Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 14 — 1887

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I

.ZHf

MAGAZINE

FOR

NUMISMATICS

REDI6IRT

BEFORE

ALFRED OF SALLET.

FOURTEEN VOLUME.

BERLIN

WEIDHANNSCHE BOOKSHOP.

1887.

Contents of the 11th volume.

Alterthtinu

Page

iSallet, A. V., The acquisitions of the Royal Coin Cabinet from the year •

1885. (Plates I—IV). (Including the Middle Ages) 1

Mommsen, Th., On the coins of Titus 31

Mommsen, Th., BOmical coin tenant inscriptions 36

Mommsen, Th.^ Provincial Courant of the Roman Province of Asia in Yer*

relation to the imperial coin. 40

Bahrfeld t, M., Contremarken Vespasians on Roman denarii ... 67 Sworonos, J. N. A., On some as yet undetermined Cretan coins«

(Plate V) 77

Drexler, W., comments on some of Fox's “Engravingsofunpubli-

shed or rare Greek coins** shared coins 93

Six, J.P., A Group of Myron? 142

Löbbecke, A., Coin discovery on the island of Ghios. (Plate VI) 149

Dressel, H., Some comments on Garrucci's “Monete delP Italia antica** 158

Drexler, W., On ancient coinage 233

Pick, B., On the titulary of the Flavians. 3. The Greek coins. . 294

Middle Ages n. a«

Weber, Two Osnabrück denarii, which have not been recognized as such since

were 43

Friedensburg, F., The Sarbske-Filehner Bracteates 45

Friedensburg, F., The bracteate-shaped Heller of Silesia 58

Kuli, J. y.. The coat of arms of Neuburg and the coins of Otto Heinrich

and Philips. 1505-(1539)—1559 133

Bahrfeldt, £., An unrecognized Silesian bracteate 185

Menadier, J., Bracteate finds. (Plate YII—XI) 189

Bardt, Fr., The silver finds from Tempelhof 212

Bonhöffer, The gold guilder find from Künzelsau 218

Weil, K., The medal on Johannes Hus 225

Düning, A., Contributions to the coinage history of the County of Regenstein in

sixteenth century 227

Dannenberg, H., The oldest coins of the Counts of Stade 236

Dannenberg, H , Italian and French denarii from German factory.

(Plate XIII 240

H-o^^^S

lY Contents of the fourteenth volume.

Page

Dannenberg, H., Denarius finds from the Saxon and Franconian Kai- Ser time 245

Dannenberg, H., The coins of King Philip of Swabia. (Plate XIII) 256 Dannenberg, H., Contributions to Hessian coinage. (Plate XIII) . . 260 Menadier, J., German medieval coins from the Russian Baltic Sea projects vinzen. (Plate XII) 265

Smaller communications.

Numismatic price. (A. v. S.) 188

Doublet Auction of the Royal Coin cabinets. (A. v. S.) 188

The rooster as an attribute of men. (Drexler) 375

Venerabilis. (M.) 378

Coin discovery from Kolpin. (M.) 379

The era of Cleopatra. (A. v. S.) 379

Literature.

Robert, P. Ch, 75

Vineyarder 381

Print error directory 384

Register 385

t

t

The King's Acquisitions Coin cabinet from April 1-April 1885 until April 1, 1886.

The collection acquired 785 pieces in the past year: N M M OesunmUfthl.

Greeks 5 J55 89 249

Romans 1 — 37 38

Orientals ~ 354 11 365

Middle Ages etc. . . . i 73 56 133

. ivauimäiiD, Lauer, Lemniö, Prof. Dr. Hommsen, Frol Dr. St&lpnagel, Dr. t. Tschbadi, Waehholder, DEATH of the City of London, the Society for Geography and Death an unnamed one.

Among the acquisitions, the most important is the significant number of Greek autonomous coins, almost all examples

ZdUehiUt tax Aamlrnttik. UT. 1

lY Contents of the fourth volume.

Since«

Dannenberg, H., Denar found on the Saxon and Franconian quays Ser time 245

Dannenberg, H., The MtUusen King Philip of Swabia. (Plate XIII) 256 Dannenberg, H., Contributions to Hessian Mfknzkunde. (Plate XIII) . . 260 Menadier, J., German medieval coins on the racial Baltic Sea pro- vinzen. (Plate XII) 265

“Smaller communications”

Numismatic price. (A. v. S.) 1S8

Dnblettensanction of the King. MQnzcabinets. (A. t. S.) 188

The rooster as an attribute of men. (Drexler) 375

VenerabiHs. (M.) 378

Coin find Ton Kolpin. (M.) 379

The era of Cleopatra. (A. ▼. S.) 379

Literature*

Robert, P. Ch, 75

Vineyarder 381

Misprint 384

Register 385

The Eönigl's acquisitions. Hilnz Cabinet from April 1st, 1885 until April 1, 1886.

The collection was acquired in the past year 785 Stack:

N M M OeummtEiU.

Qriecben 5 155 89 249

Romans 1 — 37 38

Orientaleo — 354 11 365

Middle Ages and modern times. . . . 4 73 56 133

10,582,193,785

Improvement to page 17. Row 3 T. 0. read: AVREUVS CAESAR AVG PII F COS 11

Ur. V, Kautmann, Lauer, Lemme; Dr. Mommsen, Prof. Dr. Stülpnagel, Dr. v. Tscliudi, juniper, by the City of London, the Society of Geography and by emem UngeDannteD.

Among the acquisitions, the most important thing is the significant number of Greek autonomous monks, almost all examples

2 A.T. Sallet:

of first-class beauty and high artistic value, including several Rare items of the first order, to be highlighted.

First of all, among these Greek coins there is a relatively significant number of Sicilian silver coins to mention the name of the die cutters, in select ones copies and from the best period, around 400 BC. BC

Drachma by the artist Euainetos. Plate 1,3. Catana. AMENANO^ Youthful head of the river god

Amenanos 1st, under him EYAI (stage name

Euainetus). Two fish around the head and

Squilla. RJ. KATANAin Female figure in a four-horse team r. ^ from the approaching Nike

wreathed. M.4.

Euainetos cut many stamps for Catana. From the drachma with the Amenanos head exists two different various stamps from his hand and with his name, which is a strange style difference and completely different Show view of the head: the one stamp present here shows the head with an almost wild expression, the mouth wide opens, the wet hair reproduced excellently. The second Stamp (unfortunately, despite everything, we still have an excellent copy). Effort escaped, it came with the collection of my lost deceased friend Gfiterbock in the collection of Mr. Loebbecke) shows the head similar to most of the other works of the Euai netos from his earlier time, with a gentle, smiling expression with a sharply cut upper lip, which is so typical for this artist is characteristic. A very similar stamp of the drachma of Catana without a stage name certainly also belongs to Euainetos.

Tetradrachm by the artists Phrygillos and Euth. . Plate 1, 1. Syracuse. ^YPAKO^ION Head of Demeter 1st, wreathed

with poppy head, ear, acorn and the leaf the Quercus coccifera, from four dolphins surrounded. Below

The King's Earnings. Münskabinet until April 1, 1886. 3

Rf. four-horse team r. of a winged youth ling (Eros ?) steered, crowned by Nike. Below Scylla r. shouldering the trident, the Bechte reaching out for a small fish. EYO

M.7.

One of Phrygillus' most outstanding works of serious, great style and in a condition that all individual recognize and appreciate the beautiful work in great detail reads. I first correctly recognized the peculiar one Wreath of Demeter, made of poppy, ear of wheat, acorn and leaf Quercus coccifera, I used to find in the archaeo- logical newspaper discussed (Vol. 34 (1876) p. 202). The Back, the work of an artist EYO is also a very excellent work, Scylla chasing the little fish, is of the most graceful, almost humorous conception.

Text radrachm of Phrygillus and Eukleidas.

Syracuse. ^PAKO^ION Female head with hairnet l, on

the diadem over the forehead

RF. Four-horse team 1. wreathed by Nike, left under the

horses E Y KAEIAA M. 7.

About the erroneous readings of Eukleidas on other examples For a description of this very rare coin see my artist inscriptions on Greek coins p. 22 above.

The head is probably one of Phrygillo's earliest works, almost ancient, but very beautiful. Closely related is a tetradrachm from the British Museum with something similar smaller head, also marked with the initial syllable of Phrygillos seichent.

4 A.T. Sallet:

Tetradrachm of Eukleidas.

Plate I, 4. (fvQaxo^lQN Female head 1. with broadly decorated Hair band and hair upturned. Down on one rolled up strips of paper or parchment EYKAEI RF four-carriage of Nike wreathed 1., in the section Delphin 1.

Illustrated first by Baoul-Rochette (Lettre k Mr. le duc de Luynes etc. Plate I, 5, then in Weil, artist inscriptions Plate III, 5; Weil reads EYKAEIAA, but it also seems to him Unfortunately only a slightly damaged copy due to a double blow EYKAEI to stand, as does Raoul-Bochette's illustration. This extremely rare tetradrachm is the model for similar, without an artist name, but with a very similar hairstyle. This one However, pieces are generally much more raw or at least artistic much less important and certainly not, as is sometimes said, works of Eukleidas, but of weaker imitators.

Tetradrachm of Euainetos, with the name on each side.

Plate I, 2. ^PAKO^IßN Female head 1. with hairnet, front in

Diadem dolphin 1. on waves, the whole of four

Surrounded by dolphins. The one at the bottom left turns

the stomach upwards, on which EYAI is written.

Rf. four-horse team r. wreathed by Nike, which is a tablet

marked ^jq holds; in section two del- phine facing each other. M, 70- This excellent work by Euainetus, from his first Time, before the decadrachms, is rarely entirely clear. The little one Inscription on the dolphin is legible on three copies: the present, the one in the British Museum and one in Munich privately owned. The stamps on both sides are from perfect grace and delicacy, it is particularly beautiful Lively moving four-horse team, the front horse of which is long dangling reins while running quickly from the handlebars.

1) S. my artist inscriptions p. 17. — Because 1. c p. 10. Plate II, 1.

Acquisitions of the Royal Coin cabinet until April 1, 1886. p

Olbia. Ours received a very significant enrichment still very incomplete series of coins from Olbia in Sarmatia, the northernmost Greek city, which leaves us with coins has let. Two silver coins, although in poor condition of the city, with the head of Demeter and eagle, and with the head of Heracles and club, were donated to the collection. Purchased through purchase we held three other well-preserved silver coins: Apollo head with wreath r.

JB/ OABI over a lyre, right and below P Y

O A

Likewise, with two round counterstamps: Helios head with rays r. and Pallaskopf 1., (or r.). JB/. OABIO over the lyre, next to PA M. i.

Gorgoneion from the front, probably with an outstretched tongue. RF OABIO above a dolphin 1., below KPI

M.% The collection also acquired a good example of the very rare large cast coin or stamp from Olbia with the female head (gorgo?) and eagle, of beautiful style, entirely similar to the excellent example of the scattered collection the late State Councilor Dr. Becker, which I have at the Unfortunately we were unable to obtain the following for our collection at auction: Female head of beautiful style from the front, with flying hair and double pearl necklace. Rf, OA/>IH over a dolphin standing on 1st facing Eagle l, turning his head, with his arms spread out Wings, below r or a similar letter.

M.Yl%

Plate I, 7. Tyra. Head of Demeter from vom, with veil,

Headband (?) and wreathed with ears of corn Ä/. TYPANON Thrusting Bull 1.

&. 4. 5.36 grm. This very rare coin is also in recent years entered the Paris and London museums (Muret in the

Revue numismatiqne 1883 p. 64 and W. Wroth in Numis- matic chronicle 1884 p. 180). Correct image not shown whole TolHcomnieThe copies asked Mr. Buratschkoff in his work about the Greeks that has not come onto the market M&Dzen of Russia Plates X, 1 and 2 given.

Also a second rare autonomous coin with death Tyra

T Y

Apollo head r. and Lyra with the inscription p ^ was in the previous

Purchased years ago in a very nice example.

DioDj. . . City or dynast in Thrace or Uacedonia, near Lete or the Orrbeskiri. YHOIA Centaur r. holding a girl in her arms. Rf. Quadratum incnsam. M. 5. 9.54 Glrm.

Thrace and Hacedonia has ans in recent years Relatively many in geography and history names that are still completely unknown, I just remember the magnificent silver coin from our collection with the inscription TVNTENON (Magazine fttr Numism. ni Taf. H, 1) and to that, The Parisian collection is very similar to the piece shown above. lung; with lAIEAEßN, both oidrachms like our piece with "Diony." (Journal f. Num. II, 74).

Such strange news for us numismatists Unfortunately, their value for history and history is so low Regional studies. They almost always come to us through such Thracian Macedonian Inedita offered new names of cities or Princes completely unknown. This new Didrachmon is also ours Collection with the character of Lete and the Orrbeskier by the previously completely unknown city or royal name Jtovv is literally strange, but for the time being it seems to be

The Eönigl's acquisitions. Coin cabinet until April 1, 1886. 7

possible, the same with any historically known place or princes of that area. The story The solution is safe, even if it presents us with some initial difficulties. ity made; The area of minting is also quite certain MQnze's style matches those of Lete and him Orrheskioi that they are in close proximity, if not in one must be at home in these two places. The time of departure Coinage is probably 450 BC at the latest.

One could think of the inscription Diony. . . probably under consideration pull that the entire large northern Greek finance group goes with it this and similar characters: Centaur, a girl in his arms, Satyr in a similar position, sitting satyr, standing satyr Holding girls etc., guys in Lete, Thasus, among the Orrheskies, the Zaieleis, the Bcrgaios and countless others Find coins without inscriptions, their representations in the circle of Dionysus, and accordingly the inscription associate AIONY with Dionysus; but this relationship on the god who surrounds those girl-stealing people Centaurs and satyrs are too far-fetched not suitable for that area and time. All other captions These coins only contain the name of the minting city or Nations or the princes: Lete, Orrheskioi, Zaieleis, Ber- gaios. So you also have to do this here in the Diony. . . a city or recognize a dynast.

Larisa. Grazing horse 1. the r. Forefoot lifting. Rf. v\OIA^ Sandal with many straps, double AARI attached. The whole thing in a recessed square.

M. 5. 5.24 grm.

A very nice one from the Lodoner (catalog of the British Mus. Thessaly plate IV, 4) in the position of the inscription soft copy of the rare and strange old thttm- common coins with the shoe that Jason wore in a Thessa lish rivers lost.

Plate I, 5th Dr. . . Bearded head of Heracles with lion skin, from the front.

Top left >

yss/. AJlÄ bow and quiver; the whole thing in a deep square.

M. 2. 2.28 Gm.

This coin is made from a somewhat perfect example. plar illustrated and reviewed by Gardner in Nnmiamatic chronicle 1871, which thinks of Thessaly and the allocation according to Bardanus Troadis, which Borrell gave, doubted. Prokesch asked for the coin in the archaeological newspaper in 1846 first made known and at the same time BoiTell's allocation listed. Prokesch's copy comes to the Ambracia, said but no more in his collection than the Berlin Museum she bought.

The reading i

1. Berlin and London: >

2. Berlin. < t>, the Jl can probably be found below but rubbed.

The style of the coins is somewhat reminiscent of Stratos in Acamania, no further definition can be given. But Dardanns or any with Dar . . It is the beginning of the city definitely not, as the Lesang Dra flberatl is secured

Smyrna. Pelops and Hippodamia. Antoninus pins. AVTKAfTfAIAAPIANXnNeiNOC head with wreath r.

The King's Acquisitions! Coin cabinet until April 1, 1886. 9

Rf. eeVAIANOCCTPATANeeHKeCMYPNAlOIC and in the field neAGY Pelops in a two-horse team, Leaning the L. on the scepter or lance, with the R. of the bridally veiled hippo helping Damia onto the car.

M. 10% This beautiful mane with the rich and gracefully drawn The net group of Pelops and Hippodamia has so far only been found once in a completely complete copy (Margaritis collection) became known and published by Longp^rier in the Revue numismatique 1874—1877 p. 117 described and explained. The relationship the back shows the wedding of Prince M. Aurelius Antonin^s daughter Faustina, who asked Longp^rier and Leaning is certainly wrong. The only right relationship The representation is probably that of the Olympic Games, which, like in many other cities in Asia Minor, including Smyrna were celebrated and celebrated by this city through a series of in- writings are attested^).

The few other monuments that have an inscription Pelops and the Hippodamia call, two vases in Naples and Arezzo and the only coin first published by Friedlaender with Pelops' name, an ancient tetradrachm from Longp^rier discusses Himera in the Museum of Arolsen in the led articles.

By far the most brilliant acquisition is the following magnificent large coin from Plate II, 1. Acrasus, Septimius Severus.

AYT-KAIA-CenTCeOYHPOCne Bust portrait with Kianz and robe r. Rf. enCTPAONHCI

1) C.I. 0. 1720. 3201. 3208. 5913.

10 A. ▼. Sallet:

to the body of the bull, the other holds the animal by the horns. The bull is a humpbacked bull.

M n%

The Marble Group of the Farnese Bull (if this the is original), is the work of ApoUonius and Tauriscus Tralles in Lydia. The only two coins (apart from... from the Contorniates belonging to the latest Ice Age) are also from Lydia, from Acrasus and Thyatira. Eckhel, who first made known one of these coins, from Thyatira makes, has pointed out the connection of the myth with Lydia shown: Tantalus, the king of Lydia, is the father of Niobe, the wife of Amphion, depicted on the coins — although a very indirect relationship between the group Dragging of the Dirke to Lydia, which perhaps still somehow a closer connection that is still unknown to us with Lydia may have.

The two were previously known in one copy each Coins of Acrasus, Septimius Severus and Thyatira, Severus Alexander with the representation of the Farnese bull in Vienna') and have already been discussed several times: Eckhel numi veteres anecdoti p. 269 Plate XV, 1, Jahn archaeological Newspaper 1853 p. 87, Gerhard, ibid p. 113 and Eckhel doctrina numoi-um III, 91. The oldest and most beautiful representation of the Group on coins is that of Acrasns, under Septimius Severus; the most accurate equation of the impression of the Vienna Mint with our copy it shows that both are from the same dies on both sides and that ours is excellent preserved piece the previously given illustrations and descriptions writings corrected very significantly. At the great archaeological

1) The proven quality of Mr. Director Dr. Kenner and Dr. v. Miner I owe prints. — The specimen from Acrasus is that of the museum Theupoli (II p. 933), where because of the incomplete official inscription incorrect readings stand. Another coin from the same official Onesiphoros with a very similar transcription (but different representation) see Mionnet Snppl. VI, 314, 14.

The Eönigl's acquisitions. Coin cabinet until April 1, 1886. H

logical importance of the presentation and the high value the same seemed to be the right addition to the marble group I was commanded to have the three coins: Acrasus, Berlin and Vienna, and Thyatira, Vienna, in collotype (Plate II, 1-3).

On our example the rope is around the bull Body and also the Dirke tied around the body, the figure The end of the rope holds on the left. From a wrap around the Horns are not a concern, including the one on the Viennese copy seemingly long from the bull's hind legs to the neck the tight running rope is not present. All of these additions deeds existed in the stamp of the coin of Acrasus not like our completely untouched, clear example. points. The relevant misrepresentations of the bull are rest on oxide defects, die cracks and as well as some Deviations in the arms of Dirke on misunderstood Grave burin additions to the Viennese specimen, which is complete is certainly from the same stamp as ours. Also that one The bull's hump is on the illustration of the Vienna specimen not recognized in the archaeological newspaper (1853 plate 58). and not very clear on the impression of the Vienna Mint either. Yes, but it's very clear on our copy. Also on some The Viennese copy is replaced by later ones in the inscription Overwork damaged: The inscription around the Eaiserkopf ends in Vienna with n, but it says 116, the city inscription does not say so AKPACe(ß)TnN as on the Vienna copy, — and never otherwise Akrasiotic coins - but correct AKPACIQTßN. - The

o

The end of the inscription on the back is clearly TB, tot for the second time.

It is always an unfortunate thing, the objects of the own museum, but here it is necessary around the wrong terms about the arrangement of the archaeologically to correct such a very interesting presentation.

The Vienna coin of Thyatira, Severus Alexander, is Unfortunately not completely preserved, but it seems to be here too Don't rope around the bull's horns, like

10 A. ▼. Sallet:

to the body of the bull, the other holds the animal by the horns. The bull is a humpbacked bull.

M n%

The Marble Group of the Farnese Bull (if this the is original), is the work of ApoUonius and Tauriscus Tralles in Lydia. The only two MQnzes (apart from from the Contomiates belonging to the latest imperial period) are also from Lydia, from Acrasus and Thyatira. Eckhel, who first made known one of these coins, from Thyatira makes, has pointed out the connection of the myth with Lydia shown: Tantalus, the king of Lydia, is the father of Niobe, the wife of Amphion, depicted on the coins ~ However, a very indirect relationship between the group Dragging of the Dirke to Lydia, which perhaps still somehow a closer connection that is still unknown to us with Lydia may have.

The two were previously known in one copy each Coins of Acrasus, Septimius Severus and Thyatira, Severus Alexander with the representation of the Farnese bull in Vienna') and have already been discussed several times: Eckhel numi veteres anecdoti p. 269 Plate XV, 1, Jahn archaeological Newspaper 1853 p. 87, Gerhard, ibid p. 113 and Eckhel doctrina numoioim III, 91. The oldest and most beautiful representation of the Group on coins is that of Acrasns, under Septimius Severus; the most accurate equation of the impression of the Vienna Mint with our copy it shows that both are from the same dies on both sides and that ours is excellent preserved piece the previously given illustrations and descriptions writings corrected very significantly. At the great archaeological

1) The proven quality of Mr. Director Dr. Kenner and Dr. v. Miner I owe prints. — The specimen from Acrasus is that of the museum Theupoli (II p. 933), where because of the incomplete official inscription incorrect readings stand. Another coin from the same official Onesiphoros with a very similar transcription (but different representation) see Mionnet Snppl. VI, 314, 14.

The acquisition eyes of the Eönigl. MCtnikabineta until April 1, 1886. H

logical importance of the presentation and the high value the same seemed to be the right addition to the marble group I was commanded to have the three coins: Acrasus, Berlin and Vienna, and Thyatira, Vienna, in collotype (Plate II, 1-3).

On our example the rope is around the bull Body and also the Dirke tied around the body, the figure The end of the rope holds on the left. From a wrap around the Homer is not a Bede, neither is the one on the Vienna copy seemingly long from the bull's hind legs to the neck the tight running rope is not present. All of these additions deeds existed in the stamp of the coin of Acrasus not like our completely untouched, clear example. points. The relevant misrepresentations of the bull are rest on oxide feblem, die cracks and as well as some Deviations in the arms of Dirke on misunderstood Grave burin additions to the Viennese specimen, which is complete is certainly from the same stamp as ours. Also that one The bull's hump is on the illustration of the Vienna specimen not recognized in the archaeological newspaper (1853 plate 58). and not very clear on the impression of the Vienna Mint either. Yes, but it's very clear on our copy. Also on some The Viennese copy is replaced by later ones in the inscription Overwork damaged: The inscription around the Eaiserkopf ends in Vienna with n, but it says 116, the city inscription does not say so AKPACe(ß)T&N as on the Vienna copy, — and never otherwise Akrasiotic coins - but correct AKPACIfiTßN. — That The end of the circular inscription on the reverse is clearly fs, toß for the second time

It is always an unfortunate thing, the objects of the own museum, but here it is necessary around the wrong terms about the arrangement of the archaeologically to correct such a very interesting presentation.

The Vienna coin of Thyatira, Severus Alexander, is Unfortunately not completely preserved, but it seems to be here too Don't be tied around the bull's homers, like

12 A. ▼. Sallet:

also Eckhel's old (not very good, by the way) illustration of it shows.

The bull depicted on our Acrasus coin is, as I said, clearly described as a humpback bull, like him is common on so many coins of those areas, e.g. B. Magnesia Lydiae, Magnesia Joniae, Tennessus etc.

The motif of the rope wound around the bull's horns, as he shows the heavily supplemented Mormor group occurs the oldest coin depiction, that of Acrasus under Septimius Severus, definitely not up yet, just as likely not yet on the second oldest coin depiction under Severus Alexander in Thyatira. In contrast, the one around Homer appears The coiled rope of the Famesian bull is always on the Gontorniates, so earliest on coins around 400 AD All of these coin representations are missing the one on the marble group Strongly added Antiope, but if Wieseler made up for this absence The reason given is that the Antiope would then be on the coins “resigned too much, even disappeared beyond recognition” be (Müller, Monuments of Old Art 1854 p. 41 No. 215), so is this entirely wrong; when the coin die cutters cut the Antiope had wanted to represent, these large pieces and the skill of these artists is truly enough for ' have found another figure, like countless others teach very figurative depictions of coins. The absence of the Antiope seems to me to indicate that she is on the first and oldest statuary representation of the group - if missing.

Instead of the really bad, completely stylish and useless ones bare images of Gontomiates in archaeology Newspaper 1st c. Unfortunately, I won't give an exact one here perfectly preserved, but clear and especially the rope clearly showing Gontorniates from the Berlin collection'):

1) The two otherwise good images in Sabatier, descr. g^ner. des m^d. contorniates Taf XIV, 8, 9 do not allow the rope to be accurately determined. know.

The acquisition forms dea E6nigl. HflDckaliiiiflts until April 1, 1SS6. 13

Bf. TRAIANVS AVG COS IUI PP head of Traians with wreath right,

Palm leaves scratched in front of him. i£/. Amphion, Zethos, Dirke and the bull.

Plate I, 6. Mallus.

Bearded head of Heracles right, behind it trace of the club. RJ. /M\ Demeter r. striding, in the R. Torch, in the L. holding a large ear of grain lowered. Left grain grain. M.5. A very nice example with its beautiful back. plar of this coin, which only appeared as a result of a new find Loebbecke (Zeitschr. f. Numismat. XII, 333) described and pictured. The great beauty of the figure of Demeter, which appears in impeccable freshness on our copy, right- completes the repetition. The figure has in style and conception Similarity with one of the female characters - Demeter and Persephone - on the beautiful Eleusinian relief in Athens, whichra shows Triptolemus as the third figure. The counter- stood, which Demeter depicted on the coin in her left hand holds, is called by Loebbecke ear bundles, on ours However, in this example it clearly appears to have only one large ear of corn to be two sheets.

In addition to this coin, another one was made by Mallus very rare same city already acquired by Imboof

U A. ▼. Sallet:

in his beautiful essay on Mallus (Annuaire de la soci^t^ de numismatique VII, 1883, p. 109 No. 37. Plate V, 21 ab- formed and described coin:

A/VAA Heracles standing from the front, strangling the lion, 1. Club. Rf. The Persian king with crown, r. rushing, in the R lance, in the L. arch. Grain in the field.

M. 5. 10.4 grm. This piece is also in perfect condition of good style, the Persian king is particularly well drawn.

Briula Lydia e, Otacilia Severa.

M.nTAK-CeBHPA bust r,

Rf. ..AP.KAAAlCTö^AFAeonOAOC and in section

BPIOVACI Pallas standing from the front, I. looking, with '^^^ Helmet ; Shield and lance in the L., with the

B. over a burning altar made from a bowl

sacrificial. M, 8.

The rare town of Briula was still completely missing from our collection. The inscription on the back page is a bit unclear at the beginning, whether it was en AP, in' ttQxovtog or a similar title Can't decide based on our copy, unfortunately I know no illustration or description of a completely perfect one Example of this coin. Plate I, 9. Soloettes (or Soloettos), dynast from Asia Minor.

Zeus head with wreath right. Rf. COAOeTTOY Nike standing 1st, in the E. wreath, in the 1st

Poor palm branch. M. 4. 3.95 grm.

In the inscription COAOeTTOY we have», since every hint- The name of a city is missing, at least the name of a dynasty to recognize nasts. The coin certainly belongs to Asia, not to mainland Greece, an exact destination but seems impossible. Interpret the round sigma and epsilon to a late time; to King Amyntas of Galatia These round ones come from approximately contemporary tetradrachms from Side

The Eönigl's acquisitions. Coin Cabinet until April 1, 1886. 15

Forms sometimes before, i.e. in the first century BC, and around 100 BC or just a little earlier or later you can also put the coin of the soloette. A certain similarity The larger silver coins from Sa- galassus with Zeus head and standing Nike on the back, albeit a much cleaner style. Our two copies of Sa- galassus weigh 7.7 and 7.75, so the weight was the same Drachma of the soloette, which is almost exactly half: 3.95, weighs. The name Soloettes seems completely unknown, it sounds to Soloi, and to Cilicia or Fisidicn, as far as I know white, previously completely unknown coin probably also belongs. A most valuable acquisition is a series of three- ten silver coins from the South Arabian Empire of 'OfiijQttai (Heavenly jarites): an ancient tetradrachm from Athens with a struck stamps with Himjaric characters and mon- nograms, as well as imitations of Athenian drachmas Himjarite monograms and small ones, a Greek model No longer recognizable pieces with heads on each side and long Himjaric transcription. They are largely these the same specimens that Dr. H. Mordtmann in his work about the coins of the Himjarites (Numismatic magazine (Vienna) XII p. 289) made known and discussed. Our collection Up until now, this has been equally noticeable both linguistically and historically. have only gradually become known in the last few decades. monuments of this ancient South Arabian empire that have been handed over from poor, now our series is the Himyar and related South Arabian (or currently Egyptian) silver coins already appear nineteen pieces, all in excellent condition. Our Bactrian coins received a pleasing sale increase by a double stater of the king Plate I, 8. Kadphises.

BACIAeVC OOHOMO KAA(I)|CHC bust portrait in the Ordinary barbarian costume with high hat, club in the R., in the L. small indistinct object. *!On the r. Shoulder flames, under the bust portrait

16 A. ▼. Sallet:

adornments, also looking like flames. Right the symbol of the coins of the Turushka dynasty (see Magazine f. NumisnL VI p. 380). Rf, The long-used transcription of the Eadphises (see journal. f. Numism.YI p. 380). Siwa standing next to the bull etc., on the left the second symbol of the Turuschka coins.

N.&%. 15.65 grm.

The golden double staters of the Bactrian-Indian cadphises, probably in the first century of the Christian era lived, are still rare, the variety described with I don't think the bust has been described anywhere yet. The same pattern is known in simple staters. From ours I have seen two copies of the double stater This variety is still missing from the British Museum collection.

In the inscription on the back, the sixth letter shows, counted back from the end, probably in Kadphises constante peculiarity, which the catalog of the British Museum also describes notices that the long line on the left ends in a kind of star: )k. It seems to be up to linguists whether these lines indicate vowels not yet been examined. The end of the transcription Here again it is not “tradata^”, but definitely “dra- dara*', as I wrote in a newspaper. f. Numism. VI p. 380 said*). Our already very complete series of Alexandrian imperial coins received through exchange with the beautiful Osnabrück collection tion, which Dr. Arbitration house built in Egypt, which still exists missing very rare coin of Yahallathus as Augustus:

AYTKOYABAAAAAOOCAOHNOCeB Bust with wreath right. Rf, Le Standing Spes 1st with raised B., in the 1st arm Cornucopia. Pot. 5.

1) In vain, like most other improvements to the readings, even the always misspelled Greek names. It doesn't say “Eanerkes'* but Eanerku in the nominative, it is not there in Arsaces Ashshakara, but Arshakasa, etc.

The Eönigl's acquisitions. Coin cabinet until April 1, 1886. 17

The small number of Roman coins purchased contains the two pearls from Garthe's collection auctioned in Cologne: Plate n, 4. M. Aurel. AVREUVS CAESAR AVG PHjat' Bust F^^o*^ of the prince with a sprouting beard r. Rf, Bacchus with Thyrsus on the chariot, on the lion fur sitting, pulled by two centaurs, a male lyre, playing the lyre, with Cupid on his back a Yexillum stands, and a female, which is the Double flute blows. From a panick with pedum r. next to the Panther r. is running. Behind the car Pan or Panisk r. with the characteristic of Pan Position of the änoaxoneXv^ the r. Hand over eyes holding. M. Medallion.

This medallion is already from v. Yleuten known been made (annual of the Association of Antiquities of the Rhineland. LX p. 114 with illustration), but the back is not there yet completely described. It is the triumph of Bacchus, as he wrote in a very similar way and often exactly in the details occurs in agreement with sarcophagi (see e.g. Miliin, gal. mythol. Plate 68 No. 260 and Plate 69 No. 261, both illustrations bad and with many misunderstandings). Cupid carries, with Relation to the Indian victory of the god a Yexillum.

The composition as well as the execution of the small coin image is completely of one, even in that heyday of the medallion unusual beauty and grace. The fineness and softness ness of the forms, the informality of the grouping and the movements makes this representation one of the most outstanding sculptural works of that beautiful post-bloom of Greek art. It is very gratifying for our collection that this is possible this has been the case since my visit to Cologne in 1873 piece we sought in vain for which the deceased owner demanded an exorbitant sum, now for a Relatively very low price at the auction Garthe's collection through Mr. Hoflfmann's efforts acquire.

Z«itMhrift ftlr NumiamftUk. XIV. 2

18

A.T. Sallet:

The second piece from Garthe's collection is also this by V. Vleuten 1. c. already announced golden ones Plate I, 10. Quietus IMP C FVL QVIETVS PF AVG Bust portrait with wreath r. Rf. VICTORIA AVGG Victoria r. rushing with wreath and Palm branch. S.

This exquisitely preserved piece is the only one known so far. knew gold coin of Quietus. His brother's gold coins Kaciianns are also extremely rare; our ma- senm only owns the one already listed by Cohen This one example contains a well-known Macrian gold coin same back as the new Quietus: VICTORIA AVGG, namely it is the same stamp with which the two ephemeral emperors displayed their only sparsely allocated victories celebrated with the coins. Both Qoldmonzen, Uacrianus and Quietus, are therefore apparently coined in the same OfScin.

The small collection of weights received thanks to the purchase a beautiful piece from the deceased's collection State Councilor Samwer in Gotha increased.

This very cleanly crafted, beautifully decorated and The perfectly preserved piece weighs 154.5. Such things are maintained I consider them all to be late Roman or Byzantine by M. Deloche in Serrure's Bulletin mensnel de nnmismatique m (1883/84) p. 117, plate I, a well-known piece by the Brussels

The Eönigl's acquisitions. MOnzkabinets until April 1, 1886. 19

Museum, weighing 327, very similar decoration and In any case, the round surfaces are of the same size from the Frankish, Carolingian period, like the marginal script: +RO- DULFUS NEGOTIENS (they), (repeated once again in a declining manner) proves; The style of the decorations is also definitely Franconian character and the timing given by Mr. Deloche, second half of the 9th or 10th century, probably also for ours almost exactly the same in the character and detail of the ornaments beautifully preserved and beautifully patinated like the Brussels one piece apply. The weight 154.5 is a little under half that Brussels example. On a third round Carolingian device weight with the inscription +CAROLI PONDVS and small ver- decorative circle in the middle makes me my college Dr. Dressel attentive. For a sketch see Gruter p. 222, No. 9, the building The weight is 3 ounces 20 scruples, so probably 87.143 grm.

Our medieval coins were represented by a number valuable and beautiful Carolingian enriched, in part the auction of the famous Gariel collection. The most important ones Pieces are:

Carl the Great, Siena.

^LVS^ Back: SEN ^•

This denarius was made in this only example in years 1868 near Sarzana in Toscana, on the estate of Marchese Re- medi and others from Tours etc. were found (see Longp6rier Revue numism. 1868 p. 345) and from the auction of the Re-collection medi acquired for our museum by Mr. L. Hamburger. The allocation to Siena is closest if you too The location not far from Siena is not the reason for this allowed to leave. But Longp6rier (l.c.p.347) does not decide for Siena, but for Sena Gallica (Sinigaglia), but his be- knows that Carl the Great came to Eginhard in the year 800

Ravenna went to Ancona, so Sena Gallica touched

2»

20 A. T. SaUet:

mDss, is probably not sufficient for determining the minting place. Gariel in his new work Q about the Carolingian coins (les monnaies royales etc. sous la race Carlovingienne) leaves the Allotment to Siena falls completely and thinks alongside Sinigaglia to Sennheim near Strasabarg. But since the safe Garolingi Denarii of Sennheim see a very different one with SENNES have character, Gariei opts for Sinigaglia.

I am far away from connoisseurs of the Carolingians, like Gariel ond Longpirier to want to contradict, but for more natural I would like to keep the assignment to Siena, Sena Tetus, that, moreover, in a lighter and closer connection with the The site of Sarzana stands when the Si- was separated by the Apennines. nigaglia. — In any case, the coin is safer as a unicum Find note of great importance.

Carl the Great, Tours, Abbey. CARO back: sa MARTINI around a pearl circle, LVS in which a point M.

This piece is also from the Sarzana find. LongpSrier (1. c. p. 347) doubts the correctness of the allocation Tours and believes it is an Italian mint to have to, Gariel (p. 135) is for the attribution to the abbey Tonrs. This piece was also only available in a single copy found in Sarzana and is otherwise unknown. A similar one, Small differences in the font and typography on the back pointing piece (cross instead of dot and AR in monogram) owned Gariel.

Cook a third piece from the found clay Sarzuia wui-de acquired, a very nice example of the in several versions Denarius preserved in the find with CAROLVS in two lines and F R on the back.

The acquisitions of the EönigL Mint Cabinet up to April 1, 1886. 21

Lndwig the Pious.

DNHLVDOVVICVSIMPAVG Bearded bust of Emperor with wreath and robe r. RF MVNVS DIVINVM Cross in a wreath. N. 4.41 grm.

Specimen from the Gariel collection, one of the most beautiful knew Stficke with Ludwig's bust and munus divinum, if also artistically from the example in the Paris collection (Gariel p. 167). All non-barbaric gold coins Ludwigs with his half-length portrait are rare. The well-crafted ones Portraits of the emperor show one of his father Carl the Great similar head with the characteristic mustache and the thick neck, but not so striking and less artistic as the busts on Carl's most beautiful denarii and as the Metz equestrian statuette of the great emperor.

Lothar L

LOTAPIVS IMI AVG Bust with wreath and robe right. Rf. XPITIANA PIUGIO church building. M.

All of Lothar's coins with a bust portrait are very rare, ours Newly acquired copy is relatively very good and clean work, the letters are, as always with these Pieces, not all completely correct, but overall good The pieces described by Gariel (p. 420 nos. 1-7) give way everyone loses something.

Among the other medieval coins acquired is the Beihe Brandenburg bracteates from the Margrave period Otto* 8 AD from that of v. Graba described finds of Bo- rn enzien and one that we are still missing is particularly beautifully drawn- net bracteate with the bust of Emperor Friedrich Bar- barossa* s from the Odenwald he finds to be mentioned, further a rare gold guilder from

Adolf von Berg (1408-1437), minted in Mühlheim.

nDOLRVS-DVX* DeSDORTa standing John the Baptist.

i

22 A.V. Sallet:

Rf. JfiOßÖTK Iß. HOLÖßhÖH ^)Triple pass, coat of arms inside Shield, quartered, from Jülich and Berg, around three coats of arms shields, top heraldic double eagle on the right, left Bavaria, below Ravensberg.

Grote (the coins of the Counts of Berg, coin studies VII p. 57) only knows this gold guilder from the drawing of Coin collector Reistorff, who has some of our copy differs. Grote says about the coats of arms: “the Wecken of the Bavarian coat of arms are here in blind imitation Palatinate guilder. The three small signs would have come with you Let the appendix be filled if you go here, like on the Rader- Albus, Jülich and Berg would have repeated ; but they preferred that Sign from Ravensberg two completely randomly chosen to add/^

Coins of King Harald Heyn of Denmark (1074— 1080) were not yet represented in our collection; from From this prince we received four very beautiful denarii with standing Christ and decorated cross on the back, all with a very clear royal name, in exchange for the royal Museum in Stockholm.

The collection of oriental coins received one very significant increase with 173 pieces from the auction Prince Gagarin and 169 duplicates of the Stockholm Museum seums, all after selection by Prof. Dr. Erman.

The collection of Renaissance medals was through a stone model by a Nuremberg artist from 1980 1537, a work of the first order and probably the most beautiful of all of our stone models, and a second good one, also from Nuremberg, Stone model made around 1526 and some valuable bronze medals increased.

The stone model of Hans Puchner (Plate IV) “of his age in XXXV'' to the medal from 1537, which is on the reverse Puchner's talking coat of arms: Greif holding a book, in the helmet

1) The symbol similar to our N is known to be valid in medieval Mfln transcriptions often for M when the N has this shape: H.

The acquisitions of the Royal Mint Cabinet up to April 1, 1886. 23

Ornament growing repeatedly, inscription: WAS-GOT-WIL-M-D-XXXVII., It's one of the most distinguished Nfimberg works of the best period. The modeling of the head rivals in finesse of execution and in liveliness with the most beautiful paintings of the time. This The piece was previously owned by the coin writer well-known Nuremberg patrician Christoph Andreas IV Imhof, which also has the stone model of the back with the coat of arms seems to have possessed'). Later the same thing came to the Hands of Berlin coin collectors holding it as a piece of jewelry and for this purpose turn away from the edge of Hesse so that that delicate little chins that almost completely surrounded the bust has been lost. It is a great happiness for us Collection and for art history to consider that it I have finally succeeded in getting the wonderful work of art into such hands to snatch away from him the only worthy place in German country's largest public collection.

Of not so high perfection, but of ingenious, powerful full of understanding and efficient execution is a second model, like the first one cut in Kelheim stone which Prof. Dr. Erman found in a small Parisian art shop and that Museum donated. It puts you through your life's fate and his strange relationships with Dürer and Pirkheimer Hans Kleberger before (Plate IV), which is based on this model Cast oval showpiece without inscription is in Germanic Museum located in Nuremberg. Quite similar in opinion and treatment of the anciently depicted without clothing On the head are Kleeberger's other two medals, with his Name transcription and the year 1526, also Dürer's portrait Kleberger's in Vienna shows the head in the same style. Johann Kleberger'), actually Scheuhenpflug, was of “low and

1) Imhofi collection of a Nuremberg coin cabinet (1782) p. 871f. It is not entirely clear from the text whether the back page is in stone or only knew it from a metal example of the medal.

2) 8. the interesting messages from Essenwein in the Anzeiger f. Customer d. German prehistory 1860 p. 433.

24 A. ▼. Sallet:

of poor origin^S but very wealthy and married Pirkheimer's daughter Felicitas, widowed Imhof. In one Goncept held by Pirkheimer's hand, he throws it into his Son-in-law, in addition to his obscure origins, has all kinds of unusual this year's bad behavior, but we know from the letters to Johann Tcherte praised the fact that the aging, lusts of his and his friend Dürer bowed and of Pirkheimer was plagued by illness due to his gloomy mood gave vent to the accusations and blackening of his acquaintances. Agnes Dürer, whose main crime was apparently the secret trading the beautiful deer antlers of her deceased husband was that Pirkheimer was so eager for his collection of curiosities desired, and Lazarus Spengler is included in this letter painted in the blackest colors. That's probably how Elebergers likes it too Badness may not have been so excessive, and food Wein certainly says very correctly that his main fault lies in Pirk- Heimer's eyes probably reflect his “low and poor origins”^ was. This is how Pirkheimer's fine humanistic education was able to not banish petty caste and aristocratic pride. — Kleberger Later, after his wife's death, he went to Lyon, where he because of his great charity with the citizenry as “bon AUemand^^ was held in the highest respect and even through a wooden statue was honored. But our model is certainly not from the time of his stay in Lyon, if it also perhaps come from Kleberger's estate and since then remained hidden in the lower-ranking art trade in France may be, but, as all the technology shows, German work and probably certainly from the same time from which the similar measurements daillen come from 1526 and by a skilled Nuremberg artist. As for the thick scratched lines on both sides of the head I don't know what that means, but they are certainly newly made not.

Another pleasing addition to our German one Medals is a good original of the cast bronze medal

The acquisitions of the KönigL Münzkabinett up to April 1, 1886. 25

of Elector Joachim I (1519) of Brandenburg, from Augs. Burgh artist Hans Schwarz (Plate III):

lOACHIMI MARCHIONIS BRAND : P(rincipis) E(lectoris) AT. SVE XXXV EVER. 76 million

Based on the existing modern cast of ours Museum depicted several times, most recently by Erman, German me- dailleurs p. 24. Our newly acquired copy is a beautiful one Original cast of the Eänstler, the writing not completely edited out come, but otherwise excellently done and from the well-known powerful and expressive conception of this in its time very famous medalist, who also used Dürer's portrait Medal cast and marked with his name initials • H • S • has to see; This Dürer medal is written by Dürer in his day book of the Dutch journey mentioned and also the price, which Dürer paid Schwarz for the work, two gold guilder, added (Erman ]. c. 21). It is a main income the excellent work of Erman, detailed and critically sifted news about this famous medalist and at the same time to have provided proof that the so-called called Dürer's Frofil heads, drawings in Berlin, Bam- berg and Weimar, the original drawings by Hans Schwarz after life, as models for his medals. Also The drawing of Elector Joachim is underneath and is can be found in the Berlin Eupferstichkabinet; This is pictured nice drawing in the magazine. f. Numismatics III, 395.

among the Italian medals is the most interesting santest the following of the

Plate III. Cardinal Giovanni Medici, later Leo X. lOH ANNES-S. MARIE • IN • DOMNICA • DIACONI' (she) CAR DE MEDICIS Bust portrait with beret right. Ä/. CH ARITAS. SFBS. nDES Standing female figure with Chalice containing a host with a cross, the sign of the Fides. Sun at the top left, boy at the bottom left

26 A.Y. Sailet:

three feathers in the hand, to which the figure holds the right hand on the head'). M. 87 million

This, it seems, still completely unknown medal well-preserved original, is a work of Florentine artists group of learners. The figure is very consistent with the frequent spes Medals from these offices, for which one receives a “maitre k festival” rance^ created. The main medalist of this school is Nicolo Forzore di Spinello (Friedlaender, Zeitschr. f. Numism. XI, 244), which is mostly Nicolaus Florentinus on the medals names, and of which one in the treatment of the back very similar medal from Lo-, inscribed with Nicolo*'s name Renzo Medici (Friedlaender, Italian foam coins plate XXV, 4, Figure composed of two copies, the heads are made of two different shapes, the back appears from the same form). Lorenzo's medal is made around 1490 set (Friedlaender 1. c. p. 140), that of Cardinal Oiovanni Medici must have been a little later: Leo X, Giovanni Medici, was born in 1475 and became a cardinal on March 9, 1489 created, but this appointment was not published until 1492'). The chest image of the medal, quite expressive, but still raw and careless in execution, shows a by no means very youthful face, but likes the clerical costume and perhaps even the artist's intention to contribute to the cardinal to appear older and more serious. Well before 1500 would like I didn't put the medal. By Nicolo Forzore himself

1) My coUege Dr. Dressel makes the MedaiUe the inscription certainly correct remark that the names of the meeting participants, their officieUe Series: Fides, Spes, Charitas is here in a different order because Every single name is next to the relevant attribute: spes next to the Sun, to which on the very related medals of the so-called "maltre & Pesp^rance'^ the figure of Spes prays; Fides with the cup the Host (cf. e.g. the Fides of Rafael on the PredeUa on the Entombment), and CHARITAS with the child. — A reduced gopie of the back page Our medal appears to be that of Archbishop Boverella of Ravenna (Ar- mand JI 45, 15).

2) Reumont, Lorenzo de' Medici II. p. 490 and 586.

The acquisitions of the EönigL Mint Cabinet up to April 1, 1886. 27

maybe not the work, his heads are better, but the The back is definitely in his style. —

Some other good Italian medals were also presented bought, among other things the very rare, sometimes for a first work The Pisano medal of Nicolaus III Este of Fer- rara t 1^41, ^. 55 Mill, Plate III. The letters of the back

Page are according to Friedlaenders (1- ^* P* ^7) statement ^ , Nicolaus

Marchio Estensis, under the crown. But I can't read E although this name sequence and titulature is the correct and often ficielle would be. It looks more like a {, but “princeps^ would probably not be expected. Maybe it's a bit peculiar beautifully designed Gothic F, i.e. Nicolaus Marchio Fer- rariensis, and in fact there is a similarly designed Gothic one F on a 15th century seal, from Queichambach in Pfalzbaiem, to which my college Dr. Menadier draws attention. — The head appears, through excellent Patina raised, highly expressive on our example, and the rating given to the medal is “characteristic Modeled quite crudely'' is not quite complete in the last part. apt; the work is not fine, but still quite excellent. —

Finally it deserves to be mentioned as a good acquisition a pretty cast medal of Francis I of France with youth bust portrait and the one stealing the palladium from the altar descending Diomedes, according to the well-known ancient depictions positions. The medal is in the style of the Pomedello beautiful and in excellent condition.

Finally, there are the two big and important ones Acquisitions are mentioned, which the Mttnzcabinet through the general administration of the museums were transferred: one Larger number of raised cut stones from the sixteenth and later centuries, some of which are very beautiful Portrait work a very welcome addition to ours Collection of portrait medals from the Renaissance. It There are stones underneath with the images of CarPs V. and

28 A.T. Sallet:

his wife, Philip II of Spain, Cardinal Albrecht of Mainz, Margrave of Brandenburg, Duke AlbrechVs of Preassen and his wife, Emperor Ferdinand n. n. s. w. The three most beautiful pieces are shown on Plate IV; all three are made of quartz, the heads are all white, the base the heads on No. 1 are gray in color, fading into violet, so a kind of agate; the colorful quartzes are known variously named: onyx, sardonyx, etc., but all of these descriptions Drawings are very changing and unscientific.

1. CarlV and his wife Isabella of Por- tugal (born 1503, 1 1539). It's a very pretty one, probably certainly German work, heads full of life and expression. The portrait of the Empress is very similar that of the German medal with the age designation XXX at the head of the emperor, i.e. from 1530 or 1531 (a head on each side), so the stone is also worked around 1530.

2. Albrecht, Duke of Prussia (1525—1568) and his wife. — White stone, on a round one Glass plate glued Good German work.

Albrecht's bust portrait is unmistakable, even if it is his Coins and medals don't show the beard quite as long. The The wife's head is very small, and since Albrecht's first and second woman have a certain similarity in profile, it is It's not easy to decide whether this is the first wife Dorothea of Denmark (married 1525, f 1547) or the second Wife Anna Maria of Braunschweig (married 1550, 11568) is meant. But the head seems more similar to me that of the second wife, whose medal I received first, based on the copies in a silver book cover of the Royal Berger library (Zeitschr. f. Numism. XI p. 144), which also fits the Duke's head, which appears to be quite old.

3. Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg, Cardinal and Archbishop of Mainz (born 1490, f. 1545). —Whiter Stone, cut-out bust portrait of vom.

The Eönigl's acquisitions. MOnzkabinets until April 1, 1886. 29

This half-length portrait of Cardinal Albrecht is particularly excellent German work and is very accurate, right down to the point smallest decorations of clothing, with the beautiful medal from 1537 (half-length portrait from the front. RJ, coat of arms from one surrounded by a wide wreath. 46 millimeters. Beautiful, chiseled original in the Berlin Museum), so one might almost be tempted to to attribute both works to the same artist. Anyway, it is the cut stone also worked around 1537.

The second major addition to the collection is: Transfer of the very important collection of seals stamping in silver, bronze, iron and stone, which used to be in was kept in the so-called “art chamber” of the museums and now, at my request, with those monuments will be unified and made usable with which they can be artificially have the closest relationship, both intellectually and historically, with the medieval coins. This collection is probably one of the most important ones that exist and are more beautiful in number Medieval stamp to the famous recently discovered in Paris increased collection Charvet '). Our collection contains around 500 medieval seal stamps, some of them pieces of the very first rank and greatest historical importance; I just mention the one in Schwetz more than twenty years ago Found silver seal stamp of the Slavic duke Mestwin I of East Pomerania (f 1220) from Vossberg's collection lung, which Strehlke published in the Berlin papers in 1866 for coin etc. customers. Furthermore, the note worthy bronze stamp of Hennekin Wendes from the 13th century with the talking coat of arms of a fighting man Wendish warrior, also from Vossberg's collection (see Voss-

1) Of course we are missing a splendor of the value of the splendid Silver stamp ?on Gelnhausen with the busts of Barbarossa and himself Wife, the pearl of Gharvet's collection. That such a Hanpt monument of German art was not acquired by Germany that museums are less interested in such monuments now Every opportunity that arises should be used as much as possible.

30 A. ▼. Sallet: The acquisitions of d. Royal Manskabinets until April 1, 1886.

berg, seal of the Mark Brandenburg p. 6 with illustration), magnificent silver university seal of Erfurt (15th century) and Wittenberg with the bust of Frederick the Wise, probably from the year the university was founded, 1502, a very beautiful one large silver stamp of Benedictbeuern Abbey, with the The year 1485 is scratched on the back, a large one Bronze stamp from the Chapter of Trier with Saint Peter, after the beautiful Gothic inscription on the gilded bridge page "anno dni. MCCCCXLIX" in place of the stolen (^sub- latum fuit capituli treverensis ecclesie sigillum^) made, a large bronze stamp of the city of Halberstadt, with the between Buildings kneeling Saint Stephen, an excellent Work of beautiful execution from the beginning of the 14th century 100th, an artistically excellent bronze stamp “capituli maioris ecclesie in Wormacia^, around 1400, with the enthroned holy Petinis, temple of the diocese of Lebus, a monastery in Verdun, layman's seal of the city of Fimes in France, Municipal seal of Todi from the 14th century, large Lots of the most beautiful spiritual seal stamps, mostly from the 14th year - belonging to a hundred, and very many stamps from French, Italian and German nobles, including the beautiful seal by Johann von Bardeleben from the end of the 13th century hundred. Also from the sixteenth century and out In later times some things are important, e.g. B. a beautiful seal Stamp of the Dominican monastery in Flock in Poland: “F(rater) ANTON. PREMISL.F{ieri).F(ecit). A.D. 1593% and a lot Seal stones decorated with charmingly ornamented iron handles from the seventeenth century.

A publication of the most important pieces from this collection of seal stamps with as many illustrations as possible be taken into account.

A.V. Sallet.

31

Zn the coins of Titn.

A copper sestert from Vespasian (Cohen n. 46 - 51), after the Inscription on the front imp, Caes. Veapasian. August, p. m., tr. p., p. p., COS. III struck in 71 AD, shows on the back the two sons standing and armed, with the Inscriptions as they have been understood so far:

Cae8{ar) Aug{u8ti) /(ilius) deaiignatua) imp{erator) Aug{iL8ti) /(ilius) co{n)8{ul) desiignatua) iterium).

On the other hand, B. Pick recently wrote in this journal (13, 190fg.). a different starting point and a different division of the life suggested at the back:

%mp{erator) Augiusti) /(üius) co{n)8(ul) de8(ignatu8) iter{um) Cae8{ar) Aug{u8ti) ßßius) desiignatus) and wide-ranging chronological, historical and constitutional conclusions attached to it. The suggestion seems inadmissible to me, and I want the reasons for my objection, as far as they are for that numismatic publicum are suitable, explained here briefly put«

'That the brief and clear comparison of the imperator Augusti filiua consul designatus iterum and Caesar Augusti jv- liu8 designatus (sc. consul primum) is good Latin*, says Pick P. 196, 'no philologist will be able to deny'. Rather, will not a philologist who separates the different stylistic genres knows to allow them. Where rows of titles come next to each other is written each on its own, and will never occur in both

32 Th. Mommsen:

of the word placed in the first and thought of in the second, how such a procedure also corresponds to the clarity ity and the essence of the title contradicts. For elimination In fact, the added one is sufficient for this suggestion Remark that its author has no second example of such ellipse is known; the necessary ellipse cos. II, (cos.) desig. III is by no means a 'similar' one.

The proposed division also violates the current mismatic usage, according to which the coin legend is regularly left the viewer at the section, here it begins with Caes.^ and then runs in circles until you reach the section again. G-ewlss is this usage not necessarily solid; but that with reverses, which double numbers Fonts like Fortunae redud and eonstd üerum carry, soon these, Soon the one to the left of the section begins is in no way comparable chnng suitable; here the starting point of the reading does not fluctuate, but can do the same with one person as well as with another lift another label. On the other hand, a reading like this proposed is the pure Vexir example, which has also been since there is a numismatics that has deceived readers: begin in the usual way, you get a completely incomprehensible, unrelated designatus and no external evidence comes to help them find the right beginning. In the previous In this case there is also the fact that there is no less of the stamp than six by different shortening of individual words different variants exist; but in the position of legend all agree. The legend begins no less Front regular on the left side of the section. Finally it's behind üerum or II clearly a free space, so that the output starting point of the inscription is indicated by the inscription itself. Be- an interpretation cannot be contradicted by the appearance. speak than the one suggested here does.

What is stated in favor of this literary interpretation is: partly incorrect, partly not decisive.

The oft-repeated claim that the designation for... Imperator is a constitutional impossibility is wrong.

To the coins of Titus. 33

Of course, the designation contradicts the nature of this institution. tion in its original republican form; and also with the imperial position of the emperor, insofar as this is pure is monarchical, the designation is incompatible. But that's it Imperator position under the Principate as co-regency occurs, it is already logical that the award can also happen with a time limit, and how this can last a century later proven under Seyerus for the younger Augustus happened, then in principle it is completely harmless the same Limitation of time should also be allowed for Titus' co-reign. When transferring republican legal principles to the imperial Great caution is required at this time; behaves very similarly it is about censorship, which by its very nature is the design gnation, but assumes the same in the imperial period.

That the Roman naming meant the suppression of the per- naming of names and their representation through terms such as Not allowing Augustifilius is also not correct. The coins with divi ßlius next to divos Julius without any further name for it son (Cohen Aug. 8) are well known enough; on others (Cohen Aug. 202) can be found imp. IX, tr, po. V without any indication of the name. But Pick is right to be at the bottom The printing of the main name by Domitianus took offense, there it is given to the brother. I would therefore like to suggest read Cae8{are8) Aug{usti) /(iliurs) des^ignatus) imp(erator), Aug[usti) /(ilius) co{n)8{ul) de8{ignatu8) iteirum, That this combination the plural Caesar with the double Augusti filius does not is without offense must be admitted, but the excuse gung is obvious: Augusti filius had to be repeated in order to the two subjects and their offices in an understandable way separate. Without assuming a certain irregularity, the Inscription everywhere cannot be explained; but you like it Reading Caesares or thinking about Caesar, both ways out are more likely to endure than the newly proposed.

The phrase designatus imperator is justified by the fact that that this is not a fixed title like consul designatus^ but

Z«itMhrift for Namitmatik. XIY. 3

34 Th. Hommsen:

an extraordinary process in which the for the actual Title-applicable normality cannot be expected.

Finally, it is by no means a consequence of the usual ones Reading that Domitian then came to the second conference earlier than Titus sulat was designated, which, however, was not accepted can be. Rather, the designatus imperator forms the Contrary to the consul designatus iterum and is about the con- nothing was said about the older brother's sular position, because it was given a higher and more significant title could be.

I won't go into the other picks here because it falls outside the narrower numismatic area lie. Just the general historical context It may be pointed out recently that the previous publications positions in this relationship are not completely satisfactory. In what legal status Titus ended the Jewish war has not been handed down; definitely either as a legacy of Judea, which place by the accession of the father had become vacant, or, like Pick, was perceptive and not assumed without probability, on the basis of the secondary Proconsular power, which, as is well known, does not have the noun imperatoris necessarily includes. When he was in the late summer of 70, Soldiers on the walls of Jerusalem accla- This caused embarrassment. Insofar as Titus is the pro- had consular power, there was a need for the admission of the imperial toric acclamation probably precedents from the first imperial period; but nothing similar had occurred since Germanicus (St. R. 2, 1098) and, as Suetonius reports (Titus 5), people in Rome looked at the Position of the victorious emperor's son and his relationship to his troops with some reservations. The Roman police tics who, according to Suetonius' report, consider this asked whether Titus was not planning to abandon his father and to be proclaimed ruler of the Orient are probably to be found in quite subordinate circles; but That's probably true that the soldiers don't like to take away the prince.

Th. Ifommsen: Za the coins of Titas: 35

and urged him to stay with the army until he I could bring it home myself. It was obviously just as unthin- He also gave him the title of Emperor, which his soldiers gave him had welcomed, to simply fail like the soldier's acclamation to be ratified in Rome. So they took the middle path: the emperor or rather the Senate did not confirm the Acclamation, but promised Titus the nomen imperatoris for his return to Rome at the same time with the triumph and with the tribunician Violence. Hence the imperator designaJtua.

Theodor Mommsen.

3»

36

Srömisclie Münzpäcliteriiisclirifteii.

From the personnel who minted the coin in Imperial Rome Gold as in silver has procured, give us while the coins themselves say nothing about it and neither do the writers silent, the inscription stones provide quite sufficient information as to which in 0. Hirschfeld's investigations in the field of Roman Administrative history pp. 92-97 essentially satisfactory has been presented. In particular, an inscription grants group from the year 115 AD /) clear insight into the drove. She shows us the imperial technical manager Freedmen Felix optio et exactor auri argenti {et) aeris] under The offidnatores monetae aurariae argentariae are part of him Caesaris nostri^ sixteen freedmen, nine of them added slaves, not further specified, not included further the optio Albanus, who was superior to them, and Felix himself, who also counts himself among these officinatores; partly dgnatores (17), 8uppo8tores (11), malliatores (32) monetae Caesaris nostrij 30 freedmen and as many slaves, no doubt all of them belonging to the imperial servants'). This composition

1) C. I. L. VI, 42. 43. 44. 791. There are four altars, dedicated to Apollini Augusto, Fortunae AugustoBy Herculi AugustOj Victoriae Augustae,

2) Where do the names following the signatores suppostores malliatores go two non-imperial freedmen and one non-imperial slave belong cannot be determined. That there are other work groups under Felix was in charge, is possible, but not exactly likely; because that The special designations used by coin officials that otherwise occur are probably included those listed here together. The nummtdarü, the G. I. L. VI, 298 next to it the offidnatores seem to be just a summary statement. pressure to be for the signatores suppostores malliatores, and also the yor-

^k

Th. Mommsen: Roman coin tenant inscriptions. 37

of the staff corresponds to what we otherwise learn about the same thing. The only thing that needs to be emphasized is that the imperial coinage personnel was essentially organized militarily: under the administration strative direction of the procurator monetae of knighthood was the Technical management of the minting is mostly in the hands of options^ which term in common usage roughly corresponds to ours Corporal corresponds to '). That the most distinguished of these options at the same time had to supervise the senatorial coinage of the Eufer, arises from the designation of the same as 'Boss and Gon- troleur (eaactor) for gold, silver and copper', while at the other mint staff only from the gold and silver minting speech is. But when asked how the copper stamping itself was carried out in this era, the answer is still pending. However, the Republicans have tres viri aere argento auro flando feriundo probably continued down to the third century- passed, and if they were awarded the imperial gold and silver They certainly had nothing to do with the coinage, so they can take over the management However, the Eufer coinage has been retained, although as a whole taken from the republican officials under the Principate

upcoming scalptores are undoubtedly identical to the signatores. — The accounting at the mint is carried out under the direction of the procurator the dispenscUor rationis monetae, - It is doubtful whether Felix can be caught is the head of the imperial coinage in general or just the head of one individual ojffidnay of which there were several (C. L L. VI, 298: offidnatores et nummulari qfficinarum argentariarum familiae monetan\ae Caesaris nostri]). deer feld follows the former view and considers the individual qfficinator as Head of the officina\ meanwhile the 60 stamps fit these 16 directors tailor, supporter and coiner are not comfortable. Felix would rather just want one individual officers, which consisted of 16 foremen and 60 special workers.

3) I pointed this out in Eph. epigr. Y.p. 112 alerted. The departments of the imperial servants belong to the vast majority after not under options; As far as we know, only those make exceptions tabellarü (or cursors) - the military police institute also has its own Roman model - and the familia monetae. This facility in Ver- connection with the connection caused by the mass influence of later times Instructions from the imperial mint staff give the key to the mint Pack of workers under Aurelian.

38 Th. Mommsen:

the administration was taken out of their hands and passed through usually more figured than administered. But even if This wasn't the case here, so these young men were just playing Here is the role that in the imperial coinage was assigned to the pro- curator monetae fell to, and the question of the technical Management and staff are not satisfied with this Two inscriptions provide some information about their meaning recognized for the Roman coinage by Borghesi^), but otherwise probably not taken into account. There are two gravestones, both belong to the third rather than the second century known for a long time from Eom ^) of a C. Calvins Sp. f. lustus

mancips officinarum quinquae^ üemßaturae argentariae\ the second found in Tivoli more than thirty years ago') of a [manjeep aerariae mo\ne\tae. After that, the ones for the copper coined public workshops, whose like There were several for the imperial coinage, not like this direct one operated, but given to private entrepreneurs ') in Entreprise; The delivery took place, as we saw, under imperial patronage. trole, and there will probably be one at the conclusion of the contract such have intervened in some way. Strange though is diQfiaJtura argentaria, because the silver casting, whatever you get under it may understand, with the senatorial copper stamping in no way relationship can be brought. However, here is another Inscription stone provides the desired information. To the one above mentioned group of inscriptions, which gave us an imperial mint staff from the year 115, belongs to the three of the actual Altars set by the workers are a fourth of five condtu^orea]

4) In the letter to Viola dated April 7, 1850 (now opp. 8, 231), which printed at the time in the Giomale arcadico, but received little attention Hirschfeld a. a. 0. P. 98 A. 2 says: 'Officials of the (senatorial copper precourse), probably servi publici, are not verifiable\

5) Orelli 4217 (with Benzen's addendum p. 460) « C. I. L. VI, 8455.

6) Borghesi a. a. 0.

7) These are the mancipta. The word is not exclusive, but primarily used by public works entrepreneurs

Roman mint inscriptions. 39

flaturae argen[tariae] monetae Caelsaria nostri] erected *). This teaches us that the imperial coin was made up of the two shafts into which the manufacturing work fell, the casting (flare) and the stamping (ferire) in the silver - whether also in the gold, is there- with not said - limited to the second and the Silver casting in Enterprise. If this was done, so be it nothing could be closer than that one and the same entrepreneur at the same time Production of the plates or planchets for the imperial coin and the minting of the copper coin for the Senate.

8) C. I. L. VI, 791. Apparently (the cognomina are not available) hold) these are imperial freedmen; but their different position Ton the imperial freemen belonging to the actual mint staff The people are characterized by the fact that there are no slaves among them and they put their family name, which the freedmen of the Suppress mint personnel. If Hirschfeld p. 95 these conductores are not as tenants, but * technical workers, probably If a higher class of people recognizes them, I can do that to him disagree: conductor can only mean here what it means everywhere, and the ZozammensteUuog with the manceps flaturae argentariae at the top The inscription carried removes any doubt.

Th. Mommsen.

40

Proyinzialcourant of the Roman province of Asia in proportion

zni Eeiclis coin.

Among those that came to the British museum from Ephesus Inscriptions there is a group of documents which one in 104 AD by the Roman knight G. Vibius Salutari's foundation, which has been made the best of his hometown, meet and, although by no means complete, inform us about the same provide very detailed news. Except the defective ones Publication of these documents by Wood *) is my responsibility a much more complete one made by Mr. Hicks and corrected text. Here, in a few words, what this meant for the coins of that time conditions in the Roman province of Asia.

As has been repeated several times, the foundation capital is 20,000, the annual interest, as is also the case at various points Places are said to be 1800 denarii. The interest rate is therefore monthly lich '^ denarius, 9 percent annually.

There is a double expression for this interest; he is called soon d(f(faQl(üv dexadvo aQyvQiav^ soon dga^finxiog^), that is

1) J. T. Wood dtscoveries at Ephesus (London 1877), inscriptions from the great theater n. 1 p. 2-43.

2) oniog fxdaviitamy avid int röxcp accaqiiay dtxadvo aQyvQiav dSrnnTiora.

3) TCüi/ dt xa&tfQtofifyoiy vnia ZaXovjtt^Qiov J|f^>7/Uff rcuv] rekiaet roxov Salovtd- Qtos dqaxfi^'iop xa9^ ixatnov iv[invjov] la yttpvfjitva dfjynQM xtiha oxraxoüHt. Furthermore, from a subsequent donation of 1,500 denarii [releVc* roxot» 2akov]rttQtos d^ax/ualov [xa&' txaorov ivtatnov] rä ytivo/Aiya d»ivdQ[ta ^i«'].

Th. Mommsen: Provincial Counselor of the Province of Asia. 41

Either 12 aces are paid for the month per hundred (== ^ Denarius) silver or 1 drachma, noting that that the imperial denarius here, as everywhere, with the Latin Name is referred to, the Sqax^^ that is, in contrast to the dijvccQtov occurs, which is of the Asian provincial character. So is ^ Eeichsdenar = 1 drachma of Asia or 12 Reichsas equal to 16 Asian aces.

We find this same approach in Festus p. 359: {talent) Rhodium and cistophorum (est) quattuor milium et quingentorum denariorum *) ; here it is confirmed that the cistophore drachm, that is, that of the coinage of the province of Asia, still under Trajan was valued on ^ denarius and we find out for the first time with certainty that the Asia Minor acadqiov of the six- tenth part of the Asian drachma. So the Cisto phorus, the so-called silver medallion of the imperial Asian Minting, as a tetradrachm 3 denarii, the associated so-called called Rhodian Drachma \ Denarius, the Asian Assarion •Y4 denarius or ^^ of the empire.

Otherwise, from a numismatic point of view, it's only about to emphasize that the aaaaQtov, which occurs during the distribution interest is often mentioned, not that of silver = !^e denarius, but that of the provincial = ^^ denarius. butt However, the inscription gives a decisive decision in this regard. apparently not, since the total number of donations has probably been raised several times. lazily in denarii, the partial payments in aces, but nowhere the number of recipients is specified; However, it only results if the Assarion is understood in such a way, an measured number of recipients. So be to every thesmoden 9 aces to be granted, 7 denarii required; they were 16, so I needed a few denarii for the donation. Further to give each acrobat 13^' Atse, 15 De-

4) This is further explained and documented in my R. M. W. p. 48 ffg. However, the assumption that the Aeginean drachma of Alexandrian metrologon is the cistophore drachma, as we are now see that the ratio 3:4 still existed under Trajan.

42 ^- Mommsen: Provincial Coarant of the Province of Asia.

narre demanded ; If there were 24 of them, the donation was needed together 15!^ denarii. That's exactly right, you like the idea Do the sentence however you want, but not the calculation; but at the pro- The proportion of the circulating coin to the denarius was absolute Congruence difficult to achieve and the differences of the required of the amount required for calculation are minimal. There- It should also be taken into account that the provincial crowns are probably I lost at least in Asia in the Gurs for Reich money'}; also is The inscription itself mentions xolXvßog, although without that the connection would become clear. In view of this will be 15 denarii would undoubtedly have been more than enough for 24 X 13)^ = 324 aces of copper have to be paid, although at Paricurs you pay for it would have received only 320.

5) R.M.W.S. 708.

Th. Mommsen.

Two Osnabrück denarii, which have not been used as such since were learned.

I recently came into possession of a few medieval pieces achieved, which are likely to be of more general interest, whose* I would like to allow them to be tested by better experts submit:

1st Hf. + ARN0rDVA3CI0eSg (the last two letters Bin crushed). Lying cross, at three angles A, in the 4th the Soester “Schlüssenoch.” Bf. The monogram of Cologne. Dm. 20mm.

2nd Hf. + -aeRHARDVS. Otherwise like No. 1.

Rf. The monogram of Cologne. Dm. 20mm.

Both pieces have already been published, namely Mr. 1 by Weing&rtDer in the description of the Hervorder find, sheet f. coin friends column 849, No. 2 in the Garthe'schcn Anctions catalog as number 5371. The former is from Weingärtner the Cttlner Archbishop Arnold II, 1150-1156 (more correctly 1151-1156), last teres with Garthe the Bishop of Münster Gerhard v. d. Mark, 1261 - 1272, divided, although the latter only in the form a YennQtbuog happens.

44 Weber: Two Osnabrück denarii.

These two determinations give way in the questioning period from each other by more than a century; a comparison Both pieces show that they are in size, weight and almost all details match so precisely that the assumption is correct suggested to me that they were from one and the same mint master manufactured. The HJ type. closes despite the Soester mark and despite the monogram on the RJ. the allocation at Cur-Göln, apart from the fact that there is an archbishop in Göln Gerhard never ruled. That the monogram in countless Cases outside of Cologne have been imitated, either in order to to indicate the Cologne currency or the coins of others Giving embossers a greater ability to move around is important. knows; its presence should therefore not mislead.

So let's turn our attention to Osnabrück, so we find a bishop Arnold (Greeder of Altena 1173-1191) and a Gerhard (Grandfather of Oldenburg 1192 - 1216) immediately one after the other in government, and both are the ones again immediate successor to Philip Gr. v. Cat elbow 1141 to 1173. Grote has the latter (Münzstudien B.IV p.57) already allocated two denarii, which came to the mint Osnabrück, but not yet the name of the bishop, and it is precisely these pieces (Grote Plate I Nos. 1 and 2) that show if the Cologne monogram. Now consider that especially Grote Plate I No. 1 also the most striking similarity in the factory There is no doubt about the quality of our pieces stand that Grote's allocation is correct and that the to assign the coins described above to his next successors are wise.

Our number 2 would therefore be considered the oldest of Ger- hard minted, until now known coin appear because it Characteristics of the previous bishops still hold on, while Gerhard's coins described by Grote on page 64 ff. already

show completely different shapes.

Wetzlar. weaver,

District CourtBrath.

45

The Sartske-Filelmer Bracteates.

In recent years, discoveries have repeatedly come to light light has been promoted, either completely or to a large extent largely consisted of silent bracteates: they teach us that in large areas of Germany and its eastern Neighboring states have the money like this for a longer period of time almost exclusively from these newer people so impractical apparent texture. With this in mind, it is appropriate Not us, especially in these initially so little to study to pass by in an inviting atmosphere. Let's kick the same one Closer, you'll find a lot of interesting, even enigmatic things. adhere and often we have to commit ourselves to the confession of our Allow ignorance.

The following lines have the purpose of a small group to shed light on finds that, in their main masses, are of great importance to us inconspicuous bracteates of more concise, not elsewhere either have delivered similarly demonstrable characteristics, bracteates, which is the most difficult task for the ingenuity of researchers seem to pose. I have a double one for this work Reason: one day I have a little treasure of my own such coins, on the other hand, these finds also have an impact on mine Special studies on Silesian numismatics are a special interest, since on various occasions - as will be shown later - It has been thought of to send some of these to Silesia to lay small bracteates. I do not intend here

46 F. Friedensburg:

regarding all the characteristics that come up for discussion to engage in extensive individual investigations, as this the same would require a very large space. Maybe can this happen later, today I want to try whether and to what extent further aspects can be derived from the allow appearances to gain fullness.

We have information about the coins in question here. Here's a little literature: Bayer's description of the find von Pilehne (quoted here with “F.**”), Stronczynski's review the Filehner coins in the new edition of his work Volume I p. 190 fg., Dannenberg's description of the Sarbsk find in this magazine. Vol. XII p. 280fg. (indicated by ^S.*), E. Bahrfeldt's review of the same in v. Höfken's bracteate archive 1885 issue 2 and finally a short note from me in this one Magazine Vol. IX p. 317 note.

As for the discovery I mentioned earlier, it can I can only provide sparse information about it. In year In 1876 I saw several hundred at a Breslau gold miner's small bracteates, a few larger ones mixed in, which According to the man's statement, he had been out near Trebnitz shortly before. should be digging. I looked for the best ones from this crowd stamps emerged, some in several copies, but Various stamps were only represented once in the find. In total there may have been around 70 pieces that I I bought it once, and later I got some of these coins from two small Silesian collections. It likes right here Be noticed that these pieces are very rotten and crumbly, too were of noticeably low weight. The composition of the find will emerge from the later statements, here only the information that the larger bracteates mentioned a seated prince with various emblems underneath once a key, show and are of the same kind as that of Stenzel from the Baasdorf find in the Bl. f. Mzfrnde. XIU. Vintage (No. 63), plate 50 no. 48 depicted, the Stenzel leaves undetermined. You want to go to Naumburg because of the key

The Sarbske-Filehner Bracteates. 47

and surrounding area think; but v. Posern (p. 260) is right attention that the key alone holds this access division is not sufficiently justified, nor is any of it The roast meats shown by the author mentioned are similar to ours. So the attribution remains doubtful: I would like it best think of East Saxony.

With the Baasdorf find, mine also has several the Ascanian character in common, it also seems as if the Bracteate a., which remained unknown to Stenzel. a. 0. No. 50 to the heard here mainly from those who are interested. This fact determines confirms the general opinion that the formative period of this latter Coin type from the last quarter of the Xni. Century sets. under- This is further supported by the fact that some of the Filehner bull's head bracteates are similar to those found by Gross-Briesen, that the key pennies F. 243 and 245 match those of Ms. Bardt described in the Berlin Coin Sheets 1882 No. 23, 24 are identical or at least closely related to Brandenburgers, and finally that the Schadeleben find (Schönemann p. 41fg.) several of the Ascanians appearing at Filehne and Sarbske or relatives of the same.

The finds that have become known so far ^) all come from- lich from the east, from areas that are critical Time either directly under the sovereignty of Poland, or at least to a certain extent in connection with this country and were under his influence. Therefore you become even more so According to the well-known rule, we must assume that a large one Part of the stamps contained in these finds from the Find sites in neighboring countries. In fact, under- you decide on the first one when looking at the rows of coins View of a group of coins from the west, from Magde- burg, Anhalt, Brandenburg and next to it a mass of Pieces that are very different in character and come in many different forms

1) Stronczynski mentions three smaller Polish finds of this type ▼on Kikol, Makolin and Izbica.

48 F- Friedensbarg:

Types, including well-known characters from Pomerania, Prussia, Silesia is located. From this you can see that the money, which towards the end of the XIII. Century in the neighborhood of locations around, played a part in the composition of these Baar- shafts.

There are no coins in the former group only the stamps that also appear in the finds from the West, but also quite similar to them in representation, but un- equally roughly crafted pieces, and this applies to both both spiritual and secular. The explanations The solution is easy to find for both cases. Not only the loading meetings of the Margraves of Brandenburg, but also the of the Magdeburg archbishops extended in the XIII. year- a hundred into the Slavic lands, and you have to assume that they also minted coins in these areas, like yes also e.g. B. Archbishop Willebrand's Lebus mint is documented. Some of the spiritual pennies This smaller factory may also be used by the local bishops tumblrs, as Bardt did when describing the large-scale Briesener found some older pieces. One can therefore only speak “from the Branden” with certain reservations. "burger factory" talk, because it's clear that this happens in different places different types of coins were minted.

Mecklenburg and Pomerania are home to quite a few un- Doubtful coins represented in our finds, such as this can be expected given the circumstances. The series of the same I can increase my find by two pieces: one Bracteates with the bull's head, between its horns one and one cross formed by four leaves, on the right a small clover sheet, of the type found in the Bünstorf find (Vol. VIII p. 383 d. Z.) in several varieties, and as a result of the long Circulation - it was minted around 1225 - very worn, as well a bracteate with three distinct ones set in the trefoil Nettle leaves, the well-known coat of arms of Garz.

The fact that money from the Teutonic Knights must also be found,

The Sarbske-Filehner Bracteates. 49

also seems to be the case considering the historical circumstances ^). probably from the start, but the question is which pieces of our finds can be attributed to them? What first of all Coin is for the standing knight holding a cross shield (F. 280, 281 p. 31, 32 Vossberg No. 1) you have it hitherto generally considered to be a mark of the order, Köhne But she believed she had been defeated outside of Prussia. Stronczynski doesn't want to see them as Prussian at all, but given to Magdeburg or Brandenburg. Reasons He doesn't stand up for this, taking into account the almost eastern You will need a cross shield affixed to the embossing. or have to before one takes his opinion into account'). That the factory does not match that of the otherwise known order pennies, is not an argument, you don't even need Köhne's information to take measures to overcome concerns of this kind. come: why shouldn't the Teutonic knights also come to different mints minted according to different footings? These larger bracteates could be used for intercourse with the Germany proper, the small ones for the Polish lands be shaped. Also the coin with the arm holding a flag is, in my opinion, undoubtedly Prussian: it is coming in two sizes as half and whole pennies (see p. 43 n. cited there, also Thomsen 12504) and is the Bracteate definitely related to the knight of the order. Except these Both pieces my find also contains a bracteate of the same the same factory, which has a swearing hand between one ball cross and the order cross (exactly like p. 43!) shows, an interesting addition to this small series, the addition of which supporting division. What else about coins dedicated to the Virgin Mary?

1) About the various Prussian mints in the XIII. century see Vossberg p. 72.

2) Stronczynski says that the sitter is wearing some of these pieces a miter. This is probably based on error, as neither Bayer nor... Dannenberg, who have large quantities of these coins, this discovered badge.

Z«iUohrift for Knmiamatik. XIV. 4

50 F. Friedensbnrg:

brüdeni may be doubtful in many cases: what is certain is that that in this area the otherwise so reliable Vossberg Authority cannot be viewed, and neither can he himself claimed, among the pennies with the cross like most belong to the masters of the order, although the cross Of course, it can also occur in other forms and actually occurs; but where the cross alone or appears in a shield, i.e. as a coat of arms, one becomes The analogy of the first discussed piece for Prussia is correct may and in the latter case almost must. It has to be here apart from that, further research into the as A person who is called upon to produce coins that look Prussian should do so enrich science with such.

Even distant Bohemia has a share in the Filehner and the undoubted share in the Sarbsk finds: F. 193 and p. 54 — two that belong together despite their different severity Pieces — show the double-tailed lion. Also F. 220 (crowned head n. 1., weight 0.558 gr.) is certainly Bohemian, true- apparently also F. 218, where I have the shield between two I think I see eagle heads under a crown, but that is true Piece apparently in too poor condition to make a reliable judgement to allow the illustration. Except these little bohemian ones Sarbske also received two copies of one for pfennigs of the larger species (pp. 55, 56) ; you will see Dannenberg's Zu- instruction of these pieces and not for the same can hold sisch, especially since the stamp appears to be flatter seems to be the same as on p. 57 ffg. It may be here as for these investigations It is extremely important to emphasize that we are also from Bohemia Bracteates have very different factories: in addition to the large ones of the type in Mader I's experiment under No. 8, 24 fg., 34 fg. shown, smaller, with a very deep middle section and wide high margin (e.g. a. a. 0. No. 11 fg., 19 fg.), equally large flat with a narrow high edge (see Voigt Böhm. Mzn. E p. 41 No. 4), and the small ones discussed above (cf. Mader No. 31) - one Variety of appearance, which is particularly important for the

The Sarbske-Filehner BracteateD. 51

The decision as to whether a coin is Bohemian or Silesian is the highest is dangerous.

The Sarbsk treasure brought four safe ones from Silesia'). Pieces (pp. 57-60) from the large one based on the Bohemian pattern embossed type; P. 61 could also be Bohemian, my guess- A preserved example of this coin shows questionable relationships with the one shown in this magazine Volume IX Taf.IX No. 6 Piece that I would now prefer to think of as bohemian. Here is such a case where the decision is quite difficult to make. Also I'm concerned about the type and the shape of the crown the head is wearing (not a "flat cap" like Dannenberg's). niger can be assumed to be a well-preserved example), is vividly reminiscent to Bohemian representations. P. 62 is interesting as a half piece this coin. It must be emphasized here that the apparently buried a few years earlier than the Sarbsk large Briesener Schatz did not offer bracteates of this type; those from there dug Silesians are a little smaller, lighter and of slightly different style. While the Sarbsk pennies from the, if I may say so, classic Silesian habitus the Gross-Brieseners are approaching the Lausitzisch-Biandeu- Burgische Pfennigs from, among other things, also through the QROSSQ Bracteates (current vol. XIII p. 142) represent the variety, they are So apparently the money of the northwestern part of Silesia been. Accordingly, it was already described in the description Gross - Briesener Findes pointed out that also the large Silesian pfennigs in no way come from a “factory” are. We learn from my findings again in two pieces a new genus of Silesian bracteates known from the completely different from those previously known, and in weight, size and Blech is also similar to Brandenburgers, namely those from the smallest variety described above in accordance with Dannen- berg (on p. 49) in the easternmost areas of the margraves

1) It is not clear whether this Gattang contained coins. ▼One could probably use F. 142, 151, 155 (cf. v. Saurma237) despite their small size for Silesian, as the diameter of these pieces changes many times.

4*

52 F. Friedensburg:

be meadowed. The first of these coins shows an H with a slightly curved legs ending in balls, above and including a small eagle (weight 0.17 size). This coin I not to place any remotely similar stamp on the side knew, leaves no other interpretation than the eagle in the Shields led to Heinrich - if one even had a German want to dare. This Henry could only be either Henry IV of Breslau (f 1290), who after the redemption of Krossen (1279) had become the neighbor of Brandenburg, or Heinrich III (I) of Glogau, who after the death of Przemyslaw of Poland (1296) acquired a piece of Greater Poland. I want me for Decide the former, since I don't have our coins after 1296 I believe I can start, and the factory for a Brandenburg nearby mint speaks. It does not contradict that the Crossener Bracteate mentioned is much larger and heavier than our coin, especially since it is certainly older. This pfennig is closely followed by the eagle bracteate p. 91, which has also been repeatedly presented to me as being found in Silesia. is coming.

As far as the stamps that can be safely accommodated; it remains But now the vast majority of those found still remain, who now also wants to get his due. In the crowd of these pieces, which also included some quite interesting ones Types') are increasing, and there are clearly significant factory costs. differences that indicate a majority of mints. In the case of the one discussed in detail in the previous section and on The diversity of the coins has been proven in several examples of the same country we can therefore further believe this fact Conclusions and attributions cannot be made when we not certain pieces that can be determined with certainty as starting points of our investigations. Let's turn, Finding these, contemplating the representations, is our task

l)e.g. B. Flying bird, head under eagle (different from F. 244), tower Buildings like Vossberg 104a etc.

The Sarbske-Filebner Bracteates. 53

an almost confusing abundance of objects. We you will find a number of good acquaintances among them, such as we encounter them on coins from different countries and times, There are many, especially among the large Bracteates of Silesia analogues'). It is very obvious that this type community is for To use allotments by using the smaller coins for Half or other parts of the large pfennigs explained, and the example from p. 61/62 (see above) actually encourages to walk this path. Bahrfeldt is into him too his review changed. Dannenberg has approached carefully withheld; For my part, I stand by Dannenberg and that's it following reasons. The custom is to do this at least once every year In order to renew the coinage, the minter was forced to use all possible counter-products. to use stands and imaginary structures for his representations, and therefore the individual types are common, even in the Usually meaningless and only allow under special circumstances stood an allocation. In my essays on noble coats of arms and city coats of arms on Silesian bracteates (in v. Höfkens Bracteate archive issues 2 and 4) I have explained this in more detail. leads, a further study of badges of ducal power on the same coins (which will appear there) shall be mine Support this view with further evidence. Now have coins in different places for a long time artificially shaped, so it is quite natural that a sequence of Lansitz coins, for example, entire rows of types that also apply to Brandenburgers, Silesians, Pomerania and who knows where else. To prove that not only Silesian bracteates have the same or similar representations positions like the “undetermined” of our finds, and how often similar and related types appear on silent coins

1) Please refrain from giving samples, as you can do so with ease effort from v. Saurma's tables can be consumed; see Bahrfeidt's review. By the way, I would be able to add more items from my collection. drive to games.

54 F* Friedensborg :

If you come to the different Heimath gates, I would like to ask you to bring the following pieces with you to compare each other:

Weidhass IX 8 — v. Saurma 255 — Sarbske 97 — Size Briesen 66.

Weidhass VI 20 — v. Saurma 270 — Filehne 152 — Dresden Doublets No. 1398.

Weidhass IX IIa — Filehne 90 — large Silesian in m. Coll. exactly like P. 90.

Sarbske 66 — Filehne 80, 94 — Gross-Briesen 21.

Sarbske 38, 41 — Filehne 285 — Gross-Briesen 19, 20

— m. Fd.^.

This series could continue for a long time, but enough examples. I only allow myself to focus on the in compilation contained in my essay just mentioned of types similar to Silesian bracteates Wiener Pfennigs appear to refer to this as well point out that also on the Braunschweiger Löwenpfennig a whole series of figures appear as symbols appear elsewhere as independent coin images'). This experience That's why this appearance is so obvious, because most of these types are either generally popular Patterns come from such as the double-headed eagle, lion and eagle (cf. Dannenberg a. a. 0. p. 300), moon and star, symmetrical figures, or a generally valid religious or sym- have bolic meaning, like the lily, the lion, the crown. For that reason alone, it would be more than questionable to just focus on that Type of establishing an allotment; but then also prohibits the factory of these coins, they are half of the great ones To be understood as Silesian, because - apart from the weight - they are completely are of a different style than those that can be proven with certainty

1) Small bracteate of my find with a clover stick between two brains.

2) See Schönemann plates VII 16, 19, 20, 21, plates IX 9, 17, 20, 21, 22, Plate X 40, 66, 68 etc. Each of these symbols is found as the main type of a large Silesian or a Filehner bracteate.

The Sarbske-Filehner BracteateD. 55

Examples of parts are not the case. Accordingly, I don't like any of these little bracteates for Silesian. see, rather, for the first reason there must even be some the apparently obvious and well-founded allocations Cast doubt on Dannenberg's. For example, this is the case with the pieces given by Dannenberg to Anklam (pp. 5 and 6). Case: we also have bracteates with an A from Silesia, on it a vertical line, a cross, a lily (see p. 10).

So factory and stamp seem to us to be the case with accommodation to let our Incerta down. Nevertheless, we are left with one way out. We remembered the old ones above with a hundred examples Kegel confirmed that always from the area around the find A not insignificant proportion of the finds came from this location maintains. Could we find Pomeranian, Prussian, Brandenburg and Silesian coins are allowed we also expect to find Polish people in them, even more so Filehne, Izbica, Kikol and Makolin in Poland proper, Sarbske and Trebnitz are not far from its borders. Stronczynski rightly points out that since the Coins from the Pelczysk find, i.e. from around 1280, Polish Mints dating back to around 1320 are missing, although not increase that the hammer has rested for so many years, and whether- For example, it is documented that Ziemomysl von Kuyavian coined. Through these considerations we will almost forced to follow Polish characteristics among the to look around for those of our coins that are only available in these eastern ones Finds degenerate, i.e. among the undetermined. Also suitable These little pennies in particular are ideal for an award. division to Poland, as its neighbors Pomerania and Prussia such coins have demonstrably been minted and are the same always, as far as we know, only in Poland itself or its neighboring countries found buried in countries.

First you want F. 16 and the similar coin S. 63 with the lion and half eagle for Poland. These coins don't seem to me to be Silesian, they are half pieces

56 F- Friedensburg:

TO V. Saurma 177 certainly not, they are very strange Stiles and the Factory reminds me more of the Bracteates with the standing Grand Master. It is therefore also necessary to bend over Make sure that Stronczynski plate XXII is included at the end the same but smaller piece that appears to be only Polish I can tell you that this is one of the cases where you yourself have an all- can locate common coin images. It would indeed be strange, why not also on coins of Polish princes This coat of arms should appear, as there are several of them lead seal, and it also symbolizes a Silesian duke depiction of his claims in the form of a denarius (by Saurma Plate X, 68). Except for these pieces, allow me several other Incerta a relation to Poland when we once it has been established that coins of this country are in are represented in our finds. In particular, these are pennies with the crowned head, the crown itself, the eagle, as well some of those whose stamps have Old Polish coats of arms ("herby") - cf. the evidence in Beyer p. 61 - identical are. This is not the place for a bunch of guys They like to claim and prove Poland Connoisseurs of Polish numismatics do: but it was outstanding to raise that the theoretical conclusion that Poland must be in ours Finds must be represented by the possible and permissible interpretation existing types find their confirmation.

If you agree with this view, you will be at Determination of coins from such finds is mainly put a lot of emphasis on the factory and on those pieces which allow a certain allocation in this relationship, line up others related to them. Among those hereafter remain, so not to Pomerania, Prussia, Branden- Castle and Silesia have to be accommodated, the Polish ones Embossing may be included, this will be done with the help of the Guys need to find out what I mean by careful examination of all relevant moments - will go. In detail, as according to the current

The Sarbske-Filehner Bracteates. 57

current state of science everywhere, even in most places cultivated fields, doubts will certainly remain may never be solved with certainty; but like now from the also unwritten and once set aside as inexplicable Lusatians and Silesia), are also used by the Pomeranians, Prussian and Polish coins gradually become secure rows can be obtained that show the distinguishing features of the different characteristics can be seen.

F. Friedensburg.

/

58

The Bracteatenfönuigen Heller Sclilesieiis.

The coin researcher must not be satisfied with the one individual manifestations in the field of his science to be viewed as such, he must also make an effort to determine what facts determine the appearance of the individual coins species in certain areas and at certain times have been giving. In the field of the Bracteates appears the need for such examinations is particularly common and clearly: it is still not completely clear, what moments the origin and development of this so have caused and influenced a peculiar type of money, and We often enough come across characters that are already in their We give up apparently insoluble prayers. Because how It is sometimes difficult to explain what is so often proven The fact that coins from the same prince were not only from very different work, but even of varying size and heaviness exist.

A question of this kind has stirred minds in recent times. more busy, who: whether sealing at the same time in the same place and hollow coins were struck. I refer this- half on the two essays by Dannenberg and Grote in this one Journal Vol. VII pp. 97 and 106 and allow me only to comment note that with regard to the denarius and bracteate Coined by Heinrich von Gardelegen, Prince of Short

The bracteate-shaped Heller of Silesia. 59

Duration of government and limited area, as well as the fact The thing is that especially in the Hanseatic cities and in Prussia The partial value of the seal coin was brought to bear throughout the Middle Ages. At least that controversy was produced in a form for me von Dannenberg seems to have made the right decision.

But whatever you think about this is undeniable and it is undeniable that sometimes - for my sake - see expression to use - denarius oases in hollow denarius Find Wtists and vice versa. For the former appearance leads - Great those Hildesheim denarii with the Mother of God and the Denarius of Duke Heinrich von Grubenhagen as evidence In the case of contradiction, however, a somewhat more detailed analysis may be required here. experience speaking.

Silesia's numismatics offers at the beginning of this edition The research referred to in the sentence was repeated on several occasions: It is extremely striking how the external habitus of the Money is subject to sudden and far-reaching changes. Follow the small bracteates embossed in the Polish style around 1220 or 1230 those made according to Bohemian patterns large ones, the history of which I wrote in v. Höfken's archive I was trying to shed light on issues 1 and 3 for Bracteate Science. Towards the end of the XHI. Century, those rare and enigmatic denarii, to which I consider role models or relatives I haven't been able to find them yet, they finally follow around 1340 Brighter.

Without me at the very difficult and neither through the Finds have also been adequately covered by the documents so far. answered question about the time of appearance of each one types of these coins') I just want to point out here-

1) Unfortunately, I don't know of a single Silesian coin find from the XIV century, it therefore needs to be discussed in more detail the individual species of Hohlheller (see Vol. This can happen all the more readily as the origin of some of these un- is safe and the present study attempts to provide a common to find the same explanation.

60 F. Friedensborg:

wise that at least around 1420 together with the lying nitzer, Oelser, Neisser and Breslauer double-sided Heller Bracteate style Schweidnitz Boar's Head Heller, soon then the well-known Opole Heller, which is also hollow, and also The Hohlheller probably appear with T and with the mussel. From The people of Opole seem to have had this for the longest time - until towards the end of the 15th century Century - preserved in circulation. There well, as I have repeatedly stated elsewhere, also These hollow coins are officially called Heller because they are also the same Have weight with the two-sided pieces, as finally the Finds containing both genera mixed together make it clear that in Silesia for a long time for the same coin value two externally completely different money symbols - in their appearance shape corresponding to the sealing and hollow denarius - usual beings are.

This is, after all, a most striking phenomenon, as far as I know, at such a late time in the same country ^) otherwise just different values in this way to the different to be expressed. However, neither take the MüDzprivileges and other documents of this any Note, science has not yet dealt with this. I myself have in No. 127 of the Bl. f. Mzfrd. Year XXI at Be- speech from the Oppeler Heller after a brief reference this phenomenon raises the possibility of an explanation from the commercial Relations between Schweidnitz and the customs conditions in Opole hinted at without going into detail about the question. After further investigation research, I have come to the conclusion that there needs to be an investigation Looking for clarification, or preference should be given to such which all these hollow pennies, according to the number of species compared to the two-sided ones as an exception and on the basis of the

1) That Silesia, despite its disunity, at least numismatically In a certain sense it formed a unity, as evidenced by the finds, which were always coins from different lords and cities, as repeated countless times. returning expressions marcae currentium denariorum, usualis monete, mark Aggressive pay, poor national pay, etc.

The bracteate-shaped Heller of Silesia. 61

Chronology can be viewed as later invaders*). explained from one point of view.

What is harmless from the outset is that, as a rule, cantile interests for such numismatic phenomena to be authoritative, research into the cure math the role models of our Hohlhellers are particularly noticeable which countries Silesia has more lively trade with maintained relationships. Poland and Bohemia, the next successors barn, remain out of the question; both states remain influential until the end In the Middle Ages only two-sided farthings were used. Also from Meissen and Brandenburg has coins from the end of the 13th century. or At the beginning of the 14th century, which looked similar to ours, not prove. But in Prussia the coinage of hollow Pfennigs have been common since early on and, it seems, until recorded at the end of the Middle Ages. Those too Cities of Thorn and Elbing, formerly like Culm, Danzig etc. Order- mints, have been around since 1454. 1457 based on his own Let similar coins be struck on the right.

To Prussia and especially to the latter Silesia has been associated with many cities since ancient times Art. First of all, the geographical location of our country caused that in the market of his capital the exchange of natural products of the East against the products of the West. This led to a main route of medieval trade from England and the Netherlands via Leipzig and Görlitz

1) The Heller struck from Breslau under Karl IY are certainly dated through his mint letter from 1362. As far as Schweidnitz is concerned, that is documented found that the city had already given the coin to the duke for a time around 1340. buys it, and has owned it almost continuously from 1351 onwards. What she but it was sold for money is uncertain, we only know that it was Heller were and that Sigismund ordered in 1430 that they should provide them “With such tzcirhen and manner as sy then the former village was slain have". Another letter from the principality team from the In 1447 it was determined that the city should issue coins “in accordance with the infirmity and condition than from Aldiers". How far the coining of the boar's head brighter in the XIY. century is doubtful.

62 F. Friedensburg:

to Breslau, another came from southern Germany via Nuremberg and Görlitz here. A road went south from Breslau to Kiev and the areas of the Volga and the Black Sea, another north via Posen to Thorn and Danzig. There, not at the mouth of the local stream Stettin, the Silesian trade turned when it reached the sea from where the country also obtained the numerous fast food days because of herrings negotiated in large quantities. It gave in return his cloths, spices, spices, especially the then famous Schweidnitz beer. The Prussian purchasing People moved to Silesia at an early stage: as early as 1333 at Brieg a special customs, from those who come from Prussia, raised, but we see the Silesian magistrates Cities ask for letters of conduct for their journey to the order's country. send citizens to make an effort. In particular, they also contain Breslauer Käthe's signature books contain a wealth of notes« which the liveliness of traffic between the two countries and there are also trade records in the Danzig archives. correspondences between the citizens of this city and the those of Breslau, Brieg, Sagan, Schweidnitz, Liegnitz. final It should also be emphasized that in 1404 a trading Treaty between the Bohemian Crown Lands and the Order States were closed, on the one hand there were representatives from Danzig, Thorn and Elbing, on the other those from Bres- lau, Neisse and Brieg mediated^).

1) See Grünhagen, History of Silesia 8. 198, 400; Silesian time writing Vol. VI, pp. 347, 349, 351, Vol. YII pp. 190, 354; also the documents books from the cities of Brieg and Liegnitz. It is permitted from the contract ▼on 1404 to go to some places of particular interest here: “Czum first, what kowfmanschaft dy kowflute us the cronen of Bebmen and us the Slezie her in this country for the sake of Prussia, domete se czihen dy alden Strassen czu Thorn czu and the merchants here in the country of YorkewfPen odir czur sewart obir see ships from and czu to which country they want sunder hinder and gever than in the comfortable and as is yon aldir ge- well it happened etc/' “The koufiute us Prewssen should also with their kowf- The team czyhen the usual streets in the crone czu Behemen and in dy Slezie ... as that of aldirs is also common/^

The bracteate-shaped Heller of Silesia. 63

These acts alone would be enough to have an influence Prussian coinage appears credible to the Silesian one let. At the end of the Middle Ages there were still take a close look at the trade with Poland in Świdnitz coins minted after the model of the Polish halfpenny, by which we learn that through them soon not only the actual Poland, but especially also the order's land, was flooded was, so that at that time in Prussia one was with the common man hardly saw any other money^). But the commercial relationships are not the only ones between Silesia and Prussia.

For a long time from both countries the advance The Germans fought against slavery, which has been going on since From Poland to its neighbors at the beginning of the 14th century started to become dangerous. As in 1241 on the electoral instead of an army of German knights under their Grand Master fought on the side of the Silesians against the Mongols, like later numerous so-called crusades against the pagan Lithuanians Silesian knights led to Prussia, this is how this old one turned out Brotherhood in arms also proved its worth towards the Poles. In In 1326, Duke Henry VI of Breslau concluded this Grand Master Werner signed a covenant against Wladislaus Lokietek and in the Order's many wars against Poland, notably also in the one with the unfortunate Battle of Tannenberg and the glorious defense of Marienburg ending, Silesian mercenaries are currently arguing, some of them the most famous Families belonging to the country are numerous in the ranks of the friars').

This fact is also considered to be not entirely insignificant our investigation may consider, if one considers, what a tremendous influence the Crusades had on the saint Land on the whole of Western culture and how it is

1) Yossberg in Köhne's magazine I pp. 6, 14, 19, 263.

2) Cf. the essay by Pfotenhauer in Schles. Magazine XIV p. 203. AUer- However, at that time Silesians also fought on the Polish side.

64 ^' Peace Castle:

also enriched Europe's coinage with new types. In any case, here is a feature of the whole that cannot be overlooked. picture. But there is a third factor. Vladis laus, Duke of Opole, cousin and favorite of King Ludwig of Poland and Hungary, had the lands of each one after the other Wielun, Cujawien and Dobrin and was through this experience advertisements became the neighbor of the German order. There We know from him that he is German in his country zealously promoted and that he was hated by the Poles, so Based on these facts, we can assume that he was on friendly terms with the Brothers of Mary stood. Accordingly, we see him later, as his Power before Vladislaw Jagiello collapses at the Order make loans *), and in 1392 he sold the rest of his money to him non-Silesian possessions, the country of Dobrin, in turn great bitterness from the Poles. The same antagonism against Jagiello later persuaded the order to also include Wladislaus' nephew Jo- Hannes, also a Duke of Opole, who one after the other Diocese of Posen, Cujawien, Gnesen, Gammin, Culm, then again Cujawien owned, and also by the Polish king of the height of his power had been overthrown for a few years to grant asylum. This Johannes is still himself afterwards because of the income of his dioceses in a conflict with the Order came to an end, which was ended by a peace in 1417, from which instrument') as being inter-related for the investigations carried out here. It is important to mention the provision according to which the bishop earned his income in the mint according to the old contract Master Winrichs should be paid out«

These facts are likely to support the assumption that the pre- The Silesian Hohlheller was based on Prussian models. supply, provide a strong support. We know from the Finds and documents that the order has existed since the Xinth century.

1) See Yossberg Pr. Monzen and Siegel p. 69 note 3.

2) Registrum Wenceslai No. U6 in Cod. dipl. Sil. YI p. 40.

The bracteate-shaped Heller SchleBiens. 65

Century struck such pennies, and encounter the same in also found outside the borders and the neighborhood of his country. The Gross*Briesener treasure welcomes you to us Lausitz, several copies came into my possession from one made near Trebnitz, i.e. in the heart of Silesia Finds of the Sarbsker type. So if even, what after Given the above, it is not impossible to coin the Swedish Nitz Eberkopfheller dates back to the first half of the 14th century. If it were to reach up to a hundred, it would be nothing against ours Presumption be¥des. But the fact that only finds from the XY. Saeculum these and the Oppeler Heller in larger ones quantities, proves that their minting would become more common, when relations with Prussia became more lively. The At that time, nobility had the order's money on their military trips, two powerful state leaders know it in their financial operations learned, the merchant was familiar with it on his trading trips become. Through causes of this kind, also probably through the various religious orders located in the country the hollow pennies became known and popular in Silesia, Here and there people felt compelled to do theirs with less effort, therefore can be accomplished with less cost and in a shorter time. digitizing, therefore recommended embossing at home too try, like the isolated and rare stamps with T, the Moachel, Johanneskopf, Schweidnitz and Opole but remained there, the city probably out of commercial interests Duchy from dynastic tradition.

Finally, I want to note that I have this AofEasing the difficulty of such investigations do not want to be viewed as more than a guess; Nevertheless, it seemed to me to be so well founded that I accepted its believed he could dare to go public. Maybe kick in Over time, supporting moments are added, particularly valuable- It would be full if we had Prussian guys in Silesia or around would be imitated. Given the extremely unfortunate lack of quality of the material available on the order pennies

ffiHiiliift Ito JwkaMrtik* ZIV. 5

66 F. Friedensburg: The bracteate-shaped Heller Scblesiens.

— Vossberg's excellent book goes to them quickly and easily* leaving a lot of doubts over - at least it is for me Proof of such a phenomenon is not possible, especially since the a. a. 0. published pennies almost all types of a general character that are difficult to operate on lets.

F. Priedensburg.

67

Countermarks of Vespasian on Roman denarii.

New compilation.

In the newer numismatic literature it appears several times my paper published in Vol. III of the Journal for Numismatics plot about the “Contremarken Vespasian in Roman Family denarii'^ were taken. That list is always but no longer complete, as I now have several more Denarii stamped by Yespasian became known, which I in my numismatic-sphragistic display year 1878 No. 7 and 8 published. I therefore take the opportunity to subsequently according to my current knowledge of these denarii to publish a newly drawn up list. I notice, that the numbers marked with an asterisk are either new have been added, or corrections against the first addition compilation included. Taking into account the Roman Campanian quadrigates with the alleged gontre mark IMP this is now a total of 45 denarii. *1. Mommsen-Blacas No. 108.

ROMA Female head with winged helmet. Rf. M • FAN • C F Victoria in the Quadriga.

Stamping 83?^ -^ on the ms., weight 3.40 gr., very used. In the collection of the Vatican in Rome. 2nd M. sheet No. 161.

M-CIPIMF Female head with winged helmet. Rf, ROMA Victoria in the Biga, including rudder.

Cancellation on 3 denarii:

5*

6g M. Bahrfeldt:

a) According to Borghesi Dec. ni, oss. 8 in Gabinet Alessio Motta in Rome. Whereabouts unknown.

b) Formerly in H. Cohen's collection in Paris. Ver- remain unknown.

c) AP \E;S on hip., weight 3.81 g, well preserved. In the Cabinet des mödailles in Paris (Ailly Collection).

3rd M. sheet No. 163.

CN • BLASIO * CN - F • Helmed head of the elder Scipio Africanus. iZ/. ROMA Jupiter with staff and lightning between Juno and Minerva standing.

Cancellation on 2 denarii:

a) HJ. Wand of Mercury. 22/ O as a manz letter, SST - ^ on i2/. Formerly in the Fontana collection Trieste, whereabouts unknown.

b) Symbols blurred, 83r • 911 on RJ. Weight 3.48 size, heavily used In the Cabinet des mödailles in Paris (Ailly Collection).

*4. M.-B1. No. 168-

ROMA • EX • S • C • Female head with wing helmet. iZ/ M . SERGI • SILVS • Qj Beiter with armor and helmet galloping, in his hands a shield, a sword and one holding severed head.

Cancellation M' - 'X&S In the Borghesi Collection, also see Sambon's auction catalogue Family coins, Rome 1881 under No. 1159. 5. M.-Bl. No. 187.

Jupiter head with laurel wreath. RJ. L SCIP • ASIAG Jupiter in the quadriga.

Stamping according to Neumann pop. et reg. num. vet. Plate VII, No. 13, 3?^.

I • S • M • R • Head of the Lanuvian Juno with goat fur.

Cüntremarken Vespaaiaiis on Roman denarii. $9

RJ. L THORIVS BALBVS Namender Stien Coin Book staff A.

Stamping ItPAES on i2/. Weight 3.52 gr., heavily polluted. In the Trau Collection in Vienna. 7. M.-B1. No. 194.

Head of a woman with a flagel helmet, behind it a triangular structure guess with a hole in the middle. BJ. T-MAL • AP . CL • Qj VR • Victoria in the Triga

Cancellation after Neumann plate YII, No. 1 1 ^(ES on Hf.y. Whereabouts unknown. ♦8. M.-BL No. 200.

Youth head with helmet. RJ. Qj THERM • M • F • Two warriors with each other fighting, a third lying on the ground between the two. Stamping M" • ^\&S on ^ Weight 3.12 gr., suspected. In the Mfinz Cabinet in Turin.

Fabretti gives in the catalog of the collection page 191 No. 3549 the CJontremarke as ^^ES, I have However, I am convinced that the same thing is the case consists of M^ • lES. 9. M.-Bl. No. 203.

M • CATO Female head with diadem. 12/. Seated Victoria with palm branch and offering bowl.

Stamping M^ • ^\ES. According to Borghesi's report dec. m, oss. 8 in the Verit& Museum in Verona. Ver- remain unknown. 10. M.-B1. No. 211.

Minerva head with helmet and aegis. RJ. P. SERVIU MF RVLLI • Biga with the Victoria, holding the palm branch.

Cancellation on 2 denarii:

a) M* • ^QSS • on RJ. Weight 8.3 g, heavily worn. At the Gabinet des mödailles in Paris.

b) M^ • IBS on Rf.^ formerly in the Riccio collection, whereabouts unknown; not identical to a).

70 M. Bahrfeldt:

•11. M.-Bl. No. 216a.

PANSA Apollo head with laurel wreath. i2/. C • VIBIVS • C • F • Minerva in the quadriga.

Stamping W • ABS on Hf. Weight 3.41 gr., used. In the Trau Collection in Vienna. *12. M.-B1. No. 229.

Youth helmeted head with spear. RF CN LENTVL Victoria in the Biga.

Stamped W • \BS on hip. Weight 8.53 gr., very used. In the Vatican collection Rome. *13. M.-B1. No. 239 (g?).

Juvenile head of Jupiter with laurel wreath, underneath Lightning. Rf. (Gar. Ocul. Ver.) Jupiter in the Quadriga.

Stamped ]MP-\BS mf H/., weight 3.43 gr, heavily contaminated, so that it is not possible to tell whether earlier the inscription was there. In the coin Cabinet in Vienna. •14. M.-B1. No. 253.

S • C • Prawn head with bandage. Rf.C. NAE BAL • Victoria in the Triga. Cancellation on 2 denarii:

a) Coin number of the Rf. blurred. Cancellation W - ^ES on hip. Weight 3.55 gr., used. In the Trau Collection in Vienna.

b) Coin number CIX on Rf. Stamping SP • \BS on Rf, weight 3.64 gr., used. In the collection lung Trau in Vienna.

15. M.-Bl. No. 274 a.

S • C • P • YPSAE Head of Neptune with trident. R/. C YPSAE-COS PRIVCEPIT Jupiter in the Quadriga. Cancellation on 2 denarii: a) W • ^E8 on Hf. Formerly in the collection Fon- tana in Trieste. Whereabouts unknown.

Countermarks Yespasians aof Roman denarii. 71

b) aar • ^ on HJ. Weight 3.77 g, well preserved. In the Cabinet des medals in Paris (Ailly Collection). 16. M.-Bl. No. 276a.

S. C • CN • PLANCIVS • AED • CVR • Female head with smooth cap. Rf. Wild goat standing, bow and quiver behind.

Stamping aa?' • SVI on HJ. Weight 3.50 gr., heavily used. In the Cabinet des mödailles in Paris. ♦17. M.-Bl. II. page 532.

Head of Venus. 22/ CAESAR Tropaeon with the Gauls.

Stamping IVP -^S on ^. Weight 3.91 g, suspected. In the Trau Collection in Vienna. 18th M. sheet n. page 543.

Head of Minerva with helmet. RJ. C CONSIDI Victoria in the Quadriga.

Stamped M' ^SBS on ÄjC, weight 3.17 gr., yerused. In the Mttnz cabinet in Turin. Catalog Fabretti pag. 105 No. 1881, also illustration. In his great work “Description historique des monnaies de la räpublique romaine'' (Paris 1885) I, page 376 gives Mr. £. Babelon announces that the Denarius of C. Considi. Noniani (M. sheet no. 271) in Find Turin stamped. This is a mistake only the denarius described here has Vespasians Gontremark. • •19. M.-Bl. n. page 543.

RVFVS. in . VIR heads of the Dioscuri. RF. IK • CORDIVS Standing Victoria with Wage and Hasta. Stamping M' • TES on iZ/., weight 3.60 gr.» very used. In the Trau Collection in Vienna. 20. M.-B1. page 544.

Head of Pavor, behind Litnus. Rf. L - HOSTIU VS • SASERNA Diana, deer and spear holding.

72 M. Bahrfeldt:

Stamped on two denarii (both, however, slightly identical):

a) IVP-^eS Mi HJ. according to tab. M. suppl No. 6 of the Eata loges Wiczay, whereabouts unknown, but perhaps b.

b) »P. ^S on HJ. Weight 3.34 g, covered. In Gabinet des m^dailles in Paris (Ailly Collection).

E. Babelon a. a. 0. 1, p. 552 notes that not this one, but the denarius with the biga of Yespasian been stamped. This is based on a mistake.

21. M.-Bl. page 552.

CASCA • LONGVS Head of Neptune with trident. RF BRVTVS • IMP Striding Victoria with palm branch. Stamping SaT-^ on Rf. Weight 3.15 gr., heavily used. In the author's collection.

22. Legion denarii of Antonius.

ANT. AVG • ni .VIR • R. P • C • Galley. RF Legion eagle between two standards.

Stamped on 10 denarii: a) LEG. m.

IIP'AES on the ship ice side. Weight 2.98 g,

heavily polluted. At the Gabinet des mödailles in Paris

(Ailly Collection). To Babelon a. a. 0. pag. 201, is the denarius the LEG. Uli stamped, after Ailly, Becherches II, 1 pag. 22 it is that of the third legion. My, me of The impression sent to Baron d' Ailly is not complete clearly.

b) LEG. vnn.

IIP -^BS on the ship's side. Weight 3.20 gr., suspected. In the Cabinet des m^dailles in Paris. *c) LEG. Xn. ANTIQyAE.

]tP-^\&S on the field character page. Weight 3.25 gr., little suspected. In the MOnzkabinet in Vienna. The counter mark is 1P-\ES and not just \SS, as I stated earlier; the stamp is bad

Countermarks Yespasians on Roman denarii. 73

placed so that only one leg is exposed to the AP can be seen.

d) LEG. XX.

^? ' AES on the ship's side, according to Neumann a. a. 0. taf. VII No. 11, mutated. Whereabouts unknown.

e) Legion?

even • SVI to Haverkamp in Thes. Morell. p. 390. Whereabouts unknown.

f) Legion?

W • IBS on the field symbol page. Weight 2.9 g, heavily used. In the Royal Coin Cabinet Berlin.

g) Legion?

ÄP. VSS on the ship's side. Weight 3.37 gr., very dirty. In the coin cabinet in Turin. Catalog Pabretti p. 58, No. 926.

*h) Legion?

»P-^SBS on the Peldzeichen side. Weight 2.90 g, used and broken. In the coin cabinet of National Museum in Budapest. Shown on Weszerle's tables of the rarest coins of Buda pester National Museum Plate IX, No. 15.

*i) Legion?

W •\SS on the field character page. Pretty dirty. In the coin cabinet of the Imperial Hermitage in St. Petersburg.

*k) CHORnVM . PRAETORIANVM.

},¥ . ^ESP based on an undated auction catalogue by Jules Sambon p. 7, No. 131, Naples, and here- according to Boutkowski, Dictionnairenumismatique Sp. 158, No. 390 bis. The counter brand IVP • ^SBSP is here striking and in consideration of the other stamps completely anomalous if on the part of the author the catalog is not an oversight. Whereabouts unknown.

74 M. Bahrfeldt: Gontremarken YespaBians on Roman denarii.

23. Denarii of Augastus.

Cancellation on 4 denarii:

a) Head of Augustus to the right.

Rf. SIGNIS RECEPTIS, on a shield QU • VOT- IVP - ^ES on HJ. Formerly in the Riccio Collection, Whereabouts unknown.

b) AVGVSTVS • DIVI • F • Head of Augustus. Rf. IMP-X-ACT- Apollo with lyre.

1\P • \ES on Hf, weight 3.50 g, well preserved. In the author's collection.

c) AVGVSTVS. DIVI • F • Head of Augustus. RF, Pushing Bull.

W^E& on Hfi weight 3.50 gr. Previously in Own Ailly's, lost.

d) DIVI head of Augustus.

Ä/. ?

ÄP - ABS on Rf. Pictured by Weszerle a. a. 0.

Plate IX, No. 16. Located after a letter

of Dr. J. Hampel not in Budapest

Collection. Whereabouts unknown.

24. TVRPILLIANVS • IH • VIR Head of Feronia r. CAESAR AVGVSTVS Kneeling Parthian.

a) IMP • "^BS on Hf, weight 3.35 gr., in the collection lung Barth^lemy, Paris. In my opinion, late terer casting.

b) Stamped as well, weight 3.7 gr. Coin cabinet Dresden.

The denarii in the Trau collection come from from a coin discovery made in Old Orsova in 1871. The most recent coins were from Nerva.

Bremen. M. Bahrfeldt.

75

Literature.

P. Charles Robert: monnaies et tokens des 6veques de VerduD. (Extrait de Tannuaire de la soci6t6 fran^aise de numis- matique, ann6e 1886) Macon, 1886. gr. 8^**. 88 pages, with many printed woodcuts.

After the coin history of Metz by de Saulcy, the written by Toul by Mr. Robert himself so far one for Yerdun, the third of these Lorraine monasteries sensitive gap that we now have thanks to the tireless nature of the Mr. Author, to whom we have already received so many solid works, especially over the north-east of France, which is closer to us thank you, see it filled. Represent the diocese's coins Verdun also does not represent such a stately and closed series like those of Metz, they offer a lot of interesting things - cherlei. They begin towards the end of the tenth century under Bishop Heimo, who was named Otto II and Henry, but also shaped autonomously. About this oldest period, which through the names Heimo, Raimbert, Richard, Theodorich, Richer and Henry I is referred to, I can go away for a shorter time, since I use them in my work on the German coins I have treated the Saxon and Frankish imperial period in detail. Of course, with R. we encounter a lot of ineditis. Among these The most important are probably some of Theodoric, who still have the old denarius type, not the much more delicate die cut of his show later smaller denarii; to the side appears to him such a denarius from his successor Richer, which is very reminiscent to the Andernach denarii of the much earlier Duke Theodoric

76 Literature.

(D. 437-441). But if Mr. R. takes this as a reason, the latter to an alleged Duke Theodoric II (1093-1104) to be attributed, reference may only be made to the finds who oppose such an attempt in the most definite way put. — Closely related to that which emerged in Theodoric's late period and continued by his successors Richer and Heinrich I The coinage is similar to that used under Adalbero III (1131-56). on. But then an inexplicable pause occurs a century and a half. Only under Henry IV (1316-49) we see the coin hammer again, and very actively activity, but now they are no longer German, but rather obvious from historical events, French models, to which the Verdun die cutters connect. So also under his successor Hugo (1351 - 61). After this a new interruption. First Cardinal Ludwig I (1420-30) has once again left us numerous and beautiful impressions. Under him, except in Verdun itself, next to which in the eleventh Century also the mints at Hatton-chätel, Dieulouart, Dun and Sampigny were active, also minted in Varennes, where he often kept his court camp. Also from his successor Ludwig II V Haraucourt (1430-37 and 1449-56) are several Coins came to us. But after him only can be found Jettons, except for the two bishops from the powerful Lorraine gical house, which once again enforced the full right to mint The following were allowed to sit: Erich (1593-1611) and Charles I (1611-22); We have a considerable number of rare coins from them all metals, the last ever, that came from Verdun are. Not long afterwards, as is well known, it took place in moderation of the Peace of Westphalia the incorporation of the monastery into France.

H.D.

77

About some as yet undetermined Cretan coins.

Plate V

I

MALLA.

A few months ago the governor sent me a message National Mint Cabinet in Athens the plaster cast of the following coin:

iB. 15 m. size 3.35. — Bearded, laurel-crowned head left.

RJ. MAA eagle with closed wings facing left. [Tai V, No. 24].

He described the coin to me as being of Cretan origin according to their location and style. But because of the bad ones Preserving its inscription, he classified it among the indefinite Cretan coins from the Athenian Coin Cabinet. Sent later he gave me the plaster cast of a second [plate. Y, No. 25], upper in correct copy, from the collection of Prof. Rasopulos in Athens, who read the inscription AAAA, and the coin given to the Cretan city of Allaria. For my part, I was like that happy, one day when I saw the indefinite coins of the Berlin coin cabinet researched a third example find which clearly shows the letters MAA [Taf. Y, No. 26, eagle to the right], which gives us the beginning of the name of the created town of Malla building. This city is mentioned in the ancient writings completely unknown to the producers. Her presence and her

IttoekriA Ar NamkmiiÜk. XIT. 6

78 Johann N. A. Sworonos:

Independence is only attested by inscriptions have recently been found. In 1885 Mr Haussoulier an inscription from the collection of Cretan antiquities things of the English Consul in Ganca H. Sandwith, which, probably belonging to the 3rd century BC, the wording of Treaty between the Cretan cities of Lyttos and Malla holds ^). I believe one also refers to the same city second inscription, known since 1848, which shows a contract between the Ionian city of Teos and a Cretan city contains'). The name of this city and its inhabitants is always written ndXXa and Uakkalmv^ and without a Signs of doubt from the editors'). But that This is a mistake on the part of the editors, or rather on the part of the editor Engravers of the inscription is (the confusion Fl and M is very easy), results from a precise examination of both in- writings^). After that we are completely convinced: a) that Presence of two different cities Malla and Pallasehr It is unlikely that both inscriptions refer to the same city refer to who was called Malla. For the first is the most important reason that both inscriptions teach us that the main deity of the city Zeus Movviti^q or Mov^tt^og was: “ol (a^v

•diqioiiisv elg vi Uqov %w Zfivdg tä Movvttii»,^*' — For the second The claim can be made that we are not just another Cretan city called ^Ap^g^ifiaXla know % but that one

1) Bulletin de Gorrespondance Hell6niqae. 1885. P. 10.

2) Lebas et Waddington Yoyage Y p. 38.

3) Pages 1, 2, 11 and 17. —

4) However, it would always remain striking that such an important... Errors in a public document always remained uncorrected. Was Malla is of such minor importance that the citizens of Teos do not Did you know exactly whether it was called MaUa or PaUa? Never was a Mallaer came all the way to Teos to see this mistake?

4) Strab. X p. 475; — '^^yt^aiiov: Steph. Byz. and Plin. IV 12, 59. — Af4ifif4a^f xolnos: — Ptolem. III 17, 7; — *A/n(f>if4a34s ij^Ajufptfjtilav noiafiog: Dionysus. Galliph. Description Gr. n. 128.

about some as yet undetermined Cretan coins. 79

also recently at the ruins of the Cretan city of Aptera found the following inscription from the 2nd century: Tv%aaioq DoXvaivfa MaXXatoq ngö^svog avzog xai ixyovoi^^). This Tychasios is not an inhabitant of Mallos in Eilicia, whose inhabitants are known to be called MaXXcit^g, but ours city. By the way, you have it at the same time and on the same day Many similar Proxenie inscriptions have been found in places, which relate to residents of various Cretan cities.

Malla, as an independent and fairly important city, like from his alliance with Teos in Ionia and Lyttus in Crete- goes, — certainly minted his own coins. One can hope that soon other pieces will be found to fill those which we have demonstrated here for the first time.

The types of our pieces are very easy to explain. The bearded one and laurel-crowned head is the head of Zeus Moyyi^T$og^ and the bird on the back is the eagle of Zeus, which also as the main image on the coins of Lyttos, the Ally from Malla, occurs.

Since Zeus Morpi^Tiog also appeared in Lyttos and Hierapytna prays') and the festival ^Yniqßo^a, which is included in the contract Lyttus is mentioned, also in the Hierapytniem and Priansier') was celebrated, you probably have to go for it our city has a geographical location in the neighborhood of this Cities near Lyttos are looking for whatever from their covenant treaty with Lyttos, namely from the following Position: “M7 il^iCxoa di CvXqv fi^s tov Avtthov iv %a %&v MaXXatatv fufte %6v MaXXaXov iv %q Avxtidnv^'' a very common stipulation with neighbors.

Now today we find ourselves in the middle of a straight line between Lyttos and Hierapytna a village called MaXag. It However, it is still more possible that the location of our city is

1) Bulletin de Corr. HeU6niqae. 1879. P. 424.

2) Naber, Mnemosyne I p. 103.

3) Cauer, Delectus. 2nd ed. no. 1 19.

6*

80 Johann N.A. Sworonos:

is the one denoted by today's village of MäXia, which is on the northern coast of Crete, in the middle of the bosom of MäX$a is located very close to Lyttos between the small towns Chersonesos and Milatos, with whom Lyttos also allies was. (See* Kiepert y Rednction of the map of Crete by Spratt, Journal of the Society for Geography Vol. I, Plate Vn.) How today's Kisamos and Sitia bosoms in Crete and the old ones Names of the cities of Kisamos and Eteia are preserved, so can The Gulf of Malia also takes its name from the town of Malla. The Greek city rubble that can be found at this point, make our view probable; and we can still add that in modern Greek the derivation from MäXta from MäXXa or MäXXtov (according to l^/(i9)»f»aJUUov) of course- is lighter than from MdXag; and that except for those mentioned above The inscription also contains the coins from Lyttos, from which some copper coins have exactly the same mint images, show that Malla was near Ljrttos.

n.

With letters as types.

APTERA, ELEYTHERNA, EUTOS(?), ETERA, PHAUSARNA and others.

Those who are concerned with Cretan coinage have undoubtedly noticed that there is quite a was a common custom among the Cretan cities, in various to mint coins in different eras (4th - 2nd centuries BC), which on the back instead of an embossed image, mono- grams or letters that have the first letter indicate the formative city; well-known examples of this needed are the bronze coins of the city of Phalasama, which ^ = ^^^Show AcaQvalmp^); the silver and copper coins of

1) S68tini, Latvia. num. contin. Table IX, p. 17. — Leake, Kam. Bright. Sup- plement p. 167. — Mionnet, Snppl. IV, Crete No. 239. — A similar one Mttnze can be found in the Paris Mttnzkabinet: Inventory No. 2787 K. 2409. =» [Our board No. 2].

about some Cretan coins that have been identified so far. 31

Olus with the sign A^ or«t= OAONf*«v'); the silver and Sacrifice coins from Lappa with A*) or ^ ); the copper coins

from Chersonese with the sign |- = XEPaopMicay *), and end- The coin from Bianos with the letters B I on the back side instead of the embossed image ^).

All these coins are undoubtedly of Cretan origin, as can be seen from a considerable number of pieces, whose style and origins are certainly Cretan.

But the silver coins with the symbol S<, which Leake ^) to the Cretan city of Arkadia is not Cretan; she I'm sure Kranag in Eephalonia is listening^). I also have from Athens the plaster cast of another copper coin from the National coin collection named after Mr. P. Lambros [like Hen* Director Fostolakas tells us] probably the same cre- table Arcadia belongs “because of her style and the legal sign M^\ which stands in place of an interrogative image; but in my opinion she is not Cretan either; she belongs rather, to the Peloponnesian Arcadia. (Cf. Mionnet Supp. IV p. 273 No. 16 - 19 with the same monogram and head, which certainly belong to Arcadia).

According to the style of the coins mentioned above, the find

1) Leaves for M.-S.- and coat of arms. III, p. 11. — Berlin: Wroth, Nam. Chron. 1884. P. 44 No. 3. [Our plate No. 8].

2) Friedlaender, Zeitschr. f. Nam. VI, p. 11 ; — Wroth, p. 44. No. 2. Plate III, No. 5. — Leake, Snppl. P. 166. [Our plate no. 3].

3) Rauch, Re?ne Nam. 1880. P. 190. Plate IX. [Our panel no. 6 and 7].

4) Raach No. 2; — *Ax. nocroXaxa, No/nicfiota iv r^ ^E^v, No/u. Movffti^ xatart&iyia In 1883—1884. P. 170. — Gessneras XXXYII No. 32. [Ours Plate No. 5].

5) Borell, Nam. Chron. VI (1884) p. 146 and YIII No. 6. [Our Plate No. 21].

6) JT. JafÄitgog, Hagyaüoi» June 1879. P. 519 and Zeitschr. fdr Nam. Vol. VII 8. 360. [Our plate No. 17].

7) Leak Nam. Bright. Sapp. p. 134.

8) *A. Uoeiolaxay KardXoyof or^/atoi^ vofuCfidiuiv mv y^cmy, No. 923.

32 Johann N. A » Sworonos:

place and according to the Yer equation with a considerable number of other Cretan origins, we also share some others Pieces with a similar reverse Crete to:

APTERA.

1st st. 16 mm. Gr. 4.48. — Crowned female head, right. Rf. R) in a dotted circle. — Berlin Coin Cabinet

acc. 747/1877. (Plate V, No. 12).

2nd st. 16 mm. Gr. 5.80. - Similar. Berlin coin box.

acc 8400.

3rd st. 12 mm. Gr. 1.80. — Same head, to the right.

Rf, same back page. Berlin Coin Cabinet acc. 9693.

4. EVER. 13mm. Gr. 2.45. — Same head, to the right.

Rf. 7i in a dotted circle. Berlin Coin Cabinet acc. 21419. (Plate V, No. 14).

5th st. 15 mm. Gr. 4.15. — Female head, without decoration,

to the right. RF W, including Z. Berl. Coin box acc. 8178. (Plate V, No. 13.)

6. EVER. 17mm. Gr. 3.58. - Similar. Berlin. coin box [Peace-

countries].

7. EVER. 16mm. Gr. 3.05. - Similar. Berlin. Coin cabinet.