Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 14 — 1887

Contributions to Hessian coinage. 263

Ziegenhain) eROSSVSoBOWSoQÄSSELLa'S flower cross in cioer border of four arches. — In my collection. —

Plate Xm No. 9.

2) (small double lily) WIL <> nOD' o D' o 6' o LKBTGRTt o IiTCSSI quartered shield, with the coat of arms of Hesse, goat hain, Nidda and Hesse. Rf, o 6R0SSVS o ßOWS <> OTtS- S6LL6S the Hessian helmet with the bell sticks set buffalo horns, from the left side. — In my collection lung. Plate Xin. No. 10.

Medius calls himself Wilhelm here, in contrast to his brother of the same name, who uses the surname of the older one (senior) leads ^). Appears here for the first and only time Coins the Medius, which otherwise, as far as I know, doesn't go any further occurs. Both, also in the style of Wilhelms H. others Coins have significantly different pennies in numismat. Newspaper 1861, 8. 50 No. 15 and 14 (from the Finds from Laucha, in northern Bohemia) based on the same examples plaren description, no picture found, but there is just the most important thing that M3D misunderstands and goes into the second place Name syllable hflL has been reversed. If these differences were If the symbol was used more often, it would be probable Wilhelm's same name and cousin Wilhelm III. from Marburg (1483 - 1500) did not lose all of its coins. Incidentally, it still remains to be investigated whether court Master's No. 181 (“the Hessian coat of arms, WILH • D • G • LAN . . HASSI Rf. the Hessian helmet GROSSVS NOVVS CASSELLIS**)

1) That's what it calls itself, apart from the very dubious Thalem, anf the most interesting double penny with the consecrated sword and Beret (Vol. VI, p. 252). This double penny likes, on 21öthiger Silver plate chipped, the now no longer traceable Thaler Madai 1236, if he did not, as is often the case, gold or small other silver monsens (see MOnzstad. I, p. 412) were given as a model to a counterfeiter. served.

264 ^- Dannenberg: Contributions to Hessian coinage.

also belongs more to our Wilhelm than to his older brother, appropriated it to the court master.

With two pennies you get something so interesting This landgrave's coin series is an important addition; she is significant not so much because of their large number as because of this Prince first (1502) undoubtedly minted thalers and i. J. 1503 acquired the right to gold coins and soon afterwards (1506) in enforcement.

H. Dannenberg.

Dentsclie Medieval muiizeii to the rnssisclieii Baltic Sea

proTinzen.

The German denarii of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries century are only relatively rare in the old German found in the quays in which they were minted. To The vast majority of them are known to us from finds. which in the eastern landscapes and islands of the East lake, as well as the former Slavic interior east of the Elbe are raised. Not the last place in the circle of these The Russian Baltic Sea provinces occupy land; rather are just them by a particularly significant number though not extensive finds are so distinguished. The first addition Kruse has examined the compilation of these in the Necrolivonicis. taken, a second Köhne in the treatise: “about the Western coins found in the Russian Empire X., XI. and XII. Century^ (m^moires de St. P6tersbourg. III, 352. IV. 34). In the following period, in particular, in the year Piep's discovery by Iversen in 1863 was a scientific formal processing found and our knowledge of old German Coinage enriched (Berlin sheets VL 271). Also in In the last decade, German denarii treasures have repeatedly been found were found and four of the same, the finds from Wöbs am Lake Peipus, in Wesenberg'schen, from Neu-Werpel near Pernan and from Arrohof near Dorpat from the “learned Esthnic society” Acquired in Dorpat* and through the Lord's mediation Duhmberg to the General Administration of the Royal Museums

266 Menadiers:

Inventory and determination of the individual coins been sent. The result of the same, in which I am Support from District Court Councilor Dannenberg and the I admit that I had to please Professor Erman known below.

The discovery of Wttbs,

raised in 1878 contained silver in an earthen pot coins and jewelry weighing approximately 6 pounds. The greater part of coins and jewelry namely, it seems, a horseshoe-shaped brooch, are soon scattered into different hands and partly covered by a gold blacksmith in Werro was melted down. For the central Museum in Dorpat are through the mediation of Mr. Sachsendahl 2 silver finger rings, 75 Arabic dirhems, including several some with silver handles, some with bronze handles Fragments of similar coins, 12 Anglo-Saxon, mostly from Ethelred II minted coins and 48 German denarii acquired^). Only the latter were available to me and are listed below listed:

Cologne.

King Otto I

1. Dbg.") 330.

2. DBG. 331. (4 copies).

replica coins.

3. Re-coining with the city name reading backwards^ above the second four points are arranged.

4. Re-embossing with balls on the sides of the S and A of the City name and completely wild transliteration around one small crosses.

1) Meeting reports of the learned Esthnic society in Dorpat. 1878. P. 124.

2) H. Dannenberg, the German coins of Saxony and Franconia Ice Age. Berlin 1876.

German medieval coins a. d. Russian Baltic Sea Province. 267

Saxony. Duke Bernhard II

5. Dbg. 588. The main page is separated by a double punch confused and the other side has a wild inscription: BVIHFVRVXI /////

King Otto IIL and Adelheid.

6. Dbg. 1167. (13 copies)

Mainz.

King Otto IL

7. Dbg. 778. (3 copies, of which 2 without recognizable surroundings are written.)

8. •:• MO[GONCl]A. Cross with balls in the angles. I30NDI (apparently also the rest of one incorrect MOGONCIA) church. Obol. (Figure: Plate XII, 18.)

Archbishop Willigis, 975-1011.

9. Dbg. 803. (3 copies)

He spits.

King Otto n.

10. Dbg. 827 or Dbg. 836. The transcriptions were transcribed and unrecognizable.

Worms. King Otto II

11. Dbg. 844. The transcriptions have been rubbed out. The ringlet in the church building is marked with a dot.

Bavaria.

12. Postcoin. +C+XS9+CX3 Cross with ringlets in the angles. — 8630 under the gable.

Gonstanz.

King Otto lU.

13. Dbg. 1012.

268 Menadiers:

Turning pennies. U. Dbg. 1330. (3 copies)

Geographically unidentifiable German coins.

15. DBG. 1160.

16. Dbg. 1309. ^2 copies)

17. + CRATI .... EX Carolingian monogram. —... CIA'.'IDO cross, in the corners of which one alternately Ball and a wedge. (Illustration: Plate XII, 12.)

The find in Wesenberg'schen,

raised in 1881, includes 152 coins, of which five and a fragment is unrecognizable, the rest are as follows- let the masses be determined:

Flanders.

Baldnin. IV., 989-1036.

1. Dbg. 145a.

Namur.

Albert IH, 1037-1105.

2. DBG. 165. (5 copies)

3. Dbg. 166.

Dinant. Albert III, 1037-1105.

4. Dbg. 176.

5. Dbg. 177. (3 copies)

Gelles. King Henry III

6. Dbg. 186. The monogram on the reverse side is different beautifully designed and located on the main page a small spherical cross on both sides of the head. (from- education: Plate X, 14.)

German medieval coins from d. Russian Baltic Sea protints. 269

Dutch reprints.

7. Transcription rubbed. Bearded king's head to the right. — /////CIV///// Bearded royal head to the right.

8. King's head with diadem to the right. — On off double pelt bead lines formed cross with letters in the cross angles.

a) Transcription of the ms.: DH//////I/////M//////IN///// Transcription of the Ks.: ////// acO/Z/CO

In the cross angles: L I D o*

b) Remnants of manuscript: HI Remnants of the Ks.: VONC

In the cross angles: SD VI LO //////

c) without remains of transcription.

In the cross angles: O V F //////

d) Remnants of manuscript: IIIIIICOXlIIIIIII Remnants of the Ks.: I/Illlli^m/Ill

In the cross angles: //// LO RI ////

9. King's head with diadem to the right. — /lll/LeTÖlllll. A

small cross with two pearl strips on each arm and in its angles the letters P and C. (2 copies) (Figure: Plate XH, 6.)

Cologne.

King Otto m.

10. Dbg. 340.

a) The city name on the other side is a little different provides.

b) The transcription on the main page has also gone wild: XCMHXOC.

King Henry II

11. Dbg. 347. The city name on the downside a little disfigured. (2 ExpL)

12. Dbg. 850.

Sttoehrift te HsBiaaMik. XIV. lg

270 menadiers:

Archbishop Anno 1056-1075.

13. + HEIN[ric]V INR AVG. Cross with a ball each end and A N N O in the angles. — S€A COLONIA. Five-column church; an eight on both sides radiant star, cf. Dbg. 391.

Without king and bishop names.

14. AI //// Cross with balls in the angles. — In three Rows of city names: SCA COLO A and next to that a cross under A.

replica coins.

15. ///////OLVNDI 3(N) Cross with ball in the angles. — City names. (Illustration: Plate XII, 10.)')

16. Wild inscription with some only letters similar characters. Cross with balls in the angles. — City names with three dots to the right of the L and a rosette to the right of the lower A. In the night imitation of Dbg. 345 were created. (2 copies)

Remagen.

17. + RIG(em)AGO. To the side of a long cross staff two busts facing each other. — SCA COLO + A6 three lines in the field. See Kappe, K. M. II, 23, 260. (Illustration: Plate XII, 13).

Andernach. King Otto III

18. DBG. 433. +ANDERNARA Tricorn hat between two points. City wall, in which the tricorn. — + OTTO REX cross with the tricorn hat in the second Angle. (4 copies)

1) For the present association of the English and Cologne companies embossed is to be compared to Dbg. 370. Cf. negotiations of the numismatic Society in Berlin. 1886. Meeting of December 6th.

German medieval finzen from d. Russian Baltic Sea provinces. 271

19. The tricorn is located in the third ereuz angle of the Main page. (3 copies)*)

Archbishop Piligrim, 1022-1036

20. DBG. 449. (4 copies)

21. DBG. 453.

Friesland. Count Bruno in., 1038—1057. Bolsward.

22. Cf. Dbg. 498 c. + HERICVS • R Kehrs. BOVI-RVIT (declining).

Doccum.

23 a. Dbg. 499.

b. +HERIICVSR sweeping. BRVH above: DOCC below half: VGGA (declining),

c. B and R as ligature. Leuwarden.

24. Dbg. 502. Sweeps. UWlIII ////IT

Undetermined mint.

25. + EI//////CIVSTN sweeping. BR-VN (declining) above: AVTT below: ////EV.

Utrecht. King Henry III

26. HdIMinCAS Head to the left — S(c. s. ma)RT(inus). The standing saint facing left with the Bishop's crook in the left hand. See DBG. 541.

Bishop William, 1054-1076.

27. +WILHE(LMVS CP) (regressive) tonsured bust with bishop's staff and cross staff. Three in the field on the left Points. — + TRAIEC(TVM) (declining). Tinned Wall with two towers and an open gate, above: V HCT. See DBG. 545. Illustration: Plate XH, 7.)

1) I notice here that there is another one in the royal cabinet Another variant of this denarius is with the three-spits in the first cross. Angle.

i8»

272 Menadiers:

Groningen. Bishop Bernold, 1027-1054.

28. DBG. 559 a,

29. Wild transliteration: AOIMOVOM. Tonsured bust with the bishop's crosier on the right. In the field to the left four balls over the shoulder. — Wild transliteration composed of repeating OIV. In the field in three lines of the city names: CC • OH • HI CRA. after- coin to Dbg. 558. (Illustration: Plate XII, 3).

Deventer. Bishop Bernold, 1027-1054.

30. Dbg. 568. (2 copies)

31. DBG. 570. (2 copies)

32. Dbg. 571.

33. Dbg. 572. (9 copies)

34. Dbg. 573.

Thiel. replica coins«

35. Replica coins for Dbg. 580. Head of King Henry II. with wild transcription. — The incomplete and garbled city names in three lines:

a) O + • lELI + NA +

b) O + lEU AC

c) \? lEL NA

36. Copy coins for Dbg. 580. Head of King Henry II

with wild transcription. — The city name in the

Wise by Dbg. 1276 garbled in three lines:

O + lEU . RN+ +C

which only ever appears in fragments. (4 copies)

37. Head of King Konrad 11. with incomplete surroundings font: ONRAD. — The city name in the manner of Dbg. 1276 garbled in three lines:

S lEL ^N+

German medieval monks from d. racial Baltic Sea provinces. 273

38. Nachmfinze to Dbg. 578 Head of King Henry II. with wild transcription. — Cross with a ball at every angle. Remnants of transcription:

a) CLA

b) e

c) I

39. Nachmünze for Dbg. 578. Head of King Henry II with wild transcription. Small ringlet on both sides of the head. — Cross with a ringlet in each Angle, remains of inscription: IN IC (3 copies).

40. Nachmünze for Dbg. 578. Head of King Henry II. between crook and cross staff with incomplete Transcript: RICVSR — Cross with a ball in each Angle. Remnants of transcription IN de (2 copies)

41.+ Oiea-A//// raw king's head. — . + -.-.IC-eiA Cross with a rosette and a ball at every angle. (2 copies) (Illustration: Plate XU, 5.)

Emden. Count Herman.

42. Dbg. 772.

43. Dbg. 773,

44. + V////ERM + ////

Jever. Bernard II, 1011-1062.

45. Dbg« 591 goes wild.

Saxony.

Duke Bernhard I. 973-1011.

46. ​​Dbg. 1298« replica coin. (2 copies)

47. */ OIILUI : IIIIIII Cross with a ball at each angle — *.'IISIlAlI:m period. See DBG. 1299. Nachmanze to Dbg. 589.

274 Menadiers:

Magdeburg.

48. Fragment. ////IVS //// Crowned royal head in pre- the view (cf. Dbg. 648) + MA RG. With three doors man-reinforced wall. See DBG. 648.

Corvei. Abbot Arnold L, 1015—1055.

49. Dbg. 736. (2 copies)

Otto III and Adelheid. replica coins.

50. Wild transcription: ////DXe. Cross with an O and a C alternating in the angles. — Blurred ones Transcription. Church with a sphere on each side and inside. Replica coin after Otto Adelheidde naren.

51. Abandoned transcription. Cross with a ringlet in every angle. — Awkward transcription. church with a ball on each side and inside. replica coin according to Otto-Adelheiddenaren.

52. + IIIASID'^IIAIIDII Cross with a shield and 2 balls at every angle. — mXIDID-IIGIIWiOD Church with a ring on each side. Replica coin after Otto Adelheiddenarien. (Figure: Plate X, 9.)

53. Nachmfinze after Otto-Adelheiddenaren. Rubbed.

Gittelde(?)0

54. Dbg. 1223.

Mainz. King Henry III

55. Dbg. 793. (2 copies)

2) See the proceedings of the non-mismatic society in Berlin. 1886. Meeting of March 1st.

German medieval Qnzen from d. Russian Baltic Sea provinces. 275

Speier. King Eonrad TL

56. Transcription rubbed. Bust of the king with crown and scepter. — (NEMETI) SC(IVITAS) rowing ship with cabin.

Bishop Konrad L, 1056-1060.

57. Dbg. 838, (4 copies)

replica coins.

58. Nachmünze for Dbg. 831. ////VS REX Crowned Chest picture with imperial orb and scepter. — D/// 'S. DIVA+ Cross with a ball at each angle. (2 copies)

59. HIM0MI a bearded chin, like that of the king's head by Dbg. 830 in the Speier proper form. — EHICAN half of a cross with one of two Dots accompanied the ball at every angle, the coin Speier's sign. Subsequent coin for Dbg. 834. (Lower half of a denarius.)

Worms.

King Henry U. 60. Dbg. 845.

King Henry HI.

61. Dbg. 846. (3 copies)

62. Dbg. 847. (2 copies)

Erfurt. Archbishop Lupoid, 1051-1059.

63. Dbg. 882.

King Henry UI.

64. Dbg. 883.

Strasbourg.

King Konrad H.

65. Dbg. 922.

276 Menadiers:

Geographically unidentifiable German coins.

66. Dbg. 1214. + IICIN • RIV//// Head turned to the right and in front of him a bishop's crook. — +TIIEIA//// Building.

67. Dbg. 1219. Bust to the right and in front of him Bishop's staff. — MONETA building. (2 copies)

68. Dbg. 1244.

69. Dbg. 1278.

70. Dbg. 1293.

71. Dbg. 1311.

72. Cross with a ringlet and a cross alternately in the corners. — A spherical square with a Ball in the middle, ball crosses at the corners and small crescent moons between these, in the manner of the late tem Frankish denarii.

73. Bust to the right* - gable temple with two round arched windows. The factory points to Würzburg.

Stephen I of Hungary. 1000—1038.

74. On both sides the transcriptions except for a few letters rubbed. A cross with one arm at the top The cross preceding the inscription ends and below the transcription shares.

Nordic replica coin.

75. Wild transliteration. Disfigured head. — Wild transcription. A cross and three crescents. (61 and 3 half copies) (Illustration: Plate XII, 17.)

The discovery of Neu-Werpel near Pernau,

was minted in 1885 and includes 64 coins, two of which unrecognizable, the others are to be arranged as follows:

Epinal. Bishop Hermann of Metz, 1073-1090. 1. Dbg. 45.

German Middle Ages flnxen aas d. Russian Baltic Sea provinces. 277

Xanten. Archbishop Hermann of Cologne, 1035-1050.

2. DBG. 308.

Duisburg. King Henry HI.

3. Dbg. 316.

King Henry IV

4. HEINRICHVS//// Crowned bearded bust to the left and in front of him in the field three balls. — DIVS BVR6 Church. In the field above and to the right of her a ringlet, four balls on the left. See DBG. 327. (Illustration: Plate XII, 2.)

Cologne. King Otto III

5. Dbg. 342. (4 copies)

6. + ODDO + //// D^/II/O Cross with a ball in every angle. — city names; on both sides of the A a ringlet in the field.

7. I(MPER/)ITOR. Cross with a small ball in each Angle. — City names with the 6th

King Henry III

9. + HEINRICVS EX. Crowned bearded bust in Front view with a cross staff on the left and the lance right. — + S— CA COLO A Four-towered building. (Figure: Plate XU, 1).

Archbishop Sigwin, 1079-1089.

10. Dbg. 407.

Nachmunze.

11. ODD+VMimiDI Cross with a ball at each angle. — Distorted city name.

Remagen.

12. Dbg. 430.

278 Menadiers:

Trier. replica coin.

13. Grote, Sheets for Coin Studies II. Plate 16. 223.

Friesland.

Count Bruno ni, 1038-1057. Doccum.

14. Dbg. 499.

Utrecht. Bishop Bernold, 1027-1054.

15. SCS . MART • INVSARCBIE • PS Knee image of the saint with crook and cross staff. — BERNOLDVS . EPISCOPVS. One with five pinnacles and two balls wall with an open gate, above: STRA lECTV. See DBG. 544.

Bishop Conrad. 1076—1099.

16. + CVONRADVS EPS head in side view to the right and in front of him an outwardly curved crook. — + TRAIECTVM. Cross with a dot in each Angle. Dbg. 553. (Illustration: Plate XII, 8.)

Groningen.

Bishop Bernold of Utrecht, 1027-1054.

17. + BERNOLDVS EPS (declining). Bishop's staff surrounded

from the disordered letters of the word BACVLVS. — + GRONIGGEA ^ Cross with a ball in each Angle. See DBg. 559. (Image: Plate XH, 4.)

Deventer.

King Henry II

18. DBG. 563.

King Konrad IL

19. //// RADVa IW. Rough crowned head with shaggy

German medieval coins from d. Russian Baltic Sea provinces. 279

Beard in front view. — OMWTIIH Cross with one Sphere at every angle. See DBG. 566.

Bishop Bernold of Utrecht, 1027-1054.

20. DBG. 568.

Thiel. King Conrad II

21. DBG. 582.

Nachmfinze.

22. + Hllll/Ill AOR crowned king's head - +D////////GWI3 Cross with a ball at each angle. replica coin according to Dbg. 582.

Saxony. Duke Bernhard 11, 1011—1059.

23. DBG. 589.

Magdeburg.

24. Dbg. 650.

Goslar. King Hermann IL, 1081-1088.

25. DBG. 675.

Vogt Dietrich.

26. (THE)DERICVS(AD) Bust portrait in front view with a Sword in right hand and raised left hand. — (AHRTVI)CHE DBG Three-towered building in a wall. See DBG. 389.

Dortmund. King Henry £1.

27. Dbg. 753.

King Konrad IL

28. DBG. 754.

280 menadiers:

Munster.

29. DBG. 767^).

Mainz.

King Henry III

30. Dbg. 793.

Archbishop Bardo, 1031-1051.

31. DBG. 805.

Speier. Conrad II and Henry III.

32. Dbg. 829. (3 copies)

Bishop Konrad L, 1056-1060.

33. Dbg. 839.

Worms. Otto n. or Otto III.

34. Dbg. 844. Transcription rubbed. Cross with bishop rod in the first angle, balls in the others. — ///ORMAT church with a ringlet.

Emperor Heinrich HI.

35. Dbg. 847. (2 copies)

Würzburg. Conrad II

36. CM TN! R)|c. The crowned bearded king on one Sitting on a chair, holding the scepter in his right hand in the left the imperial orb. — coKILIANV (V and S in ligature.) The saint's head to the right under a gate with three towers. (from- Education: Plate XH, 15.) ,

1) The appearance of this Münster denarius in this case Coins all on 1 1 . century, is particularly remarkable worth. This confirms the fact established by Piep's finding- The thing is that the minting in Mtlnster began at the end of the same has, confirmed. See DBG. p. 296.

German medieval seaflozen aas d. Russian Baltic Sea provinces. 281

Fulda.

King Henry III

37. ////EINRI-CVS RE//// The impression completely rubbed away. — ////ONIFACIvr (V and S in ligature.) From the stamp only the lower part of the bust of the saint and the Curvature of the bishop's crosier can be seen.

Strasbourg. King Konrad U.

38. Dbg. 922.

39. Dbg. 1043.

40. Dbg. 1329.

41. Dbg. 1330.

Augsburg.

Turning pennies.

Geographically unidentifiable German coins.

42. Illlmllll head in side view to the left. — R //////// E. Bishop's crook with the curvature to the left. See DBG. 1228.

43. Dbg. 1311. Transcribed. Bearded head in Front view. — Wild transcription. Wall with cross.

44. Wild and half-ruined transcription. Between two Tower over a cross resting on a ball two flat arches. — Wild and half-rubbed surroundings writing. Cross with wide thighs and raised median strip.

England. Ethelred IL, 978-1016.

45. London. + iCDEL • RED REX ANG — LODER* EM- ON LVND, Hildebrand 0. Type A.

1) Anglosachsiska mynt syeoska kongUga mynt cabinet funoa i Sto» riges iord ordnade och beskrifoa af Bror Emil Hildebrand, nytillökl applaga. Stockhohn. 1881.

282 Menadiers:

46. London. +EDEL • RED REX ANC — + (OD)AMäOH- LVNDEN Hildebrand. No. 2841. Type A

replica coins.

47. LOXEDERFEIOTIO — + leOHENFICClC. Hildebrand. Type D

48. + EOIIDVFM + OIIOIT DT IDI IDI DT. Bust portrait right with hair arranged in a radial pattern. double linear ereuz.

49. Disfigured by a double blow.

50. Cliff. Remnant of transcription: X: : I : : X head to the left. — Um- Remains of writing: — III(+-)ni+— (in+-ni)X German Cross with a ball at each angle.

Canute, 1016-1035.

52. London. CNV RECX AN — EDRIE ON LVNDE. Hilde brand. No. 2248. Type G

53. London. +CNVTREEX'.-- BRIHTREDOINLV^D. Hilde brand. No. 2028. Type H

54. London. + CNV TREX — + LEO FPOLDONLV. Hilde brand. No. 2612. Type Ha.

Harold I, 1035-1029. 55. London. HAROLD REX — + HILDSIGEONLVN. Hilde brand. Type A

Denmark. Sven Estridson, 1037-11076. 56. The main page with the bust of the king is hidden shapes; the reverse side has a wild inscription and a Cross within a spherical triangle. (Cf. thanks Medal and mynter in the royal cabinet IH 1 . 282.)

The discovery of Arrohof near DorpaL

raised in 1886, includes, as far as I have it, 284 coins, except 23 unrecognizable German ones Denarii and 2 indeterminable fragmented dirrhems following:

I *"^

German Middle Ages coins from d. rnsBian Baltic Sea provinces. 283

Namun Count Albert III, 1037-1105.

1. Dbg. 165. (4 copies, one of which is minted).

2. A variant, on which the header of the main page virauded to the left.

3. A variant with the inscription (Alb) ERTS on the Main side and (Namuce) NSIS on the downside.

Dinant. Count Albert III, 1037-1105.

4. Dbg. 176. (3 copies)

Celle. King Henry III

5. Dbg. 186 b.

Hey. King Henry II

6. Dbg. 266.

Bishop of Liège

7. Dbg. 231.

Dutch descendant.

8. ////A//// King's head with diadem to the right — ////U LE//// A small cross, with two arms each Pearl strips run out and in the corners of the book letters: E and C See No. 9 of the find essentially berg'schen.

Cologne. King Otto I

9. Dbg. 331.

Emperor Otto II

10. Dbg. 333 b.

Emperor Otto III

11. ODDO + IVID//// Cross with a ball in each Angle. — city names. See DBG. 342.

284 Menadiers:

King Henry II 12 DBg. 347.

Archbishop Piligrim, 1022-1036.

13. Dbg. 379.

Archbishop Hermann IL, 1036-1056.

14. Dbg. 385.

replica coins.

15. Nachmünze for Dbg. 345.

16. Copy coins for Dbg. 347. (4 copies)

17th replica coin for Dbg. 373.

18. Replica coins with distorted city names and rubbed Main page. (4 copies)

Andernach. King Otto in.

19. Compare No. 19 of the find in Wesenberg'schen.

Archbishop Piligrim, 1022-1036.

20. DBG. 499.

Trier.

Archbishop Poppo, 1016-1047.

21. DBG. 466.

replica coins.

22. Grote, sheets for coin studies. H, plate, 16, 223.

(2 copies)

Friesland.

Count Bruno III, 1038-1057. Leuwarden.

23. DBG. 502c.

24. Dbg. 502 d.

Utrecht.

Bishop Wilhelm, 1054-1076.

25. Variant to Dbg. 545, on which the inscription of the sweeping page starts exactly in the middle.

26. * WUHEINIVS. Tonsured bust to the right, in front him an outwardly curved bishop's crook, behind him a ringlet — * HENRJVS RE. Bearded bust of King Heinrich lY., cf. Dbg. 546.

German medieval coins from d. Russian Baltic Sea provisions. 285

Deventer.

Emperor Henry II

27. Dbg. 563.

Bishop Bernold of Utrecht, 1027-1054.

28. DBG. 668. Transcription gone wild.

29. DBG. 570.

30. Dbg. 571.

31. DBG. 572. (3 copies)

32. Dbg. 573.

replica coins.

33. Copy coins for Dbg. 570 fg. with garbled transcriptions. (3 copies)

Thiel. Heinrich IL or Conrad IL

34. Dbg. 579.

35. Transcription rubbed. King's head. — City names: TIELE. Above and below it is a cross.

replica coins.

36. OV VOI Königskopf. — Transcript transcribed. Cross with a ball at each angle.

37. Transliterations transcribed. A king's head between one Erummstaff on the left and a cross staff on the right.

— Cross with a ball at each angle. (2 ExpL)

38. Nachmünze for Dbg. 578. HEINRICVS crowned head.

— //// VOLWIIAS. Cross with a ball at each angle.

39. //// NRICVS R + king's head and to the left in the field a cross staff. — Transcript transcribed. Cross with a ball at every angle.

40. Nachmünze for Dbg. 578. Cf. find in We8enbei;g8chen. No. 39. Remnants of inscription on the reverse side: RIA.

41. Nachmünze for Dbg. 580. Cf. find in Wesenbergschen. No. 36.

42. Nachmfinze to Dbg. 580. Cf. find in Wesenbergschen. No. 37.

ZtilMkfiil for Kamiamatik, XV. 19

286 Menadiers:

Emden. Count Hermann.

43. Dbg. 772.

44. Dbg. 773.

45. Nachbmünze to Dbg. 773. Transcription of the main page + SEVOV * RESPN. Inscription on the reverse side * H HN TH ON.

Jever. Bernard II, 1011-1062.

46. ​​Dbg. 591. (3 feral specimens)

Saxony.

Duke Bernhard I, 973-1011.

47. Dbg. 1298. Replica coin.

Otto m. and Adelheid.

48. Dbg. 1167. (4 copies)

replica coins.

49. Small remains of transcription - church, on Baiden pages in Field a C and D — cross with a bishop's crook in two angles, O and 6 in the other two. (3 Expl.) See Dannenberg, the Vossberg find. No. 280. Plate XI, 302.

50. Remains of inscription: ILRA+ (declining) church with one Point in the portal. — Cross, in its corners: 7SÖD9 (2 copies)

51. Remains of inscriptions: LRA (declining) church, on both sides

Field a point. HA cross in its angles:

* S. O TS

52. Church, to the side of the church in the field on the left four balls and on the right a ringlet. Cross in its angles an A and O and between these two by a line tied ringlets.

53. Remains of inscriptions: + AlC church with a ball in the portal. — Cross with a ball at each angle. (8 copies)

German medieval coin from d. racial Baltic Sea provinces. 287

Goslar. Emperor Henry III

54. Dbg. 668.

Hildesheim. Emperor Konrad U.

55. Dbg. 707. (2 copies)

Without the name of the Mfinzberrn.

56.

Dbg.

715.

57.

Dbg.

716.

(2 copies)

Dortmund. King Conrad 11.

58.

Dbg.

756.

Mainz. Otto I

59.

Dbg.

776.

Conrad II

60. Dbg. 790. (8 copies)

Archbishop Willigis, 975-1011.

61. Dbg. 802.

Archbishop Bardo, 1031-1051.

62. Dbg. 805. (2 copies)

Archbishop Lupoid, 1051-1059.

63. Dbg. 807.

Without name of the mint owner.

64. Dbg. 823.

replica coins.

65. Nachmfinze to Dbg. 790. (2 copies)

66. Nachmünze for Dbg. 807. Remnant of the reverse side: //// OLNN.

67. Ruined coin with only Christ's monogram on it can be seen in the temple.

19»

288 Menadiers:

Speier. Conrad n. and Heinrich III.

68. Dbg. 829.

Heinrich HI.

69. Dbg. 830. (3 copies)

70. (HEIjNRICVS /;;/ Crowned bearded head in front View with scepter to the left. — (NEME)TIS-CI(VITAS) Rowing ship with cabin.

71. Dbg. 831.

Without name of the mint owner.

72. Dbg. 836. (3 copies)

Bishop Conrad I, 1056-1060.

73. Dbg. 838. (4 copies)

74. Variant with the transcription remains: * gPIR(ENSIS ClVITA)a on the downside.

Bishop Johann L, 1090-1104.

75. + JOHANN.... S. Bust of the bishop in front view with a bishop's crook in his right hand; in the field on the right three rings. — + o A////R rowing boat with cabin. (from- Education: Plate XII, 16.)

replica coins.

76. Nachmünze for Dbg. 835. Remains of transcriptions of the main page: +IHEIHE. Remnants of the inscription on the reverse side: HO AN.

77. Nachmünze for Dbg. 827 or 836. Remnants of transcription Cross side: DA.

Worms. Otto IL or Otto III.

78. Remnant of inscription: M. Cross with a ball in each Angle. — +W as a remnant of a bearish WORMACIA top left. Church. Variant to DBG. 842.

Heinrich U.

79. Dbg. 845. (3 copies)

German Mitielaltenz. from d. racial Baltic Sea provinces. 289

80. Best of the declining transcription: + H. . . . S Cross with a ball at three angles and one of one Crescents enclosed sphere at fourth angle. — + VVORMACIA (declining) church with a ball. Variant to DBG. 845. (6 copies)

Henry III

81. Dbg. 846. (7 copies)

82. Dbg. 847. (5 copies)

Würzburg. Bishop Bruno, 1034-1045.

83. Dbg. 864.

Without name of the minter.

84. Dbg. 859.

Fulda.

85. + S. BO N Bust to the right. — F)V(LD)A Church with an Aingel in the portal and a ball in the gable. See DBG. 871. (2 copies)

Erfurt. Archbishop Aribo, 1021-1031.

86. Variant to Dbg. 877. On both sides of the church on the left a ^, on the right a crook. (3 copies)

Emperor Henry III

87. Dbg. 883.

Strasbourg.

Conrad II

88. Dbg. 922.

89. Dbg. 924.

Wendepfennig.

90. Dbg. 1330.

Geographically unidentifiable German coins.

91. Dbg. 1272a.

92. //// HOOA. Cross with two balls at one angle and in the others RED — HAB and NH on one

290 menadiers:

Crosses formed by arches with letters in them angles. See DBG. 1292.

93. Dbg. 1310.

94. Transliterations transcribed. Crowned bust in front the view — Cross with a ball at each angle. (Illustration: Plate XII, 11.)

95. A cross on both sides with a ball at each angle and instead of the inscription between two pearl circles Rosettes formed from five or more balls

96. Bust portrait to the right. — Gable temple with two round arched windows. The factory points to Würzburg. cf. Find in Wesenberg's No. 73.

England.

Ethelred H., 978-1016.

Bardanig (Bardney).

97. •* : EDEL • R • EDREX AINLLO — * HV • NIA: M-O- BARDA. Hildebrand. No. 34. Type E

Eoferwik (York).

98. * iEDIELRED REX AM-O — * OV (dgrim) EOFR. Hildebrand. Type C

99. * EDELRED REX ANCL — SVMERUDA MO EOFR. Hildebrand. No. 890. Type D

Lincoln. 100. * EDELRED REX AND — EDELNOD MON LINCO. Hildebrand. Type A, see no. 1756.

101. • * : EDEL • R • ED REX ANDLO — * MßO LINE. Hildebrand. No. 1838. Type E.

102. * iEDELRED REX ANDLO — * VNBEIN MßO LINE. Hildebrand. No. 1970. Type D

London.

103. * EDELRED REX ANDL — EADPOLD MON LVND. Hildebrand. No. 2412. Type A

104. * -älDELRED REX AtCLl/l — + EDSIDE M-O LVND. Hildebrand. Type C. See No. 2462.

German medieval coins from d. racial Baltic Sea provinces. 291

105. + EDELRED REX ANCL — + GODYINE MON LVND Hildebrand. No. 2602. Type A.

106. + EDELRED REX AWCOn — + OSVLF ON LVNDE • N. E. Hildebrand. Type A. see No. 2872.

107. + EDELRED REX ANDL — + YVLFYINE MO LVND Hildebrand. No. 3006. Type D.

Lydford.

108. + EDELRED REX AND — + BRVNA ON LYDAFOR. Hildebrand. Type A. see No. 3032.

Rini.

109. + EDELRED REX AtlCO - + LEOFYINE MON RI Hildebrand. Type A

Sithestebury (Sidnaceaster?) HO. + EDELRED REX ANDLOR — + GIOLNOD ON SIDESTEB Hildebrand No. 3407. Type A

replica coins.

111. + EDELRED REX ANCLOR — + OtIED . DFON+ WOW. HA. Hildebrand. Type A

112. +E-DNE0VERDXIRVOEN: — +NroIERVEISXCOE0INE. Hildebrand. Type A, but a small one in front of the head Cross in the field.

113. + E)ELOrceE + NO — + PH ////////OFF Hildebrand. Type D

1 14. + • DA0 •• L : IDOLOF0B — ICOUIV□^CU:^EIOI Hilde- brand. Type D

115. ND + OEN + raiO — III. + 1 eE O N0I I0l> Hilde- brand. Type D, but the head turned to the right.

116. : II : l : 10 • IG • + CWMI Bust image to the left. —OHIO OIOIO lOV 1^0 long double-lined cross.

Canute, 1016-1035. Bathan (Bath).

117. + CNVT REX AN — + ELFINE ON BA • DA.' Hilde brand. Type 6, cf. No. 27.

292 Menadiers:

Bedanford (Bedford).

118. * ENVT REX ANDLORVW — * GOPYI^E BED. Hilde brand. No. 57. Type E

Eoferwik (York).

119. * CNV T REX ANCO — * GRVCAN M : O EOFR • Hildebrand. No. 534. Type G.

London.

120. * CNVT REX ANCLOR — * ELDDERD ON LV^D• Hildebrand. Type E

121. * CNVT REsX: — ELEYIG ON LVNDEN Hildebrand. No. 2328. Type H

122. * CNVT REX ANDLORV — * DODERE MO LV^D. Hildebrand. Type E, see No. 2353.

Weligaford (Wallingford.)

124. * CNVT REX AN s — * ELFRED ONYINGEST. Hilde brand. Type K

replica coins.

125. * CSSOSIIDWICYI — * tllDIRLOIIIZI Hildebrand. Type A, var. 6

126. * CChPLCbP - * IIVIVI- IDHIvIIDOINC Hildebrand. Type H

Harald L, 1035-1029. London.

127. * HAROLD REX — BRVNCAR ON LVND Hildebrand. No. 534. Type A

Stassford.

128. * HAROLD REX — LEOLYINE ON STANF. Hilde brand. Type A, see No. 908.

129. * HAROLD REX A — SYART ON ST AN. Hildebrand. No. 911. Type B.

Denmark.

130. Two Byzantine winged figures standing next to each other table style in front view, between their heads

UJ-.

German medieval finzeo from d. Russian Eastern Province. 293

a cross and under this four placed on the cross balls. - OC hl III DO A double-lined cross with a ball in the middle and three crescent moons every poor person; along one arm at every angle a 666 and also a moon one at two angles sickle.

Nordic replica coin.

131. Wild transliteration. Disfigured head. — Wild transcription. A cross and three crescents. (11 copies) cf. find in Wesenberg's. No, 75. (Illustration: Plate XII 17.)

Verona. Otto III

132. On both sides a cross with rubbed inscriptions surrounds give.

Ghalifat Baghdad. Khalif el Muqtadir.

133. Baghdad Dirrhem from the year 308 d. Fl., d. h. 920.

134. Baghdad Dirrhem from the year 320 d. FL, d. h. 930.

Khalif el Q&hir.

135. Baghdad Dirrhem from the year 321 d. FL, d. h. 933.

Bujid dynasty. Muizzeddaula.

136. Dirrhem from the year 338 d. FL, d. h. 950.

Menadier.

On the titulary of the Flavian^).

(End.)

3. The Greek coins.

If in the first two chapters of this investigation the Greek coins were only used occasionally are, then this should now be given here in the context what they teach us about the titulary of the Flavians.

If you overview the entire mass of coins that are in... were struck outside Rome during the Ice Age one that most for the title of the Roman emperor teach nothing but the one thing that the communities authorized to coin or associations the imperial names with the greatest freedom, often almost nonsensical. Except for the few Cases where, as a result of local relationships, the otherwise unrelated knew full name of an emperor appears or where the attached year of the city's era provides something for the chronology they are almost never considered for the questions that concern us here.

But from the mass there are a few rows of coins that stand out, how they have a special place in numismatics never except during such examinations should be taken into account. It is about that pre- ments of the imperial era, for which in particular the absence of characteristic of the city name. All these rows of coins have to be trading is not the place here*), especially since some of it is for the

1) See Vol. XUI 190 fg. and 356 fg.

2) See daxflber MommseD, Römisches MOnzwesen pp. 661-736: that Coinage and monetary systems of the Roman princes.

B. Pick: On the titulary of the Flavians. 295

Flavian period is not considered at all. Most didn't last long either; from the smaller series But Traian's government is not enough. Almost against it The coins* extend over the entire period of the Principate rows of Alexandria, Antioch and Caesarea; and they are also, which are particularly important for our investigation.

In order to determine the value of these imprints for the knowledge of In order to correctly assess the title of the Flavians, it is appropriate be able to follow each individual in their development. Previously but be permitted to look at the peculiarities, which correspond to these and the smaller series mentioned above. are common and they are of all other characteristics differentiate.

The basis of coinage law is autonomy. To that Time when Rome extended its rule over the Greek East expanded was the number of autonomous cities, associations, princes bigger there than ever before. Roman rule did not change a lot about it; Most states retained their autonomy, They received them first. This meant that the diversity remained of Greek influence; every free community By virtue of its autonomy, it proposed its own for local use Coins. — Anyone who exercises the right to coin coins identifies themselves on the Coin as the coiner. In ancient times, in small proportions- nits, the city coat of arms was often sufficient - because city It's mostly about coins - alone; the name becomes, if at all, only indicated by the first letters; Fully spelled out city names can only be found quite late. In Roman times, however, a general circle of people already dominated Representations have the Greek character, which is common everywhere, has no local meaning anywhere; only a few cities have theirs retain characteristic types. So the picture was no more suitable to mark the sovereign; this task fell to him writing to. The mint lord, city or prince, puts his name, spelled out in full, preferably with all the epithets

296 B-Pick:

the mttnze ^). The picture and writing on the other side certainly showed who was the de facto ruler despite the autonomy'); but the- It is not yet easy for one of these small Greek states to emerge have waived his right by mentioning his name the clearest expression of his sovereignty on the coins give. So if certain coins from Roman times, by type, Style or location can be assigned to a specific city, but this city is not explicitly identified by the legend as that If the coin is called mistress of the coin, one can always only say, that the coin was struck in the city in question; from She hasn't beaten her yet. But the question is who should have exerted the influence differently, is answered by itself. If the coin is neither from the autonomous individual state is still beaten by a xotyöy, so we can do it only have to do with the influence of the imperial government. In fact, everything speaks in favor of this explanation, which for Alexander dria is undoubtedly correct and generally recognized, also on the related coin series from Antioch, Caesarea and others. out- stretch. Apart from the lack of the city name, especially the silver coinage of these mints to be divorced. The coins teach that the gold and silver Imprint in the Ice Age in general of the Roman was reserved for the government'); the few exceptions that are can be proven, such as the drachmas of Amisos under Hadrian, prove nothing against it. But the permanent silver embossing we find in Antioch^) and Caesarea would definitely contradict

1) The coins of the colonies and municipalities make an exception; They often only have the name of the city on them, especially in the first Ice Age indicated by the first letters.

2) That on numerous coins of the imperial period neither the emperor nor otherwise a member of the ruling family appears is known; in which How this relates to city law is still unclear.

3) See Mommsen Mflnzw. 730 fg.

4) Here, as everywhere where the Antiochenes are mentioned, it is only from We are talking about the Roman influence in this city, not our own City coins.

On the title of the Flarians. 297

that principle if we look at them as the characteristics of cities had to; as a coin of the emperors for the Syriac-Cappadocian If you look at the coinage area, it doesn't cause any problems. To that comes the election of the Tjrpen. On the Antiochian Tetra Of course, drachmas are almost exclusively of the standing type Adlers. But in Caesarea we find among the abundance of types only one of local importance, Mount Argaeus; the others. are almost entirely borrowed from Roman imperial silver, often with the Greek translations of the corresponding books enden. Finally, the dating needs to be taken into account. If Greek When Chinese cities date their coins, this is partly what happens through the city era partly through the names of the epoch or njonen or the influential official; this type of file tion is from the Greeks also under Roman rule until retained to stop minting. On the coins, which we are concerned with here, on the other hand, the calculation prevails according to imperial years, partly the Roman dating through the titles of the emperor. Now at least the former dating is encountered occasionally also on other coins '), including those that are safe are characterized by cities; but only earned in this stability them special attention. Because the dating according to ruler years is non-Greek. It was the Ptolemies who made them first introduced them on their coins, like the Pharaohs did Documents were dated by year of government; and Augustus Like so many others, he adopted this use of his Egyptian predecessor, who then adopted the imperial coinage Egypt definitely, in the Syrian area to a large extent dominated. Of course the Greeks were not asked to that they created their own coins after the imperial years animals should; and as was already said above, they only did that very few cities, and even these only temporarily. That but this dating is so consistent on certain series of coins ei*seems to be more proof that the coinage

1) See the comparison in Eckhel IV 411: but it is in many In some cases it is uncertain whether we are even dealing with imperial years.

298 B-Pick:

does not come from the cities but from the emperors. — After These statements can be seen as proven, that there was a regular coinage throughout the imperial period given to the government outside Born. This means the ver- bond created between the feldhenian imprint of the Republic') and the distribution of the imperial coin among them large number of mints, which were built towards the end of the third century occurred. Here too we can use the general one Tracing the development of the Roman state: While in republican times, the regular coinage was handed over to the rulers is tied to the local city and the field is only temporarily lords are allowed to strike coins in the war zone, the prince goes cipat has already moved on to standing mints in the provinces to build; but the circulation of these coins is still at one limited to a certain area, the generally valid coin is only beaten in Rome, until finally in the time where Born to become a provincial town, including those in others Imperial coins minted in provincial towns corresponded to those of the Roman city be equated. The choice of language also depends on teresse. In the Republic, all Feldherm coins bear little- at least the name of the influential official in Latin; On the other hand, the imperial coins minted in the Orient have almost Greek inscriptions throughout. The Roman state is based At this time it is no longer so exclusively in Italian tribe, it has become a Roman-Hellenic one. Just The Senate in Rome - understandably - resisted this new design of things; as he did in his documents') from the more liberal use of the Republican period, Greek States make decisions regarding them in an official manner to hand over a Greek translation, in the imperial period

1) Mommsen, Mflnzw. 337 fg.

2) There is no Greek Senatusconsultum from the imperial period. One The still unedited inscription from Fergamon is particularly interesting: she contains two imperial decrees in Greek, a la- Teenian Senatusconsultum.

On the titulary of the Flavians. 299

has gone, they will also bear the burden until Traian's government Coins minted by the Senate in Antioch, only Latin ones Inscriptions ^). — How the imperial power in the period of the Principle cipats is generally divided between the Emperor and the Senate and in Coinage this division expresses itself in the exercise of the Gold and silver coinage by the emperor, copper coinage by the Senate, we also find in the oriental coinage coinage the same consequence of dyarchy. Although in Egypt it has throughout the emperor not only the silver but also the copper beaten; but in Egypt it was precisely this division of wealth that walt never stretches; the empire, because of which the emperor is here and in the other procuratorate provinces, is of completely free from the co-rule of the Senate; and it's just a their legal application of this sentence when the emperor for the province of Judaea from its establishment under Augustus have minted copper money until it has been broken up. Disturbance of the Temple was transformed into a legate province and through connection to the Syrian-Cappadocian coinage area could avoid a special character. Because here in the Provinces that the Emperor-Proconsul distributed through his legates there is legally no co-rule by the Senate it actually means. And so he did The emperor initially handed over the copper coinage in this area to the Senate left. Of course, that didn't last long. Traian already has it certainly minted copper coins in Caesarea, and when we see that from his government to the main site of the Antiochene Copper coins contrary to Senate usage, Greek emblems contains writing, this seems to indicate that since then also the imperial copper of Antioch despite the SC on the reverse is no longer shaped by the Senate but by the Emperor. From

1) It is worth mentioning that even those under Yespasian in Gold and silver coins struck at Ephesus and Phocaea (see vol. XIII 228, 2X because these cities were in the Benate province of Asia, Latin Inscriptions were given, as they were definitely Roman-based. are brought.

r

I

300 B- P>ck:

At this time, the emperor alone would have the imperial finance practiced in the Orient; how the same ended will be discussed when The language of the individual coin series can be shown we now move on.

Let's start with the Alexandrians^). It is known that Caesar the son after the conquest of Alexandria on August 1, 724/30 with the inheritance of the Lagids also theirs Minting of coins took over. From August 29th of the same year According to the custom of kings, the years of the new ruler will be shearers counted in Egypt. When was his coinage here? It cannot be said with certainty, as the oldest coins are undated; but perhaps acceptance will be permitted be that those coins which are purest belong to the Ptolemaic have preserved the type and their legend KAKAPO^AYTO- KPATOPO^)(GEOY YIOY they go back to the time before the acceptance of Augustus title (727/27), already in the first Egyptian year of the Emperor's stamps. The dating is missing like on these also on a large number of later coins with and without Portrait, which already call the emperor KAI^AP)(^EBACTO^. Apparently these are older than the dated ones, and it seems the Minting without dates extends to the year 752/2, because the coins with the inscription ^EBA^TO^)(nATHP riATPIAO^ lack the dating*). But still in

1) Cf. A. T. Sallet, the data of the Alexandrini see ice coins. A lot The catalog of the Dimitrio von Feuar collection contains new material. d e n t , which is here in addition to the holdings of the Berlin Cabinet to supplement is used.

2) Feuardent p. 14 in the note to n. 552-556 (cf. Livia n. 570. 571) seems to rightly assign these coins to the same year, in to whom Augustus received the title pater patriae; this ftUt into that August 28th Year of the Emperor, from which we also have certain dates have (Feuardent 557. 558, Berlin). — The coins with K on the altar (Sallet p. 14), which I, although the usual character L is missing on them, due to the exact match with the coins of the year KH is also for Alexandrians are an exception; the year on them is probably clear from a Vicennal celebration (that's why I want that too Existence of coins with i in Mionnet VI 46, 8. 9, p. IX 26, 5, which Sallet is not considered because of the uncertain authentication

..-mSi

Tsar Titulature of the Flarians. 301

In the same year the use began, which has since then been used in the Alexandrian Drinish coinage has been consistently recorded^) on the Coins record the Egyptian year of the emperor's reign. As is well known, the calculation is that the first year is the Time from the start of the government to the end of the current Egyptian table year is considered, and with the next Egypt* table New Year (1st Thoth = August 29/30) the second directorial year begins. Augustus now counted Egypt as his first tic year, as can no longer be doubted, the year 724/25 of the city (= 30/29 BC); since he died on August 19, 767 died, his last Egyptian year must be the number 43 have. That there are still coins with the head of Augustus but there are without inscriptions that bear the years 44 and 46, has caused difficulties for a long time. Now is the explanation found '): the numbers indicate those continued under Tiberius years of his predecessor, the first and third years of his correspond to one's own government'); with the third year

▼OUig deny; Maybe such Decendal coins really were minted been). In any case, regular dating only begins in the 28th year. — The coins of Oaius Caesar

^EBA^TO^ Head of Augustus with laurel wreath, n. r.

Ä/. TAIO^ KAICAP Head of Gaius, n. r.

Mionnet VI 51, 58; Berlin (cf. y. Sallet, Zschr. XII p. 880). also do not seem to have been tested after the year 752; points to it both the absence of the year and the nominative form of the legend; The name of Augustus appears on the dated coins from the year 28 onwards always in the genitive. Since the prince's head is no longer boyish is, the coin cannot have been minted much before that year. Alexandrians of Lucius Caesar are not known.

1) Because of the lack of dating, the known Greek Oross bronzes of Pius with Caesar Marcus on the back want to assign another testing location; but it would be possible that There is an exception here (cf. Sallet 8. 88). A similar undated one Large bronie of Vespasian with Titus on the back is in the Paris Cabinet; cf. the Alexandrians of Titus, group Hl 4.

2) Krall, Wiener Studien ni p. 813 fg, first published this explanation spoken; the further application to the alex. Sallet, in this magazine Vol. Xu, 8. 876 flg., which subsequently also includes the biaher unknown coinage of Emperor Gaius

8) For the Berliner Münse with L MA, however, Mommsens should

Z«ilMhrill fBr NaminutUc XIT. 20

802 B-Pick:

Tiberius' coins then start with his own Portrait and own year count. This type of time calculation which we will meet again in Antioch shows how the accession to power of Augustus is seen as the beginning of one new empire; and whether you can also read the Augustan one Aera - if the name is permitted - here as in Antioch has soon given up again, the attempt to but a strange phenomenon. What to do comparison, the continuation of the years of Marcus under Gommodus, Severus under Garacalla, is similar like, but not the same. Because on the one hand, both of them have The coins mentioned also include those with their own data, and on the other hand the counting was up to them therefore very close from the start, because they were already Gaesars had struck their own coins with their father's dates. Tiberius, on the other hand, had as Gaesar in Alexandria at all not embossed. This is first proven by the fact that he does even when the emperor was still stamping with his predecessor's head; and In addition, the data does not allow it. We know apart from There are two groups of the mentioned coins with the head of Augustus from Alexandrians of Tiberius: the copper coins with his Head without laurel wreath from the years r, A, 6, C 0, and the silver ones that adorn his wreathed head with the inscription TIBE- PIO^ KAKAP ^EBA^TO^ and on the back the OEO^ ^EBA^TO^ with the ray crown, with the data Z, lA,

Declaration (Constitutional Law II 779 A. 1) that the death of Augustus upon arrival at the beginning of the new year was not yet known in Alezandria, as was to be justified; the type here is exactly the same as the coins of the year 43.

1) I can't find later years that are definitely authenticated^ at best one likes it still recognize the coin with U (Mionnet VI 53.68, from Zoöga); by the way- It would not be unlikely that the copper testing took place in the sixth years went out; because silver coinage will begin next year. The need for copper coins was probably due to the rich minting of the Augustus was already sufficiently covered, so that Tiberius took place in 20/21 The long-discontinued silver coinage was resumed.

On the title of the Flavians. 803

6, IH, 16, K, KA, KB ^). That the silver ones are not under Augustostus can be embossed, their inscriptions show. With the copper coins, the years are far too low to be used as dates Augustus, who one initially expects to be looked at; and the assumption that we do it with our own count of Tiberius (perhaps from obtaining co-regency (calculated on) could have to do, v^contradicts except the Egyptian usage in general is low in numbers. Because apart from the anomalous and soon discontinued pre- information from Emperor Titus with his own data, which can be accessed later is to be received, the Alexandrian coins are the minting regulations appointed members of the imperial family^) always after years of ruling dated to the ruler ^). This goes down to the end of the Alexander Drinian style; when the Caesars Constantius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus dated their coins according to their own years, like this Is this only true of the changed meaning of the Gaesar name under the new monarchy. — So much for the dating of the Alexandrians. It has already been said above that these coins are not shaped by the city of Alexandria, but that we are with a coinage of the Roman government for the Egyptian pro- Vinz have to do. Among the reasons that the related Greek Chinese coinage can be recognized as imperial, comes here as the most important of which is that the Alexandrians are the basis of the coinage law, the autonomy, has been missing at all times; like the officials who administered the city, first from the Ptolemy then appointed by the Roman government were, then the coin minted in Alexandria is also only royal

1) The monces with L Z are definitely (Berlin, Vienna, Paris); the Mommsen's doubts, MOnzw« 8. 723 note 205 are therefore unfounded.

2) The right to depict coins and, even more so, the more important issue of coins writing law is more limited in Egypt than in Rome itself; apart from In Vespasian times, apart from the emperor, only empresses and empresses had it co-regents (but not all of them either).

3) The coin of L. Aelius with L f (Sallet 8. 33) is quite two- eUiaft. The anomalous inscription AHM • CEOYC • YITAT • B on his ''".here coins are not actually to be interpreted as dating but rather as

2( •

304 B. Pick:

or imperial coin^). Much less than the main In the city, of course, the nouns were able to strike coins. What called noun coins, are simply Egyptian Eaiser coins. coins, minted in Alexandria like all others, on whose Back page only instead of the usual type representations of the country's various nouns appear'). That teaches Even the external appearance: it's not just a simple one Consistency of the style with that of the Alexandrians Yes, it would only be natural, but you can with many of these coins see that the imperial heads are embossed with exactly the same stamp are like other Alexandrians. But on top of that, it's pure Egyptian nouns still provide the political basis for coinage law is further away than that, at least in part according to the Greek way established community of Alexandria. And the inscription Although always explicitly mentions the name of a nomos: but the form of the name itself shows that the nomos is not the can be the master of the coin. Because while sovereignty is on the Greek coins are almost regularly replaced by the genitive of city or people's name'), we have here,

1) The well-known monks from the time of Gordian III. with the inscription e$6ClfiN (with or without KAI) AAGEANAPefiN OMONOiA (Mionnet III 117, 414-418; pp. VI 184, 689-187, 713) are not in Alexandria but, as the factory teaches, in Ephesus and here of course influenced by the city; Even then, Alexandria did not yet have its own influence. Against it was to enter into such a covenant relationship with the Ephesians probably capable since it had received at least one ßovlij from Severus. In front of Severus there would be one in the absence of any city council ofAoyoUt not been possible; and therefore the corresponding coin is, which is said to bear the head of Pius (Mionnet 8. VI 143, 417, from Vaillant) to be rejected, as Drexler recently did for other reasons. than hat (in this magazine Vol. XIII 273 fg.>

2) There are nominal coins from Domitian (L IA), Traian (L IB-IQ), Hadrian (L lA), Pius (L H) and Marcus Aurelius as Caesar (L H). ^ cf. Feuardent p. 293.

3) Exceptions can almost only be found in cases where on the coin a dedication of the city to the emperor or another personality has been spoken; then the nominative (e.g. n€^afi9ivoi Sfßamov, or mgya- fAffvoi JSikßayou or a^j^M^ar*x6y *AvT*oxtis)f or where a dedication to the city is pronounced; then there is the dative (see Eckhel lY 368 de numis

To the title number of the Flayians. 305

As far as the names are written, regularly the nominee native of an adiective e.g. B. OMBITHC, APCINOiTHC '), to which chem the word vo(i6g must be added; it is therefore only an explanatory caption for the picture, which is not means more than if PfiMH or EIPHNH is written on a coin. So it follows that all Egyptian coins were from the emperor and are always minted in Alexandria. — The property of Alexan- insider than imperial coins it also explains that their minting was wide beyond the closure of the empire's local mints took. The influence of the cities in the east was known- Under Gallienus it was still very extensive. Under Clau- Dius only minted Gyzicus and the Pisidian cities of Prostanna, Sagalassus and Seleucia further'); then under Aurelian and Tacitus finds again coins from Perga') in Pamphylia; all isolated offshoots of the old autonomous character. The As is well known, the originator of the new coinage system is Emperor Aure- lian^); since the development of the empire had led to this Autonomous and privileged cities no longer existed, that's how it was It was no longer appropriate for cities to strike coins; and the procedure was so consistent that the Senate too lost his right to mint copper in Rome, and the emperor alone claimed the right to mint in all three metals nnd exercised. But the Egyptian coinage was able to do so easily be excluded. Here where the emperor is always seen as unavoidable

inscriptis ANEOHKE). — On the coins of the colonies and Manicipia On the other hand, according to Roman custom, the city name is in KominatiT.

1) The coins with APABIA (Traian L ir and Hadrian L 1A at Fenar- dent n 3543. 3544) and with AIBYH (Hadrian L lA; Feu. n. 3592) are therefore not to be seen as representations of similarly named nouns, but rather as such of these countries themselves; but they too are shaped by others in Alexandria Coins with the inscriptions APABIA, APM6NIA, AAKIA, all of which cannot be minted in the provinces themselves, come from Tielicht the imperial coin in Caesarea.

2) Eckhel YII 475.

8) Under Aurelianus: Mionnet S. YII 62, 170, 171; under Tacitus: Mt.

8. VII p 729.

4) See Mommsen, MOnsw. 881.

806 B. Pick:

He needed a limited sovereign who ruled and made money nothing to change in his old style; and so we find for Alexandrians also continuously until the twelfth year Diocletians in. Only then, in the year 295/6, was it also the Alexandrian minting of the general imperial coin fits; the coin base becomes Roman, the inscription Latin, and now that there is no coin law based on autonomy more that Bede can be, Alexandria's name also appears for the first time as a place of minting on the coins: the letters ALE denote the Alexandria Mint ^). That is at the same time the first case of a clear designation of the place of origin the coins; because with the individual letters that you have since Aurelian finds on the coins, the meaning is uncertain although they are probably mint names acts; perhaps Aurelian and his first successors wanted it through this imprecise designation of the mints of a company change with the old territorial coins, gate bends.

The most closely related to the Alexandrian coinage is the the province of Judaea'). Here too the emperor took over one Rule that had previously been exercised by kings, and Independently of the Senate, the administration was carried out by the Procu- Rators exercised. Like his predecessors, the Idumean kings, the emperor only mints copper, he himself, not the Senate'); like He refrains from doing so out of consideration for religious shyness of the Jews to put his image on the coins. And so he also follows her example in dating. The coins that who defeated the emperors in Judaea are without exception dated according to their years of desire. However, so significant Wasn't the Jewish province that Augustus knew of its creation? advertising would have ushered in a special provincial era

1) The coins of the usurper L. Domitins Domitfanns (SaUet p. 91 fg.) take part in the change; the Greek ones with L B seem to be the older ones to be, they probably correspond to the last year of Diocletian; then shapes He also produced Latin undated coins with ALE.

2) See de Saulcy, Numismatique de la Terre-Sainte.

3) See above p. 299.

Tsar title of the Flayians. 307

like in Egypt. He therefore dated his Jewish coins after an already existing era; according to which but, that is not entirely sure. De Saulcy is of the opinion that we can do it the imperial era beginning on January 1, 727/27, the anni Auffustorum^ have to do ^). But now you can find this Aera, which is known from Censorinus, as Mommsen says ^absolutely no application '^ ')• De Saulcy leads as a witness- nis a Jewish coin of Augustus, which represents the year* number Ar should bear'); since Judaea became Roman in 6 AD became a province, the beginning of this era could not come earlier as 726/7 of the city falls; maybe this year, yes a coinage in the first year of a new reign something is very likely. But now de Saulcy himself seems to be the one Reading but not entirely sure as he is not the uncertain era supported by the coins, but for the coins of the era as Support needed. However, this is very uncertain coin, this remains the earliest date of Jewish coinage of Augustus the year 36^); from the year 6 AD Calculating the beginning of the era is the year 723/4 city; But this is the first year of the so-called actic Era, after which Augustus deposited his coins in the neighboring one dated Syrian territory; so it becomes uncertain of the year AF be permitted to use the coins with L A^ as the oldest, namely in the first year of the new province

1) a. a. 0., 8. 70, following Mommsen, Coinage 8. 719 A. 190 But it is clear that Mommsen himself later gave up this opinion A. 2 cited passage of his Roman constitutional law.

2) Censorinus, de die natali 21.8; see Mommsen Constitutional Law II* 8. 724 A. 3. — It is very doubtful to me whether the “anni Augustomm** is overhand have ever been counted, or whether we are not dealing with an invention of the CensoriDus have to do.

3) p. 71: KAICAPOC ün 6pi de bl6; Bf. ün date en fruit, L AF. He only knows of two copies, one in the Gabinet de France, the other in the former Wigan collection. Apparently it's bad preserved examples of the coin with L ACJ, which are exactly the same types has. The letters T and S can be terweehselt very easily.

4) MQnzen with L A^J in de Saulcy p. 72 and in the Berlin Gabinet

4

i

308 B-P«ck:

anzasee, so that the application of the “actic aera^ would also be secured in Judaea. Except the year AI} AO, M and can also be found on certain dates of Augustus AM'); higher data does not occur, and since all of these Coins are fairly common, one can probably assume that in the last three years of Augustus in Judaea not has been shaped more. under Tiberius will not then as elsewhere at the beginning the years of Augustus were counted, because it will be from the outset after years of reigning Emperor's dated'). The Roman one rests under Gaius and Claudius coinage in Judaea; only in the latter's fourteenth year again there appears to be a large number of coins, some of which are... Names of the emperor and his wife Agrippina, partly those the two princes Nero and Britain wear '). Then struck Nero himself used coins of this genre in his fifth year year and without portrait; but with that the regular pre- of the province of Judaea came to an end. Like under Vespasian once again in this landscape of Roman desire Coins have been struck, we'll talk about them later Coins of the Flavians, see. — The place where the imperial coins were struck for Judaea is - as is natural - lich — not indicated on them. De Saulcy^) believes that Jerusalem is the mint; but one would rather think that the Roman Frocurator placed them in his residence Caesarea let it hit. Types and style allow no decision; However, legally this question is completely irrelevant; it It is enough to know that here too we are dealing with an imperial one have to do with imprinting.

We now come to the coins that are in the Imperial period defeated in the Syrian capital Antioch

1) de Saulcy p. 72 ; Berlin.

2) L B of Tiberius in de Saulcy p. 73 ; ibid LA of Livia (of course- (year of Tiberius) is doubtful

8) The similar coin with the date L if is de Saulcy (p. 76) itself doubtful. 4) 8. 71.

On the title number of the Flavians. 309

been 8ind. The difficulty here is that in the have imperial and own coins next to each other in the same city, and that in later times there was sometimes a mixture of the two Imprinting has occurred. But let us see from this If the mixture is first mixed, the result for the earlier time is: Divorce between imperial coins and city coins by itself: those who call the city as the mistress of the coin are city coins; those without city names are imperial coins ^). — View If we now first look at the silver coins, we find that the first emperor did not fully retain their right to reserve silver coinage to have held strictly; because apart from the imperial lichen tetradrachms without city names under Augustus, Tiberius and Nero also those that turned out to be their own coinage of the Syriac cities Antioch'), Laodicea') and Seleuda*). At The allocation to the tetradrachms without a city name varies; but one will probably be justified, even for those of

1) See above 8. 295.

2) Under Anxiety ; Annual Sahlen ^ A (des Augnstus) nnd AN (caesar. Aera) yerbonding.

3) Under Tiberins (? with head of Ditus Augnstns . . . KAIC[AP]OC 0EOY CEBACTOY) in the Berlin Cabinet; under Nero (Mionnet V 248, 719; Berlin) with the year 111 of Caesar. Era. — Here were later Under Hadrian, urban tetradrachms were once again struck (Mt. Y 151, 736), with the year 171 of caes. Era; this is an assumption gift, as the same emperor also granted the Amisenem.

4) Under Augustus (Mionnet p. VIII 188, 288 fg.; cf. Y 276, 885) with the 114th year of the city era (= 6 AD). The letters that appear next to it A H (this reading is certain, both in Mionnet and in the Berl. Cabinet; the Correction A H is inadmissible) are of course not years; Mommsen (Mflnzw. p. 715 A. 174) is therefore mistaken when he mentions the 88th year of the act Aera wants to see; the meaning of these letters is unclear; I'll find something something similar on a coin of this city minted under Augustus, which was at Mionnet Y 275, 877 is described inaccurately; on the Berlin copy You can read A Z in the field on the reverse. - The alleged coin of Tiberius, which is said to have the same double dating (Mionnet Y 276, 887), comes from Sestini, and is therefore entirely unreliable; the data is correct not, and the actic era hasn't reached that far into the government at all of Tiberin.

310 B. Pick:

Tiberius^) and Claudius') Antioch should be viewed as the place of minting, as is generally done for those of Augustus; because it is both the type of the reverse, the Jupiter Nicephorus, always the same, as if it were striking if the emperors were outside the Antiochene and other mints in Syria. should have directed. As far as these coins were made under Augustus are stamped, they all have a date. But in se- leucia it is just the city's own era, its 114th year on the urban tetradrachms with the head of Augustus appears; the same corresponds as the era of attainment of autonomy (645 AD) runs to the year 759 AD. St. = 6 AD^). In Antioch, on the other hand, where the imperial forces next to the There are city coins, we find the dating everywhere after years of Augustus. Which is the starting point of this The annual accounts are, say the imperial tetradrachms themselves: the designation ETOY^ NIKH^ teaches that the bill with the year, and probably also the day, of the victory of Actium, September 2, 723/31, begins. The imperial ones Coins still associate the years of this era the gonsulate number of Augustus, «;K and HK with ^ IB, OK and A with ^ir'). Other data is on this so far Group of coins not detected. But it belongs here certainly the following unedited coin, of which there are two Copies are in the Berlin Cabinet:

^EBACTOY f\ Head of Augustus r.

Bf. KAICAPO^ GEOY YIOY Jupiter Nicephorus; in the field

two monograms VT and V\ Ml.

The style is exactly the same as on the coins last Seleucids; this and the name form Kaiaaqoq d-sov viov

1) Mionoet S. VUI 170, 220 (see Imhoof-Blumer mon. gr. p. 440) below Laodicea; Mommsen, Münzw. P. 715 A. 174, thinks of Seleucia.

2) Imhoof-Blumer mon. gr. 439, 5 - 440, 7 under Laodicea; Mionnet S. YIII 130 43 (erroneously regarded as Tiberius) under Antioch, likewise in the Berlin Cabinet.

3j See the foolish note. 4) Eckhel III 272.

Tsar Titulator of the Flavians. 311

JS$ßa(fxov suggests that these coins are the oldest among the tetradrachms of Augustus'). The legend the main page is certainly in vn{dtov) . . to supplement, and it There is also space for the introduction of the imperial annual hovg. . rixfig. The city itself only had under Augustus minted in silver in one year; these are the tetradrachms, which has the double dating ^A (year 36 of Augustus) and AN (year 54 of the Caesar era), i.e. the year 6 AD. belong. But on their copper coins there is under Augustus definitely dates the years of the emperor. Man called this annual account the Actic Era; but carries They probably wrongly named an era. Because we have it simply to do with the years of the reign of Augustus, as whose beginning in the East is seen as the Battle of Actium. This is nothing other than the usual calculation since then Imperial years, which usually ended with the death of the emperor expires to give way to his successor after years do. The same is true of the years of Augustus; but like that After all, the impact of the new rule was lasting, that the Antiochenes issued a coin in the first year of Tiberius struck, on which, in addition to the year A of this emperor the counted year CM of Augustus appears, and likewise Seleucia proceeded on his two years later, exactly as before picture of the aforementioned Antiochene minted coins'). We

1) For the monograms, however, the resolution is UATqo^ ilAiQlSoi close, so that we are referred to the year 2S/29 of Augustus at the earliest become; but it can also easily be mint masters or the like. stuck in it.

2) Antioch (Mionnet V 158, 99; Berlin):

KAI^P ^EBA^O^ ^EBACrOY Head of Tiberius r. Rf. A Eni ^lAANOY ANTIOXEfiN 6M in a laurel crane. ßeleucia (Mionnet Y 276, 886; Berlin):

KAI^P «BACrC« ^EBArrOY Head of Tiberius n. 1. Rf. r Eni ^AANOY ^EAEYKEQN ZM in a laurel wreath. So the closest match. — Something about coins or inscriptions from a later period attributed to the Actic era is partly uncertain, in part it undoubtedly belongs to other accounts. Even under Augustus The actual counting of the year is only certain in Antioehia and Judaea.

312 B. Pick:

So here you will only find the same continuation of the Augustan years like in Alexandria ^) ; only with the difference that they are in Egypt from the government itself, in Syria from the cities. This calculation did not hold water in Syria either; yet Under Tiberius, Seleucia takes the account by the years of Autonomy'), Antioch revives the Caesarian era, which, as the Tetradrachmon from the year 6 AD teaches, had not completely given up even under Augustus. Your own Syrian silver coins of Tiberius are not dated, just nor that of Claudius; There are no details of Gaius at all knows. But under Nero, the silver coinage in Antioch on a larger scale, dating will resume regularly; and it is always a double one: the The emperor's own years and those of the Caesarian period Aera stand next to each other*). Although it actually contradicts it the nature of the imperial coinage, that the era of the coinage is placed locally on the coin; but the lack of the city name is enough to classify these coins as imperial mark. From Galba to Nerva then dominated - see about the short break under Otho - the one Dating the silver coinage of the Syrian coin area, which is distinguished by the inscription ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY; there but this coinage largely belongs to the house of Vespasian. hears and is not limited to Antioch alone, so will they are better understood in the context of the Flavian coins. be acted upon. The Caesarian era has been since that time limited to Antioch's own copper coins, which this city until the second half of the second century

1) Above p. 301.

2) See p. 309. A. 4.

3) The earliest year ETOY^ EP — F gives a coin of Berlin Gabinets; then occur: HP - 5j, 0P - 2, IP - H, AIP - 0, AIP—I, BIP—I (Mionnet, Berlin), the later ones (ElP—IP and "ilP; Mionnet V 169, 187, 188) would be possible, but are nevertheless uncertain. Inter- What is particularly important are the coins from the years AIP and BIP, which... Confirm the incongruence of the Caesarean years with the years of Nero.

Znr Titulature of the Flavians. 313

in'), mostly without ice heads e '). — While the imperial silver coinage here these changes went through, the copper coin, which the Senate also kept in Antioch was defeated throughout the entire period of Augustus unchanged until Nerva. The minting of the Senate copper coins for the Orient, whose constitutional significance is mentioned above (p. 299) discussed begins under Augustus; the time is accurate not specified, but at least not before J. 727/27, since that Emperor always bears the name Augustus. The back From the very beginning it is only indicated by the large SC in the laurel wreath taken'). The main page bears the emperor's head - Empresses first appear on these in the third century Coins, from Caesars in the first century only Titus and Domitianus - with Latin transcription, which means the name, usually in an abbreviated form, sometimes with a title calls^). — Under Trajan, the Roman coinage appeared Antioch made two important changes: on the copper coins

1) Mommsen (Münzw. 8. 718 A. 184) wants the post-Vespasian data It is better to attribute it to the Seleucid era, i.e. the MQnzen to the pre-Roman period Time refers*, but the style definitely speaks against the relevant ones Coins are apparently younger than those that certainly date to the Seleucid era. Eckhel's (III 282. 302) allocation will therefore be correct; the lack of Imperial heads is not a satisfactory counter-reason; Daily Note 2.

2) The portrait of the ruler is missing on many of the city's copper coins Antioch, which certainly belongs to the Ice Age. It appears here above- especially on the mostly larger pieces, which are also on the back name the Roman governor; is the inscription of the main page then almost always in Latin (but see Vol. XIII p. 198 A. 1). The last of these bilingnen coins are under Yespasian in the year 125 of the caes. Aera (= 76/77 AD) beaten; Exceptionally, she does not bear the portrait of the emperor, but that of his co-regent Titus (Waddington, fastes des prov. Asiat, p. 152; Leake, num. heU. p. 16; Berlin Cabinet). — Only under Hadrian has the city once minted copper coins with the head of this emperor; the Dating is missing on these coins. (Mionnet V 198, 411-414).

3) The individual Greek letters that have been used since Domitian appear to the SC, only indicate the number of the mint workshop.

4) A deviation from Roman usage is that Clandias here the praenomen imperatoris leads. — From titles appears under Augustus TR. POT • without iteration number, under TiberiusTR • POT -XXXIII (i.e. 85 AD BC; XXXII at Mi. 8.7111 140, 87 is based only on Sestini), under YespaBian

314 S- Pi^k:

The legend of the main page is Greek and from the silver ones the imperial years disappear. Regarding the copper coins The suggestion has already been made above (p. 299) that this change perhaps marked the transition of the Antiochene Imperial copper coinage from the Senate to the Emperor, where- in which case the SC would only be retained as a beminiscence; v^eist If you return this, however uncertain, expectation, it will In any case, this is a concession from the Senate to the practical see a technical need in that innovation. On the silver coins Up until the time of Nerva, provincial dating according to the imperial held for years, about whose uncertain calculation below at the Coins with the inscription ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY spoken v«r- the fourth. Here too, it was the reform that brought firm order Trajan. Because he lived in Rome, following the Egyptian model, introduced a specific tribunician new year and the Roman one When the dating form was transferred to the Syrian coins, it was The bill is also regulated according to imperial years, which is based on the coins of the city of Caesarea and elsewhere in the Orient remained in use for a long time. It is the most obvious assumption and I don't know of any coin*) or inscription^) that would speak against it, that since then the imperial years in the Orient have been entirely the same Way in which the tribunicians are to be calculated: as the first year The period from the inauguration of government until the next 9th of December applies December, and a new one begins every December 10th year*). —On the Antiochene tetradrachms can be found Since Trajan, dating according to imperial years has ceased; to her The purely Roman form AHMAPXiKHC 6E0YCIAC took its place . . YTTATOC . . so that the imperial coinage in the east of the

COS. Uli (at the same time Titus IMP • PONT and Domitianus COS • II), under Nerva ill • COS.

1) There are, however, some deviations among Trajan himself (cf. Eckhel VI 456fg.)i but this is excused by the novelty of the use have to be.

2) Dating according to the Ice Age years is first encountered on inscriptions under Hadrian, more common only since Severus.

3) See Mommsen, State R. II 776.

Tsar title of the Flavians. 315

ReichsinüDze was adjusted even more. In terms of accuracy The name of the year was lost as a result, as were the Roman ones Imperial coins are actually not dated at all, but rather only from the titles of the emperors the year of their coinage more or is less clear. Of these titles are for the Annual payment of usable tribunicia potestas and consulate the Syrian coins passed over*); and it will be here Iteration numbers omitted or set in a similar manner as on the Roman. — But was subject to further changes the Antiochene coinage. Next to the SC of the copper coin Since Garacalla, the sign of the emperor A6 {SiffAagxtx^g i^ovülag). Both symbols remain united on the coins until at the end of the entire Antiochene period. But since Ela- gabal, this coinage is no longer imperial; the inscription ANTIOXEflN MHTPOnOAEfl^ KOAflNEIA^ and the local types teach that Elagabalus - or the Senate under his direction - tion - the Roman copper coinage was abandoned in Syria and transferred to the city of Antioch. That the letters S-C and A-e* can still remain on the coins if one at all, only the meaning that these coins have as successors to the Roman, a larger Omlaufkreis should be maintained'). The restrictions are less drastic changes to which the imperial silver money was subject *). after- that under Elagabalus *), echoing the simultaneous treatment ment of the copper coin, which is next to the inscription AHM • 6E • meaningless After some A 6 was placed on the silver coins, Gor- dianus III., as there are no Roman copper coins in Antioch were beaten more, the previous sign of the same little-

1) As far as I know, only one of the other titles can be found on one MQnze of Macrinus riatiiQ Tfargido^; Mionnet V 1S2, 277.

2) Mommsen (MONzwesen 719) certainly rightly explains the SC in a similar way aaf certain coins from the cities of Damascas in Syria and Philippopolis in Arabia.

3) How the metal of the same deteriorates more and more over time terte, is known (Mommsen, MOncw. p. 716).

4) Occasionally also under Macrinus.

316 B. Pick:

to place at least on the tetradrachms. So the SC remained unchanged on the imperial silver coins. Find Philippi among the two The additions MON^^a can also be found on individual tetradrachms RWBica or ANTIOXIA; but the first does not mean either, that the city of Rome, like the latter, that the city of ANTIOXIA has something to do with the coinage; the silver coin from An- tiochia is from Nero until its extinction under Yolnsianus remained thoroughly imperial.

We come to the coinage of Caesarea in Gappadocia. It is important to follow the development of this character completely not possible here, because at least in the first century the coin was different under every emperor. Just the weight tigste can be highlighted here. — The allocation of Coins struck by the Roman government in the Orient This mint is largely uncertain. It is almost only certain for those coins that come from Mt Have Ärgaeus as a type. But also with all those who Type and legend borrowed from the Roman imperial coins, Caesarea is very likely to be considered the mint; because with many coins of this type it goes out of style certainly stands out, and because of the agreement in Writing and images can be used without appearing too bold. also everyone else who does not have certain characteristics assigned to other places as Caesarian. — In the first century there were only silver coins; The need for copper is probably also in Cappadocia, since it is here City coins were very sparse, thanks to the Senate coins Antioch was covered. The province came under Tiberius to the Roman Empire; and still have it from this emperor himself we drachmas with the type of Mons Argaeus, of course without city names; the legend is Greek, the year is not yet given stated'). This is followed by the Didrachs defeated under Nero men and tetradrachms, with Latin inscription (also

1) Mionnet IV 408, 9; p. VII 660, 13; Berlin.

Tsar Titnlatar the Flavians. 317

undated), some of which have the Divus Claudias on the back (with the inscription PATER AVCu^t) partly Agrippina (MATER AVGVSTI) wear'); despite the Latin legends is too their allocation is quite certain because there are very similar coins of Nero with Mount Argaeus and the dating ET • I and ET • lA gives'). Also under Nero the silver era began embossed with Roman types/ with the inscription on both Pages are always Greek: the coin of Nero with the type of Victoria and the inscription NEIKH ^EBACTH ET B*) is the oldest Greek ice cream coin, based on a Roman model hitting is. Vespasian and his sons set this stamp forty with and without dates, with Mount Argaeus and with Roman types ^). The connection is under Nerva Rome even more clearly; Here we find legends like CAeVO^^te AHMOY, TYXH CeBACTOY, OMONote CTPAT#«v»), which are through- borrowed from the Roman denarii*). — A new one

1) MIoDDet lY 409, 11-15: Berlin. — The coin at Ml. p. VII 661, 17, which in the left, the head of Agrippina without inscription and in the field AG • ET • — 1cA have great, is based only on Sestini, so is of no value.

2) Mu)nnet lY 410, 17. 18; pp. YII 661, 16; Berlin. — The OoldmOnsen with ET-iÄ • (Eckhel III 187; Mi. IV 410, 19; S. YH 661, 15) are not entirely sure (cf. Mommsen, MOnsw. p. 711 A. 162); but since it is on Incidentally, if it were the emperor's own stamp, they would not be allowed.

8) Mionnet lY 409, 16.

4) Mionnet lY 412, 32; pp. YII 664, 29-38; the next coin of the Vienna Cabinet (n. 34, aas Sestini) can be attributed to the Aafoscript ahm • EZ • YHAT • B • of course not belonging to Domitian; the obvious one The fact that she is carrying Traian's head is explained to me by Dr. ▼. Domaszewski confirmed. — In his fourteenth year, Domitiaa then instead of Caesarea, coins were minted in Lyden, where all the imperial ones went Silver coins with one or two lyres include: Imperial Year and Consalat stand side by side on it; etoyc ia yhatoy iz (Mionnet III 480, 2; S. Yn 3, 6, 7; S. YOI 133, 53 erroneously placed under Antioch; Berlin). Ahh NerTa and Traian in his first years have silver coins in Lyeien beaten.

5) So, and not iiponom CTPATiac is on the coin at Mionnet 8. Yn 666.42 (also on the previous one) read za; it's the type of the Roman denarii with concordia exercitwm.

6) Mlonnet YI 689, 517. 518. 8. YU 665, 41 - 666, 45. Also the coins

Zttetkrifl for RuBiMMtik. XIT. 81

818 B. Pick:

As in Antioch, order sets in here ante Trajan. The The most important part of the innovation is the introduction of the imperial copper stamp ; because it is almost certain that all the numerous rich copper coins Traian with the inscription AHMAPX • 6E • YHAT-B (or 6, S)i and probably also the ones with OMONOIA, OMONOIA CeBACTH '), EIPHNH CEBACTH, [TYXH *)] «BACTOY, which Mionnet listed among the Incertainea*), minted in Caesarea are; for many it is due to the style and the agreement mood with the silver coins for sure. Great expansion However, this copper coinage did not win; they are imperial Copper coins from Caesarea only come from Marcus with the Inscription YriATOC T*) and from Verus with YHATOC B*) known, which they did in the year 161 perhaps to celebrate their reign initially beaten ^). This rapid disappearance of the The new copper stamping is easy to explain; on the one hand, circular The Antiochene copper coin was certainly also in cappa docien, on the other hand, the city of Caesarea has been particularly influential since Plus copper in very large quantities, so that after the imperial There was no need for regular coin. The city itself had very little influence in the first century, namely strangely without a city name'). You could do this

with the strange inscriptions voatoy tpitoy or tetaptoy (Mi. IV 412, 36, 37) belong here (also in Lycien, Mionnet VI 690, 519; p. VII 3, 8).

1) However, this type can already be found in silver under Domitian (Berlin) and copper (Mionnet VI 686, 495-498; Berlin); include these Coins to Caesarea, the copper coin was already there by Trajan been conducted.

2) Mionnet VI 695, 554 should be supplemented.

3) Mionnet VI 692, 529-533; 693, 538, 539; 695,550-554.

4) Mionnet IV 417, 74. 75.

5) Mionnet IV 418, 84; pp. VII 674, 92.

6) Mionnet also gives a coin from L. Aeliua (p. VII 671, 74), supposedly with the inscription etoyc yhat b (probably ahm • esoyc •

YHAT B.)

7) The coin of Claudius in Mionnet p. VII 660, 14 (cf. IV 409, 10), which is said to bear the inscription kaicap • et • h, is based only on Sestini, is therefore uncertain. — The only well-authenticated coin with the city name

Tsar title of the Flavians. 319

therefore consider KapfermüDzen to be imperial, but it speaks for itself against, on the one hand, that the emperors at this time, like the other Tiochene coins show the Senate's right to mint copper still respected, on the other hand the fact that on these Coins are consistently named governor's names, which is what an imperial coinage would be without precedent '). The circumstance that the type common') which only occurs in Caesarea Mende Mount Argaeus may excuse the exception. One The mint of the city of Caesarea was more active the period from Pius to Gordian. These numerous copper coins with the inscription KAiCAPefiN TUN nPOC APrAlO) or MHTPOTTOAeOJC KAICAPeiAC warrant a great deal of interest in this through the fact that, although they were not defeated by the emperors, they are still consistently dated to Kaiseigahren; that the law ation probably with the counting ordered by Traian of the Tribunenician years corresponds, as has already been said above been. It would be desirable that the data of these city coins would once be treated in a similar manner to that of Sallet the Alexandrian imperial coins '). — Under Severns and his sons and then again under Gordian the dating according to imperial years not only on the copper coins, but also on silver coins; but these silver coins are

the first century is the Domitians with kaicapeiac et i (Mionnet lY 411, 31); then immediately follows Hadrian's MOnze with KAiCa^ior tJk npoc APFAIA ET B (Mionnet lY 415.54).

1) These are the following coins: 1) Under Titas with the Re- verse Eni OANCA nPECBEYTOY ET I (Mionnet IV 411, 29; p. Vn 662, 18-20, probably also 28) and 2) Eni taaaoy et r (Mi. YH 663, 25. 26); 3) nnter Domitian Em baccoy nPECBEYTOY et ie (Mi. IV 412, 35) and 4) Em tit noM BACCOY nPEC ETOYC IE (Mi. S. YH 665, 35. 36); 5) anter Traian Eni BACCOY ET T (Mi. lY 413, 45; 8. YH 669, 57).

2) The type for the monses mentioned above 2, 4 and 5 is the mountain Argaeos, the back of the others only bears the name of the governor in a wreath.

3) Several analogies would emerge; so e.g. B. finds The continuation of the years of the predecessor is here, obviously Commodus, certainly anter CaracaUa and Geta.

21»

820 B. Pick:

no longer imperial, but characterized by the city of Caesarea; The emperors' own silver coinage had increased under Gommodus heard - Traian had when he bought the copper mtbize in Caesarea introduced, the type of silver coinage also changed. The data tation after ice years, as already mentioned, almost disappeared completely ^). In their place came the imperial copper coins the Roman method; Trajan himself also ruled here the legend AHMAPX • GHOYC • . . YITAT-. . , among his Successors') only the title YTTATOC with the Iteration number ^) is retained, often associated with the for the Dating however indifferent title ÜATHR nATPlAOC. With Commodus^) the Caesarian silver system also went out. coinage of the emperors, like the copper coinage already under his rule had expired before its predecessors; and so Antioch remained since Severus left alone as a mint of the Roman government in Asia.

After this general treatment of the Roman pre- In the Orient we can go to the Greek coins of the Fla- over a short period of time. The above statements will justify us using only one for our purposes use a certain group of embossings, the mass of the Greek However, the Chinese city coins are not taken into account.

The following will now examine in which Form the names of the Flavians on the coins minted in the Orient appear. The most important thing here are the coins

1) Exceptions: Mionnet lY 414^ 46 under Traian with et a (ans Sestini, perhaps confused with Hadrian); Mionnet IV 415, 55, 56; pp. VH 671, 70 under Hadrian et a, pp. YII 671, 71 et e; These are very small ones Silver coins (quinars ?) on which the short date may be due to spatial defect is selected

2) Exception perhaps the coin of L. Aelius with etoyc yoat b (Mionnet S. YII 671, 74; copper); but see above p. 318 A. 6.

3) Strange is vnATOC A(l)nATHP oatpiaoc under Pius (Mionnet lY 415, 58). — There is also another emperor under this emperor Legend: eycebeia with the Roman type of Pietas (Mi. lY 67*2, 75).

4) The silver coins of Severus in Mionnet p. YII 678, 116 (from Sestini) with ahmapx • ezoyciac • yoat is uncertain.

Tsar Titulature of the FlaTier. 32 1

TituSy because with him the change is in the change of name the constitutional position emerges most clearly. It will therefore its coinage can be followed in most detail. At Yespasian doesn't have any major difficulties, that's why His coins are not considered that often. From the coins Domitians, we only have to deal with those on whom he appears as Caesar; with the time of his own reign we don't need to worry about it.

Let us now consider those characterized in the foregoing Coin series in detail:

1. The Alexandrians. Vespasianus.

Yespasian was elected on July 1, 69 in Alexandria itself proclaimed emperor; he died on June 23, 79. From his first Years, which ran from July 1st to August 28th 69, are Safe Alexandrian coins are not known, perhaps none were minted even in such a short time. Also missing so far coins from his last, eleventh year. Against from his second to tenth') years are Alexandrian Large numbers of silver and copper coins are known. The Emperor means consistently

AYTOK KAI^ ^BA OYE^HA^IANO^.

This name form, which was very popular in the Greek Empire was widespread, never appears on Roman inscriptions Roman coins only in the following isolated cases:

on three large bronzes from the Senate, at Cohen n. 185: IMP CAES AVG VESPAS COS U TR POT Rf. FORTVNAE

REDVCI, 333: like J2/. PAX AVGVSTI,

533: like B/.TETDOMCEXSC,

1) Sallet (data p. 82) did not yet know anyone about the longed-for Jilire mflnse; a bolehe has now been proven in OmabrQck; ygL Vol. Xni & i46.

322 B. Pick:

and on some imperial coins, in Cohen n. 201 (S) 270 (N)

271 (M)

296 (S)

IMP CAESAR AVG VESPASIANVS Rf. HISPANIA,

like Ef. MARS VLTOR,

like. E/. PAX.

As the title shows, the copper coins belong to this year 70; in the same way the gold and silver ones are also without Doubts characterized Vespasian's early days. This name form that we will also encounter in Antioch seems to be the to be oldest. It persisted on Roman coins not long; The form appears here in the same year Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augtistus^ which then during his The city's Roman style dominated the entire government'). On the other hand, in Alexandria this other form is the only one in the remained in use, is certainly based on the fact that it was used at the time of At the beginning of the coinage the official one was and then you don't get it wanted to give up again, like the Egyptian one at all Coins a greater continuity can be observed than on the Roman.

Titus.

Among the coins of Titus we have the following four groups to distinguish:

I. As Caesar he appears on the reverse of coins his father:

AYTOK KAI^

Vespasian with laurel, right; before that L B.

Rf. T *AAYI OYE^nA^IANOY KAK. Bust of Titus

with Lorb. and tank, n. r. M7.

Feuardent 816 complete; n. 817 the T is missing

at the beginning'), as well as at the Berlin exemplary

1) Only the elein bronzes are excluded the emperor is usually called Imp, Vetpananua Aug, and the coins with Cae»ar VenpoBianui Aug,, TO which Volume XIII 8. 236 was discussed.

2) One could think that n. 817 really only 4>aayi • oyesha- ziANOY KAIS confessed and that here too the misunderstood person

Tsar Titolatnr the Flavians. 323

plausible, which is probably the same as Eckhel's IV 58 describes the collection Stosch iden- table is.

II. As Emperor, he made coins himself for a while hit:

1) AYT TIT *AAYI OYE^OA^IAN KAI^. Head of Titas withLorb., n. r.; before that LA*).

RF. different types (AAEEANAPEIA, PfiMH, EIPHNH etc.). M, POTo M.

Mionnet, Feuardent, Berlin. The similar coins at MionnetVI87, 363-371, which should have the year A all based on insecure authors, and also at Feuardent n. 832 will certainly be read by A should be assumed instead of A.

2) AYT TIT *AAYI OYE^OA^IAN KAK. Head of Titus with Lorb., n. r.; before that LA.

Rf. $AAYI OYE^nA^IANO^ KAI^. Youthful bust portrait with Lorb. and tank, n. r. Ml

Berlin (Sallet, data p. 24); Feuardent 820.

III. He appears as Emperor on the back of Coins from his father in his last years:

1) AYTOK KAK ^EBA OYE^nA^IANOY. Head of Vespa sian with Lorb., n. r.; before that LH.

Rf. AYTOKPATflP TITO^KAI^P. Head of Titus with Lorb., n.r.

Mionnet VI 84, 347; pp. IX 36, 69 ; Berlin. POT 6'^») Mionnet VI 84, 348; Berlin. M10

Name Domitian rorlie^, as on the curious mflnxe anter 3; but The head here is certainly that of Titas, but it is missing in the other portrait Laurel Crane.

1) Sometimes l a appears as a single inscription on the back.

3) The Mflnae in Feuardent n. S18 certainly belongs here.

324 B. Pick:

2) AYTOK KAK

Rf. AYTOKPATOPO^ TITOY KAI^PO^. Head of Titus with Lorb., n. r. M

Paris').

The shape of the 6 on the main page is something distorted so that it can easily be confused with B that can; but it should undoubtedly be a 6. The same indistinctness must be found on Eckhel's IV 58 (after Zoega) which bear the date LB should ; We probably have it on the coin too at Mionnet p. IX 36, 70 with the same error to do.

3) AYTOK KAI^ ^EBA OYE^nA^IANOY. Head of Vespa sian with Lorb., n. r.; before that L ENAT.

Rf. AYTOKPATOPO^ TITOY KAI^PO^. Head of Titus with Lorb., n. r. M10.

Mionnet VI 84, 349; Feuardent 819; Paris.

4) same, without year. M10.

Paris.

IV. As emperor, Titus naturally mints his own coins. The form of the name is:

AYTOK TITOY KAK OYE^HA^IANGY ^EB«), the data:

LB and Lr.

There are no coins of Titus Augustus with LA yet proven; but the year only lasted two months (June 23-August 28, 79), perhaps

1) The description of these and some other coins of the Paris I owe Gabinets to my friend Ulrich Wilcken.

2) The poorly authenticated coins at Mionnet YI 86, 357, 358 with AYT • KAiz • TFF • OYEznAZiANOY And LB certainly belong in this one too group.

Tsar Titniatar the Flavians. 325

So no one was hit '). That there is no There are coins with LA, it's even less surprising- cash, since Titas only have fourteen left this year days (August 29 - September 13, 81). The coins with AYT TIT *AAYI OYE^nA^IANO« or similar inscription and the year LA Of course, they could not rely on Titus as emperor relate; but as noted above (regarding II 1), Rather, LA should be read on them. If we look at these four groups, let's start with the one first and fourth no difficulties. The coins of the first Group are in the second year of Vespasian (August 29, 1969 - August 28. 70) beaten ; we have Titus on the reverse of coins his father with the correct title Caesar. On the coins, whom he defeated as emperor (Group IV), the common form of the name of the Roman coins Imp. T. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus. Also that he is on the later coins his father (Group III) Imp, called Tüus Caesar, is not very strange: because if this form of the name is also the remained alien to urban Roman influences, this is how it is found but repeatedly on such coins of Titus, which in the early were coined in Asia during the years of Vespasian'); and with the general uncertainty that exists in the naming of the Titus ruled, this Alexandrian name must also be given to us. form appear permissible. Strange, on the other hand, and without concomitant game are the coins of the second group. Because the annual number LA shows'), that Titus, against the Egyptian custom^),

1) Inscription The year is singed in Egypt G. I. Gr. 4716d> add. La Tirov Miüov^ . . ., i.e. from the month of August 79. 3) See Vol. Xin p. 228.

3) Neither Yespasian's first reign can be meant by l a be, since, as Group I teaches, Titas himself is in Yespasian's second year not yet ride the emperor's name; noeh it is possible with Sallet (Data p. 23) recognize the first year of Titus as Angnstus in that the Roman Mfinx officials in Alezandria influenced the tone of the government. could not have kept the given name FUwku for so long.

4) Daily above 8. 303.

326 B. Pick:

under his father's desire, his own coins with his own data has beaten; and what is even more remarkable is that this coinage was immediately discontinued. About the time of these coins can be no doubt; that before the Name set AYToxQcitioQ in connection with the year LA teaches that immediately after the acceptance of the empire gate title, as well as those already mentioned Latin coins with the name form Itnp. T. Caesar still appear to have been minted before July 1, 71^). The authorization To his Alezandrinian character Titus must as well as the to the Asian one from obtaining the title of emperor and the have derived co-regency; a rebellion against Vespa You won't be allowed to look for sian in it. But, however, It was already said in Egyptian usage that Titus was seen as a fellow Regent even struck his own coins. Not even on that Reverse from Eaisermfinzen has been so far, except for one case Gaius Caesar, a prince appeared. It was also for the empresses the coinage law in Alexandria was more limited than in Rome itself; on The reverses of imperial coins have so far all been Augustae been presented; but own coins on which the emperor was not mentioned at all, so far only Livia under Tiberius had and Agrippina defeated under Nero - the two who were in In fact, for a while a body assigned to the imperial have exercised violence or wanted to exercise it). A prince but had never minted its own coins in Alexandria; and which later went to L. Aelius under Hadrian and then the others Gaesaren was allowed without further ado, it seemed to him Vespasian in his still unconsolidated rule but worrying; even more so than those coins have their own The year count of Titus carried what was said by the fickle ones could easily be misinterpreted by Alexandrians. And so has

1) See Vol. XIII p. 228; However, the Asian influence was not like that. soon aborted; the Ephesinian coins date back to the year 74; but the oldest ones are undoubtedly minted in the year 70/71.

2) See Mommsen, Constitutional Law II 764 A. 4, 794 fg.

Zor Titalatar the Flavians. 327

because Titas as a prince except the queens of the one year^) No longer minted in Alexandria at all, either more coins like those of the first empresses and the Augustae and Caesares of later times after years of the reigning ruler would have been dated. Only on the Reverse of Yespasian's coins appears in the eighth and ninth year of the emperor his portrait again, as it was had occurred in the second year. — There’s still one word left say about the older form of the name Titus on the Alexander inside. He is called here in 69/70 (Yespasian LB; Group I) T. Flavtus Vespasianus Caesar and in 70/71 (Titus LA- Group II) Imp, Tit. Flavtus Vespasianus Caesar, that the Order of the individual parts of the name from the Roman') differs, is not particularly noticeable. On the other hand, the supplement retention of the official name Flavius is unheard of. Because the ab- Throwing the gender name is a principle of the emperors first century*). But it seems that especially under Yespa- Sian didn't take it so seriously; otherwise Titus would not here and in Antioch, but from Roman finance offices. offices, have been named with this name. With Vespasian The gentile name itself is not found on coins, but on Examples can be found in inscriptions^). — Oanz absurd is the name of the prince on the back of one Titus coin (group 11, 2). The still youthful armored one, but not wreathed, prince is called «AAYI • OYE^nAfiAN . KAI^. That it can be none other than Domitian who is here in the- appears in the same position on the coin of Titus as before

1) That the alleged coins with la can only be rare, has already been said.

2) T, Caennr^ T, Cae^r Vupaaimmi^ T, Cae^r tmi»., T. Camar mp, VetpO' iiamu,

8) Mommsen, Constitutional Law II 741.

4) Benndorf and Kiemann, Travels in Lycia, n. 138: AmMQormQ Kai^uQ 4^li9vt9f OvMJta^myif Xißuatog. — See Lehas-Wadd. 1256; Ballet de corresp. hell^niqne 1886 p. 45.

328 B-P'ck:

Titus on Yespasian's coins, Mommsen^) certainly takes with him Right on. Like the Alexandrian mint masters to this one may have come from the nonsensical naming of the prince not to say; In any case, it suggests that they is not issued by the minter Titus himself, - how it is not entirely impossible that your own Coins of Titus from overzealous officials without his special have been shaped by an express order. — Domitian appears except on this one anomalous coin as a prince on the Alexandrians; his influence as emperor makes no difference difficulties.

2. The Coins of the Jewish War').

We had seen above that the Roman emperors were for the province of Judaea, as long as it was administered procuratorately, in the country itself copper coins, similar to those of the last Kings, have beaten. This influence lasted until fifth year of Nero*). Not long afterwards the opening broke out stood out from the Jews, after whose suppression Judaea united received legates, and the imperial coins of Antioch reigned here have been given^). But in the meantime there are again Coins minted by the Roman government in Judaea been, albeit in a completely different form. These are the following coins: 1) AYTOKP OYE^n KAI ^EB. Head of Yespasian with Lorb. Rf. lOYAAlA^EAAfiKYlA^. Victoria writes something on one Sign hanging on a palm tree. M 5^^.

de Saulcy Vesp. p. 79 n. 2*).

1) Vienna number. Zschr. III 467 note 10.

2) See de Saulcy, Numismatiqne de la Terre Sainte, p. 79fg.

3) See page 308 above.

4) Above p. 299.

5) The Latin motto of Yespasian with Beyer's four • avg • (Cohen I^ Yesp. n. 587) because of their Roman factory with de Saulcy (p. 79, 1) to point specifically to Judaea is too risky. —£nt-

To the titalatar of the Flavians. 329

2) AYTOKP TITO^KAI^P. Head of Titus with laurel. Rf. lOYAAlA^EAAfiKYlA^. trophy, seen from;

on the ground, on the left a grieving woman, her hands on her Mcken tied (Judaea), on the right a shield. M 6-7. de Saulcy, Titus, p. 79, n. 2; Berlin (often).

3) AYTOKP TITO« KAKAP. Head of Titus with laurel. RF, lOYAAlA« EAAßKYlA«. Victoria, put your left foot up

Supported by a helmet, writes on a shield that an hanging on a palm tree, the words AYT T KAIC (in three lines)*). M 4-5.

de Saulcy, Titus, p. 79, 3-80.5; Berlin (often).

4) IMP T CAESAR VESPASIANVS. Head of Titus with laurel. Rf. IVDAEA DEVICTA. Victoria's left foot on one

helmet^) supported, writes on a sign that says hanging on a palm tree, the words IMP T CAES (in three lines)'). N4.

de Saulcy, Titus, p. 79, 1; Cohen !• Titus n. 119*).

speaking Latin coins to this Greek of Yespasian and the The next ones of Titas have not yet been proven. Daily aach p. 880 A. 2.

1) The font of the different shaped shield is very small I rarely read it; Maybe she wasn't on everyone's radar this type, but only those with a circular shield. De Saolcy (p. 80, 5) thinks (according to an older description by Pellerin) that the inscription NEiKH • KAIC laate, nnd therefore doubts the reading of a copy the Sammlang Six in Amsterdam: ayt--kaic (in two lines). But two Coins from the Berlin collection bear the same legend; and mine Yermuthung that between the two lines according to the sign Irift of the Aureus (above No. 4) still has to stand a t, is replaced by a Originally preserved example from the Hamburger collection in Frankfurt a./M., which I recently saw here in the kgL Mflnzcabinet confirms; it stands in fact on the shield quite clearly, in three lines, ayt t kaic.

8) According to Cohen it is a helmet, not, as de Saulcy suggests, a helmet ball; The correspondence with the copper coins is therefore independent.

8) The name form hap. T. Caetar meets Vetpoiianui only once more, on an aureus with the Beyers Qmeordia Av^.; but although also his Although the factory is not in Rome, it remains doubtful whether he also lived in Judaea is prigt

330 B pick

One can in the coins just described, as they — the copper by the factory, the gold by the exact attunement with one of the copper ones -- found to be in Judaea characterizes, conscientiously a continuation, and at the same time the conclusion'), the older imperial coinage for the province See Judaea. Just like these coins under different conditions- nits are minted - not as a proper coin for one ordinary province, but extraordinarily and essentially for the needs of soldiers during a war - So the old cone is no longer used: it is missing them (how cheap, since it is not a periodic pre- dating) and there appear on them, since consideration for the Jews is no longer important Portraits used to be frowned upon. — The form in which the name Vespasians thereupon appears AYTOKParoi^OYE^TTacrmvöc KAhccq ^EBaatog, we will meet again in Antioch. That Titus These are certainly the oldest coins that he himself has ever produced has struck, the newly acquired title of emperor as a name, served as a prenoun, is only explicable. The treatment justification for this coinage, which certainly occurred immediately after the disruption of the temple and the imperial acclamation follows, Titus may not have both from the Mit- regency, which he perhaps did not yet have at the time, rather than from the general's republican coinage law in the war zone. This is why the majority of Majority of coins') names Titus as minter, and

1) The coins of Titus, which de Saolcy also mentions, with the inscriptions aytokpa • titoz • kaiz • zeb ... on the main page and Eni • M • ZAAOYrAHN . . . nm a palm banner on the back, are not in Judaea but in Bithynia under the Proconsul M. Saln- denos A8[prenaB?] or Proclas was coined under Yespasian; the Name of Titus is therefore in AvToxQa{TtaQ) Titos Käh^aQ) ztß(a

2) I'm not entirely sure whether the ones under No. 1 described bene coin of Vespasian really exists. It is only available in two examples plaren known, and that is striking compared to the masses in

On the titulary of the Flayians. 331

not the reigning emperor. — That the prince on the Greek Chinese coins MTOKPdtm^ TITO^ KAI^P, on the Latin Niches, on the other hand, are more complete IMP T CAESAR VESPASIANVS, doesn't matter; this is based essentially on spatial consideration ten, and we also find it on the city Roman coins same change between T CAESAR and T CAESAR VESPA- SIANVS. The inscription of the victory shield on the back offers the same name form on the aureus as on the copper coin^ here KYToxQatmQ Ihog KAICa^, there \MPerator Titus CAESar*).

3. The coins ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY«).

In the period from Galba to Nerva appears on the Antioche niche tetradrachms a strange form of dating, which in the last years of Vespasian with the imperial silver coinage was also transplanted to Cyprus. The Imperial years are given by the formula ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY with the following number or by ETOY^— lEPOY with in between given number'). These coins are from Eckhel after Belley's events were treated in detail; but there Since then, many new things have emerged and the main mass of the Belonging to the Flavian period, it will be appropriate here once again first give a directory and then that to discuss the nature of this character^).

Qalba. 1) rAABA« KAI^P «BACrO^. Rf. ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY A. Adler. M7.

Eckhel n. 1; Mionnet V 170, 194; Berlin.

the monks of Titas gate come. It's possible that we do only have to deal with poorly read titnsmansen.

1) Likewise, Titas is called aach aaf MOnzen of the city of Gaba in Palestine at de Saalcy p. 840.

2) See Eckhel IV 413 fg.

3) The Antiochene tetradrachms were similar Attgastas the number inserted between etoyz and nikhz.

4) I limit myself essentially to the legends; the portrait of the I describe the main page only in special cases; the asides of the I do not mention the Antiochene eagle on the back.

332 B. Pick:

2) likewise. Rf.ETOY^NEOY lEPOY. Eagle. M7.

Eckhel n. 2; Mionnet V 170, 195; Berlin^).

Vespasianus'). L 1) AYTOKPATflP KAI^P ^EBACTO^ OYE^nA^IANO^. Rf. ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY A. Adler. M&%

Berlin"). IL 1) AYTOKPAT OYE^A^IANO^ KAI^P ^EBACTO^.

Rf. ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY A. Adler. M7.

Berlin.

2) likewise.

RF ETOY^NEOY lEPOY B. Adler. M7.

Eckhel n. 4; Mionnet S. VUI 132, 49; Berlin*).

3) likewise.

RF ETOY^NEOY lEPOY T. Adler. M7.

Berlin %

4) likewise.

Rf. ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY A. Adler. M7.

Eckhel n. 9"), Mionnet V 171, 203^). 204; Berlin, m. 1) AYTOKPAT KAKA OYEÖTA^IANOY.

Rf ETOY^ A lEPOY. Eagle. M6.

1) See also Mionnet V 170, 196 with uncertain data; P. YIII 131, 46.

2) Under Otho the caps do not bear the inscription etoyz neoy lEPOY, but it simply says etoyz a on it (Mionnet 1 170, 197; P. YIII 132, 47, also in Berl. Gabinet).

3) So clearly on two copies; on two others the annual Number cannot be recognized, it was probably also a.

4) The coins in Mionnet V 171 probably also belong here, 200. 201, the main page of which is not described; because group I is coming, as it seems, only with the year a, and in group III the date is ation different.

5) Probably heard too, for the reasons given in note 4 Mionnet Y 171, 202 here.

6) The similar coin with the number e is based only on Pellerin, is so uncertain.

7) At Mionnet there is n. 203 as the legend on the main page OYECnACiANOC KAiCAP CEBACTOC, but on the sulfur cast in BerL Cabinet traces of Yon aytokpat can still be seen.

Tsar Titnlatnr the FlaTier. 333

Eckhel n. 3^); Mionnet V 170, 198; pp. VHI 132, 48.

2) likewise.

Rf.ETOY^B lEPOY. Eagle. M6.

Eckhel n. 4; Mionnet V 171, 149.

3) likewise.

ETOY^r lEPOY. Eagle. M6.

Mionnet S. VH! 132, 50').

4) likewise.

ETOY^ A lEPOY. Eagle. M6.

Eckhel n. 8»); Berlin.

IV. 1) AYTOKPAT KAI^OYE^nA^IANOY. Head of the Ves

pasianus with Lorb., n. 1. ; including an eagle^) RF T $AAY| OYE^n KAI^ ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY B. Head of Titus with laurel, right; behind it star. M7.

Eckhel n. 5; Mionnet V 171, 205. 2) the same, but Vespasian's head without an eagle. M6. Mionnet V 172, 206*); Berlin.

V. 1) AYTpKPATßP OYE^nA^IANO^ KAI^P.

Rf. ETOY^NEOY lEPOY H. Temple of Venus Paphia. M7.

1) The Lesoog ovexhaxianox kami are based only on an oversight; In this group we definitely have the QenitiT of the Kaiser.

2) At Eckhel n. 6 it says etoyx neoy r iepoy; but I believe that there is an error and the inscription is the same as above, lu der The inscription on the main page also fits. — The Monxe at Mionnet V 172, 211 with etoyx r iepoy, which is supposedly the portrait of Titus carries, will probably also belong to Yespasian; since the transcription is incorrect is constant, this oversight is easily possible. For your own directing On the side of Titus the formula does not fit, and as a prince he has in Antioch no silver coins struck.

3) Here too, as in note 1, the NominatiT is probably just a see.

4) The small eagle on the main page is represented by the portrait of Tita's eagle, which had been displaced from the rack side, was replaced.

5) Mionnet V 172, 207 describes a specimen with etoyx neoy iepoy ä (also Eckhel n. 7 from Pellerin); But I believe that it is filr B Terlesen is difficult because Titas is in her fourth year and the title of emperor is difficult would be missing.

334 B. Pick:

Eckhel D. 11'); Mionnet ÜI 672, 9-11; Berlin.

2) likewise.

RF, same legend. Jupiter Salaminius. M7.

Eckhel n. 12; Mionnet III 672, 13; Berlin.

3) likewise.

Rf,ETOY^NEOY lEPOY 6. Temple of Venus Paphia.

M7. Eckhel n. 14; Mionnet III 673, 16. 17; Berlin.

4) likewise.

Rf. same legend. Jupiter Salaminius. M7.

Eckhel n. 14; Mionnet III 673, 18-20; Berlin.

5) likewise.

Rf. ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY I. Jupiter Salaminius. M.7. Eckhel n. 16; Mionnet IH 673, 21. 22.

VL Titus and Domitianus under the reign of Vespasian.

1) AYTOKPATßP TITO^KAKAP. Head of Titus with Lorb.

RF ETOY« NEOY lEPOY 6. Temple of Venus Paphia.

M4. Eckhel n. 15; Miounet III 674, 26; Berlin.

2) likewise.

RF same legend. Jupiter Salaminius. M4.

Eckhel n. 15; Mionnet III 674, 27; Berlin.

3) AOMITIANO^KAI^P. Head of Domitianus with Lorb. RF ETOY^NEOY lEPOY 6. Temple of Venus Paphia.

M4. Eckhel n. 15; Mionnet III 674, 28; p. VU 305, 10.

4) likewise.

RF same legend. Jupiter Salaminius. M4.

Eckhel n. 15; Berlin.

1) The 2iahl H is omitted from Eckhel, certainly by mistake. — The MfiDze from the Collection d'Ennery (Eckhel n. tO) with the year number There is no certainty about the type of the Inpiter Salaminius.

Tsar Titnlatiir of the Flavians. 335

VII. Unsafe Coins of Yespasian.

1) AYTOKPATOP KAI^P TITO^ OYE^nA^IANO^ ^EB. Caput laureatum.

Rf. ETOY NEOY lEPOY H. Aquila expansis from clavae insistit, iuxta palmae ramus. M L

Eckhel n. 13 from the Museum des Gardinais AJbani ').

That this name form applies to both Yespasian and... Titus is impossible, as Eckhel himself emphasized. But we are certainly not dealing with a mistake of the coin, but with one of the description and the illustration. Eckhel himself noticed in the Prolegomena'), that Venuti, the editor the Albani collection, a rather ignorant man was. Certainly neither AYTOKPATOP nor ETOY has stood on the coin; maybe that's disturbing TITO^ from ^EBACrO^ corrupts and the ^EB am Finally, delete it so that you get to the form of the name from Group I. Nor is there any reference to the annual pay H a trust; because all safe coins Yes- pasians with ETOY^NEOY lEPOY H are in Cypem minted, and not in Antioch; if the main page should belong to group I, then A probably belongs to it improve. — Meanwhile, which is the correct reading Be that as it may, in any case this coin is not needed to be considered.

2) AYTOKPAT . KA^lANOY.

Rf. ETOY^ NEOY lEP . . . H. Adler. & 6.

Mus. Sandern. II p. 131, tab. 39 fig. 60 (dar&us Mionnet p. VIU 132, 51).

1) Rodalphinas Venuti, Änti^pia manUmaia maximi moduli aurea argeniea oefM e» fmueo Cardin, Alex* Albani in Vatieanam bäUiotheeam trandato^ Romae

1739.

8) YoL I p. CLXIL

336

B.Pick:

In the note to the previous coin is already been said, which is why the existence of the year H on an Antiochene tetradrachm very is unlikely; also the genitive ending of the emperor's name suggests incorrect reading, there only the dating form ETOY^— lEPOY applies to it would fit. The correct year should be A or B and the coin then belongs to group II, where the abbreviation AYTOKPAT stands.

3) IMP • CAESAR • AVC • VESPASIANVS. COYNePOYA. Eagle. M.

Eckhel n. 18.

Whether it really is the legend of the back from eiOYC NeOY lePOY A is corrupted as Eckhel as possible assumes, it's hard to say; doesn't come for us a lot depends on it.

4) AYTOKPA KAI^P OYe^HA^IANO^ ^eBA^O^.

Bf. eTOY^lePOY. Mount Argaeus, on it one human figure.

M 4. (Mionnet); ^ I (= 7 Eckhel). Eckhel n. 17; Mionnet lY 410, 22 (from Vaillant).

The coin would be of the reverse type defeated at Caesarea; but I have to say that despite Eckhel she seems suspicious to me. Firstly because it is the only one in Caesarea minted coin with GTOY^IBPOY would be; then because the year, the main thing with this one Formula, missing. Should it still turn out, It will be said that such coins exist must have that the Roman mint of Caesarea is here once their legend is not from the city Roman coins, but from one in the Orient minted imperial coin.

> Eagle. JBi 6-7.

Zor Titalatar the Flayian. 337

Titus.

1) TITOC OYCCnACIANOC KAICAP CeBACTOC.

Rf. 6T0YC NeOY lePOY B. Adler. M7.

Eckhel n. 19; Mionnet V 172, 209 (from Belley). 210 (from Sestini).

DomHianus. 1) AYTOK KAICAP AOMITIANOC CCB.

Rf. eiOYC NeOY lePOY B. Adler. M7.

Eckhel n. 20; Mionnet V 173, 212.

2) AYT KAICAP AOMITIANOC CEB TCPM. Rf. 6T0YC N60Y I6P0Y Z

3) H

*) e

5) eNATOY

6) eNACKATOY

Eckhel n. 21. 22; Mionnet V 173, 218-217; Berlin.

Nerva. AYT NEPOYA« KAK

Rf ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY Ä. Eagle. M7.

Eckhel n. 23; Mionnet V 174, 218; Berlin.

If you look over this series of coins, you can immediately see that that it has all the characteristics of the imperial coinage: it is a permanent and extensive silver coinage, without a city name, dated after imperial years. And just that these coins So their value is based on their defeat by Roman officials for our investigation. The main mass was in Antioch. shapes; This is what the type of standing eagle teaches, which is here and thereafter the imperial silver coinage in this city almost exclusively controlled. In recent years Yespasians The coining took place, like the representations of the Salaminian Jupiter and the Paphian Venus prove in Cyprus'); the Vespasian and Titus' special relationships with this

1) Groups T and VI.

388 B-Pick:

Island are well known ^) ; Meanwhile, in Antioch itself, the Minting, because the two coins that speak against it have each other proven to be unreliable'). We are therefore faced with a one- to do with the uniform minting of imperial silver coins, which in the whole time from Galba to Nerva essentially at Antioch appears bound. The Cypriot coinage was only temporary. The third place that Eckhel considers to be a mint, Caesarea in Cappadocia, cannot be regarded as such; the one- Many coins that are offered for this are unsafe'); if they really exists and is correctly described, it can still Don't be put in the same row as the others because you do that The main feature, the year, is missing; it would be at most one to be understood as imitation. The coins are nominal Tetradrachms, the emperor appears as the mint; only the Cypriot one In the ninth year of Yespasian, the coinage also brought didrachms, namely with the portraits of Princes Titus and Domitianus. —

In this respect the coins with the inscription ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY are largely of Antiochene origin, they form this Middle link between the Syrian silver coins of the first emperors and those of Trajan and his successors. Those were (under Augustus and Nero), apart from a second dating, in Orientally dated by year of desire; give these, according to Roman custom, only the title of the emperor AHMAPXIKH^ ESOY^IA^ . . YHATO^ . . to. That we have it on our coins have to do with the first of these two forms of dating, says the inscription itself; But what is this imperial year like? "new holy year"*, to be calculated?

If we look at the entire series of coins, we find that all data can be combined with the usual invoice, except for one, the date ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY B under Galba. Because with this emperor's only seven-month reign Of course it cannot be the actual year of the reign

1) SnetOD, Titas cap. 5.

2) Group VII 1 and 2.

3) Group VII 4.

To the TÜolatnr of the Flayians. 339

act" which always only takes place on the anniversary of the government's is renewed at the beginning, and therefore not about the tribunician Year, which at that time was the same as the actual year of the reign was identical; — As is well known, Galba is not intended for iteration tribunician power. We have therefore come to the conclusion forced to take that here is one of the Egyptian ones Invoice is available, which shows the time from the start of government until a certain day is considered the first year and on this Days even then the second year begins. Which now this one It's hard to say what day it might have been; the coins of the Galba only teach that the New Year occurs between June and January lay. But the fact that the bill was considered that of the new one holy year seems to indicate that we seek in it the renewal of an older usage There is a temptation, in keeping with the Egyptian traditions, conditions to think of a Syrian royal bill and the The beginning of the year is approximately the same as that of the Seleucid era October to set ; Meanwhile, the emperor has never considered himself They are still considered successors to the Syrian kings dated their coins at all. So we can do that in the old days don't go back. But maybe it will be allowed to Syrian annual accounts of Augustus. Galba be- sought to restore the Roman Empire: Eoma reruucens and Liberias restituta are his favorite types Coins, - to whom better than to the founder^ of the monarchy could he join? He saw his government as that beginning of a new era; and when he is in his orienta- lish countries considered this period of his reign to be a sacred one. depicts what the emperors in Rome only dared to do much later that's not at all wonderful. In fact, dating unites of Galba with the Augustan bill excellent. The new year of the Syrian years of Augustus, which is “Years of Victory^ probably September 2nd; So Galba's first year would run from June to 1st September 68, the second from September 2, 68 to on January 15, 69. That Otho did not pay his enemy's bill

340 B. Pick:

recorded, is no wonder. Vespasian took it up again, and his sons and Nerva followed him therein. The data that is on appear on their coins, go just as well with the ordinary annual accounts like those of Galba; but there the Year designation ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY is retained, so will one can assume that the bill is also the same as that of Galba remained; and of course we then have the same law nation on all contemporary Syic-Cappadocian coins territory, even if the solemn formula is not appears on it. Under Trajan this dating ceases again; From then on, as we have seen, the calculation dominates after the regulated tribunician year the imperial pre- also in the Orient. But as in the time before Galba the Imperial years on the coins of Antioch, Judaea and Caesarea It's hard to say. Under Augustus is certainly the dating of the Jewish coins is the same as that the Antiochene tetradrachms, i.e. h. those with September 2nd Annual accounting beginning December 723. But whether the annual numbers on the corresponding coins of Tiberius, Claudius and Nero ordinary reign years (equal to the tribunician ones) denote, or whether we have to assume that always with that The second year begins on September 2nd after taking office. starts, our material doesn't allow us to decide ^). Also In the case of Nero's Antiochene silver coins, the type is: Calculation cannot be recognized with certainty. But one just grants their double dating according to Caesarian and Kaisei years'). The comparison of the double data AIP—O, AIP—I and BIP—I shows that the New Year of the Caesarian was different from that of the Neronian year. Now is how Eckhel') showed the Caesarian era in Antioch

1) The coin of Livia with l a (of Tiberius) in de Saulcy p 73 would However, this may be difficult to reconcile with the acceptance of the actual New Year; but it is so insecure that it does not need to be taken into account.

2) See above p. 312.

3) Eckhel IV 400.

To the title number of the Flayians. 841

not from the day of the battle of Pharsalus, August 9, 706, itself was calculated, but it became something unknown to us Day in autumn 705 taken as the starting point of the era; — in other words: it became the time of the day of battle until the first coming of that autumn day as the first year viewed, and then the second year began on this day. This behavior of the Antiochenes only makes sense if By postponing the beginning of the year, they achieved an agreement effect with another invoice that existed at the time wanted. Now it was until the introduction of the Caesarian era in Antioch probably the Seleucid era in use"). The beginning of the year would be in harmony with the new era been brought; and we would then have for the Caesarian era to adopt the same New Year as for the Seleucid. It would therefore, since the Seleucid year in Roman times was on October 1st begins and Nero came to power on October 13th, The years of Nero's reign coincided with those of Caesar exactly cover, while according to the coins listed above one There must have been an incongruence. The contradiction would solve if one could assume that in the calculation The Actic New Year is applied to the Neronian years has been. On the one hand it would then be the 111th year of the caesa rian era (October 1, 62 - September 30, 63) partly in the ninth Year of Nero (September 2, 62 - September 1, 63) partly in the tenth (Sept. 2, 63 - Sept. 1, 64) fall, and on the other hand the tenth Nero's year corresponds to both the 111th and 112th of the era, just as the Antiochene coins show us. If If this combination is correct, then of course you also have it for them Jewish coins of the emperors the application of the actic new to accept annual; that the data is just as good with it as with the other account has already been said. The Cappadocian imperial coins are so rare in the first century

1) The aera vicerta of the Antiochene coins, which Eckhel III 271 assumes, is probably identical with the Caesarian and not one Intermediate link between the Seleucid and Caesarian eras.

342 B. Pick:

dated so that they do not reveal the method, but Certainly it is that of the neighboring Syrian region. — The Greek* They themselves made little use of their own coins Yon of imperial dating. Only those deserve mention Cypriot coins. In Cypem are first under Claudius, then under Galba, Yespasian and Traian, finally under Severus and his sons ') large copper coins with the well-known types the Salaminian Jupiter and the Venus of Paphos whose coiner is called the Ko$p6y KvnQitay These coins are dated under Galba, Yespasian and Traian, in the same way as the Greek coins this emperor: under Galba we find the data GTOYC A') and 6TOYC B'), under Yespasian 6T0YC H*) and at the same time the AYTOKPATCJP T OTecnAGANOC ') with the same date his father, under Trajan the new order is called speaking AHMAPX 6E YITA TO q""). The calculation is of course- The same as that of the imperial silver coins.

In addition to the dating, the coins are marked with the script ETOY^ NEOY lEPOY, insofar as it is written under Roman auto- rity, the form of the name of the emperors or princes respectable. The naming of Galba, TAABA^KAKAP ^EBACrO^, is not the same as the Roman'); but these

1) The coin of Didia Clara in Mionnet III 675, 82 (aas Haverkamp) and those of Macrioas in Mionnet III 676, 42 (aas Yaillant) exist. don't know

2) Mionnet m 671, 8.

d) Mionnet p. VII d05, 8; Berlin.

4) Mionnet III 672, 12. 14. 15; Berlin.

5) Mionnet III 678, 24. 25; p. VII 305, 9; Paris. — The Mfinse at Mionnet III 678, 28 with the year a is aas Hardooin, so certainly incorrectly described.

6) Mionnet III 674, 29. 30 (81 from Yaillant an?oUstftndig); p.vii 806, 11; Berlin. On the Manze p. VII 806, 12 (aas Arigoni) with ... ES* YHATO must of course be read for z aach h, because Traian was Head nar six times consul.

7) It is also found once on a denarius: in Cohen n. 226. — If the coin is described correctly in Mionnet V 170, 196, then wftre Galba aaf one of the other mills called [aytokpa]txip.

Znr Titnlatiir of the Flavians. 348

There is nothing striking about the shortened form. If Domitianus as Angustus AYT KAICAP AOMITIANO« ^EB, later with the Zu- sentence rEPfiav**oc, is called and Nerva AYT NEPOYA< KAK ^EB bites, so these are just the regular Roman forms their names. The names of the are important to us Yespasian and Titus.

We found the following forms of Yespasian's name:

1) AYTOKPATßP KAI^P ^EBA^O< OYE^OA^ANO^. ^Year A (Gioippe I).

2) AYTOKPAT OYE€nA^IAN0< KAI^P ^BACTOC Years A, B, T, A. (Group II).

3) AYTOKPAT KAI^OYE^nA

Year numbers A, B, r, A. (Group III and IV).

4) AYTOKPAT 0YEÖ7A^IAN0< KAKAP. Years H, O, I. (Group V).

The first of these name forms is already known to us as the regularly encountered the Alexandrian mints, and we have put together the corresponding Roman coins there. We certainly see in this the oldest form in which the name of Vespasian has been expressed; because even if Already in the first year other forms of names appear next to it, So it's worth noting that this is exactly what's going on first years by the Roman and Syrian Imperial Coins disappear and only last in Egypt. The second and third forms of names appear in the first four years of Vespasian evenly side by side. The second we have already seen on a coin of the Jewish war ') found ; also a Latin gold coin with the reverse ROMA which was probably minted in Syria or Jndaea, has the inscription IMP VESPA CAESAR AVCVST'). But that these The form of the name is the official form of the imperial chancellery itself Vespasian's oldest military diploma from

Ij Above 8. 338.

2) Cohen, Yesp. n. 403.

344 B. Pick:

March 6, 70, on which the emperor appeared both in the text and in other words Consulate date uDg /mp. Vespasianua called Caesar Augusttis is'). Also on a city Roman dedication to the imperial lish house from November 17th of the same year') and on one The same can be found in a roughly contemporary African inscription'). shape^). But already on many coins from the year 70 and on the second oldest military diploma (dated April 5, 71)') is then the later prevailing name form Imp. Caesar Vespasianus Augustus applied. The third designation AYTOKPAT KAI^ OYECriA^IANOY has no ana- logies, but probably on some Roman coins. The one (Cohen n. 570, gold) *) shows the two sons on the back of the Emperor in the subordinate manner of the first government time; it was certainly coined outside of Rome at the beginning of Vespasian's reign; a second undated one Coin (Cohen n. 55, silver) can also be from such an early period be set. We find these on a larger scale Name form but on copper coins from the eighth (and ninth?) Consulate of the Emperor, the importance of which was previously indicated has been pointed out^); found on our Antiochene coins That explanation of course has no application. For the fourth The form of the name, that of the Cypriot tetradrachms, is missing as far as I know, entirely based on Roman analogies. But she has probably means nothing more than that, perhaps from space lack, the last word of the name is omitted; the copper coins of Ko$voy KvtiqIwv suppress instead of Augustus rather call the Gaesar name and call the emperor AYTO-

1) Corpus Inscr. Lat. III Dipl. VI.

2) C.I.L.VI 200.

3) C.I.L. VIII 698; cf. Ephem. epigr. V 282; it is certain whether on it you can read cos • n or cos • ni.

4) Occasionally the name form also occurs later, e.g. B.G.I.L. ni 5201.

5) C. I. L. m Dipl. VII.

6) See below in the fourth chapter.

7) Ztschr. Xni p. 236.

J

Tsar Titnlatar the Flavians. 345

KPATftP OYEÖTA^IANO^ «EBA^O^^. — The Coin of Cae- sarea (group yil 4) is also excluded from our series from the fact that they do not have any of the Syriac name forms of Yespasian shows, but like the Caesarian coins in general form corresponding to the general Roman name AYTOKPA KAI^P OYE^OA^IANO^ ^EBACTOi-

We come to the naming of Titus. Twice he appears as a prince on the coins of the new holy year. First on the reverse of his father's coins, with the Form of name

T 0AAYI OVE^n KAI« Year B of Yespasian. (Group IV),

then on their own coins in Gyprus as

AYTOKPATflP TITO« KAI^P Year O of Vespasian. (Group VI).

Both forms of the name correspond to those of the contemporary Alexandrian coins; and this applies to them- the same as what was said about those above. Embossing with your own Titus did not exercise data in Syrian territory and that speaks all the more for the anomaly of the second group of his Egyptian coins. On the other hand, there is a greater freedom means in comparison with the Alexandrians in that in Gyprus at least coins have been struck on which he himself appears The coin lord appears, and not just on the back of coins his father, albeit with his year.

The same honor was also given to Domitianus part based on the Cypriot didrachms (Group VI)

AOMITIANO« KAI^P is called; There is something remarkable about this form of the name not. — As emperor, Titus is called on the coins with the Dating eTOY< NCOY ICPOY B, if the same is correct are written,

TITO< OYCCnA^IANO^ KAICAP <6BA^O<; There are no analogies to this form of the name;

1) Dms the same name form Ai^, Vupariaam Aug. also the rtadachen

846 B. Pick:

But that alone is no reason for its existence Mfinzen outright deny; with so many deviations from According to the Roman rule you can also put up with this.

4. The rest of the Syriac-Cappadocian coinage.

Finally, here are the finances of the Syrian Cappadocian area compiled, which except the Coins with the inscription ETOY^NEOY lEPOY turn out to be coins of the Roman government. It's not much, what teach them for our questions; but they are without interest but not.

Antioch.

From Antioch we have two groups of copper coins to be recorded. One is the Senate copper coins the other is probably, but not certain, the emperor to look at the coin lord.

Of the Senate copper coins, only those of the government are Vespasians to consider; the coins of Titas and Do- We can pass over Mitian as emperor.

IMP • CAESAR • VESPASIAN • AVG IM? • CAESAR. • VESP • AVG IMP*CAES

;'VES»AVG-P-M'COS-mi- j l.VESP-AVG'P'M-COS'V- J

Vespastanus.

Cohen Vesp. n. 663 - 665. Cohen Vesp. n. 666. •''^'^' Cohen Vesp. n. 662.

IMP • CAEs • VESP • AVG • p • M • COS • V • J Berliner Cab.

Titus Caesar.

T-CAEs-iMP-TR.poT Rf, SC- Cohon Titus n. 412.

T • CAESAR • IMP • PONT • Rf. s-c- Cohou Titus n. 411.

DomHianus Caesar.

CAESAR • DOMiT • COS • II • Rf. s • c • Coheu Domit. n. 747.

CAESAR • DOMfT • COS • HI • /{/*. s • c • CohoB Domit. n. 748.

Eleinbroncen almost completely mastered, is of course only a loAUiges ZaMmmenmeeting.

Tsar Titnlatar the FlaTier. 847

The forms of the names on these coins are definitely the the Roman; the same applies to the title. That the er- shine the princes on the Antiochene Senate copper is an anomaly has already been highlighted (p. 313); but it corresponds entirely to the peculiar and preferred position to Titus and, to prevent enmity, granted to Domitianus under her father's reign was. When Titus himself had become emperor, Domitian appears to have lost the right to mint in Antioch.

It is difficult to explain the second group Antioche- nic copper coins, which are completely unique and obvious has only been issued once. It's about that the following coins of Vespasian and his sons:

IMP • VESP • AVG • P • M • T . P • j CohcU VoSp. U.

Rf. ANTIOCHIA bust 667—669. the city goddess with Cohen Titus vu Wall crown. 412.

Cohen Domit. n. 749. One may be in doubt as to whether these coins are of the year 73') has an imperial or municipal coinage. Mommsen*) sees this as the last extension of the urban Copper coinage from Antioch, which after this time in that of the Senate was accepted. But it's already up (p. 313) it has been said that the latter was not the case; much- more is Eckhels') assumption that the city of Antioch was deep their own copper coins were minted into the second century. hit, certainly right. So if before and after and under Vespasian himself the city always had coins of the same

T • CABS • IMP • TR • POT •

CAESAR • DOMtr • COS • II

1) The time results from Domitian's wide coosolate; because It is obvious that the aodeni manias are equilateral.

S) Mflnswesen p. 718.

8) m 281 808.

4) In Vespasian's Begierong the Jabressahlea include ikp, okf, zkp Mionnet V 161, 185-127 ; Eekhel Ul 288 ; Berlin.

348 B. Pick:

Style - with Greek legends, Caesarian dated, without Icerkopfs - hit, that's the assumption sudden departure from this usage very daring; and the use of the Latin language would also be included Antioch very striking'), because of a change in his Nothing is known under Yespasian under city law. From these For reasons it is more likely that we will deal with imperial ones have to do with imprinting, although this assumption is also difficult. rigors makes. The city name on the back is less distracting; it can easily be used as an explanatory caption for the head the city goddess, somewhat like the common type IVDAEA on other coins of Yespasian. But that the emperor with this Minting violated the Senate's copper coinage law would, is more worrying; because with these coins you can does not, as with those of the Jewish war, focus on the inevitable limited generalship rights, as they were only appointed in the year 73 (or 74), i.e. in the middle of peace. Meanwhile he- This problem doesn't seem as serious as that reasons stated above, which correspond to the other explanation oppose.

Caesarea.

It has already been said above that Yespasian and his Sons issued the silver coinage in Caesarea in the same way practiced like Nero; Some of them minted coins with Roman ones Types partly with the native mountain Argaeus, dated and undated. The following are the coins that are sent here: hear.

1. AYTOKPA KAICAP OreOTACIANOC CeBACTOC. Rf. NIKH ^eSAC. Victoria with wreath and banner, n. r. M 4t%

Mionnet IV 410, 20. 21 (M 3^^); Berlin.

Leake, num. bright, Eur. p. 37 (with NIKH C6BACTH).

1) On the other hand, the NominatiY would only be natural if the city name is given in Latin.

2nr Titulature of the Flarians. 349

2. AYTOKPA KAICAP OYecnACIANOC CeBACTOC.

Rf. nATHP nATPlAOC. Mount Argaeus, on it one naked standing figure with bowl and scepter. JEL ^% Berlin.

3. AYTOKPA KAICAP OYecnACIANOC CeBACTOC.

Ä/. erOYC lePOY. Same type. & 4.

Mionnet IV 410, 22; Eckhel IV 415, 17; above p. 336 no. 4.

4. AYTOKP KAICAP OYCCnACIANOC CCBA.

Rf. without legend. Victoria, standing, with wreath and Palm tree to the right JR 2'/,.

Berlin, 2 copies.

Mionnet p. VII 662, 22 (from Sestini), main page incomplete.

Mionnet S. VII 662, 21 Victoria seated, supposedly

“date effac6e.^

Mionnet IV 410, 23 (from Sestini), supposedly with CT. . .

in the lapel.

The specimens only differ in their position the Victoria, otherwise they are certainly the same, and it is namely the assumption of a dating like that Giving the last coin seems to be out of the question. We There will be a similar misstatement Sestinis below at No. Find 8.

5. AYTOKPA KAICAP OYCCHACIANOC CeSACTOC. head of

Vespasian with laurel, r. RJ. AYTO KAI OYecnACIANOC CCBACTOY YIOC. head of

Titus with laurel, n. r. & 6.

Berlin.

Mionnet S. VQ 662, 23 probably describes the same Coin (according to Sestini), only that it was in the beginning of the The name of Titus should be called T • KAI ; probably that is from [AY]TO KAI spoiled. Of the four copies of the Berlin Oabinet, the reading is complete for three

Z«ito«hrift for Rnaikiutik XIV. SB

850 B-Pick:

sure. — The delivery to Caesarea is based partly on the style, partly on the legend the main page is the usual one in Caesarea.

6. AYTOKPA KAICAP OVeCOACIANOC CeBACTOC. head of Vespasianus with Lorb., n. r.

RJ. TITOC AYTOKPATOJP KAICAP GTOYC 0. Titus standing, n. 1., with hista and parazonium. M5.

Berlin (pictured vol. XIII p. 230). The type of the back is exactly the same as that of Roman coins in Cohen n. 46--51, 204, 536, 537.

7. AYTOKPA KAICAP OYCCnACIANOC CCBACTOC. head of Vesp. with Lorb., n. r.

Rf. AOMITIANOC KAICAP CCBAC Yl CTOY O. “Domitien v6tu de la toge et debout, k gauche, tenant une branch de Laurier in the main droite and the plectrum in the la gauche*.

Mionnet IV 411, 25 {M 4). 26 {M6). or

AOMITIANOC KAICAP CCB^YIO CT “Domitien debout, v^tu de la toge, & gauche, tenant de la main dr. une branche delaurier, et la g. envelopp6e dans la toge.^' M 6. Mionnet S. YII 663, 24 (from Sestini). The reverse side type appears on Roman coins not before; It is therefore doubtful to me whether the Description inaccurate and Domitian depicted here as well is posed like Titus on the previous coin.

8. [AYTOKP]AT(ÜP TITOC KAICAP CCBA.

Petitioner without legend. Victoria, standing, with wreath and Palm tree, n.r. M 2'^

Berlin.

Similar with Mionnet IV 411, 27 (from Sestini); but Here too (as in No. 4 above) Sestini has falsely Lich the legend CT. . . on the back give.

Zor Titolatar the FlaTier. 851

Domitian, as emperor in his thirteenth year, has one large number of silver coins minted in Caesarea; more detailed information writing is not necessary for our purposes; whether the relatives Silver and copper coins with Roman types without a year Belonging to Caesarea is doubtful^).

If we look over this series of coins, we can see above all, that the connection to the Roman imperial coin here is the closest you can imagine. Except the guys This is particularly evident in the forms of names. Vespasian means dundi* common, exactly according to the official form

AYTOKPATWP KAICAP OY€CnACIANOC CeBACTOC, while other forms prevail in the Orient. Un- On the other hand, the name of Titus is usually on the Vespasian's tradrachmon, on the back of his head carries (n. 5):

AYTO KAI OYeCTTACIANOC CeBACTOY YIOC; This form of the name can also only be found in the Latin Niche gold coins of Vespasian with Titus on the reverse« which in the year 72 was certainly outside Rome, perhaps in Caesarea are self-embossed'); our coin probably belongs to the same period.

The naming of the standing ones is again good Roman Princes on the reverse of Vespasian's TITOC coins AYTOKPATCJP KAICAP and AOMITIANOC KAICAP CCB YIOC only one thing is wonderful, that rare form of the name Titus still appears on such a late coin*). That at Titus as Augustus has omitted the cognomen Vupiuiantu,

1) See above p. 31S A. 1.

2) Cohen p. 422 n. 1-5; see below p. 362. — The suppression of Praenomen is beginning; it corresponds to the industry of the happiest Roman Mflnsen Vespasians, on which Titns and Domitlanns appear in the BeTers with the name form Caeaar Aug. f, (nnd In^. Aug. /); even more so Military diploma, on which Titns Cae$ar Aug./. Ve$pa»ianuM means Compare to that Bd The print of the Tectossgen clay Ancyra (at Imhoof-Blnmer, mon. gr.p. 415, 174) where the prince ay kaisap titox XEBASTOY Yios is called.

3) See Vol. Xm p. 230.

852 B pick

is probably explained by the consideration of the limited Space of this small coin. — We find the dating under Vespasiän only once, on the coins with the standing ones Princes in Beyers; In the year O we of course have that ninth year of Vespasian. Hence the deviation from the usual usage just this year we don't know; it should be remembered that In the same year also the Cypriot coins of Titus and Domitianus. The years can be calculated from this isolated case, neither do we recognize % the dated coins of Domitian; but one will probably assume allowed that the Cappadocian coinage follows the use of the Syrian coins with the inscription eiOY^ NBOY lePOY has closed. That the inscription 6T0YC I6P0Y on one Vespasian's coin (No. 3) should not be interpreted as dating, has already been highlighted. All in all, imprinting teaches from Caesarea precisely for the title of the Flavians less than for those of the later emperors; But at least she was allowed here too should not be ignored*).

1) Of course, the copper coins from Caesarea follow (above p. 319 A. 1) same use. The one that causes difficulties is Titus appears as Augustus with the year et • i •. The tenth year of Vespa sians it cannot be, because if one recognizes the actic necgahr, So Yespasian died in his eleventh year; If you throw the same thing, you could At the end of the tenth (tribunician) year, the news of his death in Caesarea not yet be known. So we would have to deal with this in an unheard of way tenth tribunician year of Titus, or we must assume that that by mistake the Roman numeral i was used instead of the Greek a sets is; In any case, shortly afterwards coins of Titus were found in Caesarea Augustus with his own date et • r • (a. a. 0).

2) In addition to the series described, there are more for the Flayian period some copper coins without city names are considered, which are regular in addition to the name of Vespasian or his sons, have the consular details; they appear to be of Cretan origin. I'll pass over this coin here with regard to the forthcoming publication of the Cretan Coins, which Ton Syoronos], is being prepared, and keep for me later to come back to it.

On the title of the FlATier. 353

4. Notes on Cohen. When working through Vespasian's Roman coins and his sons, who were responsible for the above investigations Of course, Cohen's description of the imperial mfinzen are taken as a basis. It turned out- stated that a considerable number of coin descriptions in It is a correction to the otherwise so useful work a note is required. These are larger or Smaller, sometimes completely insignificant errors that occur when Looking up a single coin can hardly be noticed and therefore can easily lead astray; only when there is an over- A view of the entire imprint arises with knowledge As a rule, there is also an understanding of the exceptions and restrictions bumps. In part it will perhaps turn out that only there is a printing error; in other cases the legend is disfigured by a minor stamping error; about bad ones Reading or incorrect description is only an exception. wise. But there must be some kind of error in the coin description Exercise must always be explicitly emphasized, that is Hybridity. This use of two unrelated things The stamp for a coin can be found in the Vespasian one Time on the most extensive scale. That explains itself from the fact that it was precisely under Vespasian that counterfeiting Cohen himself was operated on to a horrifying* extent points out that in the Cabinet de^France on two hundred silver mfinzen Vespasian's four-and-four lined come 0, and in The Berlin collection also contains a whole series subaerate denarii. But that the fed coins in general In general they are more careless and are often hybrid, yes known; and it almost evokes the hybridity of a coin also raised the suspicion that it was subaerate. Meanwhile also among the coins of pure silver and among the gold There is no lack of those and copper') among all emperors

1) V S. SS9 A 1.

2) See Vol. Xm 8. 869.

354 ß- pick

hybrid pieces. That such things also became more common under Vespasian than usual, is explained by the fact that in the same coinage coins with different portraits were struck at the same time were; Stamp exchanges, such that one head Vespasians took a type of Titus or Domitianus or vice versa, could happen easily enough. If it should appear as if in the following Directory is too generous with the concept of Eybridity would be avoided, the above may justify this; the consideration of the Flavian coins in context In general, such a fixed scheme results that even with such violations of the rules, which are not exactly one contain impossible combination of names and titles Suspicion of hybridity is obvious.

It is therefore permitted to conclude the investigations via the titulary of the Flavians a list of those who to give Cohen's writings that require a comment or seems to be useful. Since the errors are largest- Partly come to light in the legends, this is how the types are usually not described. Preceded by the number Cohens (after the second edition) along with the information about the metal and the size, then follows his description, and finally the comment or reference to earlier passages of this Work where the coin in question is discussed. The coins from the time of Domitian's reign, as from the entire under- search, is also almost completely excluded from this directory.

Vespasianus.

8. (MB) IMP • CAES • VESP • AVG • P • M • T • P • COS • III • CENS. Ä/. AEQVITAS • AVGVST.

The connection of the title censor with the third Consulate is very noticeable; it can be found in Cohen's Catalog three more times, at Nos. 2^0, 304 and 487; but three of these coins (8, 290, 487) are not in the Paris Cabinet (the grade P is missing), so it is less

On the title number of the Flayians. 355

Leave the LesuDg as usual; at the fourth (304 RJ, PAx avgvst) would be confirmation of the legend from Werth. Censorship is never present on inscriptions connected to the third consulate, even in the fourth Consulate is called Vespasian once again cemor de- dgnatua'). In contrast, the title connection is cos. IUI censor in Vespasian and the corresponding one in Titus cos, II censor often.

42. (AR) IMP • CAES • VESP • AVG • P • M. Rf, AVGVR • PON • MAX •

hybrid; because the title pondfex maocimus could be on a regular coin does not appear twice.

46 5 1 . (GB) IMP • CAHS • VESPASIAN • AVG «P.M'TR-P.P'P« COS • III.

Rf. CAES • AVG • F • DES • IMP • AVG • F • COS • DES • IT. (The ab-

reductions are different).

I have in the first chapter of these investigations (Vol. XIII p. 190 fg.) suggested adding the legend to begin with the word imp and read accordingly:

IMP • AVG • F • cos • DES • IT •, CAES • AVG • F • DES.

Mommsen (above p. 31 fg.) has opposed this reading. explained; but I still want to keep it upright hold. That my interpretation is apparent contradicts, I have pointed out myself; the But to me the visual appearance seemed to go beyond the inner one reasons to have to resign. Mommsen hits before dissolving the legend like this Caesar{ares) Aug{usti) fiilius) des{ignatus) imp{erator)^ Auff{usti) f{ilius) co{n)'

s{ul) des{ignatus) iterum; but this pluralistic pre- naming Caesar would also be unprecedented

1) Inscription yod. Caere in the buffet. dell' inst. 1874 p. 138: Imp. Caetar Veaptuianus Aug.^pont. mar., trib, pot., imp. X, co$ Illy pp.y Cent, dengnatut. — Inscription by Olisipo in the Corp. inscr. liat. II 185, cf. Ephem. epigr. IV p. 9: Imp, Caesar Vupasianut Attg., p. m., tr. p, IIII^ imp. X^ p.p.^ cos, IUI d[e»ign,] V, eentor design. The start of censorship therefore took place in the period after Designation for the fifth Oonsalat (FrObjahr 73). — Because of the coins Tito's Daily Vol. XIU 8. 23 t A. 4.

856 B-Pick:

like my assumption that the word consid in the second limbs were left out. So we'll have to wait and see have whether the Zaknnft through other monuments will bring the decision.

59. (MB) IMP • CAESAR • VESPASIAN • COS • Villi.

Rf. CERES • AVGvsT. (Btbliothhque de Saint Marc.)

The ninth consulate lists Cohen only three sometimes on copper coins, under Nos. 157, 162 and 384; of these four coins there is only the last one in the Paris Cabinet and with her is the right one Reading cos • vni ; I therefore believe that everywhere cos • VIII is to be read; also the corresponding copper Coins of the Caesars Titus and Domitianus are missing. — See Vol. Xin p. 237 A. l.

92. (OR) j IMP • CAESAR • VESPASIANVS • AVG • TR • P.

98. (AR)\i2/. cos • ITER • TR • POT.

Hybrid; tr • p * on the Hanpt side and tr • pot au the back doesn't match. The silver Coin (No. 93) is lined according to Cohen's note; It seems he only knows the gold coin from that unreliable catalog from Wiczay (the addition F = cab. de France, is probably just a misprint). 104. (AR) DIWS • avgvstvs • vespasianvs.

RJ, cos • V. {M. Foydenot)

hybrid; Title information on consecration coins are already generally unlikely; at least but if you had cos • vmi, the last consulate Yespa- sians, expected. Also reverse like aeqvitas • avgvst (Cohen No. 7) or pax avgvst (Cohen No. 312). disturbing with coins of one diw. 119. (OR) Diws • avgvstvs • vespasianvs.