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The Achaemenid Persians, the Satraps and the Tributary Dynasts — 1893
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SOLI CLI soaps than in Cyprus the title of avx^ was especially reserved for members of the royal family, and was not given to the kings themselves. Are there currencies that can be attributed with some appearance of certainty to kings Stasias and Stasicrates? Mr. Six proposed to classify Stasicrates as a small piece golden to the legend v (/3a. Sa.), which we have given preference to Stasioicos, king of Marium 1 . The group in our Catalog (nos. 776, 777) belongs to a king uncertain of which the name appears to be designated by the letter IV The last two kings of Soli, Pasicrates and Eunostos II, are known historically- lies ; but the texts, this time, far from clarifying the question, only confuse it- ler. For Pasicrates, a double question arises : is the king of Soli of this name the same as its namesake and contemporary, king of Curium ? Secondly, Pasicrates, king of Sol, should he be identified, as claim it reviews modern, with the Stasicrates of the inscriptions cited above? Plutarch 2 teaches us that the king of Soli, Pasicrates, rivaled zeal for Alexander, with Nicocreon of Salamis, when 331 the Macedonian conqueror returned from Egypt in Phoenicia : uâÀWTa 8th Ncxoxpstov b SxXauivioç x%\ ïla.mxoii:y\ç 6 EoA'.o; 8ie(ptXove&or|
CL11 INTRODUCTION To Pasicrates we give (Catal. no. 778) a silver coin which we has, so far, classified to the satraps of Caries, without power fix the reading. The head of Apollo, type of this diobole, is similar to that of the coins of Rhodes and the Carian satraps which, itself, is imitated from the beautiful head of Apollo engraved by Theodotus for the coins of Clazomene. We don't would know be surprised that this beautiful type monetary have summer copied by a dynast Cypriot. The legend BA'TTAZI can make one think to the times to Pasicrates and to Pasicypros, king of Tamassus and of Amathous, who sold Tamassus at Pumiaton of Curium, around 350. There is no maybe no good good reasons of choose, for this attribution, Pasicrates of Soli rather than Pasicypros of Amathus. Pasicrates' successor on the throne of Soli appears to have been Eunostos. He who married Irene, daughter of Ptolemy Soter ; his reign ended in 310. Mr. Six proposed to give in Eunostos II the currency golden our Catalog (no. 779), that he had first classified in Evagoras II l . We have respected this attribution, by attaching this coin of other currencies whose reading and classification are also uncertain 2 . IX. LAPETHOS This city, located on the north coast of the island, was a Phoenician colony like Citium, thus that recalls Stephen of Byzantium. The Journey of Scylax, written in 347 ', calls it A-Zj 7cyj0 tç «l>oiv.xwv. It is therefore not surprising that the kings of this city hit coins with Phoenician legends. History of Lapethos is moreover almost completely unknown. Numismatics reveals the existence of a King Sidqemelek, who appears to have lived from 449 at 420 4 ; a another king, Praxippos, who was dethroned in 312 by Ptolemy Soter, is known to the time by the texts and by the medals. I. Sidqemelek (circa 449 at 420). This king, whose coins are with Phoenician legends (Catal. nos. 783, 784), has perhaps began to reign after the departure of the Athenians in 449, when the Persians, and through them the Phoenicians, regained possession of the entire island 5. Currencies of Sidqémelek whose the reverse still has the hollow square, relate to this period. On a copy of the Cabinet of France, Mr. Six noticed, at right, behind the head of Athena(Cfl/«/. n° 784), characters which seemed to him to form the name of 1. Six, op. cit., p. 289, no. 26, and p. 369. 2. Mr. Six, op. cit., p. 298, classified at Nicocréon the pieces of our Catalogue, n° s 780 and 781. 5. See the Philologus, 1874, p. 29 et seq. 4. Six, Sir. Cypr., in the Numismatic Review, 1883, p. 320 and 370. 5. See above, Inlrod., p. exix and cxxvn,
LAPETHOS CLII the town of Lapethos ; but the decipherment of these traits is strong difficult. The Duke de Luynes thought he recognized ...piïb. On page 321 of his memory, Mr. Six nsS bed (with tav) and to the page 370, tasS (with teth). The exam reiterated that we we made the piece makes us adopt 123b (with telh). It is to an unknown king of Lapethos, successor of Sidqémelek, that we attribute conjecturally we will buy coins from the British Museum, who come from of the famous Dali treasure, and that Mr. Six, for this reason of provenance, range among the uncertain ones of Idalium '. These coins have, on the right, the head of Aphrodite, and on the reverse, the head of Athena, wearing a Corinthian helmet, in a hollow square. This reverse is identical to the one coins of Sidqemelek, and this rapprochement we authorizes to classify these anepigraph pieces rather in Lapethos than in Idalium. Maybe even do they have summer hit by Sidqémelek himself. Otto blue 2 brings Athena's helmet closer to Herodotus' description of the armor of the Chalybians of Xerxes' army : “ They were wearing bronze helmets on the before whom rose the horns and ears of bull, also in bronze, and who were topped with a egret 3. » This description also makes one think of horned helmet of Seleucus I Nicator, although the hairstyle of Seleucus and Sidke- melek have, from the point of view of the form, only a very distant relationship. Praxippos (from 320 to 312 av. AD). The name of this king of Lapethos is revealed to us by Diodorus 4 : he declared himself for Antigone, as well as the kings of Citium, Marium and Cerynia. Seleucus, ally of Ptolemy besieged Cerynia and Lapethos. A little later, in 312, Ptolemy passed himself in Cyprus; he killed Pumiaton (Pygmalion), king of Citium, “ then he seized the person of Praxippos, king of Lapethos, and the tyrant of Cerynia whom he suspected deceit. » Thus ends, in 312, the dynasty of the kings of Lapethos. I know two examples of the bronze coin opposite, that Mr. Postolacca attributed to Protagoras of Salamis, but which seems to have to be returned to Praxippos. To the right, behind the laureate head of Apollo, the letters pp F,z- ?6 - (Ilpa:;t7nro(;). fyL. Crater with two handles and BA (f3a
CHAPTER SIX THE COINS OF PHOENICIA ARADUS The island of Aradus (Tnx), already mentioned in the Genesis, was, at the time of the domination Persian, the center of trade of northern Phenicia ; also did she have abundant monetary emissions 1 . Such was the importance of Aradus, that its king was equal from that of Tyre; the admiral Persian, supreme leader of the Phoenician fleet, had as lieutenant the king of Sidon, and he had under his immediate orders the kings of Tire and Aradus, placed on the same rank 2 . The Aradian dynasts enjoyed monetary rights, like those of Tyre, Sidon, Gebal ; unfortunately we only know a few of their names. In Xerxes' fleet, a certain number of ships are ordered not the king of Aradus, Merbal, son of Agbalî. The names of his immediate successors are unknown. and we don't don't know leaves that took the Aradians in the revolt of cities Phoenician against Artaxerxes, in 3 5 1 At the time of Alexander's invasion, the Persian-Phoenician fleet which, under the orders of Autophradates, sought to operate a diversion in the Greek waters of Asia Minor, included, among others, the ships of Aradus commanded by the King Gerostratos-*. Leaving his capital with his contingent of ships, Gerostratos had left the interim government to his son Straton. Alexander, arriving on the edges of the Orontes, was about to invade Phoenicia, when he lives come to his date against the young Straton, who him offered the kingdom of sound absent father, with a crown gold. The others Phoenician cities, with the exception of Tire and Gaza, also welcomed the winner. Alexander was occupied at the siege of Tire in 332, when the kings Gerostratos of Aradus and Enylos of Gebal, separating from the fleet of Autophradates, came in turn to offer their submission and cooperate at the seat of the old Phoenician city s. It was at the price of this shameful defection that they retained their throne. 1. E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures, first series, pp. 219 to 282. 2. Herod., VIII, 67; Diod. Sic, XIV, 79. 3. Herod., VII, 98. 4. Arrian, Exped. Alex. II, 13. 5. Arrian, Exped. Alex., II, 13 ; Quinte Curce (IV, 1, 15) wrongly says that Straton was king of Aradus ; he
ARADUS CLV The first coins of Aradus date back, like those of the kings of Sidon, to Gebal and Tyre, around the year 400, perhaps until the advent of Artaxerxes II Mnemon in 405. Unlike the coins of Gebal and Sidon, but imitating tion of those of Tyre, they do not bear the names of the kings who issued them, and he would be impossible to distribute them by reigns, even though we would know the successors of Merbal, that is, the predecessors of Gerostratos. It is therefore necessary to just group them chronologically, according to types, style and dates. No only royal names are not registered on the currencies ara- diennes, but the very name of Aradus only appears there in a form abbreviated, enigmatic, which has long misplaced numismatic attributions. We won't come back let's not dwell on the arguments we have done argue, to demonstrate that the letters NQ represent the name of Aradus, “PIN, preceded by the Q which indicates the place original and corresponds to the Latin preposition ex 1 . Let us only remember that the lie prefix is found, repeatedly, in numismatics of the Phoenician colonies women of Sicily, Spain and Africa : in Gadès, we have TUnbyilO ; in Sexti, urnttbsnn; in Lixus, rcsbbwn; in Tingis, nmw bmo; in Panorme, JPïbyao. After Alexander, Aradian coins bear, sometimes simultaneously, the letters NO and the Greek monogram R 2 : these pieces are comparable to those of Tire and Sidon, on which we read both TYPION and "lïb, ZlAflNIflN and aij-ryb. The figure of Dagon, type of currencies that we consider to be the most old, is to be compared to the image of the same divinity, already reported on coins of Gaza and Ascalon i. Here, it is particularly interesting to analyze in his details (Catal. no. 832 to 877). Hair of god are braided and fall back in cords abundant on his shoulders ; his beard is curly to the Assyrian and cut into a point. On the well-preserved copies can be seen, on the belly of the god, a circle or disk which seems to expose his entrails : this par- particularity recalls a type of the coins of Mallus in Cilicia, representing a god who holds a disc on his stomach with both hands 4. The seahorse on the reverse is obviously also a sea god of Phînicia, whose name escapes us. We found on the coins of the kings of Gebal and of contemporary Tyre, and it is undoubtedly by the Phoenician colonies of the West tooth that he came to take place in the symbolism of the Sicily and of Italy southern. was only the son of King Gerostratos. It is not necessary, moreover, to confuse this Straton with the king of Sidon, Stratton II, who was dethroned by Alexandre after thirteen years of reign. Mr. Droysen seems to have fallen into this error, by wanting to rectify Quinte Curce (Droysen, Hist. of Hellenism, t. I, p. 278). 1. E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures, 1" series, pp. 225 at 229 ; cf. pp. 91 to 94. 2. E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures, 1" series, p. 224 and pi. IX, fig. 1. 3. See above, Introd., p. lv, lvi, lxv. 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Mallos, in the Yearbook of the Numismatic Society, 1883, ft. V, fig. 14 to 19.
CLVI INTRODUCTION Coinage to the types of Dagon and the seahorse under a galley takes end officially in the year 351, during the great revolt of Phoenicia. The currencies of kings of Gebal, contemporary and at the same type of the seahorse under the galley, authorize this chronological classification, although certain copies ara- say thickened, with a style very neglected, appear not to be not prior to arrival of Alexander. To the coins that we have just described is attached a series of small coins which we can describe as microscopic, because they are indeed the most small as art monetary ever produced {Catal. nos. 850 to 877). These pieces are anepigraph ; but it does not seem that we should attribute them to a country other than Phoenicia, although that we find coins almost as small on Lesbos. The Duke of Luynes, who had collected the most beautiful collection, received them from Syria ; the other parts of the Cabinet of Medals, acquired there has something forty years, came also of Syria; Mr. Doctor Rouvier, from Beirut, has some which he collected in the sands of the island of Ruad. The largest of these pieces {Catal. No. 849) has, in law, a archaic style head, to the beard pointed, which resembles the head of Dagon. The reverse is a ship's bow similar to the one currencies classified in our second half. There are some who have the head of Besa d'Ouzoos or a bearded Cabire, coins of Gaza and Arabia {Catal. No. 871) I. The currencies of the second period {Catal. nos 878 to 920) are the types of the bearded head of Melqart and the Phoenician galley. The name of Melqart assigned to the head of divinity which appears in this group, is justified by the comparison with the statues of the Phoenician Heracles found in Cyprus z . The patek figure which adorns the bow of the galley, is too small to be able to assess whether she has something relationship with the monetary types of which we talked all to time. We will only remind the passage where Herodotus points out the ornament singular of Phoenician ships; by relating that Cambyses, in Memphis, mocked of the figure hideous of god Phtah, he provides this detail : “ the statue of this god extremely resembles those patek figures that the Phoenicians placed at the bow of their galleys. » The numerous varieties of these very common currencies are divided into three groups : 1. Coins with the letters H12 alone {Catal. nos. 878 to 906); — 2. Parts with the letters NO followed by a variable letter {Catal. Nos. 907 to 912) ; — 3. Parts with the letters NO followed by a variable date {Catal. nos. 913 3917). In each of these three groups, he is of copies who are of a style archaic very pronounced, giving in Melqart an Assyrian look, with the eye almost facing forward, the beard 1. See above, Introd., p. lxv. 2. G. Perrot and Ch. Chipiez, Hist. art in antiquity, t. III, p. 569 et seq.
ARADUS CLVIV braided in cords and curly on the cheeks; others are of a style more modern, with the eye of profile, like if this coinage was extended very late, even after Alexander. All these parts are of one aspect rude, to flan irregular and very thick. As for the currencies of the first period, he there is perhaps not a single statere where the engraving of the die is reproduced in its whole, so that several pieces must be brought together to be able to reconstruct the types as a whole. Finally, a good number of copies are stuffed or in bad metal, like the half of coins of Tyre, to the type of the owl carrying the Egyptian flail. These are there are certain indications of the extension late development of coinage that Tire and Aradus inaugurated after the revolt of the year 351. The Aradian statere of our second period weighs 10 gr. 60. There are no exceptions than for a piece from the Luynes collection which weighs 16 gr. 70 (Cat. No. 878). Brandis places this piece at the end of all series and thinks she was hit immediately before Alexander's coins : from there its Attic weight. Mr. Six believes, on the contrary, because of ancient style of the head of Heracles, that this piece must be classified no not to the end, but in head of coins of Aradus, that is to say that it would date not from 330, but from approximately 450, and its weight attic would be explained by the proximity of the influence of the Athenians who dominated in Cyprus at that time. If he had to choose between these two opinions, I would prefer the one of Brandis ; but I am carried to believe that the excess of weight is not due than to a burr accidental of flan monetary. The piece has the same appearance that all others; sound flan, if we disregards the burr of the metal, is neither wider nor thicker; sound style is identical to that of the coins of the same series which have the eye of face. I cannot therefore attach to this state the importance that gives him M. Six for the general classification of the coins of Aradus. Coins on which the traditional inscription is not followed by letters, include carry the following varieties :kxd; — n NQ; — ~j NT3 (Catal. No. 907); — D NQ; — 1nd; — D xa ; — jmn (Catal. no. 908 to 912). What mean these letters? Are these emission marks successive or initials of names magistrates? In any case, there can be no question of seven kings, because all the pieces appear contemporary and cannot be spread over a series of seven successive reigns. On the states where the letters are replaced by numbers, we noted the dates following:— nq (= 10. Catal. no. 913 and 914); III A NG (= 13); III! A ON, or MU-NQ (= 14. Catal. No. 915); || III A NE (= 15- Catal. Nos. 916 and 917). I notice that the tens sign has two different shapes : — and A- 1. Six in Numism. Chronicle, 1877, p. 186, note.
CLVIII INTRODUCTION The currencies on which he has form A are of a style more recent than the others, of so that we is tempted to believe in two sets of dates, like would be, for example, the dates of two successive reigns. However, one could assume also, and we will preferably adopt this opinion, that the currencies of style recent are imitation coins, struck at a time subsequent to the time when take us back to the old style series. It is surprising that, so far at least, we does not have not encountered coins bearing a date before year 10; we also don't know of any being posted- later in year 17. Are these years 10 to 17 years of reign? If we assume sounds that year 17 coincides with the year 333 before our era, date of the end of the domination Persian in Aradus, the year 10 would correspond to the year 340, and the year 1 we would postpone to 350 BCE, the date of the suppression of the Tennes insurrection. These seventeen years would thus represent the reign of Gerostratos who would have mounted on the Aradian throne during the reestablishment of the authority of Artaxerxes III Ochus on the Phoenicia. Coins that simply have NO, or NO followed by a variable letter, could, in this hypothesis, have been struck before the appearance of the dates, that is to say before 340, the tenth year of Gerostratos (350 to 332). After the Macedonian conquest, in 332, the Aradus workshop issued gold staters, tetradrachms and drachmas in the Attic system, in the name of Alexander and to the types universally adopted throughout the extent of the empire. Among these pieces, there are some which bear the traditional legend NO ; others replace it with mono- greek gram /That. We can only point out here, by the way, this my- Alexandrian nayage which does not fall within the scope of this catalog “. The fate of Aradus during the Diadochi quarrels is little known to us. We knows only that the Phoenicia and Coelesyria were the object constant of convoy- Seleucid teas and the Lagides. Seleucus I Nicator owned Aradus at least for some time, as evidenced by the coins in our Catalog no. 921 and 922. Although these bronzes be anepigraphs, their attribution to Aradus does not could not be doubtful, because of the prow topped by Athena Promachos. The anchor, symbol of Seleucus I Nicator, proves that these parts have summer struck under the authority of this prince. The tetrobole from our Catalog No. 923 with the hairless head of Melqart, of a very particular style, is the last piece on which appears legend nq. The bow rounded in volute se will find until the end coinage money of Aradus, concurrently with the prow surmounted by the figure of Athena Promachos. On the currencies of kings from Macedonia, this bow in volute figure for the I. See on this subject, Numismatic mixtures!, i" series, pp. 241 to 247.
ARADUS ZLIX first times under Demetrius Poliorcetes (306-283); it's also at the same time that it appears on the coins of the Roman Republic ". The causes of the rivalry of Aradus and Marathus are revealed to us by the numis- matic of these two cities. The first Ptolemies owned the main ports of Phoenicia and Syria ; Seleucia itself, at the mouth of the Orontes, was at power of kings of Egypt at the time of Seleucus II, and this town seems to have had long an Egyptian garrison 2 . The Seleucids, for their part, took time at another, our hand on the cities of northern Phenicia, and we will see later the Aradians hurry to do good home to Antiochus III. The currencies of Marathus carry of types Egyptians who prove that, several generations during, the Lagids were masters of this place ; on the contrary, in Aradus, we do not meeting on currencies no clue to believe that the kings of Egypt have never managed to expand their domination on the island. The Aradians attached themselves rather to kings of Syria, hours when, forced to alienate their freedom, they se found themselves forced to choose a master ; the monogram of Aradus appears from time to time another on the coins of the Seleucid kings 3. It is in this rivalry of influences Syrian and Egyptian what to look for the real cause of the long fight and fierce battle of Marathus and Aradus. Aradus inaugurates the era of its autonomy in the autumn of the year 259, and it's perhaps to this date that dates back the definitive break between the two sister cities ; we were under the reigns of Antiochus II Theos (261-246) and Ptolemy II Phila- delphia (287-247) ; around 259, a great war begins between these two princes about which historians have preserved little information 4. We know only that Antiochus II was unhappy and that Ptolemy reconquered part of Phoenicia and Cilicia. What happened to Aradus and Marathus in the midst of these obscure events ? We cannot the know. However, if the currencies of Marathus of this period present us with Egyptian types, while the workshop of Aradus does not provide us with any, but seems, on the contrary, to have functioned name of king of Syria, it is permissible to conclude where Marathus declared himself for the king from Egypt, while Aradus, rather favorable to king of Syria, conquered its independence to the favor of these disorders : such are, presumably, the political circumstances that led the Aradians to create a national era. 1. E. Babelon, Descr. bist. and ebron. of the coins of the Republic. Roman, t. I, Introd., p. wine. 2. Droysen, Hist. of Hellenism, trans. Bouché-I.eclercq, t. III, p. 448. 3. These are the monograms who, in our catalog of coins of Kings of Syria, wear the n 01 74, 134, 138, 209 and 270. The currencies on which we we noted are in this same catalog numbers 121, 200, 262, 368, 412, 617, 645, 725, 792, 961, 1046, 1158, 1334, etc. Cf. E. Babelon. The kings of Syria, Armenia and Commagene, Introd., pp. cxxm, cxxvm, clxxix. The interpretation of these monograms by Aradus is not always certain. Once among others, under Antiochus IV Epiphanç (no. 645 in our catalog), the monogram R found on a coin from Hierapolis, 4. Droysen, Hist. of Hellenism, t. III, p. 309 et seq.
CLX INTRODUCTION These inductions, which are based the study of medals, find their confirmation direct mation in a episode of the reign of Antiochus III the Great, told by Polybius 1 . When negotiations who, towards 221, were started to Seleucia on the Orontes, territory Egyptian, between Ptolemy IV Philopator and Antiochus III, the king of Egypt formally claimed all of Phoenicia, over which his predecessors had assumed rights. These claims having seemed inadmissible to Antiochus III, the talks were broken off, war declared, and the Egyptian fleet assembled in Gaza under the orders of Nicolaos and Perigenes, set out on the campaign. Of his On the other hand, Antiochus III invaded Coelesyria and Phoenicia and advanced as far as Marathus. There, the Aradians came spontaneously the find, se putting away in sound gone ; Antiochus made an alliance with them, and playing the role of peacemaking arbiter, he succeeds in momentarily soothe already old rivalry of the Aradians and the Marathians, who was on the point to burst in one collision bloody. After to be thus assured support of Aradus and of Marathus, the king of Syria advanced to the cape Theo- prosopon, and it's there that he put foot on the Egyptian possessions. The fratricidal struggle of Aradus and Marathus therefore appears to be only an episode of the war that was waged, for so many years, the kings of Syria and from Egypt for the possession of Phoenicia. Towards 148 or 150 before our era, Ammonius, gou- winemaker of northern Phoenicia, in the name of the king of Syria, authorized the Aradians to destroy Marathus. The Aradians hatched an odious plot to surprise nightly Marathus, but they were betrayed by one of their own who se threw to swimming to go and warn the threatened city. The conspiracy failed and Marathus was saved once again 2 . This is the historical framework in the middle of which the issues of currencies are placed. autonomous from Aradus. The first coins dated following the Aradian era bear the year 20 = 239 BC. (Catal. nos. 93o and 931). The remarkable tetradrachm of our Catalogue, ^964, was minted in the year 174 BCE (139 CE), that is to say little after the accession of Antiochus IV Epiphanes to the throne of Syria. We see, for the first time, the name of the Aradians in all letters on their species. The beautiful head of Poseidon seems inspired by that which forms the type of the famous tetradrachms of Antigone Gonatas (277-239) or Antigone Doson (229-220). But Poseidon, on the room Aradian, he says allusion to a victory naval, as on the currency Macedonian ? This is what is difficult to say. The worship of the sea god was naturally highly honored in the cities of the coast of Phoenicia ; the currencies 1. Polyb., V, 68. 2. Diod. Sic, XXXIII, frag. V. Dindorf (ed. Teubner) interposes the history of the Aradian feud and the Marathians after the fragment which concerns Tryphon and Demetrius II Nicator. Cf. E. Renan, Mission of Phoenicia, p. 98.
ARADUS CLXI of Berytus represent Poseidon in a chariot dragged by of seahorses ; to Roman times, Poseidon appears on some Aradian coins (Catal. n° 1,172). The abundance of tetradrachms of the Tyche and Victory types {Catal. our 1017 et seq.) attests the commercial prosperity of Aradus at the time of their issue. The oldest known door the date 123 (= 136 BC): the show starts consequently in the midst of the discords which bloodied Syria under the reigns upset by Tryphon, Antiochus VII Sidetes and Demetrius II Nicator. She se continues without interruption, until CI T year (2I 3) of Aradus, either year 46 BCE, date of Pompey's death, the conqueror of Syria. Besides the Aradian date, these tetradrachms bear, in the field of the reverse, letters Phoenician and Greek, variables, who are without doubt of brands of issue or the names of magistrates. When we consider, as a whole, the following these monetary differences, it seems that there have a kind of alternation and back from the same letters after a certain period. For the phoenix letters- ciennes, we find, for example, the letter N, with the dates 127, 129, 132, 162, 179, 180, 183, 188, 197, 199, and we miss it undoubtedly a big number : the distance of years 127 and 199 proves that there can be no question of a magistrate's name designated by his initial. The same observations can be do on the others letters of the series. These characters, moreover, are few varied, and the Phoenician alphabet is far from being represented in full ; we only find the following : p, -|, n, a, 1, N- These are perhaps indications of special workshops : we would therefore have six pharmacies in the same city, as was often the case case, under the Roman Empire. As for the Greek letters, number of two, they are perhaps independent dantes one of the other, although always juxtaposed. In effect, the second varies little : it's constantly C or 2, N and sometimes E or £, which in reality does not that three letters. The first changes more frequently ; I note the following : A, B, l~> A, E, 0, M- These seven letters combine with the three others in an order which I could not seize the law. A these tetradrachms correspond to drachmas, of Attic weight, who have, at right and reverse, types similar to the contemporary coins of Ephesus, this is- i.e. the bee and the deer. We can believe that these drachmas were minted under of a commercial treaty or monetary alliance between Ephesus and Aradus who, in the two centuries which precede our era, were the cities the more com- merchants of Asia Minor and of the coast of Syria. These drachmas that we ren- against in abundance, offer of varieties consistent in letters, dates and mono- grams placed in the right field, on each side of the bee. The dates are very rare; Mr. Six says that we found since 169 BCE, until 148, Babf.i.on. — The Versa Acheme'itides, X(
CLXII INTRODUCTION then in 127 and in 110 ; it comes, without indicating its sources, from ^ (= year 90) to PIA (= an ni), then BAP (= an 132) and ©AP (=an 139) '. The first of these dates would have the effect of bringing the show back of these drachmas to types Ephesians long before that of the tetradrachms of which we have just spoken; but this conclusion seems to me to be necessary be rejected. A less than composing dates with the elements of the various monograms which appear on these pieces, which is hardly admissible, my opinion is only a small number of them wear dates, and that the oldest which be beyond all dis- cussion is only the year 132. Indeed, a simple glance at our Cata- logue will allow us to doubt that the letter <^ really be the year 90 ; it is rather a brand workshop. On a museum piece Hunter, there a, it seems, PB, this who would make the year 102 (158 BC) ; BAP dates (year 132) and NP (year 150), on drachmas from the same museum are positive. The date ©AP (year 139) is on the room of our Catalog No. 1050. Thus, the only ones certain dates that we have met countries are 132 (=128 av. AD), 139 (= 121 av. AD) and undoubtedly also 150 (= 110 BC). Bronze coins have been attributed to Aradus which bear, on one side, the effigy of Marc Antoine and on the other that of Cleopatra, or which have, in the right, the effigy of Cleopatra, while the type of reverse is a Victory steering wheel, as on the Roman denarii of M. Vinicius 2 . These coins are indeed original Syrian, but nothing justifies their classification in Aradus. The legend : 6TOYC KA TOY KAI C Ô€AC N€HT€PAC « of the year 21 which is also year 6 of the new goddess, » places the broadcast in 30 or 29 BCE ; the era of Aradus or the monogram of this city is not there, and there is no clue to assign to this workshop. It is in relying on the legend of the law of a coin from the Flo museum ence similar to our n° n°55, that Noris, and following him MM. Mommsen and Droysen, have specified the starting point of the Aradian era 3. The title of Partbicus, TTAP0, given to Trajan, who forms the essential argument of these scholars, is rough on the examples pleases the Cabinet of France. BERYTUS Although she claimed to be as old as the world (xn'u^a Kpdvou), this city has no coins prior to Alexander. The group of his pieces 1. Six, in Numism. Chronicle, 1877, p. 187 ; b. Head, Epbesus, in Numism. Cbronicle, 1880, pp. 139-140 and 165-164. 2. Mionnet, Supplement., t. VIII, p. 321, n°* 408 to 410; F. Feuardent, Ancient Egypt, p. 135 ; A von Sallet, in the Zeitscbrift fur Numismatik, t. XIII, p. 75 ; compare E. Babelon, Description. bist. and chronol. coins of the Roman Republic, t. II, p. 551. 3. Noris, Annus and epoebae Syromacedonum (1691), p. 364; Droysen, Hist. of Hellenism, transl. Clogged- Leclercq, t. III, p. 312 note, and appendix, p. 619 ; E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures*, I™series, p. 105.
BERYTUS CLXIII autonomous (Catal. no. 1178 at 1189) takes place between the reign of Antiochus IV Epi- phane (175 to 164 BC) and that of Tryphon who, in 140 BC. AD, destroyed the city. Most of these coins bear the legend BH-, BHPY-, BHPYTIHN, accompanying the type of Baal-Berit, nni SjD, divinity already cited in the Book of the Judges ', and that the Greeks identified with their Poseidon 2 . We let's see her leading a quadriga of seahorses, by allusion to the port of Berytus, this who confirms the etymology given in the name of the city, lYPN!, the sources. Etienne of Byzantium says : B-rjpuTÔ; éxXtïOy) Six to eù'uSpov /3v)p yxp tô cppéap Tiap ' auroTç 3. Some of the bronzes in the type of Baal Berit have, on the reverse, a monogram composed of letters 00, in which we we will propose of recognize the initials of the word <î>oivixwv (Catal. no. 1179 to 1182), as on coins of Tripolis from the Roman era (Catal. nos. 1962, 1963 and 1970). The same monogram found on bronzes attributed to Laodicea in Lebanon, with the effigy of Antiochus IV and his successors, until Alexander II Zebina, and these parts have type one Poseidon standing holding a peg and a trident, although the city did not read the seaside 4. At the time when the Phoenician legend of these coins of Laodicea of Lebanon was not yet deciphered, Eckhel the classified to Berytus s, despite the presence, in the field, letters AA- But the inscription yjm qn n37nSS “of Laodicea, metropolis of Canaan » forced today to classify these currencies one of the many Laodiceas founded by the kings of Syria ; in Phenicia, we do not would know how to hesitate that between Laodicea ad mare and Laodicea of Lebanon : moné types taries of Laodicea ad mare being well known, and all others, only Laodicea remains of Lebanon to which these documents can reasonably be attributed. If we let's talk here with so much insistence is that, strangely enough, we find in Berytus the same monogram
CLXIV INTRODUCTION of Antiochus IV to Alexander II Zebina, the name of Laodicea. Others favorite cities laughingstocks of certain privileges by the kings of Syria, also temporarily abandoned their traditional civil status to take the names of Antioch, Selcucia and Laodicea : Berytus could therefore have be in this case. This is how insight cacy numismatics of Eckhel don't would have point deceived in the attribution of currencies including he could not interpret the legend. However, I do not dare to formulate this conclusion too affirmatively for the reasons following. The simple examination of the pieces in our Catalogue, nos. 1178 to 1189, we would force us to admit that Berytus put his name Berytus on his coins at the same time represented by BH> and its name Laodicea represented by the Phoenician legend and the Greek initials AA : this simultaneity is hardly likely. — The type of Poseidon is not the same on the coins with the BH legend, and on those who have the name of Laodicea. — In numismatics kings of Syria and Egypt, we notes that Berytus' workshop is designated by the BH monogram (BHP-) which proves that the city was called Berytus during this period. — Berytus, destroyed by Tryphon in 140 BC. BC, ceased all coinage from then on, while the currencies of Laodicea metropolis of Canaan continue to be struck after the death of Trypho, under Demetrius II Nicator and under Alexander II Zebina (128-123 BC - J-~C.). — The monograms cj>0 and AA can be common to both cities, without con- clue to identity. Rest, it is true, the legend WJ33 QX XDTxbb associated with the letters BH, on the parts of our Catalog no. 11 22 and 11 23; she can't explain by a monetary alliance, or a historical reason which is unknown. The dates which appear on the coins of Berytus relate to the special era of the city, which begins in the year 197 BC. '. The date |_ fN (year 53) corresponds therefore to the year 144 before our era (Calai. n° s 1185 and 1186) : the king of Syria was then Demetrius II Nicator. Tryphon, the destroyer of Berytus, reigns from 142 to 139. Coins only reappeared under the Roman Empire. Mr. Agrippa restored Berytus ; that's where they were installed veterans of the 5th and VIIIth legions, of which the numbers are often registered on the coins (Calai. nos. 1198, 1210, I2îi, etc.) 2 . Berytus, Latin colony, first minted coins with the legend colonia Berytus, then, under Augustus, she takes the Colonia titles Julia Augusia Felix Berytus. Marsyas or Silenus carrying a wineskin on his shoulder (Calai. nos. 1191 et seq.) is the ordinary and distinctive type of colonies under Latin law : it's 1. The era of Berytus was once determined by Allier de Hauteroche, according to a weight, today at Cabinet of Medals, who door the double LAZP date (= year 161) of the era of Seleucids, and M Z (= year 47) of the Berytus era. Allier de Hauteroche, Essay on the explanation of a ancient tessera bearing two dates (Paris, 1820, in-4 ) ; Boeckh, Corp. Register graec, t. III, p. 242. It is remarkable that the type Greek weight studied by Allier de Hauteroche is a dolphin entwined around a trident, like the type of the coin from our Catalog No. 1189. 2. Eckhel, D.N. V., t. III, p. 355-356.
130TRYS CLXVI the reproduction of the statue of Marsyas, son of Liber, who adorned the forum of Rome and which symbolized freedom, Latii juice 1 . Coins of Tiberius bear the legend Permissu Silani (Catal. no. 1203). He is Quintus Caecilius Silanus who, at the end of the reign of Augustus and at the beginning cement of that of Tiberius, was governor of all Syria 2 . The legends Securilas saeculi {Calai. our bones 1248 at 1250) and Ten years Antonini consulis tertio (Catal. no. 1254) are borrowed from Roman die coins. The types of Dionysus and Poseidon representing the nymph Beroe (Catal. nos. 1265, 1279, 1301, etc.), were explained by Eckhel ï, using a passage from the Dionysiacs by Nonnus. According to this poet, Berytus received his name from the nymph Beroe. Cronus having given Beroe to Poseidon, the latter had to fight against a rival, Dionysus, that preferred the nymph ; Poseidon winner is represented on the currencies dragging Beroe with great force. BOTRYS The rare coins of this small town located on the coast, between Byblos and Tripolis, are all from the imperial era. Eckhel 4 in quotes from Marcus Aurelius, from Elagabalus and by Julia Soaemias. The first piece of our Catalog (n° 1340) has the type Dionysus, obvious allusion to the name itself of the city, Bôtouç, cluster of grape. In the field, we can clearly distinguish the letters N and C ; if they have to form' a date, they represent the year 250, and since the imperial head is the one of Elagabalus who reigned from 218 to 222, the era to which this date relates begins would necessarily between the year 32 and the year 28 before our era. This would be the era of Actium which has its starting point in 31 av. This result has nothing of untrue- similar since others Syrian cities, like Beroea, Antioch, Apamea, Rhosus and Seleucia also used the Actium era on their coins. The other piece in our Catalog is by Julia Soremias, the mother of Elagabalus. The type is Astarte under a portico with eight columns. A the exergue, we bed N CA- If the letters NC are a date, like us believe it, that is to say the same date that on the coins of Elagabalus of the year 250, it is impossible to take into account the letter A, unless we assume that the engraver misplaced it by mistake, and that we must read ANC = ar> 251. Anyway either, this does not change the result that we consider as acquired : Botrys se served on his coins of the era of Actium. 1. Servius, ad Aeneid., III, 20; cf. Archaeological cake, 1878, p. 19; H. Jordan, Marsyas auf dem Forum in Rom, in-4 , Berlin 1883 ; E. Babelon, Description hist. and cbronol. currencies of the Republic inc, t. II, p. 194 ; J. Marquardt, Organization of the Roman Empire (trans. Weiss and Lucas), t. I, p. 120. 2. Eckhel, D.N. V., t. III, p. 357. 3. Eckhel, D.N. V.,t. III, p. 358. 4. Eckhel, D.N. V., t. III, p. 359. Mionnet (gives a piece by Julia Soaemias, from the museum Arigoni. novel,
CLXVI INTRODUCTION GEBAL (BYBLOS) This city passed, as Berytus, for have was founded by Cronos ; also , Is the image of this god, equipped with six wings, one of the main types monetary of Byblos. Cinyras, the ancestor of the race Phoenician, resided in this city, famous also by the cult that was given to Adonis under the name of Thammuz, and to his mother Astarte, the Baalat of Gebal 1 . It was a holy city : nunp SajS, fepàiç. pûSXou, say the currencies. The temple of Astarte at Byblos was famous and the quables representations that we offer currencies have often caused research archaeologists 2 . Some parts finally remind the souvenir of Isis who came in Byblos look for the body of Osiris slain by Typhoon s. The kings of Gebal, during the Persian period, are few known. The stele of Iehawmelek mentions two : Iehawmelek (-jbmrp) and his grandfather [Adom]- melek. The inscription does not give the title of king to Ia[har]baal, son of Adommelek and father of Iehawmelek. On his stele, Iehawmelek has the Persian costume ; he is wearing the similar cylindrical tiara to the one worn the royal effigy on some bronzes by Straton II, king of Sidon. His gesture and that of the goddess sitting in front him rap- shovel the two characters enigmatic that we have encountered on staters of the satrap Datame (Catal. nos 193 to 198). He there are no coins of Iehawmelek nor of his grandfather Adommelek ; we don't I don't even know when these two princes lived. The currencies the oldest {Catal. no. 1342 and 1343) are of a unknown king, contemporary of Evagoras I of Salamis. The seahorse under the galley has a griffin head, as on the oldest Aradus coins; on the reverse, the vulture devours a ram, perhaps by allusion to the Cypriot ram of Evagoras. this is the alone of all the currencies described by Mionnet, which must inspire confidence without reserve (Mus. Arigoni, pi. and not i^j, like said Mionnet). 1. Strabo, xv, 18; Eusthat. ad Dionys., V, 912; Philo of Byblos, p. 24 and 28 (ed. Orelli) ; And. of Byzantium, v° j3J6Xoç ; E. Renan, Mission of Phoenicia, p. 153 ; Fr. Lenormant, Il mito di Adone-Thammov^, Florence, 1878. 2. G. Perrot and Ch. Chipiez, Hist. of art in antiquity, t. III, pp. 68 and 248. 3. Eckhel, D.N. V., t. III, p. 359. 4. Mr. Six adopted Mr.'s erroneous hypothesis. J. Wellhausen according to which the king of Byblos Iehaw- melek would be the character who shown below the Greek form Ito[iiX"/.o; among the kings and the strategists who enriched the sanctuary of Apollo with their gifts at Delos, and whose names are preserved to us in the inventories epigraphic published by Mr. Homolle (Six, The Era of Tyre, in Numism. Chronicle, 1886, p. 97 et seq.). But Mr. Homolle established {Revue archéol., 1887, 3rd ser., t. X, p. 47 et seq.) that the Io)[ifXxo( of the Delian inscriptions, whose name returns seventeen times and without ever being accompanied of title of king, is a Carthaginian, qualified even in a text : 'Ico(A''X/.oj Kapy^âovtou, and that he it is probably from the Carthaginian ambassador honored in Athens with pimping in the latest years of the 4th century. 5. Cf. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek Coins, p. 440, nos. 9 and 9".
GEBAL (BYBLOS) CLXVH The currencies which come next are of a style newer and cease to be anepigraphs. But of the four kings whose names are read about these pieces, one is known historically : it's Ainel, whom the Greeks called "EvuXoç ' ; he reigned in Gebal in 333. Since Ainel was a contemporary of Alexander, we must the consider as the last one to mint money, because, after the passage of the Macedonian conqueror, the kings of Gebal certainly did not continue to coin money in their personal name 2 . The coins of Ainel and Azbaal can be confused, when the name is not entirely readable; they are likewise style and to the same types; their names start one and the other by a “j. There so impossibility of classify to one rather than the other the pieces of our Catalogue, which bear in abbreviation ;. g. " or J, " (Catal. nos. 1367 and 1368). The identity of style leads us to place Azbaal imme- immediately before Ainel. By continuation, Adramelek will take place before Azbaal and will reign around 350 BCE. As for Elpaal, the style of his currencies does not allow not to hesitate to the classify before the other three (Calai. nos. 1344 to 1353). The Phoenician name SysSx is known in the Bible 5. The letter s in the word SysSx is returned in this form (\, from so that one might be tempted to read SyjSx- On small module parts the name royal is sometimes abbreviated H^T = ~[L'- Sî?sS]N 4. Under Antiochus IV and Antiochus V, the workshop of Byblos issued coins to the effigy of these kings of Syria, and the type of winged Cronus, with the legend ruinp bllh >• Then come the autonomous currencies (Catal. nos. 1372 to 1381) whose issue continues until the reign of Augustus. The type of Kronos with six wings persists on these species, in competition with that of the Baalat-Gebal of which the attitude if characteristic recalls the image of the stele of Iehawmelek 6 . The goddess, on our No. 1373, is accompanied by a legend that we did not succeed to decipher completely. Mr. Imhoof-Blumer published a certain number of currencies of Byblos among which feature several pieces from our Catalog ". The dates that this scholar has noted are the following : AlC (year 211) Cab. of Gotha; — The AAC (year 231) Catal. no. 1376; —LT (year 3). Catal. no. 1377; — L-H (year 8) Coll. Imhoof- Blumer; — L-IE (year 15) Coll. G. Schlumberger ; — L*K (at 20) Catal. no. 1377. 1. Aman. II, 20. 2. However Mr. Six places after Ainel kings Azbaal and Adramelelc. Six, in the Numismatic Chro- nicle, 1877, N.S., t. XVII, p. 180-181. 3. I Chronicles, VIII, 11-18. 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek coins, p. 441, no. 12. 5. K. Babelon, The kings of Syria, Armenia and Cominagne, Introd., p. cvm and 85 ; Imhoof-Blumer, Greek coins, p. 442. 6. c. /. Sem., fascic. I, ft. 1. 7. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek Coins, pp. 442-444.
CLXVIII INTRODUCTION We see that the first pieces are dated following the Seleucid era, while say that the most recent seem to relate to the era of Pompey of which the point of departure is the year 64 BC. ARCA or CAESAREA OF LEBANON This city, located at the foot of Lebanon, not far from Orthosia, north of Tripolis, has first worn the name of Arca ("Apxv), "Apxai, "Apxofa) '. She was famous for her worship of Astarte 2 . After the conquest Macedonian, a temple y was high to Alexander the Great, and it was in this temple that Severus Alexander was born, in the year 205 of our era. The known coins of Arca Caesarea so far 3 are from the Roman era and they only bear the name of Caesarea, never that of Arca. On legendary pieces Greeks, we has sometimes: KAICAPÉGÛN TGON 6N TCO AIBANCO, sometimes: KAI- CAP6IAC AIBANOY, and these legends do not allow the currencies to be confused of Caesarea of Lebanon with those of a homonymous city, notably Caesarea of Palestine. To a At a certain time, Caesarea became a colony Latin. Its legendary coins Latins do not appear to go back further than Elagabalus 4, so that it is probable ably this emperor who granted in Caesarea of Lebanon the privileges of Latii juice 5. Our Catalog does not contain any Latin coins from Caesarea of Lebanon. MEAT The town of Carné (Kdcpvoç) was located on the coast, in face of Aradus Line to which it served as port 6 . At an indeterminate time, but which is not ante- later second century of our era, since Pliny still uses the name of Carne 7, she seems to have taken the name of Antaradus ('AvrxpaSoç), hence was formed that of Tortosa 8 . He does not exist coins in the name of Antaradus ; those who 1. F. de Saulcy, Numism. of the Holy Land, p. 118. 2. Macrob., Saturn., I, 21. 3. Mionnet, Description., t. V, p. 356 to 358, and Suppl., t. VIII, p. 255. Mionnet’s descriptions reflect close many errors. 4. F. de Saulcy, Numism. beyond the Holy Land, p. 119 ; Barclay Head, Hist. niimor., p. 669. 5. The coins in the name of Caracalla and Macrinus described by Mionnet (Suppl. t. VIII, p. 256, no. 88 and 89) cannot be relied upon. 6. Strabo, p. 641, 22 (ed. Didot); Renan, Phenicia Mission, p. 97. 7. Plin. Hist. nat., V. 20, 18 ; cf. And. of Byzantium, s. v. 8. Antaradus rose on the site of one of the small towns which were on the coast opposite Aradus, but it is not absolutely certain that it was where Carné was. See Renan, Mission from Phenicia, p. 20. Mr. Renan adds (p. 21) : "Shaw and the ucocke recognized Carné under the modern name of Karnoun, to a time north of Tortose. »
DORA CLXIX have the name Phoenician np have the type the cornucopia, speaking emblem of the city. On the small silver coin from the year 72 (Catal. No. 1420), we only reads ini- tials ip. The bronze of the same year, as well as that of the year 75 (Catal. nos 142 to 1423), carry in all letters the name of "pp, of so that we cannot hesitate on the attribution of the group monetary everything whole. The head of Zeus of the piece of silver is similar to that of contemporary Aradus coins. F. de Saulcy published, in 1872 ', a bronze which has, on the right, the head of Zeus, and on the back one cornucopia with the date ••• —NNN^ v/ (i at least); at foot of the cornucopia, the author bed : T — "157, letters in which he would like recognize the name Aradus : this interpretation is unacceptable, since the name of Aradus is written THN and not -py. — Mr. Reichardt 2 made known another piece of bronze of which here is the description : Laureate head of Zeus, right, Rt. pp, left; IH/Vf>/nv (= year I2 3)- Horn filled with abundance of fruit; below, -n to right; and \y, on the left. Reichardt, bringing together the three letters of reverse, in done the. unp word, but the second is more of a 7 than a 7 ; and as for the y), his place don't not allow attach it to the letters ip who remain one mention workshop or monetary magistrate as there are has so much on the Phoenician coins of this era. In summary, the Carné coins provide us with the dates 72, 75 and 123 which, calculated according to the era of Aradus, correspond to 187, 184 and 136 BCE. Carné therefore appears to have minted coins only occasionally, during the struggle of Aradus and Marathus K DORA Dora, southern city of the Phoenicia, on the border of the Palestine *. We has assigned to this city currencies of the usurper of throne of Syria, Tryphon (142 to 139 av. AD), who would wear the legend AflPI€KAI-A s - We have makes good justice of this attribution, by demonstrating that reading is wrong and that he must read A2KA-LA (end 4) : these parts are actually chalques of Ascalon, with the effigy of Tryphon é . From Dora we only know coins from the Roman era, with dates 1. Ntimism. Chronicle, N.S. t. XII, 1872, p. 67. 2. Nmnism. Chronicle, N.S. t. XII, 1872, p. 221. }. M. B. Head (Hist. nmnor., p. 669) gives dates 225 to 110 BC. AD for the coins of Carné. But it should be noted that this scholar attributes to Carné coins which are in reality of Aradus. 4. F. de Saulcy, Numism. beyond Holy Land, p. 142. 5. B.Head, History. nitnwr., p. 669. 6. E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, Introd. , pp. cxxxix-cxl.
CLXX INTRODUCTION assumed according to the era of Pompey which begins in the year 64 BC. AD > The parts with autonomous types, in our Catalog, provide the dates : |_ PKH (year 128 = 63 AD) ; — AAP (year 1 3 1 = 67 AD) , which sets up the show during the reign of Nero. We then find, with imperial effigies, the dates following : Trajan : P06 (year 175 = 112 after AD); ZOP (year 177 = 114 after AD). — Hadrian : flP (year 180 = 117 AD) 2 . It is possible that the workshop Dora continued to mint coins after Hadrian, but all coins, after subsequent to this prince, which Saulcy recorded, seemed very suspicious to me, either at from the point of view of reading, or from the point of view of attribution to Dora. Dora's ethnicity clearly presents itself in the dual form AflPITflN and AnPCITflN- I have not encountered the form AHPI6C0N reported by Mr. Head and who must be the result of a bad reading 3. We have also reported the shapes ACOPHNITCON and ACOPITEITGûN , read on of copies of our piece no. 1424; we have surely deciphered AGûPI-*PITCON ; the middle of the word is uncertain; but I think I can say that the last part is -PITCON and no -EITGON or -NITCON; by consequently he must give up the readings AÛOPITEITCON and AÛOPHNITCON- The town of Dora adorns oneself on his coins of titles following : Eepoc, okjuàoç, aÛTovôjxoç, vauap/i'ç. This title of vowapy/s is also taken by Sidon and by Tripolis, as well as by a a certain number of cities of different parts of the hellish world nique, which were important naval stations. MARATHUS Located on the coast, almost face of Aradus, from which it was only separated by an arm of the sea four or five kilometers wide, Marathus was founded by the Arvadites 4, at one time very old; she was one of the daughters of Arvad, with Paltus, Balanée, Carné, Enydra, Simyra. His name still survives today under the form of Mrith or Atnritb given to a necropolis and ruins which extend over a square league s. The Nahr Amrith which crosses these ruins was called Maratbias, in antiquity 6 . In December 333, Alexander found Marathus very flourishing 1. F. de Saulcy dedicated a chapter of his Numismatics of the Holy Land with the coins of Dora (pp. 142 at 148). We must prevent the reader that there are notable differences between our description coins from the Cabinet of Medals and that which was given for the same pieces in the work of Saulcy. 2. Hadrian was proclaimed emperor in Antioch on August 117. 3. Head, Hist. numer., p. 669 ; cf. Saulcy, Numism. of the Holy Land, p. 143, no. 9. 4. E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures, 1" series, p. 86. 5. E. Renan, Mission of Phenicia, pp. 22 and 59 at 102; G. Perrot and Ch. Chipiez, Hist. of art in antiquity, t. III, p. 146. 6. Movers, Die Pbœnicier, t. I, p. 101. A sentence from Mr. Renan (op. cit., p. 60I could make believe that Movers invented this name MapaSia; : it is given by Eustathius, ad Dionys. Periegetem, c. 914.
MARATHUS CLXXI (|/.£yâX7)v xat euBafyiova) ', but naturally subject to king of Aradus. Later, it suffers in turn, like its metropolis, the domination of kings of Syria and kings of Egypt. From the time of Seleucus I Nicator, and perhaps on the occasion of the death of Ptolemy I Soter (f 284 BC), Marathus proudly rejected the guardianship of Aradus and demanded its autonomy. It followed between the two Phoenician cities- I share a deep hatred that Antiochus III the Great, according to the testimony of Polybius, succeeded for a moment in appeasing, but which, towards the year 148 or 150 BCE, failed have a terrible outcome, as we have told 2 . If, following this attempt, Marathus retained a certain asserted autonomy by the currencies that it knocked, it is easy to see that it ceased to prosper rer, and that she was increasingly eclipsed by her rival. The Aradians did not disarm not, and they returned to the charge several times; the last of their attempts of aggression is subsequent to year 83 before our era; she corresponds therefore- around the fall of the Seleucid dynasty, and the time when Tigranes, king of Armenia, having seized the Syria, undertaken against Lucullus and Pompey the struggle which ended in the definitive triumph of the Roman armies. Marathus sank for always, this time, in this great shipwreck of the East, and in the time of Strabo, this was nothing but a field of ruins for a long time î. In our opinion, there is no reason to give in Marathus, as we proposed it, tetradrachms and staters in the name and types of Alexander, in reverse of which shows a caduceus in a + symbol. The most of these parts wear at the same time that the caduceus the monogram /Ç in which we must recognize the initials of Aradus. The first coins of Marathus, in the types and name of Alexander, have a Greek monogram composed of the letters MP0, which is the rigorous transcription reuse of the Phoenician name nia s - In addition to the drachma from our Catalog (n° 1439), he exists with the same monogram, tetradrachms of which we do not have to speak here 6 . We established elsewhere than the year 30, noted on one of these tetradrachms Alexandrians, is calculated according to the Seleucid era, and that he must be the same of dates that we bed on the autonomous currencies of Marathus. In effect, here is the list of all the dates that we observed, with the types which corresponds to it lay : 1. Arrian. Exped. Alex., II, 13, 7; XIV; XV; CL Curtius, IV, 1, 51; Pompom. Mela, I, 12. 2. Polyb. V, 68. See above, Introd., p. cxx. 3. Strabo, XVI, 11, 12; E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures, t. I, p. 89. 4. Muller, Numism. of Alexander, no. 1369 and following, ; Six, in Numism. Cbronide, N. S. t. XVII, p. 182 et seq. 5. See above what we say about the letters NQ in which we sometimes wanted to find the initials of the name Marathus. Above, Introd., p. clv. 6. L. Thousand, Alexander Numismatics the Great, n° 1396; E. Babelon, Mixtures numismatics, 1" series, p. 94.
CLXXII INTRODUCTION Year 30. Year 33- Year 34- Year 40. Year 50. Year 6 1 Year 63. Year 73- Year 73- Year 85. Year 86. Year 87. Year 89. Year 90. Year 90. Year 95- — Tetradr. to the types of Alexander (Muller, no. 1396). — Head of Tyche. R/,. Seated Marathos {Catal. No. 1440). — Head of Arsinoe I. R/,. Standing Marathos {British Museum}. — Head of Arsinoe II. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 144 1). — Head of Tyche. R/,. Prow {Catal. No. 1442). — Head of Arsinoe II. R/,. Prow {Catal. No. 1443). — Head of Arsinoe II. R/,. Prow {Catal. no. 1444). — Head of Berenice II. R/-. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 1445). — Head of Berenice II. R/,. Prow {Catal. nos. 1446 to 1448). — Bust of Ptolemy III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 1449). — Bust of Ptolemy III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. nos 1450 to 1454). — Bust of Ptolemy III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. n°s 1455 to 1457). — Head of Tyche. R/,. Seated Marathos {Catal. no. 1458). Bust of Ptolemy III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 1459). — Bust of a woman. R/,. Standing Victory {Catal. nos 1460 and i46i). Bust of Arsinoe III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. no. 1462). Year 100. — Bust of Arsinoe III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. no. 1463 and 1464) Year 103. — Head of Tyche. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. nos 1465 and 1466). Year 104. — Head of Tyche. F/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 1467). Year 104. — Bust of Arsinoe III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 1468). Year 105. — Bust of Arsinoe III. R/.. Marathos standing {Catal. nos. 1469 to 1471). Year 106. — Bust of Arsinoe III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. no. 1472). Year 107. — Bust of Arsinoe III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 1473). Year 108. — Bust of Arsinoe III. R/,. Standing Marathos {Catal. No. 1474). Year 130. — Head of Zeus. R/.. Double cornucopia {Catal. No. 1477). Year 142. — Head of Zeus. R/,. Double cornucopia {Catal. No. 1478). Year 145. — Head of Zeus. R/,. Double cornucopia {Catal. n0s 1479 and 1480). Year 146. — Head of Zeus. R/,. Double cornucopia {Catal. No. 148 1). Year 147. — Head of Zeus. R/,. Double cornucopia {Catal. n ss 1482 and 1483). Year 148. — Head of Zeus. R/,. Double cornucopia {Catal. No. 1484). Year 168. — Head of Zeus. R/,. Double cornucopia {Catal. n r 1485). Year 23. — Head of Zeus. R/,. Double cornucopia {Catal. No. i486). We admits generally that all these dates are supposed according to the era of Aradus whose starting point is the autumn of the year 259. But, if we apply This calculation of our currencies, we will come up against obvious impossibilities. The hemi-drachma of the year 73, for example, corresponds to the year 180 BC. AD ; we're there sees, on the right, a veiled woman's head in which one cannot mistake the head of Berenice II, wife of Ptolemy III Evergetes, who reigned from 247 to 222 BC Jesus Christ. However, it is impossible to admit that we find the portrait of Bérénice on
MARATHUS CLXXIII silver coins which would have been minted in Marathus approximately thirty-five years ago after the death of this queen of Egypt. With the dates ioo to 108, correspondent, according to the Aradian era, at 159-151 BCE, we have a another portrait of queen Egyptian, while that the dynasty des Lagides does not provide us point of woman having hit currency to this era. Likewise, the date 23rd, on the piece which bears MAPA in the legend (Catal. n° i486), would correspond, according to the era of Aradus, in the year 23 BCE, that is to say after the conquest of Syria by Romans and to a time when Marathus did not exist probably more. Also, Had Mr. Imhoof-Blumer himself refused to recognize an Aradian date here? ". Note, in Besides, that Marathus didn't have none reason to adopt the era of Aradus : it was the era of a rival city that invented it at a time when Marathus was already separated from his metropolis and at war with her. An argument taken from traditional usage and inveterate habit do not could therefore even be invoked in the circumstance. The Seleucid era, on the contrary, which was in use, at least for some time, in almost all the Phoenician cities, so good that she should rather call yourself the era of Phoenicia, adapts if perfectly to all the coins of Marathus, that we cannot doubt that it is from her that he is about. The tetradrachm with Alexander types, with the year 30, corresponds to the year 282 before Jesus Christ. We was under the reign of Seleucus I Nicator (312-280) time when Coins in the name of Alexander 2 were commonly minted everywhere. . With the date 34 = 278 BC, we have the head of Arsinoe I, the first Ptolemy's first wife II Philadelphus, who repudiated her in 277. This was given portrait of a woman the name of Bérénice II, but we will find presently the same queen with the date 73 = 239, and the name of Bérénice It was also attributed to the head of a veiled woman which appears with the dates 100 to 108 = 212 to 204 : we see, by this simple connection, how much the classification that we let's fight is irrational '. With the year 40 (corresponding to the year 272 BCE), as well as with the years 61 and 63, we have the effigy of Arsinoe II, Ptolemy's second wife II Philadelphus. Next comes the effigy of Berenice II, with the date 73 =239 BC. AD, which corresponds very well to the reign of Ptolemy III Evergete (247 to 222 BC), and the portrait of Bérénice II on the coins of the Egyptian series puts our attribution above any discussion. We knows that at that time the cities of the coast of Phenicia was under the rule of the Lagids. 1. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek Coins, p. 444, iv' 27. 2. L. Muller (Numism. of Alex., p. 298-299) believes this tetradrachm struck in the year 304 BC. AD ; Mr. Six (Numism. Cbronicle, N. S. t. XVII, p. 188) says that he would happily place it in around the year 238. 3. We will notice here that Mr. Feuardent has already ranked first Arsinoé one piece gold. Feuar- tooth, Coll. Demelrio. Egypt ancient, p. 40-45.
CLXXIV INTRODUCTION In 85 (227 av. AD) and until 90 (222 av. AD), we have the effigy of Ptolemy III Evergetes, who reigned from 247 to 222 ; there is no place, therefore, to think of Ptolemy V, as Mr. Barclay Head wants ', or to Ptolemy IV Philo- pator, like the proposes shyly Mr. Poole 2 . The iconography don't would know, moreover, in in this case, be invoked with fruit. The bronzes with the head of Queen Arsinoe III bears the dates 95 to 108 = 3217 to 204 BCE. We have said just now that we had given this head of a veiled woman the name of Berenice II ; but he is impossible that this queen appears with the date 73 and with date 108. The features of the queen, on the bronzes of barbaric style including it is about here, may be suitable for Arsinoé III, wife of Ptolemy IV Philopator, who reigned from 222 to 204 BC. The last year of the reign of this prince is precisely also the lowest date we found on the currencies. However, next the story of Polybius î, Arsinoe III Philopator was murdered by order of her husband, at an indeterminate time which Mr. Poole fixes at the year 2094. If this date was certain, we we we would find in presence of coins hit to Marathus with the head of Arsinoe III in the four or five years that followed his death. But the date is not safe, and there is no need to we of resort to the glorification posthumous of Arsinoe, as we the fit for other Egyptian princes and as it actually took place for Arsinoe III. Age of Ptolemy V Epiphanes, who ascended on the throne of five years, in 204, enough to demonstrate that the year 209 fixed for the death of his mother, is a extreme limit of which it would perhaps be appropriate to move away and get closer to the year 204. From Arsinoe III, the kings or queens of Egypt no longer appears in the Marathus coinage ; gold, it is precisely with the minority by Ptolemy V Epiphanius that Egypt ceases to have any political action in Syria and Phoenicia. The last coinage of Marathus is the free-standing bronze with the legend MAPA- (6ï)vojv) and the date, in Greek, 236 = 73 BC s. This date corresponds to the reign of Tigrane the Armenian, at moment of the conquest of the Syria by the Romans ; it is also under the reign of Tigranes ends the issuance of currencies autonomous Tripolis 6 and other cities on the Syrian coast. We can therefore conclude that Marathus used exclusively the Seleucid era and that she kept this calculation until his definitive ruin, that is to say until the arrival of 1. Hist. numerum, p. 670. 2. The Ptolemies, Introd., p. xn. 5. Polyb., lib. V, passim. 4. Reg. Stuart Poole, The Ptolemies. Introd., xciv. 5. Mr. Imhoof-BIumer done notice that this bronze obliges to classify in Marathus the currencies same types (Calai. n°' 1477 to 1485), but without city name. Imhoof-BIumer, Greek Coins, p. 444, #27 ; £. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures, 1" series, p. 102. 6- Six, The era of Tripolis, in the Directory of the Society fr. of numism., 1886, p 232.
MARATHUS CLXXV Romans, against other Phoenician cities such as Sidon, Tyre, Ace, Tripolis who, after have, they too, started by employ on their currencies the era Seleucid, then abandoned it under the pressure of political events. On a large number of Marathus coins, we see a character that we have vaguely referred to as a figure of a seated man who holds a palm frond and an acrostolium. I proposed to give this figure the name of Marathos, the hero eponym of the city. Marathos is reported, in the lexicon of Suidas, like son of Apollo and founder of the deme of Marathon in Attica : MapaOcov, xéizoç 'A8^vy|<îiv àrcà MapàOou ufou 'AtoXÀwvoç. He plays a important role in mythology of Attica and the Peloponnese. We can therefore quite legitimately admitted by analogy, for the Phoenician city, a mythical founder named Marathos. This hero, son of Apollo, is represented on Marathus tetradrachms like the Apollo of the coins of the contemporary kings of Syria ; he has the same attitude, the same movement ; the only difference is in the attributes. Apollo is seated on the omphalos and holds his bow in one hand, an arrow in the other ; Marathos is seated on shields like the eponymous genius of Aetolia on the currencies of this country, and he holds the acrostolium and a long-stemmed flower '. The shields and the acrostolium remind the struggles that dut support Marathus to gain independence. As for the long stem, it seems characteristic to us laugh particularly well the Marathos hero. It's most likely a stem of the plant that the Greeks were calling ;jiapa8pov or [xxpxôov, and she is an emblem speaking of the name of the city. The [/.àpaOpov, including the name has persisted in Greece until nowadays, is a plant of the umbelliferae family which has the greatest ana- logies with fennel. His presence between the hands of son of Apollo, the god of the medicine, is all the more natural since marathrum was thought to have virtues curative : a popular prejudice, of which Pliny is done the echo 2 , claimed that the snakes suffering from blindness were going to rub each other eyes against the stem of the marathrum to recover the view. Ovide sang, for his part, the medicinal properties of marathrum : Profit and marathons bene olentibus addere myrrhis ; Quinque traitor marathri scripula ; myrrha, novem 3. Sammonicus in turn says in his medical precepts : If tenebras oculis subduct pigra senectus Expressas marathro guttas cum melle liquenti Detergere malum poterunt 4. 1. On the hero Marathos, see Gerhard, Griechische Mythologie, t. II, p. 127, and W.-H. Roscher, Apollo united Mars, p. 78, footnote 172 (8°, Leipzig, 1873). 2. Plin., Hist. nat., VIII, 41, 4. 3. Ovid., Medic. fat., around 91 and 92. 4. Sammonicus, 13, 15 (in the Latin Poêla, min.).
CLXXVI INTRODUCTION Let's add again that there was Vhippomarathrum, at leaves more long, and more acrid to taste, which we employed, following Pliny, to cure certain ailments of ears. This is the plant, fame for his properties curative, that we seems to hold on to the hand of the hero Marathos, son of Apollo 'Iaxpoc. Its stem, to which a band is tied, ends with a budding floret ; we don't would know confuse it with a palm branch. ORTHOSIA On autonomous currencies of this city, we note the following dates, assumed from the Seleucid era {Calai. nos. 1487 to 1492) : L.AAT (year 331 = year 19 after AD) ; —L-BAT (year 332 = year 18 AD) ; — L-SAT (year 336 = year 24 AD); HIT (year 368 = year 56 AD) '. This last date falling under the reign of Nero, we see that the autonomous types per- persist until this time. And in fact, from Nero onwards, the coins of Orthosia carry the effigy imperial {Calai. our 1493 to 1501). Besides the guy of Astarte that we find in most of Phoenician cities, the most characteristic reverse ristics of the coins of Orthosia is Indian Dionysus on a chariot drawn by two winged and horned panthers. PTOLEMAIS Ace — Antioch of Ptolemaides The oldest name of this city is Acco or Acé ("oy "Ax/w, "Axï], Ace); he was changed to the one of Ptolemais, in the honor of Ptolemy II Philadelphia which owned most ports of the coast of Phoenicia. Later, the kings of Syria having become masters of the city, imposed on it the name of Antioch which persisted some time in competition with that of Ptolemais. Finally, we see repa- rattle on currencies, after the fall of the Syrian empire, the name of Ace to which does not take long to definitively replace the name of Ptolemais which lasts throughout Roman domination. In the middle of all these vicissitudes, the old name of Acco or Ace does not have ceased to remain popular, because he is the only one we know the way age and who be represented by our days in the name of Saint-Jean-d’Acre. We have the habit, in numismatics, of classifying Ptolemais in Galilee 5 ; but he is incon- 1. We cite a few more dates, but it is prudent not to not take into account before checking tion. Eckhel, D. N. V., t. III, p. 364. 2. Compare the type of coins of Catania. Fr. Lenormant, art. Baccbus in the Dict. antiques. gr. and rom. from Daremberg and Saglio, t. I, p. 622. 3. Eckhel, D.N. V., t. III, p. 423.
PT0LEMA1S CLXXVII testable that this city must appear among those of Phoenicia, and our ranking is consistent with both geography and history : . The Achaemenid Persians, like the said Strabo, made Ace their &pfM)r^ptov, the main military port from where their fleets monitored Egypt. It is likely that coins were minted during the 4th century, in this city which was so often, as we have seen, the headquarters of the armies of the great King. But, until now, we could not determine these currencies satrapales 2 . The oldest species that bear the name of Ace are gold staters and tetradrachms in the name of Alexander the Great. These coins have, on the reverse, the Phoenician name of the city, ^MO (nsï?), gener- followed by a date calculated according to the Seleucid era. Ludwig Muller> a noted the year 5 (^ 308 BC) and the following years, until the year 46 (= 267 av. AD). If, as is probable, Ace's workshop operated in the name of Alexander before the year 5, the products of this coinage are without date and without mark of origin. nance. There are also staters and tetradrachms of Seleucus Nicator, undated and without indication workshop, which were issued in Acé, as does not allow one to doubt the comparison of these pieces with those of Alexander 4. The name of Acé, nay, persisting on Alexandrine type coins until 46 (267 BC), it is undoubtedly on this specific date that the city leaves its call- traditional lation to take that of Ptolemais. We was then under the reign by Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285 to 247 BC), and the monogram of Ptolemais pn or m(T7TO or TTT) appears on coins of this prince and his successors >. When the kings of Syria had once again become masters of Ptolemais, they minted there in their turn, and they hastened to install, in a district of the city, a colony of Antiochians, hence he resulted than Ace-Ptolemais, or at least this suburb or new neighborhood, took the name of Antioch of Ptolemaides, for distinguish themselves from numerous Antioch founded a little everywhere in the empire of Seleucids. The coins hit in the name of new inhabitants carry the legend : ANTIOXEGÛN TON EN nTOAEMAIM- There are two kinds : some are in the name and effigy of the kings of Syria, the others are autonomous types. Among the firsts, of which we we don't have to worry about here, the oldest bears the date 99 (== 213 BC), which places it under the reign of Antiochus III ; the others are in the effigy of Antiochus IV Epiphanes 6 . Currencies with autonomous types appear 1. F. de Saulcy, Numismatics of the Holy Land, p. 152 ; B. Head, Hist. nutnor., p. 676. 2. See above, Introd., pp. xxxvi and xliii. }. L. Muller, Numism. of Alexander the Great, p. 303-304. 4. E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, Armenia and Commagene, Introduction, p. xi and xxxvi. 5. F. Feuardent, ancient Egypt. Coins of kings (Demetrio collection), p. 156 ; A. S. Poole, The Ptolemies (Catal. of the British Museum), p. 28 et passim. 6. E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, Introd., p. cm, and p. 59, 60 and 79. Babelon — The Acltémeuid Persians. XII
CLXXVIII INTRODUCTION in our Catalog under nos. 1502 to 15 18 '. The first dates we note on these free-standing coins are the Seleucid years 189 and 195 (123 and 117 BC. AD); they have, by consequently, started to to be struck under Alexander II Zebina, Cleopatra Thea and Antiochus VIII ; that's why their type — the heads adjacent to Castor and Pollux, — has a certain analogy with the Syrian type of heads adjoining of Antiochus VIII and of Cleopatra Thea 2 . The next small bronze has summer published by Mr. Imhoof-Blumer >: Head laureate of Apollo to right. BjL. Lyra, between ITI and L/AZ (year 201). This piece without legend door the monogram of Ptolemais, and she is the same types that the coins of our Catalog (nos. 15 10 to 15 12). The last coins of Ptolemaid's Antioch have dates calculated according to a new era which indicates the great change that occurred in the East as a result of the Roman conquest. It is the Caesarean era that we will now see continue on the coins of Ptolemais, and whose beginning is fixed, for this city, in the year 46 before AD 4. Year 9 of our currencies corresponds therefore to the year 38 BC {Cotai. our 15 15 to 15 17). At the same time as the Antiochians of Ptolemais were minting coins autonomous that we have just pass in review, the royal workshop of the city, continues nant to function, issued, with the monogram rn or m, silver coins to the effigy of the different kings of Syria. It's the workshop of Ptolemais which begins strike in the name of princes Syrians, — for the first times under Alexander I Bala, in 150 BC. AD - tetradrachms of the eagle type, and of so-called ptole weight Maic or Phoenician 5. The monogram of the workshop of Ptolemais appears on the coins of the kings of Syria until the reign of Philip Philadelphus 6 . When the name of Antioch had disappeared without return, the bronzes were struck, hard rare indeed, on which we reads the Greek name of Ace (Cotai. n° 15 19). Our room only carries AKH ; but Mr. Head signals the AKH legend IEP- KAl AZ ('Axt) t’epot xal àsuXoç) with a palm tree 7. The type of Perseus tenant the head of Jellyfish alludes to one of the fables the most popular of the coast of Syria 8 . The last coins in the name of Antioch bearing year 9 (=38 BC) and the first to the legend riTOAEMAIECON being dated from the year 23 (=24 BC), it is therefore between 3 8 and 24 BC that the emissions in the name of Ace 9 take place. 1. Cf. Mionnet, Descr., t. V, p. 216. 2. Mionnet took the heads of the Dioscuri for those of Antiochus VIII and Cleopatra. Mionnet, Descr., t. V, p. 218. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek Coins, p. 449, no. 57. 4. Eckhel, Doct. num. vet., t. IV, p. 401. 5. E. Babelon, The Kings of Syria, Introd., p. cxxvi and clxxviii. 6. E. Babelon, op. cit., p. 204. 7. B.Head, Hist. number, p. 677. 8. E. Babelon, The Kings of Syria, Introd. , p. xxxm, and Saulcy, Numism. of the Holy Land, p. 157. 9. Mionnet and F. de Saulcy have confused the currencies of Ptolemais of Phoenicia with those of a
SIDON CLXXIX Under the reign of Claude, Ptolemais became colony of right Latin, like attest to this the inscription DIVOS CLAVDIOS, which persists until under the reign of Hadrian (Catal, No. 1530), and the title of colonia Claudiana. Medals wear, as an accessory type, military ensigns with the numbers VI, IX, X and XI, which prove that Claudius founded the colony of Ptolemais by settling the veterans there of the 6th , 9 th , 10th and 11th legions '. The oldest coins in the colony are Nero 2 . The legend of no. 1527 : COL-CL-C-OS- must to be interpreted: Colonia Claudia Caesaris. Civibus servatis 3 . Mr. Head signals the legend: COL'CLAVD- NERONIA-PTOLEMAIS 4 - SIDON In the Persian Empire, the naval forces were entrusted to the hands of the Sidonians, under the control of satraps of the great King. Already, in the time of Xerxes, the king of Sidon is designated by Herodotus as having precedence over the king of Tire and the first place next to the Achaemenid monarch 5. The Sidonian ships are the most remarkable quables of all the fleet Persian 6 ; also the Sidonian galley, emblem of this maritime power, is it the ordinary type of currencies that we are going to pass in review. It's the king of Sidon who commands Phoenician ships under the orders of Conon, at the battle of Cnidus in 394 7, Later, in the middle of the 4th century, when the Phoenicia everything whole revolts against Artaxerxes III Ochus, it's at Tennes, king of Sidon, successor of Straton I , that the representatives of cited Phoenician women, gathered in Tripolis, confide the formidable honor of leading the military operations against the satraps Mazaios and Bélésys. It is therefore right that we were surprised, until recently, given the importance of political role of Sidon, to note that the opulent and powerful Sidonian princes, like Straton and Tennès, had no coins in their names, while the minor dynasts of Gebal, for example, were in possession of an abundant suite monetary. This anomaly was only apparent : in a special study, I another Ptolemais (of Pampliylia?), whose monetary products were the subject of much controversy. See F. de Saulcy, Numismatics of the Holy Land, p. 155, nos. 14, 15 and 16; J. Friedlaender, in the Namismatiscbc Zeitschrift, from Vienna, t. II, p. 346 ; A. de Sallet, in the Zcilschrift fur Xumismatik, t. VI, p. 239 ; B.Head, Hist. numer., p. 585 ; Imhoof-Blumer, Griechische Miinçen, pp. 165-166. 1. These numbers are rarely all visible at once on the same copy. F. de Saulcy, op. cit., p. 158. 2. The coins of Tiberius or Caligula and of Claudius, reported by Saulcy, deserve no credit. F. de Saulcy, Numism. of the Holy Land, p. 157-158. On a coin of Claudius we read, at reverse . •••nTOAEMAlÀl TEPMANI {Berliner Blatter, t. V, p. 25), which seems improbable to me. 3. Eckhel, D.N. V., t. III, p. 424. 4. B.Head, Hist. numerum, p. 677. 5. Herod., VIII, 67, 68. 6. Herod., VII, 96, 99. 7. Diod. Sic, XIV, 79.
CLXXX INTRODUCTION recently endeavored to determine the currencies we must attribute to kings of Sidon, before the Macedonian invasion '. These currencies are good known, and most varieties have been reported in the works of MM. Brandis 2 , Barclay Head 3, Six 4 and Imhoof-Blumcr >. Although likely to group into several series distinct, they are clearly from the same family, offering the same external appearance ; the flan is very thick ; engraving is almost always of a style heavy ; the types themselves respond to a description little varied. From a side, one galley Phoenician of which the bow is decorated of a figure of pastry, and who is generally without sails. Sometimes, on the oldest pieces, it is moored at the foot of a forest teress, sometimes she sails on the waves ; at above, we note numbers or Phoenician letters and Aramaic. On the reverse, the king of Persia is standing, raising the hand right in a chariot drawn by two or three horses 6 ; the charioteer is in the chariot next to the King of kings. Most frequently, follows on foot, behind the tank, a character who holds a long finished scepter, at its upper part, by one head animal, the mouth gaping. In the field, at above the horses, there is almost always Phoenician or Aramaic characters. Charles Lenormant' attributed these parts to Xerxes and searched to recognize in the main types an allusion to the triumphal march of this king through Asia, when he undertook sound shipping against the Greece. Others thought to Aryandes, this famous Egyptian satrap who, they say, was put to death by order of Darius, son of Hystaspes, to have minted a better silver coin aloi than that of the Great King 8 . Brandis class this monetary series in the 9th satrapy, the one who understood Assyria and the Babylonia, and he the distributes between the kings of Persian, Xerxes, Artaxerxes I, Darius II, Artaxerxes II and Artaxerxes III 9. In 1877, Mr. Barclay Head says it's hard to say if these Persian coins have been hit in the towns of the coast of Phoenicia, or if they must be, at least in part, attributed steamed to cities in the interior of Syria and the Euphrates valley. With step- 1. E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures!, 1" series, pp. 283 to 319. 2. J. Brandis, Dos Miin^-Mass-und Gewichtswesen in Vorderasian, p. 4243426, Berlin, 8 th , 1866. 3. Barclay V. Head, The coinage of Lydia and Persia, p. 32 to 44 and ft. II and III ; cf., of the same, Historia numerum, p. 670 to 672. 4. J.-P. Six, in the Numismatic Chronicle, 1877, p. 209 et seq., and 1884, p. 146 et seq. 5. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek coins, p. 447 and 448. 6. Authors vary on the number of horses ; I don't I've only ever seen three and sometimes two only, on all the copies that have passed through my hands and on which the details of the hitch were sufficiently recognizable. 7. Numismatic treasure and glyptic. Greek kings, p. 138. 8. Herod., IV, 166; F. Lenormant, Money in antiquity, II, p. 6; b. Head, The Coinage of Lydia and Persia, p. 36; E. Babelon, Numerical mixtures., 2" series, p. 94. 9. J. Brandis, Das Mùn^-Mass-und Gewichtswesen in Vorderasian, p. 226, 424 to 426
SIDON CLXXX1 hesitation he proposes to give some to Thapsaque and the others to Tire '. But, ten years later, the same author classifies these currencies under the rubric of Sidon and he considers them to have been struck in Tripolis in the district of that city who belonged to the Sidonians 2 . In this, moreover, Mr. Head does not only to line up the opinion of Mr. Six who, in 1884, proposed the attribution to Tripolis. According to the scholar Dutch, the more ancient of our currencies would belong to satrap of Syria Bélésys ; those who bear the name of Mazaios would have been struck by the latter deny in Tripolis. Finally, Mr. Imhoof-Blumer is content to put away everything this series monetary among the uncertain of Phoenicia 3. Considering the varieties of legends of these coins, their style, their weight and certain peculiarities of their types, I demonstrated that they are divided into seven distinct groups of which here is the summary table. GROUPS TO THE RIGHT ON THE REVERSE WEIGHT MAXIMUM PARTICULARITIES OF THE TYPE I 28 gr. 28 Hassle to sailing. Absence of legend and next behind the tank. Figures access- hollow evenings (Catal. nos. 1563 and 1564). 2 30 30 28 gr. 07 Galley without sail in front the fortress. Bige galloping; ibex in hollow. Appi- tion of the legend (Catal. our 1565 to 1573). 3 1 at MU of» 2 5 gr- 90 Galley without sail on the waves. Next last- behind the tank, in Asian costume. Weight very weakened. Legend and numbers (Catal. nos i574i I578)- 4 1 to Ml 00 25 gr- 9 Same peculiarities (Catal. no. s 1579 * 1582). 5 1 to |||-(i 3 ) $0 2 5 gr-85 Same features. The next one sometimes has a suit Asian, sometimes a suit Egyptian (Catal. nos 1583 to 1618). 6 1 y at 11 y (year 1 to year 21) XHxV 26 gr. 28 gr. 30 Same particularities. Aramaic script; the next one always has the Asian costume (Catal. no. 266 at 276). 7 9 Weight very high. Style very end. The next is an Egyptian. The letter O don't seems than on obols (Catal. nos. 351a 371). We already know that the currencies of 6th group, to the legend HÏC, hold on to the satrap Mazaios who had it struck from 353 to 332, probably at Issus or to Myriandrus (Catal. nos. 266 to 276) 4. 1. B. Head, Lydia and Persia, p. 33 and 43. 2. B. Head, Historia numorum, p. 671. 3. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek Coins, p. 447 and 448. 4. See above, Intrad., p. xlviii.
CLXXXII INTRODUCTION We also demonstrated that the parts of the y 7 this group are Egyptian : the Egyptian in national costume who follows the royal chariot leaves no room for doubt, and because of the presence of the letter a in the field of these pieces, we believed power assign them to the eunuch Bagoas, who fit the conquest of Egypt for Artaxerxes, from 345 to 343 x . Only the first five groups remain in Sidon and must be distributed among kings of this city, of which we have established as he follows the succession : 1. — An unknown king, whose the coins are anepigraph, and of which the reign ends in 374 (group 1, Calai. nos 1563 and 1564). 2. — Straton I the Philhellene, whose the name is abbreviated 2J7, and who reigns twelve years, 374 to 362 (group 2, Catal. nos. 1565 to 1573). 3. — Tennes, whose name is abbreviated yn, and who reigns twelve years, from 362 to 350 (group 3, Catal. nos. 1574 to 1578). Interregnum of one year, after the ruin of Sidon. 4. — Evagoras II of Salaminc, whose name is abbreviated J?y, and who reigns three years, from 349 to 346 (group 4, Catal. nos. 1579 to 1582). 5. — Straton II, whose name is abbreviated 3.3/, and who reigns thirteen or fourteen years, of 346 to January 332, date of the entrance of Alexander to Sidon (group 5, Catal. nos. 1583 to 1618). The currencies of I group are anepigraphs, so it will probably be always strong difficult to assign them to a determined king. Although they are of a old style and that they are among the first currencies who have never summer struck in Phoenicia, they certainly don't go back in time of Xerxes, time when the king of Sidon was Tetramnestus, son of Anysos, according to Herodotus 2 . But no obstacle, based on weight, style or types, appears to oppose that we give these pieces to the king whose name we do not know who, in 394, fought at Cnidus under the orders of Conon and Pharnabazus î. To parts of our Cata- log (nos 1563 and 1564) it is necessary join the quadruple century here against (fig. 77) which has, to the right, a Phoenician galley, with a mast and four sails ; and at reverse, the king of Persian and sound Fig. 77. 1. See above, Introduction, pp. lxvi, and Numerical mixtures., 1" series, pp. 313 to 315. See also in particularly the title vignette of this volume. 2. Herod.,VII, 98; VIII, 67 and 68. 3. Diod. Sic, XIV, 79.
SIDON CLXXXIII charioteer in a chariot drawn by three horses not. Above, is represented in hollow the front part of an ibex. Hollow square, 27 gr. 40 (British Museum)'. To the same prince also belongs, without doubt, the century opposite, from the Vienna Museum (fig. 78). At right, the same hassle, but with only one veil. On the reverse, the standing king of Persia shooting from a bow (without hollow figure). 6 gr. 35 2 . The second group belongs at successor immediate of this unnamed prince, Stratton I , famous for its philhellenism. His ambition was to surpass the Hellenic luxury of the kings of Cyprus ' ; the Athenians returned a decree in his honor 4, and it's to him, no doubt, that he registration must be assigned bilingual discovered by Mr. Homolle in Delos s. We must recognize the initials of his name 3 0(2'J) on a few centuries of this group (Fig. 79, at the British Museum). We know, in fact, that the word Greek Straton is the transcription altered name Phoenician mnwny (Abdastoret), and this form Abdastoret is precisely the one who is given in the name of King Straton in the Phoenician part of the Delos inscription . If the drachma opposite (fig. 80) belongs to the Sidonian series rather than to Gaza is to Stratton I the Philhellene that we must assign it. At right, we see a young head who can be that of Astarte ; at setback, a force terrace flanked by three towers separated by two palm trees (British Museum) 7. Strato the Philhellene, who had taken part in the great revolt of the satraps against Artaxerxes II Mnemon, perished by the hand of his wife, during the repression of the rebellion in 362 8 ; he had reigned twelve years. His successor bears the name of Tennes in Diodorus of Sicily. These are the ini- 'g- 79- 1. Barclay Head, Lydia and Persia, ft. II, fig. i; Historia numorum, p. 671; cf. a another copy, in Imhoof-Blumer, Greek coins, p. 447, no. 48, and Choice of currencies Greek, ft. VII, no. 229; Six, in Numism. Chronicle, 1877, p. 200; E. Babelon, Mixtures numistn., 1" series, p. 288 and pi. 2. Imhoof-Blumer, Greek coins, p. 448, no. 50; E. Babelon, Numerical mixtures., 1" series, p. 289, no. 3 , and pi. XI, fig. 3. 3. Theopompus, frag. 126, cf. in Athenaeus, XII, p. 352. 4. c. I. AU. II, no. 86. 5. CI. Sem., I, n° 114. 6. c. /. Breast., t. I, p. 139. # 7. E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures!, 1" series, p. 291, nos. 9 and 10. Cf. Six in Numism. Chro- Nice, 1877, p. 223, no. 8. S. Jérôme, adv. Jovinian., I, 45, in the Migne Patrokgie.
CLXXXIV INTRODUCTION tials of Tennès which we proposed to recognize in the letters Of* (yn) j e all the pieces that form the y group. According to this spelling, there is no see you more place of maintaining the rapprochement, admitted so far conjecturally, between the name of Tennès and that of Tabnit (ruin) '. Tennès, moreover, is perhaps not a Semitic name, because the prince who bears it was imposed on the Sidonians by the king of Persia, following Strato's revolt I. At law of the coins of Tennès, we have statement of figures which are not no marks of value or of emission, nor, as we has it believed more general- lies, years of reign of different kings of Persian : this are of years of reign of Tennes himself. Registration of sarcophagus by Escbmunazar adding to our coins, proves that the kings of Sidon had the haditude of count according to their years of reigns. It will be noted that, on the currencies of Tennes, the dates stop at year 4. However, Diodorus tells us that Tennes, after to have stayed for a while the vassal faithful to the great King, se revolted against Ochus. Thanks to the support of the Egyptians, he resisted for some time the armies of satraps sent for do return the Phoenicia under the yoke. But soon he was afraid when he saw Ochus himself come forward against him to the head of a formidable army, and, betraying its allies and its very homeland, he offered his submission who was accepted. Ochus pretended of forgive; forgive; his soldiers returned to Sidon, which was pillaged and burned, then Tennès was sent to execution. According to the story of these dramatic events, he is natural that we do not have currencies of Tennès, in type of the great King, for the insurrectional period of his reign which begins the fifth year, in 357, for finish with the burning of Sidon and the death of Tennes, in 350. The currencies of 4 he group we offer a name royal including the initials are OO(ysr). By allowing us other names which, all, are abbreviated by their two first letters, we must believe that here also he it is a king's name, and this with all the more reason since the currencies of both elders also carry years of reign. But what name can good be represented under this shape strange? After extensive research, I have was happy enough to discover that he was a foreign prince imposed on Sidonians by Ochus, after the torture of Tennes. This foreigner was Evagoras II, dispossessed king of Salamis. We have traced above 2 the circumstances in which Artaxerxes III Ochus was led to give Evagoras, chased by Pnytagoras, sovereignty in Asia, more considerable than that which he had lost (y.Xk-t\<; 7jYeu.oviaç t^hoôt] xatà ttjv 'Affi'av aî^evoç). We have seen that in Cyprus itself, Evagoras struck, as satrap of the king of Persia, coins on which his name is already represented by 1. IC. Week, t. I, p. ?.o. 2. Above, Introd. p. cxxiii.
SIDON CLXXXV an ain or by two Phoenician ains (Catal. nos. 620 to 626). Diodorus adds that Eva- goras He did not stay long the head of his kingdom asian : xaxwç His laugh xcL-zk xvjv atpxV 8ioix7]
CLXXXVI INTRODUCTION From the conquest of Alexander, the kings of Sidon, as well as those of Gébal, no longer had the right to mint money in their name; they had to content themselves ter to issue gold and silver coins in the name and types of Alexander '. Then the monogram, the initials or the full name of Sidon appear on his name- many currencies kings of Syria and kings of Egypt of whom we do not have to keep us busy here 2 . With the effigy of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and that of Demetrius I Soter, we have described in our Catalog of the coins of the kings of Syria, bronzes which bear the bilingual legend QJlïS ZlÀONIflN, and others on which we bed in pheni- cien : -|y ni N2N (sometimes 333)2533 qn QJlïb (from Sidon, the metropolis of Cambé (or Caccabe), of Hippo, from Citium, of Tire) 3. These coins with the effigy kings Seleu- cides fix for us the chronological place of the autonomous pieces which have the same legends (Catal. nos 1619 et seq.) : these therefore date back to middle of the second century before our era. On tetradrachm no. 1629, we find for the first mention of the autonomous era of Sidon, whose starting point is the year ni before our era. By- shooting of Elagabalus (Catal n° 1770), Sidon becomes colony Latin and from when the dates cease to appear on currencies whose numerous types have been so well inter- loaned by Eckhel 4. The big goddess of Sidon, Astarte, who appears on the currencies of almost all the towns on the coast of Phenicia, nevertheless causes our leaves, even after what Eckhel said, a short observation. We called stylis cruci- shape the attribute that she door, the most of time, of left hand, and we must recall, to justify this new name, the study in which we we demonstrated >, about the attributes of the Victory over the coins of Alexander that it is in no way a haste, haslam in crucis formam, says Eckhel, of an extension dart or shaft of a trophy, but of one of the essential elements of the rigging of a ship, which ancient authors designate under the name of a-ruAt; or gtuÀi'gxoç, and which served to support the apluster. We know that the apluster, ornament of the stern of ships, was made up of a series very light wooden planks, movable at one of their ends, and arranged in volute like the tail of a rooster. It was a sort of bouquet of boards, which we raised or lowered at will. This maneuver was done at the help of the (jtuXi'ç, sort of long cross who supported the moving elements of the apluster, in 1. L. Muller, Numism. of Alexander the Great, a" 1397 to 1422. 2. E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, etc., passim ; Reg. Stuart Poole, The Ptolemies, p. 27 (Ptolemy II Philadelphus) and passim; B. Head, Hist. number, p. 672. 3. E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, Introd., p. ex and cxxn. 4. Eckhel. D.N. V., t. III, pp. 364 to 372; B. Head, Hist. number, p. 673. 5. E. Babelon, Numismatic mixtures, 1" series, pp. 203 and following.
TRIPOLIS CLXXXVII the same time as her used to hang from a certain height the pavilion or the tania of the ship. Such was the dual role of the stylus : it was the support of the apluster; at its upper crossbar, says M. Cartault, was suspended “ the flame which is the em- problem of ship > ". This crosses was more or less decorated, more or less horizontal or inclined, following elegance or the ornamentation of ship, next the inclination or the aspect that we wanted to give to the boards of the apluster. A the help of a a number of examples borrowed to numismatics, we established that the stylis was an emblem of maritime power in the same way that the rudder and the apluster itself. Nothing, therefore, more legitimate than finding this symbol of domination of the seas between the hands of Astarte, the national goddess of the Phoenicians. TRIPOLIS Tripolis was a important city during the period Persian ; formed of three districts which belonged respectively to the Tyrians, to the Aradians and the Sido- niens, it was the main residence of the satraps responsible for monitoring the dynasts phoenicians 2 , and in 351, this It was in Tripolis that the delegates of the cities revolted. Nevertheless, there are no currencies that can be surely attribute to this city before Alexander. His name starts at meet only on parts with the likeness of Antiochus IV, some other kings of Syria ' and king of Egypt Ptolemy V Epiphanes4. Mr. Six devoted a special study to the dates that we note on the currencies autonomous of Tripolis, and which are linked in two different eras 5. But I have to say that I completely disagree with this scholar, as to this chronology numismatics. Mr. Six assumes that Tripolis begins with dating its currencies autonomous after the Seleucid era : a tetradrachm of the types of the Dioscuri bears the year 201 of the Seleucids (— 112 BC). Immediately after this piece, Mr. Six class ones who have of dates of the autonomous era (years 18, 29, 30, 31, 32). Then, finally, Tripolis abandons its national computing to resume the era Seleucids. In other words, following the scholar Dutch, the era of the Seleu- cide, in Tripolis, is momentarily interrupted by an era national including the beginning should be fixed in the year 201 or 200 of the Seleucids (112 or in BC). Instead of this singular tangle, we offer, in our Catalog, to admit that Tripolis first used an era national (Calai. our 1860 to 1.A. Cartault, The Athenian Trière, p. 96. 2. Diod. Sic, XVI, 41. 3. E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, pp. 87 and 110. 4. Reg. Stuart Poole, The Ptolemies, p. 72. 5. Six, The Tripolis Era in the Yearbook of the Numismatic Society, t. X (1886), pp. 229 at 234.
CLXXXVIII INTRODUCTION 1884), then she gave up this calculation to adopt the one Seleucids who was almost universally distributed throughout Syria (Catal. nos. 1885 to 1976). Coins dated following the autonomous era go from the year 1 until year 44 ; coins dated after the era of Seleucids begin in the year 201 (= 112 av. AD). Admitting, this who is everything to done probable , that the year 201 Sel. corresponds to the autonomous year 44 or 45, we see that the autonomous era of Tripolis has its point of departure in the year 156 of the Seleucids, also in 156 before our era '. This arrangement is more rational than that of Mr. Six, since it has the advantage of enthroning the Seleucid era in Tripolis in the year 112 BC, and of there do persist without discontinuity until the end of coinage of this city. As for the circumstances historical who, in 156 before AD, caused the creation of a era in Tripolis and the show autonomous currencies, we the let's ignore. The rare tetradrachms from Tripolis are of a remarkable style (Catal. nos 1865, 1874, 1878, autonomous era ; nos 1885, era of the Sel.) 2 . We class today at the island of Syros tetradrachms with the legend OEGûN KABEIPGûN ZYPIGûN, that Eckhel and Mionnet attributed formerly to Tripolis, to cause of type of Dioscuri>. Another important correction, this due to Mr. Imhoof-Blumer, does not only concern Tripolis, but a large number of cities of Syria and Phoenicia. This scholar demonstrated that the quadruple denarii of low money, to the effigy of Caracalla and some other emperors, and the type of the standing eagle, which we used to classify en bloc in Antioch from Syria, must in reality be distributed between the cities following : Antioch, Emesa, Hieropolis, Bercea, Zeugma, Aradus, Sidon, Tripolis, Tyre, Ascalon, Gaza 4. The parts that belong respectively to each of these workshops distinguish one from the others by the symbol between the legs of the eagle. This is how the quadruple denarii of Aradus are characterized by a palm tree and the letter A ; those of Sidon have, between the legs of the eagle, the chariot of Astarte or Europe on the bull ; those of Tripolis have the caps of the Dioscuri (Catal. n° 1936) ; those of Tire have the murex (Calai. nos 2190, 2191, 2202, 2205). These large pieces of low silver struck in various workshops in Syria, Phenicia, Cilicia, the Cappa- doc and Cyprus replaced ancient tetradrachms from the autonomous era ; 1. We once believed that these currencies that we bring back to an autonomous era of Tripolis were dated following the era of Pompey (Eckhel, D. N. V., t. III, p. 377). Mr. Head had wrong to accept this unacceptable theory (B. Head, Hist. nttmor., p. 674). 2. On the attribute of the Tyche on the reverse, see E. Babelon, The Kings of Syria, Introd., p. clxiii. 3. Eckhel, D.N. V., t. III, p. 374 ; Mionnet, Descr., t. V, p. 392, No. 317, and Suppl., t. IV, ft. XII, 2 ; b. Head, Hist. uitmor., p. 420. He must reject also all the currencies of the era imperial, to the legend CYPI'KABI PCON, which Mionnet introduced in the Tripolis series. Finally, there is no take into account of currency with HAIOC CGAHNH that the same author described, with the effigy of Antonin the Pious (Mionnet, Descr., t. V, p. 400, n° 426"). 4. Imhoof-Blumer, Griechiscbe Mïinxen, pp. 233 to 24;.
TYR CLXXXIX they were worth four Roman coin denarii, these circulating throughout the entire area of the empire' . TYR The kings of Tyre, under domination Persians Achaemenids, are also few known as those of Aradus. Herodotus us informs that the Tyrian contingent in the naval army of Xerxes, in 480, was commanded by King Mapen, son of Siromos (= Hirom or Hiram). If we ignore the names of Mapen's successors, we we can however conjecture that they were very closely related to the king of Citium Baalmelekï. Towards 389, Evagoras I , king of Salamis, captured Tire and of some other towns on the coast of Phoenicia 4, but this occupation was short duration and Tire soon returned to the power of the Persians. After the death of Nectanebo I, in 364, during the reign of Taho, part of the Phoenicia and of Syria having been occupied by the troops Egyptians, Tire was probably among the cities invaded by the king of Egypt s. But Nectanebo II, the successor of Taho, abandoned the conquests of his predecessor and brought the Egyptian troops back to the valley of Nile. More late, in 351, during the great revolt of Phenicia and from Cyprus, Nectanébo supported the rebels and sent troops into the Phoenician cities, undoubtedly in Tyre. After burning Sidon and chastised Tennes in 350, Artaxerxes Ochus was forced to make a big shipping against Egypt that he invades in 346 years . But to through all these events in which Tire had to play a role preponderant, the kings of this city are not mentioned. And yet the influence Egyptian culture in Tire is clearly evident in the numismatics of these princes : one of their monetary types is the Athenian owl carrying on its wing both scepters of Osiris, the whip and the pedum, so common on Egyptian monuments. When appeared Alexander, the king of Tire was called Azemilcos or Azelmilcos ('AÇÉA;/.'.xoç, 'AÇé;ju)ixoç, 'AÇÉ^ixÀcç), noun who, in Phoenician, was probably- correctly spelled -jbnnj; or -|Saty, rather than "^i-chn'V 1 - This spelling presumed does not allow not think of attributing to Azemilcos the stater to the types of Dagon and the lion, with the legend fn, which we classified as Ascalon or Azdod 8 . After the death of Alexander in 323, Tire had to suffer in turn the domination of 1. Fr. Lenormant, Money in Antiquity, t. II, p. 109. 2. Herod., VII, 98 ; VIII, 67. 5. See above, Introd., p. cxxvn. 4. Diod. Sic, XV, 2; Isocr., Evag., 62, and Paneg., 160. 5. Maspero, Hist. anc. (4 th ed.), p. 648. 6. See above, Introd., p. lxvii ; Maspero, op. cit., p. 657. 7. Duke of Luynes, Numismatics of satrapies and Phoenicia, p. 89 ; Ch. Clermont-Ganneau, Studies oriental archaeology, t. I, p. 69. 8. Catal., No. 320, and above, Introd., p. lv.
CXC INTRODUCTION several of the generals who competed for the empire '. In 321, Perdiccas filed in this fortress the treasure of his army ; in 320, Ptolemy seizes the Phé- nicia 2 ; in 314, Antigone took Tyre, which Ptolemy reconquered in 312. In 287, Tire passes into the hands of Seleucus with the rest of Phoenicia ; finally, in 275, we find it under the scepter of Ptolemy II Philadelphia. For us, it is now a matter of placing the Tyrian currencies within this framework. historical. As we have said everything to the time, the staters of kings of Tire recall, through one of their types, both the domination of Egypt and the affluence coins of Athens in southern Phoenicia : it's the owl with two emblems of royalty in the empire of the Pharaohs. The other type, the dolphin, or Melqart on a seahorse, is indigenous and has relating to the empire of Tire over the seas. The oldest pieces date back, in style, to the middle of the v e century, that is to say until the time when the king of Egypt Taho occupied a part of Phoenicia ; the currencies the most recent, types of the owl and of Melqart on the seahorse, are later to Alexander. But storage of the whole series between these two distant terms does not leave that to be strong difficult. We have chronologically constituted the following groups : 1. Dolphin. P^. Owl carrying the flail and the pedum. On the right, there are sometimes a legend in which I have raw recognize the elements of letters "pSuS or Itt-Sy; 1 ? (?)• On the reverse, the type is framed by a large and deep furrow (Catal. nos 1979 to 1988). 2. Melqart riding a seahorse. P£. Owl carrying the scourge and the pedum. There is no longer any trace of the hollow furrow who, in the previous period, surrounds the type on the back, but, in front of the owl, there are sometimes letters ; we we noted a q and a 1 (maybe rather, in the latter case, ~iy, the name of Tyre). The flan, as in the first group, is thick, globular, shaped irre- gulière (Catal. nos. 1989 to 1991). 3. Even description and even style. But at reverse, to the place of letters, we note the following dates : | (= year I) ; 1 1 (= year II) ; 1 1 1 (= year III) ; 1 1 1 1 (= year IV). These dates are obviously the years of reign of an unknown king {Catal. our 1992 at 199S). 4. Same types of Melqart and the owl ; but the style of the pieces is more recent, the flan is wider, flat and much less thick ; the edges are regular. These pieces are very abundant ; there is in the field neither letters nor dates (Catal. Nos. 1996 to 2006). 1. Mr. Clermont-Ganneau summarized the history of Tire during this period : Studies of oriental archeology story, t. I, p. 70-71. 2. Droysen, Hist. of Hellenism, t. II, p. 155.
TYR CXCI The currencies of the four groups which precede are carved into a system particular person whose the stallion is a stater of maximum weight of 14 grams. At contrary, the currencies of the two groups which will follow, while maintaining the same traditional types, are carved out of the Attic system introduced in the Orient by Alexandre : these are didrachms with a maximum weight of 8 gr. 95. 5. Attic didrachms, with the same types of Melqart and the owl. In the field of the reverse, we note some letters (ï, a) and dates read {in Van /), ||c (in year 2) or simply || (2) ; finally, ||| (an^). A number of examples please are thickets, and in metal bad aloi ; the style is often harsh and neglected (Calai. nos. 2007 to 2013). 6. Same didrachms penthouses and even style who, sometimes, reached until the barbarism ; the number of stuffed pieces and in sauced silver is more considerable that in the previous group. In the field of the reverse, there is no more letters, but only dates that are distributed, without significant discontinuity, since year 23 to year 37 (Calai. nos. 2014 to 2022) '. According to this classification based on the study of style, types and of letters or dates registered in the field of parts, we have four kings previous to Alexander, and striking coins of Phoenician weight. The destruction of Tire by the conqueror Macedonian interrupts momentarily the show currencies Tyrians which only resumed when the Attic system was already adopted throughout the East. The new currencies wear dates supposed according to the era of Seleucids; they constitute two series. The first of the year I to the year IV, that is say from 312 to 308 (or 311a 307) BCE, is separated from the second by a gap in 19 years old; this one, in indeed, only begins in year 23, that is to say in 289 or 288 BC He must without doubt assign this gap of 19 years to political unrest which we have summarized more high. We recalled that in 287 Tire falls into the hands of Seleucus : it is on this date that ceases the mon- nayage to ancient royal types, and this coincidence comes to the support of our class sement. Twelve years later, Tire returns to Ptolemy II Philadelphus ", and, on this occasion sion, it inaugurates a new era whose point departure must be exactly set in the year 275 before our era. In effect, the first inscription of Oumm el Awamid, so carefully commented by M.Clermont-Ganneau î, provides the double date next : “The year 180 of Lord of kings, the year 143 of the people of 1. Our Catalog ends at the year 35 (No. 2021 and 2022) ; but the year 37 is cited by various authors. Bran- say, p. 514; Six, in the Numism. Chonicle, 1877, p. 191 ; Clermont-Ganneau, Studies of archaeol. oriental, t. I, p. 59. 2. Clermont-Ganneau, op. cit., p. 70. 3. Clermont-Ganneau, op. cit., pp. 37 to 77.
CXCII INTRODUCTION Tyre, » the “Lord of kings”, adon melakim, is Alexander, and his era is that which chronologists called the Seleucid era. If the year 180 of the era of the Seleu- cide corresponds to the year 143 of the Tyrian era, we see that the year I of the era of Tire falls in the year 37 of the era of adon melakim, that is to say in 275 BC. The study of Egyptian coins directly confirms this chronological system. logical, since the monogram of Tire with the club of the Tyrian Heracles appears on these parts since Ptolemy II Philadelphia (285 at 247 av. AD), until Ptolemy V Epiphanes (204 to 181 av. AD) ". In the suite of kings of Syria, the monogram of Tire found since Antiochus III (222 to 187 BC. AD) jus- than to Antiochus VII Sidetes (138 to 129 av. AD) 2 . We see from this that the workshop of Tire only stops minting money in the name of the Ptolemies to strike the effigy Seleucids. There are no coins bearing a date from the first Tyrian era, that is to say that of the year 275 av. All the autonomous currencies of Tire relate to the second era of Tyre, whose starting point, well known, is fixed in the year 126 BC. According to this last calculation, we have silver coins and of bronze which have been spread over the past year I (Catal. n° 2023 and 2024) until the year 351 , which corresponds to the year 225 AD, under the reign of Severus Alexander. The ordinary types of this long and extremely abundant monetary series are well known : the hairless head of Heracles Tyrian or Melqart , the ptole eagle- maic, Tyche turrée, the palm tree, the club of Heracles supporting the mono- gram of Tyre, the galley sometimes surmounted by the figure of Astarte. We will complete this group with the description of a magnificent gold coin from Berlin Museum : Turret and veiled bust of Tyche, right. fy,. TYPOY IEPAZ KAI AZYAOY- Double cornucopia. In the field on the left, |"K (year 23); to the right. the monogram. no. 58. Quadruple golden stater, 17 gr. 12. This quadruple stater would have been hit by a king of Egypt, and the date |"K would be a date regnal of a king Egyptian, next J. Friedlaender 3. But it's there one error, because we find the same monogr. #58 on the tetradrachm of our Catalog (n° 2048) which has the same date. This beautiful gold medallion was therefore struck undoubtedly in 103 BC. With the year 219 (•= 93 AD), we see Tire beginning to take the epi- thete of Métropole (Catal. n° 2130). The word ^s (lïS), from Tyre, is maintained until under Severus Alexander ; but in recent times, the letters deform at such point that they would be unrecognizable without this traditional persistence which allows us to go back to the original form and primitive : we therefore have in this 1. Reg. Stuart Poole, The Ptolemies, p. 27 et passim. 2. E. Babelon, The Kings of Syria, Introd. p. lxxxv and passim. 3. Zeitschrift fur Numismatik, t. VI (1879), pp. 4 to 6.
TYR CXCIII word, from the paleographic point of view, the counterpart of what neo-Punic writing is compared to Punic writing, in the western Mediterranean basin. Under Septimius Severus, Tire became a Latin colony (Ca/a/. n°2i87). Monetary types keep quiet this new period are numerous and also varied and interesting. They teach us that it is the Legion III in Gallica which provides veterans to the news colony (Cotai. nos. 2195, 2206 and 2297) '. Astarte and Melqart-Heracles are still the most common types, but we find, in particular, Dido fleeing on a ship the wrath of Pygmalion (Catal. nos. 2246, 2256, 2268), presiding over the foundation of Carthage (Catal. our 2287, 2316, 2333), finally immolating himself on a pyre memory of Sicharbas or Aeneas (Catal. No. 2231); other setbacks show us Aeneas fleeing on a ship to escape the loves of Dido (Catal. n° 2265, 2282, 2312, etc.); Europa, daughter of Agenor, sister of Cadmus, who was confused with Astarte in mythological legend, and which we have so often encountered on the coins of Sidon; Cadmus himself, in the different phases which accompanies generated the founding of Thebes in Boeotia : the fight against the dragon (Catal. nos 2236, 2266, etc.), the construction of the enclosure of the Cadmea (Catal. nos. 2341, 2360), after having found the heifer that the oracle of Apollo had indicated to him. We see also Cadmus offering the Greeks the alphabet that he had brought Phoenicia (Catal. nos 2281 and 2295); the inscription which accompanies this type has so far been poorly deciphered frée : we have read CAAH'KAAMOC 2 , which makes no sense, while we must read €AAH(flight) and KAAMOC- We will report a other correction important to the legend of bronzes nos. 2208 and 2327. These coins used to read, COL-NV PHENICES, or better CORNV PHENICES, and this last interpretation gave rise to the comparisons ments the more ingenious with the texts biblical representative the city of Tyre, like the horn, the Strength of Phoenicia 3. Recently, M. W. Drexler, blending on Tyrian coins with the legend KOINOY 0OINIKHC (Catal. no. 2182), has revoked in doubt the legend CORNV PHENICES, and proposed to him substitute COMMV('"0 PHENICES 4 - Now, an exam attentive to currencies allows us to affirm that the true reading is COENVO") PHENICES : it's transcribe it direct version of the Greek KOINON 0OINIKHC- The currencies colonial colonies of Tire finally show us , to many times repeats, the 1. See Marquardt, Organization of the Roman Empire (trans. Lucas and Weiss), t. II, p. 579-580. 2. Mionnet, Descr., t. V, p. 441, no. 695, and p. 444, no. 708. 5. F. de Saulcy, in the Numismatic Cbronicle, 1872, p. 65 and next, and 221 ; Sabatier, in the Review Belgian numismatics, 1860, p. 22; we ourselves accepted the reading Corna Phenices , on the faith of all the authors who came before us. E. Babelon, The kings of Syria, Introd., p. xxv. 4. W. Drexler, in the Zeitschrifl far Numismatik, t. XVI (1887), p. 72-75.
CXCIV INTRODUCTION betyls designated under the name by nerpxi àfjiS postai ' : they were of stones sub- marines, of which Sanchoniathon makes twin steles raised to the Fire and to the Wind by Ouzoos, sort of Heracles-Pygmy of whom we have already spoken, and who protected Phoenician ships 2 . i No. Dionys., xl, v. 467-476. 2. See Les Bétyles, by Fr. Lenormant, in the Review of the History of Religions, t. III (1881), . 34 See above, our Introd., p. lxv.
CATALOG E
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THE ACHAEMENID PERSIANS DARIUS I, HYSTASPUS SON (521 at 485 av. AD) 1. King Darius I, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, to right; he has a long beard and long hair gathered in a tuft on the neck; he is wearing a cidaris crowned with five teeth, and dressed candys raised on the arms and on the left knee ; of the hand left carried forward at the height of the face, he holds his bow, and with the right hand brought to the chest it carries transversely a javelin decorated with a pommel; the hanging quiver to sound shoulder is barely visible. tyL. Hollow square with an elongated shape and an irregular surface. A.T. 13 mill. — Darique, 8 gr. 27. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. I, fig. 1. 2. Same description. The hollow square of reverse has a different shape. JR. 14. — Median century or Persian drachma, 5 gr. 48. PI. I, fig. 2. 3. Other exemplary. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, the sign no. 1 (tetraquestrian). JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 55. PI. I, fig. 3. 4. Other exemplary. Corner variety. On the right, in countermark, O; on the reverse, an indistinct countermark. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 35. 5 . Other exemplary. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, the sign no. 2. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 48. On the previous centuries (no. s 2, 5, 4 and 5) the hollow square on the reverse has the same shape. Babelon — The Persian Persians. I
THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS 6 Another copy. Corner variety. The square hollow of reverse has a particular form. JR, 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 45. PI. I, fig. 4. 7. Another copy. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, the sign no. 3 . JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 52. 8. Another copy. Corner variety. The hollow square on the reverse presents bumps of particular shape. JR. 16. —Shekel. 5 gr. 45. PI. I, fig. 5. 9. Other exemplary. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, the sign No. 4. The hollow square on the reverse has a particular shape. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 55. 10. Another copy. Variety of corner. In the hollow square of reverse, we see a long line in relief, which vaguely affects the shape of an eel. JR. 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 43. PI. I, fig. 6. 1 1 Another copy. Corner variety. In law, in countermarks, the signs No. 6 (triquêtre) and O. ^15. -Shekel, 5 gr. 56. PI. I, fig. 7. 12. Another copy. Corner variety. To the right, in countermarks, the sign our 3 and 5. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 46. 13. Another copy. Corner variety. To the right, in countermarks, the sign no. 6 (triquêtre) and two others indistinct; at reverse, in countermarks, V and To. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 34. 14. Another copy. Corner variety. To the right, in countermark O; at reverse, in countermarks, signs nos. 2 and 7. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 59. 15 Another copy. Corner variety. Without countermark. JR. 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 57. PI. I, fig. 8. Previous centuries (n" s 10 to 15) all have the same hollow square decorated with a long line in relief, shaped eel or very elongated fish, placed diagonally.
DARIUS I 3 16. Another copy. Corner variety. In the hollow square on the reverse, we see in relief an elliptical protuberance which vaguely affects the shape of a tuna. On the right, in countermarks, an ivy leaf and sign no. 8 (the Cypriot letter jîa ?). JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 52. PI. I, fig. 9. 17. Another copy. Corner variety. To the right, in countermarks, the signs nos. 6 (triquêtre) and 9. JR. 16. — Shekel, $ gr. 58. 18. Another copy. Corner variety. On the reverse, in countermark, the sign no. 8 (the Cypriot letter [3a?). JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 20. PL I, fig. 10. Previous centuries (our 16, 17 and 18) have the same hollow square decorated with a protuberance elliptical in the shape of a tuna. 19. Another copy. Corner variety. The hollow square on the reverse is decorated protrusions and irregular lines. JR. 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 55. PL I, fig. n. 20. Another copy. Variety of corner. At right, in countermark, the sign No. 10 (anchored cross). JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 54. 21. Another copy. Corner variety. At reverse, in countermark, the sign no. 2. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 53. Previous centuries (our 19, 20 and 21) have the same hollow square. 22. Another copy. Corner variety; the hollow square is different. At right, in countermarks, the sign n° n and a globule. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 52. 23. Another copy. Corner variety. On the right, in countermark, the sign in. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 58. PL I, fig. 12. 24. Another copy. Corner variety. At reverse, in countermarks, the sign No. 12 and a small man's head turned to the left. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 54. — Coll. de Luynes. PL I, fig. 13.
THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS 25. Another copy. Corner variety. In law, in countermarks, the signs n° 13 (anchor), n° 8 (|3a Cypriot?) and C . JR. 19. — Shekel, 5 gr. 42. PL I, fig. 14. 26. Another copy. Corner variety. Without countermark. M. 18. — Shekel, 5 gr. 55. PI. I, fig. 15. XERXES (485 at 465 av. AD) 27. King Xerxes, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, right; his cidaris, crowned of five teeth, is lower than that of Darius; he has the eye from the front, cheekbones protruding, the long beard and tapered ; his costume is the same as the one of Darius. P^L. Elongated hollow square with irregular roughness. N 15 mill. — Darique, 8 gr. 10. — Coll. de Luynes. PL I, fig. ie. 28. Another copy. Variety of corner. The square hollow of reverse has the same shape. A T 16. — Darique, 8 gr. 28. 29. Other exemplary. Corner variety. The hollow square of reverse has a different shape. A" 17. — Darique, 8 gr. 34. 30. Another copy. Corner variety. A" 15. — Darique, 8 gr. 38. 31. Another copy. Corner variety. N 14. — Darique, 8 gr. 38. PI. I, fig. 17. 32. Another copy. Corner variety. ATi5. —Daric, 8 gr. 35. PL I, fig. 18. 33 . Another copy. Corner variety. A.T. r 5 . — Darique, 8 gr. 35.
XERXES J 34. Another copy. Corner variety. M i). — Darique, 8 gr. 39. 3 5 . Another copy. Corner variety. A.T. 15. — Darique, 8 gr. 40. Darics Nos. 28 to 35 were acquired from Borrell, in May 1840, and come from (as well as, presumably, No. 27) of the find of three hundred dariques, made around 1839, in the canal dug by Xerxes in 480, at the foot of Mount Atbos (See the Introduction). 36. Same description. The hollow square on the reverse is the same as the one we see on the centuries nos. 19, 20 and 21 of Darius I. JR. 16. — Median century or Persian drachma, 5 gr. 47. PI. I, fig. 19. 37. Another copy. Corner variety. To the right, in countermarks, the signs n bones 2, 6 (triquêtre) and T. The hollow square is the same to the one which we see on centuries nos. 10 to 15 of Darius I. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 48. 38. Another copy. Corner variety; same hollow square. To the right and at reverse, an indistinct countermark. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 53. PI. I, fig. 20. 39. Other exemplary. Corner variety. The hollow square on the reverse has a different shape. J.R., 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 53. 40. Other exemplary. Corner variety. On the reverse, as a countermark, a growing. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 50. 41 . Another copy. Corner variety. The hollow square on the reverse is the same to the one we see on number 36, as well as on the shekels n os 19. 20 and 21 of Darius I. JR, 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 62. 42. Other exemplary. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, the sign no. 14. JR. 18. — Shekel, 5 gr. 34. PI. I, fig. 21.
THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS ARTAXERXES I LONGHAND (465 at 425 av. AD) 43 . The King Artaxerxes I, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, right; his cidaris crowned of five teeth is higher than that of Xerxes; he has a very strong and curved nose, the wide face, the lips thick; his long beard makes a slight jump as it falls on the chest. R^.. Rectangular hollow square, presenting irregular asperities. No. 16 mill. — Darique, 8 gr. 33. PI. I, fig. 22. 44. Another copy. Corner variety. A/ - ie. — Darique, 8 gr. 32. PL I, fig. 23. 45 . Even description. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, the sign
ARTAXERXES I LONGHAND 7 51 . Another copy. Corner variety. The hollow square on the reverse is the same to that of the previous century. To the right, in countermark, the V sign. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 47. 32. Another copy. Corner variety. In the hollow square on the reverse, we sees rough spots vaguely resembling two separate fish by a globule. JR. 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 56. PI. I, fig. 26. 53. Another copy. Variety of corner. On the reverse, in countermark, the sign no. 20. JR. 18. — Shekel, 5 gr. 42. 54. Other exemplary. Variety of corner. At right, in countermark, the sign No. 21 (pomegranate). JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 47. 55 . Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 19. — Shekel, s gr. 55. PL I, fig. 27. 56. Another copy. Corner variety. At right, in countermarks, the sign No. 12 and a helmet. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 42. 57. Other exemplary. Corner variety. At reverse, in countermark, the sign no. 12. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 34. The previous centuries (nos 52 has 57) have the same reverse, remarkable by of roughness which look like a globule between two fish. 58. Another copy. Corner variety. In the hollow square on the reverse, a protuberance vaguely affecting the shape of a bird. On the right, in countermarks, sign no. 22 and the letters 0$, on the edge of the slice; on the reverse, the signs nos 5 and 23 JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 37. The letters 0? are found in legend on Lycian coins. 59. Other exemplary. Corner variety; the hollow square of reverse has !a same shape. On the right, in countermark, the sign V; on the reverse, the sign no. 24. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 54.
THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS 60. Another copy. Corner variety. The hollow square on the reverse is decorated of two lines in relief, resembling circular arcs backed up. JR. 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 45. 61. Other exemplary. Variety of corner. The square hollow of reverse is different and presents irregular roughness. JR. 19. — Shekel, 5 gr. 56. 62 Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 53. 63 . Another copy. Corner variety. J.R., 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 54. (The right is hidden in part by one oxide blister.) DARIUS II NOTHUS (425 at 405 av. AD) 64. King Darius II, as a melophoric archer, half-kneeling, right; his cidaris is crowned with five teeth and his candy is similar to that of previous kings; he appears stocky and very old compared to the others, including he is further distinguished by its strong nose and amazed, his beard and his hair shaggy, sound eye protruding, his lips thick. RL. Square elongated hollow, presenting irregular roughness in which we thought we recognized fish or birds. M 16. — Darique, 8 gr. 30. PI. II, fig. 1. 65 Same description. Corner variety. The hollow square on the reverse presents little different roughness. JR. 15. — Median century or Persian drachma, 5 gr. 38. 66. Another copy. Corner variety. The square hollow of the reverse is the same as in the previous century. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 43. — Coll. de Luynes.
DARIUS II NOTHUS 9 67 . Other exemplary. Variety of corner. The square hollow of reverse is different. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 34. — Coll. de Luynes. PL II, fig. 2. 68. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 23. 69. Another copy. Variety of corner; the head is barbaric style. At right, in countermark, sign no. 9. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 56. PI. II, fig. 3. 70. Another copy. Variety of corner. The head is barbarian in style; the hollow square of reverse is the same to the one of shekels n bones 52 to 57 of Artaxerxes I Longue-main. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 43. 71. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is style barbarian; the hollow square is different. On the right, as a countermark, sign No. 25. JR, 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 53. PI. II, fig. 4. 72. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbaric style. At right, two indistinct countermarks. JR. 18. — Shekel, 5 gr. 59. 73 . Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbarian style. JR. 14. — Shekel, 5 gr. 43. 74. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is style barbarian. At right, in countermark, the sign no. 12; on the reverse, a crescent. JR. 15. —Sicle, sgr. 54. 75. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbarian style. At right, an indistinct countermark; on the reverse, in countermarks, an A, a globule and twice the sign No. 26. JR. 18. — Shekel, 5 gr. 47. 76. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbarian style. JR. 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 45. The preceding centuries, no. 74, 75 and 76, have the same hollow square, characterized by two pro- tuberances which vaguely resemble a fish, the other to a bird. 77. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is from barbaric style. At right, in countermark, the sign V. JR, 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 37.
10 THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS 78. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbaric style. At right, two indistinct countermarks. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 52. 79. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbarian style. A 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 51. 80. Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbarian style. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 51. 81 Another copy. Corner variety. The head is barbarian style. J.R., 16. —Shekel, 5 gr. 46. PI. II, fig. 5. 82. Another copy. Corner variety; the head is barbarian style and the particular hollow square. M. ie. — Shekel, 5 gr. 48. PI. II, fig. 6. 83 . Another copy. Corner variety ; the head is barbarian style. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 55. 84. Another copy. Corner variety; the head is barbarian in style. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 49. 85 . Another copy. Corner variety ; the head is style barbarian. At reverse, countermark, uu crescent. JR, 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 46. 86. Another copy. Corner variety; the head is barbaric style. At right, in countermarks, the signs nos 17 and 27. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 50. 87. Another copy. Corner variety; the head is barbaric style. At right, in countermark, sign no. 28. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 31. 88. Another copy. Corner variety; the head is barbaric style. At right, in countermarks, the signs our bones 6 (triquêtre) and 29; at reverse, a globule. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 47. 89. Another copy. Corner variety; the head is of a style all gone- culier. On the reverse, as a countermark, a leaping wild boar.
CYRUS II THE YOUNG II JR, 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 04. The silver of this coin is very strongly mixed with copper. 90. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 17. — Shekel, 5 gr. 05. — Coll. de Luynes. — Bar style room- bare and posterior imitation. 91-94. Four centuries whose types are unrecognizable due to oxidation metal; acquired from Cadalvène the 15 June 1826, they represent feel the state in which were located most of shekels of a considerable find made around this time. CYRUS II THE YOUNG (401 to 400 BC) $9 . Cyrus the Younger, represented as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, on the right. He is hairless and he has long hair; its cidaris enough high is flat and devoid of denticles; sacandys is made of fabric with flaky strands. RL. Rectangular hollow square, at the bottom of which we see, in relief, a crozier-shaped ornament. As a countermark, a boar's head, hollow. A T 17. — Darique, 8 gr. 46. — Coll. de Luynes. PL II, fig. 7. 96. Same description; the head has the same character. In the hollow square of reverse, a protuberance in relief, in the shape of a fish. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 54. 97. Another copy. Corner variety. The hollow square is the same. At right and on the reverse, as a countermark, the sign No. 21 (grenade). JR. 14. — Shekel, 5 gr. 58.
12 THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS ARTAXERXES II MNEMON (405 to 359 BC) 98 . King Artaxerxes II Mnemon, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling to right ; his low cidaris is crowned with five teeth ; he has long hair, a long beard, the eye protruding, hooked nose. RL. Hollow square lying down, presenting roughness irregular in which one could vaguely recognize as a running dog. N 17 mill. — Darique, 8 gr. 27. PI. II, fig. 8. 99. Another copy. Corner variety; different style. N 18. — Darique, 8 gr. 34. PI. II, fig. 9. 100. Other exemplary. Variety of corner; the cidaris has only four teeth; the hollow square on the reverse is distinguished by protuberances of a particular form. N 19. — Darique, 8 gr. 36. — Coll. de Luynes. 10 1 . King Artaxerxes II Mnemon, half kneeling, right, and pulling of the bow ; he is wearing a cidaris crowned with five teeth, and dressed candy ; he carries on his shoulder a quiver full of arrows. P^,. Elongated hollow square, presenting irregular roughness. JR. ie. — Century med. or drachma Persian, 5 gr. 35. PI. II, fig. 10. 102 . Another copy. Corner variety; the king's cidaris has only four teeth; the hollow square on the reverse is the same as that of the previous century. J.R., 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 36. 103 . Another copy. Corner variety. The hollow square is different. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 13. — Coll. de-Luynes. 104. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 42. 105. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 32. — Coll. de Luynes. ioé. Same description. An. — Persian Diobolus, 1 gr. 72. PI. II, fig. laughed.
ARTAXERXES III OCHUS 13 ARTAXERXES III OCHUS (359 to 338 BC) 107 . King Artaxerxes III Ochus, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, right; his cidaris has only four teeth. Kl. Elongated hollow square with roughness similar to those of darique n° ioo. AT 16. — Darique, 8 gr. 33. PL II, fig. 12. 108. Another copy. Corner variety; different style and hollow square by- particular. N 17. — Darique, 8 gr. 26. — Coll. de Luynes. PL II, fig. 13. 109 . Bust of King Artaxerxes III Ochus, standing right, depicted up the birth of the legs ; he has a tiara raised and topped with six small teeth; his eye is protruding, his face wide, his long beard and pointed; of right hand he holds his bow in front him, and of the left hand a bundle of arrows. P^.. Elongated hollow square, presenting irregular roughness. AL 15. — Median century or Persian drachma, 5 gr. 38. — Coll. of Luynes. PI. II, fig. 14. 110. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 38. — Coll. de Luynes. 111. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 35. 112. Another copy. Corner variety. A15.- Shekel, 5 gr. 36. PI. II, fig. 15. DARIUS III CODOMAN (337 to 330 BC) 113 King Darius III Codoman, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, right; he has the profile very regular and remarkably fine,
14 THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS with a long beard; his cidaris is surmounted by five large teeth; the edge of her candy appears to be lined with pearls; behind him, the brand q. P/,. hollow depression elliptical, crisscrossed with lines transversal, wavy, in relief. No. 19 mill. — Double darique, 16 gr. 52. Sharp-edged slice. PI. II, fig. 16. 114. Variety. The king's cidaris is surmounted by four teeth; behind the king, a crown. Al 19. — Double daric, 16 gr. 49. PI. II, fig. 17. 115. Variety. The cidaris du king seems to be topped with three small turns. Behind the king, monogram no. 32. No. 18. — Double daric, 16 gr. 73. PI. II, fig. 18. 116. Variety. The cidaris of king appears to be topped with four small teeth. Behind the king, the letters 01. No. 21. — Double darique, 16 gr. 52. 117. Variety. Behind the king, a crown; in front of him, the monogram n°33- No. 20. — Double Daric, 16 gr. 65. 118. Variety. Behind the king, monogram No. 34. P£. Depression hollow elliptical divided into two filled parts each of compartments separated by of lines transverse. M 16. — Double daric, 16 gr. 55. 119. Variety. The king has a longer beard and his candy is devoid of a row of pearls. Behind him, monogram no. 30. A/" 19. — Double daric, 16 gr. 63. — Coll. deLuynes. PI. II, fig. 19. 120. Same type of King Darius, as a melophoric archer, on the right. Behind him, the letters AY; in front him, the letter M. tyL. Depression elliptical crisscrossed with wavy transverse lines, like that of the double dariques. At 1 5 . — Darique, 8 gr. 3 5 . Sharp-edged slice. PI. II, fig. 20.
DARIUS III CODOMAN 15 121 . Variety. The king has a very long beard that extends across his chest. KL. Elongated hollow square, presenting irregular roughness. N 17. — Darique, 8 gr. 32. Rounded edges, depending on usage. 122. Another copy. Corner variety. M 16. — Darique, 8 gr. 32. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. II, fig. 21. 123 . Another copy. Corner variety. On the reverse, an elliptical depression crisscrossed with wavy lines, like that of the double darics. M 16. — Darique, 8 gr. 35. Rounded edges. 124. King Darius III Codoman, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, right; he has a long beard, a nose very accentuated and the head slightly inclined forward. KL. Ship's bow on the left, the front elongated like a swan's neck; on the side of the ship, the Carian letter 9 . M ij. — Darique, 8 gr. 25. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. II, fig. 22. 125 . King Darius III Codoman, fighter, half-kneeling, right. He has the profile regular, a long beard, one little tiara high and topped with small teeth; of left hand extended forward he holds his bow, and with his right hand drawn back he brandishes a sword short (acinaces); on sound back is suspended a quiver filled with arrows. KL. Square hollow lying down, presenting roughness irregular. At center, in countermark, a human head from the front? AL 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 45. — Coll. de Luynes. Ft. II, fig. 23. 126. Another copy. Corner variety. J.K. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 56. PI. II, fig. 24. 127. Another copy. Corner variety. To the right, in countermarks, a owl and a threesome; on the reverse, sign No. 31. 2R. 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 46. 128. Another copy. Corner variety. JK, 16. — Shekel, 5 gr. 46. — Coll. de Luynes. 129. Other exemplary. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, the sign No. 6 (triquêtre). Mr. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 48.
l6 THE ACHEMENID PERSIANS 130. Another copy. Corner variety. JR, 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 37. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. II, fig. 25. 131. Another copy. Corner variety ; the king has the nose prominent and very curved. On the right, in countermark, a croissant. JR. 15. — Shekel, 5 gr. 37. — Coll. de Luynes. 132. Other exemplary. Variety of corner. Barbarian style; the king has the eye of face and very curved nose. At right, in countermark, the sign No. 35; on the reverse, a crescent. JR. 19. — Shekel, 5g, 38. PI. II, fig. 26. 133 . Another copy. Corner variety; barbaric style. To the right, against mark, two contiguous globules. JR. 18. — Shekel, 5 gr. 37. 134. Another copy. Corner variety; barbaric style. JR. 19. — Shekel, 5 gr. 33. 135 . Another copy. Corner variety; barbaric style. JR. 17. — Shekel, 4 gr. 23. (Filmed piece.) 136. Same description. JR. 9. — Persian Diobolus, 1 gr. 20. (Piece with hole.) 137. The King Darius III Codoman, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling, right; with the right hand he holds his bow and from the left his jave- line. Behind him, monogram No. 30, and a crown. Laughed. Depression hollow elliptical furrowed of lines transverse wavy, in relief. AT 18. — Double daric, 16 gr. 50. Very barbaric style. 138. Variety. Behind the king, monogram No. 30, a little distorted. P^.. Elliptical hollow depression in which are two large cres- back-to-back edges and irregular lines. A.T. 19. — Double Daric, 16 gr. 52. Slice to edges rounded. Barbarian style coin, struck in India at a very post- laughing. PI. II, fig. 27.
DYNASTS & SATRAPES THE KINGS OF CILICIA I. COINS STRUCK AT TARsus. i. King uncertain (around 450 av. AD) 139 . The king' of Cilicia on a horse galloping right; the dynast, beardless, is styled of the Persian tiara including the dewlaps are brought back under the chin; he holds the reins with both hands. In front him, the cross year *j- . Granite around the edge. tfL. I *f f> (Viri, Tarsus). Greek hoplite, half kneeling right; hairstyle of the Corinthian helmet, he has the shirtless and he wears around his kidneys a sort of short petticoat; of. left hand he shelters behind his shield, and he brandishes a pole of the right hand. Behind him, the cross handle £. The all in one square shallow trough limited by a grit. JK 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 55. Archaic style. — Coll. de Luynes. PL III, fig. 1. 140. The King of Cilicia on a horse galloping to the right, as above, without the cross handle. J$L. Same as above, without the cross handle. JR. 15. — Persian tetrobole, 3 gr. 15. Style archaic. — Coll. of Luynes. PI. III, fig. 2. 2. Syennesis IV? (around 401 av. AD). 141 The king of Cilicia (Syennesis IV?) on a horse galloping right; the dynast is wearing the tiara Persian and dressed in a large coat tied on his shoulder; with the left hand he holds the reins, and the right hand brought back rear, a short sword. fy~- *1f ("nn, Tarsus). Greek hoplite, half kneeling, left, Babblon. — Parsley ache'menidu. i
l8 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES completely naked, wearing the Corinthian helmet, the baldric on the shoulder; with the left hand he shelters behind his shield decorated with a head of Medusa and right hand he brandishes a pole. JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 55. Ft. III, fig. 3. 142. Another copy. In the field of reverse, in countermark, a wolf running to the right, accompanied by il* above, and I below. JR.21. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 35. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. III, fig. 4 (reverse). 3. Kings or satraps uncertain (around 400-360 av. AD). 143. Lion devouring a bull; the lion is turned to right; the bull, half-kneeling on left, trying to get up. RL. I *f f> (T~in, Tarsus). Barbed spike, placed diagonally in a square limited by a grit ; in the field, matching the legend, a wolf's head turned to the right. JR, 20 mill. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 35. PI. III, fig. 5. 144. Protome of Pegasus galloping to the right. fy~- \ 11* (""in, Tarsus). The king of Persia Artaxerxes II Mnemon, mar- singing to the right; he is wearing the cidaris and dressed in candy; of the left hand carried forward, he holds his bow, and with his right hand he relies on its dappled javelina. Hollow square bordered with a sandstone. JR. 14. — Persian tetrobole, 3 gr. 25. PI. III, fig. 6. 145 . The king of Persia Artaxerxes II Mnemon standing to right and struggling against a lion that stands before him; the king is wearing a tiara crenellated and dressed in candy; with the left hand he grabs the lion by the mane, while the right he sticks a dagger into her in the side. KL. The king of Persia walking on the right, wearing a crenellated tiara and dressed in candy; he has the quiver on the shoulder; with the right hand he leans on his javelin and he holds the cross with his left hand. In front him the word [TE]P2I; behind him, traces of a legend Aramaic (probably the word 7"1P). JR. 14. — Persian tetrobole, 3 gr. 40. PI. III, fig. 7.
COINS STRUCTURED SOLI 19 14th. Protome of Pegasus, galloping to the left. Granite around the edge. RL. The king of Persia half kneeling to the right and pulling from the bow; he . is bareheaded, dressed in candy and he has the quiver on his back. Behind him, the cross ansée J. Hollow square bordered with a sandstone. Mr. 13. — Persian triobole, 2 gr. 48. II. COINS MINT IN SOLI. v 1. King uncertain (around 450-400 av. AD). 147. The king of Cilicia, half kneeling on the left, one leg forward, horny sound bow; he is naked, hairless, wearing the Persian tiara and he grabs his bow with both hands; his quiver, filled with arrows and from another bow, hangs from his left side. Gritted to the tower. RL. iO. Bunch of grapes. Hollow square limited by a grit. JR. 21 mill. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 55. Shot of shears to the right. ft. m, fig . 8. 148. The king of Cilicia drawing his bow, as above; in his quiver hanging by his side, there is no only has arrows. In the field to right, a helmet fitted with paragnathids, turned left. RL. iOA I EON. Bunch of grapes and laurel branch. Hollow square limited by a grit. JR. 21. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 70. PI. III, fig. 9. 149 . The king of Cilicia drawing his bow, as above; in his quiver, there are both arrows and another bow. In the field, the same helmet turned to the right. Granite around the edge. RL. iOA. Bunch of grapes placed diagonally, and laurel branch. Hollow square. yR. 15. — Persian tetrobole, 3 gr. 50. PI. III, fig. 10. 2. King uncertain (around 400-360 av. AD). 150. The king of Cilicia drawing his bow, as above; he has a bare chest and wears a sort of short petticoat around her waist; in his quiver,
20 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES there has arrows and another bow. In the field to right, a ossicle (?). KL. ZOAEHN. Bunch of grapes. In the field, to the right, a symbol indistinct (turtle?). Hollow square limited by a grit. A21. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 65. PI. III, fig. n. 151. The king of Cilicia drawing his bow, as above; in his quiver, there are only arrows. Granite around the edge. KL. ZOA | EON. Cluster of grape, to the branch of which appears attached a star. Hollow square limited by a grit. JR.20. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 65. PI. III, fig. 12. 152. The king of Cilicia horny bow, like above. Granite at perimeter. KL. ZOAEHN. Cluster of grape. In the field, A | A and a tendril of coiled vine. Granite around the edge. J.K. 21. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 41. PI. III, fig. 13. III. COINS STRUCTURED IN MALLUS. King uncertain (around 400-360? av. AD). 153 . The Persian king Artaxerxes II Mnemon, as a melophoric archer, running right; he has a long beard and he is headdress of a cidaris on- rise of three teeth; of left hand extended he holds his bow, and of the right hand brought back on its chest he carries a javelin decorated with a pommel. In the field, on the left, a grain of barley. KL. MAA (in the field, left). Heracles naked, hairless, standing of face, leaning towards upright and smothering a lion in his arms; in the field, on the left, his club. The group is placed on the entablature of a column. JR.22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 30. PI. III, fig. 14. 154. The Persian king Artaxerxes Mnemon, as a melophoric archer, as shown below on it. KL. The same king Artaxerxes as an archer, half-kneeling, right; of the left rmyn extended he holds his bow, while the hand right he grabs an arrow from his quiver hanging on his back. J.K. 23. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 85. — Coll. de Luynes.
TIRIBAZE 2 1 155. Another copy. Corner variety. On the reverse, as a countermark, a bull on the left, and above, i"v (“P, Issus). 2R. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 50. PI. III, fig. 15. TIRIBAZE I. COINS STRUCTURED (from 386 to 380 av. AD). 156. Baal standing on the left, half naked, the chlamys wrapped around legs and rejected on left shoulder; on his hand right he holds an eagle with outstretched wings, and he relies on left hand on a long scepter. In the field to right, the word IliM^I* (TD^n, Tiribaze). Granite around the edge. KL. Ormuzd represented by face, looking to right; he is bearded and his chest is completely bare; its body ends in wings spread out and a dove's tail; of right hand he is holding a crown, and on the left, a lotus flower. JR. 22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 50. — Coll. deLuyms. PI. III, fig. D. 157. Baal standing to the left like above. In the field, on the left, traces of letters (12?). RL. Naked Heracles, standing face, looking to right; of the hand right he leans on his club, and with his left hand he holds his bow; his lion skin is placed on his left arm. 2R. 22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 42. PI. III, fig. 17. 158. Bearded head of Dionysus, right, hair arranged in a roll. P76. Baal standing left, half-naked, as above, holding on to his right hand one eagle wings spread, and leaning on the hand left on a long scepter. In the field, right *1h (HJH, initials of the name of Tiribaze); on the right, the cross anchored S. Granite around the edge. JR. 11. — Persian obolus, o gr. 58. PL III, fig. 18. 2. COINS STRUCK IN SOLI (from 386 to 380 av. AD). 159. Bare and bearded head of Heracles, right, lion skin tied around of the neck. Granite around the edge.
22 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES RL. 20AIK0N. Head of Tiribaze, right, bearded and wearing a tiara Persian. ^23. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 60. PI. III, fig. 19. 160. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 20. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 80. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. III, fig. 20. 161 . Another copy. Corner variety. JR, 21. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 10. PI. III, fig. 21. 162. Same head of Heracles. F/,. 20AE[flN]. Same head of Tiribaze. JR. 20. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. PI. III, fig. 22. 163 . Same head of Heracles, turned to the left. RL. Bust of a woman, face, diademed and the neck adorned with a necklace; a long veil covers her head and falls on each side of her face up to his shoulders. JR, 10. — Persian obolus, o gr. 77. 3. COINS STRUCTURED AT MALLUS (from 386 at 380 av. AD). 164. Diademed head of Aphrodite, on the right, with drop earrings and a necklace of beads, the hair retained in a sphendonium. Granite around the edge. RL. MAA. Head of Tiribaze, on the right, bearded and wearing a Persian tiara, a collar around the neck. JR, 22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 12. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. IV. fig. 1. 165 . Same head of Aphrodite. RL. MAAAnT[fl]N. Even head of Tiribaze. As a counterpoint, a bull on the left, and above, 1 *v (V, Issus?). JR, 22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. PI. IV, fig. 2 (reverse). On this stater the head of the dynast is of a style other than on the previous piece : she is more small and has less relief; the flan is more flat. 166. Bare and bearded head of Heracles on the right, lion skin tied around of the neck. Granite around the edge. RL. MAA. Head of Tiribaze, right, bearded and wearing the tiara Persian, a necklace around his neck. JR, 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 20. Flat flan. PI. IV, fig. 3.
PHARNABAZE 23 TISSAPHERNE CURRENCY MINTED IN ASPENDUS (in 411 av. AD). 167. Bearded head of Tissaphernes, wearing the Persian tiara, right. KL. BA. (PaatXécuç). King Artaxerxes II Mnemon, as a melodious archer phorus, half kneeling, right; he is wearing the cidaris and dressed of the candys raised on the knee; of left hand he holds his bow, and on the right, a javelin. Shallow hollow square. JR. 13 mill. — Rhodian hemidrachm, Igr. 85. — Coll. deLuynes. PI. IV, fig. 4. PHARNABAZE 1. CURRENCY STRUCK IN CYZIQUE (in 410 av. J-.C). 168. OAP[N]ABA. Bearded head of Pharnabazus, wearing the Persian tiara, on the right. KL. Ship's bow on the left, the front elongated like a swan's neck, the side decorated with a griffin; of each side, a dolphin head down; to the exergue, a tuna on the left. Circular hollow area. iïL 23 mill. — Stat. Greek-Asian, 12 gr. 85. PI. IV, fig. 5. 2. COINS STRUCTURED IN C1LICIE (from 379 to 374 av. AD). 169 . 1 1 f ^° y /"nrDJ?!!, Baaltars). Half-naked Baaltars, seated left, on a throne without a back; the god, bearded, has his chest completely bare; her chlamys is wrapped around of his left arm and of his legs; of right hand he leans on a long scepter. ^-- liy^l") **^ (YQ21S \0, Cilicia. Pharnabazus). Head of Ares, wearing the Athenian helmet topped with a crest, left; the god is bearded and he has her chlamys stapled under her neck. M. 21. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 47. PI. IV, fig. 6. 170. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 40. Piece with hole. — Coll. de Luynes.
24 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES 171 . Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 25. — Coll. de Luynes. 172. Another copy. Baaltars' scepter resembles a trident. In the word "pro^O, the form of the resch is barbaric. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 11 gr. 50. PL IV, fig. 7. 173 . Diademed head of the nymph Arethusa, front view, slightly inclined on the left, disheveled hair, the neck adorned with a necklace. Granite. $-• ^ t H liy^ll Cpn TQ21S. Pharnaba^e. Cilicia) on the left. Head of Ares wearing an Athenian helmet topped with a crest, on the left; the god is bearded, and he has his chlamys stapled under his neck. In the field, on the right, the crossed cross Ê. Granite around the edge. JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 24. PL IV, fig. 8. 174. Same head of Arethusa. RL. Same legend, on the right (partly erased). Same head of Ares left; the paragnathid of the helmet is decorated with a griffin's head. In front, the crossed cross Ç . Circle around the edge. JR. 22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 48. 175 Same head of Arethusa. KL. Same legend, on the left. Even head of Ares turned right. In the field, to the right, the crossed cross $. Granite around the edge. JR. 22. — Stat. Persian, 8 gr. 95. Backhand shear cut. — Coll. de Luynes. PL IV, fig. 9 (reverse). 176. Same head of Arethusa. Granite around the edge. RL. H LU (“pn, Ciliciè) on the left. Same head of Ares turned to the left. iR 11. — Persian obolus, o gr. 72. 177. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. n. — Persian obolus, o gr. 68. Coin with hole. — Coll. de Luynes. 178. Same head of Arethusa. fy>- H Lrt (*pn, Ciliciè) on the right. Same head of Ares on the left; in front, the crossed cross Ç. A 11. — Persian obol, o gr. 87. — Coll. de Luynes. PL IV, fig. 10. 179. Variety. The legend is on the left, and the cross on the right, behind Ares' head. J.R., 11. — Persian obolus, o gr. 76. — Coll. de Luynes,
DATA 25 180. 1iy^*n (TQ21S, Pharnaba^e). Head of Ares wearing an atheist helmet nothing, on the left. Behind, the anchored cross. J$L. NATIAIKON. Aphrodite sitting at right, on a throne of which the visible side represents a seated winged sphinx. The goddess is dressed in a long chiton with sleeves and a peplos; with her right hand she holds a coat hook, and on the left she holds a flower to her face. JR. 24. Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 96. DATA 1. COINS STRUCTURED IN CILICIA (378 at 372 av. AD). 181. Diademed head of the nymph Arethusa, seen of face, slightly inclined to the left, her hair disheveled, her neck adorned with a necklace. Gre- netis around the edge. tyL. T Hf M *J f (iDTin, Dating) on the right. Head of Ares wearing helmet Athenian surmounted by a crest, to right; the god, bearded, has his chlamyd stapled under the neck. Granite around the edge. JR. 22 mill. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 65. Two cuts of the shears. PI. IV, fig. 11. 182. Another copy. Corner variety. At right, in countermark, a bull on the right, surmounted by the inscription (,t»y P^3, Baal). JR. 21. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 46. 183 . Same head of Arethusa. RL. T Mf f 4d f, (im^n, Dating) on the left. Same head of Ares on the left. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 26. Piece with hole. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. IV, fig. 12. 184. Another copy. Corner variety. M. 25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 45. To the right, traces of a plunging. 185. Diademed head of Aphrodite, on the right, with drop earrings and a necklace. Granite around the edge. $" i**f 1 *j h (DûVin, Datamé) on the right. Same head of Ares, facing right. Granite around the edge. JR.il. — Persian obolus, o gr. 55. PI. IV, fig. 13.
26 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES 186 Diademed head of the nymph Arethusa seen from the front, disheveled hair, the neck adorned with a necklace. Granite around the edge. Laughed. Tiara bust of Aphrodite right, with pendant earrings and a necklace of large bubbles around his neck. JR. 1 1 . — Persian obolus, o gr. 70. PI. IV, fig. 14. 187. 1 y f> lu y (7"iri;}j!2, Baaltars). Baaltars, seated on the right, on a throne without backrest; the god is bearded, his chest is completely bare, his chlamyd rolled up around of legs; of the hand left he holds a bouquet made of a cob and a bunch of grapes ; of the hand right it carries transversely a surmounted scepter of a eagle. In the field, on the right, a thymiaterion; under the throne, a lotus flower. The all in a crenellated circle which represents the enclosure of a fortress. Laughed. 1 *+f W *i h (lQ"îin, Dating) on the left. The satrap Datame seated on a throne, right; in both hands he holds an arrow that it seems straighten; he is hairstyle of the tiara Persian flattened at the top; sound coat is thrown back on his shoulder, and its anaxyrides are made of fabric squared; a quiver is placed on his knees. In front of him, in the field, a bow; and above, the disc of Ormuzd with six wings. Granite around the edge. JR, 25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 48. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. IV, fig. 15. 188. Variety. Under the throne of Baaltars, a knucklebone. JR. 25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 42. PI. IV, fig. 16. 189. Variety. The symbol which is under the throne of Baaltars is erased. At reverse, in countermark, a bull on the right, surmounted by the inscription tion ti>^ (v^> Baaî) unwelcome to the strike. JR 26. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 10. Shears to the right. 190. Variety. Under the throne of Baaltars, a seated lion, facing right. JR, 22. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 38. 191 The Persian king Artaxerxes II Mnemon, as a melophoric archer, half kneeling to the right, holding a bow in the left hand, and a javelin of the right hand. Granite around the edge. RL. Head of satrap Datame, on the right, wearing a flattened Persian tiara at the top. Granite around the edge. J.R., 1 1 . — Persian obolus, o gr. 68. PI. IV, fig. 17.
DATA 27 192. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 12. — Persian obolus, o gr. 62. — Coll. de Luynes. 193 . | «j j» toy ("nrn}72, Baaltars) on the right. Baaltars, seated on the left on a seat without back and facing forward; his chest is completely naked, her legs wrapped in her chlamys; with the left hand he carries transversely a long scepter surmounted by an eagle; of right hand he holds a bouquet composed of an ear of corn and a bunch grapes; in the field, on the left, a thymiaterion. All in a circle decorated with battlements which represent the enclosure of a fortress. RL. Two deities standing, in front of a temple, looking at each other and separated by a thymiaterion. The temple, to roof flat, is represented by a rectangle decorated internally with a line of rubble and surmounted of a row parapets. The god placed to left is bearded and completely naked ; he stretches out his right arm and hand, and he hold his left hand lowered, with an imperative gesture; behind him, the word + S «fc (fcON, Ana) which is probably her name. The god who is placed on the right appears to be Baaltars; he is bearded and half naked, the chest discovery, the chlamys wrapped around the kidneys and rejected on left shoulder; with his left hand he holds the folds of his chlamys; with the right hand raised to the height of the face he seems to make a gesture which responds to that of its interlocutor. Between Baaltars and the thymia- terion, the word i**j *1 *Jh (IDTin, Dating). JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 60. Backhand shear cut. PL IV, fig. 18. 194. Same right, except Baaltars is seated on the right. Kl. Same reverse; the word -if. S ^ , perhaps cropped, does not appear. JR. 26. — Stat. Persian. 10 gr. 96. — Coll. de Luynes. PL IV, fig. 19. 195 . Another copy. Corner variety (without the word Jf ^ )• JR, 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 30. — Coll. de Luynes. 19th . Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 30. 197. Another copy. Corner variety. M. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 68, — Coll. de Luynes.
28 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES 198. Variety; under the throne of Baaltars, a ibis. At reverse, we bed very distinctly the ^^ {And), behind the character on the left. ^23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 4*2. PI. IV, fig. 20. 199 . Laureate head of Apollo on the left. Circle around the edge. RL. Baaltars seated on the right, as on the previous pieces, with the same attributes. Without legend or crenellated enclosure. Circle united with perimeter. iR 11. — Persian obolus, o gr. 82. PI. IV, fig. 21. 2. CURRENCY MINTED IN SINOPE (around 368 av. AD). 200 . Head of the nymph Sinope, left, with pendants ears, the hair in a sphendon. Granite around the edge. RL. Fish eagle perched on a dolphin, left. In the exergue, the word AATAA. JR. 19. — Aeginetic Drachma, 5 gr. 85. IV, fig. 22. MAZAIOS 1. COINS STRUCTURED IN CILICIA (from 361 to 333 av. AD). 201 . » t| k Coy (7"lP;^!2, Baaltars) on the right. Baaltars seated on the left on a throne without back; the god is bearded; he has the chest completely naked, her chlamys wrapped around her legs; with the right hand he holds a bouquet made of a ear and a bunch of grapes ; of the left hand he leans on a long scepter ending in a flower of lotus. Under the throne, the crossed cross ^. Circle at perimeter. RL. i *i / 14 (HTD, Ma^aios). Lion devouring a half-kneeling deer, on the left. Shallow hollow square. JR. 23 mill. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 85. Shearing blow to the right; traces with a trefoil on the reverse. PI. V, fig. 1. 202. Variety. In the field of the reverse, the letter (}j). To the law, as a result from a hitting accident, the lower part of the type found herself in outside the monetary blank. JR, 22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 90. — Coll. de Luynes.
MAZAIOS 29 203 . Variety. The feet of Baaltars rest on a stepladder decorated with a head of lion front view ; under the throne, there is no symbol. In the reverse field, the letter Q (y). JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 92. — Coll. de Luynes. PL V, fig. 2. 204. Variety. Under the throne of Baaltars, the crossed cross ^ ; in the field of reverse, the letter O Qj). JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 65. — Coll. de Luynes. 205 . Variety. Under the throne of Baaltars, there is no has no symbol; in the field of the reverse, the letter *dd (Q). The hollow square is replaced by a square of grnetis. JR 23. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 42. — Coll. de Luynes. PL V, fig. 3. 206. Variety. Under the throne of Baaltars, the cross ansée Ç ; the field is limited by a grit. On the reverse, the letter **| (D). Circle united with perimeter. JR, 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 56. — Coll. de Luynes. 207. Another copy. Corner variety. JR,2^. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 72. PL V, fig. 4. 208. Variety. Under the throne of Baaltars, a ram's head turned to the right. On the reverse, in the field, the letter V (\27). JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 60. — Coll. de Luynes. PL V, fig. 5. 209 . Another copy. Corner variety. On the reverse , the field letter is trimmed. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 52. 210. Variety. Baaltars' feet rest on a stool ; under the throne, an eagle's head, right. On the reverse, there is no letter in the field. JR.2$. — Stat. Persian, 11 gr. 05. — Coll. de Luynes. 2ii . Without legend. Baaltars seated left, as above ; under the throne there is no symbol. RL. Lion devouring a half-kneeling deer, left. ^.11. — Persian obolus, o gr. 75 . PL V, fig. 6. 212. Head of beardless Heracles, front view, wearing the skin of lion. Granite around the edge.
30 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES RL. Eagle standing left, wings closed, perched on the head of a deer whose antlers rise on each side of the bird. Granite square around the edge. A 12. — Persian obolus, o gr. 48. PI. V, fig. 7. 213. Head young, hairless, of Triptolemus crowned ears, to left. Granite around the edge. RL. Eagle standing left, wings half spread, perched on back of a lion lying on the left. Granite square around the edge. JR, 12. — Persian obolus, o gr. 82. PI. V, fig. 8. 214. 1 ^ k Cyy (THrnyil, Baaltars) on the right. Baaltars seated left on a throne without back and looking straight on; he has the chest whole- lying naked, its coiled chlamys around legs, the feet on a base; on his right hand is placed a eagle, and of this same hand he holds a bouquet composed of an ear of corn and a bunch grape ; with the left hand he leans on a long finished scepter by a flower lotus. In the field, on the left, the letters S 4f (1D, initials of Mallus?). Granite around the edge. ty*- 'IJ'H (HTO, Ma^aios) in top, in letters dotted. Leo devouring a half-kneeling bull, left. Below, H\^ (OD) in dotted letters. Circle around the edge. JR, 25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 92. Shot of shears on the reverse. PI. V, fig. 9. 215 Variety. At right, in the field, on the left, the letters 4| «1 (D~l, initials of Mallus? the resch moved). In the field of reverse 4f i) (DD) in dotted letters. JR, 27. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 50. Backhand shear cut. — Coll. de Luynes. 216. Variety. At right, in the field on the left, the letters fJ|-» (JD, the noun returned); in the reverse field 4f "^ (DD) in point letters- tilled. JR, 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 40. 217 Another copy. Corner variety. JR, 23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 55. Backhand shear cut.
MAZAIOS 3 1 218. Another copy. Corner variety. M. 25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 66. Coin with hole. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. V, fig. 10. 219. Variety. To the right, in the field to the left, the letter R (")). In the field of the reverse H( ij (QD). The letters of the reverse are not pointed tilled. JR. 27. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 60. Piece with hole. PI. V, fig. laughed. 220. Variety. In law, in the field on the left, a indistinct letter. In the backfield, •+/ "h (DD). The letters on the reverse are not not dotted. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 65. 221 . Variety, Without letter in the field, to the right. In the backfield *H "1 (DD). The letters on the reverse are dotted. JR 27. Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 88. Shearing blow to the right. The number 60 was printed on the reverse using a modern punch. 222. Variety. In law, in the field on the left, the letter ^ (~|); under the throne of Baaltars, the letter y/ (D). The reverse is without inscription other than the word H"ÎD in letters no dotted. .^25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 55. Coin with hole. — Coll. de Luynes. 223 . Variety. In law, in the field on the left, the letters f 1 *} (T\S) overwrite seated. In the field of the reverse, the cross <^. JR. 25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 92. Backhand shear cut. 224. Variety. Without letter or symbol, neither in law nor in reverse. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 75 . — Coll. de Luynes. 225. Another copy. Corner variety; barbaric style. JR. 22. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 70. — Coll. de Luynes. 226. Variety. Baaltars looks to the left, and no longer frontally as on the previous pieces; the eagle on his hand was not engraved. JR.23. — Stat. Persian, 8 gr. 36. PI. V, fig. 12. 227. Without legend. Half-naked Baaltars, sitting on a throne and looking at left; with the right hand he is holding a bouquet made of an ear of corn and
32 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES a bunch of grapes; of left hand, it is based on a long scepter. Granite around the edge. RL. Without legend. Eagle, wings half spread, standing left on a plowshare. Granite square around the edge. JR. 13. — Persian obolus, o gr. 82. PI. V, fig. 13. 228 . Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 12. — Persian obolus, o gr. 80. 229. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. n. — Persian obol, gr. 76. — Coll. de Luynes. 230. Same right. RL. Protome of hyena turned to the right, and raising one paw. Above an upside-down croissant. Granite around the edge. A 11. — Persian obol, gr. 60. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. V, fig. 14. 231. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 11. — Persian obolus, o gr. 65. — Coll. de Luynes. 232. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 11. — Persian obol, gr. 68. — Coll. de Luynes. 233. Another copy. Corner variety. On the right, a double beaded finish. JR. 13. — Persian obolus, gr. 50. 234. Variety. At reverse, above the hyena, a star. /Ru. — Persian obol, gr. 62. PI. V, fig. 15. 235 . Variety. Without symbol on the reverse. JR. 11. — Persian obolus, o gr. 66. 236. Bearded head of Baaltars, right. RL. Hyena protome shot right, and raising a paw. At a croissant on top. JR. 10. — Persian obolus, o gr. 65. PI. V, fig. 16. 237. Head of a hairless man, left. RL. Hyena head, right; behind, a crescent. JR. 8. — Persian hemi-obolus, o gr. 25. PI. V, fig. 17. “I
MAZAIOS 33 238. / ^ p Uy (T"in v2, Baaltars) on the right. Baaltars seated on the left on a seat without folder; the god is bearded; he has the chest naked, his . chlamyd rolled up around the legs and of arm left; of the hand right he holds a long scepter topped with a flower of lotus. In the field, on the left, a bunch of grapes and a cob ; under the throne, the letter 4D (Q). Granite around the edge. Ma^aios, governor of the Transeuphratic and of the Cilicia). Two walls parallel (the Pyles of Cilicia) flanked each of four square towers topped with battlements ; above, a lion turned left, devouring a defeated bull, right. Granite perimeter. JR. 25. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 97. PI. V, fig. 18. 239. Variety. At right, in the field, in front the figure of Baaltars, the letter £ (H). The legend on the reverse is partly cropped. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 70. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. V, fig. 19. 240. Another copy. Traces of a trefoiling. JR.26. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 52. — Coll. de Luynes. PI. V, fig. 20 (reverse). 241 . Variety, without the letter K in the right field. JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 95. — Coll. de Luynes. 242. |ijK Loy ("niwJQ, Baaltars). Same type of Baaltars that on the previous group. In front the god, an ear of corn; under the throne the letter T. Granite around the edge. F/,. Without legend. Two walls parallel, and lion devouring a bull, as in the previous group. Upstairs, in the field, a club. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 11 gr. Cut with shears reverse. PI. V, fig. 21. 243 . Another copy. Corner variety, JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 98. Room crude. Shot of shear right. — Coll. de Luynes. BadeloN. — The Achaemt'nid Persians. 3
34 DYNASTS AND SATRAPES 244. Variety. Right, without letter under the throne; on the reverse, in the field the letter B. JR. 23. — Stat. Persian, 9 gr. 53. Shearing blow to the right. — Coll. of Luynes. 245. Bust of Athena, seen from three-quarters left; the goddess has the helmet Athenian to triple egret and to mane floating, of pendants ears, a necklace, and the chest draped. Granite around the edge. RL. Baaltars half naked, sitting on the left on a seat without folder, his chlamyd rolled up around of arm left and of legs, the foot right brought back behind the left foot; of the hand right he leans on a long scepter topped with a lotus flower. In the field, on the left, an ear of corn and a bunch of grapes; to the right the letter B; under the throne, the letter I (initial of Issus' name). Granite perimeter. JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 85. PI. VI, fig. 1. 246. Same head of Athena; on the right and left, the letters 12 (initials of name of Issus). B/,. Same type of Baaltars seated on the left. Under the throne, the letter I. ^23. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 77. 247 . Same bust of Athena; in the field on the left, a bunch of grapes. RL. Same type of seated Baaltars; in the field on the left, a cob and a bunch of grapes. Under the throne, the letter M (initial of the name of Mallus). JR. 27. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 22. PI. VI, fig. 2. 248. Another copy. Corner variety. JR. 22. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 68. Shot of shears to the right. 249 . Variety. On the reverse, under the throne, the letter M, and in the field, to the right, the letter B- JR. 24. — Stat. Persian, 10 gr. 45. — Coll. de Luynes. 250. Same bust of Athena. RL. Mems type of Baaltars seated; in the field on the left, an ear of corn and