Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 17 — 1890

31. — M 21 m, size. 8.55 and 8.51.

Pallas's head to the left, behind it a round shield. Below A RF As before. BM. Plate 9. 1. 2

32. - ^ 21 m, size. 8.62. 8.58. 8.55.

Pallas's head to the left, A in front of it, Thessalian behind it Helmet. RF As before. BM. Plate 9. 4. 3

33. — M 22 m, size. 8.52 and 8.51.

Pallas's head to the left, A in front of it, Astragalus behind it. RF As before. BM. Plate 9. 5. 2

34. ~ iR 22 m, size. 8.57.

Pallas's head to the left, under the chin T, behind Thyrsos with ribbons. RF As before. BM. Plate 10. 1. 1

174 Arthnr Ldbbecke:

ImkX

35. — M 20 m, size. 8.59.

Pallas's head to the left. T in front of it, flying ones behind it Dove in a wreath. RF, As before. BM. Plate 10. 2. 1

36. — M 22 m, size. 8.40.

Pallas's head to the left, behind it Helios's head from vom surrounded by rays. (A not visible.) RF. Same as before. BM. Plate 10. 6. 1

37. — iR 22 m, size. 8.50.

Pallas's head to the left in front of I, behind to the left flying Nike with ribbon. RF, As before. BM. Plate 10. 20. 1

38. — M 20 m, size. 8.48.

Pallas's head to the right, behind it N and a bull's skull. RF. Same as before. BM. Plate 11. 11. 1

39. - M 21 m, size. 8.60.

Pallas's head to the left, the helmet with an olive wreath decorates, behind it boar to the left. In the field A P. RF. Same as before. BM. Plate 21. 1. 1

40. — M 22 m, size. 8.58.

Palla's head to the left, the helmet with an olive wreath decorates, behind it Chimaera. In the field AP. RF. Same as before. BM. Plate 12. 5. 1

41. — M 21 m, size. 8.45.

Pallas's head to the left, behind it standing to the left Pallas with Nike and spear. In the field of AI. RF. Same as before. BM. Taf, 12. 20

42. — M 21 m, size. 8.60. 8.59 and 8.57.

Pallas's head to the left, behind him running to the left temis with torch. In the field of AI. RF. Same as before. m. 8. BM. Plate 12. 25. 3

43. — jR 18 m, size. 4.05. (heavily used.)

Bellerophon riding Pegasus to the right and thrusting downwards with the spear. Below?

MOnzfiind near Avola. 175

Number of

HüOMIl.

Rf. Chimaera left hind. cf. BM .S. 35. 321 Plate X. 18. 1

44. — ^ 15 m, size. 2.75.

Aphrodite's head to the left, her hair in a sac. There- before A.

45. — M 15 m, size. 2.75. 2.73. 2.72 and 2.70.

R/. Pegasus flying to the left. Below ?. l

Aphrodite's head with earring and necklace on the left, hair tied back. Behind A.

RF, As before. m. S. BM. Plate 9. 10. 4

46. — M 15 m, size. 2.70.

Aphrodite head with laurel wreath, earring and necklace band to the left. Before T. RF, As before. m. S. BM. Plate 10. 3. 1

47. — M 16 m, size. 2.70 and 2.67.

Aphrodite's head with earring and necklace on the left, hair tied back. Behind A. RF As before. BM. Plate 10. 10. 2

48. — M 17 m, size. 2.70 and 2.68.

Aphrodite's head with earring and necklace on the left, the hair rolled up. Behind it A in the wreath. RF As before. m. S. BM. Plate 10. 13. 2

49. — ifi 16 m, size. 2*67

Aphrodite head with earring, necklace and fly- the hair to the left. Behind it A in the wreath. RF As before. m. S. BM. Plate 10. 14. 1

50. M IGm, Gr. 2.67.

Aphrodite head as before. with laurel wreath to the left.

Before that A. RF As before. m. S. Plate X. 19. 1

b\, — M 15m, size. 2.67.

Aphrodite head as before. with Stephane. Before A,

behind it O. RF As before. m. S. Plate X. 20. 1

176 Arthur Löbbecke:

number of manias.

52. — JR 15 m, size. 2.70.

Aphrodite head without earring, collar and Stephane to the left. A in front of it, O behind it. RF. Same as before. m. 8. BM. Plate 10. 18. 1

53. — M 17 m, size. 2.75.

Aphrodite's head with earring and necklace on the left, the hair wound in a puff on the head and curled at the nape of the neck. Behind it is QA. RF. Same as before. m. S. BM. Plate 11. 15. 1

54. — M 16 ra, size. 2.67 and 2.60.

Aphrodite's head with hair similar to the previous one Wear to the left, next to AI. Behind it is a flower. RF. Same as before. m. S. Plate X. 21. 2

55. — M 17 m, size. 2.68.

Aphrodite's head similar to the previous one. Behind it AI and a tank. RF. Same as before. m. S. Plate X. 22. 1

About 97 remained unknown

~15Ö

The condition of the coins was averagely good, of the gold coins showed the Dariks and the rest Stateren traces of wear and tear as a result of circulation The Syracusan ones, on the other hand, were fresh from the stamp and the silver Coins, with a few noted exceptions, in very good condition.

As to the age of the coins found above there are no pieces that can be dated more precisely. act. The gold coins are probably all from the first one Half of the fourth century, as well as the majority of silver coins, some of the last ones may be two to three decades younger be, none, I believe, later than about 320 B.C. BC and around The burial of the find.

The value of the little treasure lies in the beautiful, some of the still unknown gold coins it contained.

Coin discovery near Avola. 177

There was only one type of Abydos from this period Gold known with Nike sacrificing a ram on the Main page and eagle in front of which Aplustre on the Rf, '). The No. 2 of the list shows a new and very attractive one Depiction of Artemis sitting on a fallow deer. Whether she held a bow and arrow in her hands, like later copper coins with the same type from Mytilene, Ephesus and others the not very sharp cast is undecided, its original unfortunately I missed it.

Among the staters of Lampsakos seem to me to be the pan- Head from the front, the head of Demeter, the head of Heracles, the head of Hermes and the seated Apollo new guys to be there, a stater with Pallaskopf is mentioned by Herni Six').

The pan head of No. 3 is particularly beautiful furrowed Stini, blunt nose and puckered lips the semi-animal expression on the god's face is excellent reproduce and probably the comparison with the well-known beautiful one Pan heads on apparently slightly younger gold coins from Pantikapaion ').

A representation that is as pretty as it is rare is this Apollo number 9, the only one similar to it, on coins that I I know, it probably shows 346 BC. Silver staters minted in BC the Amphictyons of Delphi *). The same one sits there in a similar way Position on the omphalos to the left, the right on the kithara supported and in his left hand a long laurel branch. The The God's gaze is on our coin as well as on the Delphic one thoughtfully looking into the distance, his chin thoughtfully pointing Hand supported, both coins show him with the long dressed in a girded kitharode chiton, the himation appears fallen and covering part of the seat. On the

1) British Museum. Synopsis plate 18. 14.

2) Nnm. Chronicle 1888, p. 111. 11.

3) Catalog d. Berlin. Mus. I plate 1. 12. Brit. Mus. Synopsis. Plate 21.1.

4) Ovcrbeck ApoUon. Coin tray III 35. Catalog of Brit. Mus. Central Greece plate IV, 13.

Zeiucbria for Namismfttik. XVU. 12

178 Arthur Löbbecke:

The god is crowned on the Delphic coin, whether on our gold stater is not certain but probably the top of the wreath or else a lock of hair appears visible above his head.

Prompted by the conspicuous hairstyle, I believed one For a long time, in the kitharode figure of the Lampsaken stater To recognize Orpheus, on his head the cap-like, thra- kish helmet with point, which he is wearing in some Yasen pictures is depicted. However, as I now realize, it was wrong is probably Apollo, as Imhoof writes to me, and what I do at times for the Thracian helmet hanging down at the back and sideways only the unusually wide and long ones are hair of the god.

Of the Syracusan gold coins of our find No. 12 A and No. 13 A^ behind the female head of the IIs. Perhaps the former also has a coin, although it is made of one The other stamp was A^, the planchet was too small, to accommodate the entire stamp, even on the plural of the other similar pieces were therefore found by the city names only place the first letters. Maybe it's in the AX a new artist name, or the A stands alone to read and add the M to K[iii(av), the EVA(l)(vfrog)') The number 14 is written in just slightly smaller letters same place, as well as Kl(jua)i') on a copy of the British Museum').

The silver coins do not give any reason for a meeting. occasion.

About a year before the discovery was made at Avola I already have a small one. Number of gold staters from Lampsakos became known and appeared in trade, which are included in Kl- Asia should be found, which includes, among other things, the ones I recently Both pieces published in this ztschr. ') belong. From

1) A freshly canceled copy from Güterbock's collection. with eyai behind the head (size 5.82) in the right side.

2) Brit. Museum. Synopsis Plate 25. 27.

3) Vol. XVII, p. 8, plates I, 11 and 12.

Mint discovery near Avola. 179

I'll see one of them with Zeus's head on the left later two more copies have become known, the one from the British Museum acquired and in Nnm. Ghronicle') pictured same stamp with mine, which others use in trade find different.

Then Mr. Greenwell has his kind messages According to this find from Asia Minor, three more pieces, two with different female heads and one with the from the Pilos-covered head of Poseidon or Odysseus(?), which he intends to publish soon.

All these staters coming from Asia appear to be younger than that of the Avolafound, the planchet of the The former is larger and flatter and the recessed square of the RJ. almost completely disappeared, including the work of individual people already shows a decline in art.

Perhaps we will also find out more about this find, which I haven't been able to do so far.

Corrections to the article “Qreek coins from my collection IV ^.

Page 6. Argos. Read Stephane instead of Stephanos.

" 10. No. 1. Ephesus. In the field of 22/. Astragalus instead of a.

, 10. No. 3. Ephesus, read M. Aurelius instead of Antoninus Pias.

M 11. Aprodisias, read Saloninus instead of Valerianus for a better one

Imhoof's specimens.

« 17. Line 1 from the top read Mopsnestia instead of Mopsuesta.

n 17. No. 2 Mopsnestia. Instead of OYAPAIGJN read OYA TAAAI. . d. b.

OYA {}^iihav&v) TAAAI (lyi'wv). “ 19. Cadi Rf. read TAI instead of TAI. " 21. Cibyra. The manze is from Apamea Phryg. and (A)PAM(E)

Read BABA. , 23. Siocharax Bf, read TTO sUtt TT 0. and Rj, M0Z6A instead of MOSBA.

1) Num. Chron. 1889. Plate 12. 12.

Braunschweig, January 1890. Arthur Löbbecke.

12*

about some coins from the Roman imperial period»

Patrae and Corinthus: Nero.

On coins from Patrae^) the following can be found under Nero Back:

IVPPITER LIBERATOR . Naked Jupiter standing to the left, on the R. Adler, the L. leaning on the scepter, in Fields 1. C, r. F. EACH 5.

Eckhel refers this coin to the Neronian one liberation of Greece; later he brings them, like the Roman ones Types of IVPPITER CVSTOS and IVPPITER UBERATOR with the discovery of the Pisonian conspiracy. The latter relationship may be true for the Roman coins to be; that for the coins of Patrae Eckhel's earlier he- clarification is more likely, shows one that emerged last year. covered Greek inscription*). A stone that the French Archaeologist Holleaux found in Acraephiae (Boeotia), contains 1) the edict of Nero, through which the Greeks to be sent to Corinth on November 28th, 2) the offer language of the emperor, 8) a decree of the city in honor of the freer. In this decree of honor, which gives the emperor all possible He is called NiQooy Zsvg in three places ""Elev&igiog] with the name of the Most High God name the

1) Mionnet 2, 193, 333; pp. 4, 137, 919-921; Berlin.

2) D.N. 2, 243.

3) D.N. 6, 272.

4) Bulletin de corrosp. hell6nique 12 (1888) 510 fg.

about some coins from the Roman Ice Age. Igl

grateful Greeks liberating the emperor^). Not quite that far went the colonists from Patrae; but if here with the picture the emperor's Jupiter Liberator is connected, so may this representation certainly refers to the same important event refer *).

Eckhel also cites a coin from Corinth bearing the same type should have '). In the meantime he got through a wrong one Illustration by Arigoni^), from whom he took the coin, can be misleading let. The type there corresponds exactly to that of the coins from Patrae, except that the field says CO|R. But there on the Corinthian muuzes under Nero never lack the duoviri, so it will be permissible to conclude that the letters in Fields from C-|P are misread and drawn incorrectly, that is the Arigonis coin also belongs to Patrae;

But it would be wonderful if such a meaningful experience event like the liberation of Greece on the coins of the capital would not have been glorified. And indeed Two types of Corinthian coinage are dedicated to the same been: the ship on which Nero arrived is shown on the coins

1) The same identification of God and Emperor is shown on the coins of Magnesia on the Sipylus with the (variously abbreviated) inscription Ni^iov KnlaoQ Ztvg 'Eliv&igtog, Mionnet p. VII 377, 278 fg. —

2) The coin of Dioshieron in Lydia can also be compared with this, which on the front have the heads of Nero and Zeus facing each other swept, shows, with the inscriptions seyz above and nephn kaizap below. The piece is in the Arolsen collection and is by Eckhel D. N. 3, 100 (from Mionnet IV 36, 185; Waddington, fastes des prov. asiat. p. 127) was published inaccurately. You don't really need it with that liberation of Greece; but in any case it belongs in the last days of Nero. The reverse must be corrected in: aioziepithn KOPBOYAXiN for Hera 1. standing, R. leaning on the scepter; in the field 1.HPA. Waddington believed that the coin was minted under Claudius, when Corbulo was Proconsul of Asia; but it certainly belongs in Nero's re- yation, as evidenced by the laurel wreath and the juxtaposition with Zeus; they will have to be related to the period in which Corbulo, with the exception of ordinary violence in the Orient.

3) D.N. 2, 243.

4) Mus. Arig. I, plate 93.

182 B. Pick:

with ADWEntus AVCusti] and the talking emperor himself appears on others with the inscription ADLOcutio AVGusti.

In his valuable introduction to the catalog of the Corinthian Coins in the British Museum') Head also has these coins correctly related to the Neronian liberation of Greece. But deceived by false descriptions in older literature, He thought there were five different officers with these guys Find coins. Of course it can't be five years in one year Duoviri quinquennales give, like Head - even doubtful - suggests. And an examination of those older descriptions shows that in fact only two officials appear with these guys, as the title and office require. It is allowed, to compile and check those descriptions here.

With the type Adventus Augusti we find two safe ones Official names on the following backs:

1) P M CLEANDRO above, QV COR below. Ship to the left,

about it ^^

AG

Berlin. — Imhoof (with AVG.) — Brit. Mus. Cat. n. 567 pl. XVIII, 4 (with QVI instead of QV). - Similar if not entirely accurate either, Mionnet p. IV 69, 458, 459; Cohen V p. 305 Nero n. 379.

2) L R PISONEIYII (she) above, QVI COR below. Ship 1st, shown

^^'' AVG

Brit. Museum Cat. n. 571. — Berlin (with L RV'?

PI). — The inscription is L R PISONE IIV QVI

COR to read; it is found similarly in Mionnet S. lY 70, 466, 467, 469; Cohen p. 206 n. 394. 395. The name of the first of the duoviri quinquennales — that The title Uvir is missing here, means nothing - is P. Me- miu$ Oleander \ the gender name (= Memmius) we will can be found written out on the coins with Adlocutio. The name the second is probably L, Rui(iliu8) Piso, after the corresponding one

1) p. XXXIV.

about some Mttnzeu of the Roman Kiuser period. 183

Coin with Adiocutio; however, the Qescbiccht name is not certainly, after the Berlin copy and after Cohen's Reading one would rather think of Ruf(iu8) or Ruf(rius).

From Mionnet's and Cohen's descriptions, their own and those drawn from other works, a Theii these readings and has therefore been quoted above; although If they are not entirely precise, they are not needed in the following to be repeated. But those backs which apparently give other names, are discussed here. Mionnet II 176, 211 (from Cohen 1, 305, 387). T.I. CLAVDIO . n • VIR . Qj^ ADV • AVG • COR. L'empcrcur

debut

The type shows that there is no adventus ^ but is an AdloctUio MMze; but the name also fits not to that. Mionnet himself later recorded the reading correct (pp. IV 68, 456) in: P . MEM CLEANDR • II • VIR. QVIN; ADLO • AVG. Although Cohen also has these knew the corrected reading (he printed it himself p. 304 n. 376), he still has the wrong one repeated. Mionnet II 176, 212. T.I. CLAVDIO • OPTATO II • VIR • QVI • AD VE AVG COR.

6al6r6

Also corrected later by Mionnet himself (p. IV 70, 467) in: I OV vel T.RV • PISONE II • VIR • QVI • COR; AD VE. AVG. Mionnet p. IV 69, 460. AD VENTVS L • L . S • A • («ic ;) dans ie champ P.

This coin does not contain an official's name, but is not even from Corinth, but from Patrae. It is to read AD VENTVS | AVG VSTI and in the field C P; the Letters L • L • S • A are from the reverse AVGVSTI read out. Mionnct p. IV 69, 461 (from Cohen 307, 403). ADVENTVS AVG. COR. Vaisseau.

184 B. Pick:

The coin is from Vaillant colon. p. 175 (=120, ed. 1695); as the illustration there confirms, it is also a misunderstood coin from Patrae. Mionnet p. IV 69, 464. T CLAVDIO II. VIRQ^ADVAVG COR. N6ron debut. Mionnet took the coin from Sanclemente (Num. be. II p. 115); this one in his own descriptions But she only knew a reliable author from Vaillant, and it appears to have been the same specimen, which also Mionnet II 176, 211 (see above) at the beginning misread or reprinted from Vaillant. Of course it is an Adlocutio coin, and the official probably P. Memius Oleander again. Mionnet p. IV 70, 465 (from which Cohen 306, 397 inaccurate). ADVE ÄVG • P • DOMITIO • II • VIR • QV • COR. Trireme. The coin is at Liebe, Gotha num. p. 419, ab- formed and printed correctly at Mionnet. You However, it cannot be found in the coin cabinet in Gotha^). So it goes away for us. Mionnet p. IV 72, 482 (from Cohen 306, 391). C. IVL. POLYAENO II • VIR.QVI • COR. galley; dans le champ ADVE • AVG.

Morelli, from whom Mionnet got this description created it, does not say where he took it from; you will see them like some others in the two the- have to ignore this author's comments. — It may be that an interpolation of another description occurs which is also Mionnet S. IV 72, 481 from Vaillant (p. 120) repeated: C • IVL • POLYAENO II VIR COR. Vaisseau Since Polyaenus is not mentioned here quinquennalis is mentioned, also the mention of the Adventus Augusti is missing on the piece, then the existence of one would be Coin possible. However, there is no other evidence of it

^) According to the kind communication of Privy Councilor Pertsch.

about some coins from the Roman Ice Age. 185

bar, and so this may also be a false description

be. This test shows that the names C. Julius Folt/aenii8, Tu Claudius (Optatus) and F, (or rather P.) Domitius, which Head had recorded from Cohen, did not belong here; and the Adventus coins remain the same only the two II viri quinquennales remain, which we know above have learned.

It is these alone that are found in the Adlo type. find cutio Augusti:

1) P MEMIO CLEA|NDRO II VIR QV The emperor in the toga,

standing on a platform facing left, R. stretched out;

in the field left and right ^Pt^

AViG.

Berlin. British Museum Cat. n. 570. P MEM CLEANDRO II Q^CO as well.

Imhoof. British Museum Cat. n. 569; similar to 568. Similar descriptions in Mionnet p. IV 68, 456 (from Cohen p. 304 n. 376), pp. IV 69, 457 (from which Cohen n. 378) and Cohen p. 304 n. 377. Inaccurate depiction of one Examples at Liebe, Gotha num. p. 419 (not by Mionnet recorded). — That on the coins of this type, the supposed ADVE • AVG. and the name TI • CLAVDIO We also have the above inscriptions already seen.

2) L RVT PISONE The Kaiser as above; in the field ^P.J;^

AV G

Vienna *); inaccurately published in Mus. Theupoli p. 671. Here the name RVT is very clear, so the resolution

Rutilius is more likely than Rußus or Rufrlns,

If Mionnet II 193,331 (from Cohen n. 411) the same

Type that describes Adlocuüo also under Patrae, so he has

be deceived by Vaillant's inaccuracy.

Nero didn't give his speech in Patrae, so he heard it

1) Mr. Director Kenner was kind enough to give me a copy of this to send the piece.

186 B. Pick:

nor is their mention on the coins of this city; the Inscription C - P. CLEANDRO P • CL: CO . . . DO. . . shows that we are dealing with a poorly read copy of the above have to do with the written coin of Corinth. —

So we found that memorable event Nero's arrival and speech in Corinth II viri quinquennales P. Memius Cleander and L. Rut(iliu8) Piso was celebrated with coins. But the year of her aooit- Driving is as uncertain as the year of the event.

According to the writers' testimonies, Nero's stay seems in Greece from the middle of the year 66 to around the beginning of the to have granted the year 68 ^). From the newly found Edict of Nero we experience the day of liberation; it was November 28th *). Information for the year can be found in the honorary decree, in which Nero otov navtöq xotffiov xvQtog Nigtaif avtoxQccrmQ fify$Ctog, dfjfiaqx^^^^ i^ovtfiag td tQlg xal dinatev Ano- dedstyfiivog^ natriq naxqidog means. The title tribunicia potestate XIII designatua is of course nonsensical, since in the tri- Bunician power of the emperor gives no designation*); but The number XIII will probably have to be retained. You wanted to trih. pot XIII design. really as an expression for the (last) Time of the trih, pot. November 65, when according to tradition Nero was still in Rome. So you have to ignore the word anoöedetyfiSyog and come then on November 28, 66, regardless of whether one considers the tribunician Years of Nero according to the older or later rule calculates^). This scheduling of the event is probably correct,

1) The passages are from HoUeaux bulletin 12 p. 518 listed.

2) ^Kthvoi nkiioTOvg x»^* o[rr]o[v] iv&ix^jat ix ravjijf r^g inagj^tiag nccgl' I'«* ig KoQiy&oy rp ngo naangtav xaXttydiSy dtxtfÄßgiajy.'*

3) Where the anodfdf^yfiiyog came from in the title is entirely up to you. clear. Nor can one think of vnaiog ro nifAmot^ would have been canceled before that, since Nero went to a fifth consulship in 68 not through regular designation, but through removal of the fungi the remaining consuls. At least that's what Suetonius Nero reports in 43.

4) see above Mommsen Constitutional Law 11' p. 798 A. 1.

about some coins from the Roman Empire. 187

although a passage from Sneton's seems to contradict it, which says: deeedens — provinciam universam libertate donavit. After that one would have to assume that the exemption was shortly before departure of the Emperor took place, i.e. on November 28, 67. Meanwhile, This passage is also otherwise unreliable, since Suetonius is the reward the judges in Olympia coincided with the event in Corinth men throws*). Therefore I would like to specify the inscription despite give preference to the nonsensical änodedeiyfiivog. — A white A further difficulty is presented by Suetonius and Plutarch, that the liberation takes place on the occasion of the Isthmian Games •be '). Although the date of November 28th does not fit, because the Isthmias tend to be celebrated in spring or summer used to, doesn't mean much; as HoUeaux correctly observes, They could have moved because of Nero or twice this year have been celebrated. However, it is at least striking that the inscription mentions nothing about the isthmia. And those too Coins seem to contradict this statement. It finds There is also mention of the Isthmian games under Nero on coins; but the Duoviri, whose names the wreathed The inscription accompanying ISTHMIA is not oleander and piso, but C. Julius Polyaenus and Ti. Claudius Optatus^). Well The Isthmia must have been under Nero's reign more than once must have been celebrated before the emperor himself went to Greece came; but considering that these games have never been on

1) Nero c. 24.

2) He continues: “simulque iudices civitate Romana et pecunia grandi, Qftae ben^ia e medio stadio lathmiorum die sva ipsa voce pronuntiavit. That The one in Gorioth, the other in Olympia, is described by Holleaux a. a. 0. p. 521 already shown.

3) Suetonius Nero 24 ; Plutarch Flamininus 12, 8. — One is well "justified" to assume that Plutarch's statement was borrowed from Suetonius, and then to treat the two testimonies as one.

4) Coincidentally, these are the same men whose names we see on the have found safe Adventus coins. There will be a second one further down Nero's visit in her year in office was assumed to be the subject of such coins could at most relate to. Meanwhile, in the case of the case that has become known, terial to deny their existence outright, as happened above.

188 B- I^icJ^-

The coins were mentioned, then one becomes an extraordinary one seek reason for this mention, and as such offers no other event than the presence of Nero*); but This presence does not date back to the days of liberation be different. We know so little about the journey Nero in Greece that the adoption of a twofold Nothing stands in the way of visiting Corinth. Maybe So we are entitled to the conclusion that Nero in Autumn 66, in the year of office of Cleander and Piso, in Corinth arrived; among the same Duoviri he declared on November 28th, not at the Isthmia, the liberation of Greece. On it he left the city*) to visit other places. But The next year he visited Corinth again of the Isthmia, in whose competitions he then also took part well involved; the Btioviri of this year 67, Polyaenus and Optatus, the Isthmia coins were struck to celebrate this event, like their predecessors, the Emperor's Adventus and Adlocutio celebrated with coins. —

After this time there is only one official name on Corinthian coins, that of L. Can(inius) Agrippa. He appears on coins of Galba, as well as those with SENATV[I] P Q_R (female head with Stephane and veil right) and ROMAE ET IMPERIO (female head with wall crown to the right)*). The latter coins, which instead of the imperial

1) Even in later times, the isthmia were only found sporadically on Corinthi- French coins mentioned.

2) The most one could refer to the departure from Corinth is the decedem in Suetonius refer to a confused report.

3) Eckhel D.N. II, 238; Mionnet II 170, 170-174; S, IV 53, 360. — Head describes a copy with senat[vi] pqji nnd Head of Nero r. laur, (Gat. n. 572); after that these coins would all be in the year 68 between Nero and Galba belong. But he's probably having a bad time conservation of his copy has been deceived; Nero's head fits not to the inscription, and on two clear specimens in the collection Imhoof the head is certainly female, which is also what the descriptions say Eckhel and Mionnet agree. — Female portrait of the Senate {itga ovvxkrjjog) can also be found elsewhere; see Mommsen Constitutional Law III p. 1260.

about some coins from the Roman Empire. 189

head of those of the Senate and the Roma are true- Apparently coined after Galba's fall, as was the case in Corinth as in Rome there was doubt about the right emperor. One will Therefore, Agrippa's administration should take place in the year 69 have; There are no coins from his colleague yet proven.

Under Vespasian and Titus are in Corinth and also in Patrae no coins were struck. Eckhel and after him Head') have rightly attributed this phenomenon to that Vespasian, as is well known, gave the province of Achaea that of Nero He took back the freedom he had been given and took this opportunity also withdrew the right to mint from the Corinthians and Patrensians. Of course, it should be remembered that the liberation of these two cities as Roman colonies actually had no business at all'); but perhaps these half-Greeks also had that at the same time granted privilege of complete tax exemption in relation to gene; The withdrawal of the right to mint may be a suitable solution would have been punishment. Domitian first awarded it to both cities again, and this is how we relate the appearance of the formula PERM • IMF. (permissu imperatoris) ') on many Corinthian Coins of his reign certainly have a right to this new one Granting of the right to mint. In gratitude for the imperial grace The city was called Colonia Julia Flavia Auguata CorintJms; but when after Domitian's death his memory was condemned was, the Flavier predicate disappeared, however cheaply, from the city names, and the old form Colonia Laus Julia was reverted to

Coriyithus back.

A similar thing happened in Patrae. That this city too Mint rights lost by Vespasian and returned by Domitian won, has already been said above. A name change she's been through it before. While the city is on the

1) Eckhel D.N. II 243; Head catalog p. XLV.

2) see Mommscn Constitutional Law III 690 A. 3.

3) Otherwise the formula permUsu can only be found under Augustus and Tiberius.

190 B. Pick:

Most coins also under Nero Colonia A(roe) A(ugusta) Pa- irensis or Colonia Patrensis for short, it is called in the Coins of type GEN • COL • NER • PAT. (Genius Coloniae Neroniae Patrensis) ^) Neronia^ and one will accept this epithet associated with the presence of the emperor- to celebrate this, Patrae coins with the type were also issued ADVENTVS AVGVSTI had beaten ^). The damnata memoria but here too it had its legitimate consequence; already under Galba the city is content with its old name.

Nicaea: ^Emtfaviiq TsUdtfoqoq,

On the coins of Nicaea, Pias appears under Antoninus and his sons, the healing gods, Asclepius, often nicknamed Shoti^q, Hygieia and Telesphoros. It There may well be a special reason for these coins have existed, but it is not known for certain when and what danger of illness the city faced at that time has been saved. — Here is said to be one of the coins with Telesphoros are shown, which have not yet been described in detail anywhere seems to be. Mionnet gives the following description:

oen TeAeC*OPß NIKAIGIC T^lesphore debout. M5.

S. V 90,467, from Vaillant; the note: ^mal lue II p. 453, 224." In this other place the description reads:

AVT KAI T AIA AAP AMTßNeiNOC

NIKAieiC Oefl OeAeC*ß. T61. debut M 5.

If a sulfur bipaste in the Berlin Gabinet is the same There is a copy, as is likely, so is the coin incorrectly described the second time; you see the following:

AVT KAI T AIA ANTßISEINOC CE head r. EIIIY:EAE NIKAIEIC Telesphorus

1) Mionnet II 193, 332; Br. Mus. Gat. Pelop. p. 25, 83; pl. Y15.

2) Mionnet p. IV 137, 924-138, 926; Berlin.

about some mances of the Roman Ice Age. 191

The safe reading is given by two slightly smaller, well-preserved ones Copies in the Berlin Cabinet, the first of which is here is formed.

1) .... T AI AAP ANTfll^INO head r.

Em* TEA NIKAIEIC Telesphorus wrapped in his cloak covers from the front.

2) - T KAI T AI AAP ANTflNEINO head with laurel

wreath r. Eni* TEAEC NIK • . • Telesphorus as well. The legend on the back means im(f{avij) T8Ua{(foqov) N^autg. The designation of a god as imtfavTqg finds refer to inscriptions quite frequently; it shines on coins not yet proven. A special meaning to look behind the word, i.e. an “appearance** of Telesphorus, is inappropriate and not necessary; that Epithet is suitable for every god or for every person in general. quality that one wants to present as excellent" how then also the Greek translation of the prince's title nobilissimus Caesar im(favictatog KaXcaq is. - That not about one Bcamten designation in\ (Z> . . . TaXsa ... is to think, needs hardly to be said. During this time, local magistrates on coins only in the province of Asia and individually in Byzantium; also the analogy of inl JijfAtfCQog^ inl Neixtig et al. on Byzantine coins is not applicable because then the 4> in front of the name of the gods could not be explained. It So all that remains is Eni4> as an epithet of Telesphorus and there seems to be no other explanation than imfpayijg to be possible.

192 B. Pick:

Elaea in Aeolis: yiovx^og KaXaaq. A not very rare coin from Elaea is the following:

AOYKIOC KAICAP Youthful head with curly hair right.

EAAlTßN Basket with a poppy head between four Aehren. Berlin M3.

Mionnet III 17, 97. — Imhoof monn. size 274, 235. In the older literature the prince depicted is for Lucius Caesar, the adopted son of the Emperor Augustus *). A look at the portrait shows that this is not correct can; the portrait belongs to the second century and that Antoninian house. The name Aoviitoq KaXaaq fits no relatives of the same. In any case, it will be It may be that the prince depicted on the coin is inaccurate or is incorrectly named. That would be the least worrying Naming Lucius Caesar for Aelius, whose full name yes L. Aelius Caesar is. He is also given the name L. Caesar once, on the inscription of a freedman of the “X.

Caesaris for a cubiculo and divi Verl imp(eratoris) ww^r(äor)***). However, the person depicted cannot be Aelius, since he is only as a mature man was adopted by Hadrian and became Caesar, and his portrait on Roman and Greek coins. — To his son, the future emperor L. Verus, you should actually think least of all*); that

1) Eckhel D.N. IV, 171 ; Mionnet a. a. 0.

2) Corpus inscr. Lat. VI 598.

3) The emperor may have once been called L. Caesar. A fragment of an inscription from Arrexzo reads: L. Caesari pont(ifiei) max(imo). . . (C.I.L.XI, 1824). Hirschfeld thinks it is possible to refer it to L. verus. pull. But L. Verus was not pontifex maximtis, and even if he

about some coins from the Roman Empire. 193

They teach that he is not depicted as emperor on this coin youthful features of the image; But he is Caesar under Pius not been, as this title was only given to the designated one at that time successor*). Nevertheless, Imhoof may have done the right thing. when he sees L. Verus in the person depicted. Because there are very similar coins from the youthful Marcus Aurelius with AYPHAIOC KAICAP, it is fitting that the others be his to attribute to brother; and a violation of the official Titulature, even such a strong one, can be attributed to the small Asian one city already trust. At best you would still think of Commodus can think, who had the first name Lucius; but not only he never appears anywhere without his main name, Commodus, but the assumption is also designed specifically for this case. concluded because there are coins of him in Elaea on which he correctly called KOMOAOC KAICAP. — After that we will on our coin a portrait of L. Verus with an incorrect have to see the name.

Caesarea in Cappadocia: Antoninus Pius.

A small silver medallion of the Kai- sers Antoninus Pius describes Mionnet IV 415, 58 as follows: ANTflNeiNOC CeBACTOC. Tete 1. d' Antonin le pieux, k dr. YnATOC A-nATHP nATPlAOC (she), Massue. Pot. 4'^. The striking title vnatog a (= cos. I) attracted me Discussion of the oriental imperial silver coins initiated to doubt the correctness of this reading'). But the noticeable The worthy title cos I can now also be found on two inscriptions prove. One of them had been known for a long time, a

who are incorrectly called that on provincial inscriptions (Mommsen, Constitutional Law II ^ 1108 A. 1), this is the case with an Italian inscription Hard to accept, especially since the name L, Caesar doesn't fit. — One could easily think of a L. Caesar of the republican times, to the men of the foreground who were framed like so many other people a monument would have been erected later.

1) Mommsen, Staa&recht II ^ 11 93 fg.

2) Magazine f. Number U S. 320 A. 3.

Certificate for Nnmisrnfttik. XTII. 13

194 B. Pick:

Latin milestone on which the Emperor Severus Alexander according to Perrot's copy ^) the title tribunic. potest. pTJ, cos. /, p. p. leads. The otherwise not certified form cos. I prompted Moromsen^), assume an error in the inscription and the Change cos.^ p. m., p. p. to suggest. Through a new one In the discovery of the inscriptions, this change proved unnecessary. Among the numerous milestones that can be seen thanks to the fruitful travels of the American Sterrett'), is also a second Galatic by Severus Alexander; and again the emperor uses the titles trib, pot II, cos. I. It is So the possibility of the titulature cos. I confirm; in strict- It doesn't appear in the first style; but such a milestone is, after all, also a public document, which is exactly what most suitable analogy for our Cappadocian imperial silver coin offers. One was at the side of the previous emperors. accustomed to adding an iteration number to the consultitel; there Pius and Alexander still held the consulate when they took office had not iterated, the number I or A was put in the title lature on. — So in similar cases that arise We still have to have it proven or will find it later, changes ments may be unnecessary*).

1) Perrot, Galatie ; ezplic. p. 228.

2) C.I.L.III, 316.

3) J. R. S. Sterrett, An Epigraphical Journey in Asia Minor (=: Papers of the American School of Glassical Studies at Athens, vol. XU) 1888 n. 378. — The other work by the same author contains equally rich material: The Wolfe Expedition to Asia Minor (= Papers, vol. II) 1888.

i) A coin from Uranius Antoninus may also be mentioned (at Froehner, annual de num. 1886, p. 192 n. 6), with the reverse saecvlares AVGG and on a Gippus cosi; it is a replica of the Saecular coins of the two Philippi; as with them the Cippus has its titulature cos u or cos II carries, so with the usurper his cos i. — Something The case is different with an inscription from Aricia in Lazio, where father and Son, as gurators of a GoUegium, should make a dedication together, and it says: “ille curator II cum M. Arrecino Gelliano fiUo curatore I**; In the comparison, the title of the son is used for clarity the unnecessary number I was added.

about some coins from the Roman Empire. 195

Antioch: Pius and Marcus. Among the coins of Antioch, Eckhel') gives the following Description of Hayms again:

AAP. ANTGJNEINOC CEB. EYCEB. Caput Antonini Pii

Laura. AYPHAIOC KAI. CEB. EYCE. YIOC. YHA. AnO. Caput Aurelii

Caesaris nudum; in area SC- , in imo H. M U. Haym had suggested the legend on the back Solve the ending like this: Yn(aTo^) A{vttoxi(ov) AnO{Xl

ANTONINVS AVG • PIVS P • P AVREUVS CAES • AVG • PII F • COS • DES • The reverse of the Greek coin gives the exact Translation of this Latin; it can be read: AffQ^Xtog

Ka7{(SaQ) 2ۧ{a

Undetermined place of origin: Augustus. At the end of the Augustus coins, Cohen gives the following instructions: writing:

1) Eckhel D.N. III 301 from Haym Thes. Brit. II tab. 34.—Two others Copies in Mionnet pp. VIII 143, 106, 107 to Arigoni and Mus. Tbenpoli. There is also a copy in the Berlin Cabinet with incomplete inscriptions.

2) The inscriptions on the Antiochene copper have been around since Trajan always Greek; see magazine f. Numbers 14, 313 fg.

3) Cohen 113 p. 409 n. 1-12.

13*

196 B- Piek:

IMP ■ C AESAR(AR li^s) DIVI F ■ AVG ■ ■ ■ Sa tfite nue ä dr. Rf. OCTAA (she) Qj, DESIG Victoire marchant ae g., tenant nne couronne and a palm tree. P.B,

(ville incertaine, Corinthe?) The mention of a q(uaestor) desig(natue), still there with a seemingly Greek name, would be on this coin funny enough. But there is a simple reading. Since the ordinary coin has not yet been properly seems to have been written, an illustration of the same can be found here follow:

IMP CAESAR DIVI F AVGVSTVS Head of Augustus r.

COS OCTAVO DESIG Nike with wreath and palm branch 1. striding.

Berlin, 7 copies, with minor differences. The coins are of fairly poor workmanship and natural not minted in Itom. But it's hard to say where they are could be embossed; the work is too bad for Gorinth; one would rather think of Sicily. One of the pieces has that Stamp error OCTAAO (i.e. inverted V), and probably Cohen's misreading is based on such a specimen.

There is also an incorrect description of this coin Eckhel D. N. VI 89 after Morelli: COS ■ OCTAVO DESIG ■ IX. Our illustration and the other Berlin examples show that the number IX is not on the coin. The form coa. Octavo deaignatm is unusual, but not inadmissible and cannot be strange given its provincial character. — Eckhel labeled this coin based on the incorrect drawing Morelli as the only safe coinage of the year 728/26.

& about some coins from the Roman Empire. ]97

We now know that it belongs to the previous year. Nothing is known of Augustus's victory in the year 72*^27; but it is actually unnecessary to give an explanation of the type search. If you want to do it, you can accept it the name of Augustus and the other new honors of the emperor think about what you might see somewhere in the province wanted to celebrate these coins.

Winterthur, B. Pick,

The use of the coin in decoration.

The ancient coins form one in all Kiütur states Europe's still preserved remnants and components the art of antiquity. As such they have - in particular especially the Roman coins with their imperial heads - one enjoyed extensive use in Renaissance sculpture. Not just for gem cutters, goldsmiths and stamp makers tailors, but also the sculptors and architects of those In time they offered a welcome pattern. They are witnesses to this multiple imitations of imperial heads in the medallions, which friezes, pilasters, spandrels, bases, etc. components of the adorn Italy's ecclesiastical and secular architecture; become rarer used for this purpose in the north, such as B. at the Rath house of Cologne. Painting and woodcuts also remained not back, Leonardo da Vinci, for example, has some Types that recur in his sketches, the coins Borrowed from Galbas and Nero.

But not to such imitations, but to these direct use of original coins or impressions of such, in art we want to draw attention.

First and foremost, it is the art of goldsmithing coin or medal used extensively; particularly common It was the custom in ancient times to offer coins made of precious metals To be worn on rings instead of cameos*); have examples of this some are preserved'). Furthermore, entire bracelets were exposed

1) cf. Pomponius, Digest. IIb. Vn. tit. 1.

2) e.g. B. the ring with the aureus of the Tetricus Rev. arch. N.S. III. p. 419.

A. Stackeiberg: The use of coins in decoration. 199

Coins together, probably also, as today, from copies of such*), They were used as inserts in belts, clasps, vessels, etc e.g. B. on the Patera of Rennes'); then as a chest or neck ornament, The many surviving pieces with elegance bear witness to this chiseled frame^) and eyelet as well as the still numerous richly perforated coins that we have in all collections encounter, and once on cords or chains around the neck or the chest were worn.

That also coins of Alexander the Great, as well as copies of such, in the 3rd century and later as a talisman^) was worn, is very likely and on the renewal ation of Alexander's cult under Caracalla and Severus Alexander attributed.

Not to be forgotten are the standards of the legions which the images of the reigning emperor in the form of medallions were attached.

The coin also knew the time after the migration to be valued as an ornament; of which the votive crowns give us Visigoths, and the signet rings"^) of the Franks are clear evidence- niss*). Even the kings did not disdain a collar to tiage from hanged or pierced coins, like us the grave of Childeric I teaches; the others also did the same Franks, Alemanni and others tribes').

However, the use of the Coins in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance; ancient and modern coinages were used in all kinds of devices

1) and 2) Lenormant Mon. et M^d. p. 200.

3) many examples from Dumy Hist. de Teuip. Rome. III. and Y.

4) Example from Duruy a. a. IV. 280.

5) X. B. MeroT. Triens on gold ring in Mus. v. Boulogne sur Her. Bev. arch. N.S. 1888. p. 296.

6) The oldest cut sigils of the Franks follow the image of the obverse with head and writing, or that of the reverse (cross, monogram or font), usually take the round MQnz shape; Lecoy de la Marche: Les Sceaux, Paris 1890.

7) Lindenschmidt: Altertm. the merov. Time. p. 394 and Tai. XII.

200 A-ötückelberg:

ecclesiastical and secular purpose*) or attached depends^). Gilded bracteates were placed on ceremonial robes sewn, like on the dress of the Andreaskloster in Sarnen (Switzerland), a remnant of the 14th century*).

As votive objects, capes were worn on monstrances. hangs; embedded in picture frames in Eussland until the same 1722 by Dkas Peter the Great, supposedly for the purpose of establishing because of their age and their artistic value*).

In the 17th and 18th centuries other designs were uses of coins; This is how the “Batzen*” became known in Switzerland provided with handles, converted into spoons; Roman large bronzes and Paduans, surrounded with hoops, made into planks; Thalers, hollowed out and cut in two, were used to hold them of miniature paintings, portraits or coats of arms and similar lich.

In the Black Forest, gold guilders and ducats were even required Roll of buttons on the rich farmer's Sunday clothes represented, a custom that continues - albeit sparsely - to this day received.

But the coin found another kind of use in decoration; I mean reproduction by print or cast.

The clay industry of the Old Thun was already familiar with this The clay lamps of the Romans are evidence of this the top of which is stamped with an aureus or denarius; the German earthenware manufacturing also took a liking to the antique ones Coins '^), which one encounters here and there on vessels of this type.

1) e.g. B. Cup from the Lüneburg Rathsilverware No. 15 Berlin K.-G.- Maseum; Bowl in the Middle Ages! Coll. to Basel.

2) Not as ornaments but as masters are monks attached to documents are attached. See Nahuys M. T. C. F. N: Charte de 1494 2b The source is suspended from the monies comme 6chantillon.

3) No longer edited since 1820 - and at that time insufficiently - edited; cf. Bussinger G. of the canton of Ünterwalden.

4) cf. Sneguire£f: Approx. Hdb. of painting by Bg. Athos p. 437. —

5) cf. the Frechen stoneware in the K.-G. Mus. to Berlin.

The use of coins in decoration. 201

Also only for decoration and not for dating purposes the coin impressions on bells, where they are usually used as punctuation, occur more rarely in isolation. Several examples in Germany are in this magazine^) by Mr. H. Buchenau been named; it may suffice to refer to the previous This custom occurs in Austria'') and in Switzerland') to have shown.

This brings us to the main types of use of coins in art and decorative arts; the Today's use of coins and medals as orders, breloques etc., which dates back to the XVII. It goes back to the 19th century and is too well known that one should remember.

Air the direct and indirect uses of the coin in art cannot be enumerated; but probably can a more detailed study of them for the decision of some chronological question are exploited, especially since the reproduced coins can easily be traced back to their original.

1) Z. f. N. 1890 p. 27 ff.

2) Bell in Schwamberg (Steyermark) from 1499: Viennese nnm. Ztschr. II. p. 579.

3) BeronOmster bell from 1616.

E.A. Stückelberg.

Two denarius finds from the X. Ms. XI. Jaliirlmiidert.

I. Finding of Olobok.

Senior teacher Dr. I owe that to Spee zu Ostrowo Knowledge of the interesting find listed below, which was covered in forest until several decades ago site on the bank that had now been converted into fields the Prosna, two miles sso. from Olobok (Ostrowo district) in has been raised in recent years.

The following is a composition that I made according to Dannen- berg's book and in consideration of the fact that most of the previous coming coins are well known, just briefly. Where the There is no indication of the number of copies, only one copy was found.

1. Metz. Bishop Theodoric I 964-84. Church and cross with OTTO. Dbg. 13.

2. Metz. Bishop Adalbero IL 984-1005. Head n. 1. and Church, the transcriptions of which unfortunately seem to be almost completely extinct *Adalbero pRESV (!) and *MettiS. Dbg. 16.

3. Same. * AD RO head n. 1. RJ. met*IsaviTas

Cross, unedited.

4. Cologne. Otto I as king (before 962) *ODDO*REX cross with four balls. Rf. 5|COLONII|A. In die cut and especially in the form of the R following under 8 Strikingly similar to Dortmund.

5. Same. Dbg. 329 a. 3 pieces.

6. Same. The same, but wider and of a different cut letters. Dbg. 329. 2 pieces.

F. Friedensburg: Two denarius finds from the 10th to 11th centuries. Century. 203

7. Same. Dbg. 331a.

8. Dortmund. Otto I. *0DDO*REX Cross with 4 balls and THERTI MANNT, cross between them. Dbg. 743.

9. Mainz. Otto II and III Mostly overgrown and indistinct lic denarii with ball cross and church. Dbg.777fg. 14 pieces.

10. Strasbourg. Otto III OTTO DI6 • • declining (!). Cross. Rf. +arge+- NTINA Church. To Dbg. 910.

11. Augsburg. Bishop üdabich. 923—973. Cross, at 3 angles a ball with a church gable, including an ENGL fragment, but interesting because of the new Mfinzmeister name, which is on In other coins it is always abbreviated ENG, here it is called ENGIlbert or similar.

12. Regensburg. Henry I. 948 - 55th cross, in 3 angles a ball. Rf. church gable with the mint master's names: EGGHO, PER, RAT, WO, WOH and a feral one. 6 whole, 2 fragments.

13. Same. Like 12, but a ball at each angle. coin master names SIGI and W. 2 whole, 1 fragment.

14. Regensburg. Heinrich IL 955-76. Cross with 2 balls each in 3 angles. Rf, church gable with the names of the mint masters: ELUN, EGGHO (H & O interposed). MAO. 3 pieces.

15. Same. Cross, 3 balls each in 3 angles. RF church gable with the names EMG and EGHO. 3 whole, 3 fragments.

K). Interesting replica coin with the same stamp as No. 15. Ilf instead of the üs. thick lines. RF REIA aviTAS and WOU.

17. Regensburg. Heinrich IL, for the second time 985-995. Cross, a ball in two angles, a ring in the third* Rf church gable with the mint master's names: ELLIN, 6VAL, SIG. 6 whole ones, plus a wild piece with MAO and

1 fragment.

18. Nabburg. Heinrich H. 955-76. Cross, at 3 angles each

2 balls. Rf church gable with the names of the mint masters PER, WL 3 pieces.

19. Same. As before, but in 3 cross angles, 3 balls each and ANA.

204 F. Friedensburg:

20. Nabburg. Otto 976-82. Ball cross and church gable with the mint master's name WI. 2 pieces.

21. *ODDO REX ball cross. Rf. S|>IHNVAa|A. Dbg. 1158. The stamp cut, namely the Ilf. this coin shines The Dortmund denarius is so similar to me that I put it in You can see the name of St. Reinhold in the lettering on the back would like.

22. Otto and Adelheid with DI LRAREX AMEN. Dbg. 1166.

23. Same. Dbg. 1167. 70 (including one with declining ATEAHLLT) whole and 4 fragments.

24. Same. On the rf. just AMEN. Dbg. 1171.

25. Slightly wider replica coin with the same stamp, only in three A ringlet in each of the cross angles, a ball in the fourth. Hf. *DnvOXHDn. RF eHVOAMavx. Like bohemian?

26. Countess Adela. /^. *AZACOMHlia8V (read from outside) Cross with 1 ball at each angle. RF + DOIEAVENEOTT. Hand between A and W. Compare. Dbg. 1237 and Vol. 15 p. 285 d. Z

27. Replica coin. Raw, square head and small cross. Dbg. 1268. The transcriptions * ?GOTHDVia? and TOCVh?? OQI, which this example* reveals, is likely Dannenberg's suggestion to Otto UI. and Mainz, too think, make it seem untenable. It's just one replica coin.

28. The same with OTTO • 018 •• REX • ​​around the spherical cross. RF OTTO. Dbg. 1271.

29. Turning pennies of the largest type. Dbg. 1325. 15 whole, 4 fractional pieces.

30. Likewise Dbg. 1329. 5 whole, 4 fragments.

31. An undeveloped planchet.

B. Poland.

32. Half-bracteate with the well-known arched shape, which as an imitation of the Dürsteder type from Charles' time is considered the big one.

Two Dcnarfaudc from the Xth and XI. Century. 205

C. Bohemia. The in 74 complete and 18 more or less incomplete Coins from this country that have appeared in many pieces undoubtedly form haft the most interesting part of the find > and I have to lively regret that I have to and especially to the numismatic aids required for comparison means to give them their due recognition to be part of it. The so necessary agile processing of the I hope that the history of Bohemian coins will be explained in detail of the coins citing the work of Jazdzewskis (Wykopalisko Jarocinskie, Poznan 1879) and Menadiers in volume 15 of this magazine as well as the Don cbauer catalogue To be able to serve to some extent, I limit myself to the latter However, the relationship depends on the quotation of the numbers, which are a Coin on the boards of the works attracted or in the Group has^

33. Sword and H(< Rf. Oak gable on 2 steps.

a) from aufsen ÄOfEirVA Rf. * VOATSVD .Idazu 1 fractional

b) V.a. QAOlESrv. Ä/. * VVV-VI j piece.

34. Sword between L and * Rf. church gable on one step,

below :3 extending into the transcription.

* DOBETVC : Rf * V? J*c/3 Plus a final one.

erh. overgrown piece. 3 pieces of both numbers weigh 4.18 gr. Doneb. 29-33. v. J. 5,6.

35. Sword and hammers (?) Rf church gable, below *3

a) V.a. *DOrEZrvv- Rf PM6A co 3 pieces

b) V.a. +DO^EZ^VA. RF PMoAco

36. like 35, but E:

* BOLEZUV Rf back. PRA6Aocx>

37. like 35, but '«B*

a) DOLESl^AV. | “^ ^^^ J^ ^ \ Rf. co-GA*

b) V. a..MOA DCSrv/ f *^

These 3 denarii are smaller and lighter than the previous ones, 7 pieces w. 6.5 gr. Doneb. 34th B.C. J.1.

206 F. Friedensburg:

38. * Oo.DX.OV sword Ä/. ACAWh church gable on

2 steps. This interesting and in my opinion unedited coin is undoubtedly- stick the half piece to the previous variety in which one After this, no obols for Nos. 33, 34 are allowed to be seen. Rather Numbers 33 - 34 are probably the oldest coins in Bohemia, to which Nos. 35-38 would then close, through which in particular on the jR/l more correct inscription than their younger successors recognizable. This joins, not much younger and again larger in style the group of denarii with the hand, jR/. Cross with various angular ornaments, once anch the hand again. 11 copies weigh 15.87 grams.

39. Hand between I and O Rf. Cross, one at each angle

ball. + VDECI MN'S Rf. * HADKoM- .

40. Hand between O and A Rf, cross, one at 3 angles

Ball, in the fourth 3 nails ending in a point. + . O. HnVX Rf. * VTcc*V*fl

41. Hand between + and O Rf. Cross, one in each of 2 angles

ball, in the third of its three, in the fourth the 3 nails. *DOra.AS hf back *PPAOV

42. Hand to the side * Rf as before Doneb. 144th B.C.

J. 34.

V.a. BOLEILAVXVa? RF TAflASLAiO

BOLELLAVe Rf back. *PP. AOIVIT+

43. Hand between I and O Rf cross, at three angles each

a ball, the fourth the 3 nails in a bow

expiring. Doneb. 75th B.C. Year 15. * trOIlVmFCI Rf back. • • OCTO. • fragment,

back + EftlD ... Rf \ COLDD • VITE

44. Hand between O and OJ Rf as on 43. Doneb. 71 fg.

V.J. 16. V.a. + B01.EUAVDVX Rf v. a. * B01.EIJAVDVX

+ DVXBOneiUVe Rf *n3 CIVhOA

ivHN * 3cmoiE Rf * BomoaavHDA

Two denarii coins from the Xth and XI. century. 207

45. Hand between O and + Rf. Hand between * and /•

unedirted.

* DVX BOregmVM Rf. OCK-Q:O0aDAX 3Ex.

All these denarii are similar to each other in the shape of each Letters, as is generally the case in stamp cutting, one will use the The different numbers must therefore not be torn apart. Now follow the well-known Omeriz denarii (Doneb. 89 fg., v. J.26, M. 124 fg.), the most common coins of that time and area Similar in size and factory to previous pieces.

46. Hand between Q and Ti Rf. Bust with cross staff

to the right. 11 pieces weighing 14.97 g.

a) * DVX BOLeSUVco RF. back. C^J^OMeRIZPRACACIZ

b) as before, but the circumscription the ms. from aufsen to read. 10 whole and 2 fragments.

c) back :)t DVX aoiAieiV^ Rf back. * OMSDIbACAV

47. Queen Emma's denarius of the same stamp the transliterations Melnic civitas and Emma regina are unfortunately only in 3 more or less broken specimens, which only ever shows fragments of the transcription, especially act.

48. Hf cross, a ball in each of three angles, the fourth in the three nails. Rf church gable on two steps, inside the Mint master name. Doneb. 50. 4 pieces, of which 2 are indistinct lich. 1.21, 1.15 gr.

a) V.a. + BOEILAV DVX Rf PRAGA CIVITR OMO

b) V.a. + bÖeZJJLVOVX Rf PPA6A QVITR CNO

49. As before, but in the cross angles ball, ringlet, ringlet, the 3 nails. Mint master name ONO. Doneb. 54. 2 whole, 3 fragments.

a) V.a. *BOnjAVlDX Rf back. PPA9ACIV1?

b) +BO X Rf civrq

50. As before, but once in the cross angles a ball in the fourth ring, Mttnzmeistemame W. Doneb. 61. 4 pieces. Weight 4.25 gr.

V.a. BOl^EZUVDVX Rf * PDPA6ACIV

vf^» F. Fricd'B^nrr:

^1. Wi<; Torfain, ibtr in three cross angles a Bingd« in Tiert«ii

rrine Kagel. Uölzmeuter ENE. 2 townsL Doneb. 47,

T.J. 11.

V.a. + BOLEZLWOAX /?/. v. a. P?AGA-CIVI

5^. Like 51, the transliteration D. namely Hjl Terwildert,

instead of the » MüDzmeifttername N or M. 2 styledc

53. As before, a ball in every corner of the border, Mfinzmeister OA or OV. l\ piece with z. Th. Terloschenen irflden Transcriptions.

54. Iland between Ci)nnd A. R/. Oak gable, in it the Mint master name ONC. Doneb. 70th B.C. J. 12, M. 104.

*

+ BOeirVA DAX applicant ruckl. PPAeACMTq 3 Stfick w. 8.4 size.

The denarii considered so far were of large format and they showed a strong engraving in Bach's letters and Types, the following are smaller, thinner and lighter Inscriptions show finer lines, the types are the same drawn less confidently.

55. The same stamp as on 54, only that the hand is from others Signs are accompanied and the coin master names change. Doneb. 167 fg., v.J. 18, Men. 77fg. 9 whole (7 weigh 4.65 gr.) and 3 broken pieces. Show the best specimens the inscriptions:

a) VKhVIIVKhEV And A Rf. EVZVAVAA^OMO

b) especially +LDAI10niDrDDAIV TundV R/. OVITIWVDAIVa ENE

c) v. a. * AIVIAOVIAIH \f andV Rf. CC-LVHVIAIAa ENE

d) *ICAV0AV0IAIV7. V and A Rf. AVTZeVieVI70| ONC

e) VZnOVAOVAlOI V and A Rf. GVCAVl. .qV ONC

56. +AVINHVHAO.. Hand between O— O Rf. Not again Lines and hooks to be given as transliteration. Standing Bird to the left. 2 pieces. Doneb. 158.

57. Same types, only the bird facing right broken.

Two denarius finds from the X. and X[. Century. 209

Whether these coins, as is usually assumed, really It doesn't seem to be so certain to me that they are obols, because we don't know any corresponding ones for these halves - the whole pieces and then their factory is different from that of the others Coins are so strikingly different, as is otherwise the case with denarii and Obols of the same time and area probably do not occur. This one thin coins form an already externally secreting layer group for themselves. In this respect, the acceptance of the ver- of Donebauer's catalog that they differ from the others Bohemia are to be separated, have a lot for themselves, but I would like to That's why I don't yet have to deal with the allocations to Bodritzen, Wagricr, Drewanen etc. agree. The interpretation The transcriptions in the catalog mentioned are almost too violent throughout; However, I wouldn't want it any other way also the attempt to put the names Zobeslaus and Lubie on No. 55 to read, to judge. I hear that Mr. Fiala is preparing Prague presented a larger work on the Boleslaus denarii he contains all possible numismatic and historical material intends to use it: hopefully he will succeed in making a satisfactory one Solution.

58. Partially extinct, very distorted transcription. head with Halo v. v., you can see the ends of the bill surrounded cross, lif. * loLIHVA ? AX (= Boleslaus dux) Cross, in whose angles a ball, 1 ringlet, 3 balls, the 3 nails. Doneb. 152, v. J. 22.

59. Instead of the inscription crosses, lines, halls. head v. v. similar to 58, without the cross ends. RJ. declining * DVDCLAVX hand to which the viewer's left is the one the figure formed by the three nails is attached. Doneb. 155, V.J. 19.

Both pieces, which are again of significant gravity, are apparently hear together whether they really belong to Boleslaus Chrobry are to be given, as happens in the Donebauer catalog, stay there- slouched. Was the reign of the Polish king in Bohemia really so solid that he had coins minted? And

Z«itiichrirt in numerology. XVII. 14

210 ^' Friodensburg:

if so, then his stamp cutter certainly doesn't have the name the Polish capital is committed to the reading of the The transcription to No. 151 in the Donebauer catalog is therefore throw.

60th replica coin, apparently more Bohemian than Bavarian Factory. Ilf. Cross, a ball at each angle, two of the the same are enclosed in circles. Rf. church gable, therein OCCC. 5 whole denarii (together weigh 6.27 gr.), 2 fragments of such and - most remarkable — an obol. The very barbaric transcriptions read: the denarii - on the obol they are unrecognizable - the same massive, namely * llco VEhDIIIDOco VD Ef. VD-VoVcx>DVCVco

D. Orientals. The Orient also has a pretty great connection to our finds. significant contribution was made: apart from several broken pieces Jewelry 1 2 whole coins and 62 fragments. A more precise one There was no investigation into this because of this request made to the general administration of the Royals Museums in Berlin I only received the notification that there are mostly Samanid and Begid coins, and that Professor Erman found 354 H. as the youngest year represented.

II. Finding Frankenstein.

Also raised in 1889. Whether present 35 z. Th. cut denarii and 13 fragments represent the entire find I don't know; so much known is no longer available found. Most of the coins found are in the museum of the castle's antiquities came to Breslau, the rest of the Mr. G. Wendlandt sits in Brieg and Mr. von Stempell in Neisse, to whom I am indebted for their communication. The find is of particular importance for provincial history. interest because he is apparently a numismatic monument of the case, which Bretislaw from Bohemia to Silesia in 1039 made.

Two Dcnar finds from the Xth and XIth centuries. Century. 211

A. Germany.

1. Dortmund. Henry II Dbg. 749.

2. Otto and Adelheid. Dbg. 1167. 5 pieces.

3. Wendenpfennig with cross and church. Dbg. 1330. 2 pieces.

4. Likewise with broad and cloverleaf cross. Dbg. 1335. 7 whole, 7 fragments.

5. Completely barbaric replica coin of the Esslingen St. Vitus Denarius with a swollen edge. 3 pieces.

6. Replica coin, with one similar to the Adelheid denarii Church and a cross with a ring in each corner.

7. Indistinct, probably Otto and Adelheid. 2 pieces.

B. Bohemia.

8. Udalrich. 1012—37. ALRVCSOID on both sides: DVX. IIJ Bust portrait to the right. RJ. Cross, in whose angles three Balls, ringlets, 3 nails and more ringlets. Catalog Done farmer 207. 3 fragments.

Bishop Fetislaw I 1037-59. The brief indication of the stamp With these not rare coins, in addition to the reference the illustrations in Donebauer's catalog are sufficient.

9. Cross, in the middle of which is a ring. RJ. Bust portrait of the saint leagues with flags. Doneb. 243. 3 pieces.

10. Rider with flag to the left. Rf. Bust of the saint. Doneb. 246. 1 whole, 2 fragments.

11. Two standing people holding each other. RJ. Bust of the saint. Doneb. 246. 1 whole, 2 fractional pieces.

12. Bust with cross. RF. A rooster. Doneb. 250. 12 whole, 2 fragments.

13. Half figure with flag to the left. RJ. Standing saint with cross. Doneb. 267. 6 pieces.

14. Bust portrait above an entrance decorated with two horse heads version. Rj. Blessing hand. Doneb. 276. 6 pieces.

15. Cross, an anchor at every angle. RJ. Very raw head to the left. Doneb. 275. 1 whole, 2 fragments.

14*

212 ^ Fried pnsbiirg; Two Deuarfniido from the Xth and XIth centuries Jalirhuiidert.

16. Indeterminate Duke. On the other hand, wild transcriptions. Bf, twin cross crosses, whose arms end in the moon. Bj. hand. Doneb. 285. 2 whole, 1 fragment.

C.England.

17. Art. *CNVTRECX, bust with scepter to the left. Rj. *PVFRED ON LVNN. Cross formed from double lines, in the middle a ringlet.

18. Harold. AR-OLD REX. Bust portrait to the left. R/. COLDSICE ON LVIN. Cross formed from four oval figures.

D. Indeterminate.

19. Obol, apparently unwritten, with a left-handed face Bust portrait, which imitates the heads of Ethelred on Bohemian coins, and an isosceles one Cross. Maybe Polish.

üleiwitz. F. Friedensburg.

Studies on the coinage of Silesia in the 16th century Century.

II.

Silesian coins of King Ferdinand, minted before

the year 1546.

It is already in the previous volume. Currently printed copy The major difficulties were pointed out in the course of action, which, according to Newald's judgment, was the research of the first Silesian coins of King Ferdinand I oppose. Until now, the main reasons for this were that the existing ones Coins with the Austrian scholar from the Viennese documents that had become known in the archives so little matched, a fact that occurred very frequently in the Middle Ages and there you will also find your informal explanation, but it goes to that King Ferdinand's regulated and strict government did not fit well likes. So it seemed an inexplicable contradiction that we have coins from the years 1527, 28, 30, 31 with the Silesian the Austrian eagle and the Austrian shield - so undoubted royal coins from a Silesian mint - own, while Newald considers it “beyond doubt” clarifies that before 1532 such coins were not available at all can occur".

What Newald failed to do with the Vienna files is, I believe based on my research in the Silesian archives. This time it comes from the latter However, only that of the city of Breslau is taken into account, since otherwise No further relevant material can be found. The local originals customers, the files of the Silesian Princely Days and especially especially the chronicles, which will immediately be discussed in more detail.

214 F. Friedensbarg:

see records supplement those from the Vienna holdings emerging facts in a most welcome way, so that, although not every single one of the following instructions positions can be proven with a document the correctness of which can hardly remain in doubt. And So the mosaic work delivered here, which describes this, intended image from all sorts of things collected from here and there Pens and pencils composed, of general interest cannot be dispensed with, especially since they require necessary preparatory work for the soon to be given presentation of the coinage reform King Fer- Dinands in 1546, which in turn is of great historical importance and numismatic meaning.

The mentioned chronicle records, which for a main source for this essay as well as for the following essay therefore deserve a short introductory discussion at this point because its original nature is attractive form a literary monument. These are the records ') the Breslau town clerk Franz Faber, called Köckritz^), which is in the - except for a part of the inserted original - Customer copies - from the author's own hand - the original') in the Breslau city archives in a "Trebelade" mentioned volume containing documents of various kinds located. Faber was in troubled times at the time obviously get very angry and downplay this anger often enough have to swallow, as it was mostly the royal measures Your Majesty, who is faithful to the traditions of urban rulers hanging man filled with displeasure. And then he asked like many others before him and after him made that he expressed his anger and resentment in a kind of Historia anecdota, where he was allowed to freely write it down,

1) See magazine f. business and Antiquity of Silesia Vol. 22 p. 80.

2) Born in Ottmachau in Silesia 1497 October 3, died 1565 September 19th

3) A copy in the library of Prince Pless on the Princely stone.

Studies on the monetary history of Silesia in the 16th century Century. 215

what's out there to speak freely to him, his office and his privileges view. This secret coin history is entitled: “What happens in Slesia with all sorts of jokes and advances the same happened and what happened happened carried with trewem hard work compiled report** and er- counts after a short introduction about the older Silesian Coinage and mining: “as was the case with the government of King Mathias*) Except for some of our tzcites, they approached us with our monks." open- bar the main purpose of the whole thing is the records about the coin reform of 1546. But the one that preceded it is also ongoing events, especially since the beginning of the government King Ferdinand, insofar as they influenced the course of the same become commonplace, paid attention to. Just start here because the funny and malicious comments are also more plentiful to flow, which reflects the humor of the time and the mood the writer's interesting, although not always laudable ones Throwing sidelights.

Having said that, we will now briefly outline the coin sales. conditions in Silesia, as they were at the death of King Ludwig H. in Years 1526 passed. Except for this one of no further interest and hence no longer touched upon Gold coinage, made in Breslau by the city council, in Neisse by the bishop and on the Reichenstein by the Münster Berg dukes took place, there were two royal mints, who supplied the country with silver money. The one to Bres- lau by Konrad Sauermann, Balthasar Mehl and Hans Ki*appe operated, delivered Hungarian pfennigs, the other, to Sweden nitz held by Paul Monan and Konrad Sauermanu, except the still Polish halfpenny*). Neither one nor that others suffered in terms of their existence and operations due to the change in political conditions, any change, Both were privately owned by the widow queen Maria, who leases it to the above-mentioned entrepreneurs

1) King Matthias Corvinus 1469 to 1490.

:>) Friedensburg, Silesia's Monzwesen in the Middle Ages Vol. 2 pp. 185, 258.

216 F. Friedrichnsburg:

had. So it became quiet in Breslau as well as in Schweidnitz continued to be minted, namely with the old year numbers and double zeal*), as if one feared that the new government The change will not affect the continuation of the current coinage conditions watch for a longer time.

This fear was only too justified, after all, she suffered Silesia for almost 100 years with minor interruptions among the worst coin confusions that have occurred especially since the successful attempt at improvement made by the estates in the year Treaty concluded in 1511) was downright Chilean had become. Therefore the message already carried what the Silesians sent to the king in January 1527, He presented the coin with a complaint and asked, Royal Your Majesty would also like to have gracious permission to have the coin in Böheim, Moravia and Silesia') and according to dignity taken harmoniously, but without prejudice to the right to mint of the stands. The king promised to consider this matter take and at the same time requested a written explanation The complaints that were promised to him also came straight away his first presence in Wroclaw, which took place from the 1st to the On May 20, 1527, this matter was discussed again*). The success of these suggestions became apparent in the same year in a decree of December 8th, in which the king The highest state governor advised that he was willing in everything to establish a good stable coin for his kingdoms and for this purpose have a day to the next 2nd yes- only scheduled for Brunn. “And in the meantime,” it says literally further, in our principality of Lower Silesia through the stands A number of people have been sent to the assembly shop, pick them up for you

1) Friedensburg a. a. 0. Vol. 1 p. 33.

2) Ibid. Vol. 2 p. 94.

3) d. h. set up on the same footing.

4) See Buchholtz Gesch. Ferdinand I. Vol. 2 pp. 523, 527; Boehm. country tagsverbandlungen Vol. 1 p. 111; Schles. Princely Day Acts d. J. 1527 S 21.37. The following is based on Franz Faber's notes Trebelade Bl. 38 fg., 187 fg.; Princely Day Acts p. 62 fg., 72; see Schickfuss III p. 172.

Studies on the military history of Silesia in the 16th century Century. 217

seriously, that you are the same people, so from the prince- tumb Underscblesien berurter montz comparison half prescribed his, such day. . . pre-certificate**. Also the Breslauer Rath This plan was communicated to the king, who then submitted some suggestions in writing that are not of interest here. The Brno meeting actually came about, but it doesn't seem like it has brought anything positive to light. dert, we learn very little about her at all. The The people of Breslau had sent a special letter to the king. pray: ^to be there, to ask the Sweydnizers big and with more coins**; They were given January 12th In 1528 the decision was made that the king also wanted to raise this complaint the gathering of people currently being held let all its countries take care of it. But there were but several letters of request are still necessary before you can do so was approved, and so we will probably follow the decree of June 26, 1528, through which King Ferdinand the Schweidnitz Mint closes'), not to this Brno meeting - allowed to return.

The Turkish threat, which was becoming more urgent again at this time seems like the king's efforts were repeated later paralyzed and undermined in the area of internal administration to have broken after Sultan Soliman's army Vienna had to withdraw, but he immediately took it back with zeal.

To a certain extent he found the support of the Breslauer Bathes, which in turn has also become part of the to intervene in the general land damage had been'). As early as Scholastica (February 10) 1529 The Princes' Days held in Breslau brought his envoys

1) Friedensburg a. a. 0. Vol. 1 S 89.

2) The following according to Franz Faber's records and the princely tagsakton, to both of them all further news, to which nothing more is Angolien, come from. It's easy to see how this way the Vienna and Wroclaw sources complement each other.

218 ^- Friedensburg:

referring to a plan mentioned here for the first time of the king to acquire a mint in Breslau or Schweidnitz aim, and highlighting the aspirations, also for the empire to create a uniform coinage system, this approach opportunity to speak again. Maybe it was even his Plant that Sauerinann now also operates the previously for the Widowed Queen Maria managed the Breslau Mint gave up^), but Sauermann stood by the advice he stood for repeatedly appeared as an ambassador at the princely meetings, in good spirits Agreement. In response to this suggestion, the estates declared that they still demanded with a Hellermtinzc, which the on would be equal to the Kutná Hora in terms of shot and grain, also want to be provided with the Silesian, Bohemian schen and Polish pennies, but otherwise wanted to They were happy to grant His Royal Majesty's coin trade and set his new coin in motion in the land, Everything without prejudice to their privileges and rights. Indeed one heavily cryptic answer! But the king appears to be out not having done much with these clauses because he was broadcasting immediately afterwards presented the stalls with a draft of a new coin order, according to which hellers, half pennies, whole pennies and triple pennies are should be beaten, so that this new coin compare with the cruisers, sixes and Joachimsthalers and at the Mark Feinsilber would be considerably better than “the previously moncz, so beaten by Cunradt Sawrman*. Also He immediately appointed a muuzmeister and a journeyman and managed a few thousand marks of silver in case of approval of the stands so that the minting can begin immediately. This one As would be expected, consent is not initially given especially not necessarily, the stands stopped at theirs previous wishes, but in the end they have to be a little- at least in the main, namely the establishment of a new one

1) Newald p. 36. The document in question was in Vienna for some time Archive cannot be found, the causes of that event are therefore cannot be determined for the time being.

Studies on the military history of Silesia in the 16th century Century. 219

royal coin, have given in, because they decide at the Princely Day of the following year (1530):

After the king. Mat. furschlag from because of one consistent good and fair montz will be approved, So all princes should also stand and stand on the same Approval umb will be the montz according to assets keep montzbriefs available. On June 22nd of the same year, Ferdinand announced his Decision to establish a new coin again, whereby he determined that only the fourth part of the coin was to be minted Silver should be minted in small denominations *), also bore his Vienna mint master, Thomas Behaim, one to send an intelligent master blacksmith to Bohemia, who would First put the damaged watering on the Kutná Hora, then but the coin should be treated in Silesia'). Two days later a patent was issued banning the export of the Silver with explicit reference to the fact that the king ^for genomen to arrange a new good coin alda in Slesia and let it beat*').

But this active action by the king was again not according to the spirit of the estates. So they sent On October 24, 1531, Valerius Scipio became king in Speier Ferdinand with a heavy complaint: there was a noise and a shout broke out that His Majesty had a coin in the land of Silesia wanted to let them beat, as they had already done at the Königl. All kinds of buildings were erected in the court of Breslau, Your Royal Majesty would like to have your say in the decisions of the Pay attention to the wishes expressed on Eürstentage and follow through Don't let anyone take you to other paths; but if the coin Should have its progression, the change and Melting down the good old varieties is strictly forbidden and their further circulation can be secured. The response was extremely gracious

1) Newald p. 36.

2) Buchholtz a. a. 0. Vol. 4 p. 5*21.

3) Patent in the Wroclaw city archive.

220 ^- Friedensburg:

word of the king, which follow literally because of their importance like:

The niontz half is Yr Ko. Mat. regardless for- company wise to the establishment of good, stable montz a grain of montz for the sourman, as in Yrer Mat. hebland is beaten, to be delivered evenly montz in the Siesien strike in the same way. But after K. Mt. was in charge, this was not possible Apparently or stick with it, the K. Mt. I'm glad she's dating the Saaermann ain's grain itself underrcdcn, while the muntz exist may, and write the same Yrer Mt., then will Yr Mt. need to put things in order so that the montz in good gangk and useful strangling yrer Yor equation may come after. This is probably something we haven't been informed about in more detail are, the estates negotiated with Sauermann, but in the end The king would have to take it again himself. Under that On April 16, 1532, he first issued an export ban every evening*) concerning the precious metals, their delivery to certain Prices were offered in the coin. Remarkably takes this patent from the earlier one already mentioned from 1530 reference and reports that “so far there have been noticeable preventions for- fallen, resulting in melted coin according to our plans so far not erected nor put into motion must be mfigen.*^ Two days later an instruction*) for Conrad Sauer followed- man, after which he received triple pennies, half pennies and half pennies White pennies had to be minted. The latter should have a crowned one F and an S as embossed and their 776)j piece is a Viennese Mark weigh.

We have no information about Sauermann's further coinage activities further scientific news than a letter) Eonig Fer- Dinand of March 15, 1537, in which he addressed the son of the same

1 ) Ncwald S. iKy.

2) Wroclaw City Archives.

Studies on the Mflnzgosohichto of Silesia in the XVI. Century. 221

points, those "welb and genieclier" on the royal Court at Breslau, which belonged to his father in a "different time". his coin had been granted to be cleared again because The city council “has trained itself to join our court his givers and chambers, some of which are seer gone to do the same to bring us to our happy place In the future there will be smokers in the DCstpass.

Not long afterwards, namely when the king in May and June 1531^ was again present in Breslau, but once again a "suggestion" on his part and a reminder to the stands, This article should not be ignored. But there's nothing on that Important things happened, ordered King Ferdinand^) by means of the Resolution d.d. Vienna February 15, 1539 the above as a comrade Sauermann's named Breslau patrician Hans Krappe*). Mint master in Silesia, where his coin “ain zeitheer still confessed*', and commissioned him to "help" this new coin and assistance of his friends and relatives" according to an attached added instructions to hit. The Austrian ones should do this Grain and meal, as well as the shape of the Austrian stamps be decisive, but Krappe should focus on the differences large coins under the large coat of arms ^on a special the place denotes the dukedom of Slcsien with a list of netem letter S", on the two pennies the shield of Austria and Silesia each especially and in between or below the same letter, on the small pennies the coats of arms of the two countries mentioned in a shield together, including the S again.

In fact, Krappe soon began to mint, as numerous chroniclers') report, of which we only have one

1) Newald p. 37. Remarkably, in dcu Brcslaucr There was not a single message relating to Krappe's coinage activity except the royal letter of 9.0 mentioned below. 1512.

2) The spelling of the name of this famous Breslau patrician familic changes many times: Madder, Krappe, Crapif and much more.

3) Handwritten chronicles in the city archive, see Paritius, Boitr. to 6(*sch. the Krappische Capelle p. 29 and Pol. 111 p. IIG.

222 F- Friedensburg:

I'll say it here, since everyone else has the same message more or less completely in almost the same words: ^1541. This year people started to break everywhere lukewarm to coins by several fellow citizens named Hans Rote, Hans Krapp, Domnig Jost and Christoph Stueler as thalers, half thalers, oerters and also Viennese pfennigs; But the coining didn't last long here*. This message is of particular value also because because they give us Hans Krappe's “friends and relatives”. those involved in this business with him, learn their practical We will have to examine the table-numismatic value later. However, as is often the case, the preceding year is now our chroniclers, wrong, because the mint operation later at least began in the middle of 1540, according to one by H.August Calculation dated 1540*), according to which the “montz breslischer thaler, half thaler and örtcr" on the shot are 9 brighter lighter than "King Osterreycher Thaler" turns out. Whether from the Resolution d.d. Prague February 1, 1540, through which King Fer- dinand the previous provision due to the Krappe payment the "loose impact treasure changes"), an even earlier start date to be concluded can be left open.

The documents also speak for a very short period of time the chronicles belong to the coinage of the Krappe company. We already have a letter from the king dated June 9, 1542 '), according to which Hans von Rotenhan, called Rot, the brother-in-law and companion nosse Krappes, he “doesn’t have the courage with a small complaint clagweis revealed*", as he told the Breslauer Munz- operates “expressing its own, even with the pawning of its own gueter put himself in "serious punishment" and how he got through it the disloyalty of the blacksmiths they appointed (i.e. the technical manager of the company), named Michel Stolz ^)

1) Wroclaw City Archives.

2) Newald p. 38.

3) Wroclaw City Archives.

4) Subsequently joint mint master of Duke Friedrich von Liegnitz and Margrave Johann von Küstrin.

Studies on the coinage records of Silesia in the 16th century Century 223

and Caspar Mnlner ^in excellent accident khumben and to disadvantage driven and brought**. The king instructs the council, the nossen to their rights towards the two master blacksmiths to help. But this intervention helped little: apparently there was a lack of the bare necessities, the necessary funds, because On February 15, 1545, King Ferdinand requested the Bres- lukewarm advice, Hans Krappe, who was arrested because of a small debt I've been in prison for the fourth year and have to pay bail. let. After Krappen's death, however, his widow and children suffered bitter hardship, which is why the king took refuge in the years 1547 and Used repeatedly for her at the council in 1548.

The estates could not cope with the king's failures just make him more inclined to submit to his wishes, his In the years 1541 and 1542 repeated renewed appeals ctions finally receive the pretty rough treatment like that Stilnde basically decided that it was with the coin order The statement is “an untimely act now and now”. It stayed that way until King Ferdinand was erected. tion of the coinage regulations of June 12, 1546, an energetic one Step that, which the next essay will examine in more detail will. —

So much for the archival material: that's what it's about determine how the existing coins compare with the same brought into agreement. From coins of that time, which, as noted, are characterized by the Silesian affixed to them Adler identify themselves as indubitable Silesians we have the following series:

I. Small (12 mm) pennies with the band and the eagle symbol sign, including the letter F in a square frame, years 1527, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36'); v. Saurma XXXXVI 8. Add a cliff-shaped piece (coin cabinet). City of Breslau) weighing 2.87 gr. with the open bar not quite complete inscription on the RF, FERDINAndus PRImus : Electus : (rope, rex Bohemie) INFans UISPAuiae Archidux.

II. Slightly larger (17 mm) pieces with the same shields under a prince's oath in the Drci Pass; born in 1530, 1531, 1532, 1534; v. Saurma ibid 10.

III. Small pennies like those described in I. with one S instead of F; born in 1540, 1541; v. Saurma ibid 12.

IV. Ktn half thaler in the coin cabinet of the city of Breslau with the Adlcrscliild inscribed on the back.

All of these coins except the larger pfennig from 1530 are very rare, the yoll consistency of the rows here this may be doubted. But at least you can recognize that with the year 1527 the series of small Pfennige began that from 1530 onwards the coinage became more driven and also stretched to the larger pieces to II., that finally after a break in 1540 and 41 still is minted once. This result of the first superficial observation coincides in a wonderful way with the arcane clearly established facts: we saw, to briefly repeat this, get, the interest in coinage in the years 1527 and 1528 become active and after the interruption of the year

1) From 3anrma forms an identical one on plate XXXXYI under number S! Stack from 1537, but which had a C instead of the P. The Orstbck of this UOnt« is can be found in the Kgl. Mfinzcabiacl. Whether the C on Hana Crftppe or something else EU interpretation is, I still dare to decide at the moment.

Studies on the monetary history of Silesia in the 16th century Century. 225

1529 awakens to even more lively life, 1537 already exists another break and the short one occurred after 1539 Hans Krappe's financial activities. We can and must, how I think after that assume that in Silesia in the years 1527 to 1528, 1530 to 1536, 1540 to 1541 was minted. You could now say the above verbatim right from the start quoted passage from the patent of 1532, according to which the coin The work has not yet been erected or started like'', a passage that was also mentioned at the beginning for Newalds. shared view may have been decisive - counter and also ask who in the years 1527 and 1528 should have had the right and from where to have money struck, since the documents say nothing about it. That's what comes first to reply that from this latter fact in itself even nothing follows, as even Franz Faber, as noted, touches on the documented Legally and numismatically established coinage of Hans Krappe not a word, perhaps because the Council all these criticisms exercises were not particularly friendly. Other documents steep but at least let us see that much actually minted in the country before 1532; in particular- dere that promise of the king, which has also already been mentioned from 1529, the new coin would be better than the one previously used Kunz Sauermann beaten. These words about his im Names of Queen Mary struck coins in Hungarian and Polish stamps are prohibited by the fact that that the later coins that certainly came from him are one belong to completely different feet and are therefore not compatible with those. wanted to be equalized. We will therefore use the words in question from the patents of 1532 in the light of a complaint by the Bres- Lauer Bathes from November 10, 1546^) have to explain where it says: “But that's how it is with us... this Montzbandel... nhu offt- I was once compelled to do the most necessary thing, including going to work brought started and tried etc.*^ That

1) Door loading sheet 60 fg.

Magazine for NnmiamftUk XVIL 15

226 ^- Fripüensburg:

^often** requires proof of more mintages than that of the Sauermann in the 1,530s and the madder ash. The apparent contradiction between the two letters 1529 and 1532 can be explained completely informally by the short duration of all these undertakings, which also for the small number of documents and coins that came to us is to be held responsible. What causes the combination Krappeschcu's society broke up, that's what Hess said provide documentary evidence above, and as far as the Sauermann is concerned, There's no doubt that things weren't much different for him, says Franz Faber once mockingly told him that he was “to do with a new one Muntzen went pregnant, but didn't come to the purge, because it is attached to the leather, which is why he cannot make sinew.^

Also the question: who has the coins from 1527 and 1528 shaped? is not as difficult to answer as it seems would like to seem. If we consider that these coins after a barrel that was previously not common in Silesia are beaten, and if we hold on to the stands tenaciously consider the native varieties, we will can hardly be assumed that those mentioned in 1527 a number of people who came from the stands to the montzhandlang taken*', on whose behalf these pennies were minted, Rather, they are given to the king when the document is written to have been entrusted with handing over the report. The circumstance rather, that we don't have any idea about this imprint ourselves have only a suggestive record, suggests that that we are dealing here with an experimental undertaking have, which is less through those people than through Kunz Saueimaun, who had two mints at his command, will have been organized. Sauermann stood with King Fei^ diqand has been in rain since the beginning of his government Relationships and he might be interested in giving the king his Willingness to introduce a new coin into Silesia to say to prove tangible. Maybe that had too The piece of kit described above has a higher purpose than just

Studies on the military history of Silesia in the 16th century Century. 227

that of a weight: the striking fact that its bending page has an inscription, leaves the same almost as the appear as the subject of a dedication. But to be safe We leave it up to you not to give up on the facts Everyone can further imagine these suggestions as they please: that cannot be disputed, that the assumption of one any such experimental muuzung by Sauermann There were no objections based on the history of the time oppose. But perhaps it is even closer to assume that that the king can no longer support the sourman in a tenene privilege has given the right to strike such pennies.

All that remains is the dating of III. newly communicated Halbthalers and the statement left as to what the zul.or.nl. and IL described Heller. The former results simply from the fact that the two instructions for Sauermann from 1530 and 1532 did not produce larger silver coins*- while those for madders are both whole and half and a quarter of a thaler among the varieties to be coined by him^ and the mentioned calculation from 1540 is minted testified. It is also known that the coins which are king Ferdinand's picture, shown here without a beard, dates back to before 1547, the year of Queen Anna's death. As a result, ours must Piece that, by the way, deserves to be noted, regardless its not flawless condition, the prescribed weight shows'), probably struck in 1540 or 1541 in the former year, since Krappe's star went out so soon. There itself from the larger coins minted by prongs elsewhere No copy seems to have survived, so this one deserves it Half that only recently came to the Gabinet in Breslau" thaler from a historical and numismatic point of view from being described as a particularly interesting piece.

What's more difficult is the constant fluctuation and...

1) According to Newald'd information and calculation data (pp. 100, 38, 14) the

Thalcr a target weight of 28.786 gr., the half a target weight of 14.393 gr.

have.

15»

228 ^- Friedensburg:

ÜDaccuracy of expression in the coin orders the poor quality and rarity of our coins determining which system the small pieces belong to and how they should be named accordingly. Six copies of I. and III. *) The pennies described result in an average weight of 0.3566 . . Gr., the severity of the above-mentioned fits perfectly Guide coin, which would then be equal to 8 of these pennies. Only the instruction of April 18, 1532 determined exactly that Weight of the Heller coin, which she calls “half white pfennigs**: 776;^ pieces should go to the Vienna Mark (280.668 gr.). This results in a normal weight of 0.361 grams for each, i.e. almost exactly the average weight calculated above. One will hence those to I. and III. coins described as half white have to denote pennies. But if the page 222 cited chronicle note talks about “Wiener Pfennigen*”, corresponds to this In any case, this name is not at all Silesian, rather The exterior of ours is reminiscent of the Austrian coins Pieces, which also belong to the one requested by the king in 1527 hard plan, the coinage in all its countries uniform to set up, is excellent. Konrad Sauermann, undoubtedly one Astute financier, he certainly knew what he was doing when he did - more or less arbitrarily - as early as 1527 with the award The production of a new type of coin began.

As for the larger pieces minted since 1530, so their average weight can only be determined very imprecisely, because they are even more poorly developed than their contemporaries: Very few people have the whole stamp on the plantain received. So here we have specimens from 0.34 to 0.68 gr., and are only close to the average 0.55 gr. to calculate, the fineness is just as bad as it is that of small pennies. This type of coin cannot be combined with any those who gave the sourman in the various

1) It is probably a concern that both groups have sound signals that apparently are minted according to the same barrel, to be taken together.

Studies on the monetary history of Silesia in the 16th century Century. 229

Instructions occur, compare, as they are particularly a lot is too small and light to be addressed as a halfpenny will be, rather one will be the order given to the Krappe 1539 can be used, according to which this one and two pfennigs should have essentially the same character. As a double pieces of the small pennies, i.e. as whole white pennies, can our coins regardless of the not completely correct weight, This is usually not strictly adhered to with such small varieties already because of their larger diameter.

Varieties other than those listed above are expected to be available by It was not minted in Silesia in 1546. What in particular the hellers usually moved here with a crowned F in between the letters R-P, which have a corresponding embossing King Ludwig's with crowned L continue^), and those from the The years 1531, 1533, 1534, 1535 and without a year are available are, there is a lack of any evidence for their assignment to Silesia. Rather, the speculation suggests that these pieces, which are still in production in a very similar style, Dinand III were struck, came from a mint, where business was busier and less frequently interrupted than to Breslau. The one at v. Saurma on plate XXXXVI below Thaler n.d. shown in No. 13, but Newald is right assigned to the Prague Office: the mention of Silesia in the Titula of the king forms the only, entirely inadequate legal reason for the allocation of Saurmas.

Since apparently only of the coins in question here small quantities have been minted, the question is extremely obvious: which varieties the country mainly has at this time served. According to the finds, the heller coin consisted of the most diverse characteristics: Wladislaer and Ludwiger Breslau and Kutnenberg were defeated, as well as Görlitzer Main mass, in which foreign varieties are also included, especially especially Hungary, mixed. In addition to the pra-

1) See Friedensburg Vol. 2 p. 184, where these pieces are also from Silesia are turned away.

230 F. Friedensburg:

especially the Schweidnitz Pölchen and Polish half-speakers pennies, later, when King Sigismund opened his monetary system had changed to protect his country from the flood of massive to save urgent Pölchen, whose new pennies and especially- Lich that of the Duke of Prussia, Margrave Johann von Küstrin and Duke Friedrich of Liegnitz coinage of the same; Thaler and small Austrian coins only gradually found acceptance. The proclamations of the Bres- Lauer Raths always only concern the aforementioned varieties their value and continually repeat the old wars. warnings about “false and evil heller coins**, a procedure which suggests that these reminders have little success.

So it's a rather strange, although not pleasant, A typical picture of the Silesian Mtnz conditions at this time present. On the one hand, strange personal power: the King establishes mints in the country and mints money, achieved without complete agreement with the estates his mint master Sauermann mints a type of money (IL), which is not provided for in the instructions given to him, and gives the other (I.) one of the prescribed completely finally, his mint master Hans Krappe also does not observe the regulations because of the stamp and even beats undervalued money. On the other hand, great confusion ness and sad financial conditions, yet there is a constant contradiction strive for precisely those who suffer the most had, against the king's suggestions for improvement. un- sound and fluctuating conditions under which there is no partly could stand well, but the confusion of the political characterize the liturgical conditions in Silesia.

F. Friedensburg.

M i s c e 1 1 e.

A gold coin not recorded by Cohen

Allectus.

In the 2nd edition of Cohen VII p. 44 No. 1 is below the small bronzes of the Allectus the type: “ADVENT VS AVG. Allectus i cheval".

In a note A. v. Rauch's, which I found in an antiquarian Found the acquired numismatic writing, remembers the same a hinged aureus of the same emperor with the same lapel inscription ADVENTVS AVG. , below M. L. and representation of the Emperor on horseback, v. Rauch knew the coin from a fellow Division of Privy Councilor Bartheis from 1860. It was found in 1836 near Minden (on the battlefield from the seventeenth century Years' War) and was given to the French by Barthcls in 1837. General Comtc d'Erceville, upon repeated requests from the same, for 800 francs - the gold value was 3 ducats - let. Where might she be now? Cohen doesn't know her; According to kind information, it is also in the Berlin Cabinet the director of Sallet did not receive a gold coin from the Allectus with the relevant inscription and representation.

W. Drexler.

The acquisitions of the Royal Coin CaMnet from L April 1888 to April 1, 1889.

Plate IV—V.

The collection

has in

years

1888/89

as a whole

598 pieces

acquired:

•

N

M

TR

Together.

Greeks...

1 • • •

14

18

32

Romans

■ ■ • •

i

4

6

U

Orientals. . .

3

2 348

1 172

3

Middle Ages and modern times. .

545

■

Lead 13

Wooden models

6 Wax models

Seal stamps and seals.

1

1

2

ö

.8 369 199 22 598 The collection received gifts from the gentlemen bank Inspector Dr. Bahrfeldt, government councilor v. Brakenhausen (from The gift giver himself modeled a bronze medal on Mr. v. b. and his son), G. Brück (a book of handwritten satirical works Poems from the beginning of the 18th century with sewn-in satyrical lead medals, a not uninteresting cultural image), Jonas Cohn, A. v. Dachenhausen, Dr. Dressel (some important ones Italian medieval coins), Minister of State Dr. v. Gossler Exe. (one silver medal from Bologna and two for our collection valuable Byzantine copper coins), Director Grunow, Land- rath Haniel, A. Herder (134 newer American private coins), Knight v. Höfken, Jokoloski, Lemke, Major v. Maititz (two

Characteristics for KamiaiuAÜk XVa

16

234 A.V. Sallet:

Seal stamp), Martini (three ancient coins, including the one below described rare coin from Nineveh, Traian, and the described Historically interesting piece by the British Emperor Carausins with PIETAS AVGGG; the three Augusti are Caransius and the Diocletian was forced to recognize him as co-regent and Maximian); Ad. Meyer, v. Mumm, Prof. Dr. judge, Schneller, Pastor Thieme, Treubrodt, Prof. Dr. from^m Weerth, Zinnow; furthermore from the royal court. Academy of Arts, Royal Government in Danzig (a copper coin found near Danzig of Antoninus Pius), from the city of Hamburg, the Royal director tion in Magdeburg, by the Imperial Royals. Art collections in Vienna and by two unnamed people.

I give the most important pieces here in detail. writing:

Mesma Pallaskopf 1st Rf, Pegasus 1st, below him ^€

M.5

All of Mesma's coins are rare; the one described here Didrachm of the city as a member of the Achaean League was missing us still.

Deserved as a marvel of the finest Greek art one already in the museum's catalog of Greek coins described perfectly preserved didrachm from Ghalcidice (Chalcidian League), around 370 BC. Minted in BC, an image dung (our plate IV no. 3). Characteristic of the mace- Donic art of that great period is perhaps a bit too great fullness and somewhat exaggerated relief, with the careful fullest and finest execution. Even the slightly enthusiastic one The expression of the head of Apollo is of the highest grace and more unique to Chalcidice's well-cut stamps; these really beautiful Chalcidian coins are very rare by far most are of much lower, often quite hand- factory style.

Aeropus, King of Macedonia 397 - 392.

Young male head right. (Heracles?), with ribbon in the hair.

The King's Acquisitions MOnzcabioets until April 1, 1889. 235

Rf. \ EPO O (the A only partially visible, the P stood probably r. top corner). Striding horse r. with long hanging reins in line square, the whole thing in a shallow, recessed square.

M, 5. 10.3 grm. Plate IV, No. 4. This first large silver coin from Aeropus, which is known is already mentioned by me in the “Description of the ancient Coins'* of the Berlin Museum Vol. II, p. 188 discussed in detail been spoken.

Petthaloi.

Zeus head with laurel cross right.

Rf, MßAA0T3n Front part of one jumping out of the rock ing horse (the one created by Poseidon horse jumping on the rock).

j£. 3.

This royal coin Collection has Prof. Dr. Rhusopulos

first read and explained correctly (Journal f. Num. XVI p. 91).

The “Petthaloi** are a Thessalian community, which...

an inscription is known. Maybe there is a connection

of the word Petthaloi with Thessaloi, assuming Thettaloi, like

Prof Rhusopulos suspects. Certainly the strangest one so far

Thessalian coin known only in this one example, like

already the Thessalian type created by Poseidon

the rock jumping boss proves; according to time that may

Coin, as Rhusopulos says, from the middle of the 4th century B.C.

Belong to Chr. The regression, which was rare at that time

The inscription does not prove that it is older.

16*

Phaloria Thessaliae.

Apollo head with laurel wreath right. Ugh. <|>AAfiPIA£Tn(N) Artemis in a short hunting dress, the straps holding the quiver on the chest crosses, with quiver and bow on his back, on one Rock sitting 1-, in the R. arrow.

m. 5.

Until now, only a single coin was known from Phaloria, a copper coin from the British Museum with the head of Apollo and Sitting Apollo on a rock at the back (Head historia numorum p. 259). The information described here is not complete come preserved but artistically beautiful ones - namely the Figure of Artemis is excellently drawn - differs in the Back side off, it shows Apollo sitting on the rock instead the god's clearly characterized sister, Artemis in usual hunting costume.

Minoa Amorgi, Antoninus Plus.

T. AIAIOC. KAIC - ANTflNeiNOC head with wreath right. RJ. MlNCMTßN . . OP. Standing Artemis of Ephes with the two Hii-sheaves.

The inscription on the back certainly seems AMOR ■ Mivo^xmv '^liögyov to read, I also believe the AM least partly recognizable. Coins from Minoa with the denomination:

The King's Acquisitions Mflnzcabinets until April 1, 1889. 237

As far as I know, there haven't been any "on Amorgos*" yet known. In the very small series of rare ice coins Antoninus Pius was not yet represented by Amorgos. Abydos.

Apollo head with wreath r. Rf. Eagle standing 1st ABY below bee. . . AAIPPOZ

m., 6. 10.52 grm. Plate IV, No. 1. This excellently preserved didrachm is of quite good quality Stylish and extremely rare. Anyway, the name is Kallippos to supplement.

Holmi Ciliciae.

Standing Pallas I with helmet and aegis, in the R. the flying Nike holding a branch, the L. up supported the round shield on which the Gorgon head; right, free-standing, the lance, the decorated one Point pointing downwards (probably as if it were stuck into the ground to be understood). Half-erect in front of the goddess on the left the dragon-like serpent. RJ, OAMI TIKON Apollo half-dressed, 1st standing, in the Right bowl, the left on the laurel branch supports. M. 5. Plate IV, No. 2, The affiliation of this unicum to the Cilician I found Holmoi first and briefly put the coin in it official reports from the royal Art collections (yearbook the royal Prussian art collections IX No. 4) on January 1st. October Published and described in 1888. Since then my friend F. Imhoof according to him from the previous owner of the piece Smyrna also described the coin as having been sent to Hol- Recognized as belonging to moi Ciliciae and the same in his just now published beautiful works “Greek Coins** (in the editions) actions of the royal family Bair. Academy and separately, p. 185) wrote. Holmoi was on the coast, south and close to the later City of Seleucia. The form OAMITIKON, the Ktetikon, is the on Cilician coins with the same and similar types from the occurring more frequently at the same time (beginning of the 4th century).

238

A.V. Sallet:

Form of the city name, such as ^OAIKON, I^^IKON, KIAIKION. The The style of the coin, like the similar ones in neighboring cities, is soft Beautiful, especially the details on Pallas' clothing carefully and cleanly worked.

This is the first completely safe coin of the city of Holmoi; those from Leake (numismata hellenica, asiatic greece p. 68) here given pieces: Pallas head r. Ä/. OAM female head right. But you can probably also do it, as Imhoof does Certainty of the city, as the OAM hardly anything else can mean as the name of Holmoi and the coin certainly belongs in that area.

Stasioikos and Timochares, Cypriot kings.

Apollo head with laurel wreath right, from the inscription just traces.

Ä/, female figure sitting on the bull right, leaning on the Holding horns and almost floating freely, on the r, side of the bull Cypriot script.

M. 6-7.

The inscriptions that appear on our copies so far probably only in the two by J. P. Six (S6ries cypriotes, Revue numismatique 1883, 38). Unfortunately, the coin is not completely preserved, reads and supplemented Six: {ßaadsvq ^TaQtj:o{i)xog xvQievg and on the back:

According to the last tablet of the Cypriot inscriptions from Head in his historia numorum is the one on our copy

The acquisitions of the EöDigl. HQnEcabineU until April 1, 1889. 239

almost perfectly preserved name not T(|Uo;i;a^i^$ Bondem TIMOKAPITI, Cypriot retrograde to read like this: t\? ± (D 5"

tilri|ka|iiio|ti So: ti mo ka ri tl and another unclear letter.

The timing of the two suggested by Six Kings Stasioikos and Timochares (for so, not Timocbaris The name must be if the reading of the geoitive is Tifio- Xae*/o; is correct; Timocharis has TtfioxäQtdo; in the genitive). the years from around 420 to around 400. According to the style I'll start this piece a little later. Historically are the kings Stasioikos and Timocharis or Timochares unclaimed.

Nineveh, Traian.

CIMP. ..ICAESAVGGERM Head of Traian with wreath r. RF COL . FELININICCLAVD Eagle between two vexils standing from the front. EVER. 7.

This is described as follows from Mlonnet to Sestini* The same piece (Mionnet Suppl. VIII p 420) is unfortunately correct somewhat damaged, so that the transcriptions are incomplete, otherwise the egg content is t:ut.

The coins of Nineveh are extremely rare, ours Collection now has a fairly rich imperial series of Coins of this city: Traian, M. Aurel, Elagabal, Sev. Alexan der, Maxiniinus (3 pieces), Maximinns and Maxinius t^zusaninien). — The piece described here is a gift from Mr. Martini.

Among some additions to our Bactrian series deserves one of the rarest and strangest, in our collection so far only in a very bad and

240 A.V. Sallet:

an indistinct copy of the Bactrian-Greek royal coin to be highlighted, which is the

Agathokleia, wife of Strato I.

BACIAI^^H^ GEOTPOPOY AfAGOKAEIA^ Helmeted Bust portrait with diadem right.

Rf. Strato's Indian transcription: maharajasa tradatasa dhramikasa stratasa. Heracles sitting on the rock l, resting the club on the knee, as on Euthy- demus' coins, bottom left I0P.

iE. square 6. Plate IV, No. 5.

The head, as this well-preserved specimen proves, is not, as was previously assumed, that of the Queen or Pallas, but of King Strato I, Agathoclea's husband, precisely matching the king's silver coins in facial features. I spoke about the minting of the Agathoclea with Strato. detailed in my “Successors of Alexander the Great in Bactria etc." (Journal of Numismatics Vol. VI p. 327 f.). It is not clear whether there might be a Queen's Regency can accept for her husband; that Agathocleia is certainly the one We now know from the British Silver coins acquired by the museum in recent years next to the two busts of Strato and Agathokleia each other and their names combined by KAI (number. Chron. VII, 1887 plate VII, 7).

ours, which is still very much in need of completion This time the Roman imperial series has some magnificent pieces Rarities of the first order: the wonderful Goldstfick Casca with the name and portrait of M. Brutus, the Empress Didia Clara in gold and only ten gold coins (six different different backs) known to us, which are still completely missing Syrian Emperor Uranius Antoninus. I give of these and some other rare pieces illustration and description:

The King's Acquisitions Mflnzcabinets until April 1, 1889. 241

Brutus.

BRVTVS IMP Bearded head of M. Brutus right, ring around laurel wreath. Rf. CASCA LONGVS Tropaeum.

N. Plate IV, No. 6. This extremely rare, several years ago in a whole A small number of coins found in southern Italy are probably the most beautiful and most interesting from the small series Coinage of the Caesar assassins. The one adorned with the mourning beard Portrait of Brutus is extremely characteristic, energetic gical work and certainly speaking similar. The back calls Casca Longus, who delivered the first stab in the back against Caesar led, legate of Brutus in the civil war in Macedonieu. Ours Magnificent example of this, only available in very few pieces. Known coin was from the auction of the famous collection Ponton d'Am6court acquired.

C. Antonius, brother of the Triumvirs.

C. ANTONIVS . M. F PRO • COS Female bust with hat.

Rf. PONTIFEX hatchet and other priestly insignia.

M. Denarius. Plate IV, No. 7.

The extremely rare denarius of Proconsul C. Antonius, the brother of Marcus, was minted in the city of Rome in 712; In any case, Eckhel correctly explains the bust with the hat as that of the Genius or Personiflcation of Macedonia, whose Proconsul C. Antonius was; C. Antonius was then taken over by Brutus captured and killed.

An aureus from Didia deserves special rarity Clara, the daughter of Didius Julianus, mention:

DIDIA CLARA AVG bust right.

Rf. HILAR TEMPOR Standing Hilaritas 1. with branch and Cornucopia.

A^ Plate IV, No. 8. By far the most important piece of the Romans acquired is

242 A.V. Sallet:

a magnificent aureus from the Ponton d'Am6court collection, from the ephemeral Syrian anti-emperor Uranius Antonius.

L IVL AVR SVE ANTONINVS Bust of the emperor with wreath and paludamentum 1. RF, CONSERVATOR AVG^usti). Cattle team at a walk 1., on the chariot between two umbrellas the saint Stone of the god Elagabal from Emisa, with a ceiling covered, on which an eagle from vom is depicted.

N, Plate IV, No. 9. The Coins and History of Julius Aurelius Sulpicius Uranius Antoninus has W. Froehner with his usual Acumen in an essay by the Annuaire de la soci6t^ French (aise de numismatique 1886 p. 189 and discussed therein) demonstrated that this Syrian anti-emperor was not, as is believed the few notes of the writers (Zosimus, Georgius Syn- cellus, Victor [Epitome]), under Severus Alexander, but, like one of his gold coins with the cippus and the Transcription of the secular games SAECVLARES AVGG and COS I proves (Figure 1. c. Plate VII No. 5), at the time of this secular games, 248 AD, i.e. under Emperor Philip, lived where- with also the years of those rare coins which this Antoninus coined in Emisa and which Greek Bear inscriptions, match.

The three dated coins from Emisa all have this Year eE*, 565 = 253/254 AD - Uranius Antoninus has therefore in Syria in the years 248 to 253/254, at least ruled until the first year of Emperor Valerian.

I would like to go to Fröhner's excellent and irrefutable statement Just add a few incidental comments to the arguments* add: Fröhner believes that the double G in SAECVLARES AVGG, saeculares Augustorum, just mindless copy of the Transcription of the coins of the Emperor Philippus father and son be. But I would almost like to believe that Uranius at the beginning his reign was similar to Glodius Albinus, like Garausius,

The King's Acquisitions MünzcabiDets until April 1, 1889. 243

like Vabalathus, did not want to come across as an open rebel, but rather for a friendly sharing of power with Philip hoped, and that the AVGG — which, however, was more real AVGGG called - this attempt to initiate a friendly should document the economic relationship with Philippus. Already the secular games celebrated on Uranius' coins and although with precise retention of the character of similar pieces of Philip: the pillar with the inscription SAECVLARES etc. seems to quietly hint at this.

Furthermore, the complicated name of Uranius seems to me: L • IVLIVS . AVRELIVS • SVLPICIVS • VRANIVS • ANTONINVS still one that may not be entirely understood as a historical pointer to contain a throwing hint: Fröhner rightly points out that suggests that the name Julius probably comes from Julia Domna, Julia Soae- mias or Julia Mamaea is connected. His name was Sulpicius (Fröhner 1. c. p. 200) the father-in-law of Severus Alexander. So there is a connection between the name of Uranius and Julia Domna or Julia Mamaea and her son Severus Alexander very likely: but now it is in Syria, especially in Palmyra and in rebellious Palmyrene The imperial family often used the name combination Julius Aurelius and will probably rightly go to Julia Mamaea and Severus Alexander - who is known to be called Aurelius - and theirs close relations with Syria.

Perhaps Uranius Antoninus the Palmyrene should now may have been related to the ruling family? The inscriptions contain, As far as I know, no hint of it and prove it Nothing is going to happen, but maybe what I said here will be of interest Suspect for further investigation.

The rarity of all Uranius Antoninus coins is knows: Fröhner knows about those with Latin transcriptions gold pieces (other Latin coins of the emperor aren't there) six different types and on the whole over- There are actually ten existing pieces, of which ours is from the

244 A.V, Sali«:

Overall Ponton d'Amecoiirt one of the best preserved and most beautiful.

Among the remaining purchased Roman coins are still To highlight two rare late imperial mottos: Claudius Gothicus.

. . . auR CLAVDIVS AVC bust portrait with crown and Robe r. Rf. PAX AETERNA Standing Fax 1., in the SP<^ section.

M.

This rare, Cohen only part of the Elberling collection The different front side known MQnze is rare because of the The inscription in the SPQR section is strange. These, as Mr. Dr. Pick kindly informs you, in the last volume the “Bivista numismatica” by Prof. Dr. Ambrosoli (II, 1889 p. 537) by the special researcher in the field of numismatics matics of the later emperor, Mr. Major Markl, was discussed in detail. Spoken inscription SPQR is in the opinion of this numismatist the symbol of the Serdica mint. Gonstana.

FL IVL CONSTANS AVG bust r. with wreath and Palndamentum. Rf. SECVRITAS REIPVBUCAE StehcDde Securitas to the leaning against a pillar. Act IV, No. 10.

Finally, because of the location where it was found, I like another large bronze of the Autoninus Pin {Rf. SALVS AVG Salus, standing 1st, the From an altar, Sehlange presented himself with the bowl, in the L. Rudder) are mentioned. The piece was in found near Danzig near Weichselmünde and brought us from Royal Regional Council in Gdansk as a grateful gift sent in.

The acquisitions of the EOnigl. Coin cabinets until April 1, 1889. 215

The medieval coins purchased include: some valuable Carolingian denarii worth mentioning: Charlemagne.

* CARLVS REX FR around the monogram from KARLVS Ä/. EX METALLO NOVO cross. M. Plate IV, No. 11. The place of minting is probably not Melle (Metallum), but it is provisionally the meaning of the strange inscription “ex metallo novo**, which corresponds to the legend METAL GERMAN on the denarius with Charlemagne's head (Gariel collection no. 628). Page can be put, still unknown. Notice about both Gariel speaks worthy inscriptions in his excellent work les monaies royales de France I p. 124, to No. 97 Plate IX. Charles the Simple. 898—929. Laon.

CAROLVS GRATIA DI REX church building, therein Cross. Rf. MONT LVGDVNI CIAVAT (clavat) Cross with four points. M.

This denarius from Laon, Lugdunum clavatum, is quite rare. Ludwig II (855-875), son of Lothar. + IIVDOVVIDVS PIVS Cross. Letter SITDA

UIIDII M. Plate IV, No. 12.

Gariel (II, p. 329 to No. 9, slightly different from ours piece) probably correctly suspects a verdict in the SITDA IICIITI deriving the German name of Strasbourg and CIVITAS, i.e. STRATB CIVITAS, like on the coins of Lothar IL stands. — On our beautiful copy you could even Read SITRA, the penultimate letter looks something like this: R

A very rare one, only one in our collection so far different and less clear example existing coin is the denarius of

King Konrad L, 911-918. Mainz, one of the most important Incuuables of German coinage. .... novo d. i. Cuon. . . Cross with four points. RJ. lOGOMCI (Mogoncia). Church building. M.

Boleslaus (Chrobry) King of Poland, DeDar with Russian shear (Cyrillic) script, minted in Kyiv in 1018/1019.

Bearded bust of the king with robe, from the front.

On the sides the inscription "Boleslav" in Russian

letters. Rf. Decorated cross. Inscription “Boleslav”. M.

This from Koehne (Berlin sheets for coin etc. customer II, 1865, p. 63 Plate XIV, 2) very described and illustrated rare piece bears the inscription BOAeCAABb on both sides, Boleslaw,

ßoleslaus asked, as did Koehne 1. c. explains this Coin with Old Russian writing during his conquest to Kiev, where he was an ally of Sw&topolk must have been called as an independent regent. Boles Law conquered Kiev on August 10, 1018 and remained there until to the year 1019; the minting of these extremely rare coins must therefore have taken place within this short period of time. — Ours Collection already had an example from Dannenberg's collection plar of this strange piece, which is created by the newly acquired supplemented in some places of the stamp and the transcription will. —

Albrecbt the Bear, Margrave of Brandenburg, 1152-1170. ÄDELBRTVS Ol7tRHlOD6RHTV The bearded market Graf standing from the front in the tank, with wire structure, which is patterned as if with pointed scales, with surrounding belted sword, coat, with the B. flag Lance tip, with the L. (as it seems to me with the bare hand, not the one wrapped in the coat

The Ervorbangpn dts Küni|;l MOnscRbjnetH to t. April 1f89. 247

hand) holding a staff of the cross ("lecture cross") tending and leaning on the decorated shield. — The numerous arabesques and decorations shows the illustration. M. Bracteate.

This in a few copies from Gross-Rosenberg, Reg.- Magdeburg district, the beautiful bracteate found is by E. Bahr- feldt (MüDzwcsen der Mark Brandenburg p. 76 ff.) and by Th. Stenzel (Archive for Bracteate Science 1, p. 275) is discussed in detail. been spoken. The enigmatic inscription D6RHTV — because just like that, it doesn't say DGRHTV on our two copies - In Bahrfeldt's opinion, it may perhaps be Albrecht's name Son and co-regent Bernhard included; But I want to Despite Stenzol's objection, he preferred the second suggested one Believe the explanation according to which the DGRHTV is corrupt DENARIVS or oeNHARlVS (to be compared is a denarius Bernhards in the Berlin Museum with DNHARIVS). Stenzel's request sight to see the name of a MQnzmeister in the inscription, doesn't seem as obvious to me as that at that time Bracteates common D€NARIVS (Bernhard, Jakza, Walter von Amstedt, Friedrich Barbarossa in Mühlhausen).

Henry I (of Wernigerode), Bishop of Hildes- at 1247-1257.

HeNRI — CVS ep the enthroned bishop on a Arch sitting, surrounded by ornaments, to both Side cross with long staff (lecture cross).

M. Bracteate. The coins of this bishop are extremely rare and were so far only in a single less beautiful and completely worn out

248

A.V. Sallet:

deviating from the Grote's collection, our well-preserved tener bracteate was the only example in the coin find from Klein-Freden near Alfeld, south of Hildesheim.

Wildeshausen (in Oldenburg), Friedrich von Schagen, Archiepiscopal (of Bremen) Vogt of the Provost! (around 1360 to around 1386).

. . R€0€R Head of the Apostle Paul from the front, next to it his hand with sword. Ef, . . WILD€SH Seated bishop blessing, in the L. book. M.

This beautiful example is already in H. Buchenau's a detailed treatise on the coins of Wildeshausen (period font for numismatics XV p. 278 No. 11) discussed in detail; one that complements this piece, but is much less well preserved already owned our collection.

One of the rarest Silesian medieval coins we advertised along with a number of other good Silesian coins from the collection of the late Major v. Schmidt in Görlitz It's Brieger Heller from

Boleslaus lU., 1311—1352.

BOLeXLffiVSe eagle with band (the Silesian

eagle).

Rf. BR€6€ßS€S the coat of arms of Brieg, three of

Anchors (?) extending from a ring in radii M.

This one from Friedensburg only according to the not entirely precise one

Illustration at Saurnia repeated piece (Friedensburg remained

the original is inaccessible) appears here in the correct description

The King's Acquisitions Manzcabinets until April 1, 1889. 249

and accurate illustration. It is the only known example and as the oldest coin of the Dukes of Briagne and the oldest coin very strange with the name Brieg. The plural BR€6GnS€S may well be remembered as the inscription 6R0SSI PRA6eUS€S be elected, which were circulating in large numbers in Silesia.

The coat of arms of Brieg, three anchor-shaped hooks, in the Middle held together by a ring is not yet certain explains that it is called “wolf iron”; in Saurma's opinion There are three anchors that point to shipping on the Oder (Saurma, heraldic book of the Silesian cities p. 32) *).

Finally, as rare and as yet missing from us, are performed: three gigliati of the Rhodis Johanniter masters Peter of Cornillan (1354-1355), Philibert of Naillac (1396— 1421) and the silver coin of Emmerich von Amboise (1503 - 1512) with the Agnus Dei and the coat of arms, finally a well- Received gold guilder from the Archbishop of Salzburg Leonhard von Koitschach (1495-1519) from 1514, with standing h. Rupert, below the bishop's coat of arms, the turnip, Back coat of arms.

The collection of medals has only a few, but for Some very strange and important pieces can be purchased. A very artistic work is that on plate V, no. 1. Beautiful cast piece pictured by an Italian or at least a master trained in Italian works of art medal from

Charles the Elder Kühnen, Duke of Burgundy (1467-1477)'). DVX KAROLVS BVRGVNDVS Head with wreath r.

1) An also unexplained, not entirely dissimilar, triquetrum A similar figure shows the coat of arms of Bernstadt near Öls (Saurma 1. c. p. 10).

2) We owe the piece, as well as many other beautiful medals the care of my colleague, the director of the department for medieval traditional and modern art, Mr. Geh. Rath Dr. Bode. — My College Mr. Prof. Dr. Lessing, director of the Kunstgewerbe-Museum, has also happily provided the coin cabinet: we owe him the creation advertising the magnificent golden seal of the described below Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.

ZeiUohrift for Numuiuatics. XVU. 17

250 ^' ^' Sftllet:

RJ. IE LAI EMPRINS BIEN EN AVIENGI« Lying ram r. (i.e. the golden fleece), two fire irons (at the same time intended as links in the chain of the order), daraof: VELLVS (they) and AVREVS, small flames in the field. iE. cast, 31 millimeters. Plate V, No. 1. The French inscription on the back means: I have undertaken, it ends well, has good success. The Duke's highly characteristic face is well laid out. summarizes and agrees exactly with Roger van der Attributed to Weyden, oil painting in the Berlin Museum (painting gallery no. 545). These secure and simultaneous images are probably the erroneous ideas of Charles the Bold Personality that is reflected in Walter Scott's descriptions Quentin Durward “strokes the mustache^, eliminate.

It is a very special stroke of luck that this is possible for me was, two beautiful and strange Brandenburg me- dailles from the sixteenth century. Our closer As is well known, the fatherland is not rich in such monuments, Brandenburg medals Joachim I and 11 are only complete occasionally received and medals given to private individuals of the Brandenburg Burger Landes and Berlin are only in a few pieces available. I leave the two newly acquired pieces in Description and illustration follow:

Joachim IL, Elector of Brandenburg 1535-1571.

JOACHIM • MARC • BRAN • ELE • SECVN • 1538 chest picture in the tank from the front.

Lead, cast. Plate V. No. 2.

This old lead medal from Joachim IL was complete so far unknown. It's like that, although not very beautiful, but nevertheless Clear copy shows, a very good, strong work. Of all known depictions of the Elector The bust here most strikingly resembles the central figure of the reliefs in the castle that I previously discussed in detail Grunewald from 1541 (Magazine for Numismatics XIV, Ver-

The Eönigl's acquisitions. Mflnzcabinets until April 1, 1889. 251

henchmen of the numismat. social 1886). My then spoken view that this central figure of the relief There is no doubt that Elector Joachim IL represents it meet more.

Leonhard Thurneisser, personal physician to Elector Johann George of Brandenburg, 1573.

LEONHART • DVRNEISSER • ZVM • THVRN 1573 and in the field ETATISS 43 (aetatis suae 43) bust r. in rich clothing, holding a globe and a compass. RF FESTINA . LENT . Thurneisser's four-field coat of arms, in it the tower and three rings as a speaking coat of arms, above a growing griffin holding a globe (see more about this below).

M. embossed, gold-plated. Plate V, No. 3. This medal is so far completely unknown, it is at all the first and only depiction of Thurneisser on a media daille').

Leonhard Thurneisser is one of the people responsible for cultural history the Mark and especially Berlin's most important men of the Sixth tenth century. The comprehensive and well-written Biography of Thurneisser by J. Moehsen, Friedrich's personal physician of the Great (contributions to the history of science in the Mark Brandenburg, Berlin 1783) I take the following life- description: Leonhard Thurneisser (the spelling of the name varies widely, as was usually the case in the 16th century) was published in 1530 Basel was born as the son of a goldsmith and joined in the service of a doctor, read the writings of Paracelsus and practiced his trade, which he had taken over from his father, as a gold blacksmith out. About marital discord and a bad one To escape trade in Basel - he had gold-plated lumps of lead issued as gold - he left his hometown in 1548 to England and France and joined the army in 1552 of Albrecht Alcibiades military services. In the battle at

1) A larger medal model made of Kelheim stone with Thurneissers Head is said to be in an Austrian private collection

17*

252 A.V. Sallet:

Sievershausen was captured by the imperial forces he left military service, earned a living as a miner and goldsmith. gradually forged great reputation and the favor of the Archduke Ferdinand of Tyrol. He made long journeys to Scotland, Spain, Africa, Syria and Arabia. On Mount Sinai He supposedly received the “Order of St. Catharina”.

After his return he worked mining in Tyrol on the side but also employed as a doctor, always as a favorite of the Archduke and other distinguished gentlemen. In 1568 he was with the Imperial army in the Turkish war and boasts of its success yours; He also wanted to be seen as a brave man of victory again and Hess appeared in a picture that was sold later (1577). Tank, next to him his coat of arms, in the background large field battle, depict. In 1570 or 1571 Thumeisser left to the Mark Brandenburg, initially to Frankfurt on the Oder.

He was married to the Prince Johann Georg of Branden- Castle is known and the alleged healing of the Elector of a serious illness resulted in his employment as a short-term princely personal physician, a title given to him in a letter from Educator Sabine was settled in July 1571. He lived in Berlin in the former Franciscan monastery (the so-called called gray Eloster), set up a large laboratory there and lived with princely luxury; his “court”, Labo- rants, scribes, servants, etc. are said to come from more than two hundred people have passed. When he went out, they accompanied him several noble boys. His reputation as a doctor was just as great the number of learned and high-ranking men who lived with him there was a lively scientific exchange of letters; as proof of The letter likes the simplicity and barbaric ignorance of that time serve, King Stefan Bathory of Poland to Thumeisser had it written: he, the king, was a great lover of the "Chymie" and could make gold, but it would be so subtle that, if it “flowed to the test” and was not well bequeathed, let it flee away; Thumeisser will probably have advice. — Landgrave Wilhelm of Hesse sent a stone he found

The King's Acquisitions MOnzcabinets until April 1, 1889. 253

in a plaster cast with "Arabic and Hebrew letters", Thurneisser should say what this means. Of course, he is also consulted in treasure diggings. drew; he sells talismans and all sorts of things according to today's standards. Useless secret remedies (e.g. “aurum potabile”, that Loth for 16 thalers, amethyst water, emerald tincture, etc.) at high prices, but he also had solid goods a practical businessman, he bought old silver and bought it with advantage to the mint offices, especially to Poland, He also had a strictly managed offset business which he especially liked to use gold and silver vessels took deposit. A competitor in such transactions Thurneisser had appealed to the electoral mintmaster Lippold or, as the simultaneous orthography reads Leypolt, which also had a large offset business and only 54 Proceiit took (Moehsen, Description of a Berlinische Medal Collection II (1781) p. 515). As Lippold after Joachim II's deaths among senseless, in that time of madness belief in magic and similar usual accusations Toile was convicted and cruelly executed appeared in Thurneysser's printing company with his name initials as a printer The name is a figure-rich representation of the hideous direction. Thurneysser likes the elimination of the concurrent must have been particularly satisfying. In his At home, Thurneysser had his great ones, which he had acquired on his many travels. advertised collections, natural history objects, plants, Animals and minerals, placed in his foreign The garden was rich in plants and there were all sorts of rare foreign ones animals. His manuscripts and miniatures (including, among other things, a passion book on parchment, by Dürer and Glockenton painted, called)') rich library he was always eager to sell more considered.

1) Anyone who knows the woodcuts and books of that time will understand this Interpret HO: Print of Dürer's small cut-out passion on parchment, painted by Glockenton.

254 A.V. Sallet;

He set up a large printing press in his house, in which his numerous folios, magnificently furnished with beautiful title woodcuts and beautifully printed. He also worked as a coat of arms cutter in Siegelsteine; the work of those employed for his works, very skilled He monitored wood cutters closely and with great expertise.

Later Thurneisser, the Swiss style longed for his hometown, back to Basel and married a noblewoman there, Marina Herbrott. In 1581 he returned to Berlin; there His circumstances soon took on an unfavorable shape; a his dissolute brother cost him a lot of money and his noble possessions. mahlin led such a life that he fought against her in Basel started an annoying divorce process, which after Type of time not only from the courts but also in coarse and filthy pamphlets were kept; as that When the trial took an unfavorable turn for Thurneisser, he let it go In 1584 in Berlin he printed a violent pamphlet against the Basel courts.

The unfortunate course of the trial and the associated The ongoing pecuniary losses caused Thom* It was better to leave his elector secretly. As Johann Georg in Dresden and the personal doctor was expected there, fled Thurneisser secretly first went to Prague, then to Cologne, finally- lich to Italy, where he met in Eom in the presence of Cardinal Francesco Medici turned an iron nail into gold. A few more Writings by Thurneisser appeared in 1590 and 1591; it is said to be 1595 or died married in 1596 in a monastery in Cologne.

Thurneisser was like so many doctors and naturalists at that time, an ambiguous and somewhat dizzy personality According to his studies, he was almost entirely self-taught. His Many books are full of astrological and alchemical topics Nonsense very similar to that of his contemporary and professional comrades Theophrastus Paracelsus.

Thurneisser's large natural history collections, his bo- tanic garden etc. prove its lively and

The Eönigl's acquisitions. MQnzcabinets until April 1, 1889. 255

keen interest in the natural sciences, and it is too We regret that we do not have any remains of this collector's item have more activity.

Through his excellent printing, his effort and his He decided to love art in our capital city of Brandenburg and art and applied arts owe him a lot.

Our beautiful medal - perhaps even from himself cut? — is a pretty stately one, reminiscent of the work of Piece reminiscent of Tobias Wolf. Whether from his other art objects, painted glasses with his coat of arms, his of something has been preserved from his seals cut in stone, etc., I don't know, just a nice monument by Thurneissers Love of splendor is present: a knitted (tapestry) carpet in the Decorative Arts Museum. In the middle of the carpet is Thurn- Eisser's coat of arms on the medal, the griffin appears to be one Holding a (blue) globe, the coat of arms is surrounded by four allegorical female figures with cakes, still oven and all sorts of other emblems: clock, boat with oar, pieces of weapons (referring to his “war glory”), finally two columns at the bottom (apparently the pillars of Hercules that are on the medals and at the Charles V's coat of arms are so often depicted). On one of the pillars, on the right, there is a sign with St. Catherine's wheel (Thurneisser's Katharinen- order), on the other the cross of the holy sepulchre is depicted — so Thurneisser probably also boasts of the order from the holy grave.