XLII, fig. 1 to 415. We saw that Daulis, the town where the federal assembly of the Phocians, was de- trout by Xerxes in 480?. But this disaster was poorly repaired after the Greek victory at Plates in September 479, so that the issuance of the federal currencies of the Pho- cidians to the traditional types of the head of bull and the head of Artemis or the nymph Daulis, starts again from 479 and continues for most of the 5th century. The pieces that follow, at the le- gende DO(xxiy), are therefore the continuation direct from those we have classified in the archaic period and of which we we commented on the types. Group A. — From 480 to 421 BC. AD 316. — Bull's head right, neck streaked with long hairs; au- below, a seal, on the right. A E.G. —. 1. Neville Langton, Num. Chron., 1903, p. 205; see below, p. 319, note 9. —… 2. The archaic-looking drachma, from Cab. of Berlin, classified in Elatea, and published by Prokesch “Osten, Inedila meiner Sammlung, 1854, pl. 1, 25, “also recorded by B. Head, Hist. number, “(2nd ed.), p. 342, is the work of a forger, as Mr. Regling recognizes this in a private letter. Here is the report: Horse at liberty, galloping to the right. Rt. NOITAA. Head of a woman on the right. The all in a hollow square. 3. Herodotus, VII, 35; cf. our Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 980 and 987.

319 PHOCIDS — THE PHOCIDIANS 320 BL. O—®. Head of the nymph Daulis right, diademed, hair raised on the back of the neck. Hollow square. Æ13; aeginetic triobole, 2 gr. 92 (Jameson) P1. VOC, fig. 1”. On this curious piece, the seal is he is the speaking emblem of the Phocaeans on the speaking emblem of the Phocians, like the coins of Phocaea *. 377. — © O. Bull's head on the right, striated neck (the inscription placed at side of the neck section). BL. Protome of wild boar on the right, one leg advanced. Hollow square. Æ 10: Eginet. obol, 1 gr. 05 (P) PL VOC, fig. 2; — other ex., 1 gr. (L)*. 378. — © O. Bull's head on the right (the neck not streaked, the inscription pla- above, in the field). BL. Protome of wild boar on the right, one leg advanced. Hollow square. Æ9; Eginet. obole, 0 gr. 99 (L) PL VOC, fig. 8:. 379. — Variety: behind the neck of the bull, seal on the right; 0 gr. 93 (L) *. 380. — Variety: in the field of the reverse, branch of ivy; 0 gr. 92 (L)°. 381. Variety: the wild boar protome turned to the left; 0 gr. 88 (L)”. 382. — d O. Bull's head, with striated neck, right. B&. Corinthian helmet on the right. Hollow square. ÆR 8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 50 (P) PL. CCV, fig. 4; — other ex. (L) *. 383. Head of a bull from the front, ears apart, horns straight. R&. Protome of wild boar on the right, one leg advanced. Æ10; obole egin., O0 gr. 97 *. 1. Catal. Jameson, pl. XCVII, No. 1839. letters d—0, and on the reverse, the wild boar protome. 2. See our Descr. hist., t. II, p. 1163. On similar obols we wanted to read alone- 3. Brit. Mus. Cat. Central Greece, p. 19, no. 56. ment the letters I—K, which were considered to be 4. Central Greece, p. 19, no. 54, pl. IT, 15. being the initials of the city of Kirrha, the port of 5. Center Greece, p.19; n9.55: Delphi, on the Gulf of Corinth (Num. Chron., 6. Center Greece, p. 19, no. 58. 1903, p. 205). Coins to the same types 1. Center Greece, p. 19, no. 59. bear, in truth, the initials of the names of Li- 8. Central Greece, p. 19, nos. 61 to 65 et pl. ILI,16. læa and Neon (see below, nos. 421 and 422). But 9. Num. Chron., 1903, p. 203, no. 7, pl. V, 1. Cf. here, assuming that the reading is certain, the on our pl. XLII, fig. 11 to 44, the obols which have, letters KI would rather, according to us, be a part to the right, the same bucrane from the front next to the of the word dOKI(u0Y), given obele n° 383.

321 PHOCID — THE PHOCIDIANS 322 384. — Bull's head facing forward, ears apart, horns straight and short. B.OKI. Head of goddess (the nymph Daulis?) right, diademed, hair want a bun on the nape of the neck. Hollow square. ZR 14; triob. eginet., 3 gr. 05 (P)PI. CCV, fig. 5. © 383. — Variety; the legend is arranged differently; the goddess has a physical sionomy of a negress (the nymph Mélainé?); \ her hair is up and tied at the back of the neck; around the neck, a necklace. ZÆR 14; triob. eginet., 3 gr. 10 (P)PI. CCV, fig. 6 386. — Variety; the head of the nymph on the left. ZR 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 97 (Jameson) PL. VOC, fig. 7 ?. 386 bis. - Variety; the head of the nymph is on the left, but she has hair want to bristle. ZR 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 79 (P) PL. CCV, fig. 8. The preceding trioboles (no. 376 to 386), are varieties of style a little less archaic than those which appear on our pl. XLIL. fig. 3 to 10. 387. — Bull's head from the front, the horns decorated with bands. Be. DOKI. Head of the nymph Daulis, right, hair raised and rolled up. Hollow square (advanced style). ZR 16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 90 (P) PL CCV, fig. 9; — other, 2 gr. 90 (L)°. 388. — [POJKIKON. Lyre with seven strings. B. Two dolphins leaning against each other and swimming in opposite directions. Hollow square. The DOKIKON legend, explicit on the No. 388, and abridged from the previous pieces, must be interpreted voxxdv wishes; she is at approach the APKAAIKON captions. AADIKON, OAYNFMIKON and others, that We have explained elsewhere. The series of Phocian coins which 4. See Descr. hist., t. I, p. 986-987. 2. Calal. Jameson, No. 1151. 3. Central Greece, p. 18, no. 52, pl. LIT, 14. Volume IV, ZR 14; tetrobole egin., 4 gr. 02 (Jameson) PL CCV, fig. 10*. precedes, with a type which recalls the sacrifice bull trick in Daulis, in honor of the eponymous hero Phocosf, seems to stop in 421, that is to say at the peace of Nicias, if we judge by the style of the pieces. Maybe be the article of this treaty of peace between Athens and Sparta, which stipulates independence 4. Cal. Jameson, No. 1148 a. 5. Description hist., t. I, p. 890 to 895. 6. See Descr. hist., t. I, p. 985.

323 inviolable dance of the sanctuary of Delphi, and the free passage of pilgrims from Lous country through the territory of the Phocians, was it the direct cause of the cessation of PHOCIDS — THE PHOCIDIANS 324 coinage that we have just described. From this date (421) until the beginning of the third Sacred War (357), the Phoci- some seem to have no longer had a workshop. Group B. — Sacred War Coins (357 to 346 BC). There was a certain imprecision of borders between the domain of the sanctuary of Delphi and the territory of the Phocians in which Delphi was landlocked. The limits did not have not been good fixed to the primitive era when we posited in principle the autonomy and sacredness of Del- phes and its sanctuary. From there, em- bases from the Phocidians on temple grounds; from there, reprisals from the Delphian amphictyons, threat forbidden and confiscation at profit of Apollo *. Las jealousies of family helping, the que- They grew worse every day. tage. A party formed among the Phocians who wanted to declare war on the Delphians and confiscate the temple of Apollo. At the head of this movement, was the family of Euthycrates who had been particularly the object of the severities and anathemas of pontiffs of Delphi. The son of Euthycrates, Onymarchos took, with Philomelos, son of Theotimos, the direction of hostilities? Philomelos, elected strategist, marched against Delphi, massacred the defenders of time ple, pushed back the Locrians rushed at help of the Delphians and forced the Pythia 4. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. V, p. 62-63; Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. of antiquity, t. 11, Athens, p. 340. 2. Diodorus of Sicily, XVI, 14; cf. E. Curtius, loc. herself to declare for him. He gets involved pressed, so as not to see all of Greece rise against his attack, to send a message to the main peoples, declaring “that he would keep the sanctuary intact common of Hellas and that he undertook to to be accountable for the treasures of the temple” *. But this declaration did not prevent Thebans and Thessalians, jealous of the sudden power of the Phocians, to provoke query an amphictyonic assembly which reunited at Thermopylae and proclaimed the healthy war against the Phocians, in the name of the god of Delphi. Philomelos, obliged to raise an army, pledged his fortune per- bell to pay it, forced the treasurers of the temple of Apollo to lend him sums my considerable and ransomed all the country. Everything went well at first. But after a few months, Philomelos attacked in the valley of Cephisus by forces ten times superiors had to succumb. Invested in his place, of command general of the Phocians, Onymarchos chooses Phayllos, his brother, for lieutenant. More bolder than his predecessor, he made his hand bass on the sacred treasure of Apollo, distribute eyelash; Ugh. Cavaignac, op. eyelashes, p. 342. 3. Diode. Sic. Es IHARAGIE E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. V,p: 64

325 drank to his soldiers the ex-votos in kind, the jewelry and other precious metal objects. The gold and silver ingots were, it is said, coined. Having successful to attract into his party the tyrant of Phères, he went to occupy Thermopylae, captured Orchomenus and of Coronea and threatened the Thebans and their allies, Locrians, Dorians, Thessalians. But Onymarchos had calculated without the intervention tion of the king of Macedonia, Philip, who gea to turn these struggles to his advantage and these disorders. Under the pretext of protecting the Thessalians and to avenge the god of Delphi, Philip invades Thessaly and defeated the army of Phayllos; after various adventures, he ends up crushing Onymarchos himself, who perished in the struggle, in the spring time of 352!. Philip was proclaimed by all Greeks, the savior of the Hellenes, the avenger of Apollo. However, a long time did not pass point before a number of Greeks the most astute realized that they had, all in all, attracted a master to their home foreigner. Phayllos remained at the head of a Phocidian army. The Athenians Stressed and came to occupy the Thermo- pyles. Philippe did not dare to point out everything following the challenge; some time later, in 351, Phayllos was able to die peacefully, leaving command of the army to his nephew PHOCID — THE PHOCIDIANS 326 Phalæcus, son of Onymarchos?. These are the currencies issued by the Pho- cidians during this period of bitter struggles born, which we are going to describe, because immediately after the capture of the temple of Apollo by Philomelos in 357, Delphic currency was replaced by that of the Phocians victorious, with the type of Apollo, whose the protégés said to themselves. The treasures of temple provided the metal intended for manufacturing of this cash. In summary, during this period, strategists phoci- yours were: Philomelos....... 351-354 Onymarchos...... 304-352 Pad ie ne 352-351 A ER CNRS 301-346 There is no gold coin; the mon- silver coins struck under the authority of these strategists bear only the name generic of the Phocidians, DAKEON, the more often abbreviated. But the parts of bronze sometimes have the name of strategists. He has not been reported, until now, with the name of Philomelos, but there are some bronzes, very rare, in the names of two of his successors, the strategists Onymarchos, (354 to 352) and Phalæcos (351 to 346). We don't have one yet found in the name of Phayllos, strategist from 352 to 351. 1. Coins without a strategist name (from 357 to 346 BC). 389. — Laureate head of Delphian Apollo to the right, long hair on the neck. Be. b—Q. Lyre with seven strings. Laurel wreath around the edge. ZR 20; drachma, 4 gr. 77, hole (B) P1. VOC, fig. 11. LE, Curtis, His. Greek, t. V, p. 69. 8. On Onymarchos (or Onomachos) and Phayllos, at Delphi, see the Bull. of corresp. hellén:, t; XX, 1896, p. 235; t. XXI, 1897, p. 488.

sf | PHOCIDS — THE PHOCIDIANS 328 390. — Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck. B. b—Q. Four-stringed lyre. Laurel wreath around the edge. ÆR 20; drachma, 4 gr. 76 (B) PI. VOC, fig. 12°. 391. — Bull's head from the front. And. DO. Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on neck; der- behind, a lyre. Concave field. ÆR 15; tetrob. att., 2 gr. 80; 2 gr. 78 (P) PL VOC, fig. 18 and 14; — others (L) *. 392. — Variety: behind the head of Apollo, a laurel branch. R 16; tetrob. att., 2 gr. 60 (P) PL. CCV, fig. 15; — others (L)”. 393. — Bull's head from the front. B. Without leg. Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on neck; behind, a lyre. Concave field. Æ{1; Eginet. obole, 0 gr. 90 (P) PI. CCV, fig. 16. 394. — DOKEON. Three bull heads, facing, the horns decorated with strips, and arranged like a three-pointed star. BR. Olive wreath in the center of which is the letter T (— rpiyshxov). Æ 21; trichalcum, 8 gr. 68 (P) PL VOC, fig. 17; — other, 10 gr. 04 (L) *. | | 395. — Bust of Pallas, almost full face, slightly inclined to the left, with headdress | of a helmet with triple egret and having a collar at the neck. | BR. D, in an olive wreath. | Æ13; (L) PL CCV, fig. 18°. 396. — Variety of style. Æ15; (P) PL CCV, fig. 19. 397. — Varieties; on the reverse, , Qb or DO in the olive wreath (L) 398. — Bull's head from the front, the horns decorated with bands. BL. , in an olive wreath. Æ16; (P) PL VOC, fig. 20. 1. A. Lobbecke, Zeit. für Num.,t. XV, p.&let pl. II, 21; Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell.,t. XX, 18963 DEMDLEET p. 14. 2. Center Greece, p. 21, n°5 78 to 86, pl. III, 18, 19. 5. Central Greece, p. 20, no. 66, pl. LEE, 17. 3. Central Greece, n°5 87 to 90, pl. III, 20. 6. Svoronos, loc. cit.; Central Greece, p. 20, 4. Brit. Mus, Central Greece, p. 22, nos. 91 to 93, Nos. 15 and 16.

329 PHOCID —— THE PHOCIDIANS 330 399. — Same description, with DQ in the laurel wreath. Æ14; (P) PL VOC, fig. 21 (the module sometimes goes up to 16,164 CIS 400. — Bull's head from the front. A. The letter occupying the entire field. Æ 23; (Ath.) PL COCV, fig. 22. 2. Onymarchos, strategist. (from 354 to 352 BC). 401.— Bull's head facing, the horns decorated with bands. R. ONYIMAPIXOY, in a laurel wreath. At 16; (L) PL COV, fig. 238? 3. Phalæcos, strategist. (from 351 to 346 BC). 402. — Bull's head from the front, the horns decorated with bands. BR. AD | AAI | KOY, in a laurel wreath. Æ16; (P) PL CCV, fig. 24; — other (L)*. We have seen above the historical circumstances rings in which the nu- Phocidian mother that we have just de- cry (nos. 389 to 402). Diodorus' story is interesting to compare currencies #. “The first of the elected strategists by the Phocians, says Diodorus, Philomelos, abstain kept touching the sacred offerings; the second, Onymarchos ÿ, had converted in money part of the treasures of the god, to support the pay of foreign soldiers gers he had enlisted; the third, Phayl- los, brother of Onymarchos, had my 1. Central Greece, p. 22, nos. 94 to 102, pl. II, 22let 23. 2. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XX, 1896, p. 14; Brit. Mus. Centr. Greece, p.-23;-n° 103, pl: LIE, 24; Friedlænder, Zeit. für Num., t. I. From 296: 3. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell.,t. XX, 1896, p. 15; Brit. Mus. Centr. Greece, p. 23, no. 104; Friedlæn- born with the hundred bricks of gold, of the weight of two talents each, that Croesus, king of Lydians, had dedicated it to Delphi, and he similarly used 360 vessels of gold, weighing of two mines each, a golden lion, a woman's statue of the same metal, weighing in Lolality, 30 talents. So that in estimating in money, according to the report which exists between the two metals, the value of converted gold in currency, this value amounts to 4000 Lalents of silver, to which, if we add the money offerings spent also created by Croesus, and various der, Zeil. für Num., t. I, p. 296. 4. Diode. Sic., XVI, 56. 5. Diodorus mistakenly gives Philomelos and Onomachos (— Onymarchos) the title of brothers. See E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. V, P. 62, note. On the riches of the Delphic sanctuary, see: E. Ca- vaignac, Hist. of antiq., t. WU, Alhènes, p. 343.

331 other offerings of the same nature were found that the Phocian generals had de- thought more than 6000 talents; and even more of 10,000 if we add the value of several several other golden monuments which were part of the offerings of Croesus: sum huge which, depending on what people report that historians, was not below the value of the wealth removed by Alexan- dre in the treasury of the kings of Persia. Under Phalæcus, we began to search the ground of the temple, someone having assured that we would find a large quantity of gold and silver gent; out of greed, the ground was dug tower of the sacred hearth and tripod..." Diodorus' calculations are surely correct. blis according to the Attic standard; talent attracts that being 26k. 160 gr., ten thousand talents consequently make 261,600 kilos of me- precious metal. Plutarch confirms the testimony of Dio- dore: “The tyrants of Phocis,” he said, having melted several statues of gold and silver which were in the temple, made some the currency they spread throughout the Greece”!. It is strange to note, after the indication cation provided by Diodorus and Plutarch, that we do not have any gold currency of the Phocians, and that the silver coins themselves are rare. Demonetization cannot suffice to explain this phenomenon. nomena, although she obviously con- dedicated to making the number of these species rarer sacrileges remained in circulation. Without insisting on this point, let us limit ourselves to 4. Rather, why the Pythia no longer delivers her orations verse keys, ch. xvi. PHOCID — THE PHOCIDIANS 332 notice that this demonetization is indicated, for silver, by Plutarch himself even: “The Opontians,” he said, “gathered as much as they could of the coined money by the Phocians and they made a silver amphora which they sent to Delphi and which they dedicated to Apollo. The size system of silver coinage Phocian people during the Sacred War is not neither the eginetic standard, nor the atti- that. He provides us with a new drachma of the normal weight of approximately 4 gr. 80, a t- Attic trobole of 2 gr. 85, and an equal mite netic (0 gr. 90 to 1 gr.). The tetrobole attracts only 2 gr. 85 roughly corresponded to the Corinthian drachma (2 gr. 90) and we knows that the Corinthians were the allies of the Phocians. Among the bronze pieces, we will notice the rofyxxoy (n° 394) with the in- dice of its value, T; it weighs 8 to 10 grams. approximately, that is to say approximately the weight of the Attic didrachm. The coinage of the Phocians ceased altogether done as a result of the state of ruin and mid- era in which the Sacred War had plunged their country. Phalæcus was obliged to go to dis- creation to Philip of Macedonia, and this one posing as avenger of the Hellenic race outraged in the god of Delphi, demanded above all the reinstallation from the old autonomous administration of the temple which was restored and purified. In 346, the war ended, Philip con- invoked the council of the Amphictyons delphi- ques, from which the Phocians were excluded, the “ Lacedaemonians and Corinthians. The mon- birth of the Amphictyons replaced that of the Phocidians (hereinafter no. 415 et seq.).

333 PHOCIDE — DELPHES 334 Group C. — Coins of the Phocians in 339-338 BC. AD Realizing too late that they had to unite to oppose the ambitious designs heroes of Philip, the Athenians and the Théâtres baths got along to reconstitute the Phocian Confederation, in 339. By re- knowledge, the Phocians fought in the ranks of the allies at Chaeronea in the following year's election, in 338. This attitude alienated the king of Macedonia victorious. Also after 338, we do not hear no more talk about the Phocian League until only after Alexander. It is therefore in 339-338, before the day of Chaeronea, what were struck the following bronzes: 403. — Bull's head facing, the horns decorated with bands. Bt. PAKEQN. Laureate head of Apollo, right, long hair on the neck. Æ16; (P) PL VOC, fig. 25. 404. — Head of Hera on the left, surmounted by the calathos, hair on the neck. ;) &. Bull's head, facing, the horns decorated with bands. Crown of laurel around the edge. Æ14; (P) PL CCV, fig. 26. After the death of Alexander in 323, the xouvcv of the Phocians once again became powerful enough to nsend a contingent to the Athenian general eosthenes who, at the instigation of Demos- hene, undertook to shake off the macerated yoke onian. Later, around 316, Phocis fell to Cassandra's elders. Under the domination Herodotus {vur, 35 el seq.) relates with Following the invasion of Phocis by the Persians sde Xerxes, in 480. The Asians arrived 1: Other, Brit. Mus. Central Greece, pl. II, 25. 2: L. Muller, Num. of Alexander the Great, No. 750. 3. J. Svoronos, Nouisuatiun Tôv Aehoüv, in the Macedonian, the Phocians hit Alexandrian tetradrachms which have a bull head from the front, like different mo- nelar ?; they emit at the same time, to the local circulation of vulgar bronzes of a mediocre style, to the legend DQ- KEQN, with the bull's head types face and head of Apollo. $III. — Delphi:. For coins from the Archaic period, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 987 to 4002 and pl. XLII, fig. 16 to 28. went with the intention of plundering the treasures from the temple of Delphi. The Delphians are re- fled in terror in the parades of the Par- Bull. corr. hell.,t. XX, 1896, p. 5 et seq., pl. XXIV to XXX.

339 net. But when the Persians show up there was an earthquake and strange digges inspired them with fear superstilious: they retired with nothing steal. The sanctuary remained inviolate, with all its riches, so that afterwards the battle of Plataea, in 479, the offerings and the ex-votos flocked to Delphi more numerous and more sumptuous than ever: the famous bronze charioteer of Polyzalos who places himself at this time, is in our amazed eyes the palpable proof, next numerous historical testimonies. This opulence must, as at Olympia, provoke lusts; also, the Phoci- some thought of asserting their old claim to extend their internal protectorate ressed on the Delphic sanctuary. Having concluded in 454 a treaty of alliance with the Athenians, they believed themselves strong enough to try to undermine the autonomy of cerdotale of Delphi. They revived hatreds nes and a struggle whose origins went back to the most ancient era. Amphictyonia or general association of the twelve peoples of northern Greece, Boeotians, Thes- Salians, Phocians and others, held, time immemorial, its assemblies two once a year, first in spring, in the village of Anthela, at Thermopylae, near a old sanctuary of Demeter; then, at the falls, in Delphi itself, at sanctuary of Apollo Pythian?. Anthéla or Anthélé ('Aw%An) was a small tit village perched on a rock in the parade of Thermopylae and dominating the course of the Aso- pos. There was the sanctuary of a 1. Th. Homolle, Monuments Piot, t. IV, p.161, pl. XV and XV 2. P. Foucart, vo Amphiction (or Amphiclyon) in the Dict. Antig. gr. and Romans. 1897, PHOCIDAS — DELPHI 336 divinity called Demeter Pylæa (Tukata), the Demeter of doors, or heated Doors (@souorihat). After the Amphiclyons got into the habit of meeting in this sanctuary was also called the goddess, Demeter Amphictyonic; next door of this temple, we saw, moreover, a small chapel dedicated to the hero Amphictyon *. Originally, the Delphians were not admitted to these meetings otherwise that as an integral part of the people Phocidian. But fame, every day growing, of the Delphic sanctum, its riches, the influx of pilgrims, the importance of the priestly college and administrators nistrators of the temple and its property, the population grouped around the sanctuary become more considerable all these causes that the Delphians obtained early to be part of the amphibious tyonia in an autonomous and independent manner pendant of the Phocian confederation. The Pythian games celebrated at Delphi in the honor of Apollo were the second of four great Panhellenic games, pre- nant rank after the Olympic games and before the Nemean and Isthmian games. It is on the occasion of the celebration of Pythian games, every four years, that the Amphictyons made the mon- born to the legend AAAIKON, more or less abbreviated? This autonomous coinage continues naked after the defeats of Xerxes in 480- 419, without change other than that of style. Only, in the period following immediately 479, we only hit anepigraph aeginetic trihemioboles (hereinafter after, n° 405 et seq.). 4. Herodotus, VII, 200. 2. Description hisl., t. 1, p. 994.

337 PHOCIDAS — DELPHI 338 Group A. — From 479 to 460 (anepigraph coins). 405. — Ram's head to the right; below, a dolphin on the right. B. Goat's head facing, between two dolphins with their heads up. Hollow square. ÆR 12; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 45 (L) PL VOC, fig. 27: — other ex., of Bor. 46 to 1 gr. 37. 406. — Variety, with the dolphins heads down. 2R 12; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 38 (PPPISCCV, fr. 242 407. — Variety, with the ram's head on the left, the dolphins with their heads in high. (M) P1. CCV, fig. 29:. 408. — Variety, with the ram's head on the left, the dolphins upside down, 1 gr. 20 (P) PL CCV, fig. 30:. Group B. — From 460 to 448 BC. AD While the pieces of the preceding group- ent are anepigraphs, the trihemioboles who will follow, struck in abundance, to the same types, in the middle of the 5th century, are named after the Delphians, abbreviated 5. 409. — Ram's head on the left: below, a dolphin on the left. B. AAA. Goat's head facing, between two dolphins, head down. Hollow square. ZR 12; trihemiobolus, 1 gr. 10; 1 gr. 11 (B) PL CCV, fig. 81 and 32: — ütres, 1 gr. 35 to 1 gr. 15°. 410. — Head of a negro (Delphos), right. B. Three Ts arranged in a star shape. Hollow square. ZR 9; trilartemorion egin. reduced, 0 gr. 52 (B) PL CCV, fig. 33 and 347. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Central Greece, p. 25, nos. 11 to »pl. IV, 10; Svoronos, Bull. corr. RELLPETEXX, 96, p. 25, nos. 22 and pl. XX VI, 1 to 6. 2. Gift of M. P. Perdrizet, in 1900; Svoronos, 25, no. 24, pl. XXVI, 8 to 13. 3. Svoronos, p. 25, no. 23, pl. XXVI, 7. 4. Svoronos, p, 26, n° 25, pl. XXVI, 44. 5. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XX, 1896, p. 26. 6. Svoronos, p. 26, no. 26, pl. XXVI, 15 to 20. Svo- our reports a part with DAA, instead of Volume IV, AAA: I haven't seen any copies with this in- interesting paleographic particularity which relates would bring these trihemioboles closer to the tridrachm and very divisions described in our Descr. RSC p- 994, nos 1392, 1393, 1402 and 1408 (with the letter D or Q). 1. Svoronos, p. 21, no. 27, pl. XXVI, 21. See below, under our no. 413, a tritartemorion of less old style.

339 PHOCIDAS — DELPHI 340 Group C. — From 421 to 371 BC. 1. From 448 to 421 the monetary workshop of Del- phes was closed. At the beginning of this period, Athens was at the height of its power and the Phocians were the allies and pro- authorities of Athens, while the authorities of Delphic sanctuary claimed Lacedaemonians. The Phocians took advantage of the support of the Athenians to achieve their secular dream and incorporate into their state Delphi and its sacred territory. In vain the Lacedaemonians wanted to intervene. In 448 an Athenian expedition under the orders of Pericles handed Delphi into the hands Phocians? From now on, this was there currency Phocidian exclusively who was struck and waxed in the city of Apol- lon. This state of affairs lasted 27 years. At the Peace of Nicias between Athens and Sparta in 421, the autonomy of Delphi was again calf solemnly recognized and proclaimed mee %. The treaty affirms free access to national shrine of pilgrims coming from all parts of the Greek world; Delphi is proclaimed free and inviolable. From from that moment, the sanctuary remained without disputes with the Delphians, until the War sacred from the middle of the 15th century. His workshop was reopened and hit the following series: 411. — Ram's head on the left; below, a dolphin on the left. B. AAA. Goat's head facing, between two dolphins, head down; in the field, left, a tripod. Æ12; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 51 (L) P1. CCV, fig. 85; — other, 1 gr. 50*. 412. — Variety, without The tripod in the reverse field. ZR 12; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 32 (Luynes) PL. VOC, fig. 86; — others, 1st 404 lpgr 17". 413. — Head of a negro (Delphos), right. B. Three Ts arranged in a star shape. Hollow square. ZR 9; tritartemorion egin. reduced, 0 gr. 71(B); — others, 0 gr. 64; 0 gr. 58°. The three Ts on the previous piece (n° 413) and on more stylish pieces old, no. 410, indicate {kings larlémorions 1. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XX, 1896, p. 27. 2. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. W, p. 444; Lambro- poulos, Zeit. für Num., t. XIX, p. 219. 3. Thucyd., V, 18. 4. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 26, no. 19, pl. IV, 11: Svoro- (3/4 of an obol). The effective weight has been weakened intentionally for grant it with that of the Attic obol (0 gr. 72). In nos, loc. eyelashes, p. 28, no. 29, pl. XXVI, 25. 5. Svoronos, p. 27, no. 28; pl. XXVI, 22 to 24. 6. Svoronos, p. 28, no. 30, pl. XXVI, 26 to 28; Wroth, Num. Chron., 1888, p. 1. |

341 other cities, such as Mantinea, Argos, Palé (Cephallenia), the tritartemorion has for TTT brand (three T); in Alhenes, he has As a consequence of the victory of Epa- minondas at Leuctra in 371, and the pre- dominance of Thebes not only over the Boeotia but also on the Peloponnese, the Phocis and neighboring countries, a congress met at Delphi in 369 to revise the treaty of Antalcidas and fix again the political situation of Greek cities. Already, in the treaty negotiated by Antalci- das, immunities and the sacred character of Delphi and its territory had been re- ected and proclaimed? The Synod of Delphi, n 369, recognized again these privileges t this autonomy, specifying that all recs, from whatever country they came, gr. 19 to 1 gr. 08*. The change from AAA to AEA had to be produced shortly before the War acre which begins in 357, with the capture of mple of Apollo by the Phocians, as well as we told above. In con- sequence of this event the coinage e Delphi is replaced by that of the lho- 1. See this Treatise, Theory and Doctrine, 1, p. 434; cf. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1888, p. 1. 2, U. Kohler, Aéhen. Miltheilungen, t. 1, p. 17. PHOCIDAS — DELPHI 342 for three crescent type, because the crescent is the mark of the quarter of an obole or tartemorion!. Group D. — From 371 to 357 BC. AD were to have free access to Delphi without pay to the Phocian State no duty of passage- wise. Delphi thus confirms its in- political dependence and its freedom ment of any servitude vis-à-vis the Phoci- say. It is as a result of this new guarantee and the privileges of Delphi, recognized in 371 and 369, that it is necessary to place the series of fairly widespread delphic trihemioboles (n° 414) which have, on the right, the head of a ram and the dolphin, and on the reverse, the goat's head between two dolphins and the legend AEA, the place of AAA, now without trace of hollow square. 414. — Ram's head on the left; below, a dolphin on the left. B.AEA. Goat's head from the front, between two dolphins with their heads up: from Each side of the goat's mouth, an ivy leaf. _4R 12; trihemiobolus, 1 gr. 20 (Z, P) PI. VOC, fig. 87 and 38: — others, victorious cidians, who take as their type the head of Apollo accompanied by the legend OQ (above, nos. 389 et seq.). It was only after the peace which followed the Sacred War, in 346, and the ruin of the Pho- cidians, that the Delphic coinage could make its reappearance (no. 415 et seq.). 3. Brit, Mus. Centr. Greece, p. 26, nos. 20 and 41; pl. 1V, 12; Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XX, p.98, n.31, pl. XXVI, 29 to 31.

343 PHOCIDAS — DELPHI 344 Group E. — From 346 to 338 BC. AD 415. — Head of Demeter Anthelian, veiled and crowned with ears of corn, left. BL. AMDIKTIONQN: Apollo seated on the Delphic omphalos, left; he is laureate and has long hair wrapped around his neck; he is dressed in a chiton talar tightened at the waist by a belt; in his left hand he holds a long laurel branch leaning against his shoulder; he rests his chin on the reverse with his right hand, the elbow resting on his lyre which is placed in front him on the ground; the omphalos is wrapped in fishnet (&yonvér); before the god, the tripod topped with cortine. ÆR 26; stat., egin., 11 gr. 92 and 12 gr. 35 (P) PI CCVI, fig. 1and 2; — others, 12 gr. 13(L); 11 gr. 99(B); 12 gr. 29 (Jameson); other (Pozzi) P1 CCVI, fig. 8:. 416. — Variety; knotted strips hang on each side of the trestle foot, on the reverse. ÆR 26; stat. egin., 12 gr. 26. PL. COVI, fig. 4°. In 1899, we found in the town of Myonia, at the foot of Parnassus, several copies varied of these remarkable tetradrachms; four of them entered the Cabinet 417. — Same description. of the Athens Medals and were published by Mr. Svoronos *. The maximum weight of these aeginetic staters rise to 12 gr. 35. Æ20; hemistatere or egin. drachma, (P) PL. COVI, fig. 5; — other ex.,. 5 gr. 40 (deteriorated) ‘. 418. — Same veiled head of Demeter Anthelian, on the left. Bt. AMDIKTIONON. The Delphic 'omphalos' around which a snake raising its head, gaping mouth, to the right. ÆR 14; triobole egin. 2 gr. 82 (B) PL CCVI, fig. 6. 1. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XX, 1896, p. 29, pl. XXVI, 32, 33, 34; Catal. Jameson, No. 1150. 2. Svoronos, Journ. int. of arch. num., t. II, p. 2, pl. IA, fig. 4, p. 297. 9. Journal int. of arch.num., A899/t.1l"p297ret pl. IA, fig. 1 to 4. The currencies all give name, of the Amphictyons the form AMIKTIONQN. The texts literary and epigraphic carry ; ; 'Auœuxtüoves and 'Auwrutloves, indifferently. 4. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t. XX, 1896, p. 30; no. 33, pl. XXVI, 36; cf. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn: greek., p. 149, no. 80. 5. Prokesch-Osten, Rev. numism., N.S. t. V, 1860, p. 270, et pl. XII, 8 (gives the wrong weight of 0 gr. 53); Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., t, XX, 1596 p. 30, no. 34, pl. XXVI, 37.

345 PHOCIDAS — DELPHI 346 419. — Galloping horse, right. &. Large phial with central umbilicus, Æ14; (B) PL COVI, fig. 7!. We saw above how the do- mination of the Phocians at Delphi and in what a state of ruin the country was in when that they were obliged to surrender discreetly tion to Philip of Macedonia, international avenger loved by the god of Delphi. The meeting of council of Amphictyons convened and pre- saddened by Philippe, following these events ments, took place in 346, first at Thermo- pyles, in the old sanctuary of Demeter, to Anthela, then to Delphi itself, for the restoration of the Pythian games, solemn celebration nal of expiation to which the Greeks from all parts of the Hellenistic world. As for the Phocians, not only did they were excluded from the Council of Amphictyons, but it was decreed that they could no longer possess neither weapons nor niches before having restored the sums stolen from Apollo; declared sacrilege, everyone had the right to pursue them wherever they had fled gies; what remained of their cities was razed and their rural agglomerations limited to 50 houses. Furthermore, they were condemned to pay to the god, each year, a tribute of 60 talents up to 10,000 La- slow which were in the treasury before its di- stoning? The currencies that carry the name of Amphictyons were struck following the August Council meeting 346, chaired by Philip of Macedonia, and the restoration of the Pythian games. Mr. Emile 1. Svoronos, Bull. corr. hell., 1. XV, 1896, p. 30, n° 35 et pl. XXVII, 1. 2. Diode. Sic., XVI, 60; cf. Peter Paris, Elalted, p. 12-13; Bourguet, Administration finance of Bourguet, in his study so precise and so detailed financial administration Delphic sanctuary, found that in the epigraphic texts of the accounts of treasurers of the temple of Apollo, the currency amphictyonic is mentioned for the first time only in 339, which would thus be the date of the first broadcast of this currency *. We are inclined to assume sea actually that we should not have beaten currency from 346 because there was no more money in the temple coffers. It was only, according to Mr. Bourguet, after the first income from the terrible fine inflicted on the Phocians, that we would have been in able to hit new species. But, on the other hand, it is hardly possible to admit that the Pythian games of 346 were celebrated without a monetary broadcast intended to pay the costs and to commemorate the memory. It was the custom universal and constant. Let us add that the as- amphictyonic appearance is so directly referred to in the types of these currencies that it it is unlikely that these have were struck only seven years after its dissolution lution. Finally, as we will say all at the time, it was surely in 338 that it ceased this coinage, so that it would have lasted only a few months, which is too much a short time, given the importance that takes in the accounts delphic this new cash (xavdv doyptov, dpybptov auorkrvovtæév). We design very well at the con- Delphic Sancluary, p. 31; Ugh. Cavalgnac, His. of antiquity, t. 11, Afhenes, p. 400. . 3. Em. Bourguet, The financial administration of Pythian sanctuary, p. 18-19.

347 milk that these accounts do not mention a new species of currency that a few years after it was put into circulation lation. It is therefore surely from 346 that begins the issuance of this cash. It is natural that we consecrated to the god Apollo the new types of currencies minted with the money that was forced sacrilegious violators of his sanctuary return it to him. Apollo sits on the stone egg-shaped which is surrounded by a re- bucket of mesh called &yorvéy!. The god is dressed in a loose chiton, which makes him different company of the naked Apollo, seated on the omphalos, which appears, later, on the coins of the kings of Syria, Cyzicus, Calchedon, Chersonesos in Crete, and elsewhere. The fine imposed on the Phocians by the council of the Amphiclyons served not only- ment to the minting of amphictyonic coinage, but we also reserved part of it to pay the costs of a colossal statue of Apollo in bronze, which was decreed as early as the year 346, and dedicated in the temple of the god as an expiatory statue; this is the picture of this statue that we see seated, at reverse of the amphictyonic coin. We do not know the author of this statue which was destroyed before the time of Pausanias; but we cite various monuments who appear to be inspired by it? 1. Middleton, Journal of Hellenic Sludies, vol. IX, 1888, p. 295 et seq.; E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, Introd., p. xLiIv. 2. Statue found in Alexandria; another statue co- lossale from the Naples Museum (Clarac, Mus. de sculpt., 926(c); painted vase; bas-relief of the Apotheosis of Ho- mother, etc. Lenormant and J. de Witte, Élile des monn. ceramogr., t. I, pl. 65; Müller, Denkmäler der alt. Kunst, t. II, pl. XIV, 149; B. Head, Catal. Centr. Greece, Introd., p. xxxiv; Allan Wace, in the Archéol School Directory. English from Athens, 1902-1903, PHOCIDAS — DELPHI 348 The text, unfortunately mutilated, of the sentence of the Amphictyons against the Pho- cidians in 346, was found during the excavations at Delphi. We see that the Phocians paid the first deposit of their fine from the fall of 346; they paid every six months. They had to almost 167 years to be completely free of 10,000 talents: it was absolute ruin of Phocis, including Demosthenes made a pitiful picture! However, Mr. Bourguet noted that from the archonship of Damocharès, in 338-337, there is a very noticeable attenuation of the heavy burden imposed on the Phoci- say; their fine is reduced annually- ment to 10 talents. However, this attenuation coincides with an agreement which was reached this time, between Athens and Thebes for restore the Phocian League and rebuild some of its cities. The study of epigraphic receipts made it possible Mr. Bourguet to formulate the conclusions following: “The Phocians were held to be even with the god, after 10 payments of 30 talents and 12 installments of 10. They had brought 420 talents in all, on the- what 300 in five years? The Phocians must have been entirely released under the archonship of Eribas, in 327- 326, that is to say at the time when Alexander the Great conquered Asia. Philip of Macedonia, master of Delphi like all of central Greece, did not leave not, after his victory at Chaeronea in 338, monetary rights to the Amphictyons del- phics. From this date, the workshop Delphi is closed. 1. E. Bourguet, op. eyelashes, p. 31. 2. E, Bourguet, op. eyelashes, p. #1.

349 PHOCIDE — LILÆA, NEON 350 $ V.— Lilæa!. The city of Lilæa (Alu) was located the source of Cephisus, a day away Delphi of which she was separate by the Parnassus range. It is already mentioned- born by Homer?. In historical times, she seems to have escaped the soldiers of Xerxes, but later, around 348, at the end of the Sacred War, it was destroyed. Rebuilt 420. — Bull's head from the front. later, she is no longer mentioned in the wars of Alexander's successors ©. The very rare coins it includes began to broadcast before the middle of the 5th century key, are the types of currencies of the Con- Phocidian federation, with this difference ence that the letters AI replace the letters DO. BR. AI. Head of nymph to right, hair encircled with a band; at neck, a necklace. Hollow square; archaic style. 2K 15; triobole egin., 2 gr. 88 (B) PL CCVI, fig. 9:. 421. — AI. Bull's head from the front. BR. Protome of wild boar on the right, one leg advanced. Hollow square. 2R 10; Eginet. obole, 0 gr. 97; PL CCVI, fig. 10:. In the second century BC, Lilæa will still strike bronzes with the ini- tiales AI and the name of the Phocians in ge- Nere: HAOKEON. SVI. — Neon. The town of Néwy was located on the course of Céphise, downstream of Lilæa, to the northeast from Mount Tithorea. Destroyed by the army of Xerxes, she rose from her ruins after 1. B. Head, Hist. num., p. 343; Neville Langton Num. Chron., 1903, p. 200-201. 2. Hom., Iliad, 11, 453 and 595. 3. Strabo, IX, 2, 19; Pausanias, X, 23. 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. gr, p. 150, no. 81; other ex., published by Borrell, Num. Chron., t. VI (1844), P. 124; cf. Num. Chrono., 1903, p. 200 (b) (head the departure of the Persians *. We do not know of Neon than the next obole which is to the types Phocidians and is placed around approximately 470. of Apollo? instead of nymph's head}. 5. Neville Langton, Num. Chron., 1903, p. 200 and IAE : 6. Prokesch Osten, Num. Zeit., t. II, 1870, p. 268; B. Head, Hist. num., p. 343. 7. Herod., VII, 33; cf. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 150.

351 PHOCIDE — THE DELPHIC ACCOUNTS 352 422, — O—D (retrograde, Poxxév). Bull's head from the front. RÆ. BORN. Protome of wild boar on the right, paw advanced. Hollow square. Æ10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 90 (B) PI. COVI, fig. 11:. It is in the vicinity of Néon that the Phocian general Philomelos was defeated and died in 354 BC. AD? Neon was destroyed the end of the Sacred War; the city of Titho- rea (today Velitza), replaced her, but she never minted coins. $VI. — The Delphic accounts. The epigraphic texts brought to light by the Delphi excavations contain the accounts of treasurers and builders or naopes; those of the council of Amphic- tyons; rental contracts, fines judicial, pious foundations, sub- scriptions made for the benefit of the temple of Apol- lon, etc. These documents, extremely pre- heavens under the economic report, have permit, in particular, to Mr. Emile Bour- watch to write the financial history of Sanc- Pythian tuuary since 364 {archontate of Es- chylos) until 306 (archonate of Megacles), that is to say for a period in which the currencies described in the pre- feels volume. From a numismatic point of view tick, we notice that the pilgrims who flocked to Delphi from the most distant countries gnates, brought there currencies of all kinds, in gold and silver: dariques of gold, golden philippes, golden staters of Lampsaque and Abydos, electrum staters of Cyzicus, hectes of Phocaea, silver staters of Aegina and Boeotia, tetradrachms of Athens, etc. Whatever the origin, the weight, the metal and the value of this panbellé numeraire nique, the calculations are always established in silver, that is to say, gold and electrum are reduced to their equivalent in money, next the course and according to the report of value of monetary metals between them. That being said, we see in these accounts in money the application of three systems: the Atlantic system (äoySptov àrruxév), The system- teme called old (rahaloy 4oy5pwv), finally the new system where amphictyonic (xat- vOY 4oYptov WHERE dytxTUOVIXdY Goyptov). It might not be quite super- It is necessary to recall here that the essential divisions The elements of the Attic system are as follows: Talent — 60 mines — 6,000 drachmae........... 26 k. 160 gr. Mine (1/60+ of the talent) — 1090 drachmas............. 436 gr. Tetradrachm Eh. At CPE you SPORE 17 gr. 46 Drachma water, if) 4 gr. 36 Obol 1/9. of the drachma..."....: 0 gr. 72 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 150, no. 82. 2. Pausanias, X, 2, 4. 3. Pausanias, X, 32, 8 et seq.

03 In the crates from the temple treasury ‘Apollo at Delphi we were to find on- out, in fact of apysptov array, of tetra- Athenian rachmes with the owl which, worn u no, old or new, were always I am of good quality and whose reputation under this contribution was universal. The currencies of the two Systems called old and new are, one and the other others, cut according to the eginetic standard, as we noted above. However, the two Systems should not S get confused with each other. The care particular that the texts make specific proud that such an account is in ralatoy &pySptov such another account in épormrvovixéy where xxt- &pySptov, attests to us a priori that we were was between the currencies of the two groups e difference in value, What consisted of What's the difference? We must, to re- answer this question clearly, enter ns some development € makalov &oybotov, — its name indicates it, consisted of the currencies that, during first centuries of the use of the mon- e, the pilgrims brought to the sanctuary phique. They were country coins more diverse, Peloponnese, Boeotia, Pho- e, which were calibrated in the SYS- e eginetics; but there were mainly eras of Aegina to the type of the turtle, that is so-called phidonian staters, with a weight Z floating and often defective X, struck in such great abundance and widely spread, before being driven out of international by the owls henes. We know that the ancient Aegina nais or phidonian staters nt of 12 gr. 75 to 12 gr. and that they ent, in fact, a course not alone- Volume IV, PHOCID — THE DELPHIC ACCOUNTS 304 ly local but international. In the en- seems like one of those old Phidonian staters, if abundant, we find — contrary to this which occurs for owls, — a quite large quantity of bad parts aloi; hence, the difficulties that caused, at the long, merchants to accept the turtles, the signs of distrust of the banks quiers and trapezites in their place. A because of this also, these staters have been Often countermarked by bankers who, thereby, wanted to guarantee the good law of certain copies? This currency Phidoenian must have flocked to Delphi, in the temple coffers, along with a number of other more or less crude pieces, because the Greeks were not at fault, — we have some Many proofs, — of sliding into the trunk of their most venerated sanctuaries, worn parts and scrap items. We understands that the temple treasurers of Apollo who had to account for their management and to indicate the true value of their cash, have set aside and made a special account of all these old coins, composed mostly staters maligned phidonians%. Such is the rx\xtoy &o- YSo10v. According to Delphic accounts, the änorx- Tuovtxdv &oyéotoy and the xxivèy äpySpuov were the same thing. Indeed, it was clean- the currency of Delphi, issued from all time under the authority of the Amphictyons. We have proof of this from the staters Aeginetics minted in 346 with the legend 1. Description hist.,t. I, p. 645. 2. Description hist., t. I, p. 661. 3. See in particular the decree of the Amphictyons of the year 380-379, in which fines are reduced fied in aiyivatos sratpes. C, I. Att., t.II, 1st part., No. 545. 23

355 PHOCIDE — THE AMŒIKTIONON (above, n° 415 et seq.). But it is important to emphasize this point, that from the origin of the coinage of Delphi and until the outbreak of the Holy War in 357, the currency of the Delphic sanctuary was issued under the authority of the Amphictyons. There is no difference in weight or of agreement between the currencies of pre-Delphi laughingly at 357 and those who are struck from 346 to 338. The didrachm is of the same eginetic weight of approximately 12 gr. 24; the most common part and the most widespread due is, in both series, a trihemi- obol of 1 gr. 53. THERE WAS NOTHING changed into Delphic currency during its reappearance in 346. American currency phictyonic includes thus all the Talent (60 mines). Mine (35 staters or 70 drachmas) Stater (didrachm). Drachma ss. We see, from this painting, that the look of 436 gr. is, in reality, the Attic mine intro- collection, for accounts, in the system eginetic and used to count the mon- nests trimmed in both systems. These are the basics of applied computing in the Delphic accounts. This would not be the place to apply it. request the verification of the very numerous let us inscribe which contain these complexes. Let's limit ourselves only to a few 1. The Attic mine had 100 drachmas: ‘H pv& G'elyev h 'ATrixh Opaypiès ÉXATOV (Pollux, IX, 59). The other Greek mines also have 100 drachmas; the commercial mine eginetics itself matters 100 drachmas. There is an exception only for the monelar eginetic mine, relating to the mine attic : this discovery is due to Mr. Th. Reinach. 2. On this question, see: Th. Reinach, Bull. DELPHIC COUNTIES th = + 0 th +» se » pe ee sea ts les » 1e sie eur ne ere is es 356 coins of Delphi since the origins; among them, the group which begins in 346, was particularly designated in accounts under the name of “new currency” velle” (xaivèv oyiotov), which is easily understood sement since the oldest accounts where this expression is found are: 339. To facilitate accounts and establish: necessary concordance between money and tick and eginetic silver which coexisted in the temple coffers, we imagined a mine of 35 staters (instead of 50) and of 70 drachmas (instead of 100), because 33 stallères eginelic corresponded by weight to an Attic mine. We therefore had the following theoretical system: dde 26k. 166 gr. RASE 436 gr. 10 Mr PARU 12 gr. 46 Sd ste lés nus + 2.” and E. Bourguet established E monetary mine divided into 35 staters OK 10 Aeginetic drachmas?. First here is an account in rahaloy ot : it is from the year 340 BC. AD The architect Euphorbos, which is paid at the rate of 25 tons per day, receives for 3 years (— 1080 days of work) the sum of 2160 staters. total is thus formulated : 1 talent, 60 st teres, hence a talent — 2100 staters, er) 5 of corr. hell., t. XX, 1896, p. 251 and 385; t. XXVI 1904, p. 18; Rev. of Greek Studies, 1898, p. 48 Collection of Registrations Greek legal authorities, 2nd serk p. 194; History through coins, p. 103; Emi Bourguet, Bull. corr. hell., t. XXIV, 1900, p. 8) (re XX VI, 1902 %p- 15; The administration of the sai Pythian luary, p. 17 et seq.; Bruno Keil, RAM nisches Museum, t. XXXVII, 1902, p. 511.

357 as there are always 60 mines per talent, dividing by 60, we have a mine — 35 sta- ters. Other example. In the accounts of the archonship of Dion (in 336-335) we read: “Provided to buyers for purchases of cypress: 150 aurei from Philippe, at the rate of 1 staters (silver) one. Total, in æxhxtov &pyôot0v, 30 mins”. The 150 gold staters of Philippe equivalent, according to this born, at 1050 staters of ancient silver, or 30 mines; hence it follows that the mine del- phique is 1050:30, or 35 staters'. The golden philippe weighs 8 gr. 60; therefore- what are the 150 philippes spoken of? we give an overall gold weight of 1. [kings] vaonlorJois eis The o[v]socfs] é[xarov melvrixov[ra], ë é[xas]tov &y é[nr]à D alrolo) " DOGGIE éyévero els dpyuplou rahatoÿ PA6]yov uv[a]t oueovta. E. Bourguet, in Bull. of corresp. hell,, t. XX, 1896, p. 210, and t. XXIV, guimreious PHOCIDE — THE DELPHIC ACCOUNTS 358 1290 grams. The 7 silver staters old weigh together (12 gr. 46 X 7) 87 gr. 22 and 150 gold philippes equivalent at a silver weight of 13 k. 083 gr., hence results in a ratio of gold to silver as L at 10.14. We know that this report was 13 1/3 in the Achaeme Persian Empire nides and 14 in Athens in the time of Phi- dias and until the Peloponnesian War? The change in the ratio of the two metals in the middle of the 15th century, in Eu-Greece rope, must be attributed mainly to the discovery of the gold mines of Epi-Thrace and the abundant diffusion of gold staters of Philip of Macedonia, during the exploitation intensive exploitation of these mines. 1900, p. 136; Pauly-Wissowa, Real Encycl., CO R2698 Th naies, p. 53. 2. Th. Reinach, The story by the pp. 46 and 49. you LINE Reinach, History through the mon- coins,

CHAPTER V LOCRIDE $ 1. — General overview. The Locrians (Aoxoot) were a very ancient people of Greece, who said they came from the Lèges. But from the time of the poems Homerics they are considered as Hel- lenes. A the era history, we the found divided into two large branches ethnic, different in morals, costume, of culture : these are the Eastern Locrians who lived north of Phocis and Boeotia, along the coast facing the northern part of Euboea, and the Locrians Ozoles also called Locrians Hes- Perians or the West, installed near the Phocian cities of Crisa and Anticyra, on the northern coast of the Gulf of Co- rinthe. These are obviously invasions, perhaps that of the Phocians, who, at one prehistoric era, thus separated the two branches of the Locrian race and the rejected, one to the north and the other to the south. It is undoubtedly also on occasion of this surge of peoples that a branch of the breed was forced to leave Greece and to emigrate to Italy, where he founded the city of Locri on the Bruttium coast. The Lo- Cree of Italy are known in history under the name of 'Epizephyrians (Aoxpot 'Eotte- ospuot), that is to say Locrians of the dark sun singing. The Eastern Locrians (’Hoïo:, Locris E’oea),* installed on the coast which extends from the passage of Thermopylae to the mouth | chure of Boeotian Cephisus, were subdivided into two tribes: 1° that of the north, the Epi- | cnemidians (Asxoo! Ertxvnu!dto1:) also called Hypocnemidia (Anxooï ‘Yroxvmuidiot), to because of their position on the mountain and at the foot from Mount Cnemis. Their cities were Scar- phe, Thronion, Cnemides, Daphnis, Alope: only two of them, Scarphé and Thronion, had a monetary workshop; 20 Southern Locrid or Opontian Locrid, whose capital was Opous or Oponte. As for the Locrians Ozoles ("O{5a), see sins of the Delphians and the Aetolians, Thu= Cydides mentions them as a tribe of

361 half-barbarians !. Their capital Amphissa, some distance from the sea, in the valley of Hylaethos, was destroyed by Philip of Macedonia after Chaeronea, in 338 BC. AD But, rebuilt later, it had a workshop in the 11th century BCE, as well as the au- ur town of Ozoles, Oeantheia, located on the western coast of Crisa Bay. During the 5th and 15th centuries, the alone cities of the Locrians who remained in Greece, who had a workshop are, among the Eastern Locrians : Oponte, Scarphe and Thronion. The towns of Ozoles do not have LOCRIDE — OPONTE 362 coins than in the second century B.C. era. Oponte, the great city of the Locrians of the East, minted currency according to circumstances political stances, sometimes in his name, ONON- TIQN, sometimes as the federal capital of Eastern Locrians, with the legend AOKPON. The coins are always cut according to the eginetic standard; but while the statere weighs the weight normal of approximately 12 gr. 40 to 12 gr., the drachma does not exceed not the weight of 5 gr. 80 and the triobole or hemidrachm, the weight of 2 gr. 76 to 2 gr. 60. $II. — Oponte. Opous (’Oxoës) or Oponte (ethn. ’Oxév- Tt06, 'Onoûvruos) was the capital of the district of the Eastern Locrians, who from his name was called Locride Opontlienne. The city, if- killed at the bottom of the Opontian Gulf, passed for having been founded by Opous, son of Locros and Protogeneia. Deucalion and Pyrrha rested in his vicinity. Opous is the homeland of Patroclus and the cata- Homeric dialogue mentions it in the kingdom of Ajax, son of Oileus? The Opontians fought alongside Leonidas at Thermopylae and their fleet helped the Athenians at the battle of Cape Ar- temision, before Salamis. Oponte was, at 5th century, the capital of all the Locrians of the East and its geographical position brought it soon to take sides with the Thebans in their struggles against the Athenians, when the Boeotians rose, to oppose ser to the hegemony of Athens, the army which had OEnophyta beaten in 456?. It's on the oc- case of this war that the currencies following Opontians were struck. Group To. — Around 458-456 BC. AD 423. — Amphora. BL. The letter O (’Orévstwy) in one of the compartments of a hollow square of Aegean shape. Æ11; trihemiobol egin., 1 gr. 59 (P) PL. CCVI, fig. 11. 2 Thucyd., I, 5; III, 94. 2. Iliad, XVII, 326; IL, 531. 3, Oponte was part of the Belgian Confederation dates back to the 1st century BC. Mr. Holleaux, Bull. corr. hell., t. XVI, 1892, p. 466; t. XIX, 1895, p. 341. See above, p. 213,

363 LOCRIDE — OPONTE 364 424. — Same description. ZR10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 86; 0 gr. 85(B)*. 425. — Half-amphora. A. The letter À (AoxpGv) in the center; large gravel. ZR 8; hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 40 (L) FT These Oponte coins must have been minted swords before the battle of OEnophyta in 456, on the occasion of the military preparations made by the Opontians, the Corinthians and the Thebans to help the Aeginetans. We we have already pointed out the hollow squares egi- Nean and Corinthian on the Boeo-coins yours emitted in the same conjunctions tures *. After their victory of OEnophyta, the Athenians took as hostages a hundred of the richest citizens of Oponte *. The triumph of the Athenians, by ruining the spirits perances of the Opontians and Thebans, gives us the reason for the fall of the world Opontian swimming after this battle. The letter lambda in archaic form, on CCVI, fig. 12 ?. hemiobolus, n° 425, is the initial of the name Locrians; she makes this little room minted in Oponte, a federal currency. He It is therefore appropriate to bring it closer of an inscription reported by Strabo on the funerary monument erected at Thermo- pyles after the heroic defense of Léoni- das: this inscription gives precisely Opposes the title of “metropolis of values” rous Locrians. » The particular form of lambda, on this hemiobolus, A, is identical tic to the same letter in a decree relating tive to the establishment of Locriens Hypocné- Midians at Naupactus, before 455, and also in a treaty of around 440, concluded between the cities of Oeanthée and Chaleion, among the Locrians Ozoles’. Group B. — From 387 to 338 av. AD The peace of Antalcidas in 387 gave the au- tonomy in Oponte as in all the other Greek cities, and we had many times the opportunity to see that this political independence included the right, for cities, to issue mon- autonomous nests. From there, from this date, the coins which bear the name of Opontians. 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Chron., 1895, p. 270, ne 3. On the obole Mr. Imhoof suggests seeing in the letter O both the initial of the word 669À6ç and the name of Oxoûs. It's rather the name of Oxoüx, since the same letter figure at reverse of trihemiobolus. 2. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 1, no. 1, pl. I, 1. 3. See above, p. 219, 221 and 282. At least, there would be no reason to place the oldest of the magnificent staters which we are going to describe, only at the continuation of the diet which was held at Delphi in 369 to reset the autonomy of the Greek cities, as a result of the vic- tory of Epaminondas at Leuctra in 371. | While the head of Persephone, on the right w of these staters, is the copy of the beautiful head 4. Thucyd., I, 108; cf. E. Curtius, Hisf. greek.,m t. IL, p. 436. 5. Strabo, IX, 4. 6. Kirchhoff, Séudien zur Alphabet, 3rd edition, p. 136; Vischer, Rheinisches Museum, Neue Folges t XXV, p. 97. 1. Hicks, Manual hist. gr. Register, No. 31; see: B. Head, Catal. Central Greece, Introd., p. xx.

365 LOCRIDE — OPONTE 366 of this goddess engraved by Évainèle for internal shield of Ajax fighter, the coins of Syracuse, the lype of Ajax type of reverse common to all these fighter, on the reverse of these same coins, parts. This variable emblem is: a ser- is borrowed from Syracuse coins pent (nos. 426 and 427); a lion (no. 498 and signed by Eumenos, which rank before 429); a griffin (nos. 430 and 431). the year 413. In Syracuse, this prototype bears the In each of these three classes that name of the hero Leucaspis!. also characterize differences in style, These Oponte currencies form three there are quite a few varieties representing chronological groups which differ felt by adjoining symbols. cient according to the emblem which adorns the part 1st Series: Coiled snake. 426. — Head of Persephone on the left (sometimes on the right), crowned of wheat leaves, the hair raised around the head and on the nape of the neck; she has earrings and a necklace (copy of the Syracuse tetradrachm signed by Évainète). +. OMONTIQN: Ajax the Locrian, son of Oilea, naked, beardless, advancing to the combat, right; he is helmeted, armed with the lowered right hand of the sword short, and holding his shield in his left arm; the inside of the shield is decorated with a coiled snake, head raised. In the field, between the legs or at the hero's feet, a variable symbol. ZR 23; eginetic stater. Varieties: In the reverse field, on the left, a crown, 12 gr. 41 (P) P1. CCVI, fig. 13; — other, with the crown on the right (L}?. — At the feet or between the legs of the hero: Round shield, 12 gr. 18 (P) PI. CCVI, fig. 14; other ex. (L)°. — Canthare, 11 gr. 65(L)#. — Helmet without crest, 11 gr. 92 (L) 5. — Helmet with high crest and Javelin, 12 gr. 28 (P) PL. CCVI, fig. 145; — other ex., 12 gr. 33(L)$. — Two arrows, 12 gr. 20 (L) 7. — Spearhead, 11 gr. 75 (2) P1. CCVI, fig. 16. — Ivy leaf and two arrows, 12 gr. 22 (P) P1. CCVI, fig. 17. 427. — Head of Persephone, as above, right. Bt. OPTION. Same type of Ajax, with the serpent adorning the inside of the shield. At the feet or between the legs of the hero, a variable symbol. 1. B. Head, His{. numer., p. 1175. 5. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 3, no. 20. 2. Bril. Mus. Cat. Central Greece, p. 2, no. 13. 6. 1d.; p. 3, no. 18, pl. 1.6. SVG OP ONE Tr] PRE 1. ., p. 2, no. 14; fold 5: 4. Id., p. 2, no. 8, pl. I, 4.

367 LOCRIDE — OPONTE 368 ZR 18; reduced aeginetic triobole. Varieties: At the feet or between the legs of the hero: Snake erect on the right, 2 gr. 75 (P) PI, COVI, fig. 18. — Canthare, 2 gr. 15 (P) PL. CCVI, fig. 19. — Helmet with high crest, 2 gr. 60 (P); — other, with Persephone's head on the right (L) *. 2% Series: Leaping Lion. 428. — Same head of Persephone, left. BL. OPTION. Same type of Ajax fighting on the right, but inside from the shield, a leaping lion. Between the hero's legs, a symbol variable. ZÆR 23; eginelic stater. Varieties : Between the hero's legs: Macedonian helmet and javelin, 12 gr. 40 (?) PI. CCVI, fig. 20; — other ex., 11 gr. 70 (L) ?. 429. — Head of Persephone, as above, to the right or left. Bi. OTONTION. Same type of Ajax, with the lion adorning the inside of the shield. At the feet or between the legs of the hero, a variable symbol. ÆR 18; triobole egin. reduced. Varieties: At the feet or between the legs of the hero: Helmet crest, 2 gr. 65 (P) PI1. CCVI, fig. 21, other (L)°. — Arrow (L) ‘. The helmet already appeared as a symbol on what does the style tell us, namely that the the last pieces of the snake series, lion series follows, directly, at the so much so that this particularity confirms this snake series. 3rd Series: Leaping Griffon. 430. — Same head of Persephone, right. BL. OPTION. Same type of Ajax fighting on the right; but inside from the shield, a griffin leaping to the right. At the hero's feet, a symbol variable. ZR 24; aeginetic slater. 41. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 3, no. 19. that in its entirety, the corresponding drachma does not have 2 Id pe n022 SAID symbol as the crest. 8. Brit. Mus. Cat. Central Greece, p. 3, no. 24, 4. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 3, No. 26 (the head pl. 1.8. While the stater has the symbol cas- of Persephone on the left). # F1

369 LOCRIDE — OPONTE 370 Varieties: At the feet of the hero: Javelin, 12 gr. 25 (?) PL CCVI, fig. 22; — other e.g. (L): 431. — Same head of Persephone, left. A, Same precedent. ZR 23; eginelic stater. Varieties: At the feet of the hero: Spearhead and laurel branch, 12 gr. 33 (Luynes) 1. CCVI, fig. 23; — other (L)?. — The letter A and a javelin, 11 gr. 31 (P); 11 gr. 62 L). — Arrow and javelin, 12 gr. 03 (?) PI. CCVII, fig. 1. — Two arrows and cluster of aisin, 19 gr. 33 (Luynes) PI, CCVII, fig. 2. —_ Two arrows, 11 gr. 68 (L) 5. — The name IAZ and a javelin, 12 gr. (P). PI. CCVII, fig. 3; — other ex, (23 #, 432. — Head of Persephone Be. OMONTION. Ajax le Loc left and seen from behind; he edusa and pierced P ZR20; Dr. egin., , on the left, as above. nothing naked, helmeted, lance at rest, fighting at 4 on the left arm a shield decorated with a head of ar an arrow whose iron v 5 gr. 70 (B) PL. CCVII, fig. 4: 433, — Same head of Persephone, right. Bz. OMONTION. Ajax fighter ne inside his shield. At ZR 16; triobole egin. reduced. Varieties: At the hero's feet: Javelin, 2 gr. 70 (P} PI CCVII, fig. 5. — The letter À Javelin, 2 gr. 47 (P);. remained committed. > —— other ex, b gr. 87°. ; to the right, as above; a griffin x feet of the hero, a variable symbol. 434. — Same description, but Persephone's head on the left, without bole inside the shield of Ajax; at the hero's feet, a javelin. ZÆR 16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 81 (P) PL COVII fig. 6. 435. — OMON. Amphora. Bz. OA (axü). between the eight rays of a star. 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 95 He 36. — OMON. Amphora, with two ivy leaves or two clusters of in which emerge from the mouth and are spread out on each side of the coves. . Star with sixteen rays arranged around a central umbilicus. r. M., Central Greece, p. 4, no. 98 and m0. 5. Calal. Photiadès Pasha (1890), n° 344, pl. II. OC. Cil., p. 4, no. 3, pl'140; 6. Imhoof-Blumer, Zeif. für Num.,t. VII, p. 14, C. Cil., p. 4, no. 27 (describes a broken javelin). ne 3, D:179; L OC. eyelashes, p. 4, no. 33, pl. I, 11. 7. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Chron., 1895, p. 210, no. 4. Volume IV,

371 Æ12; tritemorion egin., 0 gr. 80 to 0 gr. 65 (P) LOCRIDE — OPONTE 372 PI. CCVIL, fig. 7 and 8 (varieties in caption layout):. 43615. — Variety clusters hang from the handles. Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 85 (Jameson) : the amphora is surrounded by a crown of grapes and two PI. CCVII, fig. 9*. 437. — Head of Pallas, wearing the Corinthian helmet, right. BL. OPTION. Bunch of grapes. Æ 17 (L: PI. CCVII, fig. 10:. The ordinary type of Oponte coins is Ajax, son of Oileus, nicknamed the little one, king of the Locrians at the time of the war of Troy, which should not be confused with Ajax, son of Telamon, king of Salamis, the more fiery of Greeks, the opponent of Hector. Ajax, son of Oileus was, of his side, the most skillful of the Greeks to throw the javelin. When the Greeks entered Ilion, he burst into the sanctuary of Athena, sword in hand, seizes the priestess Cassandra and thus allowed Ulysses and Diomedes to remove the Palla- dium. It is this feat that our medals. To punish the king of the Locrians of her sacrilege, Athena obtained from Posei- gift which he caused to wreck the ship which brought Ajax back to his homeland. Ajax preci- pity on a rock began to utter against the gods his terrible imprecations. Posei- don struck with his trident the rock which rolling carried Ajax into the waves. The national character of this monetary type silence, among the Locrians Opontians is not an obstacle to recognizing a 1. Others, Brit. Mus. Cat. Centr. Greece, p. 1,n°2 at 6 and 35-36, pl. I, 2 and 12. 2. Catal. Jameson, No. 1148. 3. Brit. Mus. Centr. Greece, p. 5, no. or 4. E. Babelon and Blanchet, Catal. Bronzes antiques of the Bible, national, No. 815 (called Achilles or Theseus); see also a bronze from the museum direct copy of a Syracuse type: he= ros Leucaspis. The two heroes are represented< felt, one like the other, in the same altitude and fighter with the same ar meas. In contemporary times, we find this type also imitated at Tegea, where represents the Argonaut Cepheus; in Tricca and at Thebes of Phtiotida, where his name is Protesilaus; in Messana in Sicily, where he is Al hero Pheremon. | This type of fighting warrior is whose to works numerous sculptural among which we will only mention a bronze from the Cabinet of Medals and 4 gladiator Borghese, work of Agasia of Ephesus, at the Louvre Museum *. 1 Persephone's head, to the right same pieces of the Opontians, is identical to that which the engraver Evainète executed on the coins of such popular currencies Syracuse, in the last part of the regfk of Dionysius (405-367 BC). This feeling blance is even pushed to the idenk leaves of the wheat stalk which is stuck} the hair of the goddess; she has the men of Parma, published in Annali dell Inslib Rome, XII, p. 118, tab. H; also, the descriptionM painting by Theon of Samos, in Aelian, Hist. 0 11.44; cf. W. Froehner, Directory of the Soc. fi of Numism., t. LI, p. 13; Baumeister, Den kmäit t. Ill, p. 2015; O. Rayet, Monuments of art tick, t. II, pl. LXIV and LXV.

373 hanging from the ears, the same necklace of pearls. It should not, in the presence of these such striking connections, limit oneself to think that the Opontians simply oru reproduce a monetary type Syra- very fashionable wear. It is appropriate to go read far and remember relationships irects and stars of Dionysius the Elder with are Opontians. Dionysius took a very active part in ive to the deliberations of the congress for the aix, which met at Delphi in 369, and it xerted a preponderant influence on the business of central Greece!. This attitude was the consequence of the policy he followed in the wars which he supported for the conquest of Italy idional where he had the Locrians as allies Pizephyrians. At the Delphi Congress, the Ocrians of Greece found themselves quite naturally her allies and, in return, Dionysius orized the claims of the Opontians to the au- nomie. This is why they placed ur their currencies, as a pledge of alliance and e recognition, the main type of coins of Dionysius, at Syracuse, that is to say After his victory at Chaeronea, Philippe said the Opontians as the Boeotians They had been the allies. Likewise e we saw coins at the le- nde BOIQTON replace the mon- ies which, until then, bore the name of ébains, OHBAIQN, likewise we cons- tones that among the Locrians, we now have 1. UI. Kœbhler, Die griech. Politik Dionysios UL., in Afhen. Miltheilungen d. deutsch. Ch. Insliluts, t. I, 1876, p. 19. + Strabo, IX, 3: éyousi ve mi rfi nuoolx S2pX- LOCRIDE — OPPONED 374 the head of Persephone, the masterpiece of Evainète. We will see further than the year- born 369 BC. BC, is also the date of the catering of Messene, under the influence of Epaminondas, and that the tetradrachms of Messene struck on this occasion, have also for type of right the head of Perse- Syracuse phone. Dionysius had done to Exiled Messenians a special welcome- ment eagerly. The star on the Oponte coins is easy to explain. Strabo says that the Lo- Western Cree or Hesperians (Ozoles) had adopted as their emblem the star of Evening (Eomisios ste), and that they had done it engrave on their public seal?. He is everything natural, by analogy, to believe that the Locrians of the East (’Hoïo:) or Opontians have chosen the star of the ma- tin (ñwos ast/o) which, for them, was an em- speaking blem *. The chronological limit that must be assigned to the previous coinage is the victory of Philip of Macedon at Chero- born at the end of the summer of 338. Group C. — After 338 BC. AD but currencies of the same types as the previous pieces, but which substitute kill in the name of the Opontians that of the xowvèv of the Locrians, AOKPON This coinage fe- deral appears, by its abundance, to have pro- lasted the entire duration of the reign of Alexan- dre. The Locrians are called Locrians there Hypocnemidians (Aoxpüv ‘Yroxmutdiüv), YÔ dv Ésmeoov doxépa Éyueyapayuévoy. 3. E. Curtius, Archaeol. Zeilung, 1855, p. 38; B. Head, Central Greece, Introd., PA XIV:

31 LOCRIDE — OPONTE 376 338. — Head of Persephone on the left, crowned with leaves of wheat, the hair raised around the head and on the back of the neck; she has earrings and a collar (same type as above). BL. AOKPON. Ajax the Locrian, naked, hairless, advancing into battle, right; he is helmeted, his right hand lowered and armed with a short sword and holding his shield on his left arm. Between the hero's legs, the mongr. Ÿ Yrownuô.6y) and a Javelin. ÆR 23; stater egin., 11 gr. 60 (L) P1. COVII, fig. 11*. 239. — Same head of Persephone, right. BL. AOKPON. Same type of Ajax fighting on the right; between the legs of hero, the mongr. Ÿ. Æ 16: triob. egin., 2 gr. 75 (P) PL COVILI, fig. 12; — other, 2 gr. 65 (L)*. 440. — Variety. Between Ajax's legs, the monogr.Y; in front of him, a trophy. ÆR 16; triob. egin., 2 gr. 62(P) PL CCVII, fig. 13; — other, 2 gr. 74 (L)°. 441. — Same head of Persephone, left. BR. AOKPON. Ajax the Locrian, naked, helmeted, his lance at rest, fighting at left and seen from behind: he has on his left arm a shield decorated with a head of Medusa and pierced by the tip of an arrow whose iron remained engaged; between the legs of the hero, the monogr.Ÿ. Æ 21; Dr. egin., 5 gr. 75 (Luynes) PL COVII, fig 14; — other (Jameson).” 442, — AO—KP. Amphora with a bunch of grapes and an ivy leaf which emerge from the mouth and are spread out on each side of the coves. B. Star with sixteen rays arranged around a central globule. Æ12; ob. egin., 0 gr. 85; 0 gr. 70 (P) PL. COVII, fig. 15 and 16; others (L)": 443. — Bunch of grapes. B.AO. Laurel branch with two leaves and a berry. Æ{1; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 82 (P) PL CCVII, fig. 17. ak. — Head of Athena with Athenian helmet, right. 1. Brit. M. Central Greece, p. 5, n°38, pl. II, 1. 3. Br. Mus. Centr. Gr., p. 5, no. 40, pl. IT, 2. 2. Brit. Mus. Hundred. Greece, p. 5, no. 39. 4. Brit. Mus. Hundred. Gr., p. 6, nos. 45 to 49.

371 LOCRIDE — OPONTE 378 B2. Bunch of grapes, with a tendril on the right and a star on the left. ZÆR 10; tritemorion egin., 0 gr. 70 (P) PI. CCVII, fig. 18. 445. — Head of Hermes wearing petasos, left. B. YPOK AOKPOQN. Bunch of grapes. Æ14; (L) PL CCVII, fig. 19°. 446. — ​​Head of Hermes wearing a petase, right. BR. AOKPON. Bunch of grapes. Æ 14 (P) PL CCVII, fig. 20. 447. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. B.A—O. Bunch of grapes on his ce right, a trident. p; on the left, an ivy leaf; to ÆR 11; tritem. egin., 0 gr. 77 (Jameson) PL CCVIL, fig. 21? Ur THE 448. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Be. A—O. Bunch of grapes on its vine; on the left, an ivy leaf. Æ15; (L) PL COVII, fig. 22°, 449. — Variety. On the reverse, in the field on the right, a cnemid (L). 450. — Bare hairless head, right. . HAS; below the monogram, a dolphin. Æ10; (P) PL CCVII, fig. 23. * Group D. — From approximately 316 to 300. After the death of Alexander in 393, at the favor of the quarrels of the Diadochi, while that Athens calls the other cities to revolt, we see the Locrians and the Boeotians also agitate for independence launched until, from 322, the Athe- ïiens and their allies are crushed by \ntipater, in Crannon in Thessaly. The mon- ayage of the Locrians perhaps stopped at this oment. But he resumed shortly after, without 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 6, n° 41, ro) (EN EME 7 2. Catal. Jameson, No. 1145. doubt after Cassandra, in 316, had re- built Thebes. It is from this date, It seems that the coins were minted following which have, on the right, a broken head- quacy of Pallas, copied from that of the staters gold of Alexander the Great. The weight of silver coins (nos. 451 and 452) must without doubt to be calibrated according to the system Attic rather than according to the Egyptian system netic as before. 3. Br. M. Cat. Hundred. Gr., p. 1, no. 54, pl. II, 7,

379 LOCRIDE — OPONTE 380 431. — Head of Pallas, wearing the Corinthian helmet, right. B. AOKPQN. Ajax the Locrian naked, fighting on the right, with short sword, his shield on his arm, as above; his head is bare and his shield is decorated of a Capricorn; in front of him, at his feet, a trident. 2 13: Attic tetrobole, 2 gr. 77 (Luynes) PI. CCVIL, fig. 24; — other ex., 2 gr. 50;2 gr. 63 (L) *. 452. — Same head of Pallas. BR. AOK. Three bunches of grapes arranged in a triangle in the center of a crown formed of vine branches. Æ10; Attic obol, 0 gr. 56 (P) PL. CCVII, fig. 25: — other, 0 gr. 69 (L)’. 433. — Same head of Pallas. B. AOKPON. Bunch of grapes on its vine. Æ14; (P) PL COVII, fig. 26 and 27; — other ex. PRE 434. — Varieties; to the right, above Pallas' head, the initials of names of magistrates: KA (P) PL COVII, fig. 28; other (L};, — AN(L); — AM (?) (L); —EY (L); — AE (P, L); — AAM (L); — FA (L)*. 433. — Varieties, with the names on the reverse: TI (L); — PA (L)°. 436. — Head of Pallas wearing a Corinthian helmet, right. BL. AOKP ETIKNA. Bunch of grapes on its vine. Æ15; (P) PL CCVIL fig. 29; — others (L)”. 437. — Head of Pallas wearing a Corinthian helmet, right. B.A—O. Bunch of grapes; in the field, sometimes an ivy leaf and a cnemid. Æ15,; (L)”. | This coinage mediocre se extend in 197, we will have currencies in the name | probably until the beginning of the 1st century of Oponte, with the legend ONOYNTIQON (and and ceases under Demetrius Poliorcetes. More no more OMONTIQN, as in the later, following the proclamation of the series that we have just described). Greek freedom by the Roman Flamininus A.Brit. Mus. Cat. Central Greece, p. 6, no. 42 to 4. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 8, nos. 61 to 68, pl. II, 8. 44, pl. IT 4. 5. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 8, nos. 69 and 70. 2. Brit, Mus. Cat., p. 7, no. 50, pl. IT, 6. 6. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 8, n°5 711 to 16. 3. Brit. Mus. Cal., p. 1, n°5 57 to 60. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 9, nos. 11 to 80.

381 LOCRIDE — SCARPHE, THRONION 382 $III. — Scarphe. Scarphé (Exéowr) or Scarpheia (Zxipoerx), very ancient city, on the Maliaque Gulf, near Thermopylae, is already in the Homeric catalogs!. In historical times rique his annals are almost completely unknown. She had a monetary workshop around the time of the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC J. C., which tends to prove that the Scarpheians, like the other Locrians, united with the Thebans and to the Athenians to fight against Philip of Macedon. It is for the preparations of this resistance that Scarphé hit the small bronzes following, the types of which are similar to those currencies that Oponte issued in the same circumstances. 458. — Head of Persephone right, hair curled at the nape of her neck. B2. ZKAPDEOQN. Ajax the Locrian, son of Oileus, fighting on the right; he is naked, wearing a Corinthian helmet, armed with sword and shield. Æ17; (P) PI CCVIL, fig. 30: — other ex. LR 459. — Woman's head to the right, hair raised. BR. ZKA.. (rough leg.). Ajax fighting, as above. Æ13; (P) PL COVII, fie. 31. Philip of Macedon victorious at Che- Ronée had Scarphé's workshop closed; he doesn't was to be reopened only after the proclamation freedom of Greek cities by Flamininus, in 197 BC. AD $IV. —Thronion. Thronion (8s6v1ov), the capital of the Locrians Epicnemidians, was an old home town rique, 25 stadia from the sea, opposite the tip of Euboea, and close to a small torrent, the Boagrios%. We don't know anything of its history at the time when the precious 460. — Bearded head of a Centaur thrown back, their foreheads wrinkled. 1. Iliad, IT, 532. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Centr. Gr., p.11, n° 1. obole below was struck, i.e. before the middle of the 5th century. We are informed, however, that later, at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, in 431, Thro- nion was occupied by the Athenians #. or Silenus, on the right, the hair 3. Iliad, II, 533. 4. Thucyd., 11, 26; Diod. Sic., XII, 44.

383 BL. ORONI. Cnemides. Hollow square. LOCRIDE — THRONION 384 Æ10; egin. obol, 1 gr. (L) PL. COVII, fig. 32:. The head, with a realistic physiognomy, which forms the right of this mite must be that of some local hero, for example the Boa- grios personified, or that of Silenus or a Centaur. As for the cnemid on the reverse, she alludes to Mount Cnémis, at the foot of which Thronion was built and which gave its name to the Locrians Epicnemidians or Hypocnemidia. We have no other mon- birth of Thronion in the 5th century. This little city was only to reopen its workshop around the middle of the eighth century to strike bronzes to the legend OPONIEON. 1. Brit. Mus. Catal. Central Greece, p. 12, no. 1, pl. II, 14.

CHAPTER VI CORINTH $ I. — General overview. For coins before around 480, see our Description hist., t. I, p. 783 to 811 et pl. XXX VI. We know that, from the origin of the world waterworks of Corinth, the Corinthian stater of 8gr. 72 is nothing other than a didra- Euboico-Attic Chemo. The monetary system Corinthian therefore has the same basis as the Attic system. Only these two systems differ essentially in the fashion of their divisions. While than to Athens, the drachma is naturally the half of the didrachm, in Corinth, at the con- milk, the drachma is a third of the didrachma Corinthian Attica Aeginelic (medium) Stater (didrachma)....... of 12 8.72 — 12.57 EU dramas. 2.90 4. 36 — 6.28 Hemidrachm............ EL 2. 18 — 3. 14 From had to 0.96 1..45 — 2.09 Trihemiobolus............. 0.72 L09 — 1:54 40 CPE POP PINRRNEE 0.48 0 — 1.04 HOMO DOI 72,220. 0.24 0.36 — 0:52 Tartemorion............ 0. 12 0. 18 — 0.26 Volume IV. or stater. This new mode of divisions, which seems to have been borrowed from Asia- minor by the Corinthians, had the advantage floor of allow to their species of exchange more easily on the market, both with Athenian currency and with Aeginetic currency, the system eginetic being universally widespread in the Peloponnese. The following table will allow you to grasp at first glance interchangeable divisions without fractions. 1st Age

387 We see from this table; 1° that the Corinthian stater is an Attic didrachm; 20 that the Corinthian hemidrachm (1 gr. 45) could be exchanged on the market with the Attic diobolus; 3° that trihemiobolus Corinthian (0 gr. 72) was equal to the obolus attic; 4° that three corin hemidrachms thiennes were equivalent to a drachma atti- that. We can also admit that, in the small daily transactions, the obolus Corinthian (0 gr. 48) could pass for an aeginetic hemiobolus (0 gr. 52), and even, the Corinthian hemidrachm {1 gr. 45) for an aeginetic trihemiobolus (1 gr.57), the weights of the currency of Aegina being, in fact, much less precise than those of the currency of Athens and Corinth. In the 15th century, the drachma was assimilated co- Rinthienne (2 gr. 90) to the Egyptian hemidrachm netic reduced to less than 3 grams. These weight meetings formed the link between the systems, facilitated daily transactions and operations exchange rate. If, on the east and south side, Corinth could not spread its monetary system, because of the competition that made him Attic and Eginetic systems, it is de- caused extensive damage on the west side, thanks to the activity of its port, Léchæon, from where his Pegasi rushed, to re- spread all along the Gulf of Corinth, on the coasts of Acarnania, Epirus, Illyria, Corcyra and even in certain cities of Magna Graecia and Sicily. As Mr. Barclay pointed out Head!, few Greek monetary series offer as many classification difficulties 1. Brit, Mus. Calal. Corinth., Introd., p. XVII. CORINTH 388 chronological than those of Corinth and Corinthian colonies, because the types of Pegasus and the head of Athena Cha- linitis! on the staters, extend there during for centuries, without other changes only style modifications. Alone, accessory symbols, initials or names of magistrates can serve as a basis in the classification of these so widespread rwlot?. Those from Corinth, the metropolis, says to himself tinge of those of its colonies by the presence of @ (koppa), primitive initial of name of Corinth, which persists indefinitely, like the letters A@E on coins from Athens. The symbols in the field do not include only begin to appear at the end of the 5th century, when the activity of the workshop of Corinth becomes particularly pro- ductive. Despite the uniformity of their types, the coins of Corinth can be distributed shooting in different chronological groups. 1° Coins from the primitive period, from the time of Periander, until 480 (described in our vol. I, p. 783 et seq.). 2° The currencies that their style places between 480 and 431, that is to say since the great Persian wars until the beginning of the Peloponnesian War. 3° Currencies which fall between 431 and 400 approximately, that is to say during the entire duration of the Peloponnesian War. 4° The currencies which are placed between the 15th century debate and the victory of Phi- Lippe of Macedonia at Chaeronea, in 338. 1. On the name of this goddess, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 810. 2, Cf. this Treaty. Theory and doctrine, t. I, p. 509.

389 5° Coins struck from 338 to the end of the 15th century, that is to say under Alexander the CORINTH 390 Great and at the time of the first quarrels of the Diadochi. $II. — Second Period. From 480 to 431 BC. AD 1. During Xerxes' invasion of Greece, in 480, Corinth had helped Athens, but not without let it pierce its malicious jealousy. The day after the defeats of Persians, the Corinthians, like the Spartans tiates and the Aeginetans, demonstrated loudly ment their despite the development of Athenian power. Their irritation was taken to its peak when in 459, the Athenians had managed to do enter Megara in their alliance, that is to say, in done, to install their fleet in the waters Corinthians. Corinth, Aegina, Epidaurus roleplayed and declared war on thenes; after various adventures, they were defeated by the Athenian admiral Myro- idea? ; then, in 456, the Athenian fleet ou the orders of Tolmides, going around u Peloponnese, appeared in the Gulf of orinth; two years later, in 454, Peri- lès in person, at the head of a new otte, incorporated all the towns of the The of Achaea to the Attico-Delian League. The Corinthians felt from then on and us in addition, the need to group around them their former colonies to form er a beam that was capable of resisting the absorption of Athens. Alone, the Corcys- + See the currencies of the first period, cr. hist., t. 1, p. 183 et seq. * E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. I, p.431; Cavaignac, lt. of Antiq., t. 11, Athens, p. 65. reans, jealous of their independence, refused are to enter into politics whose goal was to re-establish Corinthian hegemony thienne on the coasts of the Lonian Sea. In the meantime, the city of Epidamne, colony of Corcyra, having wanted to shake the yoke of its metropolis, the Corinthians bear held the rebels; this was the last inci- tooth which ignited the war between Corcyra and Corinth: it broke out in 434; the Corcyreans were supported by the Athenian fleet, which prevented them from being beaten at Sybota, on the coast of Epirus, in 432. Furious at the Athenian intervention, the Corinthians gave their support for revolt of Potidaea against Athens in this same year, and they undertook to tighten rer, by all sacrifices and all means the League of Peloponnesian Cities under the hegemony of Sparta, to oppose it to the Attico-Délian League. These were thus the Corinthians who, in 431, provoked the explosion of the long and terrible war which bears in history the name of war of the Peloponnese and which ends with the fall of Athens? This is the general framework political events in the midst of which were minted the following coins. 3. Thucydides, I, 68 et seq.; cf. E, Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. TT, p. 20 et seq.; Ugh. Cavaignac, His. of Antiq., t. IT, Athens, D'121e

391 CORINTH 392 461. — Unbridled Pegasus, leaping to the left, wings curled up, legs folded. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis, right, wearing the Corinthian helmet, the eye from the front, the hair collected at the nape of the neck and tied at the ends; at the neck, a necklace. Hollow square limited by a line. Æ18; Corinthian stater, 8 gr. 54 (P) P1. CCVIII, fig. 1. 462. — Pegasus bridled, leaping to the right, wings curled up, the two front legs brought forward and folded; below, the ?. BR. Head of Athena Chalinitis, right, wearing the Corinthian helmet, the eye from the front, the hair collected at the nape of the neck and tied at the ends; at the neck, a necklace. Hollow square limited by a line. ÆR 18; stat. cor., 8 gr. 42 (P)P1. COVIIL, fig. 2, — 8 gr. 57; 8 gr. 55 (L)’. 463. — Even Pegasus leaping to the left; below, the 9. Bt. Same head of Athena Chalinitis on the right. Hollow square with line around the edge. Æ 20: stat. cor., 8gr. 51 (P) PL. COVIIL, fig. 3; — variety, without line around the hollow square, 8 gr. 57 (L) *. 464. — Even Pegasus leaping to the right; below, the ®. B£. Same head of Athena Chalinilis on the right. Square cr. with very faint line. Æ 19;stat. cor., 8 gr. 75 (Luynes) PL. COVIII, fig. 4. 465. — Even Pegasus leaping to the left; below, the ©. B£. Behind Athena's head, the letter X {no line limiting the square hollow), 8 gr. 60 (L) PI CCVIIL, fig. 5*. 466. — Even Pegasus leaping to the right; below, the ©. BL. Same head of Athena (without earrings); behind, the 9. Square er. ÆR 20; stat. cor., 8 gr. 57 (P) PL CCVIIL, fig. 6; — other, 8 gr. 59 (L) *.. 467. — Pegasus galloping to the right or left, legs folded (without letter). BL. Same head of Athena Chalinitis, right (without letter). 1: Brick. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 6, no. 51, pl. IF, 2. 3. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 6, no. 61, pl. II, 4. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 6, no. 59, pl. II, 3. 4. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 1, no. 75, pl. II, 7.

393 CORINTH 394 _ ÆR 90; stat. cor., 8 gr. 63 (P) PL COVIII, fig. 71. 468. Varieties, with the 9 on the right. » ÆR 19; stat. horn. 8 gr. 70 and 8 gr. 60 (P) PL COVIIT, fig. 8 and 9. 469. — Even Pegasus; below, the 9. B. Same head of Athena on the left; behind, © and crescent. Hollow square. ZR 20: stats. cor., 8 gr. 44 (Luynes) PL. CCVIIL, fig. 10. 470. — Pegasus right, legs extended; below, the 9. Bt. Head of Athena left, with pendant earrings, hair cut short on the nape of the neck. Hollow square. ZR 21; stat. cor., 8 gr. 45 (P) PL. CCVIIL, fig. 11. 471. — Pegasus right, legs folded; below, the 9. B. Head of Athena, right, hair cut short {without pendants ears). Hollow square. ÆR 20; stat. cor., 8 gr. 50 (P) PI. CCVIIL, fig. 12. 472. — Bridled Pegasus leaping to the right, wings curled up: below, 9. B. Head of Aphrodite right, hair indicated by rows of dots, some forming a band around the forehead, the others surrounding the head; on the nape, the hair is pulled back into a ponytail. Hollow square. ZR 22; Corinthian stater, 8 gr. 53 (Jameson) PL CCVIIL, fig. 13 ?. 473. — Bridled Pegasus leaping to the left or right, legs folded; below, the ?. B. Head of Aphrodite right, with necklace, elongated eye, hair elenus by a headband and rolled up in a loop on the neck. Hollow square. ÆR 14; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 88 to 2 gr. 72 (P, L) P1. CCVIIL fig. 14,15, 16:. 474. — Variety: Pegasus on the right and the head of Aphrodite on the left. Æ14; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 88 to 2 gr. 75 (P, L) P1. CCVIIL, fig. 17:. 475. — Even Pegasus turned to the right or to the left; below, the 9. 1. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 1, no. 64, Di LL 0: Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 8, no. 79, pl. IT, 8. 2. Catal. Jameson, No. 1205. 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 8, no. 82, pl. IL, 9. 3. See our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 806, No. 4176;

395 396 B. Head of Athena Chalinitis (as on the stater), turned to the right or to left. Hollow square. Æ14; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 85 to 2 gr. 71 (P, L) P1. COVIII, fig. 18, 19:. 416. — Protome of Pegasus bridled, leaping to the right or left, wings curled up, legs bent; below, the 9. BL. Head of Aphrodite right, as above. Hollow square. ÆR 12; triobole cor., 1 gr. 39 to 1 gr. 34 (P, L) PL COVIII, fig. 20, 21 *. CORINTH 471. — Same protome of Pegasus, on the right; below, the ®. Bt Head of Athena Chalinitis, right or left, hair collected on the neck and tied at the end. Hollow square limited by a line. Æ12; triobole cor., 1 gr. 44; 1 gr. 34 (P, L) PL COCVIII, fig. 22, 23'- 418. — Head of a horse (Pegasus) bridled, to the right or left; in front of 9. Be. A capital A occupying the entire field of the hollow square. ZR10; diobole cor., 0 gr. 90 to 0 gr. 84 (P, L) PI. COVIII, fig. 24, 25,26 #79. — Restrained Pegasus leaping to the left, legs thrown forward, wings curled up; below, the 9; above, a trident. BL. TPIH. Gorgon head facing, sticking out its tongue. Hollow square. ÆR 12; trihemiobolus cor., 0 gr. 72 to O0 gr. 60 (P, L) PL CCVIII, fig. 27, 88. 480. — Head of a horse (Pegasus) bridled, left; below, ®?. A. The letter H in a hollow square. Æ6; hemiobolus cor., 0 gr. 23 (L)P1. CCVIII, fig. 29*. We see from the preceding pieces that of Athena Chalinilis, as the staters, drachmas (nos. 473 to 475) and hemi- drachmas or trioboles (nos. 476 and 477) have for type of backhand sometimes the head 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 8, nos. 87 to 90, pl. IT, 10 and 11; our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 807, no. 1178. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 9, nos. 91 to 94, pl. II, 12. 3. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 9, n°5 95 and 96, pl. IT, 43, cf. our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 807, nos. 1119. . 4. Brith!Mus. Cat., p.9, nos. 97 to 104, pl. Yew, 44.15. 5. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth., p. 10, nes 105 to 111, pl. II, 16 and 17. It was Mr. Imhoof-Blumer who proposed but more often, the head of Aphrodite whose the famous temple dominated the Acro-Corin- the ?. posed to interpret the legend TPIH by tpinuo- 66hrov. Num. Chron., 1813, p. 1; Monn. Greek, p.159; cf. our Treaty. Theory and Doctrine, t. 1, p. 426. 6. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 10, no. 112, pl. II, 18. The letter H is the initial of the word futo66ktov. See, B. Head, Catal. Corinth, Introd., p. xxr. 1. See our Descr. hist. t. T, p. 810,

397 —_ Gorgon's head on the trihemiobolus (n°479) is naturally explained in Corinth, “since it is the blood of the Gorgon that Following the ruin of Aegina by the “Athenians in 431, the currency of Corinth spread throughout the Peloponnese; the foals replaced turtles in this part of the Greek world. Thus, during the Peloponnesian War, the products of workshop of Corinth concluded the ma- I play part of the cash which was used to pay My League Armies Lacedaemonian Who operated in the Gulf of Corinth and On the coasts of the Ilonian Sea. The first Corcyra and the quarrels between the Ambra- ciotes and the Acarnanians, that the Athenians did not fail to take advantage!. A following the Peace of Nicias, concluded in April 421, which laid the foundations of an al- iance of fifty years between Athens and Sparta, a Separatist league was formed between 181. — Restrained Pegasus leaping forward ambles; below. the BR. Helmeted head of Athena Chalinitis, auch and knotted at the end; behind, a t y + Ugh. Cavaignac, Hisé, of! 126 et seq. * E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. III, p. 268 et seq. : Vaignac, Hist, de l'Antig., t. I, Athens, p. 133. 3: Xenophon, Hellen., II, 2, 19; cf. Curtius, op. ‘Anliq.,t. II, Athens, CORINTH 398 was born Pegasus, after Perseus gave him severed the head. S [II — Third Period. From 431 to 400 BC. AD Corinth, Argos, the Arcadians and the Eleans, to which the cities of the Halkidiki? But this group did not have only an ephemeral duration; from the year 420, a quarrel broke out between Argos, supported by Athens, and Epidaurus which leaned on Sparta and Corinth. The second Corinthians departed the Lacedaemonians when the war lit up again against the Athenians in the spring time of 413. During the capture of Athens, in 404, the Corinthians fierce in their vengeance, demanded the destruction entire city, proposing to convert Its location in pasture *. The coins of Corinth issued during during the duration of the Peloponnesian War, show us the monetary art reaching Its peak; the physiognomy of Athena Cha- linilis takes on a remarkable expression of grace, nobility and serene gravity #. right, wings curled up, + on the right, hair collected on 1 ride. Hollow square. re “R 21; slat. cor., 8 gr. 59 (L)P1. CCVIII, fig. 305. GE UT Di St. 4. On the chronology of the coins of Corinth, from 450 to 390, see C. Oman, in the naked Corolla mismalica by B. Head (1906), p. 208 to 216 and DIF EXTS 5. Brit, Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 11, no. 119 PIN TI"19;

399 CORINTH 400 482. — Same right. B. Helmeted head of Athena Chalinitis on the right, abundant hair and untied at the nape of the neck; behind, a trident. Hollow square. ZR 20: stats. cor., 8 gr. 28 (P) PL. COVIIL, fig. 31. 483. — Same right. B. Head of Athena left, hair curled on the nape of the neck, behind, a trident; hollow square. ÆR 20: stat. cor., 8 gr. 39 (L) PL. CCVIILI, fig. 32:. a84, — Even right. BL. Head of Athena left, braided hair. ZR 20: stats. cor., 8 gr. 46 (P) PI. COVIII, fig. 38. 283. — Right of the same corner. &. Head of Athena left, with helmet equipped with a neck cover, hair loose at the nape of the neck. ZR 20: stats. cor., 8 gr. 39 (L) PL. CCVIIL, fig. 34°. 486. — Pegasus flying to the left, wings curled up; below, ?. B. Head of Athena left, hair loose on neck; in the field, the letter = and a shell (rwrer). ÆR 22: stat. cor., 8 gr. 40 (L)*. 487. — Pegasus galloping right, wings curled, legs advances; below, the ?. B. Head of Aphrodite left, hair raised and held back by a headband. Hollow square. ÆR 18; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 83 (L)P1. CCIX, fig. : QLS 488. — Pegasus galloping right, pointed wings; below, the ®?. BL. Head of Aphrodite right, hair raised and held in place by a headband Æ 14: cor. drachma, 2 gr. 63 (L) PL. CCIX, fig. 2”. 489. — Bridled Pegasus leaping to the left; below, the ©; above, one! pod on its stem. Grenelis. BL. A-I-O. Pegasus from the front taking flight, wings curled up. Square 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 11, no. 144, pl. IT, 20. See Imhoof-Blumer, Die Münzen Akarnanier 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 1, no. 115, pl. I, 21. p.118, ne 6* and Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. xxv. 3. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 45, no. 383, pl. VI, 1. The 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 11, no. 417, pl. IT, 2i same piece in Leucas, with AEY in place of ©. 5. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 11, no. 118, pl. I, 24.1

401 - below, a globule; in front of 9. …. In the 5th century, until towards the end of the - Peloponnesian War, Athens had been “the great provider of cash for “the international trade of the Greeks. But The fall of Athens in 404 had the effect “to remove from the capital of Attica its pre- monetary weighting; Corinth took advantage and, from this time we see kson workshop bear witness to an extraordinary Hecondity; the popular Koo/vbroe orurñoes ou the name of robot, foals, spread slow everywhere?. - The extreme abundance of emissions from the Corinthian coinage in this period is also explained by the development com - dercial that Corinth took and by the role w she had to perform in po- itics. The day after the capture of Athe- es, disunity had arisen in the ranks victorious allies. The Corinthians complain while the sacrifices they had made ntis during the war had only negligently taken advantage of, protested against with an abusive preponderance of Sparta and 4} 1: Other Brits. Mus. Catal. Corinth, p. 12, nos. 119 121 et pl. II, 25 and 26. 2. B. Head, Catal. Corinth., Introd., p. xxrr. 3, Curtius, Hisé. Greekq.;t. IV, p. 252; E. Cavaignac, 4 Volume IV. CORINTH 402 ZÆR 11; diob. cor., 0 gr. 89 (Luynes); 0 gr. 91 (P) PI CCIX, fig. 3 and 4:. 490. — Pegasus walking to the right, wings curled up; . Pegasus left, on a high bottom below, the 9. e, raising one front leg; Æ12; diob. cor., 0 gr. 82 (Luynes) PL CCIX, fig. 5. SIV. — Fourth Period. From 400 to 338 BC. AD linked to the Thebans. The so-called war of Co- Rinthe broke out in 395. On various occasions, because of its strategic position, it possesses sion of Corinth was the main issue between the belligerents. Corinth lost a moment Its autonomy and was annexed to Argolis?, The peace of Antalcidas in 387 restored his freedom. She then had to suffer struggles internal organs of political parties. At the time of the Theban preponderance and the cam- victorious loincloths of Epaminondas in the Peloponnese, in 371 and 369, Corinth sub- holds the Lacedaemonians to resist to Epaminondas *; then tired of war, Corinth concluded with Thebes, in 366, a arrangement who guaranteed its neutrality 5. While other parts of Greece were exhausted in the Theban wars, then in the Social War (357-355) and in the Sacred War, around the sanctuary from Delphi (355-346), Corinth Enjoying of peace, saw his com- merce grows, its economic power develop. Also, its monetized broadcasts Hist. of Antiquile, t. I, Athens, p.261 et seq. 4. E. Curtius, Hist. Greekq.,t. IV, p. 425; E. Ca- vaignac, Àfhènes, p. 308. 5. E. Curtius, op. cit., t. IV, p. 455. 26

403 silences were never so numerous; all its colonies imitate them and strike, like her, from the staters to the types of the Pe- gase and the head of Athena Chalinitis: we imitates them as far as Italy and Syracuse. The ambition of Philip of Macedon came disrupt this peaceful prosperity. At the end of the Sacred War, in 346, when Philip summoned at Delphi the Amphictyons, he excluded from the meeting the Phocians, the Spartans and Corinthians. Also, Corin- the and its colonies are the first to give their membership to the Panhellenic League which is formed against Philippe, under the impulse of Demosthenes, in 340. After his victory over the Athenians, the Thebans and the Corinthians at Chaeronea, in 338, Phi- lippe undertakes an expedition in the Peloponnese, devastates Laconia, imposes peace in Corinth. The Panhellenic diet which meets in Corinth in the fall of 337, appoints Philippe generalissimo of the forces Greeks in the war that we decide to end undertake in Asia against the Persians *. The type of Pegasus, in brilliant celtic period of the monetary history of Corinth, presents some varieties. The most general Rally, it is shown flying to the right or to the left, free or restrained, the wings point- read; but sometimes also, he has wings curled up and developing into fans tail, as in the archaic period. We finds him stopped, raising his head, his tether lying on the ground; or else, he drinks from the sacred fountain of Peirene, foot of the Acro-Corinth; or else, with low wings, he is tamed, chained by the bridle to a 1. Ugh. Cavaignac, Hist. of Antiquity, t. 11, Athe- nes, p. 417. CORINTH 404 ring; or he scratches the ground and pawing of impatience; or he walks in step, or again, he is drinking; once, tail brought back between the legs, he seems worried about what what a noise: it is the approach of Bellerophon who actually will surprise him. At the same period, the cavalier of the staters of ar- The people of Taranto offer analog varieties gues, even more numerous, more char- mantis, more spiritual. These poloi from the 15th century until the diet of 338, are difficult to place in an order chronological rigorous, because, in despite their varieties, we can say that the types remain the same and are not different recognized only by style. This difficulty makes that the numismatists took the side of group these currencies by specific categories ciales, taking as a basis the letters and the accessory symbols which appear in the reverse field, next to the head by Athena Chalinitis. We form thus the following groups: First group. Coins that have a variable symbol, in the reverse field. The issuance of these coins begins around 400 el continues until 338, concurrently with the pieces of the second group. Second group. Coins which exist, in the reverse field, a symbol accompanied of a or more letters. This second one. group, which includes from about 400 A.D. until 338, is subdivided chronologically-- in two series: Series A: Coins: which, by their style, are placed between 400 and approximately 350; — Series B: Coins which,. by their style, they are placed from 350 to 338.

405 CORINTH 406 FIRST GROUP: With symbol (without letter). From 409 to 338 BC. AD 491. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ©. Be. Head of Athena Chalinitis, left, wearing a Corinthian helmet fitted of the neck cover (without symbol in the field). ÆR 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 59 (L) PL CCIX, fig. 6:. 492. — Same Pegasus, on the left: below H9. BR. Same head of Athena, on the left: behind, a horse protome, on the right. ÆR 23; stat. cor., 8 POP PI CCIX, fig. 7. 493. — Variety, with H9 under Pegasus. Be. Head of Athena, right; behind, a small o and the horse's protome at left (P) PI. CCIX, fig. 8 ?. - 49%. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right or to the left, sometimes flanged, sometimes without flange: underneath, the ©. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis, right or left, the helmet fitted with the neck cover; in the field, a variable symbol. 2Ki 23; stat. cor., of 8 gr. 60 to 8 has DT 1 Varieties of symbols: Bucrane from the front (P) PL CCIX, fig.9 and 10. — Bucrane seen from Removed (2) PI. CCIX, fig. 11. — Protome of horse (?, L). — Stork, right (L). — Rose on its stem (Luynes) P1. CCIX, fig. 12. — Trident (P) PI. CCIX, fig. 13. — Cicada (L). — Phrygian cap (L). — Coiled snake (P) P1. CCIX, fig. 14. — Chimera (L) El. CCIX, fig. 15. —- Thymiaterion (2) P1. CCIX, fig. 16 and 17. — Now a tor- che, and bucrane (Luynes) P1. CCIX, fig. 18. — Liliaceous flower (L, P). — Fish, the thorn bristly dorsal (£) PI. CCIX, fig. 19. — Pecking rooster (Z) PI. CCIX, fig. 20. — Dog seated (2) PI. CCIX, fig. 21. — Five dolphins {£). — Dolphin and rooster (Z£). — Dolphin and griffin head (L). — Stylized palmette and dolphin (P) P1. CCIX, fig. 22. — Pal- stylized melle {?) PI. CCIX, fig. 23. — Ivy leaf (PR Ph CCI fr 24e Ionic capital (2) PI, CCIX, fig. 25'. — Lightning (?) PI. CCIX, fig. 26. — Turtle (P)PI. CCIX, fig. 27. — Hippocampus (P) PI. CCIX, fig. 28. — Aplustre (L) 5. — D. Bril. Mus., Cat, Corinth, p. 12, no. 124, pl. I, pl. IIF, 1 et seq. 2. This piece which is without symbol is an exception to 4. Lambropoulos, Zeif. für Num.,t. XIX, p. 233, the rule of the Group. Die ALT. é . m2. See Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 13, no. 121, pl. III, 4. 5. Brit. Mus. Corinth, n° 179, pl. V, 5. 3. Brit Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 12, n° 193 et seq.

407 CORINTH 408 OEnochoé (L\ 1. — Bearded and horned head of Achelous, right (P) P1. CCIX, fig. 29. — Protome of cornupetal bull (L) Pl. CCIX, fig. 30. — Statue of naked Zeus, standing left or right, holding a thunderbolt and a transverse scepter (Z, P)?. — Same statue of Zeus; in front the head of Alhéna, a lion's muzzle in profile (Luynes) PL. COX, fig. 1. — Statue of Poseidon (?) naked, standing right, holding his trident; before the head of Athena, a dolphin (2) PI. COX, fig. 2*. — Statue of Heracles (?) bearded, naked, standing on the left, leaning on a long knotted stick (P) PI. CCX, fig. 3'. — Slatue in archaic style, on the right, the legs bent (fruste) (P). — Statue of Heracles (?) on the right (P) PI. COX, fig. 4. — Deboul warrior armed with a round shield and brandishing his spear above of his head (P) PI. CCX, fig. 5. 495. — Bridled Pegasus, standing right, at rest, Wings curled up, bridled and attached by its tether to a ring; below, Island?. R. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the right, wearing the Corinthian helmet fitted with the neck cover; in the field, an apluster. ÆR 93; stat. cor., 8 gr. 20 (P, PI COR 1070: 496. — Pegasus at rest, standing left, bridled, wings curled; : below, the 9. BR. Head of Athena Chalinitis, left, wearing a helmet with a cover. neck; in the field, a dolphin and a stylized palmette. ÆR 93: stat. cor., 8 gr. 55 (P) PL. COX, fig. 7. 497. — Variety: Pegasus, turned to the right, has pointed wings (L) ° 498. — Pegasus bridled standing, left, wings curled, raising one front leg; below, the ?. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis, right, wearing a Corinthian helmet fitted a neck cover; in the field, a dolphin and an eagle's head. ÆR 93; stat. cor., 8 gr. 57 (L)”. 499. — Variety, with the head of Athena on the left; as a symbol, a dolphin and a bunch of grapes (L) *. 300. — Variety: in the field of the reverse, dolphin, thymiaterion th ivy branch (L) *. 41. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, n° 176, pl. V, 3. 6. Brit. Mus., Corinth, p. 15, n° 160, DIAINE9 2. Brit. Mus. Cor., nos. 168 to 115, pl. IV, 14 and 15. 1. Brit. Mus., Corinth, p. 16, no. 162, pl. IV, 10. 3. Cf. Brit. Mus. Cor., n° 172, pl. IV, 117. 8. Brit. Mus., no. 163, pl. IV, 11. 4. Cf. Brit. Mus. Cor., n° 174, pl. IV, 16. 9. Brit. Mus., no. 166, pl. IV, 12. 5. Brit. Mus. Cor., p. 44, n. 147, pl. NI, 21.

409 CORINTH 410 501. — Variety, with the head of Athena on the right; in the field, a statue of Poseidon naked, standing right on a base, brandishing his trident and holding a dolphin on his outstretched left hand; on the right, another dolphin (P) PI COX, fig. 8:. 902. — Variety; in symbol, a rose (P) PL COX, fig. 9. 903. — Variety; as a symbol, two LE dolphins. 904. — Variety; in symbol, four dolphins (P) PI. COX, fig. 10. 505. — Pegasus at rest, standing to the right, raising his head, his loin moving nante; it has pointed wings; below, the 9. B. Head of Athena on the left; around the edge, five dolphins. 2Ki 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 55 (AIPI COX, Ag. 11. 506. — Pegasus standing left, raising one front foot and pawing: he has the pointed wings; below, the ®. B. Same as above {P) PL COX, fig. 12. 907. — Pegasus standing left, wings pointed, raising right leg from the front, the head lowered to drink, and bringing the tail between its legs; below, the ©. &. Head of Athena Chalinitis, left. ÆR 21; stat. cor., 8 gr. 45 (P) PI COX, fig. 13. Varieties, with varying symbols at galloping horse, right or left (P) reverse : Bucrane from the front. — Protomé of PI. COX, fig. 14 ?. 908. — Pegasus drinking to the right; he has both front legs extended and curled wings. Be. Head of Athena right or left; as a symbol, an archaic statuette nude, standing right, holding a long transverse stick and an uncertain object. 2Ki 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 50 (P) P1. COX, fig. 15. 909. — Variety; as a symbol, an archaic statuette of Zeus, standing right, holding the eagle on the advanced left hand (B) PL CCX, fig. 16:. 210. — Variety: as a symbol, a rose on its stem and a dolphin (P). 1. Brit. Mus. Corinih, n° 161, pl. IV, 13. 3. Lambropoulos, Zeit. für Num.,t. XIX, p. 232, … 2. Cf. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 158,n.13; pl. IV, 5. - Choice, pl. IL, No. 48; Brit. Mus. Cat., pl. V, 1 and 2. | - 4 4L J “

AE CORINTH 412 Among the very interesting art statues primitives which decorated Corinth. We chaics that we find reproduced in we know that they were, some made of wood, symbol on many staters the others in bronze and that they were re-gilded who precede, there is, without a doubt, who from time to time, hence the name are the images of the many statues &éava ëmiyousx what does Pausanias give them?, 511. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ©. B. Head of Aphrodite on the right or left, with pendant earrings and necklace tie, hair elegantly arranged in various ways: sometimes, in a sphendonate, wrapped around the forehead and forming a small terminal tail at the top of the head: sometimes in a saccos; Soon wrapped around the head and falling on the neck. ÆR 14; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 57 to 2 gr. 40 (P) PI. CCX, fig. 17 and 18*. 512. — Variety; in the field of the reverse, a palm (P) PI. CCX, fig. 19*. 513. — Protome of Pegasus on the left, wings curled up; below, ©. B. Head of Aphrodite left or right, with pendant earrings and necklace, hair arranged in various ways (as on the drachma). ÆR 12; cor. hemidrachm, 1 gr. 23 to 1 gr. 10 (P, L) PL CCX, fig. 20 and 21*. 514. — Same right. B. Head of the nymph Peirene, facing forward, her hair loose and radiant. Æ12; cor. hemidrachm, 1 gr. 23 (P, L) PI. COX, fig. 22 and 28°. This frontal head of the nymph Peirene nymph Arethusa on the coins of Sy- seems inspired by the front head of the contemporary racism. 513. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ®. B. Pegasus, wings curled, flying left. Æ11; diobole cor., 0 gr. 77 (P) PI. COX, fig. 24:. 516. — Same right. BL. Pegasus, wings curled, flying to the right. Æ11; diobole cor., 0 gr. 88 (P) PL CCX, fig. 25*. 2. Pausanias, Il, 26; cf. G. Perrot, Hist. art 5. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 19, nos. 191 to 195, in antiquity, t. VLIL, p. 144; Ad. Blanchet, Rev. pl. V, 12, 15, 14. Num., 1907, p. 317-323. 6. Brit. Mus., n° 196, pl. V, 15. 3. Others. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 18, nos. 181 1. Cf. Brit. Mus., n° 201 and 202. at 188, pl. V, 7 to 10. 8. Other. Brit. Mus., n° 203, pl. V, 18. 4. Brit. Mus., Corinth, nos. 189 and 190, pl. V, 11.

LR. to is cn my ldanr 413 CORINTH 414 917. — Pegasus flying to the left, wings curled up; below, the ©. Bt. Same as law; sometimes in the field, a dolphin. ZR 11; diob. cor., 0 gr. 82 (L) 1, 918. — Peguse, pointed wings, flying to the right; below, the ©. Be. Gorgon head from the front. ZR 9; trihemiobole cor., 0 gr. 51 (P) P1 COX, fig. 26. 019. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left, below, on the 9th. BL. Cross with equal branches, each provided with a lateral edge on the right. ZÆR 9; cor. obole, 0 gr. 43 (L) PL. COX, fig. 27 ?. 920. — Pegasus at rest, standing right, wings curled; below, 9. Re. Very ornate trident. ZR 8; cor. obole, 0 gr. 39 (P) PI. COX, fig. 28:. 921. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. Be. Very ornate trident. ÆR 8; cor. obole, 0 gr. 38 (L):. 922. — Head of Pegasus, left. A. Very ornate trident. R 7; hemiobolus cor., 0 gr. 20 (P) PI. COX, fig. 29; — 0 br: 23 (LY°, SECOND GROUP. — Coins with symbol and letters in the reverse field. On the currencies of this second group, the symbols are not isolated, as in the previous group; they are accompanied pagnes of a or more letters. Sym- boles and letters are signatures of magis- monetary features. According to their style the documents thus doubly signed can be, with sufficient probability, shared in two series: Series A: from 400 to 350 approx. 1. Bril. Mus. Cat., p. 20, nos. 197 to 199, DIAVS 46, 1e 2. Brit. Mus., n° 213, pl. V, 21. 3. Cf. Brit. Mus., no. 214, DIV :122; 4. Brit, Mus., nos. 215-216, ron. Series B: from approximately 350 to 338. Mr. Barclay Head has drawn up, as much as do as possible, in chronological order, the sequence of all varieties 6, We cons- tate, in this list, that the symbol changes much more often than the letters which accompany it, in other words that the letters (or the letter), which are the initials of a magistrate's name, are found in com- 5. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1900, p. 286, pl. XIII, 15. 6. Bril. Mus. Calal. Corinth., Introd., p. xxw': see also C. Oman, in the Corolla numismatica . by B. Head, p. 208 et seq.

415 bination with a series more or less many symbols. According to this observation, we must put that the magistrate who signs the initiation tial of his name is a senior magistrate laughing, while the symbols represent the signature of second-rate magistrates which were frequently replaced, while that the superior magistrate remained in office much longer, several years perhaps. But nothing has come so far, tell us what was the administrative situation or CORINTH 416 policy of these senior magistrates. Among the symbols chosen by the ma- gistrates, according to their personal convenience nelle, there are some who are, as we have already noticed, the reproduction of old sculptural works including the special study would lead without doubt to interesting results for art history; others are borrowed from the monetary types of cities neighbors, such that the owl of Athens, the Chimera or the dove of Sicyone, the horned bull of Cleitor, the head of the Tegean Gorgon. Series A (from the 2nd group). — From approximately 400 to 350. pgG 523. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right; below, ?. Bz. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the right, the helmet fitted with the neck cover » in the field the letters À — À and a trident. ÆR 21; stat. cor., 8 gr. 17 (L)P1. CCXI, fig. 1:. 524. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, 9. BE. Head of Athena left; in the field, the letter A and a palmette stylized. Traces of a hollow square; old style. ÆR 19; stat. cor., 8 gr. 52 (P) PL. CCXI, fig. 2. 525. — Pegasus, wings curled, walking to the right; underneath? and E. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis, left; below, the letter 3 and as a symbol a horned bull protome, left. ZR 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 40 (L) PL. COCXI, fig. 8*. 526. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left or right; below, the ©. B. Head of Athena Chalinilis on the left; below, the letter E and a symbol variable. ÆR 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 59*. 1. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 25, no. 241, pl. VI, 2. 2. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 36, no. 325, pl. VI, 3. 3. Br. Mus. Cor., n° 326 to 330, pl. VI, 4 to 8.

417 CORINTH 418 (2) IP. CCXI, - — The letter 3 and Varieties of symbols: Lighted torch (2) PI. CCXI, fig. 4. — Pink fig. 5. — Amphora (Pi Arc(?) PL CCXI, fig. 6. — Poppy (L) dauphin (P) PL CCXI, He 1. 927. — Protome of Pegasus on the left, wings curled up; below 9. R. Head of Aphrodite right, with necklace and earrings, hair coiled; in the field, ? and E or only E. 2R 1%; cor. hemidrachm, 1 gr. 30 (L) PL. CCXI, fig. 8:. 528. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. Be. Gorgon head facing; in the field, the letter E. ZR 1%; trihemiobole cor., 0 gr. 65 (P) PL CCXI, fig. 9: 929. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying BR. Head of Athena Chalinitis to dd 2R 23; slal. cor., 8 gr. 58*. right; below, the 9. in the EP field and variable symbol. … 030. — Varieties of symbol: Nike on the right or on the left, carrying a thy- kmiaterion (P) PL CCXI, fig. 10. 931. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ©. BL. Pegasus, wings curled up, walking left, on a base; below, E — P. ÆR 12; diobole cor., 0 gr.-86 (P} PI CCXTI, fig, 11: — other ex. (EPS 2932. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right or left; below, 9 the) B. Head of Athena Chalinitis right; in the field, the letters EY or Ya and a variable symbol. ÆR 22; stat. cor., 8 gr. 55 to 8 2r0 12: Ê 1 Varieties of symbols: Zeus (?) standing left on a base, holding the thunderbolt (?) and a Transverse scepter decorated with a knotted cord (L) PL CCI, fig. 12. — Tripod (P) PI. COXI, fig. 18. 933. — Pegasus restrained, wings curled, standing at rest, right, attached by his tether to a ring placed in the field, above him; below, the 9. nt. Lambropoulos, Zeil. für Num., t. XIX, p. 234, 4. Br. Mus, Cat. Ï laugh pl. VI, 10 and 11. 2 Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinlh., P. 36, n°5 331 and d. Bril. Mus., nos. 336 and 331, pl. VI, 12. 262, pl. VI, 9. 6. Br. Mus., p. 37, n° 338 et seq., pl. VII, 1.2 665: MS. Cf. Brit, Mus. Cal., nos. 210 to 212, DIV 20. Macdonald, Hunt, coll., vol. IT, Done | Volume IV. 27 Corinth, p. 37, nos. 333 to 399,

419 CORINTH 420 Rz. Tela of Athena Chalinitis on the right; in the field, the letters EY and The a tripod. ZR 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 44(L)*. 534. — Pegasus bridled, wings curled, walking to the right; below, ©. B. Head of Ban Chalinitis on the left; in the field, the letters EY and symbol, a tripod. ÆR 23: stat. cor., 8 gr. 42 (L)P1. COXI, fig. 14*. 535. — Bridled Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right; below, lee BR. Same as the previous one. ÆR 33; stat. cor., 8 gr. 42 (L) 536. — Protome of Pegasus on the left, wings curled up; below, 9. D O 1 ; B. Aphrodite's face on the left, her hair curled; in the field, EY. ZR 13: cor. hemidrachm, 1 gr. 20 (L) PL. COXI, fig. 15 537. — Pegasus walking to the right, wings curled up; below, the ®?. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis to the right; in the field, EY and bull's head on the right. ZR 23; slal. cor., 8 gr. 55 {P) PL COXI, fig. 16. 538. — Pegasus, with curled wings, lowering his head and drinking, to right; below, the 9. B. Head of Alhéna Chalinitis on the left; in the field, 8Y3; in symbol, a dolphin and a rose on its stem. R 922; stat. cor., 8 gt. 55 (L) PL. CORTE LA 539. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying right. or left, sometimes flanged. BL. Head of Athena Chalinitis, right; in the Fe OY3 (Eouivos) and a variable symbol. Æ 22; stat. cor., 8 gr. 60*. Varieties of symbols: Double single-headed owl (?) PL CCXI, fig. 18; other (Hunter). — Chimera on the right (L) P1. CCXI, fig. 19. — Aplustre (P) PI. CCXI, fig. 20. — Stock market. — EYOYMENOZ (Vaples) *. 540. — Pegasus restrained, wings curled, standing right, at rest, A.Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 38, no. 340, pl. LIFE, 3. 6. Brit. Mus. p. 39, n° 346 to 348, pl. VII, 8, 9, 10. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., n° 341, pl. VII, 4. 7. Coll. Sanlangelo, n° 10934. This currency where 3. Brit. Mus.Cat.Cor., n° 343, pl. VII, 5. the name of the magistrate is written in full, 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 38, no. 344, pl. VII, 6. proves that the letters ETE must also be com- 5. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 39, no. 345, pl. VII, 7. fill in EYO[YMENOE|].

421 CORINTH 422 attached by the lanyard to a ring fixed in the field, above him: below, the ?. &. Head of Athena Chalinitis left: in field, YT-Y1(e.g., Ebruyos). /R 22; stat. cor., 8 gr. 52 (L)!. QT #1. — Variety, Pegasus flying right, pointed wings (P). PL CCXI, fig. 21. (dr F2. — Bridled Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, 9. &. Head of Athena Chalinitis left; around the edge, four dolphins; in the field, the letters 1 — A. ÆR 22; slat. cor., 8 gr. 55 (L) ?, 943. — Bridled Pegasus standing right, at rest, two legs folded, wings curled up; below, the 9. Be. Head of Athena Chalinitis left; in the field, l. 2Ki 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 50 (P) PL. COXI, fig. 22. 94%. — Pegasus walking left, wings curled: below, © E. R. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the right; in the field, bull's head Three quarters to the right and the letter 1. ZR 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 55 (P) PL. COXI, fig. 23 549. — Pegasus, sometimes bridled, pointed wings, flying right. ; below, ©. & Head of Athena Chalinilis on the right: in the field, the letter X and a variable symbol. ZR 22; stat. cor., 8 gr. 50*. Varieties of symbols: Trident {L). — Blooming floret and trident (L) PL. CCXI, fig. 24. 946. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. & Gorgon head facing, mouth closed; the letter ZR 11; trihemiobole cor., 0 gr. 61 (L) *. 947. — Variety, with the letter K on the left (P) PL. COXI, fig. 25. Re 548. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right; below, the 9. &. Head of Athena Chalinitis right; in the field, K — A, and a trident. ZR 22; Stat. horn, 8 gr. 52 (P) PL CCXI, fig. 26:. 1. Brit. Mus.Cal. Cor., p. 49, no. 349, pl. VII, 11. pl. VII, 2 and 3. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 41, n° 359 DESVIELI A 4. Brit. Mus. Cat. Co.,, n° 364, pl. VIT, 4, : 3, Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth., p. 42, nos. 360 to 363, DCI BR MUS Cal pp 42/009365 pl MIITS*5.

423 CORINTH 424 349. — Pegasus, sometimes bridled, pointed wings, flying left; below, ©. B Head of Athena Chalinitis right or left; in the field, the letter z and a dolphin. ÆR 93; stat. cor., 8 gr. 60 (P) PL. COXI, fig. 27:. 550. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, Island ©. & Head of Aphrodite on the left, her hair raised and held by a band water; in the field, the letter Z and as a symbol, a dolphin. Æ16; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 73 (L, P) PL COXI, fig. 28:. Rs Re 551. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left, below, the ©. Be. Trident; in the field, on the left, the mongr. 3. Z 9; cor. obole, 0 gr. 45 (L) PL. COCXI, fig. 29. ‘. 552. — Pegasus walking to the left, wings curled; below, the ?. BC. Head of Athena Chalinitis, left; in the field, the letters TI and statuette of Heracles standing right, drawing from Park. ÆR 22; stat. cor., 8 gr. 54 (P) PL. CCXI, fig. 30; — other (B):. Series B (from the IT° group). — From 350 to 338 BC. AD 553. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. BL. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the left, the helmet fitted with the neck cover. In the field, the letter A and a variable symbol. ÆR 22; stat. cor., 8 gr. 60 to 8 gr. 45*. Varieties of symbols: Stork (P) PL. CCXII, fig. 1. — Round shield decorated with a tri- tooth (P) PL CCXII, fig. 2. — Bee (P) PL COXII, fig. 3. — Crown (P) PI. CCXII, fig. 4. — Thessalian helmet (P) P1. COXII, fig. 5. — Ossicle (?) PL. COXII, fig. 6. — Harpè(?) PL. COCXII, fig. 7. 554. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ©. R. Head of Aphrodite on the left or to the right, with necklace and pendants 4. Brit. Mus. Cal. Corinth., p. 46, n° 386 to 390, pl. IV, 4. See above (p. 407) the same sym- EVA AC bole of Heracles, on a stater without letters. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat., nos. 391, 392, pl. VIT, 8 and 9- 5.Brit, Mus. Cat, p. 22, nes 217 to 224, pl. IX 3. Brit. Mus: Cat. 0p. 48, m0395; "pl VE, 43: 1 to 6. 4. Lambropoulos, Zeit. für Num... XIX, p. 231,

425 CORINTH 426 ears, hair elegantly arranged in various ways, sometimes in a saccos or held by strips; in the field, the letter A. 2R 15; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 70 to 2 gr. 65 (P) PL. COXII, fig. 8: 9,10, 41° 999, — Same right. &. Head of Persephone crowned with ears of corn, left, hair up; under the neck, the letter A. 2R 15; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 70 (P) PI CCXII, fig. 12 ?. 996.— Protome of Pegasus leaping to left, wings curled up; below, 9. BR. Head of Aphrodite on the left, with pendant earrings and necklace, the hair want in a saccos; under the chin, the letter A. ZR 14; hemi-drachma cor., 1 gr. 29(L)*. 997. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. Re. Pegasus, wings curled, walking to the right or left; in the field, the letter A. ZR10; diobole cor., 0 gr. 92 (L) PL COXII, fig. 13 and 14:. 998. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the €, Be. Trident; in the field, the letter A and a caduceus. R 8; cor. obole, 0 gr. 43 (L) PL. CCXII, fig. 15:. 559. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; in the field, A-A and a variable symbol. Æ 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 58°. Varieties of symbols: Wheel (P) PI. CCXII, fig. 16. — Apple (P) PL CCXII fig. 17. — Mask of Silenus from the front (?) PI. COXII, fig. 18. — Breastplate (P) PI. CCXII, fig. 19. — Triskelion of crescents (?) P1. CCXII, fig. 20. — Crown (P)., — Trophy #4 A €5 CCXII, fig. 21. 560. — Bellerophon riding Pegasus at a gallop, right; the hero is wearing a petase and brandishing his javelin; below, the 9. &. The Chimera on the left; in the exergue, the letters A-A separated by the two valves of an open pod. ZR 18; trihemiobole cor., 3 gr. 86 (Luynes) PL. COXII, fig. 22. 561. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. 1. Bril. Mus. Cat., p. 22, nos. 225 et seq., Di LXS 4. Brit. Mus. Cat., nos. 236 to 238, pl. IX, 14, 15. fl, 8, 10, 11, 12. 5. Brit. Mus., nos. 239, 240, pl. IX, 16. . 2, Brit. Mus., nos. 298 and 229, pl. IX, 9. 6. Brit. Mus., p, 25, n°* 242 to 246, pl. IX, 17 to 20. 3. Br. Mus., p. 24, nos. 934, 235, pl. IX, 13.

427 CORINTH 428 B., Head of Athena Chalinitis on the left; in the A-Y field and in symbol, Demeter standing left, holding torch and cornucopia. Æ20; stat. cor., 8 gr. 44 (P) PI. COXII, fig. 28:. 562. — Same right. BR, Head of Aphrodite on the left, hair arranged in various ways; in the field, A—Y. Æ16; cor. drachma; 2 gr. 72 (L) ?. 563. — Variele; the head of Athena is laureate (L) PI. COXII, fig. 24. 564. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ?. Be. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the left; in the field, let a symbol variable. Æ 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 60*. Varieties of symbols: Thyrsus decorated with strips (P), PI. COXII, fig. 25. — Dove steering wheel on the left, in a crown (P) PI. CCXII, fig. 26. 565. — Same right. BÆ. Head of Aphrodite on the left, sometimes laureate, loose hair 5 , queiq ; on the neck; necklace and drop earrings; in the field, F: Æ16; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 74 (L) PL COXII, fig. 27. 566.— Protome of Pegasus leaping to left, wings curled up; below, ?. B. Head of Aphrodite left, hair up, held by a headband and untied at the neck; in the field, F: Æ12; hemidr. horn. (P) P1. CCII, fig. 28. 567. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis left; in the field, A and variable symbol. . 2 23; stat. cor., 8 gr: 46°, Varieties of symbols: Bearded Dionysus standing right, wearing a talar chiton, holding a cantharus and a bunch of grapes (?) P1. COXIII, fig. 1. — Cantharus (?) PI. CCXIII, fig. 2. — Radiated head of Helios, facing (P) PL COXIII, fig. 3. — Breastplate (Naples). — Wreath of leaves ‘of ivy (L). — Wreath of vine leaves. — Hook, with navel, field view (?) PI. CCXIIL, fig. 4. 1. Cf. Brit. Mus.Catl., p. 29, no. 273, pl. IX, 21. . Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 30, nos. 219 to 283, pl. X, 1, 24 2. Brit. Mus., nos. 214 to 2717, pl. IX, 93, 24. . Brit. Mus. Cal., nos. 284 and 285, pl. X, 3. 3. Brit. Mus., pl. IX, 22. 6. Bril. Mus., p. 31, our 9286 to 291, pl. X, 4 to 8: ©

429 CORINTH 430 968. — Same right. p. Head of Aphrodite on the left in various ways; in the field, A. R 16; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 72 (P) PL CCXIIL, fig, 5:. hey, hair arranged 269. — Varieties: the letter A in a crown (P) PI. CCXIII, fig. 6. 970. — Other, with A and canthare (L) ‘; — with À and a palera seen from field (P) PL CCXIII, Li TA RES with Al el a coat hook seen from the field (L)*, 971.— Prolomé of Pegasus leaping to left, wings curled up: below, 9. BL. Head of Aphrodite right: in the field, A. ÆR 12; hemidrachm cor. 1 gr. 42, (P) PL COXIII, fig. 8. 572. — Bellerophon riding Pegasus who flies to the right; the hero is wearing the petasus, wearing the chlamys and brandishing his spear; below, the 9. BR. Chimera left, roaring; below, Al and a variable symbol. KR 19; trihemidrachm cor., 3 CARE Dee Varieties of symbols : Amphora (Jameson) P1. CCXIII, fig. 9. — Ear of wheat (P}P1. CCXIII, fig. 10. 973. — Pegasus, pointed wings flying to the left; below., the 9th. BL. Pegasus, wings curled, walking to the left; in the field, A —1. Æ11; diob. cor., 0 gr. 81 (L) to. 974. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the left; in the field, the letter To, and a variable symbol. R 22; slal. cor. 8 gr. 72. Varieties of symbols: Dolphin and Nike flying, holding a strip (L) PL. GOXIIT, fig. 11 6. — Ossicle (P). — Causia (Naples). — Trophy (Naples). — Trophy and leaf of ivy (Naples). — Thyrsus and tympanon (Naples) *. 975. — Protome of Pegasus, wings curled up, left; below, ?. B. Head of Aphrodite on the left, surrounded by a band, her hair arranged aged in various ways: in the field, A. … R 12; hemidrachm cor., 1 21-20 (EN D Bic. Mus. Cat. nos. 299 to 296, pl. X, 9 to 12. 6. Bril. Mus, Cal., p. 43, no. 367, pl. XI, 1. To Brit. Mus. Cat., nos. 297 to 303, pi. I DONT THIS 1. Naples, Santangelo, Nos. 10965, 10970, 10977, 5. Br. Mus., nos. 303 to 305, pl. X, 17, 18, 49. 10980; Coll. national, 1292; cf. B. Head, Cat. Co- 4. Brit. Mus., p. 35, nos. 319 to 321, pl. XII, 28. rinth., Introd., p. xxvur. : D. Brit Mus.. ne 208. : 8. Brit. Mus.Cal. Cor., n° 368, Dire

431 CORINTH 432 576. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ®. R. Head of Athena Chalinitis, right or left; in the field, the letter N and a variable symbol. 2:22: siabacor.sB 8th. 99. Varieties of symbols: N in a crown of ears (2)P1 COXIII fig. 12. — Tris- kele in crescents (P) PL. CCXIII, fig. 13. — Canthare {?) PL. COXIII, fig. 14. — Ares standing left, helmeted, armed with spear and shield (2) P1. COXIL, fig. 15*. __Priapic face term {P) PI. CCXIIT, fig. 16. — OŒnochoé (L) — Bow on the right {P) PL COXIIL, fig. 17. — Rooster's head (2) PL COXIII, fig. 18. — Bucrane (L). — Onion pod {P) Pl. COXIIL, fig. 19. 577. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below,. THE ?. BR. Head of Aphrodite left, hair in a saccos; in the field, N- ÆR 16; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 63 (L)”. 578. — Bridled Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right; below, the 9. BR. Head of Athena Chalinitis right; in the field, Ni and in symbol, a helmet topped with a very high apex equipped with straps. ÆR 22: stat. cor., 8 gr. 46 (P) PI. COXIIT, fig. 20*. 379. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ?. BR. Head of Aphrodite on the left, with necklace and pendant earrings, the che- want to be raised and held by strips, in the field, the letter O. Æ 16: cor. drachma, 2 gr. 70 (L) PL. COxIL, fig. 21°. 580. — Protome of Pegasus flying to the left, wings curled up. BR. Head of Aphrodite right, hair raised; in front, the letter O. ÆR 12: diob. cor., 0 gr. 95 (P) PL COXIII, fig. 22. 581. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ?. Be. Head of Aphrodite on the left, with pendant earrings and necklace, the hair want to be held by a headband and falling in braided locks on the neck; in the field, F or FA. Æ16; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 25(L)*. 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 44, nos. 372 to 580, . Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., n° 381 pl. XI, 12. pl. XI, 4 to 11. © Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 45, no. 382, pl. XI, 1% 2, Others: coll. Warren in Boston, K Regling, Cal. . Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 46, no. 584, pl. XI, 14. No. 873; Mus. [lunter, Macdonald, t. 11, p. 94, no. 59. 6. Brit. Mus Cat. Cor., p. 46, no. 385, pl. XI, 15. Cr to ©

433 It is important to note that a certain number of Series B pieces (350 to 338) could perhaps be classified in the CORINTH 434 Series A (400 to 350) or in the com period. taken between 338 and 300 as we go describe. S V. — Fifth Period. From approximately 338 to 300. After the Battle of Chaeronea in 338, Corinth was occupied by a garrison …_ Macedonian and she was chosen shortly after - to be the seat of the congress which elected Phi- …lippe head of the panhellenic confederation. —. The political state of Corinth does not suffer … A change and the strike of the staleres …corinthians continued as abundantly as before “later, at the same Lypes and under the » control of the same magistrates. These parts “helmet of the goddess. Variable symbol. Æ 23; stat. cor., 8 hL). Volume IV, 283. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying left; below, the © {sometimes hirsute to the right, the front legs extended, lowering the head and drinking). - I. Head of Athena Chalinilis, left, olive tree and equipped with a neck cover. In the field, the letters A—P and a br 1 7 ) Pl. COXIIL, fig. 24. — Ivy leaf — Plow (P) PI. CCXIII, fig. 25. — Aegis with the head of Gorgon (?) 1. COXIII fig. 26 and 27. Chimera (P) E COXIII, fig. 29. — Cornucopia Ag. 30. — Eagle {(P) PI. CCXIII, fig. 31. — Helmet of protile (?) PI. CCXIII, fig. 32. Varieties of symbols: Wild boar on the left (P are therefore not distinguished from those of the group precedent only by their style; we find there in the field of setbacks, both sym- boles and letters. However, on a series quite numerous (n° 582 and 383) the helmet of Athena Chalinitis is exceptionally surrounded by a laurel wreath, allusion probable to the decisive victory of Philippe in Chaeronea. 982, — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left (without oppa). - &. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the right, the helmet surrounded by a crown of olives life and equipped with the neck cover; on the helmet stamp, the letter A; in the “field, to the right, a figure of a naked man who seems to place the crown on the Æ 23; stat. cor., 8 gr. 21 (P) PL. CCXIILI, fig. 23. Pegasus the helmet surrounded by a crown PI. CCXIII, fig. 28. —— Palladium (P) surmounted by two spikes (2) PI. CCxIiT 1. Brit. Mus. Cat. Cor., p. 26, nos. 247 to 259, pl. XII, 4 to 8; Macdonald, Hunt. coll., t. 11, p.95. 28

435 CORINTH 436 584. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left, below, the ®. Bz. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the left, the helmet unlaureated; in the field, the letters A—P and an anguiped Triton. ÆR 23: stat. cor., 8 gr. 50 (P) PL CCXIII, fig. 38. 385. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right or left; below, ©. B. Head of Aphrodite on the left, hair held back by strips or sometimes in a sphendon:; in the field, A—P. Æ17; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 67 (P) PI. CCXIII, fig. 34:, 586. — Protome of Pegasus on the left, wings curled up; below, 9. B. Veiled head of Demeter crowned with ears of corn, left; in the field, A—P. ZR 13: cor. hemi-drachm, 1 gr. 30 (P) PI. CCXIIL, fig. 35*.. 587. — Same right. B. Head of Aphrodite on the left, diademed, hair arranged in various ways; in the field, the letters AP and an ivy leaf. ZR 12: cor. hemidrachm, 1 gr. 25 (P) P1. CCXIII, fig. 36:. 588. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ©. BR. Pegasus, wings curled up, walking to the right or left; in the field, A—P. ZR 12; diobole cor., 0 gr. 88 (P) PL COXHII, 65. 87 ‘. 589. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. B&. Trident; in the field, A—P. ZR 8: cor. obole, 0 gr. 42 (L) PL. COXIII, fig. 38'. 590. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ©. R. Head of Athena Chalinitis left; in the field, Al and variable symbol. . 10253: sal. €coOP., From 90. Varieties of symbols: Zeus seated on the right, lenant eagle and lightning (P) PL CCXIV, fig. 1. _ Athena standing, holding her spear and a small Nike (P) PI. CCXIV, fig. 2. — Athena standing left, raising his spear on his shoulder (?) PI. CCXIV, fig. 3. — Artemis chas-; seresse standing right, shooting from the bow (P) PL. CCXIV, fig. 4. — Goddess (?) seated on the right, 1. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 27, n° 260 to 262, pl. XIT, 10. 4. Br. Mus., p. 28, nos. 269, 270, pl. XII, 15. 2. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 21, no. 265, pl. XIE, 11. 5. Brit. Mus., p. 28, nos. 211, 272, pl. XIT, 16. 3. Brit. Mus., no. 266, pl. XII, 12, 13, 14. 6. Bril. Mus., p. 33, nos. 306 to 318, pl. XII, 17 to 27.

437 = CORINTH 4138 holding a torch (?) in the right hand and a laurel branch on the left shoulder BPIPL. COXIV, fig 5. — Artemis Advancing to the left, holding two torches (Z). — Arlémis advancing on the left, holding transversely a long torch of the two hands (?) PL. COXIV, fig. 6. — Arlémis Advancing to the right, holding a torch setting (P) PI. CCXIV, fig. 7.— Hermes in term bearded from the front, draped, holding caduceus and cornucopia (?) PI. CCXIV, fig. 8. — Cow nursing her calf (L). — Crown (L). — Pine cone on its stem {P) P1. CCXIV, fig. 9; other (B)!. 991. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. &. Head of Aphrodite on the left, with pendant earrings and necklace, hair in a bag; in the field, A—1I. R 14; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 70 (L) PL. CCXIV, fig. 10 ?, 992. — Variety; in the reverse field, Al and pine cone; 2 gr. 42{(B)°, 593.— Same right. BL. Pegasus walking left, wings curled; below, at -1. ZR 12; diobole cor., Ogr.81 (L) PI. CCXIV, fig. 11:. 994. — Same right. B. Trident; in The field, A1. 28 8; cor. obole, 0 gr. 35 (L) PL COXIV, fig. 12°. 995. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ©. B. Head of Athena Chalinitis on the left; in the field, the letter Let a variable symbol. ZR 22; stat. cor., 8 gr. 61°, Varieties of symbols: Nike flying, holding a strip (2) P1. CCXIV, fig. 18:. — Rooster on the left, on a club (2) PI. COXIV, fig. 14. — Star with eight rays (P)PI. CCXIV, fig. 15. — Arc el quiver (2) PI. COXIV, fig. 16. — Owl (P)PI. CCXIV, fig. 17. 996. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. B- Head of Aphrodite on the left, with necklace and earrings, hair in a bag; in the field, the letter 1. #R 16; cor. drachma, 2 gr. 73 (L) PL CCXIV, fig. 18. 997. — Protome of Pegasus on the left, wings curled up; below, the ©. L. See Lambropoulos, Zeit. für Num. t. XIX, 5. Brit. Mus., no. 324, pl. XII, 31. don't 2232, pl. IV, 6: Macdonald, Hunt. coll., p. 96. 6. Brit. Mus. Cal. Corinth, p. 40, n° 350 to 354 “2. Brit. Mus. Corinth, p. 35, no. 322, pl. XII, 29. and pl. X, fig. 20 to 23. ; M3. Lambropoulos, Zeil. für Num.,t. XIX, p. 233, 1. Cf. Lambropoulos, Zeit. for Num., t. XIX, pl. LV, 40. p. 233, pl. IV, 8. m4 Brit Mus., n° 323, pl. XIL, 30. 8. Brit. Mus., p. 41, nos. 355 and 356, pl. X, 24.

439 CORINTH 440 BL. Head of Persephone left, with necklace and earrings, girded a crown of ears; in the field, the letter. ZR 12: cor. hemidrachm, 1 gr. 32 (L) PL COXIV, Hi: 19. 598. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the ?. RL. Pegasus walking left, wings curled; below the letter 1. Z 11; diobole cor., 0 gr. 91 (Luynes) PI CORIV, &e. 20; —Osr. Sn(L)”- After around the year 800, under the Diado - ques, in the middle of inextricable wars of which Corinth and the Peloponnese were the theater, the minting of the Corinthian staters decreased noticeably; that of drachmas, on the contrary, seemed to be rather develop lopée *. In the field of staters and drachmas, still appear the signatures of magistrates, but instead of letters isolated or syllables, we rather find monograms. This coinage continues until 243 time when Corinth, under the influence of Aratus, enters the league Achaean. GOLD COINS. The Firm of Paris has three obols gold from Corinth whose authenticity appears well established. They are from different corners and their style can place them either at the time of the meeting of the Diet of 338-337 which appointed Philippe leader of the Panhel armies lenics, or in an unrelated circumstance ended in the middle century. 399. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the left; below, the 9. Trident. A 7; gold mite, 0 gr. 44 (P) PL. COXIV, fig. 21. 600. — Variety, with Pegasus flying to the right. A 7; gold mite, 0 gr. 43 and 0 gr. 60 (with oxide matrix) (P) PI. CCXIV, fig. 22 and 23. Browzes pu 15th century (from approximately 400 to 300). Concurrently with its silver coinage Corinth struck, leaving of beginning of 4. Brit. Mus., no. 351, pl. X, 25. 2, Brit. Mus., no. 358, pl. X, 26. 3. This coinage of drachmas is extremely abundant: in the Cabinet of Athens are all 4th century, bronze coins in the field from which we most often fall the varieties discovered at Mycenae and published by Mr. Al. Lambropoulos. ‘Aoyaita ‘EAhnvtxa Nouisuatæ edpebsvra àv Muxsvats (Athens, 186, in-40).

44! wind, the same symbols and the same letters than on contemporary silver coins porains. These parts were therefore part of the same emissions. Not more than to Athens, bronze coinage at Co- Rinthe does not appear to have had, in the origin, a CORINTH 442 great development nor have been treated otherwise as a supplement, for small local transactions. The types are of extreme poverty; sometimes, instead of ?, we find the letters KO or K, initials by KOPINOIOQN. 601. — Bellerophon riding Pegasus galloping on the right: the hero is wearing the petasus, wearing the chlamys and brandishing his spear. Be. The Chimera on the right, roaring; in high, an amphora or another symbol. Æ17; (P) PL CCXIV, fig. 24. 602. — Bellerophon riding Pegasus, left. Be. The Chimera on the left; at the epigraph, a rudder. Æ16; (P) PL CCXIV, fig. 25. 603. — Pegasus, pointed wings, flying to the right; below, the 9. &. Ornate trident. Æ13!. 604. — Varieties of the preceding piece. Often, in the backfield, there are symbols or letters. We noted the following: A and lightning (?) PI. CCXIV, fig. 26. — A-Y and uncertain symbol (P) PI. CCXIV, fig. 27.— 9 (P).— K-O. — Epi. — K and fish hook.— K and ivy leaf.— K and grape cluster grapes. — K, cluster and canthare. — Athena Nicephorus? — Standing figure holding a cornucopia?.— Owl, — Griffon (2) PL. CCXIV, fig. 28.— Ivy leaf #, E- Octopus. — Tripod 5. — Dolphin. ® — Lighted torch 7. — Star 8. — Crescent, — Lriskêle in croissants?. - Crown. — A. — A-A and bacchanalian mask 1°. — A-A and tripod (4). — To and amphora ‘!. — To and canthare!?. — A and flower (?P) PI. CCXIV, fig 29. — Y and head of Helios #. — A - Flower spray. — A-[and crown (P) PI. CCXIV, 1., Brit. Mus. Cat. Corinth, p. 53, nos. 423 to 475, Pl. XIV, 1 to 8. 2. Cf. the silver coins with AÏ ct Athena ni- cephorus, above, n° 590. 3. Cf. silver coins with Al and figure te- haunting a cornucopia, above, n° 390. “4. Cf. the silver coins with AP and leaf of ierre, above, n° 583. 0. Cf. the silver coins with EY and tripod, below above, no. 533, 6. Silver: X and dolphin. Above, n° 549. 1. Money: E and torch. Above, n° 526. 8. Money: | andstar. Above, n° 595, 9. Silver: N ct triskele in crescents. Below sus, no. 559. 10. Silver: above, n° 559. 11. Silver: AT and amphora. Above, n° 572. 12. Silver: above, n° 5617. 13. Money, above, no. 561.

443 CORINTH 444 fig. 30 —A-let spin cone (?) Pl. CCXIV, fig. 31. — A- | and coat hook. — Œ and crown. — EY and woman standing left holding a scepter. — H.— H and crown. — Ket amphora. — ®, Nike holding a crown (?). — Z and bunch of grapes. — ZX and ©. — %3, Tetilyre (P) PI. CCXIV, fig. 32. — > (),Yet naked warrior on the left. —Zel star (H)!. — T.— T-Iet star (?). Around the year 300 approximately, the issuance of similar to that of the coins of Alexander sion of the chalques which weigh from 8 to G6gr. the Great. On the reverse, the trident, surrounded by and have as their type the helmeted head of Athena the KOPINOION legend. 1. Macdonald, Hunlerian collection, t. IT, p. 98, no. 99.

CHAPTER VII ARGOLID IF. — General overview. Argolis, the most eastern professionals vinces of the Peloponnese and one of the regions to which the oldest are attached traditions of the Hellenic world, had very jagged coasts on the Aegean Sea, lan- say that a circle of bare mountains there separated, to the north and west, from the Corin- thie, from Phliasia, from Arcadia and the _Lakonia. For many centuries she was the center of the Dorian amphictyony whose sanctuary was located on the acropolis of Ar- bones. Although he was a king of Argolis, Phidon, who invented the mon- Aegina Bay, Tortoiseshell, Argos she herself did not have a monetary workshop before 500, any more than the other cities of Argolis!, Moreover, several of the most popular cities famous of this region in the legend or history, Mycenae, Tyrinth, Troezen, Hermione, were already destroyed or sing- completely stripped of their former splendor 1. See, in our Descr. his£. t. 1, p. 826 ets., deur at the time of the appearance of the first turtle coins. Then, in all during the 6th century, and even much more lard again, the currency of Aegina called “phi- donienne », struck in such great abundance and so widespread by the famous xarndo! or Aeginetan peddlers, played the role of mon- international law for the entire region eastern Peloponnese and part of Cyclades. The turtle staters having installed themselves lallés, before the owls, like the number common rarity in all markets, were enough to fuel trade, to the point that we can be said that the Argolis, although one of its kings would have invented currency, is one of the countries Greeks whose cities had the latest- ment of monetary workshops. The diffusion and extreme abundance of phidonian turtles explain poverty of Peloponnesian coinage before the invasion sion of the Persians in 480; they make us also counted on the popularity of the system the oldest Argos monetary series.

447 eginetic (stater from 12 gr. 57 to 12 gr.) in the size of the Cycladic currencies and also in those of the Peloponnese, as soon as the towns of this region finally realized to mint coins according to their type and their name. By his origins, the Aegean system tick could be called the do-system nothing, while the Attic system is, in the principle, that of the Ionian race. The cities of Argolis, which were born at numismatics in the 5th century, are only in the number of three: Argos, Cléones, then Tré- zenes. It was only around the middle of 4th century, or even later, that we we can also record a little suite monetary in Epidaurus, Hermione, Methana and the new Tiryns. This coinage supports each other in general with a certain brilliance until after the battle of Chaeronea in 338, when Philip entered took a short expedition to the Peloponnese ARGOLIDE — ARGOS 448 nesis, to force Sparta to recognize its power: he removed several cantons on which dominated the Lacédémo- nians, to give them to his allies, the Ar- Cajuns, Messenians and Argives *. After the death of Alexander, the Pelopon- nese became a veritable closed field for Cassandra, Demetrius and even the kings from Egypt. Also, the impoverished Argolis has few coins. There is only exception for Argos which, on the contrary, after the Lamiac war, protected by the kings of Macedonia for which it serves as a base then, strikes in abundance, for a century, small silver coins than their weight passed off at the same time as rho- drachmae diennes, Attic tetroboles and trio- aeginetic boles. The other towns of Ar- golide no longer emit, during this period, only miserable little bronzes for the serving their local market. SIL—Argos. For coins earlier than 480, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 826 to 835 and pl. XXX VII, fig. 42 to 22 ?. 4. Coins minted before 421, The oldest series currencies of Argos, described in our volume Ie", com- Drachiéiiri enr eoneins; Triobole (hemidr.)........ AS RITES A. Hemiobolus ......... ARTE 1. Ugh. Cavaignac, Hisl. antiques, t. IT, Athens, p. 417. 2, The excavations carried out, from 1892, in the ruins of the Heraion of Argos brought in particular PU IE, CR takes the following divisions which are eginetic weight: the discovery of the famous metal pins (66ex6<, 66s\{auos) which Phidon, king of Argos, demonetized, in somehow, that is to say withdrawn from circulation commercial for their substitute his currency

449 The show of this first series continues for the greater part of the v° century, lant that lasted peace between Argos el Sparta!, He was arrested in 421, when of the peace of Nicias, and the formation of the league between Argos, Corinth, the Arca- 605. — Protomé de loup on the left, pulling the 1 cated, the claws placed on the sacred key body is underlined by a line of ARGOLIDE — ARGOS 450 diens and Athens ?. We let's give some here some new specimens which relate drop directly to those who are described in the previous volume ‘they place themselves in the middle of the 5th century, angular, the two front legs section of the temple of Hera 5: the section of grit. In the field, a globule. Be. Hollow square in which is a capital A; on each side of the apex of this letter, a small, very deep hollow square; in including one placed in the letter. the field, three globules, ÆR 15; triobole egin., 2 gr. 92 (P) PI. COXV, fig. 1: — other, 26001 606. — Variele, with five globules. #R 15; Lriob. egin., (Pozzi) PL COXV, fig. 2. 607. — Variety; above wolf, SO. B. some out of the flan (without globules ?) £R15; triob. egin., (Pozzi) PL COXV, fig. 3. 608. —The same wolf protome, on the left, the two blades advanced; in front, W. &. Hollow square in which is a large To occupying the entire field: from horizontal. Be. Hollow square in which is a from Aegina to the type of the turtle. This is, in fact, the only explanation rational that we can give, ec M. Svoronos, of several bundles of pins u metal rods that we discovered in the ruins of old Heraion. (J. Svoronos, Journal int. Darch. numism, t. IX, 1906, p 192, pl. X. XI, XII: each side of the apex, a little car 2R 14; Lriob. egin., 3 gr. 04 (P) PL Belgian view of numism., 1909, p. 116 et seq. ; cf. Eh. Waldstein, The Argive Heraeum, t. 1. pu63411) LI. Ugh. Cavaignac, list. of Antiquity, t. II, lhenes, p. 73. 2. B.Head, His. numer., 2 ed., p. 437. Volume IV, re separated from the field by a line COXV, fig. 4:. 609. — Wolf head, gaping mouth, left. large To occupy the entire field; of 3. The object on which the wolf places its claws has been considered until now to be uncertain; we have it sometimes described as an architectural base, sometimes like a prey. See below for the type of key of Heraion, nos. 630 and 631. 4. Brit Mus. Cat. Peloponn., p. 131, no. 13, pl. XXVII, 2; Jean Lambros, ‘Avaypaoh toôv vouta- uétwy ts Ieskorovvyñcovu, pl. XI, 13; cf. our pl. XXXVILfig. 25. 5. C.F. our pl. XXXVIL, fig. 14.

451 ARGOLIDE — ARGOS 452 each side of the tip of this letter, a small square separated from the field by a horizontal line; under the crosspiece of the letter, a globule. Æ 10: egin. obol, 0 gr. 96 (Luynes) PI. COXV, fig. 5. 610. — Variety, without globule on the reverse. At 10: egin. obol, 0 gr. 89 (P) PI COXV, fig. 6:. 611. — The archaic sign or letter E (héla) occupying the entire field. B. The letter A occupying the entire field; above, two small hollow squares; under the crosspiece of the letter, a globule. ZR 8: hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 47 (P)PA. COX V, fig. 7. We think that the sign or the letter H which forms the type of the hemiobolus is here the archaic initial of the word %p666k10 ?. 612. — Same right (B). However, this interpretation does not apply not in all cases where the sign H appears, as we will judge later. Bz. The letter A occupying the entire field; above, two small hollow squares; below, the letter m. ZÆR 7; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 45 (P) PL COXV, fig. 8°. 6124. — Same right (B). &. The letter A; underneath, a globule. Hollow square. ÆR 7: hemiob. egin., 0 gr. 40(B). 6122, — Same right (A). &. The monograph. HAS; underneath, a globule. ZÆR 3: tetartemorion, 0 gr. 23 (Cambridge)”. 612 c. — The letter E. B. The sign A in a hollow square. ZR 5: tetartemorion, 0 gr. 24 (Copenhagen) *. There is no need to insist on the explanation tion that we have given of the type of the wolf, emblem of Lycian Apollo, on coins from Argos; let us only recall that Sophocles calls the agora of Argos: 700 hvzxoztovou Fromwhere 1. Cf. our pl. XXX VII, fig. 18, 19, 20, 22. 2, Cf. Descr. hist., t. I, p. 831, nos. 1209 and 1210. 3. Description hist, t. 1, p. 831; cf. B. Head, Hist. numer.,p. 437. 4. Cf. the letter m on the obol of our dyopx Aÿeus 7, and that Island temple of Apollo Lycian who stood on the agora, had a national character. The wolf becomes in Argos a heraldic emblem like the bear Mantinea, the owl in Athens, the turtle in pl. XXXVI, 22 (no. 1208). 5. Imhoof-Bl., Num. Zeil., t. IX, 1871, p. 51, 0. 5, 6. Imhoof-Blumer, Loc. cil., No. 6. 1. Sophocles, Electra, 6; cf. B. Head, Hist. num., p. 431.

453 Aegina, Pegasus in Corinth!. Also, this Lype monetary does not contribute in any way to the artistic brilliance list of which Argos shined in the first first half of the 5th century, thanks to artisans them like Agelaidas, the master of Myron, of Phidias and Polykleitos. Argos, that the art historians compare, for this period, in the artistic Florence of the 15th century, only has coins of a strange paucity vrélé; like the phidonian staters of sixth century, they are vulgar in- industrial, banal instruments of commerce daily merce, on which the engravers have not yet the idea of reproducing the the most popular works of art of their time. This poverty coinage, consé- prolonged period of defeat inflicted on the Argives by the Lacedaemonians a few years ago … born before the Persian wars, has since - for a long time, amazed the numismatists, so well - which some have proposed to attribute, in - besides, in Argos, the silver staters of style . archaic, anepigraphs, which have the type “two dolphins swimming in opposite directions. We Resume that cc QE id However, ten years after the louse of the Peloponnesian War, the series monetary conditions of Argos are recovering in some “sort, change appearance, undergo the counter- sudden political events and enter “finally in the general artistic movement. The Argives, reports Thucydides #, gar- 41 4 first have a neutrality cautious BI: Descr. hist. t. I, p. 834. “2. See our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 1323, No. 1961 81967 et pl. LXII, fig. 15 to 20. 5. Diode. Sic., XI, 65; XII, 75; Pausanias, VIII, ARGOLIDE — ARGOS 454 But these pieces are, with more reason, currently classified in Théra?, It’s beautiful suddenly later we see the two appear dolphins on the coins of Argos. Political events, no more than los works of art, did not exercise at this time, the slightest influence on monetary types laires of the Argive capital. As a result of their shameful defection during the invasion of Xerxes in 480, the Argives found themselves singularly humiliated and discredited in the eyes of other Greeks But soon, they advised on ways to restore their influence politics by enlarging their city. For this, in 468, they destroyed Mycenae whose inhabitants they annexed. Then it was the turn of Tiryns, Hysiae, Mideia and several other ancient cities of the Argolis who were thus expropriated and annexed, At the same time, Argos changed gea its ancient constitution which, from Aristo- cralic, became democratic “. Neither the types nor does the currency system feel attempted these upheavals. 2. — Coins minted from approximately 421 to 343. during the first ten years of the war. But in 421, after the peace of Nicias, seeing Sparta and Athens, both weakening blessed, they believed the moment was favorable for join forces with the Athenians, the Manti- neans, the Corinthians and the Eleans, that to complete the ruin of Sparta, their enemy secular $. In the treaty concluded at this 4. Thucyd., V, 29, 41, 44, 47, etc. 5. Thueyd., V, 14. 6. Thucyd., V,31; cf. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. IN, p. 268 et seq.

455 occasion, it is stipulated by the allies that the balance will be, for the archer and for the hoplite, of three obols Aegean (rpsis 660h0ùs Aiywalovs) and one drachma or six obols (Soxymi Aiywata) for the rider’. However, the coins minted from this moment for the pay of the troops, are in somehow the consecration of this arrangement gement and the alliance of Argos with Athè- ARGOLIDE — ARGOS 456 nes, Elis and Corinth : Argos transmits, from a on the other hand, small silver coins in the shape of Corinthian helmet {nos. 613 to 615); these parts are rare, and precisely, Thucydides us informs that the alliance between Argos and Corin- it only lasted a year. She hits, else on the other hand, currencies whose types, such as we will see it (n°616 et seq.), remind us his alliance with Elis. 613. — Corinthian helmet in profile to the right. B. A. Corinthian helmet from the front. Hollow square. ZR 13; diobole egin., 1 gr. 89 (L) PL CCXV, fig. 9*. 614. — Rosette with five petals around a central globule. right; hollow square. JR 8: hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 49 (L) PI. COXV, fig. 10 R. Corinthian helmet in profile 615. — Variety. B. The helmet in profile on the left. Æ 8: hemiob. egin., 0 gr. #1 (L)”. The rose window, to the right of these hemioboles, is undoubtedly the symbol of Hera ’Avbsta”* ; she is to be brought closer florets of stephanos of the goddess, on the staters that we describe below. These small silver coins, witnesses of the momentary alliance of Argos with Co- Rinthe, in 421 BC. BC, are far from having the interest of those who sanction the pact of the Argives with the Eleans. These are of exceptional artistic importance. In fact, the consequence of the alliance between Elis and Argos, in 421, was the creation of a new monetary type in one and the other of these cities. This Lype, adopted in common, is the head of Hera, which makes its 1. Thucyd., V, 47. 2. Brit. Mus. Pelop., p. 138, no. 29, pl. XXVIL, 1. 3. Brit. Mus. Pelop., p. 138, our 30 and 31, appearance, from this moment, both on currencies of Argos and on those: of Elis. The two cities each had a famous sanctuary of Hera; concluding a political alliance, he was everything nature that they place this pact of friendship under the protection of the deity they honor: share a common cult. Another circumstance also explains the adoption of Hera's type at Argos. Two years £ before the alliance treaty of 421, that is to say in 423, the temple of Hera had been destroyed by a fire started by the imprudence of the priestess Chrysis. The Argives built: a new Heraion near the elder and they ordered the statue of pl. XXVIL 8. 4. Location. cit., no. 32. 3. B. Head, Hist. numer., p.437.