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Numismatic Miscellanea, Vol. I — 1892
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r^ ■\ \ ** \ *•>- X ff."^' -,_ { ■ . t A"--'.. ^^mmrr.t..mr:-. . r^ \ _..” «^/. f ■ “. I / V t I ^•; “ . f ;• "i * \ 4 ♦ ê V I ■« * \ H ■iS-^ ^1 -\~ BLENDS 14 1^^ NUMISMATICS BY Mr. Ernest ^ABELON Assistant conservator in the Department of Médatlleft and Antiques of the National Library. FIRST SERIES ACCOMPANIED BY TWELVE BOARDS PARIS AT C. ROLLIN AND FEUARDENT 4, rue de Louvois, 4 Same House, 19, Bloomsbury Street, London 1892 V « ._>.j \ MIXTURES NUMISMATICS MAIN PUBLICATIONS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Historical and chronological description of the coins of Lu Roman Republic, commonly called consumer currencies laries. Two flights. in-8® with vignettes in the text. Paris, Rollin and Feuardent, 1885 (work crowned by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres) 50 fr.
The Cabinet of Antiques at the National Library. Choice of the main monuments of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and of the Renaissance, preserved in the Department of Medals and Antiques from the National Library. A flight. folio (in three fascicles), accompanied by 00 plates. Paris, A. Lévy, 1887-1888 150 fr.
Handbook of Oriental Archeology. Chaldea, Assyria, Persia, Syria, Judea, Phoenicia, Carthage. A flight. in-8'*. Paris, house Quantin, 1888 3 fr. 50
Catalog of Greek coins of the National Library nale. — L The kings of Syria, Armenia and Commagene. A vol. gr. in-8* accompanied by 32 plates. Paris, Rollin and Feuardent, 1890 (Work crowned by the Academy of Inscriptions tions and Belles Lettres i 30 fr.
In press:
Catalog of Greek coins of the National Library nale. — II. The Achaemenid Persians, including coins royal, those of the satraps and dynasts tributary to the great King; the coins of Cy|>re and Phoenicia. Paris, Rollin and Feuardent.
In collaboration:
S. Rëinach and E. Babelon. Archaeological research in Tunisia. National printing office, 8°, 1886.
Fr. Lenormant. Ancient history of the Orient up to the Persian wars, continued (from volume IV) by M. E. Babelon. Six vol. gr. in-8^. Paris, A. Lévy, 1881 to 1888.
HACON, ROT.\T 1 HERES, PRINTERS
BLENDS
NUMISMATICS
BY
Mr. Ernest BABELON
Deputy Curator for the Department of Medals and Antir|ue^
from the National Library.
FIRST SERIES
ACCOMPANIED by DB DOUZK PLANCHIÙS
PARIS
AT C. ROLLIN AND FEUARDKNT
4, rue de Louvois, 4 Same House, Ut, liloomshury Slrcct, London
1892
THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC UBRART
ASTOR, LENOX AND
TILDEN FOU N DATIONS
R 1927 L
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FOREWORD
The collection (VaiticleH that I offer to the public friends of numisniatic studies does not claim to be a book. As indicated in the Table of Contents, it is consists almost exclusively of the dis- varied publications to which various journals have well wanted to grant P hospitality. The allure of novelty fails him; it is of little interest except for me, which I set out to aim, in composing it, to thank my friends for the separate prints they send me. It is for this reason alone that I ask them to accept the cor- dial tribute,
E. B,
February 1892.
THE NEW YORK
PUBLIC LINK TO RY
S32270\
ASTOR, LENOX AND
TILDEN FOUNDAliONS
R 1927 L
ALABANDA and ANTIOCH
CITIES OF CARIA
PL. I.
I
<(The ruins of Antiochia, says Mr. Waddington, are located near the village of lénidjeh, a small distance from the Meander, on the southern bank*. » This town was located almost at the confluence of the Mor- synos* and the Meander, near the border of Lydia and Phrygia.
Alabanda was on the Marsyas, to the southwest of Antioch, far from the confluence of the Marsyas and the Meander. It's Mr. Waddington again who will specify replacement: “the position of Alabanda, he said, "for a long time fixed at Arab-IIissar^ according to ancient texts, by Leake and other geographers, was definitively confirmed by M. Ph. Le Bas, who discovered, an hour and a half from Arab-Hissar market, a milestone, carrying
1. Waddington, Numismatic Journey to Asia^Minor^ p. 43; cf. Fellows, Lyeia, p. 27; Droysen, Hist. of Hellenism, trans. Bouché-Leclercq, t. II, p. 720.
2. Moreynoa is the true name of this river, as Pinder proved from medals {Monataberichie of the Berlin Academy, 1857, p. 476); this name has often been disfigured in various ways, e.g., Korst/nos, Kor^ êymoa, etc.; the manuscripts of Pliny bear Ors in us or Mossinus; Silig a adopted the form Orsinus. (Pliny, Hist. nat., V, 29, 29, ed. Sillig, vol. I, p. 378.)
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the indication: (TAlabanda, 5 miles; my observations- tions made, ÇStrabon in hand, confirm the point in point those of our predecessor*. »
Thus, Antioch on the Meander was relatively very far from Alabanda, the latter town being located^ much further to the southwest, not on the Meander, but on the middle course of the Marsyas, its
flock.
Antioch appears to have originally been called Py thopolis, and having been rebuilt or colonized by Antiochus 1" Soter who gave it his name. However, this assertion is only guaranteed by the testimony of Stephen of Byzantium, who is obscure or rather who does not deserve such absolute confidence as believed some authors. The Byzantine geographer states that the city was originally called Pythopolis and that it was rebuilt by a king of Syria, called Antio- chus, son of Seleucus, in honor of his mother Antiochis. This same Antiochus would have founded Nysa in honor of his wife Nysa, and Laodicea in honor born to his sister Laodice*.
I already had the opportunity', by placing myself at another
1. Waddington, Numismatic Journey to Asia Minor, p. 40. Cf. Ch. Diehl and G. Cousin, in the Bull. corr. hellén., t. X, 1886, p. 299.^
2 'EvBExàTT] (*Aviio'xÊt«) Kapi'aç, f) iiç xa\ nuOoiuoXiç exaXEtTO. Avt'.ox« vàp xto SsXeuxou TpeTç Tuvaîxeç IjtéaTr^aav Svap, xxlaai iioXiv £v Kapîa Ixiorr) XeVouàa- ô 8th GTCoXaSàv -rijv tir)TEpa xa\ n6kiii' inà [xkv T^ç (iSeXç^ç Aao5îxr,ç AaoSCxeiav, (xtîo 8à x^ç pvatxoç Nu(J7]ç Nû ^T^eilois of Syria, Armenia and Commagene (Catalogue of coins of the National Library), Introd., p. cxcv. — 3 — point of view than the one I am considering at the moment, to say that we cannot have confidence in the story of Stephen. Indeed, it is an Antiochus, son of a Seleucus^ who is not otherwise specified^ but which cannot be, if we accept this filiation, that 'Antiochus P' Soter or Antiochus III the Great; gold, neither of these two princes had a mother an Antiochis and for wife a Nysa. From another side, Droysen* has already observed that Etienne seems to understand make an inadvertence when he asserts that Antioch was originally called Py thopolis, a name which derives from that of the rich Pythes, contemporary of Xerxes; in indeed, in the article Py thopolis^ he says, on the contrary, that this name was the original appellation of Nysa of Caria. It is true that he states elsewhere that Nysa was called originally Athymbra. In short, it is impossible to untangle the truth in the midst of all these confusions; we do not know positively or whether Antioch on the Meander was originally called Pythopolis, nor if his name was changed to Antiochus P*" rather than Antiochus II or by Antiochus III. The currencies do not tell us nothing about these two points; they appear elsewhere, as we will see more far, do not go back to the time of Antiochus 1" or Antiochus III, that is to say until the time of the foundation of the new colony.
The text of Stephen of Byzantium is more precise regarding Alabanda; as it contains very interesting data from a numerical point of view matically, I will be allowed to give the translation:
1. Uist. of Tkellenism, t. II, p. 719; cf. p. 713.
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Eckhel's opinion was accepted by most numismatists. Mionnet described in Antioch on the Meander the coins to the type of Pegasus*. MM. Wad- dington' and Leake* did the same, despite the previous hesitations of Borrell*; Droysen pulls away in Eckhel's opinion. I note, however, that Mr. Head did not fall into the same error and which it indicates should be classified in Alabanda the Pegasus type coins which bear the legend ANTIOXEflN*. Finally, in his latest publication numismatic cation, Mr. Imhoof-Blumer adopts the ancient errors and does not distinguish in Caria two Antioch, as he classified Antioch on the Meander a small piece of bronze with the types of the head of Apollo and Pegasus galloping'.
Despite the authority of eminent scholars including me have just mentioned the names, I think it is necessary, for the reasons that I will list, coming back to the opinion formulated by old Pellerin.
1. The text of Stephen of Byzantium is formal, and as it is confirmed by the monetary types silence, there is no reason to revoke it in doubt: Alabanda carried for some time the name of Antioch.
2. We should not be surprised if this name of Antioch,
1. Mionnet, Descr, t. \U, p. 313; Supplement, t. VI, p. 446.
2. Waddington, Journey to Asia Minor from the numismatic point of view, p. 42, and Mixtures of numismatics, 2* series (1867), p. 6.
3. Leake, Numism, hellenica. Asiatic Greece, Addendum, p. 143.
4. Borrell, in Numism. Chronicle, t. IX (1846), p. 146.
5. Droysen, History of Hellenism, vol. II, p. 719.
6. Barclay Head, HisU numorum, p. 519.
7. Imhoof Blnmcr, Griechische Munzen, p. 662, n*409.
applied to Alabanda, did not leave traces in history, because it was only used for a very short time, and only for a short period of reign of Antiochus III the Great. Indeed, if Alabanda had took the name Antioch from the reigns of Antiochiff 1" or Antiochus II, it is likely that she had it kept at least until Antiochus III, i.e. say until the moment she escaped the domination tion of the Seleucids. However, we see that Ala- banda still has its original name in the year 197 before AD, because it appears, on this date, under the name of Ala- banda among the Asian cities allied to Rome against Philip V of Macedonia*. On the other hand, from the year 189, that is to say immediately after the defeat from Antiochus III to Magnesia, while the Seleucids lost Asia Minor without hope of return, we let's see Alabanda cited under this name among the cities who threw themselves into the arms of the Romans, and since At this time, Alabanda never ceased to serve the cause of Rome, of which she was always the faithful ally. So therefore, it was only in the period between 197 and 189 that Alabanda bore the name of Antioch; we can conjecture that she changed her name to the honor of the king of Syria, after the latter had captured Ephesus in 197. This is the moment when Antio- Chus III colonized Asia Minor: he transported especially in Lydia and Phrygia two thousand families Jews of Babylonia and Mesopotamia.
3. The style of coins with head types
1. Polybius, XVI, 24; Tilc-Livc, XXXII, 18; cf. Diehl and Cousin, in the Bull. corr. htlL, t. X, p. 303.
— 8 —
of Apollo and the galloping Pegasus relate well at the time of Antiochus III, and there is, on this side, no obstacle to attributing to this period the mon- follow the legend ANTIOXEflN.
4. One of the arguments invoked by Eckhel for maintain that the currencies in question are the pro- result of a monetary alliance between Alabanda and Antioch on the Meander is that we find some names of magistrates both on the documents at the legend AAABANAEHN and on those which bear ANTIOXEflN. This reason even seemed peremptory to most numismatists. However, in my opinion, it proves, on the contrary, the identity of the city of Alabanda and the city of Antioch, and here is how ment. The names of magistrates that we meet at both with the name of Alabanda and the name of Antioch, are only three in number: they are Méné- keys, Menestlieus* and Timocles. I don't know any others'. However, we will simply conclude that the town of AIabanda changed its name to of Antioch while these three magistrates were in office and were responsible for minting money. This is only very natural: the magistrates monetary institutions were three in number in Rome, Athens and a large number of other cities.
1. Meneatheus and not Meneutheus, as Mionnet read, or Peresiheus^ as read by Combe, Hunier Museum, pi. v, n* 7.
2. Mionnet, in a note on p. 305 (t. V of its Description), designates the name AHMHTPIOZ as being with the inscription AAABAN' AEON- But that’s a mistake; this name of magistrate only appears with ANTIOXEON. Mionnet's error seems to me to come from the fact that this author misinterpreted what Eckhel said, Doctr. num. vet., t. II, p. 672.
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They were perhaps strategists like in Athens *; at least, this conjecture is based on an inscription tion found near AIabanda, which mentions a Ménécles who could be the same as that of currencies, and which is qualified in the epigraphic text phique crrpaTTJYOc; èul X
1. Th. Reinach, The Strategists on Currencies and Athens, in the Revue des Greek studies f 1888.
2. Hauvcttc-Bcsnault and M. Dabois, daD8 le Bull, de corr, hell,, t. V, 1881, p. 180.
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Galloping Pegasus, which one would like to classify in Antioch on the Meander: these are the types of Alabanda, and in the hypothesis that we are fighting, it would be necessary admit that the association does not manifest itself on the currencies by no external sign. The types by- individuals at Antioch on the Meander are not found not reproduced; this city renounces all symbols and it completely abdicates its monetary autonomy to take exclusively the types of Alabanda, his associate. This is hardly likely.
6. The galloping Pegasus type has its reason for being Alabanda; it is explained by the fable reported Stephen of Byzantium, in the passage cited above, since the name of Alabanda itself would be derived from two Carian words, ala^ a cheval, » and handa^ « vic- tory,” which would allude to equestrian success won by Caros the founder of the city, or to Evippos, the protective genius of the racecourses. Pegasus has nothing to do with Antioch on the Meander, of which the monetary types are completely different.
7. One last remark. We know that a very many of the cities of Asia Minor often have for the type of their coins a horned bison: it is therefore not surprising to meet him on coins from Antioch-Alabanda, as well as on pieces of Antioch on the Meander, although the mon- watering of these two cities is completely independent
from each other. But when currencies appear hold on to this last workshop, we still see under the bison the square detours of the Meander*, while they
1. Waddingtoii, Mixture of numismatics, t. I (1861), p. 30.
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never appear, and for good reason, on the currencies of Antioch-Alabanda.
II
I have brought together on plate I a few pieces of AIa- banda and Antioch on the Meander, which I go describe and explain. They are divided into three groups. 1. Coins of Alabanda. 2. Coins of An- tioche-Alabanda. 3. Coins of Antioch on the Meander.
1. Coins of Alabanda.
i. Laureate head of Apollo on the left. Grèneti is erased.
1^. AAABANAEON. Galloping Pegasus, right; below, inkPATHZ. — At 29 mill. Tetradr., 16 gr. 45. — Cabinet of Medals. PI. I, fig. 1.
This tetradrachm was described by Mionnet [Descr. t, III, p. 305, n** 6). We only reproduce it here to serve as a term of comparison with the mon- naies of Antioch-Alabanda which will be discussed throughout on time. Mionnet read the name of magistrate ZOKPATHZ instead of IflKPATHZ; the fl is, in truth, unwelcome when typing.
2. Laureate head of Apollo right, hair braided and raised at the nape of the neck.
^. AAABAN I AEON . Pegasus galloping, right; below, KA. Laurel wreath around the edge.
iR 26. Tridrachm, 12 gr. 16. — Cabinet of Medals. PI. I, fig. 2.
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3. Same head of Apollo.
^. AAABAN I AECON. Tripod topped with cor- tine; in the field, on the left, a helmet(?); to the exergue, l€. Laurel wreath around the edge.
iR 23. Didrachm, 7 gr. 10 (hole part). Office Medals. PI. I, fig. 3.
This didrachm and tridrachm n** 2 do not appear do not belong to the same group as the tetradrachm n** 1. This is what their style, their types, the shape of the letters, the crown laurel which surrounds the reverse. If the group represents felt by tetradrachm no. 1 goes back to the time contemporary of Antiochus III the Great, I am carried to believe that a fairly long space of time separates him of the group represented by exhibits n**' 2 and 3. These the latter were certainly only struck after the year 168 BC, a time when the Roman Senate having declared free Caria and Lycia*, the coinage autonomous was able to resume its course for an inter- broken after the defeat of Antiochus III in 189. The tridrachm is a very rare division in the autonomous coinage of the cities of Asia Minor. M. Feuardent has a variety of the one we let's publish, which weighs 11 gr. 45; in front of the Pegasus monogr. L^. As for the letters l€ that we read on our didrachm, it is probably not a date; I prefers to see the initials of a magistrate's name there (lepa^, lepoxXfjç, lepcDv, etc.).
1. Polybius, XXX, 5; T. Liv., XLV, 25.
— 13 —
2. Coins of Antioch-Alabanda,
4. Laureate head of Apollo, left. Granite.
1^. ANTIOXEflN. Pegasus galloping, right; below, XPYIOrONOZ. — iR 29. Tetradr. 16 gr. 60. — Cab. Medals. PI. I, fig. 4.
5. Same head of Apollo.
]^. ANTIOXENN. Galloping Pegasus, left; below, a monogram composed of the letters TE.
iR 35. Tetradr. 16 gr. 45. — Cab. Medals {ColL de Luynes), PI. I. fig. 5.
It is enough to compare tetradrachm n"* 4 with the one we described under number 1, to be struck by the identity of types and style, indicated by Pellerin. We will not return to this point. The tetradrachm n"" 5 offers particularities to be noted: the monogram which represents the name of the magistrate, the direction given to Pegasus, finally, the extreme width ger of the flan. This exceptional dimension of the flan is yet another argument that we could invoke in favor of the identity of Antioch and Alabanda, because we find the same module given to tetra- drachmas with the legend AAABANAEON. The number 4 of Mionnet in particular, with AAABANAEON AlOfENHZ has up to 37 millimeters in diameter.
The series includes drachmas and tetra- drachmas as with the name Alabanda. Here are the names of the magistrates that I noted on these mounts Antioch-Alabanda Islands:
MENEKAHI (Mionnet, Descr., no. 53);
- 14 —
MENEZ6EYZ, rectified reading (Mionnet, Descr. n** 54; Supplement^ n*** 57 and 67);
TIMOKAHI (Mionnet, Descr., n"' 55 and 56);
To these silver coins, it is necessary to add a small bronze piece which is also the types of the head of Apollo and the galloping Pegasus, and which bears the name of the magistrate API1TEY2*.
Finally, among the bronze coins with others types, classified so far at Antioch on the Meander, there are a few which surely seem to me belong to Antioch-Alabanda. In the boxes of Cabinet of Medals, I find the following, which are without the name of a magistrate:
6. Laureate head of Apollo, left.
Cf. ANTIO I XEON. Horned Zebu, right.
iR 19 mill. — Cabinet of Medals. PI. I, fig. 6.
The type of law on this piece is identical to that of silver coins; as for the reverse, it is
1. Waddington, Mixture of numismatics, 2* series (1867), p. 6 and pi. i, fig. 6. The copy in Mr. Waddington's collection was in the treasure from Amasia, with tetradrachms from the first Seleocids and especially of Antiochus III; the same find also contained other tetradrachms of Antioch of Caria, with different names of magistrates as H. Waddington don't count. Cf. Eckhel, Doctr. num. vet.^ t. II, p. 572, and Pinder, Die antiken Mûnzen d. Koenigl. Museums, p. 66.
2. Imhoof-Blumer, Griech. Munzen, p. 662, n* 409.
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similar, except for the legend, to coins of bronze which bear AAABANAEON.
7. Laureate head of Apollo, left.
^. ANTIO I XEflN. Horned Zebu, right; des- under, the monogram f^ (?).
M 13 mill. — Cabinet of Medals. PI. I, fig. 7.
8. Lyra.
!>". ANTIO I XEON. Zebu turned left.
M 11 mill. — Cab. Medals. PI. I, fig. 8.
This small bronze coin is identical to a piece that wears AAABAN | AEON, with this single difference that the zebu is turned to the right, instead of to look left; a copy of the mon- born in the name of Alabanda, published a few years ago years, by Mr. Imhoof-Blumer*, will make it easy to comparison.
We cannot deny, it seems, that these connections ments are completely conclusive in favor of the thesis that we have supported. Let us add that, a once these pieces were removed from the Antioch suite on the Meander, we realize at first glance that the types of the latter city, as well as the style of its coins, have nothing in common with those of Antioch-Alabanda. We can therefore con- conclude that the study of currencies confirms the assertion of Stephen of Byzantium. Alabanda bore the name of Antioch under Antiochus III the Great, from 197 to 189 before our era, and it was during this short period that the currencies we have just described
1. In the Numismatische ZeiUchrift of Vienna, vol. XVI (1884), p. 267, n* 90.
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were hit. We know that many others cities of Asia Minor, Tralles, Tarsus, Mallus, Âdana, etc., temporarily bore the name of Antioch; Seleucus I" Nicator founded, for his part only, up to sixteen Antiochs, and often even the territory of these homonymous towns was limited trophy. Practical difficulties and confusions daily which were the result of this homonym official mie, contributed as much as the circum- political authorities, to push most of these cities to quickly resume their old names, as soon as the masters who had imposed on them the appellation com- mune had disappeared.
3® Coins of Antioch on the Meander.
The following tetradrachm was recently acquired by the Cabinet of Medals:
Laureate head of Zeus right. Granite around the edge.
^. ANTI I OXE I ON, in three lines in the field, on the right. Eagle standing left, on thunderbolt; in front, lOA. Around the edge, a circle of meanders squares.
iR 29 mill. 16 gr. 66. — Cab. Medals. PI. I, fig. 9.
This magnificent tetradrachm is unpublished. The detours of the Meander which appear around the edge of the reverse do not allow us to hesitate to classify it in Antioch of Caria rather than any other city of the same name. The type of the eagle is found on coins of
— 17 —
bronze*; the magistrate is probably called SoXcov. The style does not seem very old, I would hardly far from believing that the coin was issued alone- ment after 168 BC, when the Roman senate had, as we have already said, declared free the Caria and Lycia. It is, in this classification, the oldest piece of Antioch on the Meander, this which is easily explained, because if this city was founded by Antiochus III, she probably did not have the time to mint currency before the defeat of this prince, and it was only later, in 168, that she obtained this privilege from the Romans.
From this tetradrachm we must compare the drachmas which meet the following description:
Laureate head of Apollo, right.
See ANTIOXEflN. Zebu crouching, left, on the detours of the Meander. Below, a variable name of magistrate. Laurel wreath around the edge.
The names of magistrates that I noted on this part are as follows:
AIOTPE0HI (Coll. Loebbecke) "; MENEOPnN (formerly coll. Iwanof)'; MEAE...(formerly Fox coll.)*.
A fourth copy, kept in the Cabinet des Medals, bears an illegible magistrate's name, but which is certainly not one of the previous three:
1. Mionnet, Descr., t. III, p. 314, nos. 57 and 58.
2. Time. fûrNumi8m.,%. XII (1885), p. 322.
3. Catal. of sale of the coll. Iwanof (London, 1863), n* 335; Leak Numism. hellen. Asiatic Greece^ Addendum, p. 143.
4. Fox, Engraving Coins, 2* part., no. 93.
has
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the first letter is an A. The uncertainty of reading made us judge it unnecessary to reproduce this room.
It is undoubtedly necessary to relate to the same series the bronze coins which have, on the right, the head of the god Mên on a crescent, and on the reverse, a zebu between the word ANTIOXEON and a variable name of magistrate. But the only two names whose reading appears some are those of HPIAOX.. and AlONYZ., published by Mr. Imhoof-Blumer*; those which are given by Mionnet', according to Ramus, are mutilated, misread, and do not deserve any trust.
I must say, moreover, since the opportunity arises presents, that the chapters of Mionnet concerning Alabanda and Antioch have to be completely redone. Not only a certain number of new parts They were acquired by museums, or published by various scholars, MM. Waddington, Imhoof-Blu- Wed. Fox, Leake, Friedlaender, Loebbecke, in the memoirs to which I had to refer during this note; but in his very catalog, Mionnet made a series of serious errors and confusions, describing, without realizing it, the same things twice pieces, making fanciful attributions, readings impossible. It would be long and tedious to list absorb these faults; better to simply warn reader and wait for a new digital monograph matic of Caries, which may not take long to be offered to us.
1. Greek coins t p. 304, n** 3.
2. Mionnet, Suppl, n** 68, 69, 70.
FOUR BRONZE MEDALLIONS
FROM ASIA MINOR PI. II.
The Cabinet of Medals recently acquired location of the four large medallions, struck in three different cities in Asia Minor, which are located photographed on our plate II; although two of them have already been reproduced*, I will be informed grateful, I hope, to present them specially to the readers of the Re(^ue^ because of their beauty except- tional, because they can be considered as corner flower, and we know how rare the Greek medallions in this state of conservation. The most of those which are contained in collections public authorities are, from this point of view, very deficient killers: and this is all the more regrettable since their legends are more developed than those of the pieces of the ordinary module, and that their types include naturally details and particularities which could exist on a blank of smaller dimensions. It is therefore true good fortune to be able to study at ease and without the need for resort to conjectures and restitution of types or crude legends, some of these monuments ments that are among the greatest than art monetary ever produced.
1. These are medallions n** 3 and 4: I had them reproduced in the work posthumous by Fr. Lenormant, Coins and medals, pp. 181 and 182.
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I. — Cyzicus
Convenient. A AYP KOMOAOC KAICAP r€P CEB YOC
(Aotîxtoç AùpiQXioç K6(JLoSoç Katcrap Fepjjiavixoç SeêacjToO Oéç). Bust of young Commodus, right, head naked, shoulders covered with paludamentum. Gre- netis around the edge.
See KYZI I KHNHN | N€OKO (in three lines in the field). Galley with a row of rowers on the bridge, sailing to the right. The bow is decorated with a figure of Triton blowing his trumpet; the stern, very curved, is surmounted by Taplustre and two military ensigns at the foot of which we sees the celestial, seated, clapping his hands. Under the galley, a dolphin and a tuna swimming in direction reverse. Granite around the edge.
I 35 miUim. PI. II, fig. 1.
This medallion is perhaps the most completeness that numismatics provides to the study of naval archaeology. We can very clearly distinguish- ments all the details of a ship's rigging; under Taplustre (àçXacTTOv), we see the xeXeuaTiQ;, that the Latins called hortatoî\ ju$sor\ symphoniacus\ he sits under a small tent, and his function consists of bringing down hands at regular intervals, and to sing the celeusma which had the effect of har- monize the cadence of the oars and excite the energy rowers. We particularly note, the rear, a sort of large mast which protrudes the apluster, diagonally, behind the legion eagles
— 21 —
naries: it is Tétai called by PoUux (ttuX^ç, and by Eustathe oruXioxoç, who supported Taplustre*, and with the help of which this ornament formed of boards dis- posed in a rooster's tail, could be more or less curved or developed.
We only emphasize these details because we distinguishes them better on our medallion than on the other coins of Cyzicus of the galley type, i.e. that the ship presents itself, as here, sailing to right, or, on the contrary, he goes to the left and shows its other side*, or finally that it is equipped with veils like on a medallion of young Faustine', or of Commodus himself*.
Among these various representations of galleys, the the most interesting feature we can quote is provided to us by a large medallion of Young Faustine, in the Cabinet of France'. On this piece, of unfortunate poor preservation- ment, we see a galley similar to that which appears on the medallion of Commodus, and in addition, we reads on the bow, next to the rudder, the inscription following, in two lines:
XAIPE nOAl
At first glance, we could consider this exclamation this /^atpe, iioXi", as a greeting
1. A. Gartanlt, The Athenian trireme ^ p. 97; cf. Tart. Seewesen in the Denkmàler de» klastiêchen Aueriuma de Baumeister.
2. Mionnet, Descr., t. II» p. 539, n* 176.
3. Mionnet, Deser., t. II, p. 543, n* 198.
4. Mionnet, Descr., t. II, p. 544, n* 209.
5. Mioonet, Descr., t. II, p. 542, n* 193.
_ 22 _
or a farewell of the Cyzicenian sailors to their homeland, Or even as forming the beginning of one of these popular chants sung by sailors during their travels; but the comparison with the inscription another medal will allow us to offer a more scientific interpretation.
Eckhel gave, with this science and this certainty of criticism from which he rarely deviates, a strong ingenious explanation of the legend of a coin of Ephesus, with the effigy of Philip father, which is linked closely to the Cyzicenian pieces that we let's study here. On this currency, which is also of the type of a galley, we read €0€CinN-A-KATAnAOYC*. A passage from Ulpien', relating to the departure of magistrates Romans in the provinces, is the commentary direct from this guy and this legend. Upon arriving in his province, the proconsul was received with the greatest honors and he did in the metropolis a triumphant entry. In the province of Asia, where he could only enter by sea, his arrival was called xaTdtuXouç {adnavigatio)^ and he was to approach first in Ephesus, the first metropolis {inter urban matrices Ephesum primant attingere). Thus, according to this testimony, concludes Eckhel, it is the entrance of the proconsul's ship in the port of Ephesus, which is designated on the currency by the word xaTauXouç, and the letter A in the legend means that Ephesus was the first city in Asia visited
1 Mionnet, Suppl, t. VI, p. 188, n-719; cf. Eckhel, D. N. K., t. H, p. 518.
2. Ulpian, Digat-t I, 16, 4, §5; cf. J. Marquardt, Romiache SiaaUverwal" tungf 2* ed. (Leipzig, 1881), p. 337. (Handbach der rdmischen Alterihttmer), and WaddiDgton, Feutet deê prouincet atiatiqueêt p. 15 and 16.
_ 23 —
by the proconsul (irpâiTo<; xai:àitXou<;, prima adnavi-- gatio ad Ephesiorum urbem).
This interpretation, so judicious and so interesting seems to us to shed some light on the legend Cyzicenian: KAIPE TTOAI. After visiting Ephesus, the proconsul traveled successively through the cities main areas of its province, especially the cities which, like Cyzicus, claimed the title of metropolis *; like any new civil servant, he arrived mouth full of promises, and he was welcomed with demonstrations of joy. On the ship that bore, the inscription at ^arpe, iroXt » was an advance flattering gesture made to the city he was going to visit, a wish welcome.
Each new proconsul had recourse to a process of his choice, to a particular currency for win the votes of the cities he was to administer nistrer: it is in this sense, very probably, that we must seek to explain another great mis- daillon of Cyzicus, in the type of the galley and with the effigy of Hadrian: on this new piece, we read, at above the ship, the word €YTYX€CTATOY, the in- interpretation repelled Eckhel himself*.
While indicating the path in which we must search, I do not dare to formulate hypotheses, not being by no means certain that the form of the masculine genitive, given by the old Ennery catalog, or cor- read correctly. Perhaps we should understand:
1. Marqaardt, Rômische Staatswesen, t. I, p. 343.
2. Donkey. coll. from Ennery. Eckhel, D. N. V., t. II, p. 454, and Mionncl, Suppl., t. V, p. 318, n* 223.
— .24 —
eÙTuj^eoTaTou (àvôùiraTOu xaToicXouç), the proconsul timant very happy to approach among citizens so devoted and so eager to welcome you *.
This is the interpretation which seemed to me the most natural of these curious legends, and I do not believe not that these inscriptions relate to, for example, to nautical festivals which would have been celebrated in the port of Cyzicus, like the names of ships, AAKA, EAEYeEPIA, EYKAEIA. EYNOMIA, KOPKYPA, etc., which we read on coins from Corcyra*.
Chest of drawers, A AYP KOMOAOC KAICAP r€P C£B YOC Bust of young Commodus, right, bare head, shoulders covered with paludamentum. Granite perimeter.
^. KYZIKHNflN N€OKOPnN. Naked warrior, standing, on the left, her chlamys on the shoulder and left arm, and leaning with his right hand on his spear. Granite around the edge.
M 35 mm. Beautiful greenish patina. PI. II, fig. 2.
The same type of backhand, that is, a warrior naked, standing, leaning on his spear, appears on a quite a large number of coins from Cyzicus the imperial era. It is marked with the effigy of Trajan, by Antoninus the Pious, by Young Faustina, by Lucius Verus, of Commodus. Mionnet designates this
1. On a coin from Laodicea in Phrygia, with the effigy of Coracalla.on has the legend 6YTYX6IC KAIPOI which corresponds to the legend FELICIA TEMPORA of Roman coins. Mionnet, Dcscr., t. IV, p. 329, n* 776; B.Head, Hiat. num,, p. 566.
2. B. Head, Hist. numerum, p. 277; cf. P. Garduer, in the Journal of heUenic Siudie”, t. II, p. 96.
— 25 —
warrior simply under the name of "Young Man", and he sometimes even confuses him with Hermes. He is not there is no doubt that we must recognize the epochal hero there name of the city, Cyzicus. Indeed, on currencies struck in association by Cyzicus and Ephesus, or through Cyzicus and Smyrna we see the same hero, designated by its name, KYZIKOC, standing, leaning on his spear. In Ephesus, he shakes hands with another engineering, €
Cyzicus, son of the Thessalian ^Eneos and through him grand- son of Apollo, founded Cyzicus where he reigned during the Argonauts expedition. Advised by an oracle, he welcomed the bold navigators favorably, and he offered their leader Jason generous hospitality. tality. But some time before, Cyzicus, ardent hunter, had killed one of the consecrated lions
1. Eckhel, Doctr. num. vet., L II, p. 453; Suppl., t. VI, p. 143, n* 419.
2. Greenwell, The eiecirum Coinage o[ Cyzicut, p. 92, n* 80 and pi. rv, 1.
3. Mionnct, Detcr., t. II, pp. 533 et seq.
— 26 —
to Cybèle in the forest of Mount Dindyme: this recklessness was to be his downfall. One day he fought with the Argonauts to repel a attack of the Pelasgians, Jason, inadvertently, trans- pierced with his spear. The Dolions and the Argonauts, gathered in common pain, made him lavish funerals and games were celebrated in his honor*.
Such was, according to Apollonius of Rhodes and Valerius Flaccus, the career of the mythical hero that the Cyzicenians honored him as the founder of their cited*. An inscription from the imperial era learns that a statue had been erected in Cyzicos as xtiœtyjç of the city, and that it had to be repaired, under the archonship of C. Julius Seleucus and Aurelius Pacidianus Agathémerus*.
Since there was a statue of the founder in Cyzicus eponym Cyzicos, which was restored with great effort fresh in the second century AD, we cannot hesitate to consider the type of our medallion as reproducing this statue itself. In effect, the persistence on currencies, of the type of Cyzicus standing, leaning on his spear, is already carrying think that it is a reproduction of a statue. On the other hand, this monetary type has a sculptural appearance undeniable; we will even say that his attitude per-
1. His tomb is mentioned by Dcilochus, Scol. in ApoU. Rhod., I, 1061.
2. Eckhel, D. N. V., t. II, p. 4B3.
3. Here is the text of this mutilated inscription: KûÇixov xiiorr^v ij izokiç iiz\ apyovTwv tûv 7C£pi F. 'louXiov 2Aeuxov, Oov ap)^iEpé(oç, TcpovoTjaavxcDV ttjÇ avaoïaaEco; xat tou aia.... tcov avSpiavTcov xoajjiou tou Oeaipou ev ttj âauiûv apy^^ r. louXiou DeXejxov x«l ...A'jpr^Xiou IlocxtSiavou *Ay*Otî(jlIpou. Boeckb, C, /. Cr., n* 3667.
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recognizes in him a work that has undergone the distant inspiration of the famous canon of Polycleitos.
Everyone knows that, among the numerous works of Greek sculptor who was the worthy emulator of Phidias, the one who had the most notoriety in antiquity was the statue of a young man, referred to as Dory- phorus or “lance holder”. The Colorado potato beetle represented a young man who has reached the fullness of his development physical strength, completely naked, holding his spear with the right hand, the left foot brought back, so as to bear the entire weight of the body on the right leg. It was a masterpiece to the point of anatomical view, if ancient authors are to be believed, and it remained the classic model, the canon of Greek sculptors up to Lysippus. No need to recall at greater length these notions that we will find developed in all the related works to Greek sculpture*; I will only insist on one more point: it was Polyclitus who imagined to support, in his statues, everything the weight of the body by a single leg: proprium ejus est^ says Pliny (XXXIV, 56), ut uno crure insis- tér signed excogitasse.
Let us compare the statue of the hero Cyzicus, on the coins, with the replicas of the Doryphorus which have reached us, and we cannot ignore a certain analogy, if not even resemblance
1. See in particular: O Rayet, Monuments de Part antique^ 4* book; E. Babelon, The Cabinet of Antiques of the National Library^ pp. 41 to 45; art. Polykleitos, in Baumeister's Denkmaler; P. Paris, The ancient sculpture, p. 256; and for texts relating to the Doryphorus: J. Oyerbeck, D'ie antiken Schrifîquellen zur Geschichte der Bildenden Kùnste bfi den Gricken, p. 170 to 172.
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white. It's the same bearing, the same attitude, the same flexibility, same proportions. We can let us therefore conclude from this characteristic rapprochement tick, that the currencies provide us Tiniage of a statue of Cyzicus, sculpted by an artist who, as a result of an inveterate tradition in the schools of sculpture, seems to have taken the task of conforming to the canon of Polykleitos.
The two medallions of Cyzicus, from which we come to analyze the types, have the same right: both heads of young Commode appear struck with help from a single corner. Legend proves that these pieces were issued during the lifetime of Marcus Aurelius, father of Convenient, while the latter was still only Caesar. It corresponds to that of coin currencies Roman which is designed as follows: L*AVREL-COMMODVS CAESAR AVG'FIL-GERM. We know that Commodus, who was born in 161, the same year of the advent of Marcus Aurelius, received with his brother, Annius Verus, the title of Caesar^ from the year 166, then which he took with Marcus Aurelius the title of Germanicus in 172; finally Commodus was associated with the empire with the title of Au- taste in 177*. It is therefore between the years 172 and 177 that our medallions were struck at Cyzicus. The form ùoç for ùtoç is often found in inscriptions and sometimes also on coins: Mr. Waddington pointed this out, in particular, on a bronze coin from Acmonia, with the effigy of Elagabalus*.
1. Eckhel, D. N. V., t. VII, p. 102; G- Wilmanns, Exempta inscr. Latin. y t. II, p. 515.
2. Waddington, Voyage numUm. in Asia Minor, p. 6, n* 7 and p. 8.
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r
II. — Ephesus.
Macrinus. AVT K M On€A C€OYH MAKP€INOC. Bust of Macrinus, on the right, laureate head, covered chest green of the breastplate. Granite around the edge.
9'. € M 37 mm. PI. II, fig. 3. Another bronze medallion of Macrinus, since long known, has a similar type of reverse*; but this piece, kept in the Cabinet of France, is very crude, and, moreover, if we compare it with the medallion that we have just described, we will note significant differences. The word BflTA is found in the exergue, and, in the pediment of the temple, it seems to distinguish an eagle with outstretched wings. At place of five figures, standing, raising their hands around the bull and the altar, there are minus ten which are scattered to the sides of the building. We can judge by this example of the freedom of style that engravers sometimes took different to interpret the same scene or reproduce produce the same monument.
1« Mionnet, Deier, t. HI, p. 110, n* 368.
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The temple represented on these medallions is not not the famous sanctuary of Artemis, which forms so- wind the type of reverse of the coins of Ephesus in the Roman era. It is the temple of the neocorate, elevated on the occasion of the accession of Macrinus, or rather in which the statue of Macrinus was substituted for the place of that of deceased emperors. We recognize will be born easily, looking through a magnifying glass, the figure of Macrinus himself, veiled as a pontiff and well characterized by his ugliness and his turned-up nose. On a few rooms, we see the temple of Artemis at next to that of the emperor. A locket of Cara- calla carries for type the temple of Artemis, docked of those of Caracalla and Geta, and these emperors there are figured, both, in the given attitude, here, àjMacrin*. Other medallions have up to four temples: those of Septimius Severus, of Julia Domna, of Caracalla and Geta*.
As for the word BflTA for VOTA, it is found quite frequently on medals and insignia descriptions*. We also find CEBHPOC for CEOYHPOC, and on coins from Ephesus itself, we have frequently BAAEPIANOC for OYAAEPIANOC. The ins- cription BflTA alludes to the sacrifice represented on the piece, and to the wishes formulated in this circumstance for the prosperity and health of the new emperor.
1. Mionnet, Detcr., t. ttï, p. 107, no. 347.
2. Mionnet, Sup^i., U Vf, p. 164, n* 563; cf. p. 173, n* 623 (wrongly attributed in Elagabalus).
3. Eckbel, D. ^. F., t. li, p. 517 and 518.
_ 31 —
III. ACMONIA.
Gordian the Pious. AYT K M ANTfl TOPAIANOC Bust of Gordian the Pious, right, head girded with a radiated crown, the chest covered with the breastplate, and holding in his left hand a spear on his shoulder.
cr. AKMO I NEflN.Cybèleou Rhéa-Amalthée, standing, frontally, leaning on a rock; she is wrapped with a large veil that she holds above her head, and she carries on her right arm and on her knee Zeus as a child; around her, three Corybantes, helmeted, armed with sword and shield which they wave and that they hit to muffle the cries of the child who just born; one of the three warriors is found partly hidden behind the figure of Cybele. Granite around the edge.
M 42 mm. PI. II, fig. 4.
Mionnet reported the same type of setback on a large bronze from Acmonia, with the effigy of Trebonian Galle, which was once part of the collection of En- nery*. Moreover, the same subject, with variations, se. meeting on the currencies of other Asian cities- Minor, who claimed to have rights to be considered the home of Zeus. We we will highlight with the head of Caracalla on bronzes from Magnesia on the Meander, from Apamea in Phrygia, and Maeonia of Lydia; with the head of Macrinus, he appears on a coin from Seleucia in Pieria; Finally,
1. Catal. d*Ennery, p. 503; Mionnet, Descr., t. IV, p. 204 no. 51; cf. Barclay Head, Ui^t. num., p. 556.
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it is also found in Crete, in Roman times*. The birth of Zeus, protected by the Corybantes or the Curious against the ferocity of his father Cronus, was one of the most popular myths of antiquity: it is interpreted in various ways on bas-reliefs, among which the most famous is a altar face of the Capitoline Museum*.
1. Mionnet, Descr., t. III, p. 151; t. IV, p. 238; Ch. Lenormant, Noup. mylhoL gallery, p. 21-22; Orerbeck, Kunatmyihologie. Zeus, p. 337, and Munzlaf. V; J. SToronos, Numism, from ancient Crete^ p. 336, n* 9.
2. Millin, Mythological Gallery, pi. V, fig>. 17. Also see other monuments ments representing the same subject with variations, in Overbeck, Kunst^ mythology. Zeus, Atlas, pi. IV, fig. 1, 2, 4 and 5.
COINS
FROM CYRENAIQUE
PI. III.
1. Four silphium flowers blooming and grouped in a cross around a central point.
i^. Hollow square. Gold. Stater, 7 gr. 12.
Cabinet of France. PI. III, fig. 1.
The silphium flowers which form the type of this gold coin do not allow it to be attributed to a other country than Cyrenaica. This stater therefore fits in the category of pieces that Mr. Ludwig MûUer ^ has classified under the heading “Autonomous currencies without city names", and which are the oldest that we struck in Cyrenaica. However, the chronological place nological to assign, in this very series, to the piece that we have just described, does not leave only memories overcome some difficulties. At the start of coinage
' L. MûUer, Numismatics of Ancient Africa, t. I, p. 9 et seq. u. 3
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Cyrenean, MûUer classifies two pieces of electrum: one Attic distance-of 17 gr. 40, and a stater of 8 gr. 64 *. The stater we are publishing today does not cannot be compared to these two pieces, under any point of view. First, it is pure gold, while the coins described by Mûller are in electrum, like cyzicenes and other globular electrum pieces from Asia Minor; silphium flowers are arranged quite differently and in such a way as to form an unknown type so far in the whole Cyrenean series; the shape of hollow square of the reverse is also different, because on the pieces given in Mûller, they are rectangles lying down; finally, the weight itself does not agree: our stater of 7 gr. 12 assumes a distance of 14 gr. 25: this is the Lydian system, while the elec- trum of Mûller are carved out of the Attic system.
These differences are so fundamental that it is per- put to believe that the two electrum coins awarded to Cyrenaica by Muller are, in reality, not of this country. Furthermore, by examining them carefully, we recognize that the roughness which decorates the flan cannot represent silphium flowers, as we said it. There are therefore, it seems, serious reasons for refer to Asia Minor, alongside all the others pieces of electrum from this region, these two curious currencies. In truth, the hollow rectangle, divided into two parts by a protruding edge, which characterizes their reverse, is found on undisputed silver coins- Cyrenean tables: for example, the tetradrachm n** 2 of Mûller, two other globular tetradrachms
1 L. liaUer, t L p. 9, n»i, and Suppl,, p. 1, n» i, a.
— 35 —
found in Rahineh and published by Longpérier \ finally UQ fourth^ forming a small variety, recently published by Canon Greenweli. This consideration is even the only argument that we can legitimately argue in favor of attrition bution in Cyrenaica of the two pieces of electrum; This is not, however, a sufficient reason, since this hollow rectangle is found identical on currencies of other countries, particularly on electrum slaters from Asia Minor, type of the turtle, on archaic Xanthus tetradrachms in Lycia, from Camirus in the island of Rhodes, from Posei- dion in the island of Carpathos ^, etc.
If we persisted, despite everything, in classifying Cyrenaí- that the two electrum in question, we would be, in this case, forced to admit that a considerable distance separates from the stater that we publish, and furthermore that, in this interval, a revolution took place in the monetary system of Cyrenaica for the types, the style, weight and metal species. For my part, I prefer to admit that the Cyrenean coinage does not knows no coins in electrum, and that both pieces of this metal published by MùUer must be reported to Asia Minor. Let us finally observe that, if the stater that we described at the top of this notice does not agree in any way with these electrum, it fits perfectly into the gold coin system which Müller calls from the second era ^. The metal
* Revue numinnatiçue, 1861, pi. XVIU, nos. 12 and 13. s Numitmaticehronicle, 1885, pi. I,n*12.
s Imhoof-Blumer^ Choice of Greek coins, pi. IV, fig. 143, ot Teste, p. 317.
* Mûller, op,cU”, p. 24.
— 36 —
is also pure; the monetary system is the same, since Muller gives half a stater of 3 gr. 43, one quarter of a stater of 1 gr. 68, which provides a stater Lydian of approximately 7 grams, taking into account the spawning. So, by eliminating the two electrical parts trum which we consider foreign to the Cy- renaic, the stater that we have just studied takes place at the top of the Cyrenean gold coins; he has was struck around the year 500 BCE, under the dy- nastie desBattiades.
2. Wild boar passing left; underneath, a globule and two silphium flowers, upside down, separated by a globule and united by a stem which forms at its ex- ends two symmetrical windings.
i^. Hollow square divided into four compartments.
Ar. 4, Didrachm, 8 gr. 45.
Cabinet of France. PI. III, fig. 2.
This didrachm is similar, in its type, to that from the collection of Lord Strangford which Muller described *. C(*s two medals are, moreover, of the same style and of same weight; they are contemporary, that is to say from the early days of coinage in Cyrenaica. If we compare them carefully, we will see the type of the new currency offers notable differences with the type of the play drawn in Muller. The wild boar has no not the same attitude; on the didrachm of the collection Strangford, three silphium rods emerge from a central point; they are themselves separated by three points. Finally, the two symmetrical windings that
“Mû'Ier, op. cit., p. 10, n* 15.
i--^ 37 -^
we reported on our part are not sure that of Muller. However, these windings are particular remarkably remarkable, as we will demonstrate trer. Let us first say that, without listing all the Greek cities which have currencies of the type of wild boar, the one that appears on our medal has a striking resemblance to the one seen on archaic pieces of the same style and weight, attributed to Lycia, as well as on pieces of the lysus, in the island of Rhodes. The analogy is so perfect that it cannot be attributed to chance, and that we are led to conclude that there was a direct imitation of the types monetary, undoubtedly caused by reports commercial. On the other hand, the Duke of Luynes published, in its Cypriot currencies, four silver coins having, on the right, a sphinx or a head, and on the reverse a large flower that occupies the entire field of the room. This flower, which we regard as that of the lotus, is
identical to the silphium flower that we see on our piece, and, moreover, it is provided with a rod which forms two symmetrical windings similar to those that we pointed out earlier \ On what some of these coins given to an uncertain king of idalium by M. J. -P. Six 2, we read characters Cypriots who make their attribution to nie of Cypre. But their type, close to that of our medal, attests to the commercial relations of Cyprus and Gyrenaica, relations moreover sign- lated by the authors.
1 Duke of Luynes, Aumismatique ei imcriptiùm cypriotet, pi. VI, fig. 3 and 9, and pi. XII, fig. 4 and 3.
s Berue numismaliqttef 1883, p. 3ii>.
- 38 -
3. Character running left and turning away head, holding in each outstretched hand a flower of silphium.
i^. Hollow square in four compartments.
Ar* 4. Didrachm, 8gr. 48.
Cabinet of France. PI. III, fig. 3.
The style of this currency, the shape of the hollow square, thickness of the f]»n, the grnetis, the weight, everything, in one word, brings it closer to the previous piece and classifies it in the same country and in a contemporary era. We can also see that the flower held in the hand character is identical to the one on the di- previous drachma, as well as on several medals published by MûUer *. Particular emphasis should be placed on rement on the attitude of the man in the race and how half kneeling. This realistic posture of the man who jumps making a violent muscular effort meeting on a large number of Greek coins archaic in style and belonging to the most distant. Coins attributed to Lete of Macedonia represent a Satyr in the same expression^. The type of some Mallus tetradrachms also has the same attitude that we still observe on pieces Pamphylians and on electrum staters of Cy- zique ^ It is no less interesting to note that the character in the race of our medal has en- core a pose similar to that of the Minotaur on the archaic coins from Cnossus in Crete. The Mino-
i Op. cit., p. iO, DO* i5 and il, and SuppL, pi. I, nM4, a.
“PCrcy-Gardner, Types of Greek coins, pi. I» fig. 3 and 6.
3 Percy-Gardner, pi. iV, fig. 19, 20, 24, 30. Duke of Luyne^. Numùimtique and Cypriot inscriptions, pi. He, fig. 44 and J5; ft. VI, fig. 7 and 8; ft. Vile, fig. t, 3 and 4.
— 39 —
bull, represents running to the left, holds in his hand right that he raises, not a flower of silphium, it is true, but an uncertain object, probably a glob^. There would have a lot to say about this strange guy who everywhere widespread and propagated with the modifications se- condaries that included customs and religion from each of the countries where it was transplanted. On the large pieces of Caulonia, in the Bruttium, we see an Apollo, in the attitude of lustration, holding a laurel branch in the hand and carrying on the arm a small naked figure running in the same way as the archaic types that we have just noted; this figurine holds a laurel branch in each hand, and Raoul Rochette regards her as the genius of personified*. Atarente, a naked man, and covered rant with such a contraction of the muscles, seems on large parts which have already caused the re- research from various scholars. In one hand he holds a lyre and, on the other, a lily flower which he brings together his face. Ottfried MüUer saw in this type a Satyr carrying the saiyrion flower (aazùpiGv), plant with bulbous root whose stem was similar to the lily: it is an allusion to the founding of Taranto in a site called Satyrion and the oracle who presided there. Others see in this type an Apollo or Taras himself', holding the satyrion flower in his hand: this flower is similar to the one held by the character represented felt on the Cyrenean piece. Regardless, these
'Raoul Rochelle, Observations on the type of coins of Caulonia, in his Memoites of numismatics and antiquity (in-4*, 1840), p. 26.
* Annals of Vlmlilut archaeol, of Rome, t. V.p. 166.
'Raoul Rochette, Essay on Iarentine nuinismatics, in 889 Memoirs of numismatics and antiquities, p. 192-193.
— 40 —
examples are enough to demonstrate that this same appearance forced and violent of a running figure meets on a large number of archaic style coins, in almost all Greek countries, every city giving this attitude to various deities, according to the variations dictated by local traditions. there is artistic imitation and not translation of the same legend or interpretation of the same myth.
4. Winged figure running right, with wings at the feet, holding with the raised right hand a sort beaded disc; in front of him, a silphium flower.
ijl. Hollow square in four compartments.
Ar. Didrachma, 7 gr. 45.
British Museum. PI. III, fig.4.
This silver coin is in the British Museum, where it
is classified among the uncertainties of Macedonia; she
previously belonged to Borell, who had acquired it
in a city in the East, perhaps, it is said, in Salonika,
but this is not certain *. The character's position is
analogous to that which we have just described above;
the style is the same, the hollow square is the same, the
Weight is also an index of rapprochement. But
which finally convinces us that this piece must
be classified in Cyrenaica, Xî' is the flower which appears
in the field and which is not a rose, as we
said it, but a silphium flower. She is similar
to that which appears on the previous piece, and it is avoided,
tooth that we cannot separate these two medals from each other
by Tautrc. Moreover, the winged figure itself is seen
*
^ British Museum, Catalog of Greek coiiu. Macedonia, p. 136. See Percy Gardner, Typet of greek eoifUj pi. II[,no 8.
— 41 —
on a Cyrenean drachma published by MûUer*. The attribution of the previous currency (No. 3) to the Cyrenaica not being doubtful, it cannot l'être, although cues of style and weight have could make people believe that this medal belonged to a neighboring region of Lete and Mende, in Macedonia.
5. Bearded and diademed head of Jupiter Ammon at right, in a hollow square.
i^. The nymph Cyrene seated on a seat, facing right and extending the right hand towards a large rod desilphium loaded with fruils, which stands before it; in the field, on the left, the fruit of the silphium.
Ar. Tetradrachm, 47 gr. 50.
Cabinet of France. PL III, fig, 5.
We have nothing to say about the head of Jupiter Am- my which appears to the right of this letradrachm, if not to point out archaism and barbarism. We can, to the point from a style point of view, compare this medal to several others published by Mûller and by F. Bompois*. The guy from the reverse, where we believe we recognize the nymph Cyrene picking silphium, can be compared to the type of the medal where we see Hercules picking the apples from the garden of the Hesperides ^.
6. Horned head of Jupiter Ammon, seen from three quarters, right.
i^. Helmeted head of Pallas with dioile. Br. 4 ^j^. Collection of M. A. Baudry. PI. III, fig. 6.
* MuUcr, op, cil., t. I., p. 12cl p. 25. See p. 19.
“Mûller, op, cit., p. 12, a" 26, and Sitpj^L, pi. i, 20, a el h; F. Bompois, fieme numismatic, iS6Q y pi. 1, p. 10, and pi. III, n* 2. 3 Muller, op. cit., p. 11, (fig. 23.
— 42 —
This pretty little bronze piece is part of the collection election of Mr. Ambroise Baudry, in Cairo, who gave it to me communicated with perfect kindness. The head of Jupiter Ammon is seen frontally on tetradrachms of Barcé, and until now this head had never been so noted only on these large pieces. As for the broken head- queen of Pallas, which appears on the reverse of the medal of Mr. Baudry, we meet her several times in the series Cyrenean, but with the Corinthian helmet * that the heads of Alexander. We found in Cyrenaica the round helmet of the Athenian Pallas only on one bronze coin that has silphium as the reverse type*.
7. Jupiter standing, his bust half covered with a coat, holding a hook with his right hand, the left che resting on a long scepter; in front, the thymia- terion; behind, a crab and a monogram com- placed letters AKE.
i^.KYPANAION. Victory standing in a qua- drig going at a step to the right.
Or. 4 7,. Stater, 7 gr. 15.
Cabinet of France. PL III, fig. 7.
On a stater of the same types published by MùUer' there is no crab on the right, and we read the name of the magis- trat nOAIAN0EY2 in place of the monogram. This one, which can be read 'AzéŒxvâpcg or 'Ax£<7tas, is the name of a magistrate who will probably always remain independent finished. It is interesting to note the presence of this same monogram on a didrachm of the type of
“Müller, op. Ht, p. 52, n»» «09, 210, 211; p. 53, n* Î21. s Muller, op. cit., p. 54, n* 233.
» Op. cit. y 1. 1, p. 49, n* 192. Cf. Percy Gardner> Typa of greek coint, ft. IX, fig. 33.
— 43 —
Libyan Bacchus and silphium, which undoubtedly was struck by the same magistrate. These pieces, taken from the telier of Cyrene, are contemporary with the first Lagides.
8. Helmeted head of Pallas on the right.
i^. AAEIANAPOY. Victory standing, looking left- che, holding a crown in her right hand and the left a scepter. In the field, on the left, a stalk of silphium.
Gold. Hemi-stater, 4 gr. 30.
Cabinet of France. PI. III, fig. 8.
In the list of Aleœandres in his collection which are not not found in Muller's work, M. de Prokesch- Osten points out a stater bearing on the reverse, as symbol, a rod of silphium *. This stater and our hemi-stater struck in Cyrenaica prove that the action Alexander's action was more immediate and more direct on this country than we had believed until now *. He is obvious now that Cyrenaica was not limited to to solicit the friendship of the great Macedonian conqueror when he went to the sanctuary of Ammon, but she passed completely, like Egypt, under his domination nation. These coins of Alexander, minted in Cyrenaica, were immediately followed by well-known currencies nudes that Ptolemy Soter had issued in the same country, with the legend TTTOAEMAIOY and the type alexan- drin of Victory*.
1 Muller, op, eit.j t. T, p. 47, n° 175. Cf. the monogram of n* i81, p. 48.
> Numùmatisehe Zeitêehrifli\e Vienne, l. 1, 1839, p. 34, n* 39.
' Muller, op. cit., t. I, p. 4.
^ Mullier, op. eit, Sappl. ft. 1, n* 359, a. See British Museum, Catalog of greek coint., The Ptolemies. Introd., p. XX and pi. XXXII, n* 1.
ON NUMISMATICS
CITIES IN ASIA MINOR WHICH HAVE BROUGHT
THE NAME OF COMANA
Among the problems raised by the study of Greek numismatics, one of the most difficult and more obscure is certainly the attribution of currencies of the homonymous cities. Uncertainty reigns sup the country of origin of a large number of medals which bear a name common to several cities and whose classification is not facilitated by style or types, nor by weight or some extrinsic circumstance: it would be easy to point out large groups of pieces that we have already, already Eckhel, made travel, in turn tower, at the four corners of the numismatic chessboard, and whose place is not yet definitively fixed. However, from time to time, new medals or even the discovery of epigraphic texts phical, provide valuable clarification on these delicate questions, by better fixing the spelling of the name, geographical position, history of certain
I, — 45 —
cities, or even the titles with which they have honored themselves. These happy circumstances have just happened in particular for the different cities which carried the name of Comana: their currencies, thanks to scriptions collected in Asia Minor in the latter years, can now, as we will see, be classified with absolute certainty.
There were three cities in Asia Minor which were gave the name Comana. These are: 4. Comana du Pont.
2. Comana of Pisidia.
3. Comana of Cappadocia or Catonia.
Before entering into the examination of the currencies so far uncertainties which form the subject of this notice, it It is important to note beforehand that we cannot hesitate to give Comana du Pont the auto parts nomes which bear types relating to the myth of Perseus and the Gorgon, with the legend KOMANflN. These types are certainly pontic, similar to those other towns in the same country, such as Amisus, Cabira, Laodicea, Amastris, Sinope. The embarrassment only begins that for the coins of the Roman imperial era, and the diversity of opinions expressed on this point by numismalists will be enough to demonstrate in what inextricable chaos has, until now, remained the class- ment of this monetary series.
Eckhel gives Comana du Pont the medals at the legend KOMAN^HN or l€POKAICAP. KOMANCHN; but he admits his embarrassment about the colorful pieces. niales whose legend is, following him: COL. IVL. AVG. F. COMANORVM [Colonia Julia Augnsta Félix Coma-
— 46 —
7iorum)*. The illustrious legislator of numismatics pleased to point out that Vaillant classifies this group at the Pont, while Hardouin gives it to the Cap- padoce.
As for Mionnet, the classification adopted by him is dt^ provided with any scientific basis. In fact, after having described autonomous currencies with KOMANHN, to the Comana Ponticus, he also gives to the same city the colonial coins, in the name of Antoninus the Pious and Caracalla, which bear the legend: AVGCOMANA or COL. IVL. AVG. F- COMANORV (Colonia Julia Au- giista Fida Comanorum)^ and at the same time, mon- works of Septimius Severus, with KPOKAICARKOMANÇON (Ufoxatcrapewv Kcfzavéwv) and Sévère Alexandre with KOMANCHN. Mionnet thus admits that the Comana Pon- lique was able to take the title of Roman colony since Antoninus the Pious to Caracalla, then abandon this title under Septimius Severus and Severus Alexander, finally take under Septimius Severus the name of 'lepcMi'jdpiLx. It must be recognized, to be fair, that Mionnet seems to have himself realized what his classification was illogical, because he said in his Sup- supplement: “We have wrongly described two medals, belonging to the colony of Comana, to the town of Pont tbearing the same name*. » Mionnet then looks like more likely than the colonial coins of Comana are from Comana of Cappadocia. We will establish everything time he was wrong, both in this rec-
*■ We will see later that this reading and this transcription are inaccurate.
* Mionnet, Descr. gin. Bridge, n° 107 to 411, and Suppl,, n*" 161 to 166,
* Mionnet, 5upp/., t. VU, p. 710.
— 47 -
late tiiication than in its first attribution.
For Comana of Pisidia, Eokhel says frankly that he does not know which parts should be assigned to him. Mionnet describes to this city an autonomous currency of Cousinéry's office, the description of which appears to us very suspicious; according to our author, this medal bears in caption KCOMACCON* * Mionnet is so unsure of this attribution that, returning to this same medal in his Supplement, he says that it rather belongs to Co- mana du Pont'. It is also the only medal that this numismatist proposed to classify Comana as Pisidia.
Finally, Eckhel also states his uncertainty regarding the parts that must be allocated to Comana of Cappadocia. Mionnet was bolder and believed himself better inspired by reporting, in its Supplement^ to Comana of Cappadocia all colonial coins with the name of Comana, that is to say those which are to Latin legends and which he had first attributed to Comana du Pont. But he does not seek to justify this second attribution, which moreover is erroneous just like the previous one. We've said enough to show that absolute confusion has continued preside, until now, over the classification of the currencies of different towns of Comana. Let's now try to sort out this chaos and establish a true classification scientific table.
i SlioDDct, Pisidia, n*87; it's more like KOMANCflN- 2 Mionnet » Suppl., t. VII, p. 112.
— 48 —
The Pontic Comana (Kéfjiava rà Uovnyji) is good known and cited by many authors*. It was a rich and leading commercial city of the Pontus Galaticus. It had a famous temple of Anaïtis or Astarté, which numbered six thousand hierodules and which, singularly, was, in its privileges, its organization and its worship, the exact reproduction of the temple of Anaïtis, called also Ma and Enyô, in the homonymous town of Cappa- doce. The location of Comana Pontique is fixed with all certitile on the Iris, tributary of the Lycus, where currently stands a locality called Geumenek, near Tokat, not far from the ancient towns of Gaziura and Eudoxias. It is in its ruins that were copied, by an Armenian, two recently published inscriptions by Mr. Ramsay and which establish that the Comana of Pont took, in Roman times, the nickname KPOKAI- CAF€IA, Hierocesarea ^ . However, this name is found on a group of medals: these must therefore be tri- fogs, with complete certainty, at Co^nana du Pont. Struck at the effigy of Septimius Severus and Caracalla, they bear: POKAICAP. KOMANÇflN, and are generally of the type from the temple of Anaïtis. They thus make us see that the ethnicity of the city varied, because on auto parts nomes that we noted above as being certainly from this city, and also on the parts
* Forbiger, Handbuch der allen Geoyraphie, l. He, p. 427. 2 Journal ofPhUology.i. Xf. 1882, p. 152, n«« 13 cl 14. Cf. Wadilinglon, Bull, from rorr. hcUàxiquc, 18«n. p. HO.
— 49 —
Roman until under Nerva, we find KOMANHN; from Septimius Severus we have KOM ANëHN. La Comana Ponticus never became a colony; at least none text does not tell us, and it is not to this city that we must classify the medals of the Roman colony of the name from Comana. Here is the description of the only currencies of the imperial era which must be attributed to Comana du Pont:
Nerva. YOU- AYTOKPATOPL N6P0YA. KAICAPI. Head
!
laureate of Nerva on the right.
1^. KOM ANflN r Z (63) in three lines. In the middle, a standing club. i 6.
This currency, described by Mionnet, according to Milliogen, is now in the Cabinet des Médailles. Mionnet read AYTOKPATOP instead of AVTOKPATOPI; moreover, he has put the article TOI at the end of the legend, which does not offer no sense (Mionnet, SuppL^ Pont, n** 165).
Septimius Severus. AY- KA- CEn. C6Y0YHP0C (sic)... Laureate bust of Septimius Severus on the right, with the paluda- menlum.
i^. ICPOKAICAP. KOI\>mN€CON. Woman struck off from- end of face, dressed in the stola, right hand on one shield placed on the ground, and holding in his left hand a raised club. I 8 ^/g.
Mionnet gives this piece according to the cabinet of Millingen. He described it inaccurately (Mionnet^ Supp/., Pont, n*" 166); she is currently in the Cabinet of Medals.
AY. KACCn. aOYHPOC Laureate bust of Septimius Severe on the right, with the paludamentum.
B.4
— 50 —
4. KPOKAICAP. KOMANtnN. Tetrastyle temple, under which is a Victory standing on a cippe, te- nating a palm and a crown; in Texergue, €T. BOP. (172)^7.
This piece is not described in Mionnet à Tune of the three Comana, but at Hierocesarea of Lydia (No. 260); the description itself is not absolutely exact; Mionnet translates in particular the date BOP (172) by 192, and this on three different occasions.
C€OYHPOC. Laureate bust of Septimius Severus
right, with the paludamentum.
4. KPOKAICA €T. BOP (172). Tetra Temple style. I 8.
Mionnet describes this piece, like the previous one, to Hierocesarea of Lydia (No. 261).
Caracalla. AY- K. M- AYPH. ANTCONINOC. Lacquered sheet metal ree of Caracalla on the right,
i^. KPOKAI. KOMAN€CO. Tetrastyle temple under which is a Victory standing on a cippe, holding a palm and a crown. In the exergue, €T. B.O.P. (172). ^8 7,.
Like the two previous ones, this currency is de- written at Hierocesarea of Lydia by Mionnet (n''262), who published it from the Allier de Haule collection. rock. She has since joined the Cabinet of Medals. Mionnet read ItPOKAlC, taking it for a C the acroterium of the temple. Furthermore, he did not know how to recognize the type, because he describes it thus: “An altar lit on- mounted with a military trophy. »
— 5i —
The place that Mionnet gave to the three medals previous ones proves that this numismatist was looking at them as having been struck jointly by two cities: one of the Comana and Hierocesarea of Lydia. Eckhel yet had demonstrated the plausibility of this hypothesis already formulated by Vaillant and Hardouin \ As for the dates which age following the legend, they would be sufficient, in themselves, to prove that the previous medals are from Comana du Pont« Eckhel demonstrated that they relate to the era of Bridge which begins in 791 or 792 from Rome (38 on 39 after AD), time when Caligula gave 1^ kingdom of Bridge in Polémon IL
II
The city of Pisidia, which is called Ko^va by the auteui^, carried in the inscriptions and on the medals the name of Comama. Mr. Ramsay visited the ruins of this city, which lie a short distance north- west of Cremna. He copied two inscriptions that he published in 1884 and which prove that, like beautiful Along with other towns in Pisidia, Comana became a Roman colony to speak of Augustus. One of these texts epigraphic begins with these words:
COL. IVL. AVGVSTAI FIDA COMAMA'
< Eckhel, Doct, nuw, vel.^ t. He, p. 352.
s Ephemerii epigraphica, i. Y» 1884, p. 581-58t.
— 52 —
It is therefore in Comana, or rather in Comama de Pisidia, that the colonial currencies must be classified in Tefligie of Antoninus the Pious, of Julia Domna and of Caracalla, which bear in legend, on the reverse: COL- AVG. COMAMA or an analogous Latin legend. Here is the description of these parts:
Antoninus the Pious. IMP. CAESAR. ANTON Head
laureate of Antoninus the Pious on the right.
i^. COL. AVG. COMAMA {Colonia Augusla Comama). Juno Pronuba, veiled and dressed in the stola, standing face. ^5.
This medal, given by Mionnet {SuppL, Cappa- doce, n*" 305) in Comana of Cappadocia, according to the col- Allier de Hauteroche election, is now in the Cabinet Medals. This is probably another copy of the same medal that Mionnat described according to the Leoicon of Rasche, in Comana du Pont (n** 109).
Julia Domna. IVLIA- DOMNA* Bust of Julia Domna on the right, with the stola on the shoulders.
i^. COL. IVL. F. COMAMA (Colonia Julia Fida Co- marna). Nemesis standing left, dressed in stola, bringing his right hand to the drapery which covers his breast and holding in his left hand a cornucopia dance. ^4.
Mionnet [SuppL^ Cappadocia, n"* 306) inaccurately describes- ment this room. It reads COMM. P.P.COL. IVL. F- The ins- The description we cited above demonstrates that the letter F. must be interpreted as Fida (Colonia Julia Fida Comama) and not by Félix, as one could believe it at first.
— 53 —
Caracalla. IMP-CAES- M. APR. ANTONINVS. Bust laureate of Caracalla on the right; withpaludamentum.
i^. COL. IVL. AVGG. F- COMA[M]ENORV. Junon Pro- veiled nuba, standing facing, under a two-person temple columns. ^9 */«•
Mionnet first described this currency to Comana du Pont; a second time in Comana de Cap- padoce, believing this last attribution better than the first. His description is also inaccurate; because it reads: COL. IVL AVG. G-l. F. COMANORV. It is necessary read AVGG. {Augustorum)^ which proves that the piece has was struck before Geta's death; we must restore also COMAMENORV; if the M is deleted in the legend, the E is perfectly visible and leaves no doubt on the reading which, moreover, is confirmed by the play following.
IMP. CAES. Mr. AVR. ANTONINVS. AVG. Laureate bust of Caracalla on the right, with the paludamentum.
i^. G. COMAMENOR. Two veiled women and
turrets, seated facing each other, under a temple with two columns on the pediment of which is an eagle with wings deployed. ^9 */,•
This medal is not in Mionnet. The comme- cement of the legend is crude, but the word COMA- MENORum is very distinct and cannot be the subject of a doubt.
Finally, to these pieces, we must add the following that Mionnet recorded in Cappadocia according to Sestini:
IMP. C M. APR. ANTONINVS. AVG- Laureate head of Caracalla.
ï^. COL. AVG. COMANORVM. Woman dressed in stola, standing facing, with a bull's head, the
— 5t —
right hand raised on a pole, and holding left hanging a small vase. j:E 7.
Mionnet (SuppL, Cappadocia, vH" 308), to whom we let's borrow this description, did not know this medal that according to Sestini. She was part of the Heder-Museum var, dispersed for a long time, and we do not know what that she has become. It does not seem doubtful to us, according to all the above, we must read COMAME- NORVM instead of COMANORVM.
It remains for us to make a remark about the va* rities of the ethnic town of Pisidia of which we we maintain here. Registrations published by Mr. Ramsay carry Cotnama; the currencies carry also Comama and the genitive plural Comamenorum. I said above that ancient authors gave to this city the name of Comana; these authors re- take two. It is Ptolemy and Hierocles; and again Forbiger tells us that one of the manuscripts of Ptolemy, the Codex Palatinus^ bears Ki^fiuxxo; at er of Kénoota \ Hierocles, who mentions KijiMcva, says that this city, in the Byzantine era, was part of the province of Pamphylia. Finally, we have sometimes confused Ck)mana or Comama of Pisidia with a town of Go- nana (Kevova) also in Pisidia, south of Baris, and whose coins bear KONAN€aN ^
A Forbiger, Handbueh der allen Geography, t. II, p. 337.
s Forbiger, ùp, cU,^ p. 334. The merger that I am reporting was made notably* ment by E. Muret who classifies in Comana de Pisidia the coins bearing the legend KONANEHN* Directory of the Humismatic Society, 1866, p. 42t
— 55 —
III
If we adopt the numismatic classification pro- posed in the preceding pages, it follows that it No more medals left in Comana de Gappadocia. This city, we have said, was no less famous than that of the Bridge, and to distinguish it from the latter Finally, he is sometimes given the nickname Xp^jo-yj, or well we say ra Kcfzava zriç KaTnra^ox/aç. Mr. Ramsay determined with certainty the location of Comana of Gappadocia \ It was located in Cataonia, on ancient Sarus, where a locality of the name of Sherherdere-si. The epigraphic texts that the learned English traveler collected in this place do not mention the name of the city. But three ins- descriptions of Cataonia published by M. Waddingtou give Comana the nickname of Hieropolis'; she took this title undoubtedly to imitate its rival, Comana Pontic, which had the name of Hierocesarea. If, like we have demonstrated, none of the currencies carry as the name of Comana cannot be attributed to Comana of Cappadocia, perhaps some of the medals awarded to different cities in Hieropolis or HierapoliSy namely Hieropolis of Cilicia (Castabala), Hieropolis of Cyrrhestica, Hierapolis of Syria and Hierapolis of Phrygia, could be postponed to Comana of Cappadocia. Autonomous currencies finally.
» Journal of Philology, t. XI, 4882, p. 445.
» Bull of evening. Hellenic, 4883, p. 423 et seq.
— 56 —
poorly classified until now, probably belong to this city, because it would be surprising if a city as important than that from a commercial point of view, and whose sanctuary, with its six thousand hierodules, like that of Comana Pontique, was still so famous in the Roman era, would never have owned of monetary workshop. In any case, it's a new this side of the question that we will perhaps address be one day; today we wanted to limit itself to clearly determining the elements of the classification sowing of currencies which, during the imperial era, had were struck with the names of Comana and Comama.
MARCUS ANNIUS AFRINUS
GOVERNOR OF GALATIIA
In the memoir he published in 1867 under this title: Portraits of the counties of Asia and Africa on the currencies *, Mr. Waddington noted that a certain number of medals from the time of Augustus, struck in cities of Asia or Africa, have as types heads which are the portraits of Roman proconsuls, and not, as we had believed until then, the effigy of Au- taste or Agrippa. After having demonstrated that in imi- tation of Roman generals like Antony, Octavian, Lepidus, Sextus Pompeius, Brutus, Labienus, Domitius Ahenobarbus, who assumed the right of effigy monetary grant by the Senate to Julius Caesar a few weeks before his death, procpensuls had not hesitated, too, to place their portraits on the mounts coins that they had minted in their respective provinces pectives, the learned numismatist noted on the Teffigie medals of seven proconsuls, including four in Asia and three in Africa. Mr. Waddington finishes his study by this general consideration:
“It seems to us that the seven examples that we
1 Mixed numismatics, 2” series, 1867, p. 133 to 157.
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have brought together in this dissertation show that, under
the reign of Augustus, the portraits of some procon- sons of the two great provinces of Asia and Africa were reproduced on local currencies. We we have only cited certain examples, borrowed from medals that we were able to examine ourselves. We will probably find others, but not many blow; because this distinction was only granted to very great people, illustrious by their birth or by their position at the court of Augustus and several of whom were relatives or allies of the imperial family. »
To this list of seven characters, all contemporary rains of the reign of Augustus, I can add the name of Marcus Annius Afrinus, who served as governor of Galatia, no longer under the reign of Au- taste, but under that of Claude. The currency that gives her portrait has very recently entered the Cabi- net of Medals; Here is the image and description:
ANNIOC Head of a dexterous man,
^. KAAVA€IKONI€nN. Persenu, standing, holding the harp in the right hand, and the head of Medusa beyond left. Br. 3 Vj.
This medal was struck, as the legend says, in Iconium, a city in Lycaonia which, in the time of Cice-
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ron, was included in the Roman province of Cili- cie \Under Claude» the city of Iconium added to its name that of this emperor, undoubtedly in memory of some benefits, and she was called KXau<Σixcviov, name that you find inscribed on coins, particularly rement on the piece that we have just described, and which cannot therefore be prior to the reign of Claudius. A At this time, Iconium was no longer attached to the Cili- cie, but it was part of the province of Galatia, as we will see later registrations and medals. A local legend claimed that the hero Perseus had dedicated his own statue (tUm) in Iconium itself; hence the name of the city and the type of Perseus on coins.
But who is this Annius whose name and head are^ reproduced to the right of our medal? The legend is incomplete, and the part being trimmed, it is not possible sible delusions something other than the word ANNIOC. It is about certainly from a governor of Galatia, because everything no other person would have dared to take the right to monetary figgy, so exceptional even for governments provincial leaders. A Latin inscription copied by Hamilton * and reproduced successively, according to this copy, by Le Bas and Waddington ^ and by Cor pus /ns- criptionum latinarum ^, pamit give us the name com- full of the character we are looking for. She was found not far from the ruins of Isaura, near the village of
1 Waddington^ Revue numismaliquej 4883, p. 49. s iitùi Minor, II, n» 442.
3 Le Bas and Waddington, Greek and Latin Inscriptions Collected in Asia Minor. Isaurte, n* 1385 bis, * T. IIF, «o W8.
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Jali-jiik, that is to say at a short distance from lconium; it is a dedication in honor of the Emperor Claudius:
TI.CLAVDIO. CAESARI
AVGGERMANICO
SACRVM
Mr. ANNIVS. AFRICANVS
LEG. EIVS. DEDICAVIT.
According to this inscription, the character of whom we are looking for the name would be called Marciis Annius Africa- naked and he is qualified as legate of the Emperor Claudius. But we will see that reading Hamilton, as well as Mr. Dittenberger has already noted, must be rectified and that this legate of Claudius actually bears the names of Marcus Annius A frinus. The name Afrinus is extremely ment rare, it is true, but he is very trained regular: A frinus is formed on A iron, like Macrinus on Macer. In addition, we find another character named after A^pelvoç, contemporary of Antoninus the Pious and of Marcus Aurelius, who is mentioned in an inscription found in Galatia and published by M. 6. Perrot K
There are coins of Emperor Claudius on the- which mention is made of Afrinus, without however give his portrait like the piece we have described above, nor indicate what his charge was. The some are struck in Iconium itself, the others in Pessinunte of Galatia, which proves, as we we advanced it further, that under Claudius, the city of Ico- nium had ceased to be attached to Cilicia. Maybe does this change date from the reign of Claudius himself,
1 6. Perrot, Exploration of Galatia, etc., p. 232, line 40.
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and is it linked to the administrative reshuffles that this prince, according to the testimony of Dio Cassius, imposed on Roman Asia in AD 41*.
The same historian also expressly tells us that Lycaonia, of which Iconium was a part, depended of the governor of Galatia'; an inscription from Iconium published by Boeckh ' is in honor of a procurator of Galatia and it places KAAYA6IKONION, name given to the city, in the Toàaxuin 'enxpx&ia. Finally, next Pliny, Iconium and fourteen other cities formed this which he calls a tetrarchy which depended on the Gala- tie: tetrarchiam ex Galaiia \ It therefore cannot exist the slightest doubt about the identity of the character of the name of Afrinus, mentioned both on coins of Pessinunte and Iconium.
First, here is the description of the Iconium currencies. We only know two of them which are both in Mr. Waddington's collection ^
KAAYAIOC. KAICAP. C€BA... Laureate head of Claude.
i^. CCBACTH. eni. A0P€INOY. KAAYA6IK0NI€nN. Head of Agrippina right. Br.5.
.... C6BACTOC. Laureate head of Claude.
i^. Eni A A€IKONI€nN. Pluto, the head tutulated, the
right hand raised, seated on a throne to the left. Br. 6 V,.
In Pessinunte, I noted four coins minted under the authority of Afrinus. The first, of which an example
i Dion Gassius, LX, 8. s Dion Gasâius, HIM, iG.
3 C. I. G. n* 3991; Cf. G. Pcrro!, Exploration of the GalaUi\ etc., p. 14. * Plin., Mut. nat., V, 23, 43.
3 Waddington. ISumismatics of Vhauric and Lycaonia^ in the Numismalic Review, 1883, p. 46.
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to please exists at C4abinet of France, was published by Rauch in 1847:
...KAICAP. Laureate head of Claude on the right.
ijl. ETTI. A
Rauch then looked at Afrinus as a magistrate untitled local, as there are so many in the numis- matics of Greek cities under the Roman Empire *. Borghesi wanted to correct Rauch's assertion by looking for song to establish that it is a character who was consul suffectus in the year 812 (AD 59) during the reign of Nero and who previously would have governed Galatia as propraetor legate *. We will see further that the Italian scholar was also wrong.
Two other coins of Pessinunte with the name of Afrinus are in the collection of Mr. Imhoof-Blumer, in Winterthur \
KAAYAIOC. KAICAP. C€BACTOC. Claude's TV at right.
I^. MHTPOC nCCINCOYNTICON. Œ\. A0PINOY. Cybele, wearing the calathus, seated on the left on a throne with back, and holding the scepter and the peg. Br.'
KAAYAIOC. KAICAP. C€BACTOC. Head of Claude right.
i^. .... €171. A
1 To. by Rauch y in the Annals of the Archaeological Institute of Rome 4847, p. 281 and pi. P, n* 6. s borghesi, BulUtin of the Archaeological Institute of Rome, 1849, p. 34. 8 Imboor-Blumer, Greek Coins, p. 415, nos. 172 and 173.
I — G3 —
It will be noted that on one of the two pieces of the collection of Mr. Imhoof-Blumer, the name of Afrinus is spelled A0P€INOC, while, on the other, we have A0PINOC. This particularity, which has no place surprise us a lot, however allows us to rectify with certainty a reading of Sestini and Mionnet and to add a new medal to those we have not to describe. Here is the description given Mionnet, copying Sestini who published it first, from the original kept at the Ainslie Museum:
KAAYAIOC KAICAP. C€BACTOC. Laureate head of Claude.
€ni. MAKPINI... neCCINOYNT. Hexastyle temple. Br.
There is no doubt that we should read: €ni. Mr. A0PIN(OY). The Macrinim that Sestini and Mionnet suppose does not exist not, and, to correct the reading given by these two numismatists, we see that it is enough to change the K in .
The role of Marcus Annius Afrinus as governmental legate verneur of Galatia is not otherwise cleared and no historian doesn't talk about it. We know, as a predeath- sisters of this character, two governors of the same province: the first is Mr. Lollius M. F., Ho- race, which was sent to the East twenty-five years before our era; the second is L. Axius Naso, who governed the Galalia under Tiberius. It is possible that Afrinus succeeded transferred directly to the latter; he seems to have been himself
> Mionnet, Galatia, n* 106. According to Sestini, Descript, num. vet,exmuseis Ain$lie, Bellinif Bondacca, eic, p. 482.
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even replaced by Calpurnius Asprenas, contemporary rain of Galba *.
Despite the deep darkness which still reigns, thus as we see, on the political career of Marcus An- nius Afrinus, we are certain, however, that she does not confine itself exclusively to administration tion of the province of Galatia. He was called to others honors and fulfills important functions in other provinces. An inscription found in Athens, near TErechteion, in 1839, we learn that Mar- cus Annius Afrinus was consul. Here is the text, according to the Corpus iiiscriptioniim atticarum *;
H EZ APEIOY nArOY
H BOYAH TCON EZAK02ICON
OAHMOIMAPKON ANNIO
A0PEINON YnATON APETHZ.. . *. . . KEN KAI TH2 nPOI THN nOAIN E..
*H è^ 'Apetou Tzdyou [jSouXtî xai\ ri ^ovkin twv éçaxo But this inscription, while giving throughout the names of Marcus Annius Afrinus and by teaching us Since he was consul, he did not make known the date of its consulate. A graffiti from Pompeii, published in 1846 by Avellino ' and studied by Borghesi *, is a little more explicit. 4 G. Perrot, Exploration of Galatia, p. 197. 2 T. ni, no. 618. 3 Bull, arch, Neapolitano, 1846, p. 6. * /(/., 1846, p. 57. Mr. Ânnius Afrinus is still lying icriptLon found in Crisoulian, near ;lavoDie, not far from the course of the Dra; IMP. veSPASIAN M- ANNIO. AFR- LEG-* The word AFR was interpreted by rpus imcriptionum latinarum by A^ how to read Afrino, as already Dittenberger. Âinai, this inscription Annius Afrinus was not yet jne of Veapasian. In summary, and to conclude, Marc s is not cited in any author of the ai in vain would anyone look for his name My most complete. Some mei The inscriptions alone have preserved s monuments that we have, all eti Uce first give us the portrait we learn that he was, under the reign yé as legate in Galatia where it fi end that he was legate of Vespasian in P; 1 at an indeterminate time that c igraphic or numeriamatic pe: ute to specify one day.
c. I.L.t. III, n-4109.
\
ERETRIA EYE
ithide, right, with the year ; on the headband that binds I< Tiales of the name of the engraver
dropping to the right, the cost DUS, to AMAZIAZ, user name ut in a crown of
gr.90.
Exceptional 3nservation tistic, has recently been Medals. She was not juice your exemplary, preserved appears, from 1606, in Ii of Beger *. It's after
r ont, jrOnini of Kamigl. MutmiM:
Beger that Mionnet gave the description Supplement (Evia, No. 35), and ao sigDE the Berlin tetradrachm, MM. FriedJi Sallet tells us that it is the eagle which attests that it was part d'Esté before entering that of Br last place, Mr. Barclay V. Head times, this same medal which, aii is far from being unprecedented.
The copy of the Cabinet of France important cularity that none of the others to list has not been reported on that of signature of the artist
As for determining what the gravity is the name begins with the syllable 4>A, •
* FriedluDder and A. ion S^IeL Dot Etnigl. JfunzJ
* Catalog afgrt^ Covu in the Aa Britùk Mutium, doctioD, p. LXV, and JfoniMt af grttl numiitnalici, p.
The type on the reverse of our tetradrachm leads, in turn, to a general observation relating to Euboean coins. The island, which we looked at the granary of Athens, had flocks named which were its main source of wealth. But, is it ox or cow that we see on the reverse of my of Carystus, Eretria, Histiaea? On this point numismatists do not agree, and in what surrounds the tetradrachm on which we have recognize a cow or a heifer, we have just describes an ox or a bull. Let us notice that there are cases where it is necessary to recognize a vision for example, on the coins of Carystus where I this animal nursing its calf; Besides, its coins of Eretria, where the cow is represented scratching the muzzle with a hind paw: of the animal being discovered is perfect recognizable on copies in good and conservation. On the other hand, I have never met coins of Euboea on which the male sex the animal, standing or lying down, could be positive asserted. If therefore there are doubtful cases, I include believe that it is rather a cow or a gei since, in all cases where the finding is sible, it's a cow that we are forced to recognize Let us also add that the languid and nonchî attitude of the animal is better suited to a cow; the guys antiques on which bulls are depicted feel, in general, this animal with a cart fierce and energetic, when he is not bound and furious.
If we could recognize a bull or a
— 74 —
itself assimilated to the fiU» of chaogsa cd heifer, for the sub Junou. In all cases, the ban neck of the animal attest that it sacrifice, obvious allusion to the 1 rynthide.
— 76 —
First here is a beautiful silver coin the Dom of Obodas; she has just entered the medals after belonging to MM Feuardent who recently purchased it from antique medals which still featured, e rarities, a magnificent century from Israel, second copy known so far.
Two adjacent busts of characters turned to the right.
1^. TOM -jSd kJtd rrras (Obodath malikc batou ^ king Obodas, king of Nabatène). A of three quarters, left; in the field, go fifth).
Didrachm: 6 gr. 90. Pi. IV, fig. 1.
Coins bearing the name of Obodî rare: the Duke of Luynes' and M. de Vogû^ were not born. Saulcy, the first, ei three*. One that he attributes to Obodas I", king (^Afi§iat faiiXAt) reported by Josephus in 9< as conqueror of the Jewish king Alexander two others which he gives to Obodas II who re| approximately from the year 27 to the year 7 before our M. de Vogùé'has reconstructed the story*.
It is to the first of these princes that he con^ drink our new currency. The resemblance graphic is characterized enough to justi procedure of this room and that which
1 Cf. Pr. Xidden. CDÎni of tht Jea; p. 69, n<> &.
* Rtvut RumirawligiM, ISGB, p. Ki ei follows.
* Brttiu numittiuitique, 48SB, p. 100.
* Pfmmimaligui dn mû nabathétiu dt Péira, n" 13, 13 e i'dimuairr di la SmUU dt numitinatigut, 1S73.)
“z. zn- yjTïïDS d&tfikitata
izsi fST confuses iflfc
j"r"
7ir-_
I ■ ■ M l f
^ -^'.-•. ^>y< \ --;
Ar^tiî,
-
4*1 r--^-
^2ZZ^ y BJODBâBS
. rsL'-zîfi. The to «t . îjzi^-ref Tisqn'ici sarb
•«- -f ix ai sîpes fflBrf*
-- ••'^ The kings mI** "-ss E r.^f«i rue àsis
— 79 —
ruSo rfypo (Seqilath, queen of I. These restitutions are justified es of Aretas Philoddme published H. de VogOé and F. de Sanlc;. son of Obodas II, whose reign, lasted at least forty-four , Queen Houlda of whom we deceive es jaaqa'eD the year Xtl, at least, iont name replaces ceini of from the year XXX. It is therefore the mt return on our medal, L has so far published; she belongs rancid.
smporain of Tespasian and sons !s monmdes where its name is associated 'Seqilah: it's one of those pieces n-Dorigny. (PI. IV, fig. 3.) !e, right; behind, H; in front,
nrnn... (Harethath, melekNaba- as, king of Nabatene. Year...), che, raising his right hand; in and H.
} medals. PI. IV, fig. 4. the one that Saulcy described in 1* 15, but he neglected to do it fretas IVPhilodemus. The X sign his reign has not yet been explained very clear, I do not dare to assimilate it to among the numerical signs con- gets closer. As for the ten, this is hardly possible, the
)ir pnspc
me 16] publioos, most «Btàp'dtal read aram we signed ■ie, one: letters and don't snû] leproposf didrachm born three indicated 1< born nuin< they ause
•ethatk,rm just imbi beveox fie {...Nabati 3*). Bust on the head; • PI. IV, and medalist
me its pi
— 79 —
had: III33 ruvitxu roSn nSipv (Seqilath, queen of Nabatèoe. Year 43*) • These restitutions are justified by the other coins of Aretas Philoddmus published by the Duke of Luynes, M. de Vogué and F. de Saulcy. Aretas IV Philodemus son of Obodas II, whose reign, according to the medals, lasted at least forty-four years old, had two wives, Queen Houlda of whom we find the name on the coins until the year XII, at least, and Queen Seqilah whose name replaces that of Houlda, at least from Fan XXX. It is therefore the name of Seqilah which must be restored on our medal, variety of those that have been published so far; she belongs held in the Cabinet of France.
Malchus III, contemporary of Vespasian and son of Aretas IV, struck coins where his name is associated linked to that of his sister Seqilah: it is one of these pieces published by Mr. Sorlin-Dorigny. (PI. IV, fig. 3.)
Hairless, laureate head, right; behind, H; in front, O.
^. X n» TQM "fin' nmn... {Harethathy melek Nabor your. Senath JIC = Aretas, king of Nabatene. Year...). Woman standing left, raising right hand; in the field, the letters O and H.
Bronze. Cabinet of medals. PL IV, fig. 4.
This currency is the one that Saulcy described in his Memoir j under number 15, but he neglected to make it engrave; he attributes it to Aretas IV Philodemus. The X sign which designates the year of reign has not yet been explained qué; its shape being very clear, I do not dare to assimilate it to the cfaiffire Y = 5, which is, among the numerical signs con- naked, the one who comes closer. As for the take for the number diooy this is hardly possible, the
-^- -• w-
— 80 -
Nabataean figure to designate this number, having cons- especially this form, u or n. The letters na}>ateemia8 y and n that we see on the right and the reverse of this medal and which we also encounter on other pieces, are pro- probably of the inarchs of value or of mone- silent; they are found in particular on a bronze of Aretas Philodemus next to the letters yi that M. de Vogué ingeniously interpreted by Bostra.
Hairless and laureate head, right.
^. ...raviTsaj ^Sd... Woman standing right, looking up the right hand and holding a twig in the left; she wears a mural crown on her head.
Bronze. Cabinet of medals. PI. lY, fig. 5.
This medal is new and the type is new in the Nabataean series. The goddess makes the orient gesture tal of the prayer, which we also see given notanunely to Astarte, either on coins of Oebal, or on the stele of king lehawmelek. The name of the dynast is erased; the iconographic comparison allows all yet to attribute it to Aretas Philodemus. The date of reign is also uncertain; maybe it's the sign ten^
Laureate head right.
ijl. Two cornucopias filled with flowers; to side a palm; dahs the field, the two letters Y^*
Bronze. Cabinet of medals. PI. IV\ fig. 6.
This pretty little bronze is without legend, but the features of the royal figure appear to be those of Aretas Phi- lodema. We find, in the field, the letters Y^i» initials of the name of Bostra, already indicated on a another piece of the same king.
This currency could be brought closer to small
Jaulcy has in Sylls
but he be good
iliate p
êenne p]
9 two the Numii
ite.
read, right< i, PI IV,
he.
I.PI. IV,
anepigi
istiSée p
frequently
Jdiitt of the *aliqut pnbl
TARGONDIMOTUS
CILICIAN DYNASTY
PI. IV, fig. 9. .
We know that when Pompey defeated Mithridates and Tigranes, Cilicia was among the provinces Asians who came under Roman domination “ But there as in many other countries, the victors did not establish immediately and completely- the Roman administration; they limited themselves, undoubtedly so as not to offend the susceptibilities of annexed countries, to exercise there what we call today the protectorate; local dynasts who bore the title of kings^ saw their authority con- firmed, on the condition of taking the title of friends and allies of the Roman people, to pay tribute and block the path to foreign invasions. This skillful policy which flattered Pompey's pride by allowing him to pose as king of kings, just as although the king of Persia himself, was applied notably in favor of a dynast of Cilicia
- 84 —
Antoine explained, moreover, by examples analogs provided by the coins of Polémoo, dynast and priest of Olba, in Cilicia, and by mon- births of the kings of the Bosphorus. Mionnet hasn't changed anything to Eckhel's interpretation that we also find respected^ with the A, by Mr. Imhoof-Blumer ^ and Mr. Barclay Y. Head \ We must, however, notice the different interpretation of Charles Lenormant' who, doing somewhat violence to the disposition of the caption, read M* ANTHNIOY. TAP- KONAIMOTOY BAIlAEni. This scholar thus admitted that Tarcondimotus had, as a sign of friendship, taken the very name of Marc Antoine by adding as first name in his own name.
All this scaffolding falls before the legend well preserved coin of Tarcondimotus that the Cabinet of Medals has just been quite happy to acquire and add to the defective copy killer he already possessed. There is very legible:
BAZIAEnZ TAPKONAIMO
TOY 0IA. ANTHN.
^Adu Avruv/ou, friend (T Antoine. The letter A that we had originally read and to which we wrongly wanted subs* titing an M is only the third letter of the word OIAOYr the first two of which were located in ElDËiceae. This little point of numismatics, which is not entirely
* Imhoof-Blamer, Portrœtkùpfe auf antiken MONien, p. 40. > Barclay V. Head. Hùtoria numorum, p. 648. s NumitmaUc treasure. Jloû Greek, p. 72.
MARA.THUS
PI. V,
Located on the coast of Syria, almost opposite denies Aradus (Àrvad, Ruad) from which it was separated than by an arm of the sea four or five wide kilometers, the city of Marathus was already flourishing at The era of independence and great prosperity commercial rity of the Phoenicians, without being able to otherwise specify the date of its foundation. She had to its existence to the rich merchants of Aradus who, too much in Detroit in their island which has become the most important to the trade of northern Phoenicia, went to settle on the coast, where they founded successively Pal tus, Balanée, Carné, Enydra, Simyra, Marathus called the daughters of Arvad\ Ma- rathus, the closest to the metropolis, was not in a way, says M. Renan, that a suburb of Aradus, covered with sumptuous villas; that's where the Aradians used to bury their dead
Renan. Phenicia Mission, pp. 22 and 59 to 102.
■■■. ■!■»•
— 87 —
who thus rested in eternal sleep next to the luxurious residences where the living came themselves even relax from the worries of trading.
The name of Marathus still survives today in the form Mrith or Amrith, given to a necro- pole and a set of ruins which extend over a square league*. The Nahr Âmrith which crosses these ruins were called Marathias in antiquity': it is at the mouth of this watercourse that was located the small port of the city.
Alexander found Marathus very flourishing^ psyakntt xoei eiâaifijovay says Arrien, but naturally subject to the king of Aradus*; the Macedonian conqueror BÎen stayed there around the middle of December 333, some time before going to undertake the siege of Tyre. Marathus passed later, like the others Phoenician cities and Aradus its metropolis, in turn under the domination of the kings of Syria and that of the kings from Egypt.
However, the two cities so closely united by the community of origin and the vicissitudes of their political history, came to be jealous of each other no point in trying to get lost. The girl separated of his mother; Marathus proudly rejected the guardianship of Aradus and wanted to continue the course alone of his destinies. This emancipation of Marathus