Treatise on Greek and Roman Coins, Part II (Historical Description), vol. III — vol. II.3 — 1914

137 ELEUSIS 138 97 his. — Same description; but on the reverse, the letters A-E, to the right and to the left of the bacchos. Æ13; (P) PL. CXCIIL, fig. 27:. 98. — EAEY (in exergue). Two pores side by side, going right. Be. A-E. Bacchos standing in a crown of ears. Æ13; (P) PL CXCIII, fig. 28. 98 Dis. — Two pores, side by side, going left. BR. AE. Bacchos standing in a crown of ears. Æ13; (Earle Fox) *; — variety, with AOE? (B) ?. On the reverse of the preceding pieces, with the letters A-E or AE placed to the right and to the left of the bacchos, we proposed to re- read [EJAE or A[OJE. I didn't see any copy according to which one or the other of these restilulions can be justified #. I interpret, on the contrary, the letters A and E as the initials of Athens and America leusis. However, even if some examples please that I don't know, wear well AQEË, nothing would authorize combining the le- people of the right and reverse of these coins, to interpret: AOE(valwv) EAE{vsivos), in the same way as we at ‘Anvatwv ’Iu6o0v, "Arvzaiwy Afuvov, etc., on the currencies of Athenian clergymen of Imbros and Lem- nos. We should just see the names associates of Athens and Eleusis. The explanation of the coins of Eleusis and 1. Cavaignac, pl. He, 18 and 19. 2.Rev. num., 1890, p. 64, pl. II, 17. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 151, no. 88; Choice, pl. II, no. 46; the letter © seems doubtful. their chronological classification are still very uncertain. Some believed they could conclude, from the existence of American currencies leusis, to a special agreement under of which Athens would have conceded to this religious city the right of currency, and Eleu- sis would have used this right, in an unfair manner. termittent, from the end of the 5th century until in the 1st century BC. Everyone who took care of the question posed in principle that the mon- The houses of Eleusis were the sign of autonomy mie of this religious town and its independence accidental dependence on Athens. We therefore looked in history for the cir- constancies in which could have occurred achieve this independence. Without specifying, Barclay Head, in the ca- talogue of Museum British, placed 4. See what Mr. Earle Fox says on this subject, in Revue num., 1890, p. 64. 5. Fr. Lenormant, Money in antiquity, t Hp 8

139 conjecturally all the currencies of leusis between approximately 350 and 300 ‘. More re- recently, in his Âistoria numorum (2° edit.) he groups them in the remaining period between 339 and 322, relying on considerations of style and com- comparison with the coins of Athens con- temporary? For Mr. Cavaignac, the coins of Eleu- sis “are different and mo- mentalities made at times when Eleusis, separated from Athens, needed to divisional beds intended for commerce local... None of these currencies go back to the period before 404 *. » From there, Mr. Cavaignac believes he can distribute the Eleusinian coinage into several sirs periods chronological, the first origins dating back to Lemps where Eleusis was separated from Athens at the end of the 5th century (403- 400) that is to say following the fall of Athe- nes, at the end of the Peloponnesian War “. M. Cavaignac’s second series is placed would be around 318, at the time of the struggles of Po- lysperchon against Cassandra and Cas- zander against Demetrius Poliorcetes; at the favor of these troubles, Eleusis was able to core break away from Athens and beat my- naie ÿ. The third series would not be ante- earlier in the 2nd century: “We know,” says Mr. Ca- vaignac, that in 295 Demetrius took hold of Eleusis; when he lost Athens in 287, this place remained with his lieutenants and was taken back from them only in 285-284. It's very 1. Brit. Mus. Attica, p. 112. 2. B. Head, Hist. numor. (2nd ed.) p. 391. 3. E. Cavaignac, Sacred Treasure of Eleusis, p. 80. 4. Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, ch. 39-40; That- Vaignac, P. 18. 5. Cavaignac, p. 19. ELEUSIS 140 probably to this short period of se- parity between Athens and Eleusis, that it is necessary reattach the third series, if manifest- later than the other two! ". The fourth series reminds some Bronze coins from Athens from the 2nd century? and the fifth would still be posterior ÿ. Mr. Svoronos writes to me that, according to him, the coins in the name of Eleusis belong at the time of the division of the Athenians into two States, first at the time of Thrasy- bule, then, much later, at the time of the Chremonid War. Part citizens of Athens, note this sa- before, occupied Eleusis and founded another center of Athenian deme. I cannot subscribe to any of the con- jectures that I have just summarized; I believe, on the contrary, that the currencies which carry the name of Eleusis were minted in Athens even, on the occasion of the celebration by the Athenians big ones Eleusinia. The coins of Athens, with AOE, at the same types as the coins of Eleusis, and with the same symbols in the field of the re- towards, are an argument which opposes this that we consider the Eleusinian coinage as having occurred in periods historical periods during which the dome of É- leusis would have acted as an act of political autonomy and declared itself independent of Athens. This close community of manufacturing, weights, types and symbols proves, well on the contrary, that the Eleusinian coinage was issued under Athenian authority. On the other hand, the abundance of currencies of Eleusis, the variety of programs and also very notable differences in style between 1. Cavaignac, p. 80. 2. E.g. Brit. Mus. Attica, pl. XV, 11. 3. Cavaignac, p. 80.

141 the various groups, allow us to affirm that this coinage lasted a long time, with more or less prolonged intermittency aged. We therefore conclude: All the coins of Eleusis consist of holds an intermittent religious coinage, struck on the occasion of periodic cracks called the Great Eleusinia. It was not that poor chalques, can be intended to be thrown to the people, on occasion of large processions which took place on the Sacred Way. The oldest of these currencies can, depending on their style, go back further ie the island of Salamis, which is not separated from the coast of Attica and Megaride only by a channel of mediocre width, was good hour the object of rival lust Athenians and Megarians. At the time of Solon who was born in Salamis around 640 BC, a stratagem made the island pass in the hands of the Athenians who kept it until the end of the 5th century, At this date, Salamis seems to have enjoyed a moment of political autonomy: commenting on the ins- cripple from a choragic tripod found in Salamine, M. P. Monceaux who attributes it in the period following the Pelowar Ponnese, thinks that the island had to go in- dependent in favor misfortunes from Athens ?. But the style of the coins Salaminians does not allow them to be made 1. Plut., Solon, 8, 9, 10. Pausan., I, 40, 5; Stra- good, IX, 1, 10. SALAMIN 142 higher than the middle of the 1st century, it is necessary undoubtedly, with Barclay Head, place them at the era of Alexander. The most recent descend to a era advanced of 11th century, or even later. It is probable that the Eleusian bronzes nians who bear the name of Athens, have were struck on the occasion of festivals celebrated in the Eleusinion of Athens, perhaps in a moment of crisis when the access to Eleusis was found closed to solemn processions who, usually, like us we have it recalled, left Athens to go at Eleusis. Salamis. go back to the end of the 5th century, nor even at the beginning of the 1v°. When concluding peace negotiated by Antalcidas, in 387, Athens returned to possession of Salamis, sent there clergymen who shared the lands. As long as the island of- died in dependence of Athens she could not have a monetary workshop. But, in 338 BC, after the victory from Philippe to Chéronée, the latter having made an expedition to the Peloponnese, concluded treaties with Corinth, Megara, Argos, the Messenians and the Arcadians. He seems that in this circumstance it de- delivered Salamis from the Athenian clergy and that he gave it back political autonomy? All- days is it that, by their style, the mon- Salamis berries are suitable for this date. 2. Monceaux, Bull. corr. hell., VI, 1882, p. 522. 3. U.Kœhler, in the A{hen. Mittheil., t. IV, p.250.

143 SALAMIN 144 99.— Head of the nymph Salamis, right, diademed, hair raised in bun, with small locks on the neck; she has earrings and necklace. BR. Z>A—AA. The shield of Ajax, of Boeotian form, the border decorated with three concentric circles; in the center, a sword in its sheath. | Æ18; (P) PL CXCIV, fig. 1, 2, 3°. 100. — Head of Demeter or Persephone, crowned with ears of corn, right. B. >A—AA. Ajax's shield, decorated with the sword, as above. Æ13; (L) PL CXCIV, fig. 4°. 101. — Varieties: On the shield of Ajax, we see, in addition to the sword in its scabbard: a Gorgon's head, a triskele or a spread eagle *. 102. — Head of a woman to the right. (Démeter or Salamis?), hair in a bun. B. ZAAAMINI. The shield of Ajax, as above; in the field at right, a naked sword. Æ13; (P) PI CXCIV, fig. 5. The nymph Salamis who gave her name on the island, was daughter of the river god Asopos. Wife of Poseidon, she became mother of Cenchreos who was mythical king of Sala- mine at time when Erechtheus reigned at Athens *. The shield, indented on the sides like the Boeotian shield, which appears on the reverse of the previous coins, is the shield of Ajax, son of Telamon, who was, with Achilles, the most impetuous of warriors Greek riers at the siege of Troy. We raised him in the island of Salamis, a temple in which Pausanias points out an old statue in ebony of the Homeric hero *. Before the Battle of Salamis in 480, the Greeks had invoked Ajax, protector 1. Others, in Bril. Mus. Atllica, p. 116, nos. 1 2.6, [dl OJ E 2. Brit. Mus. Attica, p. 116, no. 9, pl. XX, 9. 3. B. Head, Hist. num., 2nd 6d., p. 392; Imhoof- Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 155. of the island, and after their victory, they consecrated to him created one of the ships taken from the Persians. This explains the presence of the shield and of the sword of Ajax on the coins. What- sometimes, the sword which decorates the episème of shield is replaced by another ornament- ment that the poor conservation of these small bronzes does not always allow distinguish. We celebrated on the island, in honor of the heroes, games called Aïavre; it's Fulani be on the occasion of these periodic festivals that the coins were struck ©. After the death of Alexander, Salamis seems to have been independent of Athens. Con- which was established in 318 by Cassandra, it now %'Diod. Sic Ne M2-Pausan., D 655.2: ci-Heats Cat. Atlas, p. xt. D HPauSaN 350, 4 é6évu EUXoU. 6. B. Head, Hist. num., (2nd ed.), p. 392. vads Alaytos dyañua Ôè &E

145 but part of a military province of which the commander resided in Piraeus. Demetrius Poliorcetes seized it in turn, in 298, and she belonged for a long time to Antigone Gonatas son of Demetrius. The Achaeans Go There The Dorian Megara, so admirably located to the point from a topographical view, provided two acropolises and two ports, commanded the roads which penetrate milked in the Peloponnese and dominated politically both the Saronic Gulf and the Gulf of Corinth: this explains Its power and commercial importance cial, from the vin° to the 6th century, and these circum- ances appear to justify the attribution to misplaces primitive anepigraphic coins hes to the type of the wheel 3. However, lost quickly perished, as if suffocated between her two jealous neighbors, Athè- es el Corinth. During the Medieval Wars ues, faced with the common peril, the Mega- Yet they united with their neighbors and They behaved with honor: they had 0 ships at the battle of Salamis and 1000 hoplites at Plataea, which indicates the orce of their city, still at that time. After the removal of the Persians, the Mé- 1. Monceaux, Bull. corr. hell., VI, 1882, p. 527. 2. We have sometimes classified, but wrongly, the island of Sa- amine, small bronzes from the 15th century, at the ende ZAA, who are from Salamis in Cyprus. hear our Descr. hist, t. II, p. 730. 3. Descr, hist, t. I, p. 118 to 182. Volume IV. MEGARA 146 installed in 243 and Aratus returned it to the Athenians in 2321, The coinage of Sala- mine appears, according to the style of its pro- duits, stop with the conquest of Cas- zander in 318?. SIV. — Megara. On primitive coins, such as the wheel, which can be attributed to Megara, see our : Historical description, t. I, p. 718 to 782. gariens found themselves, as before, sometimes in conflict with the Corinthians, while Lot with the Athenians. Around 455, allies from Athens, we see them building two long Gues walls to connect Megara to Nisea and they fortified Pagæ against Corinth 5. In 465, Megara revolts against Athens, the instigation of Lacedaemonians f. The Athenians take revenge *; then, it's a result of intermittent struggles which occur along throughout the Pelowar ponnese. The Megarians, very tested, pass here to {our under the domination of Athenians and Lacedaemonians 5. After the fall of the capital of Attica in 404, Megara raises her head; finally the Treaty of An- talcidas, in 387, officially returned his political autonomy; she mints money. Taking advantage of the rivalry of Athens, of Sparta, from Thebes and Corinth, his business takes on a growth that it had not experienced before then centuries. At the time of supremacy : Herod., VIN, 455 1698 - Laucyd A0 . Thucyd., I, 114, 145. . Thucyd., 1, 67, 139; Aristoph., Acharn., 533. . Thucyd., 11, 31; Ali, 51; IV, 66, 74, 109, 147. D IDR 10

147 Theban tie, under Pelopidas and Epaminon- das, the development of Megara is attested by Isocrates ! and we can add also by the elegant style of the group of its currencies which are placed in this period 103. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left, long hair on the neck. RC. METAPE. Lyre with seven strings. Æ20; didrachm, 7 gr. 90 (L) PL CXCIV, fig. 6:. 104. — Laureate head of Apollo left, long hair on the neck. B. MEFA and the letter H. Five crescents arranged in a wheel and separated from each other of others by the letters of the legend. Z 14; pentobol, 3 gr. 25 (L) PL CXCIV, fig. 7'. 105. — Same right. BL. METAP. Same type of five croissants. ZR 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 96 (P) PI. CXCIV, fig. 8. 106. — Laureate head of Apollo on the left. A. MEF. Three croissants arranged in a wheel and separated by the letters of the legend. Grenelis. ÆR 11; triob. Corinthian, 1 gr. 60 (P) P1. CXCIV, fig. 9; — other, Lor 25 (LE. 107. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Æ&. Lyre (without leg.); traces of a hollow square. ZR10; diobole (?), 1 gr. 17; 1 gr. 18 108. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. &. Lyra. ÆR 8; obol, 0 gr. 65 (L) ?. 109. — Laureate head of Apollo, left. Bt. ME. Lyre. ZR 6; hemi-obolus (?), 0 gr. 26(L)*. The types of coins of Megara are ex- explained by local legends which relate glad that the founder of the city, Alca- 1. Isocr., De Pace, 111. 2Aelien, Or. its you NI So Drit. Mus. ATiCA, p 118, mo pl XXI, 1" 4. Brit. Mus. Atlica, p.118, n° 2, pl. XXI, 2. MEGARA 148 brilliant of its history and that we will describe. This coinage ends after the battle of Chaeronea in 338, when Més= station had to bend under the yoke of Phi= Lippe of Macedonia?. (L) PL. CXCIV, fig. 10°. thoos, son of Pelops and Hippodamia, res had the help of Apollo when he undertook to build the ramparts of the acropolis. Alcathooë 5. Brit. Mus. Attica, p. 118, no. 3, pl. XXI, 3. 6. Brit. Mus. Attica, p.118, nos. 4 and 5, pl. XXI, #9 1. Brit. Mus. Allica, p. 118, no. 6. 8.-Brit. Mus. Atlica, p.118, n°1.

149 grateful, raised a temple to Apollo Ayoxios. Megara was shown the stone, become sacred, on which Apollo had laid down his lyre to help Alcathoos to cons- destroy the walls; this stone made the same sound as a lyre when struck have with a small stone. We can believe, other than the croissants arranged n wheel, on the reverse of several of the mon- previous years, recall the wheel of primitive knowledge that we have known Jecturally classified in Megara?. The weight system of currencies strays is singular *. He is neither ic, nor Corinthian. The weight of 7 gr. 90 given to the didrachm, seems to be linked an Asian system, as if Megara wanted to reconnect with old relationships commercial with his old colonies Astacos, of Cyzicus, of Calchedon, of yzantium, of Mesembria. The room of five roissants (3 gr. 25) appears to be a pento- ole corresponding to the 0 gr. 65 No. 108); but it is not a division normal of the 7 gr piece. 90. Else art, the weight of 2 gr. 96 given to a part of the same type of five crescents 0105) in makes an aeginetic triobole re- ulier. Should we finally consider as a Corinthian iobol the coin with three crosses ants whose effective weight is 1 gr. 60 1: Pausanias, 1, 42. On bronze coins a very later time, we see the obelisk xoanon of another Apollo, nicknamed Carinos, e Pausanias also reports to Megara. See Brit. us. Cal. Allica, p. 121. On the Apollo of Megara, yez Svoronos, in the archaeol Ephemeris. of Athe- 2 1912, p. 254-256 (about of a bas-relief MEGARA 150 and 1 gr. 45? A careful study of weight of all known copies of this Megarian series would give maybe the solution to this metrological problem which seems to reflect the political alliances of Megarians, in turn allies of the Athenians, of the Corinthians and the Aeginetans. In 338, the Megara workshop was closed. This was undoubtedly the consequence of the victory from Philippe to Chéronée, or rather from the ex- rapid pedilion against the Peloponnese that the king of Macedonia had to undertake legacy of his victory. After the death of Alexander the city was owned successively by Cassandre and by Demetrius Poliorceles *; the latter, in 307, proclaimed the restoration of law political freedom of Megara which reopened, in consequently, its monetary workshop. In this new period which is out of our chronological framework, Megara struck silver and bronze coins; the silver coins are of the same types as those of the period before 338; but their rejuvenated style resembles that of coins of Demetrius Poliorcetes and, like these, they are cut according to the Attic system *; finally, they stand out guent at first glance in that the head of Apollo is no longer toured left, but right. found in Aegina). 2. See above, our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 7180. 3. B. Head, Hisé. num. (2nd 6d.). p. 393; cf. That- tal. Atlica, Introd., p. Lxur. 4. Diode. Sic., XX, 46; Plut., Demetlr., 9. 5: B Head; Hisf. num. (2®,6ed),.p. 393:

151 AEGINA 152 $ V. — Aegina. For coins from the period before 480, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 642 to 663 et pl. XXIX and XXX. The Phydonian turtles, so widespread from the end of the seventh century and known everywhere under the name of peloponé currency his [yslwvn, vôuioux [ekorowvnotaxiv), se found in almost every hole values of archaic currencies, not only ly in the Peloponnese and the islands of the Archipelago, but on the coasts of Macé- doine, in Egypt, Italy and Sicily *. The Aeginetan merchants whose reputation small peddlers around the world became proverbial?, transport them by- all, both in the interior of the conti- only in ports. Not only do they introduce the Phidonian stater on all the markets, but they imitate it, make it into counterfeits, alter impudently the law, openly diminish its weight. Everywhere and for centuries we have thus imitated and altered the Phidonian coinage in type of sea turtle; from there came the reputation of a forger which was made, from antiquity, to Phidon rendered responsible fraudulent transactions by merchants Aeginetans, even of those who lived well long after him? Regardless, this skill includes unscrupulous merchandising benefited the Egi- neles, despite the sarcasm with which they are 4. By e.g. : finds from Egypt, H. Dressel, Zeit. für Num.,t. XXII, p. 235; — find of Taranto, Babelon, Rev. num., 1912, p. 4. 2. Apuleius, Melamorph., 1, 4. overwhelmed. The thirty ships they armed to fight the Persians at the Battle of Salamis in 480, attest, as well as extreme abundance of their currencies, the prosperity and wealth of their island. But shortly after 480, things changed and the fight of Aeginetans against the Athenians began again sooner than before the invaders Persian zions; it must have been fatal to the times to the emissions of the slaters to the turtle and the independence of the island which pro- duisail. First, we are witnessing a transformation radical malion of the torlue type who had remained approximately the same for two and a half centuries. It was the turtle sea where (halassit, who, we we saw it, characterizes the “Phidonian” currency pro- previously said. From now on, we will have the land turtle, called by naturalists, lestudo graeca. Instead of a smooth ornate shell alone- ment of the line of globules which underlines the spine “, in the future and safe from very rare exceptions inspired in isolation of the old form, the turtle is dressed of a shell whose shield is shared in a triple series of scaly plates, jJuxtaposed to each other and like articulated. It is therefore no longer the phi- tortoise 3. Herodotus, VI, 127; Alciphron, III, 34; Pau= sanias, VI, 22, 2; cf. our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 6618 4, CF, Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 655, :

153 donienne. The image of this land turtle is engraved by true artists who have knew how to copy nature in perfection, studying to render anatomical details the most meticulous. What also distinguishes these news coins of Aegina of the phido-currency nienne, is that the blank of the pieces is more wide, less thick, with more regular contours bind; the technique is perfected. The hollow square on the reverse, with its five compartments, of which we followed the gradual transformations, now fixed and became hieratic, rest what we We saw it last!, but the boxes are sometimes occupied by symbols, names of magistrates, or the name itself of the Aeginetans. These monetary series that we are going to AEGINA 154 describe are much less abundant than that of the archaic period, and it is to notice that we do not meet them or they are only rarely reported in monetary finds made in the countries far from Aegina: the yekwvat new velles ceased to be agents of the com- merce international: they are replaced in this role by the owls of Athens and the foals (root) of Corinth. It's done cash of the final struggle of Aegina against Athens which we will describe. The major stage of this fratricidal war was the loss by the Aeginetans of two battles naval in 458 and 456. This was done as early as during political and monetary independence lary of Aegina; became tributary of Athens, for a long time she stopped hitting silver staters. 110. — Turtle whose shell is made up of three rows of scales. In countermark, a little turtle. B£. Primitive hollow square, divided into intersect in the center. eight triangles by diagonals which /R 21; stat. egin., 12 gr. 32 (P) PL. CXCIV, fig. 11. The archaism of the hollow square of this rare Stater ranks it before 490, or even can postpone it until the seventh century: that’s why which we have already given an image of in the archaic period ?. However, we describe it again here because the land turtle, with three-row shell 111. — Sea turtle, with shell line of globules, and in addition, of two 1. See our Description. hist., €. 1, p. 655. 2. See another copy, from the British Museum- nique, in our Descr. hist, t. 1, p. 651 (fig.); of scales, does not, with this exception, its appearance before 480 on coins from Aegina. The hindquarters of this turtle (n° 410) ends exceptionally in point, like the sea turtle of the mon- phidonian nais. smooth, the middle part decorated with a lateral globules near the cervix. also K. Regling, Catal. Warren, No. 862 (classified in the 2nd half of the 6th century).

155 AEGINA 156 BÆ., Aegean hollow square divided into five irregular compartments by wide flat bands. ÆR 12; triob. egin., 2 gr. 90 and 3 gr. 05 (P)PI. CXCIV, fig. 12 and 18. The shape of the turtle connects also of the sea turtle of the phido-coins exceptionally this triobole (no. 111) to niennes from the time before 490 *. the archaic period. Here we imitated the type COINS AFTER 480. First series: From 480 to 456 BC. AD 112. — Turtle ({estudo graeca) whose shell is made up of three rows of scales, the posterior part of the carapace being very broad. Æ. Aegean hollow square divided into five irregular compartments by five bands. ÆR 25 by 17, elongated blank; stat. egin., 12 gr. 22 (P)PI. CXCIV, fig. 14. 113. — Variety; blank with irregular contours. ÆR 21; stat. egin., 12 gr. 35 (P) PL. CXCIV, fig. 15. 114. — Same description. ZR15; triob. egin., 2 gr. 60 (P) PI. CXCIV, fig. 16. 115. — Turtle whose shell is made up of three rows of scales, the perimeter forming a marli decorated with rays. Be. Hollow Aegean square divided into five irregular compartments by wide flat bands. ÆR 19; stat. egin., 12 gr. (P) PL. CXCIV, fig. 17; — other, 12 gr. 37(L)*?. 116. — Varieties; the edge of the shell resembles a cord. ÆR 22; stat. egin., 12 gr. 15 and 12gr. 30 (P) PI. CXCIV, fig. 18 and 19. 117. — Varieties; more advanced style. The lortue is wider; the shell very neat is surrounded by a cord of small scales. B. The strips that share the hollow square are much thinner. ZR 93; stat. egin., 12 gr. 10 and 12gr. 14 (P) PL CXCOIV, fig. 20 and 21. 4. Cf, our Descr. hist., t. T, p. 655 to 659 and 2. Cat. Attica, etc. p. 137, no. 148. pl. XXLV, 10. pl. XXX, fig. 17 and 18.

157 AEGINA 158 118. — Same description; to the left of the turtle, a crescent. ZR 14; triob. egin., 2 gr. 75 (P) PL. CXCIV, fig. 22. 119. — Same description, but without the crescent. ZR10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 80 and 0 gr. 71 (P) PI CXCIV, fig. 28 and 24. 120. — Same right. Be. Hollow square divided into five compartments forming a star. ZR 6; hemi-obolus egin., 0 gr. 45 (P) PL. CXCIV, fig. 25. The Aegineles as well as the Corin- thiens and the Lacedaemonians understood, but too late, what to stop the expansion of the Athenian power, was for them a question of life and death, and that they would only find their salvation in union against the common enemy. After many procrastinating, they took up arms in 458 av. J.-C. The lack of understanding lost them, The Athenian Myronides first defeated the Co- Rinthians near Megara. The same year- born, the Athenian fleet commanded by Leocrates altaqua Aegina seventy Aegine ships fell to power of the Athenians who began without delay der the blockade of the island. In the years that followed boasts, the Epidaurians, the Corinthians, the Lacedaemonians wanted in turn rescue Aegina. The Boeotians themselves having taken up arms were crushed by the Athenians, at OEnophyta, in 456, Athens resolved then from finish with Aegina that Pericles called in such a way fierce and so expressive, “a cover in the eye of Piraeus”. The Aeginetans abandoned by their allies defeated, exhausted themselves, capitulated. They had to deliver their buckets, tear down the walls of their capital and commit to paying an annual tribute of 30 talents (180,000 drachmas)?. Second series: From 456 to 431 BC. AD Became tributary from Athens in 456, Aegina had to comply with the law that the Athenians imposed, each time they could, to the cities dependent on their worst maritime : she was forced not to more silver coins minted than one weight greater than the drachma, not to not do competition at telradrachm Athenian with the owl, which became the currency 1, Cf. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. He, p. 431 and following. 2. View event summary in Eug. official of the Attico-Délian confederation. Indeed, from 456, Aegina no longer had of staters to the type of the turtle, but only drachmas and Egyptian trioboles netic, for circulation local and the trade interior of the island. Here is these coins that were issued from 456 until 431, time of the mass revolt of Aegineta and the ruin of their island. Cavaignac, History, from Antiquity, t. I, Athens, p. 65.

159 AEGINA 160 121. — Turtle as above, the shell surrounded by large globules. B. Aegean hollow square; in one of the compartments, two globules. Æ20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 45 (P) PL CXCV, fig. 1. 122. — Same description. ÆR 15; triobole egin., 2 gr. 90 (P) PI. CXCV, fig. 2. 123. — Same types; on the reverse, the two globules are stuck to each other and placed in a different compartment. ZR 17; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 12 (P) PL. CXCV, fig. 8; — 5 gr. 82 (L)*. 124. — Same description. ZR 14%; triob. egin., 2 gr. 60 (P) PI. CXCV, fig. 4. 125. — Tortoise, as above; in the left field, A; on the right, A. BR. Aegean hollow square; in one of the compartments, a croissant. ÆR 14; triob. egin., 3 gr. 18 (P) PL. CXCV, fig. 5; — 3 gr. 11 (L) ?. 126. — Variety; to the right of the turtle, a crescent. Bz. Same as the previous one with the croissant. ZR 12; triob. egin., 2 gr. 90 (P) PL. CXCV, fig. 6. 127. — Variety, without letter or symbol in the right. B. Aegean hollow square; in one compartment, the crescent; in another, a bay leaf. Æ13; triob. egin., 2 gr. 95 (P) PI From the start of the Peloponnesian War nesis in 431 BC. B.C., the Aeginetans believing stunned the time of their postage, allied themselves with the Megarians, the Lacedaemo- nians and other enemies of Athens. It did not take long for them to be chastised with final rigor. Pericles decided that all the inhabitants of Aegina would be expelled 1. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 138, no. 161. 2. Brit. Mus. Cat., p. 139, no. 172, pl. XXIV, 15. CXCV, fig. 7. of their homes and exiled. At the same time, the territory of the island was divided el given free of charge to Athenians who came there installed %, This is how, by the establishment- ment of this Athenian keyruchy, which ceased the coinage of Aegina that we come to describe. The Aegina workshop was to so much to be reopened, 27 years later, in 404: 5 DOUCYd, I 206, 62:

161 AEGINA 162 Third series: From approximately 404 to 348. Immediately after the fall of Athens in 404, the end of the Peloponnesian War, all he cities that the capital of Attica had those under the yoke raised their heads and gained their independence. The general Acedaemonian Lysander, victorious, invited are old inhabitants from Aegina, scattered years in the Peloponnese, to return to their the, to regain possession of their homes es and their lands!. As if by chance- ment, Aegina got up again, relived prosperous days fathers and reopened his workshop. The fleet laced- demonian settled in Aegina to supervise ler Piraeus; she remained there until the time of the struggle of Athens against Philip of Macedonia *. During this period, Aegina struck the following coins, at the head of the which again appear as staters: on the reverse of the coins, we often see a dolphin and the initials of a magician's name trat. Bronze coins replace small silver divisional coins. 128. — Turtle as above, the shell very decorated and surrounded by a order of small scales. &. Aegean hollow square; in three of the compartments, AT - IF and dolphin. 2 24; stat. egin., 12 gr. (P) P1. CXCV, fig. 8. 129. — Same description; variety in the place of the letters and the dolphin. ZÆR 21; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 65 (P) PL. CXCV, fig. 9. 130. — Same description, with A — IFI and dolphin. ZR 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. (P) PL CXCV, fig. 10. 131. — Same description. ZR20; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 91 (P) PI CXCV, fig. 11. 132. — Same turtle; in the field, To — 1. BR. A— IT and dolphin in the hollow square, as above. 2R 25; stat. egin., 11 gr. 65.(P). 133. — Same description. ZR 18; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 55 (P) PL CXCV, fig. 12. 134. — Even (ortue; in the field, To — 1. L: Xenophon, Hellen., 1I, 2, 9. Volume IV. 2. Cavaignac, Hist. of Ant., t. He, Athens, p. 263. 11

163 AEGINA 164 Bi. N— let dauphin, in the Aegean hollow square. ZR 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 05 (P) PL CXCV, fig. 18. 135. — Same description. ZR 19; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 85 (P) PI. CXCV, fig. 14. 136. — Hawksbill turtle, as above. R. A— ®, in two of the compartments of the Aegean hollow square. ZR 13; triobole egin., 2 gr. 81 (P) PL CXCV, fig. 15. 137. — Hawksbill turtle, as above; in the field on the right, A: B. I— To, in two of the compartments of the Aegean hollow square. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 88 (P) PL. CXCV, fig. 16. 138. — Same turtle, with A —1. And. AO— P, in two of the compartments of the Aegean hollow square. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 85 (P) PL CXCV, fig. 17. 139. — Same turtle; in the field, on the right, A. BL. E-—Y in two of the compartments of the Aegean hollow square. _ ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 79 (?) PI. CXCV, fig. 18. 140. — Same turtle (without letter). BL. A—I—K—A—I10, in the compartments of the Aegean hollow square. Æ12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 90 (P) PL. CXCV, fig. 19. The name of magistrate Alxatos (or Awxtoyi- same as the one which is abbreviated AI, on the: vns, Awzoxdïs, etc.) is probably the n°137 and 142. 141. — Two opposing dolphins; between them, the letter A. B. Aegean hollow square. Æ12; (P) PL. CXCV, fig. 20 and 21. 142. — Same right. B. A—1, in two of the compartments of the Aegean hollow square. Æ16; (P) PL CXCOV, fig. 22. 143. — Variety, with N — O. Æ12; (P) PL CXCV, fig. 28.

165 AEGINA 166 144. — Three dolphins arranged in a crown; in the center, the letter A. BL. Aegean hollow square. Æ15; (P) P1 CXCV, fig. 24. Thanks to effective fleet protection Lacedaemonian, coinage Aegean that we have just described can continue Without interruption and without disturbance until mid-15th century. But in 348, when Philip of Macedonia se was seized 'Olynthus, thus threatening the possessions thenians, a movement belligerent suddenly cried out all the population of A- henes. It was probably at this time hen the Athenians reoccupied Aegina to avoid seeing it fall into the hands of hilippe, or rather perhaps to prevent 1. Lud. Muller, Numism. of Alexander the Great, the Aeginetans willing to place themselves under the protection of the ambitious king of Macedonia. Still, the Aegina workshop was new and closed for a long time. He doesn't should only reopen in the current of me century, to strike rare tetra- Alexandrian drachmas which have as a symbol a turtle and a dolphin, and at the same time, small bronzes which have the legend the word AIFINAIQN more or less abbreviated ‘. On the currencies of the time Roman ethnic is AIFEINHTON. D: 225, n%699,

CHAPTER II EUBOA CU Euboea is one of the countries in the world Hellenic where the use of metal currency lique spread from best hour, thanks to the commercial activity of its inhabitants tants; we have described and commented on the Chal-primitive numismatic series cis, Eretria and Carystos, the three great towns of this island which gave its name to pruning system called euboic, euboico- attic, then attic ‘. Each of these cities had, in this archaic period of its history, a different political fate which influenced its monetary emissions, Chalcis, ruined for the first time in 507, stopped the minting of its series on this date to the types of the eagle and the wheel?. Eré- trie, burned in 490 by the Persians, suspended then told his coinage to the guys in the Gorgon head, bull head, muzzle lion, of the cow and the 1. See our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 663 et seq. 2. Description hist., t. 1, p. 611-674. — General overview. octopus ÿ. Finally, Carystos had barely come to open his workshop, when the Persians arrived: docked at Marathon in 490. Busy, May$ spared by the invaders, it does not seem not that Carystos had to interrupt sek broadcasts; a little later, she did well welcome to the fleet of Xerxes and continued its coinage with regularity Until ak day when she was forced to bow under domination of Athens, in 470 av. AD It is until this date that we have led, in our archaic series, the of: description of parts to cow types of the palm tree and the rooster “. In the middle of the 5th century, Euboea, deprived of all independence, seemed united annex of Attica. But one day came its cities, impatient to shake the cheek united in revolt. Athens surrenders take into account the danger that this insurrection! 3Descr-ust., LI D. 0141 091 4. Description hist., t. I, p. 691 to 694.

169 Faisail run to his power and his pros- perity. In 446, Pericles attacked the cities Euboeans with 50 ships and 5,000 ho- plites. The punishment was merciless: Ca- rystos, Chalcis, Eretria, Hisliaea (Oreos) were occupied by key colonies Athenian redheads who came to take the place of residents expelled from their homes die and exile!. Also long time that domination Athenian rule imposed itself on the Euboean cities, that is to say until towards the end of the 5th century, they could not reopen their workshops ?. But in 411, the Lacedaemonians taking advantage of the disasters of the Athenians in Sicily, sailed from Euboea to which they entrusted the protection with two harmosts with a body of 300 hoplites *. The towns of the island are formed a confederation whose ca- pital was Eretria, It is there and in these cir- consolations that were struck by the mon- naies who carry the legend federal EYBOI(:wY): they are of weight tick. Euboea did not remain under the hegemo- nie Lacedaemonian than 16 or 17 years old. From 395, during the formation of the corin- league Thienne against Sparta, at the instigation of Thebes and Athens, and especially following of Conon's victory at Cnidus, in 394, the cities of Euboea detached themselves from the Lacæ demonians and joined in the news Athenian League which, moreover, was ephemeral mother el without influence on the coinage Euboean #. 1. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. II, p. 448; Ugh. Cavaignac, His{. of antiquity, t. II, Athens, p. 81. 2. See above, our general introduction. 3. Thucydides, VIII, 95; cf. Curtius, Hist. Greek, DIV, p. 8. 4. See above, our General Introduction. EUBOA 170 From 394, the federal currencies of Euboea, always struck at Eretria with the legend EYBOI (swv) and the same types, are now lays in the system attica. Cities other than Eretria do not have no workshop, The treaty of Antalcidas in 387, which did not knows to the Athenians that Lemnos, Imbros and Scyros, confirmed to the cities of Euboea their complete autonomy; they did not benefit from it not to reopen their local workshops, without doubt because the clergy keep Athenian influence was born. In 377, after the Lacedaemonians were expelled from Oreos (Histiaea), all the island of Euboea entered in the alliance of Thebes and Athens!. But soon, Thebes and Athens having separated from each other, Euboea passed in the gone Theban. As a consequence of the victory of Epa- minondas at Leuctra, in 371, met on Congress of Delphi in which, in 369, the cities Euboeans saw their autonomy particular constituted in such a way that they isolatedly resumed their self-coinage name *. Each of them, by tidying up sons of Theban hegemony, had, to the point from a monetary point of view at least, a greater freedom of pace in relation to the federal bond which united them to each other. Eretria continued to issue currencies with the legend federal EYBOH(:wvY); but in same time, Chalcis and Carystos recom- began to strike in their personal name nel; as for Histiaea, she opened, for the 1. E. Curtius, Hisé. greek., t. V;, p, 255. 2. Xenophon, Hellén., VI, 5; E. Cavaignac, Hist. of Antiq., t. Il, Athens, p.312; E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. IV, p. 392; Ulrich Kæhler, in the Athens. Miltheil. der d. Instit., t.1, 1816, p. 19: B. Head, Catal. Central Greece, Introd., p. xv and Lix.

171 first time in his workshop. From the point of view of art, the Euboean coins of this period are the most remarkable. After the Battle of Mantinea in 362, in which Epaminondas victorious found death, war broke out between Thebes and Athens for the possession of Euboea. Finally, in 358, the Thebans were expelled from the island, by the general Athenian Timothy who replaced Euboea entirely entirely under the protectorate of Athens!. Euboean coins of this period which begins in 369, all present, in weight point of view, an interesting particularity. They are cut according to a significantly reduced attic system. Thus, while the coins with the legend EYBOI (ewv), minted between 394 and 369, depend of a standard which gives the tetradrachm the normal weight of 17 gr. 46, and to the drachma that of 4 gr. 36, as in Athens, the coins with the same legend and same Lypes, which are later than 369, depend on a tetradrachm who does not don't pass 15 gr. 40, and a drachma of which the weight is 3 gr. 85. So here is the ta- blue of the theoretical weights of this system Euboean which, from 369, is applied to the size of the currencies of all the cities from the island: DEAITACRM0....,...... do gr. 40 DIUPACRMON ee els « 1 pe (Ù fi Li Fa] 075) SES RE PA 5 gr. 14 DERPRRS NR e nureset 0 SF: 09 AN ER 2 ei) 110) CAPE ERRORS 2 gr. 57 Triobole (hemi-drachma). 1 gr. 92 BACK I don't The Er 1. Diode. Sic. XVI, 7; Aeschines, In Clesiph., 85; Demosth., De rebus Cherson., 14. Cf. Hist. Greek, t. V, p. 102. EUBOA E. Curtius, 172 Théo bOe sa ee 0 gr. 96 DBMO RS ee mie. 0 gr. 64 Tritemorion (3/4 of an obol).. 0 gr. 48 Hemi-obolus. ........ ‘sun Oier. 42 Tartemorion (1/4 of oi. 0 gr. 16 Some years after the influence Athenian rule had been re-established in Euboea by the campaign of Timothy, in 358, occurred Philip of Macedonia, who also sought- cha to seize the island. He succeeds in instilling taller his creatures in Oreos (Histiae), mit a moment in his party Callias, tyrant of Chalcis, and sowed discord in Eretria where the tyrant Clitarchos benefited from his support, while another tyrant, Plutarchos, was supported by Athens (in 351)! Soon, Chalcis, more clairvoyant, con- concluded, thanks to the intervention of Demosthenes, a alliance offensive and defensive with Athens? Demosthenes and Callias searched then came allies, constituted a war treasure and attempted to create a Hellenic National League against the King of Macedonia. A first expedition hunted the Macedonians of Oreos, in June 341 %. Clitarchos, the tyrant of Eretria, was expelled by Phocion. The whole of Euboea seemed delivered. It was for a short time. The Battle of Chaeronea, September 1 338, delivered the entire island to Philip who installed established a strong garrison at Chalcis. The coinage of the Euboean cities suffered he the aftereffect of these political events ticks? We are used to to suspend the mints the currencies of these cities, either in 338, after Chaeronea, or in 335, when Alexander was proclaimed generalissimo 1. Curtius, list. Greek, t. V, p. 255. 2. Curtius, op. cit.,: \E -349 and 366. . Curtius, op. cit., t. V, 367

173 of the Hellenic Confederation, to the Diet of Corinth. The cities of Euboea ceased, it is said, their coinage has autonomous types, to issue, from this time, coins in the name of Philippe, then in the name of Alexander the Great. I don't find in the make the confirmation of this theory. First of all, it was only a time much later than tetradrachms Alexandrian types were minted in Euboea. But if it is indisputable that currencies of Philip and Alexander, in gold and silver gent, which became the international currency, whatever their issuing workshops, dealt a disastrous blow to the coinage autonomous Greek cities, in general, even to that of Athens, it is nevertheless beyond doubt that these cities continued, even during the reign of Alexander the Great, to strike, for the use of their market local, small divisions of the currency autonomous money and also coins bronze. This is what happened to the cities of Euboea: at each of them, in Eretria, Chalcis, Carystos, Histiaea, there to of drachmas and divisions of the drachma, as well as bronzes which are the continuation tion, without interruption, of the series more an- ciennes; their style denotes them as being monetary products of the time of Alexan- Dr. the Great, if not even as being subsequent to this period and extending giant until the 1st century. 1. Droysen, Hist, of Hellenism, t. IL, p. 50. EUBOA 174 When, following the death of Ale- xander in 323, the uprising broke out in Athens against the Macedonian domination, Carystos immediately joined this movement. ment who quickly won the rest of Euboea, like all of central Greece!. After various adventures to which were mixed especially Antigone and Cassandra, we see, in 313, the towns of Euboea, like those of Boeotia, proclaim their independence and their autonomy. Alone, Chalcis is maintained in respect by Macedonian garrison. But this attempt tive, which had no future, don't seems hardly left any traces in the numis- malic from Euboea. Chalcis had not in- interrupted the minting of his drachmas type of the eagle devouring a serpent, nor Eré- sorts his poor coinage to the legend federal EYBOI(:wy). Carystos takes over mission of his didrachms to the types of the cow and the rooster. This is only in this year 313 that Histiaeus inaugurated the abundant continuation of his octoboles to the types of the head of Maenad and the nymph seated on a bow holding the stylis. Euboea remained long under the Macedonian yoke. His cities should not resume, for a moment, the coinage tetradrachm autonomous, that in 197 BC. BC, when the Roman Flamininus came to the Isthmian games of Corinth brought to Greek cities the proclamation of a false freedom.

175 EUBOEA — CARYSTOS 176 SII. — Carystos. For coins from the period before 480, see our Historical Description, t. I, p. 691 to 694 et pl. XXXII, fig. 14 to 19. When Themistocles, the day after Salamis, wanted to punish those in the cities Greeks who had declared themselves in favor of Xerxes, Carystos was among the first, with the islands of Andros and Paros, to undergo the weight of the Athenian general's anger. This one imposed on him a heavy fine pecuniary which attests that Carystos was remained rich and commercial *. However, she retained her independence after the threatening demonstration of Thé- mistocle and she was able to continue the show coins with the types of the rooster and the cow and her calf, which she had started to strike before Marathon in 490, and which we have placed in the series ar- chaic?. The style of the most recent of these parts is favorable to this hypothesis, because it does not allow you to place them all before 480. However, this coinage did not pro- lasted only a few years after the flight of the Persians, that is to say only until that the Athenians had succeeded in incorporating definitively take Carystos to their worse. This does not did not occur without struggles of which historians have left us some echo. Thucydides relates that in 470 av. BC the Athenian fleet, commanded by Cimon, after having seized Eion in Macedonia, expelled from the island of Scyros and 1. Herodotus, VI, 99; VIII, 112. 2, See Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 694, nos. 1085 to 1088, pl. XXXII, fig. 15, 16, 17. Naxos *. the city of Carystos, pirates who had made their lairs, then threw themselves on Herodotus also does allusion to this war against Carystos : there was a battle at Cyrne, in which the Atheist was killed Nien Hermolyce, famous for her physical strength sique ‘. The Athenians won, but the resistance of Carystos had been enough serious so that this city got do not enter under hegemony from Athens only with the guarantee of a treaty; it was then (470) that the issue of coins ceased we described in the period ar- chaic. Later, Carystos, like Chal- cis and Eretria, wanted to rebel against the domination of Athens; roughly chastised by Pericles in 446, she received a key- Athenian rouchie. Although Carystos has found like other Euboean towns a new opportunity for revolt against Athens, in 411, with the support of the Lacedae- moniens, it did not reopen on this occasion his workshop: it was Eretria who showed naya for the whole island, as the capital of the Euboean confederation. Carystos must have benefited, as all the other Greek cities, from the Treaty of An- talcidas, in 387; however we noticed- tones that the Athenian clergymen hand- despite everything, Athenian interference continued; 3. Thucyd. I, 98; E. Cavaignac, Hist. of the Anti- quilé, t. 11, Athens, p. 49. 4, Herod., IX, 105.

pl EUBOEA — CARYSTOS 178 she could not reopen her monetary room in 371 and the decisions of the Congress of Del- eu eighteen years more bacon, when she phes in 369. She then issued, on the standard assa under the Theban protectorate, following reduced allic (tetradrachm, 15 gr. 40; e the victory of Epaminondas at Leuctra, drachma, 3 gr. 85\, the following currencies. Group A. — Coins minted from 369 to 338 BC. AD (Reduced penthouse weight). 145. — Young head of Heracles, wearing a lion's skin, right. B.KAP. Cow lying on the left. ZR 14; drachma eub., 3 gr. 85 (L) PI. CXCVI, fig. 1:. 146. — Bearded head of Heracles, wearing lion skin, right. R£. K-A. Palm tree. 2K 11; hemi-drachm eub., 1 gr. 84 (L) PL. CXCVI, fig. 2 ?. 147. — Laureate head of Apollo, right. . K-A. Three palm trees joined by the roots. 2R 8; tritemorion eub., 0 gr. 43 (L) PL CXCVI, fig. 8°. 148. — Cow standing to the right, turning her head to lick the calf she milk. BR. KAPY3. Rooster on the right. 2 23; didr. eub., 7 gr. 23: 6 gr. 26 (L) PI. CXCVI, fig. 4 and 5*. 149. — Bearded head of Heracles, wearing lion skin, right. BL. KAPY. Cow lying left. ; underneath, a lying club. At 17; drachma eub., 3 gr. 45 (P) PL. CXOVI, fig. 6; — 3 gr. 80 ER 190. — Bearded head of Heracles, wearing lion skin, right. B£. KA-PY. Palm tree; in the field on the left, a club. 2 12; hemidr. cub., 1 gr. 79 (L) PL. CXCVI, fig. 7°. 151. — Same bearded head of Heracles. BE. KAP-YZTI| ON. Palm tree: in the field to the left, a club supported between the trunk of a palm tree. . Brit. Mus. Cal. Central Greece, p.100, no. 3, DUT, 3. “Brit. Mus. Centr. Greece, p.101, no. 5, pl. XVIII 4. »Centr. Greece, p. 102, No. 12, DPI XVILLE 107 Volume IV. 12 . Centr. Greece, p.101, nos. 6 and 7, pl. XVIII, 5, 6. . Central Greece, p. 104, no. 8, pl. XVII, 7. . Central Greece, p. 101, no. 40, pl. XVIII, 8. D © &

119 ÆR 15; hemidr. eub., (P) PL CXCVI, fig. 8. 152. — Same bearded head of Heracles. B.KA-PY. Palm. Z 9; obole eub., 0 gr. 62; 0 gr. 52 (P)P1. CXCVI, fig. 9 and 10. 153. — Cow standing to the right, turning her head to lick the calf she breastfeeding. R. KA-PYZXTION. Rooster on the right. ÆR 95; didrachm eub., 7 gr. 75 (P) PL CXCVI, fig. 11. 154. — Bearded head of Heracles, wearing lion skin, right. Bz. KAPY. Cow lying on the left; underneath, a club. ÆR 15: hemidr. eub., 1 gr. 97 (Luynes) PL. CXCVI, fig. 12; — 1 gr. 72 (L) *: 15% bis. — Laureate head of Apollo right, long hair on the neck; behind, X; under the neck, N. &. Rooster standing right; behind, X. ZR 13; trihemiobolus, 1 gr. 45 (P) PL. CXCVI, fig. 18*. 155. — Helmeted head of Athena (?) on the right. B.K-A. Palm. Æ11; (P) P1 CXCVI, fig. 14. The Athenians had resettled in Ca- rystos as in the whole island of Euboea, during of Timothy's expedition in 357; but, as we have just seen, they do not do not appear to have, in these circumstances Group B. — Coins minted from approximately 313 to 265. From the year of Alexander's death in 323, Carystos helped the Athenians shake off the Macedonian yoke. In 313, thanks to the war between Cassandra and Antigone, the cities of Euboea having, like we 156. — Cow standing right, turning her head to lick the calf she is breastfeeding. 1. Central Greece, p. 102, no. 14, pl. XVIII, 12. 2. Questionable attribution to Carystos; the letters THE EUBOEA — CARYSTOS 180 l tance, hindered the Carystian coinage which continued at least until the dominion nation Macedonian introduced after Chaeronea by Philip, in 338. as we said above, declared independent Dantes, it is at this time, if not from 323; that Carystos resumed the emission of his mon-= independent types of nests, cut according to the 15 gr standard. 40. of the right and back are unexplained.

I. K-AP-Y. Two palm trees. knotty leaves. 2 18; (L) PI. CXCVI, fig. 17:. We explained the type of cow lying or nursing her calf, as on 8 coins of Corcyra {; to Carystos this pe probably relates to the myth e the Hera of Mont Oché. The Rooster (xäpvé) tun speaking emblem, close to the name e Käovsroc; we find it on mon- ies of Dicæa, Selymbria and others Islands on the coasts of Thrace and Troas es by Euboean settlers. In Himère in cile, the rooster is the symbol of Birth Day nt. As for the bearded head of Heracles, the is inspired by that which appears on the Coins of the kings of Macedonia from Amynlas III (389 to 369) 5. The mono- amme of the name of magistrate, on the di- achme n° 156, indicated for the issue e fairly low period: it is unexplained peotoc?). After 313, Caryslos generally followed Fate of others cities of Euboea, and + Central Greece, p. 102, n° 143 et pl. XVIII, 11. » Central Greece, p.102, n° 11, DIS OPINION + Central Greece, p. 102, no. 15, pl. XVIII, 13. : See Descr. hist., t. I, p. 692. : B. Head, Hist. numer., 2nd ed., p. 221. : B. Head, Catal. Central Greece, Introd., p. Lx1v; Bnum., p. 351; J.-P. Six, Numism. Chronicle, 81 EUBOEA — CARYSTOS B£. KAPYZTION (recliline). Rooster on the right; ZR 25; didr. eub., 7 gr. 69 (L) PL CXCVI, fig. 15:. 182 on the left, the mongr. €. 157. — Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right. ZR 12; diobole eub., 1 gr. 21 (L)P1. CXCVI, fig. 16:. 158. — Bearded head of Heracles, wearing lion skin, right. Be. KA. Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right, the horns decorated with bands from Athens itself, alternating between the regime of freedom and Macedan domination donienne until she succeeds in to establish oneself definitely. Everything my- swimming ceases for a period of nearly of a century. It was only following the arrival of the Roman Flamininus in Corinth, in 197 BC. BC, that Carystos had to rou- open his workshop, to resume typing parts to the old types of the head of Heracles and the lying cow; of the cow nursing her calf and rooster; of the Head of Heracles and cow's head. I is possible that the last parts described higher go down until this late period during which Carystos had some gold coins and even slaters of silver to the elligy of the king of Syria Antio- chus III the Great or of Alexander, son of Cralerus, king of Euboea, around 250 6. 1894, p. 299; Percy Gardner, Journ. of hellen. Stu- dies, t. IV, 1883, p. 243. The golden drachma of Carys- tos is mentioned towards 185 av. AD in the accounts of the hierops of the temple of Apollo at Delos. Homolle, Bull. corr. hell., t. VI, 1882, DM R.C. the present Trailé. Theory and Doctrine, t. I, p. 493,

183 EUBOEA — CHALCIS 4 184 S III. — Chalcis. For coins from the primitive period (before the destruction of the year 507) see our Descr. hist, t. I, p. 663 to 673 et pl. XXXI, fig. 1 to 6. After the Athenians destroyed Chalcis in 507, exterminated or exiled its inhabitants so much, they resolved to create on the ruins deserted a new Chalcis, populated by citizens of Athens. The territory of the inhabitants so many were dispossessed and divided into lots (xXñoot) and distributed among four thousand clergy. This was the first clerouchie created by Athens’. The essential character of this colony, like all those which, in subsequently, were installed in various places by the Athenians, was that the enablers continued to be considered here citizens of Athens. The city always remained days, opposite the capital of Altica, in a star dependence, not enjoying of no political right of his own. This is why the new Chalcis did not have monetary mint point. No doubt after the great Persian wars and the retreat of Xerxes in 479, the ancient families hippobots of Chalcis obtained the right to enter their mansions and of take back part of their property. But Chalcis did not therefore cease to be in direct dependence on Athens and she had to pay tribute to the Altico-December League 1. Description hist.,t. I, p. 614. 2. Plutarch, Pericles, 23; cf. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. 11, p. 438. link. The Chalcidians, in 446, prireni leaves Euboea with Loute, to revolt against Athens; they only succeeded in making res tighten the links of the chain that riveted him fate of the capital of Attica?. In the last period of the war of Peloponnese, in #11, Chalcis reconquered, the truth, its independence with the support of the Lacedaemonians *, but in the organi station federal of Euboean towns cl remained city secondary; alone, Eretria as capital of Euboea, struck word nae, for all the island, from this dale, until 369 BC. AD | It was the Thebans who returned cities of Euboea their complete autonomy The victory of Epaminondas in Leuctres in 371, had the sanction of the meeting @ Congress of Delphi in 369, in which political situation of greek cities fu fixed : Chalcis like Carystos, reopened immediately his monetary workshop, fra pant of drachmas in a graceful style whose type of nymph forms the pendak coins from Eretria at the same time Their reduced penthouse weight (3 gr. 85) €! that of all Euboea, at the same time 3. Thucydides, VIII, 95; Diodorus of Sicily, XD LEE XINS 90

185 EUBOEA — CHALCIS 186 Coins minted from approximately 369 to 313 (Reduced penthouse weight). 159. — Head of the nymph Arethusa, left, diademed, hair statements; she has earrings and a necklace. BR. XAA. Eagle left, wings raised, devouring a serpent which it binds in its claws; in the field, a variable symbol. ZR 17; drachma eub., 3 gr. 75. — Varieties of symbols: Pink (Bxhx$sr10v) (P) P1. CXCVI, fig. 18. — Insect (?) PL. CXCVI, fig. 19. — Torch (cropped) (2) PI. CXCVI, fig. 20. 160. — Same description, with the head of the nymph on the left, but the eagle is turned to the right, and the legend retrograde, AAX; in the field, a star. (L) PL CXCVI, fig. 21!. 161. — Same head of the nymph Arethusa, right. B. AAX (retrograde). Eagle devouring a serpent, right; in the field, the more often, a variable symbol. ZR 17; drachma eub., 3 gr. 75. — Varieties of symbols: Caduceus (P) PL. CXCVI, fig. 22. — Trident (P) P1. CXCVI, fig. 23. — Crown of laurel (P) PL. CXCVII, fig. 1. — Crown of ears (P) PI. CXCVII, fig. 2. — Trophy (P)PI. CXCVII, fig. 3. — Uncertain symbol (?) Pl. CXCVII, fig. 4. — Lightning (?) 9 PI. CXCVII, fig. 5. — Canthare [L). — Star (L). — Insect (P). — A (P, L}?., — EH or fg (P); to the right, as a countermark, a lyre next to the three letters I4N, initials from the town of Ichnæ, in Macedonia ÿ. PL. CXCVII, fig. 6. 162. — Same head of the nymph Arethusa, right. : 1. Center Greece, p. 109, no. 38, pl. XX, ©. 2, Central Greece, p.111, n° 61 to 69. 3. On this drachma, the monogram can be decompose into LH (Zévwy, Znvé5oros, etc.), or into TH (Tnhéuayos, Troeis, etc.). On the right, the letters IN of the countermark are the initials of the name of Ichnæ, a city in Macedonia whose coins, the primitive era, bear the legend I+NAIQN (Descr. hist., t. 1, p. 1107). The lyre is the symbol well known of the Olynthian League or Chalci- dienne, like attest to this the magnificent tetra- Chalcis drachmas of Macedonia minted from of 392 with the legend KAAKIAEON. After various adventures, war broke out between the League Chalcidian and Philip of Macedonia in 350. Olynthus succumbed following a long siege, 341. We have established elsewhere that the countermark of the drachma of Chalcis of Euboea which we come to describe it was affixed, to Ichnae, during the struggle of the Olynthian League against Philip, of 350 to 347 BC. (Rev. numism., 1905, p. 388 et seq.; Numismalic mixtures, 4th series, p. 147 to 154).

187 EUBOEA — CHALCIS 188 Æ. XA. Eagle right, wings raised, devouring a hare it is holding in its claws; in the field, a variable symbol. ZR 1%; hemi-drachm eub., 1 gr. 72. — Varieties of symbols: Crescent (P) PL. CXCVII, fig. 7. — Uncertain symbol (P) PI. CXCVIL, fig. 8:. 163. — Same head of the nymph Arethusa, right. R&. XA. Eagle standing right; in front, a bay leaf. ÆR 9; tritemorion eub., 0 gr. 48 (L) PL. CXCVII, fig. 9 ?. 164. — Bust of Hera, facing, slightly inclined to the right; her hair raised around the head are scattered on the nape of the neck; she has a tiara topped five discs each decorated with a human head facing forward; on either side of Hera's head hangs from knotted strips. BL. AAX or XAA. Eagle on the right, wings raised, devouring a serpent which it holds in its claws. In the field, most often, a variable symbol. Æ 14. — Varieties of symbols: | Without symbol (L) PI. CXCVII, fig. 10*. — Trophy (?P) PI. CXCVII, fig. 11. — Star (L). — Rose (L). — Canthare (£). — Term (Z). — Tripod (L). — Ear of wheat (L). — Cornucopia (?) PI. CXCVII, fig. 12. — Crown (P). — Ivy leaf (L). — Uncertain symbols (?) P1. CXCVII, fig. 13 and 14. 165. — Bust of Hera facing, as above, placed on the capital of an ionic column. Be. XAA. Eagle devouring a snake right, as above. Æ14; (P, L). 166. — Variety, with the eagle turned to the left. Æ17; (P) PL CXCVII, fig. 15. 167. — Head of the nymph Arethusa, right, hair wrapped around of the head covered with a cap formed from a network of large pearls: braids of hair fall on the neck. BL. XAA. Eagle flying right, holding a snake in its beak and claws. Him; (PP) EPL CXOVIL fs: 16", 1. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 111, nos. 57 to 59. 4. Central Greece, p. 113, nos. 79 and 80. 2. Central Greece, n° 60 et pl. XX, 13. 5. Others. Cal. Central. Greece, p. 113, nos. 81 to 3, Centrdl Greece, pl. XX, 15. 84, pl. XX, 16 and 17.

189 The Hera of the coins of Chalcis is the famous goddess of Mount Dirphys (‘Hoz Ato- 954), lunar divinity whose temple dominates the acropolis was born and which protected the plain where the city extended, as well as the port neighbor ‘. She was probably just one local variety of Artemis Amarynthia that we honored in Eretria. We see her sometimes on the marquee of an ionic column (ne 165), which allows us to affirm that the monetary type is the reproduction of the Slatue of culle which was placed in this of the temple. The currencies show us trent, moreover (nos. 164 and 167), adorned with a tiara decorated with several rows of pearls, with strings of pearls as pendants on each side of the temples. She is also sometimes (n° 164) surrounded of a nimbus of human heads which symbolize, without doubt, either the planes, like wants it Mr. Head, or rather the various towns of Euboea, or, perhaps, the princely colonies blades which were founded in the 10th century by the Chalcidians ?. In Roman times, currencies are of the same type goddess seated on Mount Dirphys, the most high peak from Euboea; she is called on these parts Lantôt HPA, sometimes XAAKIC:. As for the nymph Arethusa whose head appears on drachmas (n°* 1539 et seq.), local legend gave it this name, as to the nymph of the fountain of Ortygia, to Syracuse, identified with it in the manner Next. Chalcis of Euboea had a fountain dedicated to the nymph Arethusa, 1. B. Head, His{. numer., D 859! 2. Compare the crowns of human heads _ on coins from the Roman imperial era, Tarsus in Cilicia and Aspendos of Pamphylia. Wad- dington, Bull. corr. hell., t. VIT, p. 286; B.Head, Catal. Cilicia, p. xcvir. 3. B. Head, Cat, Central Greece, Introd., p. Lx. EUBOEA — CHALCIS 190 who was particularly abundant el powered the entire city!. At the time of great primitive navigations, ships of Chalcis approaching on the most distant coasts diverse and most distant, renew kept their supply of fresh water at the bottom nearest wool and there was no shortage not to give this source the name of Are- thuse which was that of the fountain of their homeland. This is how we had fountains of Arethusa, not only in the island of Gold- tygia, in Syracuse, but on the coast and on the coast of Elide, From this multiplication of same name was born the graceful legend which claimed that the waters of the Arethusa Chalcis continued, without separating, their course through the waves of the sea to come, pure of all mixture, spring from new to places where ships chal- cidians were going to approach. The national nymph nale followed them and protected them everywhere, providing them with all the coasts the water sweetness they needed?. These legends symbolized both the bold races Chalcidian ships and the establishment Chalcidian colonies as far as Sicily. Ghalcis was occupied by Parmenion, name of Philip of Macedonia, from 343 3. As a consequence of the battle of Chaeronea in 338, its Macedonian garrison nienne, reinforced, extended its action on the entire island. This event he stopped the issuance of autonomous currencies of the city? Nothing authorizes assuming it: the 1. Strabo, X, 1, 13; Pliny, Hist. NOT AINEETOE Dicearchus, fios vfs ‘EXAdGoc, P. 146 ed. Fubr; Athenaeus, Deipnosoph., VII, p. 331, and 2. Pinder and Friedlænder, Beiträge zur aell. Munskunde, t. I, p. 234; E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, tp 234: 3. Polybius, XXXVIII, 1,c; Arrian, II, 2, 4; cf. Droysen, ist. from Hellen., t. 1, p. 89,110 and 163.

191 style of silver and bronze coins per- on the contrary, affirms that this mon- swimming continues for a long time, even after that Chalcis became one of the main boulevards of the Macedonian Empire. Under Cassander and his successors, kings of Macé- doen, we called him, with the Cadmea and the Acro-Corinth, the triple chain which rivals Greece in its irons. Without doubt, Chalcis had EUBOEA — ERETRIA 192 a workshop for minting tetradrachms in the name of Alexander ‘, but she had to, in even time, continue the abundant issues of its autonomous drachmas and his little bronzes. It was only in 197, that emancipated by Flamininus, she had to issue new self-tetradrachms nomes with the legend XAAKIAEQON-. $IV. — Eretria. For coins prior to the destruction of 490, see our Descr. hist, t. I, p. 674 to 691 et pl. XXX, XXXI and XXXII. We have described in what circumstances- tances, in 490, the Persians disillusioned Eretria, reducing its inhabitants into slavery vag?. The mint of Eretria ceased to function; in truth, the city was rebuilt by the Athenians victorious to Marathon, so that in Salamis, in 450, seven ships from Eretria were in line next to those of Athens *. But Eré- trie did not, despite this increase, have the right of currency and she had to submit to the law imposed on all cities which were located under Athenian hegemony. As tri- goalkeeper and member of the Délienne league, Eretria was hardly talked about until after the middle of the 5th century. So, in 446, when the whole of Euboea rose up against the Athenian yoke, Eretria participated in the insurgency rection; also she had his share of the punishment 1. Tetradrachm alexandrine hit in Chalcis, with the bust of Hera Dirphys as a symbol. Head, Cat. Central Greece, Introd., p.Lxti; Hist. number, p. 359; Num. Chron., 1898, pl. XIX, 9. 2. Description hist., t. I, p.614 and 692. ment that Pericles inflicted on the Euboeans; its inhabitants were exiled and replaced by Athenian clergy _ Towards the end of the Peloponnesian War, in #11, Eretria, like Chalcis, excited by the Lacedaemonians, recovered a new opportunity for revolt. After Dercyllidas had won his victory at Oropos, opposite of Eretria, Euboea was lost for the Alhenians; Eretria became the capital of a sort of Euboean amphictionia. She possessed- said the national temple for all Eu- béens, dedicated to the eponymous nymph Eu- boia, who was none other than the cow [0, as- similar to Artemis Amarynthide or “the Res- plendissante » ÿ. Eretria thus reopened its workshop for the issuance of federal cash ral which bears the legend EYBOIEQN more or less abbreviated. But Eretria does not strike 8. Herod., VIII, 46. 4. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. He, p. 541. 5. Strabo, X, 1, 10; Livy, XXXV, 38. See our Descr. hist.,t. 1, p. 691; and our Nu-Blends mism., 1st series, p. 11. VRD

193 no longer in its name nor with its old emblem of the octopus (rev0t:, sepiai, which relates to was at ass of Poseidon. It is without doubt the old octopus coinage, of euboic weight, which in the accounts of quaestors of the temple of Athena is designated EUBOEA — ERETRIA 194 by the expression: husband rakaidy ’Epetowxév?, Under the influence of the Lacedaemonians, the federal coins minted in Eretria, from 411, are cut according to the SyS- eginelic theme. From an artistic point of view they are of remarkable style. Group To. — From 411 to 394 BC AD (eginetic weight). 168. — Lying cow to the left, lifting and turning the head to lick; the end of the tail is brought back to the rump. BR. EYB. Head of the nymph Euboia, right, hair raised. Hollow square. ZR 23; aeginetic stater, 11 gr. 94 (P) ÆR 24; slate egin., 11 gr. 11 gr. 82 (Herm. Weber) ‘. “ Following Conon's victory at Cnidus, in August 394, Euboea abandoning the Lacedaemonian party, returned to the influence Athenian 5. Eretria remaining the Capi- federal tale of the island, resumed the euboico-standard L. Following a tradition, Themistocles said by -mockery that the Eretrians had soft swords Like octopuses and not courage: all of Epetotets rioxortuy Éheyev boreo teubiôxs LA ao xv pêv Éyeuv, xapÜiay 03 bn yet (Plutarch, Apopht. Reg. el Imp.; Themist., 14 and Vita Themist. MHPICIONB: Head, Catal." Central Greece, Intr.. P. LVIN. Volume IV, 169. — Same description, without square /R 24; stat., 11 gr. 92 (P) PL. CXCVIL, fie. 18; — 11 gr. 87 (Jameson)’. PI. CXCVII, fig. 17°. é hollow; newer style. 170. — Head of the nymph Euboia, right, hair up: earrings. B.EYB. Cow lying right. raising the head; above, bunch of grapes. 45 (P) PI CXCVII, fig. 19; — other ex. Group B. — From 394 to 369 BC. AD (strong Attic weight). Attica for the size of its species at the legend EYBOI(:wv). She then hit them following pieces which have an attic weight strong: tetradrachm, 17 gr. 12; drachma, 4 gr. 28. 2 CA, Li pr #408 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Greek., p. 223, no. 70 and Griech. Münzen, p. 533. 4. Calal. Jameson, No. 1176. 5. Num. Chron., 1892, p. 192 et pl. XV, 12. 6. Above, General Introduction and p:4697 13

195 EUBOA — ERETRIA 196 171. — Head of the nymph Euboia, right, hair raised. Bi, EYB. Cow standing, right. ZR 93: tetradr. eub., 16 gr. 10 (B) PL CXCVII, fig. 20”. 172. — Variety, with EY-BOI:- ZR 95: tetradr. eub., 16 gr. 45 (B) PL CXCVILI fig. 21 *; — others, 17 gr. 01 (P) PL CXOVIL fig. 22; — 17 gr. 07 (Jameson).” 173. — Head of the nymph Euboia, right, hair raised. BR. EY. Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right; in the field, to the right, an uncertain symbol. ZR 15: eub. drachma, 4 gr. 21 (P) PL CXCVIL, fig. 28. 174. — Variety, more recent style (without symbol). Æ 15: eub. drachma, 4 gr. 19 (P) PI. CXCVII, fig. 24. 175. — Variety, with leg. EYB-. ÆR 15; drachma eub., 4 gr. 05; 3 gr. 97(L)*. 176. — Variety, with leg. EYBOI (newer style). ZR 17; drachma eub., 3 gr. 98 (L)*. 177. — Head of the nymph Euboia, right, hair raised. BL. EYB. Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right. ZR13: hemidr. eub., 2 gr. (P) PL. CXOVII, fig. 25; — worn, 1 gr. 54 (L)°. 178. — Same description. ÆR 11; trihemiob. eub., 1 gr. 10, rough (P) PL. CXCVII, fig. 26. The nymph's head which appears on the eginetic staters and tetradrachms euboecious plants which precede (n°* 168 to 173) is a masterpiece of great style which has no failed to attract the attention of historians of Greek art. We have also proposed conjec- 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Griech. Münzen, p. 536, no. 20, Di 20, 2, Catal. Photiadès Pasha, n° 452, pl. NT. 3. Cat. Jameson, No. 1171. 4. Central Greece, p. 94, nos. 2 to 5, pl. XVII, 2.35. turally to recognize the copy of a statue executed by Polykleitos 7. Perhaps, in indeed, this master or one of his students he had executed for Eretria a statue of the national nymph Euboia. 5. Catal. Central Greece, p. 94, no. 4, pl. XVII, 1. 6. Central Greece, p.94, n°6, pl. XVI, 4. 1. Arthur Mahler, Journ. boarding school. of arch. bare- mism., t. III, 1900, p. 194-196.

197 EUBOEA — ERETRIA 198 Group G. — From approximately 369 to 313 {reduced Atlantic weight; At the time of Epaminondas' victories, Eretria was ruled by the tyrant Themi- his who, won over to the Boeotian party, contributed, following the Battle of Leuctra in 371, enthrone Theban hegemony in Euboea t. When the Congress of Delphi, in 369, had resolved the situation of the allied cities of Thebes, we live in Euboea, Chalcis, Carystos and Histiaeus minting autonomous currencies; as for Eretria, she continued the broadcast coins that bear the federal legend EYBloiuwy). But these elegant pieces, including the type of woman is reminiscent of that of mon- naies of the Opontians of Locris, distinguished themselves guage of the previous ones especially to the point of weighty view: in fact, the drachma, instead to be cut on the normal attic foot of 4 gr. 28, only has the weakened Attic weight left bli of 3 gr. 85. At the same time, this weight reduced is also adopted by other cities Euboeans? In 357, the intervention of Timothy who drove the Thebans from the island of Euboea, restored Eretria under the protectorate of Athens #. But this event had no repercussions. sion on monetary emissions. 179. — Head of the nymph Euboia, right, hair raised; she has earrings and a necklace. B.EY. Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right, the horns adorned with bands knotty leaves. ZÆR 14; drachma eub., 3 gr. 67 (L)P1. CXCVIII, fig. 1'. 180. — Same types, but the head of the nymph turned to the left. ZÆR 14; drachma eub., 3 gr. 81 (P) PL CXCVIIL, fig. 2; — 3 gr. 60 (L)° 181. — Varieties, with symbol on the reverse: Bunch of grapes (2) PI. CXCVIIL, fig. 3. — Canthare (L). — Head of Silenus facing forward (?) PI. CXCVIII, fig. 4; other (L) ° 182. — Head of the nymph Euboia, left, hair raised. . EY. Cow's head three-quarters right, horns adorned with bands knotty leaves. ZR 14; hemidr. eub., 1. Curtius, Hisé. Greekq.,t. V, p. 255 2. See above, p. 170. 3. E. Curtius, {ist. Greek, t. V, p. 102. 4. Cat. Central Greece, p. 95, no. 1, pl. XVII, 1 gr. 80 (L) FT. CXCVIIL, fig. 5. 5. Central Greece, p. 95, no. 8, pl. XVII, 6. 6. Brit. Mus., Catal. Central Greece, p. 95, nos. 11 at 14, pl. XVITL, 7; also Catal. Jameson, No. 1178.

199 EUBOEA — ERETRIA 200 183. — Same head of the nymph Euboia, right. R.EY. Same cow's head, three-quarter view to the right. ÆR 12; hemidr. eub., 1 gr. 85 (L) PL. CXCVIIT, fig. 6:. 184. — Same head of the nymph Euboia on the right. R.EYB. Vine stock bearing two clusters. ZR 12; diob. eub., 1 gr. 10 (L) P1. CXCVIII, fig. 7*. 185. — Same types, with the head of the nymph on the left. ZR 12; diob. eub., 1 gr. 17 (L) PL. CXCVIII, fig. 8*. Group D. — From approximately 313 to 229. Thanks to the struggles of the Diadochi, the following currencies which are the same cities of Euboea having recovered for a types, but of a more recent style than the moment their political independence, in 313, previous ones; they also continue to carry it is probably on this date that com- ter, like they, the legend federal begins in Eretria the emission of abundant E6oewy more or less abbreviated. 186. — Head of the nymph Euboia, right, hair raised, having earrings and a necklace. Garnetis. BL. Without leg. Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right. ZR 22; octobolus eub., 5 gr. 67 (P) PI. CXCVIIL, fig. 9. 187. — Cow's head, front view. BL. Octopus (revbis, sepia). Æ 14 (L) PL CXCVIII, fig. 10:. 188.— Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right. BL. Octopus (sepia). Æ12; (L)*. 189. — Cow standing to the right; above, a variable symbol. BL. EYB., EYBO., EYBOI (sometimes retrograde). Bunch of grapes; in the field, a variable symbol. Æ13*. To the right. Sword in its sheath — On the reverse. Trophy (L) — Crown — — Trophy (L) 1. Central Greece, p. 96, nos. 15 and 16, pl. XVII, 8. 4. Central Greece, p. 96, nos. 19 and 20, pl. XVII, 11. 2. Central Greece, p. 96, no. 17, pl. XVII, 9. 5. Central Greece, No. 21. 3. Central Greece, p. 96, no. 18, pl. XVII, 10. 6. Center Gr, p. 97, n° 22 to 34, pl, XVII, 12, 13.

201 To dr. Crown += — Quiver — — Club — Club Incense burner (thymiaterion) — This coinage appears to be extended quite far in the course of the third century. close a long suspension, the workshop 'otiaux Where 'Estiax, the northernmost town region of Euboea, on a hill called rymos, dominated the narrow channel which disappeared from Antron, on the coast of Thessaly, Opposite her, to the right, stretched the gulf agaséen el, on the left, the Maliaque Gulf. a small river, the Callas, descending from Telethrion threw itself into the sea, istiaea. The canton of which this city was The chief town was called Histiæotide. Histiaea t already mentioned by Homer who ualify of rokosteos)os, rich in vineyards?. effectively its monetary types relate to mostly dedicated to Dionysus, enades and the vine *. But its currencies Are not earlier than the 15th century; it's in in that because of the antiquity of Histiaeus we 1. Central Greece, p. 97, nos. 32 and 33. pl. XVII, 44. 2 Homer, liade, 11, 531. 8 Rud. Weil, Zeit. für Num., t. I, p. 183, 4 See our Description hist, t. I, p. 709-710, EUBOEA — HISTIAE 202 At R. Corne d’abond. (P) PL. CXCVIII, fig. 11. — Quiver (P) PI. CXCVIII, fig. 12. CP) Star {ZL Ivy leaf. 190. — Variety, without symbol, neither on the right nor on the reverse. 191. Head of the nymph Euboia, right, crowned with vine leaves. Be. EYBO. Cow's head, three-quarter view to the right; above, two small bunches of grapes. Æ 14 (L) PL. CXCVIIL, fig. 13:. of Eretria was to function again in 197, at the time of Flamininus, to strike coins with the legend EPETPIEON. S V. — Histiaea. sought to attribute to it pri- mary currencies mitives to the type of the amphora #. The Athenians had, very good hour, near Histiaea, a trading post who was called Afhenæ Diades, and to whom we have wanted, wrongly, to allocate electricity currencies trum and money to the type of the owl 5, Nothing is known about the history of Histiaeus until until the second Persian invasion in 480. Histiaeus saw Xerxes' ships arrive from the coasts of Macedonia and Thessaly, and deliver to the Greek fleet the battle of Cape Arlémision; following the battle, the ships of the Greeks having fled towards the south, Histiaea was occupied by the Persians who made their headquarters for a moment 5. After the victories of Salamis, Plataea pl. XXXIIL, 8 and 9. 5. See our Deser. hist., t. I, p. 18, no. 89, "p. 138, n° 208 to 210 and p. 703. 6. Herodotus, VIII, 23.

203 and Mycale, Histiaea became tributary to Athe- nes, as well as all the other cities of of Euboea. Like them also, she took took part in the revolt of 446, following which Pericles exiled the Histiaeans and replaced them by a clergy of 2,000 Athenians who shared the lands of the former inhabitants pulsed’. From this time the name even Histiaeus was changed into that of Oreos, (Opeds), which was originally the name of a deme dependent on Histiaeus? Both nouns appear to be used simultaneously quite a long time by the authors *, but it There is no money in the name of Oreos*. In the last period of the war of Peloponnese, in 411, only of the cities of Eu- speechless, Oreos tried to remain faithful to Athens 5; but the misfortunes of the end of the war caused it to pass into the hands of the Lacés demonians; the former inhabitants were EUBOA — 20% HISTIAUS resettled in their homes, and Histiaea- Oréos became the main boulevard of La- Cedaemonians in these parts. The Athenian Chabrias tried in vain to seize it. However, the yoke of Sparta appeared to the His- Tiiens even harder than that of Athens; some time before the battle of Leuctra, in 371, Hisliaea revolted and returned the Athenian alliance ‘7. Jason, tyrant of Phères, eager to do- mining on the Pagasean Gulf allied itself with Neo- Genes, tyrant of Histiaeus and both, supported by Epaminondas, contributed to placing the northern Euboea under tea domination baine®. It was then that Histiaeus opened to the first time, in 369, a monastic workshop silence, whose products have the Attic weight reduced (drachma of 3 gr. 85), as the others coins Euboeans contemporary= rains”. Group To. — From 369 to 338 BC. around 500 BC (reduced penthouse weight) 192. — Head of the nymph Histiæa as Maenad, right, crowned with a vine vine loaded with grapes; she has earrings and a necklace. Re. IXTI. Cow standing right, raising its head in three quarters; to the second plan, a vine stock loaded with grapes; in the field on the right, a symbol or a monogram. variables. ZR 16; Attic drachma of reduced weight. Varieties: #, 3 gr. 36 (P) PI. CXCVIII, fig. 14 and 15. — Bunch of grapes, 3 gr. 50 (P)PI. CXCVIIL, fig. 146. — Torch, 3 gr. 53 (P) PL. CXCVIIL, fig. 17'. 4. Thucyd., I, 114; Diod. Sic., Pericles, 23; Strabo, X, 1, 3 and 4. 2. Strabo, loc. eyelash; Pausanias, VII, 26, 4. 3. Thucydides, VII, 57; VIII, 95. 4. A find of coins from the 1st century BC. BC, made in Oreos, is described in the Journ. intern. of archaeol. numism., t. V, p. 318. 5. Thucyd., VIII, 95. XII, 7, 22; Rather, 6. Diode. Sic., XV, 30. 1. Xenophon, Hellen., V, 4, 56. 8. Xenophon, Loc. cit.; Diod. Sic., XV, 30. CR F'Curtus "HiStNGnecq.: t. IN pe 484, 9. See above, p. 171. 10. Others. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 12% nos 1 to G.

To to 205 EUBOEA — HISTIAE 206 193. — Same (head of Maenad, right. BL. IZTI. Cow on the right, as above; in the background, a vine: in the field to the right, letter, symbol or monogram. variable, Æ 19. Varieties: Crown (P) P1. CXCVIIL, fig. 18. — E; in counter., AT (P) PI. CXCVIII, fig. 19. — Mallet (2). 19%. — Same head of Maenad, right. BR. IZTIAI. Cow on the right, as above: in the background, a vine vine; in the field on the right, a club as a symbol. Æ17; (P) PL CXCVIIL, fig. 20, 195. — Varieties; as a symbol, a trophy or a bunch of grapes {L)'. 196. — Same head of Maenad, right. BL. ISTI. Bucrane from the front. Æ14; (P) PL CXOVIIL, fig. 21. 197. — Same head of Maenad, right. Be. IZTI. Protome of a cow on the right, looking straight ahead; in the field, letter, symbol or monogram. variable. Æ14. Varieties: Caduceus (?) P1. CXCVIII, fig. 22. — Mallet (P). — Trophy (P). — Bunch of grapes (P). — Crown (2) PL. CXCVIII, fig. 23. —E (P). 198. — Same head of Maenad, right. B- IZTI. Three-quarter cow head to the right, surrounded by a vine. Æ13; (L) PL CXCVIII, fig. 24, 199. — Same head of Menade, on the right. BL. IZTI. Protome of a cow (without legs) on the right, looking from the front, the ornaments decorated with strips; in the field on the left, bunch of grapes. Æ17; (L) PL CXCVIIL, fig. 25. 200. — Cow walking to the right, looking straight ahead; above, club, - . IZTI (rude). Bunch of grapes on its vine. Æ14; (P) PL CXOVIII, fig. 26. 1 Centrul Greece, Be t265,n%449, pl, XXIV, 3.

207 The majority of these currencies were struck at the time of the struggles between Philip of Macedon and the Athenians, In June 341, the tyrant Philistides, supporter of Philip, was chased by the Alhenians during while the king of Macedonia was busy Group B. The towns of Euboea having managed to declare autonomous and independent in 313 BC AD, Histiaeus began the broadcast of autonomous currencies of Attic weight whose main division is tetrobole (2 gr. 72). These pieces are extremely abundant throughout the third century. They EUBOEA — HISTIAE 208 in Thrace. But Philippe did not take long to return, and the battle of Chaeronea in 338 allowed him to complete and consolidate his work of conquest. The coinage of Histiaeus suffered from it, without it being possible to affirm that he stopped completely. After 313 BC. AD bear, on the reverse, numerous symbols which differentiate the emissions. Like them are mostly outside our chronological framework, we we will give only, as examples, four speci- men who, through their style, place themselves at the head from the series: 201. — Head of the nymph Histiæa in Maenad, right, surrounded by a wreath of grapes, hair in a sphendonate; she has pendants earrings and a necklace. BL. ISTIAIEQN. The nymph Histiæa seated on the right, on a ship's bow; her hair is up; she is dressed in a lalar tunic tight at the waist and a coat that wraps his legs; with the right hand it is draws on the ship's ramp; with her left hand advanced she grasps the stylis cruciform which supports the apluster; behind the nymph, her name, in letters very Lénues, IZTIAIA. ZR20; Attic octobolus, 5 gr. 75 (P) PI CXCVIIT, fig. FX 202. — Same head of the nymph Histiæa. BL. ISTIAIEON. The nymph Histiæa seated on the right on the bow and holding the stylis, as above In the field on the left, a bunch of grapes. ÆR 17; Attic tetrobole, 2 gr. 66 (P, PL. CXCVIII, fig. 28. 203. — Variety with the same types, but in the field of B, a trident. ZR 14; letrob. att. reduced, 2 gr. 33 (P) PL CXCVIII, fig. 29. 1. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek.,t. V, p. 348 and 361.

209 204. — Head of the nymph Histiæa crowned with bunches of grapes, hair raised around the head. EUBOEA — HISTIAE 210 the BR. IZTIAIEON. The nymph Histiæa seated on the right on the bow, as above, and holding the cruciform stylis which supports the apluster. ZR 13; triob. at. (?), 1 gr. 95 (P) PL CXCVIIL fig. 30. We discussed for a long time the name he should be given to the cruciform shaft on which the nymph places her left hand, on the reverse of the above coins. It is the same cruciform attribute that bears the Victory, at reverse of coins golden of Alexander the Great. In two memories that I dedicated to this attribute, in 1891 and 1907, it is demonstrated : 1° that it is indeed of a naval emblem borrowed from the rigging of an ancient ship, and in no way like as we said, of a stripped trophy pole of his weapons, of a trident, of a kind of handlebars or any other emblem; 2 that this emblem is the srokk or atuÀloxos, sort prop, as its name indicates, on which The apluster of the bow of the ships rested, Ret which often served at the same time to hoist the flag ({aenia) at a certain height. This sort of long cross, given on coins as an attribute of Victory, . of Phoenician Astarte and other divisions nities, symbolized a naval victory, same title as the rudder, the bow or any other borrowed emblem as well on the rigging of a ship. The Victory of —Samothrace, destiny to commemorate the 1. E. Babelon, Victory over gold coins of Alexander the Great, in the Memoirs presented at the International Numismatic Congress, held in Brussels in July 1891; reproduced in my Mé- numismalic diapers, 1st series, p.203 to 217, pl. VIT; E. Babelon, La Slylis, naval tribute on the mon- naies, in the Revue numismalique, 1907, p. 1 to 38; Volume IV. naval victory won by Demetrius Poliorcetes on the coast of Cyprus in 306, wore this emblem on the shoulder, as well as proves the reverse of the tetradrachms of this prince. Number of representations fig- stories of ancient ships show us, like the coins of Histiaeus, the stylus supporting the bouquet of light boards and mobiles, arranged in a rooster tail (aplustre, aphlasta, acrostolium), which ter- minail the bow of ancient ships!. Octobole No. 201, with the name of the nymph Histiæa is unique. As for the tetro- bole, struck as we said, in extreme abundance during the third century, its weight becomes irregular and becomes confused wind with that of the tetrobole of the system Rhodian (2 gr. 58 to 2 gr. 37). Many pieces also, smaller, present us a bastard weight that places them between the trio- bole (2 gr. 15) and diobole (1 gr. 41) for agree on the market with the triobole Rhodian (1 gr. 94 to 1 gr. 71). This coinage constitutes the vopiouata Where &oySotov ‘lotexixiv, frequently mentioned in the temple accounts from Apollo to Delos? € CR) [otiatx to reproduced in my Numismalic Mixtures, 1st series, p. 199 to 237, pl. XIII and XIV. 2. Inventory of Démarès, Homolle, Bull. corr. hell., 1882, p. 35, 133 and 185 and S.; B. Head, Catal. Centr. Greece, Introd., p. LXVI-LXVIH; the present Treatise, Theory and doctrine, vol. I, p. 494.

CHAPTER III BOIEOTIA $ 1. — General overview. Of all the Greek countries, Béolia was the one who had to suffer the most from the in- escape of Xerxes, both because of the Asiati- only from the Greeks. The old confederation which had had Thebes or Tana- gre for capital, was dissolved. Thespies, Haliarte and Plataea were destroyed by the Persians against whom they had fought clary; the Greeks, in their turn, after their victory of Plataea, in September 479, where the most of Boeotians had fought in the ranks of the Persian army, exercised their revenge on Thebes and the others cities Boeotians that the invaders had saved. In general, the Beo- yours were considered as traitors to the Hellenic homeland and treaties consequently- quence. Also, let us realize that all the Boeotian cities which already had monetary consequences before the Middle Wars dics, — Thebes, Acræphia, Coronea, Ha- liarte, Mycalessos, Orchomenus, Pharae, Tanager, — cease to coin money in 480 or 479. As a consequence of This crisis, Boeotia falls entirely under the influence of Athens and has only one nominal political independence. But the Boeotians had to look for every opportunity to free themselves. Soon encouraged by the Lacedaemonians, Thebes raises its ramparts and oligarchic governments who manage to settle in a large number of other cities. In 458, when the Aeginetans themselves, feeling their freedom threatened by the Athenians, raise the dart of the revolt, the Béoliens hastened feels like supporting them, at the same time as the Corinthians, the Lacedaemonians and the Megarians. It was, it seems, on this occasion sion that currencies began to change again be struck at Thebes and Orchomenus. Unfortunately the allies did not know come together to act together and pidity. The Athenians suffered, in truth, a first failure at Tanagre, in 457, but a few months later, in 456, the Lacedae-

213 monians having moved away, the atheist general nothing Myronides successively defeated the Corinthians near Megara and the Tea- baths at OEnophyta, then he destroyed Ta- nagre. The hopes of independence of Boeotians found themselves ruined for a long time. time!. Following their victory of OEnophyta, the Athenians installed in all the cities of Boeotia of the governments de- mocratic to their devotion?. Every city, with the exception of Orchomenus, freed of everything federal link, was able to open a workshop to coin money, in the fullness of its political independence. We have thus, from 456, monetary series lary, more or less abundant according to the importance of cities, which carry the names of Thebes, of Acræphia, of Coronea, of Delion (?), of Haliarte, of Larymna, of Thespies, This state of political dissemination tick and monetary lasted at most ten years. In 4147, the aristocratic party, thanks to the support of the Lacedaemonians, undertook dignified to take his revenge; all exi- They returned and governments arose Tocratics resettled in Orchomenus, and other cities. In vain the Athenians brought an army into Boeotia under the orders of Tolmides: this general was defeated and killed at Coronea, in 446 3. This was the signal of a revolution throughout Boeotia. It is from this date that Thebes, 1. See the summary of events : E. Cavai- gnac, Hist. from antiquity, t. 11, Athens, p. 65. 2. Thucyd., I, 108; Diod. Sic., XI, 81; cf. B.Head, Num. Chron., 1881, p. 201-202; Brit. Mus. Cat. “Central Greece, Introd., p. xxxrx. 3. Thucyd., I, 113; B. Head, Num. Chrono., 1881, . 206. ; BOIEOTIA 214 capital of the Confederation, emits its splendid slaters of the type of Heracles. She makes the law to other cities and monopolizes the exercise of currency rights. In all Boeotia, for three quarters of a century, he there is no other coinage than that of Thebes. Throughout the Peloponnesian War nese, the Thebans, hereditary enemies of the Athenians, supported the Lacedaemonians, that they helped destroy Plataea in 496. But after the ruin of Athens in 404, the state The spirit of the Thebans changed, taking into account to the claims of the Lacedaemonians who, no longer having the Alhenians facing them, believed they could treat their allies without carefully and defeated. The Thebans favored the projects of Thrasybulus and other exiled Athenians; when Agesilaus, king of Sparta, appeared in Boeotia, in 397, they welcomed him as so that the break between Thebes and Sparta ensued. The Lacedaemonians responded to the challenge of the Boeotians by successively sending vely two armies commanded by Ly- zander and Pausanias who, in 396-395, vin- came to besiege Haliarte. Lysander found the died under the walls of Haliarte and Pausanias had to retreat. There followed a general outcry against the Lacés demonians, under the leadership of Athens, Thebes, Corinth and Argos. The year next, in 39%, the theater of war having been transported to the territory of Corinth, the Confederates appeared so threatening cants that the Lacedaemonians recalled Agesilaus of Asia. In August, the king of 1. Xenophon, Hellen., HI, 5, 11; Diod. Sic., XIV, 81; Plut., Lysander, 28, 29; Pausanias, II, 5, 3; EX 9 D:

215 Sparta invading Boeotia encountered the Confederates in the plain of Coronea where An indecisive battle took place, although fierce. born ‘. But the allies of the Thebans were completely victorious on others points. The Athenian fleet, commanded by Conon and supported by the fleet of the sa- trap Pharnabazes, defeated and destroyed the Lacedaemonian fleet in the waters of Cnidus, in August 394. We must have already on various occasions, alluding to these events, because that the League against Sparta left evidence in the numis- matic of most Confederate towns reese, Regarding Thebes in particular, she struck, as center of the League, no only coins money, but exceptionally currencies electric trum or low gold, a metal which was perhaps be provided by Pharnabazes in the name of the Great King, as, later, the great Mi- thridale was to send to the Greek cities from Asia Minor, to Athens and the Samnites, gold with which his distant allies fought rent currency. These electrum and silver coins are at type of Heracles strangling snakes. Many of the Greek cities which joined the league against Sparta, striking fathered currencies to this same guy, alliance emblem. But the existence of the league against Sparta was ephemeral because the allies did not never tended completely. Thebes saw Athens with jealous concern, her second-hand ally, take back the empire of the sea. On the other hand, the Lacedaemonians, 1. Xenophon, Hellen., IV, 3, 18-21. 2. See our Descr. hist., t. II, p. 985: BOIEOTIA 216 to ward off the danger that threatened them, negotiated skillfully with the Persians. In 387, the treaty signed by the Spartan Antalcidas, “the Peace of the King”, as we called him, in proclaiming the autonomy of all Greek cities, obliged the Thé- baths to renounce hegemony over all Boeotia. The towns of this region endowed of an oligarchic government, taking advantage immediately to reopen their workshops particularists, who were closed, for the some since 479, for others since 456. Also, the period between 387 and 374 is she the one where coinage of Boeotian cities is the most abundant: we has autonomous monetary consequences of this time, at Chaeronea, Copæ, Coronée, Ha- liarte, Lébadée, Mycalessos, Orchomenos, Pharae, Plataea, Tanagra, Thebes, Thespiae. However, as for the workshop Thebes, closed in 387, it could not reopen that after the coup d'état of Pelopidas, in December 379.S$es products developed especially when after the destruction of Pla- in 374, and the victory of Epaminondas at Leuctra in 371, all the Boeotian cities, even Orchomenus, were forced to recognize the Theban and iron hegemony sea their workshops. Thebes has once again become the capital of xotvov Bowwrowv, Orchomenos, which still wants to demonstrate desires for independence pendency, is destroyed from top to bottom in 368. The coins that Thebes mints in this period are very abundant; they bear the signature of a federal magistrate, that is to say of one of the elected Boeotarchs annually by the federated cities and of which the council met at the Cadmée. After the death of Epaminondas buried in his triumph at Mantinea, in 362,

217 Thebes, although diminished externally, evicted of Euboea, and more or less happy or skillful during the Phocian wars- es, maintained his hegemony over Boeotia Until the entry on stage of Philippe de acedony. Then Thebes understood, but too late, that it had to ally with Athens to ward off the common danger. September 2, 338, the famous battle drunk at Chaeronea gave victory to Phi- Ippus of Macedonia on the combined forces the Athenians and the Boeotians: it was garlic of Greek freedom and power hebaine. While Orchomenus was rebuilt ie, Thebes was harshly punished by the elder, and deprived of his right to ride ouch; a Macedonian garrison was installed brought to Cadmée. At the same time, the Boeotian girls who had supported the Theban ug with so much impatience, Orcho- ene, Thespiae and Plataea are restored Under the protectorate of Philippe, they re- return to political life, reopen their monetary tier even reconstitute, in outside Thebes, a new xowèy Botw- ". Silver coins with legend deral BOINTON are issued, probable- ent in the workshop of Thespies rather than ns that of Orchomenus; at the same time S local bronzes are struck, bearing names of each member city the new confederation. We have these Eleven, all characterized by the shield eral to the right and the name of the workshop registered large letters in the field of the re- rs, for the following cities: AAI or API aliarios), AEB (Lebadée), OPX (Orcho- ne), NAA (Platees), TAN (Tanagre), OEZ spies)!. The uniformity of these drachmas “Fr. Lenormant, Money in anliquilé, Pep. 91-93; LA- BEOTIIA 218 bronze attests that they were inter- changeable and that they must be considered derated as of divisions parts silver with the legend BOINTON. This coinage of silver and bronze which probably begins as early as 338, does not continue only a few years. Thebes could not take part in the erasure which was inflicted. Following the death of Philip, she tried recklessly of raise your head; it was his final loss. In 335, it was destroyed by Alexander. It seems to be the destruction of Thebes which marks for a long time the sus- pension of all Boeotian coinage; the federal group of silver and bronze that we just signaled stops there, yielding the step to the beautiful coin of Alexander. Throughout the 5th and 15th centuries, which we have just covered, the di- drachmas or Boeotian silver staters, both those of the xotvèy and those of the towns particular, are of a little eginetic weight reduced (12 gr. 20 to 12 gr.). In the Inven- Athenian silencers from the time of the war of Peloponnese they are designated under the names of Botwrioi!, Their federal character makes them designate also sometimes by the expression ApYOpLOY curry xv?, After the death of Alexander in 393, at the favor of the quarrels of the Diadochi, the Boeotians, like the other Greeks, tried to return to political life. By voice of the Athenians they ran to arms. Antipater was first defeated at Lamia in Thessaly, but the Athenians were soon crushed in turn, at Crannon, on August 7 gtatñoes fotwrixot Or OTATHPES 1. See this Trailé. Theory and RIAD AU 2. C. I: Gr. Sept., n° 1743 and 2496, Doctrine,

219 322, and Antipater returned as master to Athe- nes, demanding the death of Demosthenes, and permanently installing a garrison at Mu- nychia. What happened to Boeotia? All this what we know positively is that Thebes rebuilt in 316 by Cassander, BOEOTIAS — THEBES 220 struck Alexandrian coins of weight attica; Cadmea once again became a strong city tadelle occupied until 288, by a gar- nison responsible for maintaining all of Boeotia under the Macedonian yoke. $II. — Thebes. For coins from the archaic period, see our Historical Description, t. I, p. 939 to 947 et pl. XLI, fig. 1 to 15. After have product a coinage flourishing before the Wars medical, Thebes having, out of hatred against Athens, recklessness of promote the invasion of Xerxes in 480, saw herself cruelly punished following the Battle of Plataea. The Athenians ravaged its territory, the as- sat and forced her to capitulate. Thebes found itself, as a result, so weakened and in such a state of subjection that she had to, for a while, stop beating currency. The other towns of Boeotia which Group To. — Coins struck around 458 -4 205. — 3-©. Amphora with two raised handles (diota); two parallel circles in relief; to ivy leaf. BR. Hollow Corinthian square, that is to say divided into four compartments by crosspieces to which four protuberances are welded laterally rectangular *. Li, T1 1. Herodotus, IX, 87. 2. Compare the hollow square of Corinth, on our pl. XXXVI, fig. 10. the left handle is suspended aeginetic diobole, 2 gr. 11 (P) PL CXCIX, fig. 1. had the same attitude, spoke his fate. However, Thebes wanted enjoy, in: 458, as we have just told, of the embarrassments of the Athenians and the war from Aegina to look for allies and try of reconquer sound independence. The OEnophyta disaster in 456, replaced it under the preponderance of Athens. It is: for this taking up of arms which leads to the battle of OEnophyta, which appears to have been minted, in Thebes, the following small series: 456 BC AD the belly is decorated 1 4

221 BOEOTIAS — THEBES AT 206. — Boeotian shield (with the notches semi-circular sides called x7yp6para!). Be. The letter ®, in the center of a star rosette with eight petals, four large alternating with four small ones. All in a hollow square. ZR 18; stat. egin., 12 gr. 30 (B) PL. CXCIX, fig. 2 ?, 207. — Boeotian shield. Æ. Amphora with raised handles (diota). Hollow square. 2K 18; stater egin., 11 gr. 78 (P) PI CXCIX fig. 3; — 11 gr. 80 (Er 208. — Same description. /R 15; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 63 (L) PL CXCIX, fig. 4', — others, Bor. 09 (L 209, — Same description. }; Bgr. 10 (Ps. 4 ZR 13; triob. egin., 2 gr. 76 (P) PL. CXCIX, fig. 5: — 2 gold, 93 LE 210. — Same description. 211. — Same description. The first of these pieces, the diobole 9,205, was certainly struck at Thebes, since it bears the name. But his re- ers, if Characteristic, belongs to Co- inthe. It is the hollow square which appears on S Corinthian coins from the second half of the seventh century, and which we only find this time, in Boeotia. His reminder, on a piece that can be classified around the year 458-456, emble do allusion to the alliance between Hebes and Corinth which was elected to this | 4, On this shield, see Descr. hist., t. I, p. 936. 2: Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit. t. III, p. 385, no. 84, x, 19. 3: Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 69, no. 18, pl. XI, 9. 4 Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 34, no. 117, pl. V, 1. ? ZR 8; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 98 (P) PL. CXCIX, fig. 6: — 1 A Po Pi ZR 6; artemorion egin., 0 gr. 20 (P) PL CXCIX, fig. 7. 212. — Boeotian half shield. &. Ivy leaf; hollow square. 2R 6; trihemitartemorion egin., 0 gr. 33 (L) PL. CXCIX, fig. 8°. time amidst the circumstances that we related. The following parts, n° 206 to 212, are anepigraphs. They therefore seem to have were struck for the zowèy Borumrov and the ate- link of issue was, without doubt, Thebes more earlier than Tanagre. By their style, they place towards the year 456 BC; their type from the amphora relates to god Theban Dionysus? 5. Brit. Mus. Hundred. Gr., p. 69, no. 19, pl. XI, 10. 6. Wroth, Num. Chr., 1900, p. 11, n. 12, pl. I, 10. 1. Brit. Mus., Centr. Gr., p. 69, no. 22, pl. XI, 11. 8. Central Greece, p. 69, no. 23, pl. XI, 12. 9. See our Descr. hist, t. I, p. 935.

223 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 224 Group B. — Coins minted from approximately 456 to 446. The battle of OEnophyta in 456 having brings Boeotia back under the protectorate of the Athenians, they installed in the Boeotian cities the democratic regime whose supporters were everywhere dedicated : the consequence, from the point of view numismatics, was the decentralization of coinage philistine, each city self 213. — Boeotian shield. nome able to mint money in its name. This state of affairs lasted ten years, from 456 to 446'. In this short period of time were minted in Thebes the following coins, which bear the initials of the name of Thé- baths; of suiles autonomous parallel exist in other cities, with the names respective of each of them. RL. 3 —@. Amphora (diota) with raised handles. Hollow square. ÆR 22; stat. egin., 12 gr. 15 (L) PL CXCIX, fig. 9 ?. 214. — Boeotian shield. D. Amphora. Hollow square. ZR 20; stat. egin., 12 gr. 09 (L) PL. CXCIX, fig. 10*. 215. — Boeotian shield. &. ® to the left of the amphora. Hollow square. ZR 12; liobole egin., 3 gr. 08 (P) PL. CXCIX, fig. 11; — 3 gr. (2,L)*. 216. — Boeotian half shield. &- @ to left. of the amphora. Hollow square. 2 6; trihemitartem. egin., 0 gr. 35 (L) PL. CXCIX, fig. 12:. 217. — Boeotian shield. BR. 3 —@. Amphora with raised handles. Hollow square. ZR 19; stat. egin., 11 gr. 70 (P) PL CXCIX, fig. 13. 218. — Same description (with 3 — @). ZR 16; egin. drachma, 5 gr. 90 (P) PI. CXCIX, fig. 14. On the two previous pieces the {héta has three interior spokes instead of four. 219. — Boeotian shield. B. 430. Dionysian cantharus. Hollow square. ZR 12; triob. egin., 3 gr. 11 (P) PL CXCIX, fig. 15; — 3 gr. 04 (LS Its pa Cr . B. Head, Num. Chron., 1881, p. 202. . Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 10, No. 24, pl. XI, 13. Central Greece, p.10, n°26, pl'XT 15: . Central Greece, p. 10, no. 27, pl. XI. 16. Æ & D 5. Central Greece, p. 10, no. 28, pl. XI, 17. , 6. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 13, no. 43, pl. XIE 11; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 45, no. 138.

L 225 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 226 220.— Same description. Æ9; egin. obol, 1 gr. 08 (L) PI. CXCIX, fig. 16. 221. — Boeotian shield. &. Without leg. Dionysian canthare. Hollow square. ZR 6; hemitarlemorion egin., 0 gr. 16 (P)PI. CXCIX, fig. 17. 222, — Aeolian shield. Æ&. The letter © in a hollow square. Æ6; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 98 (L) PI. CXCIX, fig. 18*. Group C. — Coins minted from 446 to 426 BC AD After ten years of democratic rule tick established in Thebes by the Athenians, the oligarchic parli supported by the La- Cedaemonians raised their heads, and, from 447, he managed to regain power in several lords of the principal cities of Boeotia. The defeat and death of the Athenian general Tol- Mides in Coronea, in 446, allowed Thebes to be recognized as the capital of the Boeotian League. She became more than Never the enemy relentless of Athens #. Then, the strike of the administrators was inaugurated. 293. — Boeotian shield. rable silver staters whose description follows, and which, although bearing the name of Thebans and no the one of Boeotians in generates, must be considered as having a federal character. Indeed, Thebes, flourishing and powerful, dominates the others cities to which is removed up to the right of currency, so that in this new period which includes from 446 to 426 BC. BC, there is no other tre workshop than that of Thebes for all Boeotia. BR. @ER. Heracles naked, bearded, standing, advancing to the right, holding left hand advanced, his bow, and right hand lowered, his club. Hollow square. ZR 22; slat. egin., 12 gr. 25 (Luynes) PL CXCIX, fig. 19; — 12 gr. (L) *. 2924. — Boeotian shield. Æ. @EBAIOS. Young Heracles, hairless, naked, kneeling on the right and endearing the string of his bow; the Parc wood passed under his left thigh. In front, his club, Hollow Square. ZR 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 17 and 12 gr. 08 (P)PI. CXCIX, fig. 20 and 21; — 192 gr. 65 (L) PL CXCIX, fig. 22:. . Central Greece, p. 13, n° 44 to 46, pl. XII, 12. . Central Greece, p. 73, ns 47, pl. XII, 413. nrbncyd., 1443311162: Diod.Sic, XL16. Brit, Mus. Central Greece, p. 70, Volume IV. Æ © D — n°29, pl. XII, 1; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 37, pl. I, 418. 5, Central Greece, pH, n°83 pl XIE 3er Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit. t. IX, p. 38, no. 120. 15

227 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 228 224 bis. — Variety, without the club. ÆR 93; stat. egin., 12 gr. 20 (L) PL CXCIX, fig. 23 225. — Boeotian shield. B. @EBAIOS. Young Heracles, naked, kneeling on the right and holding the arch; he has the left foot forward. Hollow square. ÆR 93; stat. egin., 12 gr. 23 (B) PI. CXOIX, fig. 24, — 12 gr. 63(L); 11 gr. 65(A); 12 gr. 40; 12 gr. 30*. 226. — Boeotian shield. BR: HEBA @EBAIOS. Young Heracles, hairless, naked, leaning to the right and making effort to tie the rope of his are whose wood passed under his thigh left; behind him, his club. Hollow square. ZR 27; stat. egin., 11 gr. 85 (B) PL CXCIX, fig. 25°. 297. — Boeotian shield. BL. EEBAION. Young Heracles, naked, standing to the right, very bent forward and making an effort to tie the string of his bow whose wood has passed under his left leg; in front of him, his club. Hollow square. ÆR 93: stat. egin., 12 gr. 15 (L) PL CXOIX, fig. 26. 228. — Boeotian shield. BL. ®EBAION (retrograde). Young Heracles, naked, standing right and fighting so much; with his left hand reaching forward he holds a tripod and with his hand right he brandishes his club. Hollow square. ZR 23; stat. egin., 11 gr. 68 (P) P1. CXCIX, fig. 27; — 11 gr. 98 (L)5. 229. — Boeotian shield. Be. @EBAION. Heracles half-kneeling right, dressed in a tunic short, tight at the waist and with a coat thrown over her shoulders; 11 carries the 4. Central Greece, p. 71, no. 30, pl. XI, 2. on an indeterminate stater of Thrace or 2. Bril. Mus. Central Greece, p.11: n°54; pl. XI Tauric Chersonese which bears the name EMINAKO. 4; lmhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IT, p. 384, probably designating some barbarian king (Zeit. No. 81b (fg.); t. IX, p. 37-38, no. 119; McDonald, für Numism., t. I, pl. It, 4). Hunt. coll., t. IT, p. 39, no. 1. ” 4. Brit. Mus. Centr. Gr., p. 71, no. 35, pl. XII, 5; 3. Sallet, Zeit. für Num., t. XXI, p. 205-206, Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 38, no. 121. pl. IV, 6. On nos. 226 and 227, the type of Ileracles 5. Center Greece, p. 11, no. 56, pl. XII, 6; Imhoof- is almost similar; but stater no. 227 appears Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 39, no. 122. less archaic. The same type is also found Fr

229 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 230 left hand forward and brandishes his club above his right hand head. Hollow square. IR 23; stal. egin., 11 gr. 85 (P) PL CXCIX, fig. 28. 230. — Boeotian shield. BR. @ERAION. Heracles as a child, naked, strangling snakes; he is kneeling left; with each raised hand he binds by the neck a serpent whose long folds are around his body and his left arm. Hollow square. /R 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 17 (Luynes) PL. CXCIX, fig. 29; —_ 12gold. 48 FE 231. — Boeotian shield. B2. @EBAION. Heracles as a child, naked, strangling snakes; he is kneeling left and his arms are extended in a cross; from his right arm hangs the inert body of a snake than its hand just gave up; of the hand left he suffocates the second snake whose folds are wrapped around his left arm. Little accentuated hollow square. R 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. and 11 gr. 73 (P) PL. CXCIX, fig. 30 and 31; Pi = 12 gr. 47 (L)°. 232. — Boeotian shield. + @EBA. The nymph Thebe seated on the left on a rock; she is dressed a long chiton; with her right hand advanced she holds an indistinent object and she leans with her left hand on the rock. Hollow square. /R 23: stat. egin., {1 gr. 48 (L) PL. CC, fig. 1° 233. — Boeotian shield. B2. OEBA. The nymph Harmony seated on the right on a throne; she is dressed of a talar chiton and his hair is raised on the nape of the neck; she brings it back right hand on her hip and with her left hand she binds a corin helmet what she seems to be contemplating. “R 23; slat. egin., 12 gr. 02(L) PL CC, fig. 2°. \ 1. Bril. Mus. Central Greece, P'2/n0058) 3, Central Greece, p. 72, no. 41, pl. XII, 9. ME XII, 7; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 39, 4. Central Greece, p.72, no. 42, pl. XI, 10; Imhoof- No. 193. Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 35, no. 117, pi. He (17, 2. Central Greece, p. 72, no. 39, pl. XII, 8.

231 On most of the pieces in the series which precedes, the thela still has the archaic form @ (with central cross); we see on the stater no. 233, appear the classic form © (with central dot). Likewise, the letter beta generally continues to keep in shape angular &, but on n° 231 we have the shape rounded B; alpha changes from form A (with oblique crosspiece) to form A (with horizontal crossbar). Finally the last letter, sigma, S, of archaic form, on the nos. 224 to 226, tells us that the legend must be performed @e6xios sax. We took sometimes, wrongly, this letter for a nude. But from No. 227, the legend is indeed En6xïov (final nude), with epsilon and omicron long, for On6zx&v. From an artistic point of view, monastic types keep quiet that we let's come to describe are worthy of being compared to the most famous sculptures from the century of Phidias. We have them brought together with the metopes of the Parthenon *. Stater No. 293 is a remarkable witness of advanced archaism, in the beo- here. Heracles is represented there as an athlete vigorous, solidly muscled, shoulders square: although in a flat attitude cide, his whole body exudes brutal force; he does not have the skin of a lion. This Heracles whose the origin is probably oriental, is at bring it closer to Heracles or Melqart phéni- cien which appears on the coins of the kings of Quote, in Cyprus, from Baalmelek [°° (479-449 BC) ?. The relationship of the Phoenician Melqart and the Theban Heracles, son of Amphitryon, is 1. B.Head. Cat. Central Greece, Introd., p. xxxIx; Num. Chron., 1881, p. 180. 2, See above our Description hist., t. I, HUICAX TL and CXXEL: BOEOTIAS — THEBES 232 reported by Pausanias!. Enumerating the votive statues that he noticed in Olympia, the Periegete particularly signals a statue of Heracles offered by locals of the island of Thasos. The Thasians, he said, were from Tire in Phoenicia. They emigrated in Europe under the leadership of Thasos, son of Agenor, like Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. Later, they dedicated enter the temple of Zeus, at Olympia, a colossal bronze statue of Heracles; the god, standing, holds his club in the right hand, and its arc in the left. “At Thasos,” adds Pausanias, “ I learned that it was Heracles Tyrian, that the Thasians revere of all antiquity. But since that they came to mingle with the Greeks, they also make a cult of Heracles, son of Amphitryon", that is to say the Heracles of Thebes. According to the inscription engraved on the base of the statue offered to Olympia by the Tha- his, this one was the work of the sculptor Aeginetan Onalas, whose climax takes place between 490 and 460 BC. AD? We don't know we do not give enough detail to the work 1. Pausanias, V, 25, 12. 2. M. Collignon, Hist. of Sculpt. Greekq.,t. T, p. 282. It was proposed to recognize a replica of the work of Onatas in a small statuette of archaic bronze from the Oppermann collection, Cabinet of Medals, which represents Heracles com- flying, in an energetic attitude and violent (E. Babelon and Blanchet, Catal. of ancient Bronses of the National Library, No. 518); let's remember also, among the Heracles archaic, Heracles kneeling and shooting a bow, from the eastern pediment of the temple of Aphaia, in Aegina, today at the top of Munich (Collignon, op. quote, t. 1, p. 294). On the coins of Thasos from the 5th century, figure a Hera- kneeling key wearing lion skin and pulling of the arc, of a style admirable; a bas-relief archaic of Thasos, discovered a few years ago, provides the same reason (Bull. corr. hellen., 1894, pl. XVI).

233 of Onatas to affirm that the monetary type The area of Thebes which we study {n° 223) is a free replica of it; he is only allowed us to invoke the story of Pausanias, to say that this type of the Theban Heracles had the attributes of the bow and the club, like the Tyrian Heracles to whom he was, in Besides, related by its mythical origins. The others types of Heracles, on the Stalters No. 224 to 231, so remarkable in artistic point of view, interpret di- verses phases of the myth of the Theban hero. We will notice the flexibility of his movements ments, the ease of his attitude, his muscles athlete's culalure, the right proportion of its members, the natural truth of knowledge traction of his muscles when he makes a Your vigorous effort to bend the rope Its bow whose wood, curved into an arch circle, went under his thigh, or else when kneeling he aims with his arrow and uncheck the line. These various attitudes are also given in art, to young com- batiants of the heroic cycle, Heracles, Tydeus, Cyenos, notably in the paintings of vases and engraved stones. The type in No. 228 alludes to the dis- whore of Heracles and Apollo for the pos- tripod session from Delphi, episode so often figured on painted vases and bas reliefs!. On our stater, Apollo is not represented to me in front of Heracles, the Field of the medal having been judged to be insufficient Betting by the engraver. Nos. 230 and 231 take their turn to perform a famous episode childhood of Heracles, guy on which m1. The most famous of these representations se open based on a candelabra from the Museum of resde, from the so-called neo-Attic school. See Hera art- reles in the Dict. antiques. gr. el rom. from Darem- berg and Saglio. Pl BOEOTIAS — THEBES 23/4 we will come back later because of the political meaning that will be given to it. On the Berlin Stater, No. 226, the curious caption HEBA @EBRAIOS, which accompanies Heracles, cannot be interpreted ‘Hox(xXñs) Or620:, the letter {and not R) in the word HERA being of certain reading. We are therefore in the presence of the word HEBA, which is undoubtedly for “H8n “youth, adolescence”; in Olympus Hebe, daughter of Zeus and Hera, becomes the wife of Hera- key ; but how could this goddess be designated here without being shown? He is therefore preferable to recognize in ‘H:6% where ‘H6%, the abbreviation of ‘Hs6xios or 62x04, “the young, the adolescent ", epithet desire- gnant the Theban Heracles himself t. Stater No. 232 has the nymph type. eponym Thébé (846 or 6464) seated on its rock. Daughter of the river god Asopos, she married Zethos, king of Thebes, and gave his name to the city which previously was called Cadmée milk (Kzèuzla), named after Cadmus. This is how this last name was reserved at the citadel (the Cadmée). Should we also give the name Thébé to the stater nymph No. 233, so elegant sitting on a throne and holding a helmet in his hand? We offered to see rather in this figure Harmonia, girl of Ares and Aphrodite, and wife of Cadmus, the founder of Thebes. She contemplates the weapons of Cadmus, like Thelis, the weapons of Achilles, interpretation which adapts well to Boeotian legends? The great Boeotian artist Myron, contemporary porain of our admirable slaters, is cited by ancient authors as the 1. A. von Sallet, Zeit für Num., t. XXI, p. 204-206. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 35.

235 worthy emulator of Polyeletes and Phidias. Myron was from Eleuthères, a town located in foot of Cithéron on the borders of Atti- that and Boeotia; we point out in its works the characters of the Theban school mixed with Attic influences: the principles The main ones among them were the group re- introducing Athena and the saltwort Marsyas, BOEOTIAS — THEBES 236 a statue of Marsyas, the Discobolus and animal statues. We could closer expensive very usefully our monetary types replicas of these Myron masterpieces that our museums have. The heads of athletes of Myron, in particular that of Discobolus, have a close relationship with the head of young Heracles, on our staters. Group D. — Coins minted from 426 to 395 BC AD From the start of the Peloponnesian War nese, the Thebans allied with the Lacedaemo- nians, seized Plalaea which they de- died in 426; then they inflicted on the Athenians, in 424, a bloody defeat at Délion, where the latter had landed, expecting to easily invade Boeotia. The Thebans persisted in this policy as long as the hostilities lasted tees, and following the battle of Aegos Potamos in 405, they joined the 234. — Boeotian shield. Corinthians for push the Lacédémo- we want to destroy Athens! The fall of the capital of Attica consecrated the hegemony of Thebes throughout all of Boolia. Coinage béotien continued, consequently, to be monopolized by Thebes. In this period the main types are: the Lête of Heracles and the head of Dionysus, the two great gods Thebans? All coins bear the name of Thebes; no other city Yours doesn't have a workshop. BL. O-E. Bearded head of Heracles facing front, wearing lion skin *. Square cr. ÆR 24; stat. egin., 11 gr. 70 (P) PL CC, fig. 8; — others, 12 gr. 24(L); 12 gr (Naples); 11 gr. 97 (B)'. 235. — Boeotian shield. BL. O-E. Bearded head of Heracles right, styled lion skin, bristly mane. Hollow square. ÆR 22; stat. egin., 12 gr. 30 (Luynes) PL. CC, fig. 4; — other, 11 gr. 81 (L) *. 1. Xenophon, Hellenica, 1], 2, 19. 2. B.Head, Num. Chron., 1881, p. 180; cf. our DesSchA is tal From: 3. It is the head of Heracles and not that of Dionysus Pogon (Blanchet, Rev. num., 1895, p. 240,en0 11, DNA) 4. Wroth, Num. Chron., 1888, p. 7, pl. I.5; Fox, Engravings of Unedited, Suppl. Plate, no. 12; Numism. Leit., t. IX, 1871, p. 42 pl. II, no. 129. 5. Central Greece, p. 13, no. 48, pl. XIII, 1.

237 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 238 236. — Boeotian shield. B.O-E. Bearded head of Heracles at 8., wearing lion skin. Hollow square. /R 22; stal. egin. 12 gr. (P) PL CC, fig. 5; — other, 12 At 207 EP: 237. — Boeotian half-shield. BR. OEBA. Club: in the field, an ivy leaf. {R 8; hemi-obolus egin., 0 gr. 43 (P) PI. CC, fig. 6; — 0 gr. 48:0 Sn 42 (EL) 238. — Boeotian shield. Be. ©. Club ; in the field, an ivy leaf. £R6; larlémorion egin. 0 gr, 25 (P) PL CC, fig. 7; — other, 0 gr. 22 (L). 239. — Boeotian shield. RC. O-E. Club. ZR 6; artemorion egin., 0 gr. 22 (B)*°. 240. — Boeotian shield. BR. O-E. Bearded head of Dion ysos right, crowned with ivy, hair ngs el curly. Traces of a hollow square. 2R 25 of 18; stat. egin., 12 gr. 17 (Luynes) PL CC, fig. 8. 240 bis. — Varieties in the arrangement of the hair and the arrangement of Lres O-E, sometimes ©-1, 2R 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 30 to 12 Ca NC AE 241. — Boeotian shield whose episema is decorated with a lying club. B.O-E. Bearded head of Dionysus crowned with ivy, as above. 2R 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 30 (2) PI. CC, fig. 9 and 10; — 12 st 287 LE ] 242. — Shield (without club). “&. O-E. Bearded head of Dionysus, as above; behind, cluster of iSin on its vine. DR 23: statistics. egin., 12 gr. 05 (Jameson) PI. CC, fig. 11*. Central Greece, p. 73, n° 73, n° 49, pl. XIII, 2. 5. Central Greece, p. 74, nos. 54, 56, 58, pl. XIII, Centr. Gr., p. 14, no. 52, pl, XILL, 3; Imhootf- 5, 7, 8; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit.,t. IX, p. 42, er, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 46, nos. 149 and 150. No. 130. entral Greece, p. 14, no. 53, pl. XII, 4. 6. Cenlr. Gr., p. 14, nos. 55 and 59, pl. XIII, 6 and 9. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit. t. LIT, p. 386, no. 87. 1. Calal. Jameson, No. 1162.

239 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 240 243. — Boeotian shield whose episema is decorated with a lying club. B.O-E. Amphora with raised handles (diota). Hollow square. Æ 20: stat. egin., 12 gr. 01 (PEL CC, fig. 12. 944. — Variety; same shield decorated with the club; the amphora has the handles very decorated and the fluted body. ZÆ 22; stat. egin., 12 gr. 30 (P) PI. CC, fig. 13; — other, 11 gr. 98 (L) ‘- 9%5. — Boeotian shield (without the club). BL. O-E. Amphora with raised and very ornate handles left, a standing club. ZR 22; stat. egin., 12 gr. 45 (P) PI. CC, fig. 14. ées; in the field at 946. — Boeotian shield; as a countermark, four small globules. RL. O-E. Amphora with raised handles, from each of which hangs a ivy leaf; traces of hollow square. ÆR 22; stat. egin., 12 gr. 20 (P) PL CC, fig. 15; — other (L)?. 947. — Variety, with a single ivy leaf. ÆR 22: stat. egin., 12 gr. 15 (P) PI. CC, fig. 16; — other, 12 gr. 18 (2) 948. — Variety. BL. O-E. Amphora with raised handles; in the field, left, an arc. ZR 22: stats. egin., 12 gr. 40 (P) PL CC, fig. 17. 249, — Variety. In the field of the reverse, on the right, a cluster of raisil AR 22: statistics. egin., 11 gr. 90 (P) PI. CC, fig. 18; — other, 12 gr. 11 ( meson) P1. CC, fig. 19:. 250. — Variety. In the field on the reverse left, the letter ©: ÆR 22; slat. egin., 12 gr. 42 (Luynes) PI CC, fig. 20. Sn 251. — Boeotian shield. BR. OE-BH. Dionysian cantharus; above, a club lying down, Square ÆR 14; hemidr. egin. weak close to the Attic tetrobole, 2 gr. 7 2 gold. 34 (Luynes) PL CO, fig. 21 and 22; — others, 2 gr. 61.2 gr. 59. (1 8. Central Greece, p. 16, no. 18, pl. XIII, 16 1. Central Greece, p. 16, no. 72, pl. XIH, fig. 12. 9. Central Greece, pl. XIII, 14 (furred). leg. OEBH(0v) is for OEBAI (0); we find something ae Central Greece, pl. XI 19: even further, AKPH(z:0Y) for AKPAI(S 4, Catal. Jameson, No. 1163.

241 252. — Boeotian shield. BOEOTIAS — THEBES 242 2. O-EB. Dionysian canthare: above, a lying club; in the field on the left, a bipenne. Hollow square. /R 14; hemidr. (?), 2 gr. 50 (Luynes) PL. CC, fig. 28; — 2 gr. 04 (B)!. 252 bis. — Variety, with O-EB, without the bipinna. R 14; hemidr. (?), 2 gr. 50 (P) PL. CC, fig. 24: — other channels 253. — Three Boeotian half-shields: in the center, the letter ©. Rt. Same as right. - 9; tritemorion egin., 0 gr. 62 (Luynes) PL. CC, fig. 25: — others, 0 gr. 61 (2); 0 gr. 74; 0 gr. 65; Ogr. 63°. 253 bis. — Variele; on the reverse, each of the three half-shields is decorated : , -_ of a club. LL oO ÆR 8; » Lo AO gr. 19; O gr. 22 (B)°. M1. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. III, p. 386, not 90. 2. Central Greece, pl. XII, 10 and 11. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., 1. I, p. 383-384. 4. Central Greece, p.19, n° 105, pl. XIV, 10. Volume IV. ; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 49(B) {R 9; tritemorion egin., 0 gr. 65 (L)*. 94. — Boeotian half-shield decorated with a club. BR. O-E-B. Amphora. Concave field. 99. — Boeotian half-shield decorated with a club. 2: O-E-B. Amphora; in the field on the left, a standing club. ZR 9; trihemitarlém., 0 gr. 35 (P) PL CC, fig. 26; — 0 gr. 38(L)°. 256. — Boeotian half shield. BL. O-E. Bunch of grapes. ÆR 9; trihemitartemorion egin., 0 gr. 35 (P) PI. CC, fig. 27. 297. — Same description. Hemi-obole, 0 gr. 31 (L)7, 298. — Boeotian shield. BL. O-E. Bunch of grapes. ZR 6; larlémorion egin., 0 gr. 22 to 8 gr. 18 (P) PL. CC, fig. 28 and 29: — 5. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 45, no. 140. 6. Central Greece, p. 80, no. 107, pl. XIV, 10. T. Central Greece, p. T1, n° 81, pl. XIII, 17. 8. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. LIT, p. 366, No. 89; t. IX, p. 47, no. 152, 16

243 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 244 238 bis. — O-E. Bearded head of Dionysus crowned with ivy, right. B. The monograph. Æ, in a hollow square. Z 12; hemi-obolus egin., 0 gr. 51 (M):. Group E. — Coins minted from 395 to 387 BC. AD Soon after the fall of Athens in 404, the Thebans had to complain about the in- compromise selfish of the Lacedaemonians who even refused to admit them to sharing the spoils of war and already not dis- simulated more their ambition to dominate throughout Greece? Then Thebes gave asylum for exiled Athenians. It's from Thebes that Thrasybulus left and his comrades let us recapture Piraeus by sur- taken, helped by the Theban Ismenias *. Support from the Thebans was so effective that Thrasybulus, after his success, their testimony showed his gratitude by dedicating to Thebes, in the temple of Heracles, colossal statues of Heracles, god of Thebes, and Athena, goddess of Athens. The hostility of the Thebans towards the La- Cedemonians only grew thereafter. When the king of Sparta, Agesilaus, was en- traveled to Asia in 397 to direct the war general against the Persians, not only the Thebans refused to take part in this campaign, but they arrested Agesi- weary when, about to embark on Aulis, he wanted offer sacrifices, in imitation of Agamemnon, during the expedition tion against Troy, insult that the king of 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. RO HET OPA EMA 2. Plutarch, Lysander, 21; Justin, VI, 10. 3. Xenoph., Hellen., 1, 4, 2. 4. Xenoph., Hellen., 11, 5, 5; Plut., Agesilaus, 6; III, p. 383, Sparta felt keenly*. At the instigation of the satraps of the king of Persia, the war broke out between Thebes and Sparta; the pretext was a border dispute between the Locrians of Oponte and the Phocians. The Thebans declared for the Locrians, the Lacedaemonians for the Phocidians *. The Lacedaemonians, commanded by Ly- zander and Pausanias, invaded Boeotia, besieged Haliarte, put in their old Orchomène left, always jealous of Thebes. The Thebans called the Athenians to their aid f. Lysander was killed and Pausanias had to withdraw; therefore, Corinth, Argos and part of the States of central Greece, united with Thebes and Athens versus Sparta. It was the so-called Corinthian war, which culminated in 394, in the indecisive battle of Co- ronée and the great naval battle of Cnidus, in which the Lacedaemo fleet nienne was destroyed. So the city of Thebes develop even further, thanks to the intervention of Athens, the League which it had created against Sparta. Like capital of this league, Thebes minted coins of electrum and silver coins including follows the description: Pausanias, IL, 9, 3 to 5. 5. Xenophon, Hellen., I, 5, 3 to 5; Pausan., IT, 90 6. Xenophon, Hellen., I, 5, 16, 11; Rather, Ly- zander, 28.

245 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 246 299. — Bearded head of Dionysus on the right, surrounded by a crown of ivy, long hair on the neck. BL. OE on the left. Heracles as a child, crouching facing forward, looking to the left and strangling a snake in each hand. Electrum, 12 mill.; triobole egin., 3 gr. 02 (Luynes) P1. CCI, fig. 1!. / 260. — Variety, with OE on the right. Electr. 12; triob. egin., 3 gr. 01 (P)PI. CCI, fig. 2; — other (Jameson) PI. CCI, fig. 3; —_ other, 3 2 To 2 to D 261. — Variety, with O-E in the exergue, on each side of a club. Electr. 12; triob. egin., 3 gr. 01 (L) PL CCI, fig. 4. 262. — Bearded head of Dionysus right, crowned with ivy, hair long on the neck. Be. OE. Heracles as a child, kneeling facing forward, looking to the right and strangely squealing snakes. Electr. 10; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 96 (Luynes) PL CCI, fig. 5 (gap); — others, 1 gr. (P) gap; — 1 gr. 01 (L) ‘. 263. — Boeotian shield. B. @E. Heracles as a child crouching facing forward, looking dant to the right and strangling a snake in each hand. IR 24; slat., 12 gr. 24; 12 gr. 08 (L) PL CCI, fig. 6': — other ex. (EP 264. — Variety; in the field on the left, an arc. ZR 23; stat. egin., 12 2 PF) Pl, GCI, üg. 7. 265. — Boeotian shield. BR. OE. Amphora with raised, highly decorated handles and a fluted body; the all in a wreath of ivy. ZR 23; stat. egin., 12 gr. 12 and 11 gr. 94 (L) PL. CCI, fig. 7, 8 and 95. 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 41, no. 124. 4. Central Greece, p. 19, nos. 104 to 103, pl. XIV, 2. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 71, no. 89, ets. PL XIV, 1: Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, 5. Central Greece, p. 19, no. 99 and 100, pl. XIV, 5 p. 41, No. 125, and 6; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. 1X, p. 45, 3. Central Greece, p. 78, no. 90, pl. XIV, 2; Nos. 143 and 144. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 41, no. 126,

247 266. — Boeotian shield. BOEOTIAS — THEBES 248 R.O-E. Bearded head of Dionysus facing, slightly inclined to the right, girded with a wreath of ivy. ÆR 93; stat. egin., 12 gr. 20 (L) P1. CCI fig. 10; — 11 gr. 95 (Naples); WIDE HONOR The general league of various states of the Greece against Sparta in 395-394, was the occasion sion of the issue of currencies which, in the Confederate towns, are of the same type of Heracles as a child, strangling snakes. In many of these towns, this guy is accompanied by the legend XYN (— swyz- xwv), “alloy currency”?. But he is at notice, as we point out in our introduction to the present volume, that the adoption of this common type had no point for corollary the unification of the system size of species nor any com- favorable economic combination, as in 5th century, to Athenian hegemony. Each city retained its complete monetary rights, calibrated as it suited him and following its own tradition. its new currencies like Heracles suffocating reptiles. By this type she wanted to proclaim alone- ment his membership politics at the league against Sparta as an ally and not contribute to the restoration of the monopoly currency of Athens. This type of Heracles is found like this, no only in Thebes, but in Ephesus, in Sa- mos, in Cnidus, in [asos, in Rhodes, in Cyzicus, at Lampsacus, at Byzantium *, at Zacynthus and to Crotone and Taranto in Italy. We we also know that in 393, the satrap Pharnabazes browsed with its fleet 1. Central Greece, p. 19, no. 104, pl. XIV, 9; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit.,t. IX, p..43, no. 133. 2 See our Deser. hist, tp: 085, 1005, 1018, 1073, 1099, 1365, 1418. coasts of the Peloponnese, ravaged those of the Laconia and even penetrated into the Gulf of Corinth. Conon, helped by Phar- nabaze, re-establishes influence and authority everywhere authority of Athens. But despite its brilliance, the Confederacy Atlico-Theban opposition against Sparta lasted a short time and its action was ephemeral. In 387, the Spartan Antalcidas negotiated with the great King the famous treaty which bears his name, and who disinterested the Persians by delivering to them Asia Minor; at the same time, all Greek cities were proclaimed autonomous my and free. This was for tea power- takes a fatal blow; his league was dissolved. The Antalcidas trail or “the Peace of King", as he was called, obliged the Thé- baths to renounce hegemony over the other other towns of Boeotia. The oligarchical regime what was new restored everywhere, under the patronage of Sparta. Garrisons laced- demonians were installed in Orchomenus and to Thespians; Platées rebuilt, served as outpost to the Lacedaemonians. Finally, in 382, the Cadmea itself, the acropolis of Thebes, was taken by the Spartans including sent by Phœæbidas helped by Leontiadès and the oligarchic party *. Thebes closed his monetary workshop, from this moment ment, until 379. 3. K. Regling, in the Zeif. für Num.,t. XXW, p. 207 to 214. 4. Diod, Sic., XV, 20; Plut., Agesilaus, 24.

+ 249 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 250 Group F.—Coins minted from 379 to 338 BC. AD In the midst of the events we see not to summarize, a large number of Tea- Bains, supporters of democracy, had had to take the path of exile. The most considerable, Pelopidas at their head, had headed to Athens where they were welcomed with open arms. In December 379, the coup took place nocturnal hand of Pelopidas: the garrison Lacedaemonian was exterminated or expelled of Cadmea, the oligarchs exiled to their tower. The Thebes mint, closed for eight years, was reopened: it is from from this date (379) that were struck, until than at the battle of Chaeronea in 338, the abundant following series who are so- born of the Boeotarchs or heads of the Confederation Boeotian derations. We remember the general outline of the events 267. — Boeotian shield. Be. Amphora | political developments of this long period. The growing successes of the Thebans and the destruction of Plataea in 374, having pro- invoked the anger of the Athenians, they, in 311, concluded with the Lacedaemonians a treaty of alliance known in history as the name of Peace of Callias: the ruin of Thé- bes was resolved. But only 20 days after the signing of the treaty and this decision of arms, all of Greece was stunned at the news that the Lacedaemonian army was born from being completely crushed at Leuctres, by the Thebans, commanded by Epami- nondas. It was July 371; the king of Sparta, Cleombrole was killed in the action. This brilliant victory gave to Thebes ascendant over all Greece and led it to interfere, as we will see, in the affairs of the Peloponnese. diola) with raised handles, grooved belly; in the field, . . a variable name of magistrate and symbols. ZR 23; stat. ginet., 12 gr. 20 or so!. Varieties. The symbol is most commonly placed above the amphora: AAA (P) PL CCI, fig. 11. — FRIEND. — ANAP and crown (2) PI. CCI, fig. 12 — ANTI and club. — AT'OA and bunch of grapes. — APKA, the amphora decorated with leaves of ivy (2) P1. CCI, fig. 13. — A3OQ and cluster. — AXON and club (P) PI. CCI fig. 14. AAIM. — AAMO and crown. — AAMO and club, the amphora decorated with leaves of ivy (2) P1. CCI, fig. 15. — AAMOKA and club. — AAMO. — AIOF and club, — AIOK. — AIQ. — ETAM. — EMAMI and blooming rose (2) PI. CCI, fig. 16. — EPnA and “small shield (P) P1. CCI, fig. 17. — EYFI. — EYFAPA, club and bunch of grapes. — XE. — EVE and club, the amphora decorated with ivy leaves. — FAXT and barley grain ) PL. CCI, fig. 148. — FAZT and ivy branch in the amphora. — FEPF? —HIKE 1. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 80, nos. {11 to 168. the digamma replacing the harsh mind, 2, A name like 'Esyoxhfs, Eoyotehne, (2) with

254 BOEOTIAS — THEBES 252 and club lying on the left, the right handle of the amphora decorated with an ivy leaf (?) PI. CCI, fig. 19. —HIKE and club lying on the right, the two handles of the amphora decorated ivy leaves; in the field on the left, a shoot of laurel (?) PI. CCI, fig. 20. — HIKE and crown. — HIZME (?) PI. CCI, fig. 21. — OEOT and caduceus (PEL OCE fig. 22. — OEOM. — OEOT. — KABi. — KAAI. — KAAAI (?) PL CCI, fig. 28. — KAEEZ and crown. — KAEEZ and club. — KAEZX and crown. — KAIQN. —KPAT. — AYKI. — =ENO and arrow. — OAVM and blooming rose. — ONAZ. — PEAI. — FOOG. — POAY. — — MTOI. — PYOI. — Tiand ivy leaf. — TIAN. — TIMI and club, the amphora decorated with an ivy leaf (?) PI. CCI. fig. 24. — TIMO (?) PI. CCI, fig. 25. — DIAO and bunch of grapes (?) PI. CCI, fig. 26. — YAPO. — WARO ct cou- ronne (2) P1. CCI, fig. 27 and 28. — WARO and crown of ivy on each side of the amphora. —XAP. 268. — Boeotian shield decorated with a lying club. BE. Hairless head of Heracles, wearing lion skin, right; in front, the initials of a magistrate’s name. Z 12; obol, 0 gr. 92 approximately. — Varieties, with the following names: In!. — OE (?) PL CCI, fig. 29. — 13. — KAE (L). — KA (?) PL. CCI, fig. 80. These initial syllables correspond to the more developed nouns written on the staters?. 269. — Hairless head of Heracles on the left, wearing a lion's skin. BL. Club; in the field, name of magistrate and variable symbol, Æ 13. Varieties: APIZ and thyrsus (2) PI. CCIL, fig. 1. — API, bow and arrow (P) PI. CCII, fig. 2. — À and OIQN, bow and arrow (P, L) 5. — AYKINQ (?) PI CCII, fig. 3; other (L). — OAYM and caduceus (P) PL CCII, fig. 4 — APIZ and DEIAO (L) “. — HEIAO and caduceus {L) ÿ. — ETTI OAYM (P) °. 270.— Same type of Heracles, right. B&. Club; in the field, name of magistrate and variable symbol. Æ13. Varieties: QEOTI and arrow (P, L) PI. CCII, fig. 5. — ONAXI and bunch of grapes (P, L\$.— H and OIQN, bow and arrow (P, L) PI. CCII, fig. 6 *. — AAAN and OE and arrow (P.L) PI. CCII, fig. 7°. — APIZ and arc (L) ‘1. — ZA and FEPT (L) ‘*. — nYpP and Plet Boeotian shield (?, L) PI. CCI, fig. 8. — OE and OIQN (Six). — IM and OIQN (M). — 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. HE, p. 386, no. 91. 1. Central Greece, p. 85, no. 174, pl. XV, 12. 2. B.Head, Num. Chron., 1881, p. 245. 8 Üp-eil.1p 80.00 190 pl. XV,/15. 3. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 86, no. 186. JAOD CL, p-180, ROART 4. Central Greece, p. 86, no. 180. 10MOD rec np: 65 1n0 146: DELOD- CL p.10 00108 MOD ACID 0 no TIC 6. Cf. for varieties: B. [ead, Num. Chrono., 120 ce iD SMS pl ex V; 13; 1881, p. 246-247. 13. Op. cit., p. 87, no. 200, pl. XV, 17

253 (P) PL. CCIX, fig. 10. The federal currencies we come from to describe constitute the desired coinage born in the epigraphic texts of Béo- tie under the name of epyeotov suuuaæyixév 1, On will notice that they bear neither the name of Thebes, nor that of the Boeotians in genere, but only the name of federal magistrates Rate. They are signed by one of the Beo- archers who formed the supreme council of the Boeotian League. The number of Beo- larchs varied with that of the confederate cities derated. At the time of the Peloponnesian War nese, the confederation only included ten cities, the federal council is composed consequently eleven Boeotarchs, including them for Thebes, as capital of the igue?. _ The Boeotarchs shared the admiration istration of the confederation, the some having civil affairs in hand, the others legal affairs or related dignities ious, others finally commanded the armed with the title of polemarch; their oAnointings were annual, but they could have to be re-elected. The Presidency of the Council milk vested in an archon, title given, it seems, to one of the two Boeotarchs of Hebes who held the other cities in a erilable state of subjection. This archon has, in certain cases at least, one of the @lémarques (Hebans: he gave his name “the year and signed the coins issued carrying out its functions. MIL seems obvious that this is the name of the A M. C. I. Gr. Seplent., nos. 1143 and 2496. 2: Thucydides, LV, 91. 32. Ilead, His£. numer., p. 332. 4° Plut., Pelopidas, 1, 8; Diod. Sic., XV, 78. BOEOTIAS — THEBES 254 OEIZ and IAAYON (/°) PI. CCIL, fig. 9. — JAAYO and OEIZ (2). — AAIHATZ (sic) barbarian great Theban polemarch Epaminondas, the winner of Leuctra in 311, which we must recognize with spellings varied on some of the pieces of that series; we know that he was Boeotarch in 371, 370, 369, 367 el 362 BC. time, Mr. Head rightly observes that the fact that we do not find on any of these coins the name of Pelopidas who was known annually re-elected Boeotarch since 387 Until 364, is a serious argument for confirm that the eponymous Boeotarchs were not not necessarily and ex officio in- velis of the law to sign the currencies issued while they were in charge #, We can identify historically and from a almost certainly, several of the characters whose names appear on the currencies :Charon (Xäpwv), one of conspirators of the year 379; Damocleidas and Theo- pompos, also the friends of Pelopidas #; Charopinos, mentioned as Boeotarch in an insertion 5, The spelling of the latter name on the coins is remarkable for the shape archaic given to the letter YO VAPO(r::) where VAPO(xivos). Likewise we let's note EVE for EXE ('Ex£ôn os, "Exédw- p6s, Eyeuos? etc.). We have already reported this archaic form of chi on mon- nais of Chalcis in Euboea 5, We also have an abbreviation on currencies: name of Aswrtyos, a friend of Epaminondas?, the names of Ismenias and Androcleidas, 5. Bœckh, C. 1. Gr., n° 1575. 6. Description hist., t. I, p. 671. 7. Athenaeus, Deipnosoph., XII, p. 605.

255 chefs well known to the Athenian party to Thebes, likewise, those of Amphithemis or Amphitheos’ and Antitheos?; it is necessary to be able to identify the person who signs EYFAPA with a certain Euarès, named in a decree of pimping at Delphi *; Aslias, with a supporter of the Lacedaemonian party still in the texts: Asopodoros, Dio- giton, etc., of which it is permitted to find the initials on the coins *. If the Boeotarch Epaminondas placed his name on coins like polemarch, However, it is likely that most from the other federal magistrates that we have just listed were Boeotarchs eponymous and monetary with charges other than the command of armies. Became absolute masters of Boeotia after the day of Leuctra, in 371, the Thebans read revenge of Orchomenes and Thespiae, the two Boeotian cities who had declared themselves against them, in favor of the Lacedaemonians. The Thespians were driven out of Boeotia, and in 368, Orchomenus was burned, its inhabitants sold as slaves. The death of Epaminondas in 362, reopened the hostilities between Thebes and Athens which disputed the possession of Euboea; in 358, the Thebans were expelled from the island. Shortly afterwards, between Thebes and the Phocians the second sacred war which brought the intervention of Philippe de Macé- 1. Pausanias, II, 9, 8; Plut., Lysander, 21. 2, Oxyrhynchus Papiri, V; Theopompus, XII, 34; cf. B. Head, Hist. numer., p. 352. 3. Bull. corr. hell., t. XX, 1896, p. 551; t. XXI, 1897, p. 511. Edpapao is the regular Boeotian genitive by Edaons. F. Lenormant, La monn. in antiquity, til D. 10 4. Oxyrhynchus Papiri, V; Theopompus, XII, 13. 5. G. Hill, Histor. Greek Coins, p.11. BOEOTIAS — THEBES 256 doine in the affairs of Greece. In consequence of decisive victory of Philip of Macedon at Chaeronea, September 2 November 338, on the Boeotians and the Athe- allied nions, a Macedonian garrison was installed at the Cadmée: this event brand a suspension of coinage Theban for twenty-two years. The old ones enemies of Thebes, Orchomenus, Thespians and Plataea were restored and restored in their monetary law. The year that followed the death of Philip, in 335, the Exiled Thebans thought the hour of revenge; they hastened to meet go to their homeland and invite others Greece states to declare itself independent dants. But the speed of movements of Alexander disconcerted these re-“plans volte. Alexander suddenly appeared at a4 Onchestos near Haliarte, and came to besiege Thebes which was taken by assault and delivered to the flames. The winner did not leave, said we, subsist in the middle of the rubble in flames than Pindar's house. After the death of Alexander in 323, favor of the dissensions which led to the Lamiac war, the Boeotians strove to reform their confederation under the Heges monastery of Thebes which was rebuilt in 316 by Cassandre, with contributions volunteers of kings and a large number of cities of the Hellenic world ‘. Thebes thus recovered from its ruins, after 22 years forgotten, reopened his monetary workshop. Maïk the Cadmea continued to be occupied by a Macedonian garrison, UNDER Cassandra and under Demetrius Poliorcetes until 288 : { 1. See on this subject a registration commented by M. Holleaux, Review of Greek Studies, 18 p. 7 et seq.

257 time when Demetrius gave Thebes the freedom, hoping thereby to unite the Beo- hold on to his cause. During this occupation Macedonian, the workshop of Thebes struck coins in the name and types of Alexander the Great. After 988, the Boeotian League BOEOTIAS — ACRÆPHIA 258 being reconstituted, Thebes his capital, was to inaugurate the issuance of currencies federal silver coins, with the legend BOINTON, which are of Attic weight and no longer egi- netic as in the past, before Alexander. S IT. — Acræphia. For coins from the period before 480, see our Descr. hist. t. I, p. 947 to 950 et pl. XLI, fig. 16. After the retreat of the Persians in 479, Acræphia (Kerditza) stopped beating my naie, the city having had to suffer vengeance of the Alhenians for having declared in favor Persians. But she got up in the suite and was able to emit, between 456 and 446, that is i.e. after the battle of OEnophyta, in the circumstances we have indicated above (p. 213), the rare coins following: 271. — Boeotian shield, indented on the sides. BR. A—K. Dionysian cantharus, above, a bay leaf. Hollow square. ZR20; egin. slater, 11 gr. 69 PRRREUORE fes 1L other 128r 45% 272. — Notched half shield. A. The monograph. &# (— AK.). Hollow square. ZR 7; hemi-obolus egin., 0 gr. 49 (ERBR. CCIT fig. 125 273. — Notched half shield. BR. To, in a hollow square. … /R7; trihemitartemorion egin., 0 gr. 33 (B) PL. CCII, fig. 13:. 2714. — Boeotian shield, indented on the sides. - &. AK—RH. Dionysian cantharus; all in an olive wreath. The form AKPH(e10v) for AKPAÏ(&10v) has 1 analogous in OEBH(c), on a : Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 44, no. 4, pl. VII, 3. : Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., from Vienna, t. IX, SM, p.13, no. 39. 3 See Descr. hist., t. I, p. 980, no. 1329 (fig.). 4 1lmhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., from Vienna, t. IV, ù Volume IV, JR 23; egin. stalerus, 11 gr. 91 (Boston) P1. CCII, fig. 14°. currency of Thebes, for OEBAI(ov) 6. He There are no other currencies of Acræphia. 1871, p. 43. no. 38. 5. K. Regling, Die Griech. Coins of the Sammlung Warren, p. 125, no. 768, pl. XVIII. 6. See above, our no. 251.

BOEOTIAS — CHEARONEA, COPÆ 260 SIV. — Chaeronea. The small town of Chaeronea (Xapwveta) was located on a hill, a short distance distance from the course of the Céphise, not far of Orchomenus on whom she depended for a long time, and Daulis in Phocis. She passed for having been founded by the hero Chæron (Kai- puv), son of Apollo and the nymph Thero! ; but it is mentioned in history, for the first time, only in 447 BC. BC, as one of the cities disputed were the Athenians and the Thebans *. It had been, until then, governed by the democratic party. Having passed to hands of the oligarchs supported by the Lacés 275. — Shield; low-cut philistine. demonians, the Athenian general Tolmides marched against it and succeeded in seizing it; the Athenians took back the influence in the whole country *. It was for a short time. In 424 we see a garrison lacerated demonic occupy Chaeronea’, the last negate the events of the Pelowar ponnese only consolidated the situation of the Lacedaemonians in Boeotia. The treaty negotiated by Antalcidas with the Persians, in 387, gave political autonomy at Chaeronea; she took the opportunity to hit the rare coins that we are going to describe and whose broadcast was short-lived. BL. XAI. Club. Traces of a hollow square. ÆR 14: hemi-drachm, 3 gr. 44 (B) P1. CCI, fig. 15 i. 276. — Indented Boeotian shield. BL. XAIPONE. Club. Æ18; (B) PL CCI, fig. 16. During the Sacred War, Chaeronea was vainly attacked in 353 by Onomarchus, the leader of the Phocians; however she was taken two years later, in 351, by his son Phalaecus. ss | Copæ (Korw), which gave its name to the Lake Copaïs, at the northeastern end of which 4. Pausanias, IX, 40, 5. 2, Thucyd., 1, 1133; IV, 15, 89; Diod. Sie., XIE, GC. 3. Thucyd., 1, 113; Diod. Sic., XIE: 4. Thucyd., IV, 15, 89. Chaeronea is especially famous for the retention-m “weaving victory of Philip of Macedonia” on the Athenians and the Thebans, in 338, and by that of Sulla on the generals of the Mithridates in 86 BC. AD Copæ. it was located, is already mentioned in! Homer *. But in historical times it. 5. Prokesch-Osten, Inedila of 1854, pl. He, 49. 6. Prokesch-Osten, Inedila of 1854, pl. He, 50. 4 1. Diode. Sic., XVI, 33, 39. 8. Hom.. Iliad, I, 502.

261 never had much importance !, It minted coins only from 387 to 374, under the Treaty of Antalcidas which gave him political autonomy. Pausanias reports to Copæ the temples of Demeter, of Dionysus and Sarapis. On currencies, the type of the cornupel bull symbolizes Cephisus 277. — Indented Boeotian shield. BOEOTIAS — CORONEA 262 Boeotian whose waters fed the lake Copaïs. A short distance east of Copæ was the abyss or calavothre by which Cephisus gets lost in the bowels of the earth to only emerge in the Euboean Sea?. BR. KOMAION. Protome of cornupetal bull, right, concave field. #k 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 70 (P) P1. CCII, fig. 17; — other, 0 gr. 15(L)*. 278. — Indented Boeotian shield. Æ12; (B) PI. CCII, fig. 18! In 374, after the destruction of Plataea, Copæ dut recognize hegemony of We have seen that the currencies of this ille (Kopwve), anterior to Wars edics, stands out by the letter @ 0ppa) which appears on the reverse. After the long- ue interruption imposed on the coinage of Boeotian Islands in 479, Coronée reopened 279. — Indented Boeotian shield. 1: Thucydides, IV, 93. % Pausan., IX, 24, 1; FStrabon, IX, 2, 18 et seq.: ine, Hist. nat., IV, 7, 12. Be. K—Q. Bull's head from the front. Concave field. Thebes and close his monetary workshop: he was never reopened. $VI. —Coronea. For coins from the Archaic period, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 950 et pl. XLI, fig. 17. his workshop in 456, following the battle of OEnophyta who, replacing Boeotia under the protectorate Athenian, gave at the same time autonomy to each city; his mon- naies now bear the legend Kopo- (véwv), for Koswvéov or Koowyztoy, Group To. — From 456 to 446 BC AD . KORO. Gorgon head facing, sticking out its tongue. Hollow square. ZR 12; aeginetic obol, 0 gr. 90 (L) FT. CCII, fig. 19:. 3. Br. Mus., Central Greece, p.45, no. 1 and pl. LIFE, 4. 4. Prokesch-Osten, Inedila, 1854, pl. IF, 51. 5. Br. Mus. Centr. Greece, p. 46, no. 6, pl. VII, 6.

BOEOTIAS — CORONEA 264 263 The events of which Coronée was the scene be in 447, followed by the defeat and of death of the Athenian Tolmides in 446, brought the reestablishment of the oligarchic regime. Thebes. His monetary workshop was closed; it was only to be reopened following the treaty of Antalcidas, in 387, which conferred autonomy to all Greek cities. Coronea was placed back under the hegemony of Group B. — From 387 to 374 BC. AD 280. — Indented Boeotian shield. B.. KORO. Gorgon head facing, sticking out its tongue. Concave field. ÆR 13: egin. hemi-drachm, 2 gr. 95; 2 gr. 85(B) 981. — Same right. BL. KOP. Gorgon head, facing, sticking out its tongue. Concave field. Æ11; egin. obol, 1 gr. (P); 0 gr. 73 (P) PL CCII, fig. 21. 282. —— Varieties, with KO, and sometimes without legend. 0 gr. 80 to 0 gr. 68 (P) PL CCI, fig. 22: others (L, B)?. 283. — Indented Boeotian shield. BL. O—”. Head of Itonian Athena, three-quarter view right, with helmet triple-crested. Concave field. ZÆ 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 88 (L) PI. CCIL, fig. 23*. 284. — Indented Boeotian shield. RO KIT) right. Concave field. ZR 12; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 73 (L) PL CCI, fig. 24 To Athena Itonian (['Ixwvaia) possessed, at near Coronée, a famous temple which played a federal role and was for a long time the meeting place of the Boeotarchs or delegates from xotvèv Bowr&v. There we celebrated periodically celebrations and national games, 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., from Vienna, t. IX, p. 49, no. 56. . 2. Imhoof-Blumer, p. 20, no. 57, pl. I, 51; Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 46, no. 9, pl. LIFE, 7, S. 0; Head of Athena Itonian, hairstyle of the Athenian helmet, DP PRE P PI. CCII, fig. 20’. Ad tdt er said am h nn has tin ae lati tintso Iaubourx, which Pausanias * mentions. A.M. because of this federal character of Athena [to nia, we thought it was #'s shield this goddess that the Aeolians had taken for national emblem, hence its presence" on the currencies of all the cities of 3. Br. Mus. Centr. Greece, p. 41 no. 12, pl. VII, 108 4. Center Greece, p. 41, n° 13 et pl. VII, 11. Ë 5. Pausanias, IX, 34: &ç Tèy xouvdv ouviaaty évraüôæ where Botwroi sÛÜAXOYOV; cf. Thucydides, V, 38. fi

Mbroge 265 Boeotia’, Anyway, the head of Gor- gone which appears on the reverse of several of the preceding parts (nos. 279 to 282) is indeed the one that adorned the aegis of the goddess. Pausanias we provides the proof in telling the following anecdote : € It is reported, he said, that a priestess of the goddess, named Ilodamie, having entered, at night, in the sacred temenos, Athena herself even he appeared with the head of a Gorgon fixed on her chiton. lodamie, at this sight, frozen of fear was changed in one sta- kills with stone; hence it comes that the woman who light the fire every day on the altar of Iodamie, said three times, in Boeotian dialect, that lodamie still lives and asks for fire”?, After lasting only thirteen years, the Coronea coinage was abolished in 374, when the city was placed back under hegemony BOIEOTIA — DIONYSIAS OR DELION 266 nie of Thebes which issued the federal currencies . rales (dpy6otov suuuaytxéy) described above (above, p. 250). During the Sacred War between the Del- Phians and the Phocians (355-346 BC) Coronea was taken by the latter. More Later, Philip of Macedon returned Coronea to the Thebans. But in all these conjunctions tures, Coronea not enjoying the autonomy political mie, did not mint money, This was only after the ruin of Thebes by Alexander, in 335, that several cities were born here, at number of which Coronea, could emit new species. There is a in silver, of a federal character, in Thes- magpies; at the same time, in each of the cities of the new league, there are drachmas of bronze of a type uniform. The rare bronzes from Coronea issued in these circumstances lances meet the following description: Group G. — After 338 BC. AD 285. — Boeotian shield. B. KOP, in a concave field. Æ 22; (Earle Fox) P1. CCII, fig. 25:. There is no longer any currency from Coronea in the course of time. The following currencies are part of the group of coins minted in various “cities of Boeotia, following the battle Md'OEnophyta in 456 BC. AD We find in this group, respectively, the initials broadcasting workshops: Thebes, Acræphia, Coronea, Haliarte, Tanagre, and two towns … 1. See our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 937. … 2. Pausanias, IX, 34, $ VIT. — Dionysias or Delion (AI) uncertain, one designated only by his initials A-Q, and the other, by the letters A-l, placed on each side of the type of reverse. Comparison of the parts described below with those of the cities that we have just listed, allows us to affirm that it it is indeed a city name and not 3, Earle Fox, Num. Chron., 1898, pl. XIX, 5.

267 with a magistrate's name! But what is this Boeotian city whose name begins by AI or even by [A? We assumed a locality like Dionysias, which does not lie mentions no author. On the coast of Boeotia which faces Euboea, not far from Aulis there was a small town famous for a sanctuary of Apollo Delian and who was called Délion (Afkwv). Founded probably by of Ionians of Delos, it was later included in the 286. — Boeotian shield. BOEOTIAS — DIONYSIAS OR DELION 268 territory of Thebes, then in that of Tanager. The Athenians were defeated there by the Thebans in 424 BC. AD? Today, Délion is called Dilesi. Maybe since antiquity we have admitted a parlicula- dialectal rilé which would have given the form Alluy for Afktov?. It is only at this con- said that it would be possible to attribute the following parts in Délion; they were minted between 456 and 446 BC. AD x B.A-I. Amphora with raised handles (diota). Hollow square. ÆR 22; stat. egin., 12 gr. 07*. 287. — Boeotian shield. BL. A—I. Amphora with raised handles. Hollow square. ÆR 19; Dr. egin., 5 gr. 89 (P) PL CCIL, fig. 26; — 5 gr. 86 (L); 5 gr. 40*. 288. — Variety; on the episema of the shield, a caduceus. 5 gr. 87 (L) *. 289. — Boeotian shield. BR. A—1. Same amphora. ÆR 15; aeginetic triobole, 2 gr. 78 (P) PL. CCI, fig. 27. 290. —_ Variety: above the amphora, a globule. 2 gr. 87 (P) PI. CCIL, fig. 28: — 9 grams. 85 (L) ‘. 291. — Boeotian shield. &. A—1. Dionysian canthare. Hollow square. Æ5; tartemorion egin., 0 gr. 24 (L)P1. CCIT, fig. 29°. 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit.,t. III, p. 327. DE Curtis ist orecq, Alle pr402; 3. See the guesswork by Leake, Imhoof and others, in Num. Zeil., t. IL, p. 327 et seq. etc. IX, p. 16. 4, Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IT, p. 326, no. 9. 5. Br. Mus. Central Greece, p. 34, no. 24, pl. V, 8: Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. III, p. 326, no. 10. 6. Center Greece, p. 34, no. 23; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 15, no. 40. 1. Center Greece, p.35, n° 25, pl. V, 9. 8. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., &.1X, p.15, n° 41.

269 BOEOTIAS — HALIARTE $S VIIL. — Haliarte (Hariarte) For the coins of the archaic period, see our Descr. hist., L I, p. 951 to 955 and PI. XLI, fig. 18 and 19. Haliartos or Æariartos having been destroyed by the Persians in 480, remained a certain deserted time. Although rebuilt after the retirement of Xerxes, his workshop was not reopened before the battle of OEnophyta in 456, which inaugurates autonomy, without link federal, of all the cities of Boeotia. The in- intervention of the Athenians and the establishment of the democratic regime, in the circumstances lances that we relayed, allowed us to Haliarte, like other towns, to rou- see his workshop. The currencies it issued from 456 to 446, no longer have the letter 4 (heta) as aspirated, initial of the name of the city, which appears on the coins of the period archaic. They se distinguish by the legend ARI, initials of 'Aotaotos, shape nominal which is constant on the mon- naies, while literature gives the most ordinarily ?Alfzovoc, Group A. — Coins minted from 456 to 446 BC AD 292. — Indented Boeotian shield, the margin decorated with points. BL. IAA. Amphora, its body surrounded by a crown of ivy. Hollow square. {A. 19; stat, egin., 12 gr. 20 (L) PI. CCII, fig. 30:. 293. — Boeotian shield. BL. AR. Amphora. Hollow square. ZR15; lriobole egin., 2 gr. 58 (B) PL CCII, fig. 31:. 29%. — Boeotian shield. Bz. 4—A. Canthare. Hollow square. ZR10; egin. obol, 1 gr. 11 (B) PI. CCII, fig. 32 ?. 295. — Same shield. B&. A. Canthare. Hollow square. {R 5; égin. tetartemorion, 0 gr. 22 (B) ‘. In 446, the autonomous coinage of Ha- Liarte ceases as a result of the preponderance of Thebes which arrogates with the rank of metropolis, the monopoly of coinage. This was only sixty years later, in 1. Central Greece, p. 49, n° ARDI NTS 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. GOLD EMITE SOUND SERIES 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit, t. TITI, p. 335, no. 21: 387, which the treaty of Antalcidas made to Haliarte like other Greek cities, political autonomy. Haliarte put back in activity in his workshop to strike the coins following: t. IX, p. 18, no. 49 (fig.). 4. Imhoof-Blumer, op. cit, t. III, p. 335, no. 22; This IX"p. 18; no. 50,

271 BOEOTIAS — HALIARTE 272 Group B. — Coins minted from 387 to 374 BC. AD 296. — Indented Boeotian shield, the episema decorated with a trident. BL. ARIARTIOS. Poseidon Onchestios naked, advancing to the right, left hand raised and brandishing his trident with his raised right hand. ZR 22; stat. egin., 11 gr. 94 (L) PL. COIT, fig. 38; — other, 11 gr. 81 (Pie 297. — Boeotian half shield. B.AR. Trident, points down. Æ 9: egin. hemi-obolus, 0 gr. 41 (P) PL CCIT, fig. 84; — other, 0 g,. 48°. The legend “Apréprios must to interpret Apidotios ovaxto, as we at, at Thebes, En6aios (otathp). Poseidon Onchestios, old divinity whose the sanctuary was located in the town of On- chestos, in the territory of Haliarte, was the god of catavothres and underground waters grooves; we find it on the coins of Tanagre and in different towns of Thessa- lies and Arcadia, where it is rather designated under the name of Poseidon Hippios, because its main symbol is the horse which rushes impetuously like a spring which gushes violently and abundantly from the crack of a rock *. In the Iliad (II, 506), Homer after having Haliarte city which he describes as green, speaks of the forests of Onchestos dedicated to Poseidon It is in the sanctuary of On- chestos that met, in time the oldest, the amphictionic council of the Boeotians: “Onchestos, says Strabo #, where the amphictio council sat for a long time 1. Central Greece, p. 49, no. 12, pl. NI A6 Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. III, p. 335, no. 19, pl. IX, 3. There are false staters very skillful- executed, with the legend ARIARTION.: See lmhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. LI, p. 340. nique, occupies in Haliartie, near of Lake Copaïs and the Ténérique plain, the top of a completely bare plateau; the en- girded by her Poseidion herself, does not know don't hold a tree. But there was, nearby moth-eaten, one sacred wood, like at time of Homer. Pausanias tells us that the town of Onchestos took its name from Onchestos, son of Poseidon, and he adds: “We see still now the temple and the statue of Poseidon Onchestios and the wood spoken of Homer ©”. It is likely that the type of stater no. 296, reproduces the image of celtic statue of Poseidon Onchestios, depicted in the attitude that still takes today Greek fishermen today when they fish with the trident. The previous monetary group of Haliarte stops in 374, when following the exploits of Pelopidas and the destruction of Plataea, all the towns of Boeotia, with the exception of Orchomenus, had to bow before the 2, Worth, Num. Chron., 1902, p. 321, pl. XV, 9; B. Head, Hist. num., 2nd 6d., p. 345. 3. See our Descr. hist., t. 1, p.867 and 1007. 4. Strabo, IX, 2, 33. 5. Pausan. IX, 26, 5.

273 power of Thebes which restored to its profit le xorvéy r@y Borwrav 1, The Haliarte workshop was reopened when Philip of Macedonia, after his victory of Chaeronea in 338, annihilating the power Theban, allowed the Aeolian cities to reconstitute a confederation on the basis Group C. 298. Indented Boeotian shield. BL. API in large letters in Æ 24; (L) PL CCIL, fig. 35° 299. — Variety, with AAI ©. We said that this coinage of 338 lasted only a few years. The workshop ‘hr ee 4 Lebadée (Ac64dera, A:640l1; ethnic, As- Gadei<), north of Helicon, and near of the border of Phocis, dominating the plain which extends to the west of Lake Copaïs and through which the Hercyna winds: it is today Livahdia. She was famous from es mythical times by its lair and its bracle of Trophonios, who was consulted, notably by Croesus and by Mardonius #. ne Statue of the soothsayer, executed by Praxi- 1. E. Curlius, Hist. Greek, t. IV D 661 “2. Central Greece, p. 49, n° 13 and DO VIREET: mhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. III, p. 336, no. 23. 3. Num. Chron., 1898, p. 288. 4. Herodotus, I, 46; VIII, 134. Tone IV. BOEOTIAS — LEBADEA 274 of the political autonomy of each of the associated cities. From silver coins to name of the Boeotians in genere were struck at Thespians; other towns, including Haliarte, emitted bronzes which have, in the right, the shield federal, and on the reverse the name of each of them. Coins minted after 338 BC AD the field. of Haliarte, like that of Coronée, was not Never reopened subsequently. Lebadée, tel, saw himself in the cave, still time of Pausanias 5, Lébadée did not enjoy autonomy politics before the Treaty of Antalcidas, in 387, came to give it to him; also it is only- ment to speak from this date until the destruction of Plataea in 374, which it struck currency, and even still very timidly, as we will see, with the type of lightning, which also appears in Mycalessos. Group To. — Coins minted from 387 to 374 BC AD | 300.— Indented Boeotian shield. Rt. AEBA. Lightning. - /R 16; aeginetic diobolus (B) PI. CCIII, fig. 1°. 5. Pausanias, IX, 39, 4. 6. Prokesch-Osten, in the Archaeol. Zeilung, 1848, pl. XVII, 6; Unpublished from 1854, pl. IT, 54; Im- hooïf-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. I, p. 358. 18

275 This coinage ceased a few years later the revolution which followed the coup de main Pelopidas, in 379, when Thebes if im- BOEOTIAS — LARYMNA 276 posed to all the cities of Boeotia as capital of the National League. Group B. — Coins minted after 338 BC. AD 301. — Indented Boeotian shield. B. AEB, in large letters in the This bronze come back in the group of coins that were minted in different rents cities of Boeotia, after Philip field. Æ 20:. defeated the Thebans and Athenians Chaeronea in 338 BC. AD $ X. — Larymna (AO). What we said about the city incer- tain of which the name begins by A-, also applies to that whose ini- Listings are A-Q. The following piece is placed at the same time, that is to say after the bath size of OEnophyta in 456. The letters AQ, compared to the initials that we read on the coins of other Boeotian cities contemporary times, seem unable to see designate something else that a name of city? But we do not know any locality of Boeotia in antiquity, at the no matter how appropriate these initials are. We 302. — Boeotian shield. cannot think of Aùs, islet of the thes- Salienne. But in Boeotia there is a city of Aäoouva, cited by various ancient authors, Larymna was located on the coast, not far from Anthédon, at the mouth of the Cephisus. He it is likely that the name of this city also had the form Lorymna (Awovava). Re- let us note that there existed in Caria a city called indifferently by the authors of antiquity, Adsoux or Awpouz: it is not therefore not unreasonable to also admit, by analogy, a double form Agpouvz and Awoouva for the Boeotian city. Bt, À — Q. Amphora with raised handles (diola). Hollow square. ÆR 14; triobole, 2 gr. 60 (P) PI. CCIII, fig. 2; — others, 2 gr. 30 (L)'; 2 gr. 94; 2 gr. 36; 2 gr. 185. 1. Num. Chron., t. I, 1839, p. 248; B. Head, Hist., Num., 2nd ed., p. 346. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 20. 3. Among others: Plutarch, Sulla, 26; Strabo, IX, 2, 13; Pausanias, IX, 23, 1; Pomp. Mela, 2 3. 4. Central Greece, Bæotia, p. 35, no. 28. 5. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. IX, p. 20.

277 BOIEOTIA — MYCALESSOS 218 $XI. — Mycalessos. For coins from the archaic period, see our Historical Description, t. I, p. 955 et pl. XLI, fig. 24. After striking currency Until the in- Peloponnesian War Athens had taken to invasion of the Persians in 480, Mÿcalessos had to his pay 1. It was repopulated, but was never close your workshop and only reopen it in but of great importance, in despite under the Treaty of Antalcidas, in 387. In its admirable topographical position, which this long interval of silence, Mycalessos dominates the small plain of Aulis, on the road is hardly mentioned in history other than from Thebes to Chalcis, in Euboea. His old man the occasion of the massacre of its inhabitants in temple of Demeter Mycalessia was famous M3 av. AD The cutthroats were el frequented even still at time of mercenaries Thracians that at start of the Pausanias. Coins minted from 387 to 374 BC AD 303. — Indented Boeotian shield, R. M — Y. Lightning. Concave field. ZR 11; aeginetic mite, 0 gr. 8% (P) PL CCIII fig. 83: — other, Wed. 84 (L) *. 30%. — Variety, with Y — M. #11; obol, 0 gr.81 (B)°. 305. — Same description, with M—Y. ZR 5; artemorion egin., 0 AUS UP). 306. — Boeotian shield. BR. Canthare; above, M. Carré hollow. ÆR5; tartemorion, 0 gr. 15 (B) ‘ 307. — Indented Boeotian shield. BR. Bunch of grapes; above, M. Carré hollow. Hemiobolus? 5. Required of recognize hegemony in 374, Mycalessos ceased its coinage 1ebaine like the other cities of Boeotia, forever. 2: Thucyd., VII, 29; Pausanias, 1, 23, 3. 2: Brit. Mus., Central Greece, p. 51, nos. 1 and 2 and BUII, 1; Imboof-Blumer, Num. Zett- Ste III, : 358, no. 98, - Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cit., P. 358, no. 29. . Imhoof-Blumer, Loc. cit., P: 359, no. 30. . Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 22, no. G4. - B. Head, Hist. Num., 2 64. D 54108 D Œ & Co

219 SX BOEOTIAS — ORCHOMENE 280 — Orchomenus {rchomenus). For coins from the archaic period, see our Historical Description, t. I, p. 958 to 962 et pl. XLI, fig. 20 to 23. We exposed the ethnic reasons who, for centuries, made old town of Orchomène la Minyenne (Osyomevés or 'Eoyouevés), the rival of Thebes. From its oldest coins dating back to the first half of the 6th century, Orchomenus brand his separation from with the others cities of Boeotia in that instead of having for ordinary emblem the exchange shield created, symbol of the Boeotian nationality, she adopts the sprouted wheat grain; this lype, emblem of the fertility of the orchomé plain- nienne had, at the same time, a character religious’; also, we will find him persistent on Orchomenian coins of the 5th century. Another particularity of the Orchomenus monetary series resides in the reverse: a hollow square divided into five compartments, identical to the hollow square from Aegina coins to the turtle. At the origin- gine, the adoption of this reverse at Orchomenus seems to be explained by the fact that this city of Boeotia, despite its remoteness, was part of the Aegean federation whose religious center was at Calaurie, in time of Phidon, the creator of money to the turtle?. The hollow Aegean square per- sits, like the grain of wheat, on the mon- 1. Description fisting; t. 1, D:901. 2, See our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 961-962; cf. E. Curtius, in Hermes, t. X, p. 385; B.Head, births of Orchomenus in the 5th century. Orchomenus, like Thebes, did good capture from the Persians of Xerxes in 480 *; also, after their retirement, she had to endure, with the others cities which had favored the Asian invasion, the weight of the wind age of the Athenians. She stopped beating currency. When in 458, the Aeginetans undertook rent of fight against Athens for safeguarding their threatened independence, the Orchomenians did like the others Boeotians and armed to help them. So, were hit in Orchomenus the following coins which have the hollow square Aegean like the coins of the primi-" series Orchomenian tive. This hollow square bears witness-" lacked traditional ties that united the Orchomenians in the Aeginetans. In less same circumstances, Thebes made knock“ documents which attest to his alliance with Corinth *. We know that this taken of arms, poorly concerted, ended in 456, at the battle of OEnophyta, which put for one. time all Boeotia at the discretion of Athenians. The Orchomenes monetary workshop was, therefore, closed for a long time period. | | Hist. numer., p. 346. 3. Herod., VIII, 34. 4, Above, p. 219, no. 205.

281 BOEOTIAS — ORCHOMENE 282 Group To. — Coins minted around 458-456 BC AD 308. — E—P. Sprouted wheat grain. BR. Hollow Aegean square divided into five irregular compartments by raised lines, F3. 2 12; aeginetic obol, 0 gr. 81 (L) PI. CCIIL fig. 4!. 309. — E—P. Three grains of sprouted wheat, side by side. Be. Aegean hollow square, as above. ZÆR 8; lrilemorion egin., 0 gr. 65 (L) P1. CCIII, fig. 5 ?. 310. — ÆE—R (Ep7.). Sprouted wheat grain. BL. Aegean hollow square, as above. ÆR 6; tartemorion egin., 0 gr. 22 (L) P1. CCIIL, fig. 6*. 311. — Without legislation. Half a grain of sprouted wheat. B. Hollow square divided into four small compartments. 2R 5; trihemitartemorion egin., 0 gr. 35 (B) P1. CCIIL, fig. 7:. 312. — Without legislation. Sprouted wheat grain. Be. Hollow square divided into four compartments. ZR 3; artemorion egin., 0 gr. 26 (B) PL. CCIIL, fig. 85. Group B. — Coins minted from 387 to 371 BC. AD The coinage of Orchomenos was suspended -.in 456, while that of the other cities of …Boeotia was organized on the contrary under the “control of democratic governments established with the support of the Athenians. During the second half of the 5th century, the history of Orchomenus remains obscure and erased, In 395, when war bursts between 1. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 53, nos. 16 and 17, PI. VIII, 5. … 2. Central Greece, p. 53, no. 18, pl. VIII, 6. 3. Central Greece, p. 5%, n° 19, DIS VIILRENT Sparta and Thebes, supported, this time, by Athens, and Lysander invades Boeotia, the Orchomenians side with the Lacedaemonians and help them at the siege of Ha- liartef. The following year, in 394, when forms against Sparle the new league attico-theban, we see the Boeotians 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., III, p. 362, No. 32. 5. Imhoof-Blumer, loc. cit., no. 33. 6. Plut., Lysander, 28; Diod. Sic., XIV RSA Xenoph., Hellen., I, 5, 6: Corn. Nepos, Lys., 3.

283 in the party of Thebes and Athens, except the Orchomenians who remain attached to the Lacedaemonians. At the battle of Coronea, they appear in the ranks of the army of Agesilaus who opposes them directly, on the battlefield, to the Thebans their hereditary enemies! The objective of the Lacedaemonians was, indeed- tively, in accordance with the wishes of the Orchomé- niens, since it was above all a matter of removing worm in Thebes hegemony over others cities of Boeotia. This goal was achieved and consecrated by the Peace of Antalcidas in 387. 313. — Boeotian shield. BOEOTIAS — ORCHOMENE 284 Thebes was then obliged to recognize the independence of Orchomenes and the others cities of Boeotia which began to mint currency from 387. However, as Orchomenes rose up against the hegemony of Thebes from 395, as well as we let's come to tell it, it may be that she reopened her own workshop from this date which would be, in this case, the chronological starting point of the mon- nays which follow and which introduce, for the first time in Orchomenus, the shield National Boeotian. B.EPXO. Bridled horse, galloping to the right, its lead trailing; below, the name of magistrate EYAQPO; above, an ear of wheat. ÆR 24 313 bis. — Boeotian shield. : stat. egin., 12 gr. 15 (Jameson) PL CCIIL, fig. 9*. Be. EPX. Bridled horse, galloping to the right, its lead trailing; above, a grain of wheat and the name of magistrate EYAOPO (for Evôwso, genilif). II 24 314. — Indented Boeotian shield. ; stat. eginet., 11 gr. 80 (L) FT. CCIIT, fig. 10*. BL. EPX in a crown formed of two ears of wheat on their leafy stem. Æ13; hemi-drachma (P) PL. CCIII, fig. 11; other, 2 gr. 48(L)*. 315. — Indented Boeotian shield. BL. EP—XO. Amphora with two raised handles (diota), the fluted body in its upper part; in the field on the right, an ear of corn. ZR 93; stat. egin., 12 gr. 16 (L) PL. CCIIL, fig. 12*. 316.— Varieties, with the name Eÿwpos (Beolian genitive ES5wp0 or Eÿô0po with long omicron), which comes in the following forms: 4. Xenoph., Hellen., 1V,3, 15; Rather. Agesil., 2, 9. 2, Catal. Jameson, No. 1155. 3. Brit, Mus:, Central Greece, ,p. 54, no. 20, DINATERSE 4. Central Greece, p. 54, no. 21, pl. VIII, 9. 5. Central Greece, p. 54, no. 22, pl. VIII, 10.

285 BOEOTIAS — ORCHOMENE 286 EYAO — 11 gr. 80 (L) FT. CCIIL, fig. 13 1. EYA — 10gr. 82 (B) ?. EYDO; to the left of the amphora, an ear of corn — 11 gr. 65 (P) PL CCIII, fig. 14. EY; to the right, on the shield, an ear (L) PI. CCIII, fig. 15: — others, 11 gr. 82 (7); 12 gr. 15 (P):. 317. — EP. Three grains of sprouted wheat, side by side. B. Horse galloping to the right or left. 2K 13; triob. egin., 2 gr. 60 (P) PL. CCIII fig. 165 other dan. 27 0th 318. — Varieties, with 43 or ER. Sometimes, on the right, ER, and on the reverse, ER (L) P1. CCIII, fig. 17 and 18:. 319. — Half grain of sprouted wheat: in the field on the left, ivy leaf, B.E—R. Ear of wheat. #R 8; hemiobolus egin., 0 gr. 43 (L) PL. CCIIL, fig. 19°, 320. — Variety, with 4 — 3 — 0 asser, 321. — Variety, with 4—0 — 0 gr. 32 (L)®. 322. — Variety with E—R, and the ear of wheat upside down. 0 gr. 45(B) PI. CCIII, fig. 20:. 323. — A4—3. Sprouted wheat grain. Be. E—R, Ear of wheat. ZR 6; tartemorion egin., 0 nr LP CCITI, fig. 21”. 324. — Wheel with four spokes. Be. Three grains of sprouted wheat; below, ER. 2K 9; tritemorion egin., 0 gr. 67 (B) PI. CCIII, fig. 22'!. 1. Central Greece, p. 54, no. 23, pl. VIII, 41. 8. Central Greece, p. 55, no. 33. | 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeil., t. IX, p. 25, no. 83, 9. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., from Vienna, t. IT, DIS I, 83. p. 362, no. 34, pl. IX, 6. , 3. Central Greece, loc. cit., no. 24, pl. VII, 12; Mac- 10. Central Greece, p. 55, no. 35, pl. VII, 15. ms Donald, Hunt. Coll., t. He, p. 38, no. 1; others e.g. The coins of Orchomenos of Boeotia in the legend in Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Ze16 tt D. 366. ER with its varieties, have sometimes been classified, but 4. Central Greece, nos. 95 and 26, pl. VIII, 43. wrongly, to Hermione or to Orchomenes of Arcadia. D: Op. cit., nos. 27 to 29. 11. Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t. II, p.364, no. 44, 6. Op. cit., p. 55, nos. 30 and 31, pl. VIIL, 14. pl. IX, 8. D Op. cit., p. 55, no. 32,

287 BOEOTIAS — ORCHOMENE 288 323. — Three grains of sprouted wheat; below, ER. Bt. Crown formed of two stalks of wheat. Æ9; hemi-obolus egin., 0 gr. 58 (HW) PL CCIIT, fig. 28. 296. — Indented Boeotian shield, the episema decorated with an ear of wheat. BR. EPXO, the letters placed between the eight rays of a star. Æ14; (P) PL CCI, fig. 24; — others (L, BY Magistrate Ebdwpoc was likely- ment an archon or a polemarch of Gold- Chomene, whose history has not RE memory. This local coinage attests to FAT Orchomenian dance and proclaims dis- political residence of the city; inaugurated, as we said, either from 395 or after the Treaty of Antalcidas in 387, it lasted until 371 BC. AD Three years ago before, in 374, destruction of Plataea had given to Thebes, as capital of the Boeotian League, the possibility of making close the workshops in all cities, except Orchomenus who, supported by the Lacedae- moniens, resisted and kept sound aulo- nomie. The victory of Epaminondas at Leuc- tres, in 371, forced her to recognize itself the hegemony of its rival. Gold- Chomene found himself at the mercy of the Thebans who wanted destroy it. Epaminondas, however, made key words heard mence and urged the Thebans to admit Orchomenus as a member of the confederate Boeotian ration ?; she stopped beating currency. The Thebans thus seemed to acquiesce cer to the moderation council of Epaminon- das. But some time later, in 368, put- 1. Central Greece, p. 56, n° 36 and 37 et pl. LIVES, 16; Imhoof-Blumer, Num. Zeit., t.II, p. 369, No. 5#. 2ADioU ic, AN oi 8. Diode. Sic., XV, 19; Pausan., IX, 15, 3 so much to the advantage of the absence of Epaminondas who was located in Thessaly, they resolved to wreak their vengeance. The pretext was that 300 young people from Orchomenus soaked entered into a conspiracy with some Thebans exiled, to overthrow the constitution democratic governance of Thebes. Orchomenus was burned, its inhabitants partly massacred created, the rest taken into captivity #. Orchomenus remained a field for a long time of ruins. However, it was rebuilt during the Sacred War, when the Phocians attempted to drive the Thebans from the north of Boeotia. At the end of the war, in 346, Orchomène was given by Philippe de Ma- cedony, to the Thebans, as a prey to to cut up again: what was done with incredible relentlessness. However, this time again, Orchomenes got up from his cen- dres. After the defeat of the Thebans and Athenians at the Battle of Cheronea in 338, Orchomenus was rebuilt on the orders of Phi- lips itself *; later she cums too from the favor of Alexander. It was in this new period of his history tormented that Orchomenus issued some bronzes (hereinafter, no. 327), like others member cities of the news | Boeotian Confederation f. | 4. Pausanias, IV, 27, 10; IX, 37, 8. 6. Arrien, Anab., 5. It is rather, we believe, at Thespies than at Orchomen that the coins of ar were minted

289 BOEOTIAS — PHARÆ 290 Group C. — Coins minted after 338 BC. AD 327. — Indented Boeotian shield. BR. OPX, in large letters occupying the entire field. Æ 23; (L) PL CCIII, fig. 25: This coinage lasted only a few years; 1l disappeared in front of the coin of A- Alexander the Great. Orchomenus' workshop of Boeotia was only to be reopened after the middle of the 1st century preceding our era. Small Orchomenian pieces of 5th and 15th centuries, which we have described above and which include the obolus and his divisions were hit hard abundance and they were very widespread in antiquity. Remained long time in the traffic commercial of the Central Greece, they are found mention- born again in 279 BC. AD in the com- ptors of the temple of Delos, under the name nation of 'Osyouévior 66o)of, uto6ektor, or under the generic term of 'Opyouévio vo- pisux, orchomenian silver?. $III. — Pharae. For coins from the Archaic period, see our Descr. hist., t. I, p-962 et pl. XLI, fig. 25 and 26. Like several other towns in Boeotia, Pharæ remained without autonomous coinage since the battle of Plataea in 479, until gent of xotvdv Bout reconstituted at this time. B: Head, Ca/al. Central Greece, Introd., p. xLri- xuur. See below at Thespies, p. 310. 1. Brit. Mus., Central Greece, p. 56, no. 38, MVLIT, 17. 2, Bull. Corr. hell., t. X, 1886, p. 463:t. XV, 1891, Volume IV. than at the peace of Antalcidas, in 387. At this date, she reopened her workshop to issue the small pieces whose description follows: Coins minted from 387 to 374. 328. — Boeotian shield. BL. ® - TO. Amphora; concave field. ZR 11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 85 (P) P1. CCIIL, fig. 26; — other, 0 pr TOR EE p. 129: 'Ogyopévou vouisuaros | 660%d< fofuntar èv kings [He Autw6sAors nai Fvov HHHH (400). 3. Central Greece, p. 51, n° 3 to 5, pl. IX, 2nd Imhoof-Blumer, in Num. Zeil., {. IL, P. 373, Nos. 61 and 62.

291 BOEOTIAS — PLATÉES 292 329. — Same types; in the field of the reverse, on the left, an ear of corn. Æ11; Egin. obol, 0 gr. 82 (P)P1. COIII fig. 27; — other, 0 gr. 80 (L). \ The resumption of Boeotian hegemony by the Thebans, in 374, closed again $XIV. — Famous for the defeat of Mardonius in September 419, which ruined the last attempts perances of the Persians, the small town of Pla- (Tharaui) was located at the foot of the Cithe- ron, south of Thebes, on the border of Attica. It dominated the upper valley of the Asopos. The nymph Platæa, daughter of Asopos, was considered the legendary founder of the city *. After the battle of 479, Plataea which had been burned and rebuilt, but it only played a very subdued role until the Peloponnesian War, period during which it was disputed between the Thebans and the Athenians? In 426, the Peloponnesians being seized, massacred the garrison, overthrew were the walls and raised on the ruins a temple to Hera *. On the other hand, Herodotus already points out a temple of Hera at Plates *. It is probable that in 426, the Lacedaemonians did not what to raise or beautify the ancient sanctuary of the great Peloponnesian goddess. Pausanias, who visited Plataea in the 1st century of our era, points out three temples: the one . Pausanias, IX, 1, 1. . Thucydides, 11, 1 et pass. . Thucyd., 11, TLet s.; III, 20 et seq., 52, 63, 68. . Herod., IX, 52; Thucyd., LIT, 68. *Pausanias, (IX, 1, 8: /0V 20401: where & © D the workshop of Pharæ: it was never to be reopened. Plates. of Hera, and those by Athena Areia and of Eleusinian Demeter *. Hera's head on the coins that we will describe, is probably the head of the cult statue which was in the temple of this goddess. She is wearing a high stephanos like the Hera of Argos. In 387, the treaty negotiated by Antalcidas returned to Plataeans exiled their homeland and gave it the political autonomy which allowed him to open a monetary workshop *. Plataea was occupied by the Lacedaemo mine who, from there, maintained and monitoring covered all Attica; but the presence of the Lacedaemonian garrison did not hinder nothing the issue of autonomous currency. It was different when after the blow of force from Pelopidas to Thebes, in 379, this the latter imposed itself on the other cities of the Boeotia, reserving the monetary monopoly. Plalaea, excited by Athens, undertook to resist the pretensions of the Thebans. These They came to besiege it and destroyed it. of. from top to bottom, in 374 7. 6. Isocrates, Plat., 13 et seq.: Pausanias, IX, 1. 4. 1. E. Curtius, Hist. Greek, t. IV, p. 367; cer- {many authors place the destruction of Plataea alone ment in 372.

293 BOEOTIAS — PLATÉES 294 Group A. — Coins minted from 387 to 374 BC. AD 330, — Indented Boeotian shield. Bz. M’AA. Head of Hera, right, surmounted by a high stephané t, ZR 14; triobole egin., 2 gr. 76 (P) P1. CCIIL, fig. 28 and 29; — other, 2 gr. 50 (L). 331. — Indented Boeotian shield. BL. PAA. Head of Hera, facing, surmounted by a high stephané. ZR 13; triob egin., 2 gr. 43 (L) PL. CCIII fig. 80: — 2 gold. 28, kills (PI Pausanias signals in Heraion of Platées a statue of Hera executed by Praxiteles : “We nickname,” he said, “this Hera, Teleia: she is represented standing and his statue is colossal; it is made of marble penthelic, as well as that of Rhea, wife of Cronus. These two statues are the work of Praxiteles » 5, This passage from Pausanias raises a difficulty cullé. If it is the head of the statue of Hera, executed by Praxiteles, whom we see on the currencies described above, such as these coins were minted in the period between 387 and 374, it follows that the statue of the Heraion of Plataea, reported by Pausanias, cannot be the work of the great Praxiteles, contemporary of Alexander, who died in 280 BC. AD It must be admitted that this statue is the work of a Praxiteles more ancient, perhaps the grandfather of the contemporary porain of Alexander. Mr. Collignon, without being very affirmative on this subject, concludes by saying: QThere are good reasons to believe that a artist named Praxiteles, originally from Paros, lived in Athens in the second half of the 5th century #”. Group B. — Coins minted after 338 BC. AD Following his victory at Chaeronea, in 338, Philip of Macedon having returned autonomy to Boeotian cities, in snatching away from the tyranny of Thebes, several of these cities, among which is Plated, issued bronze coins uniform types; these pieces are not distinguishable between them only by the name of the city which is written in large letters in the reverse field. 332. — Boeotian shield. BL. RAA, in large letters occupying the entire field. Æ 22; (L) PL. CCIIL, fig. 30*, 1. Brit. Mus. Central Greece, p. 58, no. 1, pl. IX, 3. 2. Br. Mus. Central Greece, p. 58, no. 2, pl. IX, 4. 3. Pausanias, IX, 2, 7. 4. M. Collignon, Hist. of the sculpture. Greek, t. IX, di s P. 178; cf. especially: Kroker, Gleichnamige griechis- dear Kunsller, p. 44. 5. Central Greece, p. 58, no. 3, pl. IX, 5.

295 This coinage was very short-lived; the Platées workshop was never reopened in the sequel. At the time of Alexander the Great, Plataea SN, — For coins from the archaic era and pl. XLII We have seen that before the big ones Median wars, Tanagre, strong of the app- then from Athens, realized, during something time, his ambition to replace Thebes as capital of the Confederacy Boeotian tion: she struck, in consé- quence, archaic coins on the reverse of the wheel, which bear the legends R, BOI, and for some, both ROI and TA": But this pretension of the Tanagraeans was short-lived and Thebes, despite Islands successive defeats that Athens had inflicted, quickly resumed his place at the head of the Boeotian league. It is Thebes which, by hatred against Athens, in 480, led to the other cities in the alliance with Xerxes. Regarding Tanagre, before the in- escape of Xerxes she had already resumed the issuance of local currencies at law gende TA{vaypz/wv), substituted for the legend A. Descr. hisl., t. I, p.967 to 970 (nos. 1359 to 1365). . Mr. Barclay Head (Hist. numor., p. 348) placed these coins after the invasion of Xerxes and the humiliation tion of Thebes by the Athenians, in 419. But Grenfell and Hunt (Oxyrhynchus Papiri, vol. V, p.228). demonstrated that on this date the hegemony of Ta- nagre all over Boeotia is unlikely, this city having suffered, like other cities Boeotians, the punishment inflicted by the Athenians BOIEOTIA — TANAGRE 296 is visited by Dicéarchus, who calls his residents Aôrvziot Botwrot, double qualified tif which characterizes their history and geographical location of their city. Tanager. , see our Descr. hist., t. I, p. 964 to 975 , fig. 27 to 29. federal BOI(wrùyY). According to their style, it is around 490-480 that its first places are placed horse protome type slatera leaping, which follows the type of the Chalcidian wheel and replaces it. On these pieces, the legend TANAtyoxiwv) is still in archaic and retrograde characters?. This coinage lasted only an instant, for, following the defeat of Mardonius at Plates, in 479, the revenge of the Athe- niens weighs on Tanagre as on the other Boeotian cities, and for the general reasons that we have presented further up, the workshop was closed. It should start working again that in 456, when after victory of Athenians at OEnophyta, the democratic regime craticism settled in all the cities of Boeotia #. Tanagre, although she had to suffer from the war, its ramparts having been shaved, could reopen sound workshop. She victorious over the Persians, over the Greeks, traitors to the homeland Hellenic. The temporary hegemony of Tanagre over Boeotia se previously placed in Marathon, as indicated by the style of the coins and the events that we have summarized (Descr. hist., t. I, p. 974-975). 2. See Descr. hist.,t. I, p. 915, pl. XLI, fig. 28. 3. Thucyd., 1, 108; Diod. Sic., XI, 81, 82; E. Ca- vaignac, Hist. of Antiquity, t. 11, Athens, p. 66.