Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 9 — 1882

The Monz nature of the AchÜschen band. 261

4. Zen head r. jR/. Monogr. (panel YUI) in the same wreath« Ar 2V> wt. 2.32. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet H 152 n. 28).

5. Likewise. Rf. Monogr. (Plate YIII) in the photographic three- & little laurel wreath. Ar 2V9 wt. 2.40. Berlin. Warren (Num. Chron. 1864 p. 94 “Troezen” pl. IV n. II).

6. Zen head r. Rf. Monogr. (Plate YIII) in the same threefold wreath. Ar 2Vt Weight 2.47. Berlin.

7. Likewise. Rf. Monogr. (Plate VIII) as well. Ar 2^U wt. 2.48. Berlin. Leake (N. H. Eur. p. 5 “Troezen^). See Mionnet 11. 156 n. 62 (where the monogram on the right differs).

The name of the city here is also the reverse type the gp&teren aatonomen coins clay Mantinea (Mionnet Sappl. FV 279 n. 44: ms. Pallaskopf); and this is what you become also the Alexander test series, which is analogous to these alliance coins, Malians n. 680 (the raised trident and M in the field in front of the Zeus) Mantinea have to transfer. Copper money with the name the Mantineer as a member of the league is still missing.

Younger series.

AnÜgoneia,

1. Zeus head right. RF Monogr. without a symbol, just with the adjective ffMig of the city name AN, which is also repeated on n. 2 - 5 chews, (panel Vm) in the erected laurel wreath. Ar3. Weight 2.44. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet 11 152 n. 26, 29).

2. Likewise. RF Monogr. (Plate VIII) in the same wreath. Ar2Vi. Weight 2.43. Berlin (Prokesch). Leake (Num. Hell. Eur. p. 8)

3. Zeus head right. RF Monogr. (Plate VUI) in the same wreath. Ar 3. Weight 2.375. Berlin (Prokesch). Cousindry pl. I n. 5 d. 3. Leake (loc. cit.). — On another copy the city name reversed N A

4. Likewise. RF Monogr. (Plate VIII). Ar 3%. Cousindry pl. I n. 5. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II 151 n. 10).

5. Likewise. Rf. Monogr. (Panel VUI). Ar2Vi. Weight 2.38. Ber- lin (Prokesh).

262 R. Weif:

«. Zeus L; 1. in the field XI Rf. Demeter 1. AXAIflN ANTIFO- NEHN, Ae 4. Brit Museum (Warren p. 87 f. pl. III n. 14).

Megalopolis.

■

1. Zeua head r. Rf. Monogr. below the epithet: the syrinx, also on n. 2 and 3. (panel YIU) in the erect wreath. Ar 3. Weight 2.43. Berlin. — The caption reversed. Leake (N.H. Eur. p. 4).

2. Likewise. Rj\ Monogr. (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Leake (loc. cit.) cf. Mionnet II 156 n. 56.

3. Likewise. Rf. Monogr. (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Cooeiniry I n. 1 2 cL 4 (Mionnet p. IV p. 10 “m&choire”) Berlin (weight 2.41). Cf. Mionnet II 156 n. 65.

4. Likewise. Rj\ Monogr. also Paedum, also on n. 5, (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.39. Berlin (Beger Thes. Pal. 246. Brandenb. I 448). Paris. (Mionnet II 155 n. 49.)

5. Likewise. Rf. Monogr. (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Cousiniry ib. .

6. Zeusc. r. Rf. Monogr. without inscription (Plate VIII) in the above directed wreath. Ar 3. Weight 2.47. Berlin.

7. Same stamp as n 6. Rf Monogr. (Plate VIII). Ar3. Weight 2.43. Berlin. cousin^ry pl. I n. 12.

8. Zeus head right. RF Monogr. (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.23. Berlin (Prokesch).

9. Head of Zeus 1. Rf Monogr. (Plate VIII) in the decorated wreath. Ar 2%. Weight 2.47. Berlin (Beger. Thes. Palat. 246. Thes. Brandenb. I 445). Gotha.

10. Zen head right. RF Monogr. (Plate VIII). Leake (Number Hell. EUR 4). Berlin (weight 2.48).

11. Zeusc. r. RJ, monogr. below the symbol: lightning bolt, (plate Vni) in the arranged wreath. Ar 3. Weight 2:19. Berlin (Beger Thes. Palat 246. Thes. Brandenb. I 445). Leake (N. Hell Eur. p. 4 “Messene”) Mionnet p. IV 19 n. 112.

12. Zeus head. RF Monogr. below the symbol: lightning bolt (plate

I

I'os MÜDtwewn d«s AcMiBcbeQ round*. 2fiB

VIII). Ar 3. Leake (loc. cit.) who also has a second ex., but without stain., describes.

The allocation of the last two silver coins is uncertain, in that here also, as Cousinäry, Mionnet and Leake assume, Lots of things can come into question. For MegalopoUä can be be driven that especially the latest autonomous Kapfermanzen have zen types (see p. 38 ff. of this volume), the city name partly written there as a monogram, and KAA .appears several times as the beginning of a magistrate's name. for with Syriox underneath in the field before Zeus (under the throne *^ in the erected wreath) forms the name the Tetrad raclimea from Megulopolis in the Alexander mint. Based on the example shown here from the Berlin collection, one will also be convinced of the authenticity of the item in the Gotha collection located tetradrachm, which is found in Müller p. '225 snowmaking will portant u» »yriruc TI, ME, et API not Ifinger to doubt need.

The HB on n. 11 and KA on n. 4 proves that we are not away everywhere in those applied around the federal monogram Letters to recognize magistrate names are authorized, dose rather, the individual series are also represented by symbols or numerals have been designated. But this can only be found in Megalopolis, in individual cases also in Elijah, whose testing places after the The number of their coins is probably the busiest in Achaia have been. 13, Zeus 1. Rf. Demeter I. AXA[inN] M . TA. . nOAUnN;

in the NYZ section, beginning of an official name, Sestini

1>64 R. Because:

p. 33 read EiQNOZ; behind the Demeter in the field of Vienna. (Warren p. 88 pl. HI 15). Leake (N.H. Eur. p. 4).

Methydrion.

ANAPE Zeus 1., vertical in two lines, .- Rf. Demeter 1. AXAIHN

ME ©YAPI (in section:) ETIN Athens Univ. (Postolakas: Annali d. Inst. 1866 p. 337. Mon. Ined. VIH tav. 32 n. 22).

Pallantion.

1. Zeus head right. Rf. monogram with 11 AA, below the insignia: the trident, also on n. 2 and 3 (Plate YIII) in the upper directed wreath. Ar 3. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II 154 n. 47; 156 n. 63).

2. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (plate YUI) in the same wreath. Ar 3rd cousin^ry (pl. II n. 17 cl. 5 “Pellene”). Berlin. wt. 2.34. Cat. WelzL I 166 n. 3999.

3. Likewise. Rj\ monogram (Plate VIII). Paris (Mionnet 11 152 n. 20). Berlin (Prokesch). Cat. Welzl. I 165 n. 3994.

4. Zeus 1. behind vertical innAEX-Z Rf. Demeter 1. AXAIHN HAAAANT EHN. British Museum (Warren pl. IV n. 29; Sestini pl. HI n. 23).

Pheneos. 1. Zeus head right. RF monogram below the symbol: Kery-

keion (Plate VIII) in an erect laurel wreath. Ar2Va.

Weight 2.23. Berlin. Finlay (Num. Chron. 1866 p. 32),

Athens (4 copies with caduceus, 1 copy without caduceus).

Finally, in the EY of the transcription, Finlay (a. O.) want to recognize the «beginning of the city name of Ena, for what just as well also the Maenalian Eutaia mentioned next to Pallantion (Paus. VIU 27.3) could have been used. Closer The connection of the epithet obviously lies with Pheneos, aul whose autonomous coins Hermes and Hermes symbols the Ordinary types, especially since there is otherwise federal silver for these City is completely missing.

k

You Häntwcno dM AeUiieben BnodM. 305

MNA2] 2. Zeus 1. . . Qj Rj- DemeWr 1. AXAinN .| ENEXIN. Ae4.

AthcD, Univ. CFi»Iay. Num. Chroa. 1866 p. 31). Berlin (Prokescb, incorrectly read ANAZTÖotop by Warren p. 86).

KAE Al

1. Zeus I- jf j. Rf- Demeter 1. AXAIHN *[AAEnN. Ae5.

suffered. Athens, University Finlay (AD 1806 p. 32). — ♦irAAEHN: Warr«n p. 90 and pl. II n. 22.

2. Likewise KAEAPXOI. Rf. Likewise AXAEßN *irAAEnN: Mionnet (p. IV p. 14 n. 83) on an ex, the Bröndstedt scben collection. But the spelling of the name seems with r doubtful^ only the form can be found on the inscriptions OtaXtiSy also on the coins of the imperial era

, Zeus 1. Rf. Demeter 1. AXAIilN rrYM*AAmN Ae 4. Warren (p. 86 pl. H d. 10).

Zeus 1., 1. in the field L Rf. Demeter 1. AXAI.N TY M'|*AA[AN Ae 4. Gotha.

Likewise, behind it vertical RYOnN. Rf. Likewise AXAI nN rrYM.|- AAIflN Ae 4; pictured Berlin.

T^ea. Zeus head r. Rf. monogram (Plate VIII) without stains, City name always TE, in the olive wreath. Ar3. Weight 2.29. Berlin. Cousin^ry t. II n. 18 cl. 1. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII) in the same wreath. Ar 3'/,. Weight 2.385. Berfin.

As well. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Coueinay. n n. 18 cl. 2. Weight 2.19. ib.

19*

4. Likewise. A/. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3'/, pictured British Museum.

5. Zeas l, anter 1. in the field T Rf. Demeter 1. AXAiriN TETEA ... Ae 4. Berlin.

6. Likewise, behind it OPA2EAI. RF. Likewise. Ae 4. Berlin (Prokeach). Babington (Warren p. 90).

KAEAAP

7. Likewise ^.^ Rf. Demeter 1. AXAinN TEFEATAN. Athens,

University (AD 1866 p. 32).

Zeus 1st Rj. Demeter 1st AXAinNTEVOIAANrNfilEAS Ae 4'/,. British Museum, Lambros (Zeitschr. f. Num. II p. 1 65).

POAY

1. Zeus 1., in the field _ Rf. Demeter 1. AXAinN

0IZ-AIEnN Ae 4. Gotha. Sestini p. 43 and previously Lettere T IX p. 23 reads nOAYMHPHZ.

no AY

2. Likewise Rf. Likewise. AXAIAN ©IZ-AIAN Ae 4.

Warren (Num. Chr. 1864 p. 92). Coll. Ainslie (Sestini p. 43, previously lettered T. III Tav. 2.Bg. 9). Stephen By«. leads as Ethnikon only has the form QeicroaTijg.

Dm HäuweBsn dw AcbiUchen Band««. 267

TbelpiM.

XAPAIMA Zeus 1., YerticaJ ^ Ä/. Demeterl. AXAinN 0EAnOY2inN

Ae 4. Sestini, Descriz. Aei Museo Fonlana pl. 77 n. 1, Danuis repeated by Wairen p. 87 pl. III n. 13. So identical The coin appears to be in H. HoffimnnD's Bulletin n. 1877: with the inscriptions. . , APAZMA. Rf. ... OEAH . . . (cf. Imboof magazine. £ Num. I p. 134).

FOR Karyä, Kynätha, Orchomeno» and f^ophia are federal Coins cannot be proven.

Triphylia.

0PA CY

Zeus 1. Q R/. Demeter AXAinN YpANnN Ae 4.

Lambros (Journal for Numismatics II 163j. Coins from Leprmn and the other Tripbylian cities missing.

Messinia. AUae. Zeus 1., behind it vertical TIMOKPAT R/. Demeter I. AXAinN AZINAIHN Ae 4. Wiczay (Seslini p. 27, Uv. I n. 10). Paris (Warreo p. 91 pl. II n. 23). Babington.

Koros."

ANAPIA

1. Zeus 1., behind it vertical R/. Demeter I. AXAiaN

KOPONAIHN. Ae 4. Wiewy (Sestini p. 30 tab. II n. 15).

2. Zeus 1., behind vertical KAEAPX R/. Demeter 1. AXAinN COPNNALON. Ae 4. Vienna (Etkhel D. N. II p. 233 Sestini tab. U n. 15. Warren pl. lU n. 32).

268 R-WeU:

Hegsene«

1. Zen head r. Ä/l monogram (Plate VIII) without markings, in the erected wreath. Ar 2'/4. Weight 2.47. Berlin. Gotha.

2. Zeus head 1., good style. Rf. Monogram (Plate Viil) in erected wreath. Ar 2Vr Weight 2.45. Berlin (Prokesch). Perhaps the ones above on page 262 under Mega-

lopolis n. 11, 12 listed pieces. On the autonomous trio Bolen pieces that are a little older than those mentioned here Achaean Confederation becomes the city name iVEZ on the RJ\ Tripod set in the wreath (Hs. Head of Zeus 1., Weight 2.15 cf. Leake Num. Hell. Suppl. p. 135), JVE with and without official names is written on the autonomous copper money (Ijeake a. 0.).

3. Zeus 1., behind it vertical AE^IAS. RF- Demeter 1. AXAIHN MEZZANinN Ae 5. Berlin (Sestini p. 34 pl. 11 20). Leake (N.H. Eur. p. 6). Warren (p. 92 pl. IV n. 31).

Other official names: APFEIAZ (Berlin, Prok.) FIANTIZOS, in field R (Ramus Mus. Daniae p. I p. 164 n. 3 cf. Sestini p. 34). EYNEMHZ (?): (Wiczay. Sestini p. 35 tav. II n. 21).

For the other demonstrably independent cities in Messinia: Kyparissiay Pylos^ Mothone^ Pharae^ Abia^ Thuria have themselves Federal coins not yet found.

EUs.

1. Zeus head right. Rf. monogram (Plate VIII), without inscription: Eagle r. in the erected wreath. Ar 3. Only in Cousin^ry pl. I n. 9 cl. 4.

2. Likewise. Rf, monogram (Plate YIII) without markings only with the city name FA (also n. 3 - 8). Ar 3rd weight, 2.31 Berlin (Beger Thes. Palat. 246. Thes. Brand. I 445).

3. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.33. Berlin.

4. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.44. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II 152 n. 18). See also Cousin^ry. PI. I n. 9 cl.

The Mäniweaen of the Achilles Covenant. 269

5. Likewise, good job. Rf. Monogram (Plate YIII). Ar 2Vs. Weight 2.47. Berlin.

6. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 2»/,. Weight 2.42. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II 154 n. 43).

7. Likewise. Ä/. Monogram (plate VIJI). Ar 2V4. Weight 2.30 (guessed). Berlin (Prokesch).

8. Likewise. Ä/. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar2V,. Weight 2.40. Berlin (Prokesch).

9. Zeus head right. Rf. monogram (Plate YIII); Symbol: lightning (also n. 10-21). Ar 3'/,. Weight 2.48. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II 157 n. 72).

10. Likewise. /?/. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3«/,. Weight 2.49. Berlin. London (Number Chron. 19, 1879 plate 16). Paris (Mionnet II 157 n. 73).

11. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.31. Berlin (Prokesch).

12. Likewise. RF monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.38. Berlin. See Mionnet II 157 n. 67,

13. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Gotha.

14 Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Berlin (Pro- kesh).

15. Likewise, before that in field I<. RF monogram (Plate VIII). London (Gardner The coins of Elis p. 46 Nam. Chron. 1879. pl. 16).

16. Zeaskopf r. RF monogram (plate VHI) in the arranged Eotinos wreath of the Aach at the beginning of n. 17-21 returns Ar 3. Weight 2.28. Berlin.

17. Zeaskopf r. KAAAinnOZ. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3*/,. Weight 2.99, 2.33, 2.06 (same stamp). Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II 159 n. 87-88: 5 examples): Weight 2,296.

18. Likewise AnOAAANIOC. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3»/,. Weight 2.148. Berlin (Prokesch).

19. Likewise ©PACYA€ö>N. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3\',. London (Gardner op. p. 46. pl. 16).

L

H

270 R- Because:

20. Likewise 0AAIAPXOC. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3V2. Weight 2.45. Berlin.

21. Likewise EHINIKOS. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Ar S'/j. Weight 1.99 (used). Paris (Mionnet II 158 n. 81: Gev. 2.04 fruste et mutil^).

Other official names: AAMAinN, NIKIAZ, HANTISOZ, 4>IAOMENIOZ (Gardner Num. Chron. XIX p. 267).

22. Zeus 1. lEPnN. Rf Demeter 1. AXAiaN A AEiaN. Eckhel Num. Vet. p. 138 tab. IX fig. 7 (S. Savorgnan). Sestini p. 25, tab. I n 5.

IENAIN[E

23. Likewise, next to vertical ^ Rf. Likewise AXAIHN

AAEIHN. Ae 3V2. Berlin (Prokesch). — Another Ma- gistratsn. on the Gotha copy: ///////HENI/.

24. Likewise AAMO. . . N02 RF. Likewise. Ae 3. Berlin.

2]YAI

25. Likewise, vertical -.^_ Rf Likewise. Warren p. 86 plate II

n. 12 (Babington).

26. A coin from the Wiczay collection, Sestini tav. I n. 7 with large monogram on the back, but the image The description on page 25 doesn't agree well.

27. Zeus 1. ; 1. in the field remains of two letters. Rj. Demeter AXAIAN in front of the figure, behind it vertically (from Ajme- downwards) EIAN, the upper half of the first two letters blurred. Ae 4'/8. Formerly in the Museo Gradenigo in Venice, now in the Royal Collection in Turin. Sestini, the the coin depicting Table II n. 17 read FE on the obverse, on the RF AXAIHN EYaN, also Descr. Num. Vet. p. 182 tab. IV fig. 6, and then added j&^*Arcadiae into the A series of Achaean cities. The copy before me printing of the coin, which I thank the goodness of the Director Credit to Fabretti shows that the coin was heavily worn is. From the inscription only what is stated above can be seen. know what, as Mr. Fabretti said in his letter

3ik

The monetary system of the Ach&ischen Band. 271

correctly noted^ can only be added in AA]EIX1N. There- also appears in the description of the coin of Ka- talogs Welzl I p. 165 n. 3990 there is a reading error.

Laconia.

Lacedaemon

1. Zeus head right. Rf. Monogram (Plate YIII) in the upright laurel wreath; the two Dioscuri hats are regular epithet. Ar 3. Weight 2:13. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II 153 n. 37).

2. Likewise. Rf, monogram (Plate VIII). Naples (Fiorelli Catal. d. National Museum. Mon. Grecche p. 143 n. 7181).

3. Likewise. Rf, monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3'/,. Weight 2.47. Berlin. Paris (Mionnet II p. 157 n. 68),

4. Likewise. Rf, monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.37. Berlin (Prokesch).

5. Likewise. RF monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.35. Berlin (Prokesch). Paris (Mionnet II 151 n. 8 cf. p. IV. 9 u. 51 [cousin^ry]).

6. Likewise. Rf. Monogram (Plate VIII). Cousin^ry I 1 1 cl. 1 . Berlin. (Weight 2.38).

7. Likewise. RF monogram (plate VID). Ar 3. Weight 2.20. Berlin.

8. Likewise. RF monogram (Plate VIII). Ar 3. Weight 2.28. Berlin (Prokesch).

The upper monogram ^ or ^ , — the latter with identical to that of Argos, sometimes with a strong decrease extended middle hasta at the top, as if there was a in it, can only be resolved into AA, the beginning of the city name like he is located on the autonomous laconic silver next to the Dios- Kurenhuten finds. — Copper money is outdated for Laconia of the federal government has not yet been proven.

272

R. Weil: The MSN system of the Aebäiachen Band.

i

List of mints.

Page

Aegion K.S 242

Aegira K.S 243

Alea K256

Alipbeira K 256

Argos K.S 251

Asea K 257

Asioe K 267

Dipaia K 257

Dyme K.S 243

Elis K.S 268

Elispbasioi K 257

Epidaurus K. S 254

Gorty's K 258

Herea K 258

Hermiooe K. 255

Hypana K 267

Kallista K 258

Kaphyä K. S 259

Keryneia K.S 245

Kleitor K.S 255

Kleonä K 255

Corinth K. S 249

Page

Korone K 267

Lakedimon — S 271

Lusoi K 260

{Mantinea—S 260

Antigoneia K.S 261

Megaiopolis K.S 262

Megara K.S 250

Messene K.S 267

HethydriOD K 264

Paga K 250

Pallantion E.S 264

Paträ — S 246

Fellene K. S 247

Pheneos K.S 264

Phigalia K 265

Phlins K 249

Sikyon K.S 247

Stymphalos K. ..... 265

Tegea K.S. ..... 265

Teuthis K 266

Theisoa K 266

Thelpusa K 267

R. Weil.

Zritsrrhin (ir Nflmisnillk IX.

z^,^;^

^11

Jm

v?\ m

I ^$»i

^viH^

WJ

Berlin. WVidniuHrisilie Biirhhaiiilloiis.

On Brandenburg's coinage.

II.

Addendums to the first section.

1. Margrave Otto IL, 1184-1205.

ÜTO (faintly visible, but unmistakable) the helmeted one Margrave with sword and flag, below on his left side the shield, a turret under his right hand. (Collection from Mr L.-G.-Raths Bardt zu Frankfurt a. 0.). Plate V. No. 25.

2. Denarius from the beginning of the 14th century.

The Margrave with bow and arrow Rf. of Brandenburg Helmet in a wreath decorated with six roses. Plate V. No. 26. (As I later found out, in Rau XVII, 19).

The Hf occurs several times (Weidhas IX, II, IIa, 14 and 14 a), while similar /?/. ibid, plates X, 4 b and 5 appear, However, there with a wreath, here with a crown instead Helms. All of these denarii are from the time of the Bavarian market counts, but this one seems to be of better content, so to be older. Also No. 24 plate IH. Year 1880 (Vol. XH.) of Viennese numism. Magazine It should be mentioned where the Margrave is is depicted with two arrowheads between 2 eagle shields.

3. Correction. That of Köhne (IV p. 50) and Reichel (IV. No. 175) Albrecht III. assigned bracteate (Vol. VHl p. 175 No. 21 Plate III No. 21 d. Z.), like other specimens, has me have taught, his hometown is probably in Silesia.

4. I have the contents of Micheudorf's find above (Vol. VUI. P. 186) cannot be stated exactly and completely everywhere can.

In the former respect it should be added that the bracteate P. 189 No. 60 (Plate VI, 60) the inscription BRÄVHDfcBV on the

274 H. Dannenber^:

wall supporting two towers with RS - OTO continues, so that his previously highly probable affiliation with Otto I. so that it is completely secured. The arrangement of the inscription is reminiscent Incidentally, to a bracteate of the abbess Beatrix at the same time V. Quedlinburg, 1138-1161 (Stenzel Freckleben Plate III No. 57 a).

The following denarius (half bracteate) is subsequently added. came to light.

Albert the Bear.

a) o^oBoLoIff (also declining: Albert) the Margraviate

in helmet and armor, with shouldered flag and shield which has an eight-pointed star. Rf. V ARB -|- (i.e. back- common: + BRAHDBV) a tree between two towers or Palm branch, on an arch in which a star, as well on both sides of the tree.

Illustrated and explained p. 29 in v. Sallet's treatise “on the oldest coinage and history of Brandenburg^, Berlin 188P). The high value of this coin*) does not need to be emphasized to be raised, it closes closely to the denarii from Heinrich -Przybislaw, and serves in particular to to take his place in the following previously unrecognized character.

b) S. . . EBLEDÄ -f- Bust portrait between two above towers connected by an arch. Rf. (transcription illegible) Building between two trees or palm trees.

When Leitzmann published this semi-bractate, one would be Allocation of the same to our Albrecht in the absence of any evidence points would have been more than daring and would have been difficult to believe found. That's why I was able to use it when I put it into my work about “the German coins of the Saxon and Franconian Ice Age”. (No. 638 and 638 a) only its allocation to the one created in 1130

1) Special reprint from Vol. VIII p. 249 d. Z

2) The image of a second copy in £. Babrfeldt's .Bractate found Ton Micbendorf (Berlin 1881)* is flawed, it is the same coin, and the Representation of a bust portrait erroneous, see numism. Literature sheet 1881 3-87.

On Randenborgian coinage. 275

said Abbot Adalbero of Nienburg a. S. repeat. Now We are better informed by Michendorf^). — All these coins share with two of Przybislaw the rare peculiarity, that the inscriptions run backwards^ the individual books but not accordingly wrong, but correctly are provided. — The last coin in question has a Halberstadt factory, So one may believe that Albrecht was her |in his capacity As the guardian of Halberstadt, he also had him beaten later the bracteates, which depict him alongside Bishop Ulrich (v. Ludvng introduction p. 108, 124 and 185, Stenzel Freck- live plate I, 17). By the way, the protruding coin suffers the p. 174 vol. VHI d. Timeline done saying that the first Denarii in the mark from the brothers Otto H., Heinrich and Albrecht II, no change, because with the same one of course only to actual denarii, such as those described there. spoken, not those in the form of semi-bracteates occurring denarii, which were already known from Przybislaw back then were.

Also worth mentioning is the new episode in Köhne, p. 335 suffered, g described denarius of the SchoUehner find: HE OS thro- A bearded prince with a flag, facing right. Rf. A seated Armored man with flag and shield, facing right.

In the imaginary Sallet's writing p. 14 this coin related to Przybislaw and Albrecht, and through this interpretation good reasons supported, but with the difference of the inscriptions on the various copies — I- 1 E S is interpreted to Heinricus and A to Adelbertus - not everyone Eliminate doubts. So at least you like these denarii Henry's first impression, which, together with his “mighty” current neighbors, friends and heres regni, the Margrave Al- break** represent.

1) It is not plagiarism if I do not p. 339 Vol. VIII d. Z. cite, because independently and at the same time we both have, Mr. t. Ballet and I, this development cover, the accuracy of which only gains in strength.

27B H. Daaoenber^:

Seehausen.

H. E. Bahrfeldt sets in the XIII. Year I, issue p. 6 of the Wiener nnmisniatic magazine his publication by Brandenburger Coins continue, under -.^.enen as the. most important the following, a Side piece to the ibid. year XIL Ta£ III, 21 p. 134 - see d. Magazine Vol. XIII 186 — it should be emphasized:

The margrave with two flags. Rf. XCIVIQTRAHS (a. a.0. Plate IL 21a, p. 10).

So the RF is exactly the same as the first one by the same author published denarius. If Mr. B. has any doubts about the Correct allocation of the same by Seehausen attributes, provided When I quote his description, I buy this denarius I have referred to the alleged Seehansener, so I have to point out that Note that I do, however, provide a more detailed justification for this allocation missed. And when you consider that Seehausen left (west) of the Elbe, but initially the name ducatus Transalbinus can be assumed to have come from Magdeburg may, in such a way that they are located east of the Elbe area seems to be going^ although Riedel (the Mark Brandenburg in 1250 Vol. I p. 67) says that the jGe- Area east of the Elbe to Dahme called ducatus Transalbinus has been documented, it will be admitted that one better justification than by simply citing Buchholz' History of the Chunnark Brandenburg is to be desired would be. Incidentally, this also corresponds to Rieder's statement the YI. Map in Spruner's histor. Atlas, on which as ducatus Transalbinus describes the area from Frose, Burg to Jerichow is, the part of the Mittelmark that is today just like the other Altmark, which lies on the side (west) of the Elbe, belongs to the province of Saxony is calculated. It should be remembered here that the dynasts of Frieze who emerged from the Jerichow tribe sack (see p. 178 vol. YIII of the current era) had the sea leaf in the coat of arms. There is still enough material for research there.

On Brandenburg coinage. 277

III.

\ The last finds of older Brandenburg coins.

Recent times have not been sparse of such finds, which is our knowledge of the oldest Brandenburg coin system expanded to an unimagined extent and corrected many times. It It would therefore be useful to provide a brief overview of them to give and at the same time as Eoehne's epoch-making period Letters about Brandenburg. Coin history (Koehne, Zeitschr. Vol to include the Bünstorf find.

In terms of age and importance, the following is at the top:

1. The Michendorf find.

After the same, as already noted, by the gentlemen E. Bahrfeldt and v. Sallet requires a complete processing can refer to these writings. Just a short one However, it would not be unwelcome to provide information about the contents of the find

1. Przybislaw, denarius (half bracteate), with rider« i^, Ge- building. — Eoehne III, 11. Grote Münzstud. I, Tct III, 1-5. Weidhas I, 11.

2. Przybislaw with his wife Petrissa. — Vol. VIII, Plate VI, 57 d. Z. SaUet p. 1 2. Bahrf. p. 2 and* 8.

3. Albrecht the Bear. The premeditated denarius (jSalbbrak teat), supposedly only in 1 example. found. Sallet p. 29*).

4. do. bracteate. HSflaJA •!> Rider. — Vol. Vm, T«f VI 58. SaUet p. 16. Bahrf. p. 6.

5. Thu. Hh BRANDEBVR6 Bust over a Mwier Vol. VIII Plate VI 59 d. Z. v. Sallet p. 18. Bahrf. p. 6 i«id 7.

^. Otto I, bracteate, with seated margrave. Vol. VIII

Plate III 10. V. Sallet p. 21. Bahrf p. 7. 7th Thursday BRÄMÖBBVI16 and next to the standing part Margrave

1) Bahrfeidt't copy of the same coin is said to have a different mh u r ^ etipmen ; the inaccuracy of his image. P. 6 is already mentioned above

v

\

278 AD Dannenberg:

OTTO. — Mader 11 Experiment III, 59th v. Sollet p. 21. Bahr' p. 9.

8th Thursday BRKVNöeBV — RS — OTO, Vol. Vin, Plate V ^'.0. V. Sallet p. 23. Bahrf. P. 10 (where the OTO b .exte feUt).

9th Thursday OTTO BRÄ-HD. - Vossberg, seal d. M. Brandb. Plate III, 1st v. Sallet p. 23. Bahrf. p. 9.

10th Thursday BUÄHDeBVRG— OTTO building.— Made a try

III, 55. V. Sallet p. 23. Bahrf. p. 8. IL do. BRAHDtBVRGCNS. —Mader a. a. 0. IV, 70. v. SaUet

^3. Bahrf. S.S. 12. V6. Magdeburg, denarius with illegible inscription, like

Grote Bl. f. Coin Studies II, Plate XX, 298 and 299, Dannen-

berg, German coins No. 656.

This is probably the oldest coin found. U. do. Archbishop Eonrad I, 1134-42. Denarius (half bracteate) with

forwarded Bust portraits, like Grote Münzstud. III plate 12 b

#2.

15th Thursday The same, or Archb. Friedrich I. 1142-52. bracteate. + SOS MAVRICIVS, the left-handed. Bust portrait of a warrior gers, without halo. — Koehne according to F. Plate XIV, 18.

16th Thursday (Erzb. Wichmann? 1152-92) Bracteate. SC-S SBAV RICIVS«DVX* under a three-and-a-half occupied by buildings Arch the bust of the saint with sword and flag, over a wall reinforced with two towers. — Bahrf. P. 13 No. 18.

17. Bracteate SCS-offinVRICIVSoDVXo under one with three Euppel towers and two Eureuz sticks occupied three £EU2hen Arch the bust of the saint with flag and shield" - Bahrt p. 13 no. 16 0-

Regarding the numerical ratio^ in which these coins were mixed, Bahrfeldt only knows how to state that No. 16

1) The Abbüdnojgf is not gentLU insofar as they believe listi, the Bmtt- picture steep but a ledge, which is not the case

On the ßrandenbuigi certificate. 279

was represented in larger numbers and v. Sallet testifies to the same thing from No. 6. Since then, however, so much has been said that, from... Seen fully the others only scattered in a few pieces Magdeborgem also No. 11 only sparsely represented, the Przybislaws but, especially those with Petrissa and the Älbrechts numbered were rich and the whole find actually amounted to about 1700 pieces.

What always remains remarkable is that of Albrecht the Bear none of his known stamps, and Przybislaw himself not the denarius plate III 1, vol. YIII d. Z. has had it affected. This may be due to their rarity, while the absence of the other bracteates from Otto their explanation by the earlier, In any case, the burial took place while his father was still alive of the treasure (see p. 189 vol. VIU current) may receive, even yourself Some of Albrecht's bracteates may have been discovered later. assume standing time. Aach the lack of all Jakzas gives up their later minting close.

Because of the great gain that our knowledge of the early Most of Brandenburg's history was drawn from this find I would like to refer to the excellent statements in v. Sallet's on drawn lettering.

2. The discovery of Boemencia.

This only consisted of a few hundred bracteates per year 1878 in the Altmark near the village of Bömenzien in the Osterburg district treasure, also contained, apart from one, presumably Wettin^- Only see six Brandenburg stamps, but there are a few of them new and interesting. The most numerous were:

1) The new bracteate (from Otto II?), who depicts the helmeted margrave with a sword and Showing a flag between two tower buildings. — Grote Münzstud. III Plate IX, 43.

1) Daelie in Norwefron, burial site after 1192. Written by Holnbo« and then from Groto ia mioob Mfinattnd. III p. 949.

90

280 ^' IHnnenbergt

Both of them are also known for the same discovery following:

2. OTO MAR - CO the Margrave helmeted, with flag and Shield, between two towers. — Edhne I, plate XTT, 7th coin city III, plate IX, 38. Schlumberger bract. d'All. I, 4. Only 7 examples

3. OTO MARI the helmeted margrave with sword and Flag with a shield ajar. — Köhne I, plate XII, 5. Coin stud. III, plate IX, 36.

What was new, however, were the following: 4 OTO— MTtPDO the helmeted margrave with sword and Flag, a ball under each arm. — 9 copies

5. OTTO the helmeted margrave with flag and shield, above which a cross, below next to the flagpole one clover plant.

6. Building with a tin turret in the middle and two larger domed towers on the side; floats above it Key and the hand of God stretches out from above in blessing. 9 examples

Undoubtedly correctly, Mr. v. Graba, to whom we have a The processing of this find owes ' ), to these bracteates to Count Heinrich von Gardelegen (1184 - 92), with whom Denarii he shows a significant resemblance, while he No. 1 the youngest of the three brothers, Albrecht H., Count of Arneburg in whose area the site is located.

By the way, it deserves to be noted that Count Heinrich minted in Salzwedel, which belonged to Albrecht's possessions, Albrecht himself, on the other hand, in Stendal, a town owned by his brother Henry.

3. The discovery of Seelensdorf. I prefer this one in 1876 not far from the city of Brandenburg

1) In the XIX. Annual report d. Altm&rk. Qesh. club, t. 1879. There are The above coins are shown, respectively under numbers 6, 1, 8, 3, 4 and 7.

Znr BrandonbaiipMlieii Mint Cans. 281

Mr. Lange already has a treasure in Nos. 55 and 56 d. ßl. f. Monztreande pp. 428 and 441 reported to the same but the deposits that are so necessary, especially with silent coins, bUdongen are missing, so it seemed useful to include this find report in the Essentially to be repeated, especially since there are some additions needs. Here, too, I didn't have the entire find before me can only say that they were very considerable in number, and even the part that came to my attention was the festival the position of the number ratio of the individual parts to each other very similar character even more so due to poor expression as greatly hampered by poor preservation. Good Of course, there are thousands of copies of the written bracteates Countable treasures are therefore still rare.

The mants, all bracteates, are distributed like that Michendorfer, only in Brandenburg and Magdeburg, those so far They bear inscriptions, all by Otto, undoubtedly the second (1 184-1205).

1. OTTO—SßARICOO the margrave in a cloak with a sword and flag, to his left the shield. Plate Y, 1. — p. 262 no. 2 Vol. IV d. Z., Bl. f. Münzfireunde p. 428 No. 1 >)•

2. SßnRIIO— • aST • OTTO the similarly depicted but helmeted margrave plate V, 2. - p. 262 no. 1 vol. IV. d. Z., Sheet f. Munzfreunde p. 428 No. 2.

3. MRRII-0 • OTTO the margrave in a cloak with a sword and flag. Plate V, 3. — p. 268 No. 3 Vol. IV d. Z., BL for Coin Friends p. 429 No. 6.

4. OTTO 0— 1 1 TtRICOO the helmeted margrave with a sword and flag, with the shield standing to his left. Plate V, 4. — Uim. St. Pet VI Plate XVHl, 40, p. 262 No. 4 Vol. IV d. Z Sheet f. MOnzfreunde p. 428 No. 4 >).

1) The transcriptions do not always completely agree, which is due to the clarity of the specimens is entachaldif^t.

2) None of my two, nor one of the ones I used to score goals ▼earns the name “thin coin” given to it here.

20*

282 H- DannenbeiY:

5. OT—TO- the helmeted margrave with flag and eagle- shield, a bullet over his left shoulder. Plate V, 5. — P. 263 No. 8 Vol. IV d. Z. BL f. Münzfrd. P. 429 No. 5.

6. OTOO helmeted bust with sword and flag along with shield; Plate V, 6. — Köhne I Plate XII, 10, Manzstud. III Plate IX, 39., p. 262 No. 5 Vol. IV. d. Z., BL f. Münzfrd. p. 428 No. 3.

It is certainly questionable whether the inscription is as stated is, or not rather ODDO, as in Köhne, or OTDO, like y. Sallet believes; also by comparing different examples The doubt cannot be solved.

7. OTT • the Margrave in the cloak, with sword and flag, under which the shield stands. Plate V, 7. — Bl. f. Münzfrd. P. 429 No. 7.

8. OTTO the helmeted margrave with sword and flag, between two domed towers. Plate V, 8. — p. 263 No. 6 Vol. IV d. Z., Bl. f. Münzfreunde p. 429 No. 9.

I read OTTO, v. But Sallet and Lange have OTO.

9. OTT as well, but two crenellated towers resting on arches. Plate V, 9. — Sheet f. Münzfreunde p. 429 No. 8.

10. In a frame of five arches the helmeted (?) Margrave with sword and flag - Plate V, 10th - BL f. Coin - friends p. 441 no. 14.

11. The helmeted margrave with a sword in an arched frame and flag. — Plate V, 11. - Bl. f. Münzfrd. P. 441 No. 10a.

12. The Margrave with sword and shield, above the latter a cross. Plate V, 12. — Sheet f. Münzfreunde p. 441 No. 11.

13. The helmeted margrave with sword and flag along with shields standing on the ground; one next to his right foot Lily. Plate V, 13. — Bl. f. Münzfrd. P. 441 No. 12.

14. The Margrave as well, below next to him on each page a lily and a ball above it. Plate V, 14. — sheet f. coin friends p. 441 no. 13.

15. The Margrave, holding the edge of the in his right hand-

^^

On the Brandenbargi surface hen research. 283

touching the sword with his left hand; to his left side • stands the shield, with what appears to be an R over his left shoulder. Tai V, 15.

One might ask whether not from these silent bracteates No. 10 - 15 one or the other of Otto II's brothers Heinrich and Albrecht II listened; but since on the one hand they are among themselves, on the other hand on the other hand, by virtue of their factory in general and their strong silver sheet metal with the others, especially numbers 7, 8 and 9, the un- have the most recognizable family ties, including Heinrich only for a short time and little, Albrecht but mainly denarii seems to have shaped, the greater truth probably speaks Probability for Otto, who sees all the inscriptions as a coin herm call.

The remaining coins are Magdeburg, namely:

16. Saint Maurice with sword and flag, between two Thuimen sitting. — Plate V, 16. — Sheet f. Münzfird. p. 442 No. 17.

17. The saint with a sword and a palm tree between two Towers sitting. Plate V, 17. — Münzstud. III, plate X, 58. — Bl. f. Münzfrd. P. 442 No. 18.

18. Bust of the saint with sword and cross staff above a building with the archbishop's head in the arch seems. — Plate V, 18. — Bl. f. Münzfrd. P. 442 No. 19.

19. Bust of the saint in a three-arched frame Sword and flag, above an arch. — Plate V, 19. — Sheet f. Coin currency P. 442 No. 21.

20. Above a decorated arch the bust of the saint with sword and cross staff. — Plate V, 20. — Bl. f. Münzfrd. P. 442 No. 22.

21. Above an arch bust portrait of the saint with a flag and shield, above the latter a cross. — Plate V, 21. — Sheet f. Coin currency P. 442 No. 20.

The last two species, numbers 20 and 21, were special numerous.

284 H. Dannenberg:

22. SCS WTtVRICI over a decorated arch the chest image of the saint with cross staff and palm branch, between two domed towers. — Plate V, 22 1).

23. SC- SßnVRICIVS similar bust under one with four domed towers occupied arches. — Plate V, 23. — Coin stud. III Plate X, 57.

24 JKÄVRIC the saint with cross staff and palm branch. — Plate V, 24. — Münzstud. IH Taf X, 56. — sheet for Coin currency P. 441 No. 16.

Lange's report finally mentions (Bl. f. Münzfrd. p. 441 no. 15)

25. of a cut bracteate with a standing, in the princes on the right holding a sword, under the sword button a star, next to the sword DVX.

So that would presumably be a Bernhard, the only one not piece of the whole belonging to Brandenburg or Magdeburg great treasure.

By the way, these coins reveal, as Mr. Lange already pointed out, has noticed, for the most part at least the hand of the same stamp schneiders, and it is between Brandenburgers and Magdeburgers no difference noticeable.

4. The discovery of lastlings.

For a few years this was done in the Altmark (district Gardelegen) Doife occupy a number of bracteates, the ver- take after about 200^ excavated, of which I only about I saw 15 pieces. These were all from the same building embossed, with MARGHIO IS€HDAL€ and the standing mark- counts (vol. VIII, plate HI, 16th century), but so indistinctly that only On one copy the transcription was legible. The reason here- of is less to be found in poor preservation than in poorer condition expression, or more precisely in that here, as on most

1) Nos. 22 and 23 are missing from Lange (Rl. f. Münzfrd.), but were in that Ant heile of the local king. museum.

k

Znr Branden Burgenian monks. 285

Stacks of the two previous related finds writings are placed on the sloping edge, as already V. Graba p. 10 a. a. 0. noticed - All three of these finds are pretty much the same age.

5. A find of denarii Albrecht's IL

About 7 to 8 years ago the previously very rare, only denarii found in ßimstorf with bust portrait Rj\ three Thur- men and on both sides TtLBtRTeSTHÄL or similar (Köhne III Plate X, 10, Weidhas I, 18, ßd. VIU plate III, 18a d. Z.) in some copies on the market, which are undoubtedly sold in the market are found. Further information provided to me by the purchaser I haven't been able to receive them yet. From the None of Albrecht's other characteristics seem to have occurred, But I like the silent denarius, which also appeared at Bunstorf. has been shown submerged (Vol. VII Plate V, 21).

All of these finds were made on Brandenburg soil Therefore, apart from Magdeburgers, only Brandenburg characteristics can be found. hold. It's different with

6. The Bunstorf find,

which I have dealt with in this magazine Vol. YII p. 352. This one, the youngest of all, since it dates back to around 1225, Although it only contains a small amount of Brandenburg, it can but because of its importance it should not be overlooked here. the; In addition to the old denarii from Albrecht II, he also has us those delivered which mediate the transition to the following period, also a number of Salzwedel bracteates and especially some from those silent denarii of very delicate, smooth fabrication (pasture has 11, 7, 8, 11, 12), the most beautiful Brandenburg denarius Mainly, which has so far been attributed to the triumvirate Otto IL, Heinrich and was used to be attributed to Albrecht II, but now it is The reason for this find dates back to a later period, around 1220 must.

286 H. Dannenherg: On Braid6nbiii]g;i8ehen coinage.

No less important for the BraDdenburg coinage history Significant, already thought-out find by Daelie is only needed here the mention, since it falls before Köhne's treatise, and therefore has already been appreciated by him.

For the sake of completeness, I would also like to refer to Stenzel's processed large “bractate find from Freckleben*” (Berlin 1862) and the bracteates described by me (Köhnö n. F. p. 290). found, the one probably towards the end of the 12th century. century Otherwise, this one was probably buried in 1185. That one has us, from written stamps apart, with a new bracteate of Albrecht the Bear (with KDLTV and half-length portrait) known makes, and another with his and Bishop Ulrich's chest delivered, this one includes the bracteates of the same margrave JßTCRCHIO.KLBe and with MCO— ED.

Now let's take a look at the ones touched on above Finds, we have a picture of the Brandenburg coin system before us, as it was in the most ancient times, from its first appearance beginning around the year 1125 to around the year 1225 has wrapped up, only an approximately 20-year gap is visible Otto I, from whom the coinage dates from the time of his sole rule missing if they are not partly among the silent people of Freckleben Bracteates are to be looked for. How significant the enrichments that we owe to these discoveries, we will true if we read the relevant section in Köhne's Examining letters, especially the numismatics of Albrecht dem Bears and Otto II appears brand new, and came away empty-handed actually just Jakza. Whether this one, although already so rich, once will gain through finds from Central Brandenburg?

H. Dannenberg.

£in denarius of Bishop Haimbert or Uegm1)ert of Teidun

(1024-1039).

E6r(HP)T . S i- I.S v.T-.-l.stretched bust of the Virgin Maria, almost from the front, slightly to the right Rf. + HATT , . . A. Church portal. — Weight 1.21 Gb-amm.

How deceptive the German denarii from pre-Hohe StauGscher period are often all characteristics that are for the later Time usually the local fixation of a coin without inscription or enable it with unreadable transcription, I already have that P. 23 of my work on “the German coins of the sfichs. and Franconian Ice Age" carried out and in the manner described above Experience denarii again. I have the same one several times ago received years ago from my late friend Karl Beyer, with the following inscription: "Bishop Egilbert. RATT ...h Regens- castle? Freising?" Beyer was not unacquainted with these coins. zen that occurred to him more often and I was able to do so in the present one Just share his view because the church building shows strong resemblance to that of a Regensbarger denarius

Henry III (Dannenberg 1099) and the E61 of the Hf. led

so naturally to Egilbert, the bishop of Freising and Ur- lifter of the denarius Dannenb. 1116. That the latter Oenar is such a has a completely different character, could be an obstacle for this

Don't give a statement. But the RATT A

contrary, because even if you are in it with a completely unusual The form of the name Ratispona can be seen by doubling the T wanted, the question would always remain unanswered: how could the Bishop of Freisingen shaped Regensburg? where could it be? the Duke and the Bishop of Regensburg were entitled to coins.

288 Bin Denarius of Bishop Raimbert etc.

So I wasn't satisfied with this explanation and did some research after a less worrying one. For a long time in vain until I finally- Lich paid greater attention to the circumstances that the coin on the Hj\ at least the clearest traces of stamp retraction carries, as a result, especially the ^ of the Ef, only as - er- seems. It seemed to be permissible to believe that through this Shifting the stamp the first letter is printed that, especially since the 6 most definitely has a double stroke shows and the letters following E6I first in As a result of the same mistake, they have become so unclear that they absolutely exclude any particular reading. With this Consideration was the solution to the riddle that I was almost working on desperate, almost found, all I had to do was find myself inside that Rambert, Raimbert is the French name for the German Reginbert is. So now I believe that the right one Reading of the HJ. * REGIHPTVSEbS is; lives freely then the Hattonis Castrum of the RF. We learned from that- The same bishop already had three denarii, all of which were given to him by Rambert name, and two of the same (Dannenb. 103 and 1363) come from also from Hatton-chatel, but bear the head of the bishop, while here we first see the image of the Mother of God, who then, admittedly as a profile head, under Bishop Theodoric (1046-r-1089) and his successor become stereotyped. Also from Hatton-ch&tel is the anonymous denarius Dannenb. 101, whose company building is somewhat similar to ours.

If I choose from the not very small number of denarii, which I will later use in an addendum to my book. public commemoration, exceptionally highlighting this one, like this This is mainly done to make it clearer to any owners to cause Ehcemplare to communicate them, so that my experience Attempted clarification is either confirmed or refuted. With I conclude with this request.

H. Dannenberg.

fk

The Paretz coin find.

The Paretz on the Havel is in the Potsdam administrative district JD a silver find was plowed up this summer. After the a going-out ceremony for the local preacher, Mr. R. Scholz There were di(! coins in a small urn made of gray clay, which was covered with a field stone. It only contained about 40 to 45 occi den talic coins and a small number of fragments of such, also fragments of Arabic coins, few larger ones and several hundred small ones; of chopped silver jewelry I only noticed a few pieces of Arabic work.

The majority of the Occidental MS scenes, 31 pieces, have Mr. Prediger Schulz was kind enough to act on behalf of the finder to be sent to the Coin Cabinet; all the others were there before sent by an investigator to Mr. Rentier Lange in Potsdam whoever had the courtesy to send it to me to look at send. I would like to express my thanks to both gentlemen here.

Which are common here as in almost all finds of this era Oriental coins are undoubtedly due to the Amber stone bandel reached the north and then disappeared during the war. been dug.

Almost all of the finds known so far are in the Th&lern of the Oder and Vistula, their tributaries, and on the was discovered on the Baltic Sea coast, the present one makes an taking,

It was buried around 970, there are finds from a long time ago

290 J- Friedlaender:

rare^ the one by Obrzycko^ which I published earlier is un- dangerous at the same time, probably a little later; most of the finds are 40 to 50 years younger.

German coins.

Descriptions are not necessary here, the quotes from Mr Dannenberg's excellent work is sufficient. If the number of If copies are not specified, only one is available.

Cologne, Otto I. 962-973. D. 329 a. A second copy has * ODDO REN * (2 ex. and 3 fragments).

Mainz. Otto I 962-973. D.776.

Mainz? A poorly preserved coin, perhaps D. 777, maybe 1162.

Speier. Otto I 962-973. D. 825. (2 copies).

Strasbourg. Bishop Erkambold and Otto I 965 - 973. D. 930. (2 copies).

Alemannia. Usually given to Duke Otto I 973 - 982 Allotted coin, D. 1271. The doubts expressed there on this allocation are confirmed by our finding, since the Years of reign of Duke Otto I 973 - 982 are not entirely correct would suit the rest. So these coins will probably belong to another Otto. On the coins described below zens of Pavia and Milan are Emperors Otto I and Otto U. called together. Would it be impossible for the same thing to happen here? case is? The word OTTO would then be on the similar coins Heinrichs H. has become a type, like the Carolingian mono- gram is based on the Lorraine Otto I type. But speak Of course, this hypothesis is contradicted by the fact that such a governing community Although it occurs several times on Italian coins, it does appear on German coins but has not yet been observed.

Metz, Otto I. 962-978. The rare coin with Otto's names and the Carolingian monogram, which is in Loth- wrestling had become typical. D. 1153.

"k

The Manzfond Ton Ptretz. 291

Basel, King Eonrad of Burgond. 937 - 993. The coins I first correctly identified this king in the Obrzycko find determined and the allocation is explained in detail. The previous The one lying is the one with the Savior's head, which I have in the Journal for Numismatics Th. V, p. 283. (2 copies).

Augsburg, Bishop Udalrich 923-973. D. 1019. with the Name ASSO. (1 ex. and 1 fragment).

Regensburg, Duke Heinrich I. 948 - 955. D. 1057 g, ^ is in the field on all 3 copies. The monetaries are here ERH, WO, OZI (3 ex. and 7 fragments).

Regensburg, a wild imitation.

Wendish coins, D. 1325. (10 copies and a half piece).

Foreign cities.

Italy.

Pavia, Hugo and his son Lothar 931-945. *VCO LOHTARIVI, in the field | } | Ä/. +DIITIANA REL/ (for XPIS-

TIANA REÜgio), in the field J^' BeUini Th. IV Plate X, I.

Pavia, Berengar U. and his son Adelbert, 950 - 964.

+ BERENGARIVS, in the field REf. Rj\ ALBERTVS RE, in the field

P.A.

p^' (2 copies) see the woodcut above this essay.

Bellini Th. IV, p. 67 says that this coin is “smnmae rari- tatis"" and depicts it on Plate X No. II.

Pavia, Otto I and Otto II 962—973. + EMPEROR, in

OPA.

Fields TT R/. OTTO PIVS REX, im Felde p a

The common coin (5 copies).

^

292 J. Friedlaender:

Milan, Otto I and Otto II 962-973.

tOTTO ET JTEM, in the field h^h Rf. DIO

O^+IMrE

I^IME LAN See the woodcut about this set.

Two copies, which appear in the Revue namismatique 1866

P. 120 are published, have DIO and DIO

+IME *IME

FHIE GLUE

FAN LAN

The lines are common on Milanese coins of this era disguised, nxan has to read the four lines in this episode: 2, 1, 4, 3, so on our copy the inscription reads: HhlMFEDIO LAN I, BUCKETS.

IMFE means ME, the inset is I and F Stamp error, the other two copies have IME. The I,EIME I don't know how to explain, you have to analogize the two. whose copies probably read LEIME; Monetary names are unusual here. The encouragement expressed in the review, This word meaning llAPErator is certainly erroneous. There too said that the coin was minted in 972 when the two emperors were in May country goods, this. is possible, but it can also happen in everyone else year of her reign.

Rome, Pope John XIII. 965 - 972. 1OHs

Half of a poorly pronounced denarius with PAPA

OTTO,

on the Rf. +SCS PETRVS (with lying S), in the field that Monogram ROMA.

Promis monete dei Papi Plate IX, 2.

The allocation is probably correct since John XIL, 955 to 964, has other types, while Leo YIII, 964 - 965 has the types our coin has.

The man also found Paretz. 29p

France. King Odo, 888-896.

fGRATIA D— I RI in the field ODO R/\ LIMO VC AS CVS (i.e.

+ CrVIS), in the cross field.

The S in LIMOVCAS and CVS are horizontal, the two O

in ODO have this form iQi. Limoyicas is Limoges. Berry,

Th. I, p. 206, plate XVUI 2 is very similar.

England.

King Eadred, 946-955.

Half of the coin with EADRED RCX, in the field

small cross. Rj,

OSFE

+ + + RDM

• Ruding, Plate 20., No. 22, is similar. On our copy The letters OSF are missing, so it could be a different name . . be earth, but I can't find any. M is Monetarius.

The Arabic coins were made by Dr. Erman investigates, he communicates the following:

“Larger fragments found:

1. Khalif el Muqtadir between 908 and 932.

2. Chalif el Muttaqi or a simultaneous prince minting place missing; the year is 33« d. Fl. Since el Muttaqi only until 334 ruled, the coin falls between 941 and 944 AD.

3. Khalif er Radi billah; at Basra, year 323/4? d. R AD 93').

4. Barbaric imitation of a Samanid coin, probably of (Ismail) ibn Ahmed. Certainly minted after 895.

294 J' Friedlaender:

5. Samanid Nasr ibn Ähmed^ to Samarkand minted between 913 and 943.

6. Coin from a Buweihiden with the year 33", i.e between 330 and 339 the escape d. h. 941 and 951 AD

In addition, a large number of small fragments, of which... very few belong to older Cbalifen. They are more common later Khalifas from the first decades of the 10th century; the majority are Samanid coins. The latest ones belong the Samanid Abdalmelik and are between 954 and 961 f^e- shapes; but only two of these exist."

In order to determine the time of the excavation, I leave in the The following list includes all coins that only have the name Otto have, but take up those which two Ottonians together name, because only Otto I and Otto II can do this. be. Likewise I let Duke Henry I of Baiem leave

Pavia, Hugo and Lothar IL. . . 931-945

— Berengar IL and Adalbert. 950-964

— Otto L and Otto IL ... 962 — 973 Milan, Otto I and Otto IL. . . 962-973

Rome, Pope John XIII 965 - 972

France, King Odo 888-896

England, King Eadred 946-955

Augsburg, bishop usual .... 923-973 Strasbourg, Bishop Erkambold. . 965—991 Basel, King Conrad of Burgundy. 937-998

Khalif Muqtadir 908-932

Khalif el Muttaqi ....... 941 - 944

Chahf er Kadi billah 935

Ismail ibn Ahmed after 895

Nasr ibn Ahmed 913-948

A Buweihide with 33,941—951

Abdahnelik 954-961

So there are coins that were certainly minted after 965 are, this is the earliest year in which the Fnnd was buried

The Men's Trail by Paretz. 295

can. The latest can be assumed to be around 973. The coins Eonrad's from Burgond and Erkambold's from Strassborg need not from the last decades of their long reigns, Yes, Erkambold's coin is probably from his first years Government, as the Eaiserkopf resembles the coins of its predecessor Udo is similar, Mr. Dannenberg noticed me here made. And when the find is buried in 973, shade king Eonrad of Bargand had ruled for 36 years, so it could be very powerful probably one of his coins in this find. These conclusions are thereby keeping their full confirmation that not a single coin exists that somehow points to a later time. You can So assuming that the find was made around 973, that's how it turns out sure that all coins with the name Otto belong to the first, and that Duke Henry of Baiem is the first, like this the types also show. The latest Arabic coins are Minted between 954 and 961, so the oriental ones close somewhat earlier than the occdental ones, as is the case with the longer one path they had to travel, even from Samarkand, of course- lich is.

Mr. Dannenberg, who saw all the coins, To my delight, agrees with me everywhere, including the following. At that part of the fund that is not controlled by Mr. Preacher Schulz, so it was sent in first hand, but under the coins and fragments, which come through an intermediary came to Mr. Lange and showed it to some coin dealers There was a coin from Otto and Adelheid. It differs, bent and smoothed, in the external ren sign from the safe coins of the find, and there this is such a common coin, in everyone's hands, so it can easily be thrown into the others by chance have been.

Julia's Friedlaender.

31

^

1

I[eu6 Arabic üfachahiniiiigeii Greekliisclier coins.

(Plate VI.)

Mr. Dr. A. Schiedehaus, doctor in Alexandria, received in Years 1856 from a fellahin Hadji Ali 18 small silver coins with Athenian types (Act VI, 1 - 9), which are the same Salih Hedjr wanted to have brought with him in northwestern Arabia. In the following year 7 similar pieces appeared (Plate Y, 11 - 17) that came from the Delta. Mr. Schiedehaus discussed both findings in a small essay, which was first published several times Years after his death in Grote's Coin Studies Vol. II, p. 484 ff. under the title “Typhon on ancient Greek autonomous coins^ has appeared. He believed that there were coins in these pieces who the Athenians fought for their compatriots in Egypt had and therefore doubted the origin of the first Finds from Arabia. Both finds, he said, were definitely there made on Egyptian soil. But what twenty years ago It must have seemed highly unlikely that coins with Athenian African guys are supposed to come from Arabia, that can never happen today. people are more alienated. We now know that trading Ara- Biens was operated with Athenian money and that even the Coins of the Himjarites in southern Arabia bore Athenian types. How much more are we allowed to do at the northern end of the big one? Arabian trade route, Athenian money and Athenian types expect! For us there is therefore no reason^ the Arabic The origin of those coins is doubtful. Even less so than that €h|||end in which Hadji Ali wanted to have received it, such is,' who may have once had her own Gdd. Because

Zi-iUtdiritf Hii' Nunusmutik IX.

d ® ® S

® i) s) # ©

ä ä

■3-^O#

Hi'riinWt'iiimaim.siJic liutlüiiuitlhuic

A. Erman: Nene Arab imitators of various types. 297

Salih Hedjr lies on the site where the legendary The people of Thamud lived, about whom the Koran tells us and more today numerous ruins and inscriptions^) testify that once there was a high level of wealth in this part of Arabia.

But if the first find really comes from Arabia, then you can we also assume the same origin for the second ^ because Judging by the factory and the types, both are close together« He too will make his way through the Mecca pilgrims found in Lower Egypt.

Since the old publication of these coins cannot suffice, I would like to briefly discuss them again below. You are now, together with Dr. Schledehaus^ larger Collection of Egyptian coins, owned by the high school Osnabruck; kind investigation by Dr. Thanks to Stüve I know that she was sent here for examination which are.

I. Find from 1856 (Salib Hedjr).

It contains two types of coins, both of which are also available in small nen parts are present.

A. 1st Av. Athena head r. — Ro. Owl v., on both sides an olive branch hangs from it. Below O ^ [Cf. Plate V, 1.]

3 copies: 10 mm 0.5 g

8 « 0.31 ,

8n 0.42"

2. the same types smaller than m [Plate. V, 2 - 3.]

3 copies: 5 mm 0.09 g

6 n 0.1 “

5 » 0.1 “

3. like the previous ones, but ri ©

1 copy: 5 mm 0.1 g

1) We know this from the bold journey that Charles H. Donghty took recently- thing has happy romp t.

21*

298 A Ennan:

B. 1st Av. Athena head r. — Rev. Bearded, half animal Head V. with a kind of modius. [Tablet V, 4 – 6 years.

8 specimens: 11 mm - 0.65 g

9“ -0.55,,

8"-0.45"

9" - 0.38" 9" -0.37" 8"-0.29" 8" -0.31" 6“ -0.26«

2. The same types of smaller ones [Plate. V, 7 - 9].

3 copies: 5 mm - 0.12 ^

5 « -0.1 » 5 « -0.1 »

The first class of these coins is an exact copy of the Attic trioboles; in the second the sacred animal is the Athena replaced by the head of a fantastic creature, in A well-known figure to every connoisseur of ancient Egypt will be welcomed. The Egyptian monuments offer us numerous rich representations of a strange dwarf god, from whose half-animal character the two heads on Plate VI may give a concept. Now compare these with these Mask on our coins: the stylized one can be found here and there feather-like beard, the short nose with the bulbous arch above the eyes, the big eye, the animal ear, the attachment the head - there can be no doubt about the identity. It is the god “Besa^ Lord of Punt^, who has been around since the 16th century. B.C. found in Egypt. However, he was at home not on the Nile, as the completely un-Egyptian style proves his pictures; rather, his permanent title “Mr. von Punt*^ leaves suggest that he imports from this incense country was. He also likes to be depicted on toilet objects. is asked, indicates a connection with the country of Fragrances.

^

New Arabic imitations of Greek coins. 301

Create barbarians themselves. This assumption would explain irregularity of weight; Fluctuations of 0.65 g to 0.26^f for the whole coin, and from 0.19^ to 0.09^ for The part is still available with a reasonably regulated coin system. system unthinkable.

Adolf Erman.

300 A. Ermao:

round - this coin should not be similar to the Schledehaus coin put; but that it belongs in a related class proves the besa head. It will also be in that northern corner of Arabia be minted, but in a slightly older time than the money there of the Cilician satraps was widely circulated.

I would like to go to the female head of those tetradrachms therefore also return that of our coins; he is like him in the position, the long curls, the necklace, just that Wreath seems to be an ingredient.

B. — Av. female head right, the hair shines on the Head to be tied up tightly, at the back of the head it is in one Knots taken together, surrounded by a large lichen the head. — Rev. same as the previous one. [Tablet VI, 14 — 15],

2 copies: 6 mm - 0.17 g

6“ -0.16«

Appears to be the piece of the previous coin.

C. — Av. Female head right. with wall crown (?) — Rev. Owl right, in front of her a figure unrecognizable due to embossing. Sir Prof. von Sallet believed it to be a small, standing Besa figure to see and I think this is not unlikely. [Tablet VI, 16].

1 specimen: 10 mm - 0.44 g (broken out)

D. — Av. without any recognizable character. — Rev. Winged Figure r. ; in the R. a long scepter, in the raised L. one unrecognizable object. In front of her AI Hl. On the edge you think you see OL, perhaps the remnants of an earlier pre- gung. [Tablet V, 17].

1 copy: 6 mm - 0.19 g

The time of our coins may be the third or second year- be a hundred, but there is no evidence of a more precise dating. I would like to believe that they played the role of coins have played; for larger payments one had the Athenian ones and Cilician tetradrachms, smaller coins had to be the

»

New Arab imitations of Gneebiacher males. 301

Create barbarians themselves. This assumption would explain irregularity of weight; Fluctuations of 0.65 g to 0.26^ for the whole coin, and from 0.19^ to 0.09^ for The part is still available with a reasonably regulated coin system. system unthinkable.

Adolf Erman.

Silesia's coins in the Middle Ages.

Silesia is one of the most beautiful and richest provinces Germany, since ancient times it has enjoyed a high level of culture, Trade and commerce of all kinds have always flourished in the country and its Residents, many of whose names extend far beyond the borders of the who made the fatherland famous are in the honorable position Calls for spiritual activity and hard work. All of this is The Silesians have always been aware of this: many writers have sung praises of the country and its cities and towns true bardic enthusiasm and often the most wonderful discoveries Numerous poets have borrowed from classical antiquity their homeland was praised, the well-known local patriotism of the Silesia has always been a lively region.

From this joy of home, the desire for their fame proclaim their glories and treasures to the light of the world to bring, explains the abundant literature, which only with Silesia and its history and its facilities and products. But one thing must be clear already De verdeck in his Silesia numismatica from 1711, the first works in this field, noticed that about the coins So little has been written about Silesia. And even more so This must be noticeable, as Silesia is extremely rich in coins This is a land that has had a large amount of stamp on it since ancient times are present.

The causes of this phenomenon are clear; apart from sound the relative rarity of Silesian coins, too

Zfitschrift Ar Namlsiatik IX.

BeHin, \\>idniannsrhp BarhhandlinS.

Silesia's MoDzen in the Middle Ages. 305

Let's give an overview of the entire Silesian region Namismatics of the Middle Ages, to show its development Coin classes highlighting the most important pieces of the same ascertainable and valid, not just based on conjecture To make the results of recent research known. Merely These sheets deal with the coins, based on documents Material is only necessary to explain the stamp and useful, referenced, but via coin feet, Bill coins and all of these difficult questions that go to Partly one that is more monetary-historical than actually numismatic Having character is not what we're talking about here; although It is recognized and expressly emphasized that in order to write a Doctrina nummorum Silesiae medii aevi a precise investigation also these areas and a detailed discussion of all of them relevant questions is absolutely necessary. That such a doctrine will one day be written is more intimate to the author of these lines I wish this treatise to be a contribution to the work of the future, to the perhaps greater connoisseur, stimulated by the same, dedicate their strengths!

Still and despite this limitation is my work A difficult and admonishing phrase comes to mind: conamur tenues grandia! But the diligent study especially of the Silesian numismatics of the Middle Ages, which I have been studying for years encourages me to read the following pages of the public publication ability to surrender. What the treasures of the Breslau Cabinet and my own collection, whose strength is Silesia's medieval coins are offered to me, what from other collections, public and private ones, and I try to see as many of them as possible I could see what the numerous larger and smaller ones were Finds that have passed through my hands and every one of them I have recorded conscientiously, taught me what is in the so extremely sparse literature, including scattered notes and There were only any mentions to be found, I have them all wanted to unite. Nobody knows better than me what gaps there are

304 F. FriedenaborR:

Mader ^) has Dewerdeck's work and the coins Silesia in the 3rd volume of his contributions p. 144 fg. Unfortunately only one rarely subjected to more in-depth revision, corrected some errors and introduced a number of new pieces, Likewise, but on a smaller scale, Götz, too aof Dewerdeck's unreliability. Leitzmann in His German coinage only repeats what is mentioned in the above works presented, increasingly with some notes from catalogs, but with several new errors. Schlumberger's book Very little has been said about the bracteates, especially with regard to Silesia. - of course, where would he get some of Silesia's bracteates from? know? The magazines only publish something every now and then Regarding Silesia, and the coin lists almost repeat only Dewerdeck's allocations, hardly anyone knew economic note of lasting value. Is pleasing Yossberg's treatise on the Glogau coins, below will be quoted more often. She deserves the credit if she also contains some errors, first of all the difficult work of Clarification regarding the so enigmatic denarii, but only on vigorously pursue the narrowly defined area designated by the title to have caught. Finally there is T agmann's writing about this To mention the coinage of Silesia (Breslau 1855), a very busy one and interesting, if somewhat cumbersome study, which but only the oldest time is treated, and by dealing only with the Documents are busy and the coins are completely out of the perspective of their observations, their value itself impaired.

This compilation alone shows how much Silesian numismatics is still in trouble and it is sad that that one encounters the old myths again and again must. This essay was therefore created with the intention of

1) Stutze's Silesia numismatica contains the program and scenario of one dramatic school act about Silesian coin history, but without anything To offer positive things.

Schleaen's Mnozen in the Middle Ages. 305

Let's give an overview of the entire school Numismatics of the Middle Ages, its development shown Coin classes highlighting the most important pieces ascertainable and valid, not just based on conjecture To make the results of recent research known. Merely These papers deal with the coins on a documented basis Material is only necessary to explain the stamp and useful, reference has been made, however, about coin feet, Bill coins and all of these difficult questions that go to Partly one that is more monetary-historical than actually numismatic Having character is not what we're talking about here; although It is recognized and expressly emphasized that in order to solve the problem, one Doctrina nummorum Silesiae medii aevi a precise investigation also this Greebiete and a detailed discussion of everything on it regarding questions it is absolutely necessary that such a doctrine will one day be written, the author of these two is more intimate I wish this treatise to be a contribution to the work of the future, to the perhaps greater connoisseur, stimulated by the same, dedicate their strengths!

Still and despite this limitation is my work A difficult and admonishing phrase comes to mind: oonamur tenues grandia! But the diligent study especially of the Scblesian numismatics of the Middle Ages, which I have been studying for years encourages me to read the following publications of the public to practice. What the treasures of the Breslau Cabinet and my own collection, whose strength is Silesia's medieval coins are offered to me, what from other collections, public and private ones, and I try to see as many of them as possible I could see what the numerous larger and smaller ones were Finds that have passed through my hands and every one of them I have recorded conscientiously, taught me what is in the so extremely sparse literature, including scattered notes and There were only any mentions to be found, I have them all unite wanted Nobody knows better than me what gaps there are

306 F. Friedensbnig:

there is still a gap, which doubts still cast their shadows, and yet I decided to publish it, hoping that myself a strict criticism of my company at least acknowledges that will be that in the following treatise for the first time Attempt has been made to create a coherent critical Representation of the entire Silesian coinage of the Middle age to give.

This is my intention; to what extent I succeeded in doing the same The interested reader should examine this with indulgence. What else needs to be noticed from the outset is of little concern words required. Citations for historical and similar notes I not attached; In my opinion, they have no purpose here especially with more generally known ones that go into less detail Statements, the necessity of which will be obvious. I have the family tables of the Silesian princes with Grotefend The prince's name always allegiates because the older genealogy of ours Dukes are a complicated one, the counting of them is a fluctuating one is so that no doubts arise about the person mentioned.

The designations contained in the descriptions of the coins Directions to the right (n. r.), to the left (n. 1.) are understood in ordinary, natural understanding of words, not heraldic What seems to me to be the only right thing. Regarding the I have based the weight information on the tendency of this article. considered more eloquent and appropriate, from a range if possible of well-preserved pieces, the average weight of the entire piece to determine each piece mentioned individually weigh. If there are several coins in the same type of coin, weight information, each of these is also an average weight from several specimens that differ in size species.

When selecting the pieces intended for the illustrations The tendency of this essay should also be again, not one series of coin descriptions, but a general overview to give perspective, be taken into account. It was also pointed out

Silesia's Hönzen in the lOtteUIUr. 307

see that as little as possible has already been published danmter found, and those to be published had to be from as far as possible be of an instinctive character.

The course of the following investigation is such that- common coins have been divided into large groups, namely: Bracteates, denarii, hellers, groschen, gold guilders, which after a brief overview of the very oldest coinage ratios Silesia come to the meeting one after the other. This input theQung, against which perhaps many objections can be made, has the Yorzug that in the first two sections they are completely creates a distinct image of each coin being minted, as the regarding coins on their own, without the addition of other mints have been circulating, while such a thing has been circulating regarding the last groups, whose pieces ran next to each other in an overall overview is easy to achieve. This division also appeared for practical reasons and the purposes of this treatise most appropriate.

We now move on to our discussions.

The best time

The oldest period in Silesian history is considered to be time when Silesia does not yet emerge independently, but a part first of the Bohemian, then of the Polish Empire forms and often enough, not to the full extent of its development Winding up the bone of contention between the land-greedy princes of both countries There are also German weapons in the fields of our country already back then repeatedly with those of the Slavs measured. Emperor Heinrich H. led with Boleslaus for 16 years Chrobry was and undertook several, not always successful crowned campaigns in his country. Also the later emperors had to deal with the restless neighbors again and again to fight and defend their borders against them.

The peoples step outside these warlike contacts

308 F. FrwHeoBbnrii;:

of the West are peacefully closer to those of the East, namely m Consequence of the spread of Christianity among the former. In In 966, Miesko of Poland became a Christian and things developed Now there are increasingly lively relationships, including through marriage Silesia-Poland and Germany. This has been happening since the 10th year- 100 these peoples gradually entered general history. The cultural state of Silesia at that time must have been very may have been lower, but we don't have any information about it certified details. Because written records from those Days, be they chronicles or documents, cannot yet be found Goal, our real story only begins after the year 1241, where the Mongol battle took place. This uncertainty Data is so big that we don't even know the names of the Bishops of the diocese founded, according to legend, in 966 Know Breslau, whose Thietmar von Merseburg around the year 1000 is mentioned. This situation is no different expect than we know about the country's monetary situation At that time we could only get information from the company. nen, of which there are a number of large quantities of coins. holding, taken from the Polish-Silesian soil. It is thus in Silesian numismatics on the finds that also are of incomparable importance for later times, especially be particularly considerate^). The composition of the The same corresponds to those from the rest of Germany^ we find Coins from all German regions, including Bohemian and Polish ones English, Danish, also Arabic and ancient Roman, plus in large ones Lots of turning pennies. Also melted silver and broken coins, due to the activity of local silversmiths Workers pointing, Konunen in front. The turning pennies enter almost all known species, and it can certainly be assumed that that some of them may be shaped in the country. You be-

1) Cf. Dannenberg, Coins of the Saxon and Franconian Imperial Period p. 40 fg., nnd regarding some of the later found notes are my treatise on Silesia Prehistoric times in W. nnd fi. 1880 n. 45.

Scblesiens Honten in the Middle Ages. 309

This is sometimes said by those who are on the one hand Page has a bishop's crosier as an emblem and wants it as address episcopal Breslan coins; with the same right can carry out analogous payments in any province where the dei^L Stack can be found.

As the oldest truly Silesian character we can see it Look at the denarius of Boleslaos Ghrobry (992 - 1025), the Stronc Zynski paublicized under n. 8. The same is only as the image to me dung known, according to which he is definitely one of the other The familiar character of this prince seems to belong to him, of course St. also assigned a few pieces that were certainly Bohemian. He has on the Hf. BOIILIaSDVX, on the Rf. SIOHSB, both- but on the other hand there is a head shown, which is the one Saint, the other time represents the Duke John the The Baptist has been the patron saint of Silesia since ancient times especially from Breslau, the cathedral church there is dedicated to him This allocation is also considered by Stronczynski to be undoubted is referred to^ can therefore be assumed, especially since it is known that that Boleslaus Ghrobry spent long periods of time in Silesia stopped. Another stamp of the same prince (Stroncz. n. 9) was a little later in Silesia, as the finds prove, imitated and we have the second Silesian coin to sell. record that small Wendenpfennig that Dannenberg recorded Plate IX, 36a of the communications of the numismatic society published in Berlin & contributes around a head. v. the back common inscription HH BOLE(S)LAYS, on the rf. an egg with the Transcript (HHS. IO)HANN£S. Of this piece there is however- once a rather crude imitation, also a “turnaround” pfennig'', namely the denarius, which Dewerdeck table 2 n - of course not in style - and the one in occurs in several varieties. It shows the same one on the Hf Head of vom, probably that of the Baptist, with a cross on the right with wide thighs and has no writing. Its diameter is 12 mm^ its weight is about 0.82 g. Whether you have one in him

id

310 P* Friedeiitlmi)^:

to see a royal or an episcopal coin is two- Unfortunately, probability favors the latter; the king would have probably put his name on the coin, like this on all of them Polish coins of that time are the case, but the bishop was careful to ensure acceptance of his new character by had it made similar to the royal one. Another genus pole- I would like to have a few royal coins, to a certain extent. at least vindicate for Silesia. These are the Boles denarii laus n. 1058 — 80 (Stroncz. 14), which on the HJ, which sometimes feral legend BOLEZLAVS and a head to the left, up the Rf. a rider with a shield and lance, riding to the left, behind it show S or v, and weigh on average about 0.83 g. It is striking that we sometimes make discoveries in Silesia, which consist only of these Boleslaws and Wendenpfennigs (e.g. in Schrien, in Wilkan). It is therefore certain that these Coins far more than other Poles of this era, mine no others are known from finds, have circulated widely in the country, and it seems likely when you consider the large quantity different forms of this kind considers that the same did not emerge from one mint, but rather individual ones were minted in Silesia. These denarii therefore smell cannot be ignored here.

The picture that differs from the oldest monetary transactions in Silesia is therefore a very simple one. It was her- point out that money was already circulating at that time and that, No matter how much foreign influences naturally predominate, yes Already before the year 1100, coins were of specific Silesian origin. can be found quickly. However, for a long time these two sided pieces are not received in circulation, and perhaps they are before the end of the first period of Silesian history The primeval era of Silesian numismatics is ending, at least for us There is no known stamp anymore that we even have a semblance of of law could refer to Silesia^). It then begins 1) Dm piece of Stroci. n. 3S certainly does not belong, as this Aator thinks

SchlesieDS Monzen in the Middle Ages. 311

in Silesia the period of the bracteates, of which the following section cut is about.

The bracteates.

The end of the 12th century and even more so the first decades of the 13th century Hundreds are the period when summoned by the Piasts, a branch of which established a special ducal title in Silesia in 1163. thum, German settlers flocked into the country in droves. men whose axes the dense, still today in their remains large- like forests that once covered the entire country, and who are now on the ground they have gained, protected by wide the rights granted to them in the ducal letters were achieved, a large number of cities were brought into being by from where they Germanized the country. Before this immigration There were only a few "cities" in the country where Slavs lived in their castles and farms. The actual city life, that that achieved such high prosperity in Silesia only developed through German work. One of the oldest cities in the country Wroclaw, Glogau, Sagan, Steinau, Liegnitz, Löwenberg, Opole et al. m. include; the local patriotic legend has full freedom that is, the origins of these and many other cities to date back gray antiquity, a freedom that they also have has made ample use of it, as the interpretation of Ptolemy's the coming name Budorgis in Breslau and the derivation of the Called Liegnitz by the Lygians (cf. Dew. pp. 787 and 310) proves. Similar legends still haunt books today heads.

With this immigration, this notoriously big boom in the culture of the previously deserted country, was a natural question there was also brisk trade and even if the finds there- time, e.g. B. Rathau, Dahsau, Marschwitz, many more foreign ones

to Silesia. The Qotteslamm, with which it is designated, is not rare enough The reason for this division is that the same applies in Breslau as everywhere else can occur elsewhere as an influence.

n

312 P- Friedensburff:

embossed (especially Brandenburger and Saxony), so A whole series of coins is now starting to appear that we can be regarded as undoubtedly Schlesich. These are bracteates, of which we have two sharply separate groups in Silesia know which ones are then examined individually should be.

I. At first small, thin, frail pieces of appear yellowish to white, soft sheet metal, which has a diameter of about 16-18 mm and a weight of 0.15, 0.17- 0.18 jr have. The factory of these pieces is that of Polish Coins so similar to that time that almost in most cases not so it can be said with certainty whether a single piece to be placed in Silesia or Poland').

The oldest of these bracteates are in the work and the guys are still a bit raw'), they show heads and pictures of her- flags and saints, with and without emblems. The saint shall probably mostly St. John the Baptist. Sometimes find There are letters in the field, sometimes lines, dots all around the edge, Hooks etc., which indicate a transcription, respectively. should represent. Of course, these embryo new inscriptions make no sense to settle, an allocation is therefore impossible due to their

1) A third group of one-sided hips no longer belongs to the proper lichen bracteateD, these are also found in other areas of Germany occurring hollow peonies of the XY. century. These will be discussed later spoke.

2) Koehne's treatise on these coins in the Bl. f. Münz-etc. customer Vintage 1843 is of little use because of the complete misunderstanding of its age the same. Stronczynski also offers only sparse notes, his unknowns relationship with the Silesian characteristics p. 290 self-admitted. Aof this The area therefore still has a lot to do.

3) The oft-repeated note “that the Silesian bracteates are more poorly shaped than the Polish ones because the later partly the best products of bracteate minting, not just the Polish, can stand on an equal footing. Compare the one below Said. By the way, the usual images of this Monz variety are included Stroncz., Koehne, Polkowski really not suitable to give a favorable opinion to bring her out.

Divorced« MiniieD in the Middle Ages. 3] 3

if not specifically spiritual types, e.g. B. Portrait of one Bishop or the bishop's staff, entitle us to do so. piece to be classified as episcopal Breslau^).

We now know, apart from these unwritten or with Several rows of these pieces were provided with illegible legends Bracteates, which are provided with inscriptions. First of all are to look at the numerous pennies, what inscriptions, how Wear SJOHANNES, S-IOHS, lOHS etc. That the mere The name lOHS without the S was not repeated at that time occurring bishop's name, but means the saint, probably doesn't need any proof, it's similar in Poland ADALBERTVS. These pieces are mostly pretty, partly wise even very delicate and pleasing work according to the finds These latter belong to the time when Germany also had them The art of stamp cutters celebrates its triumphs, so in the last Decade of the XII and the beginning of the XIII. Saculums. True- Apparently there were also minters among the immigrants. These St. John's coins are usually all included in the catalogs merged under “Bi8thum Breslau”^; but mine is £r- Mind you, this allocation is not sufficiently secure* Because the her- There are just as many demands on these pieces as the name of the patron saint they share with the bishops, especially since it is not known, nor can it be assumed, that the bishops coined alone^). An eagle is already appearing as an image on coins, or the flight of one, namely this eagle soledsche, since this is not about the evangelist, but John the Baptist is involved, and only the former has an eagle

t) It is not certain when the bishops received the monastery, the b&aflg z. B. Ton Leitzmann, Wegiteiser p. 29 mentioned documents fon 1240 and 1290 apparently contain confirmations of a long-standing previous law. That the right to mint was approved by the bishops very early and Everyfella was exercised equally with the other sovereigns the coins.

%) I'm a safe penny from Bolestan's L to be discussed below even proves the opposite.

22*

314 F* FriedensburfT:

has companions. Afterwards it may even seem as if the Eagle coins the dukes could make more justified claims than the bishops. In other cases where the head of the saint himself, sometimes in a building, or an angel with a tablet, whereupon the name of the saint is depicted, the assumption may be speak more for the spiritual provenance of the coin^).

Another series of script coins is the one with Duke names. First of all, the well-known one from Yossberg (Prussian coins, plate IV, 105) can be purchased imagine to be. It shows an armed and helmeted prince with lance and sword over a wall between 2 towers, which bears the inscription VEIATIZ. On both sides of the chest the picture says av-x = dua. Much has been learned about these bracteates argued, and he received many dispensations. If you However, if you look at him alongside other Silesians of this era, so You won't be convicted by the complete equality of the factory can doubt more that he is only in Silesia have his home. It is the first coin to bear the name Breslaus calls the two towers with the wall like that Inscription, similar to old pictures, explains the city Wratislavia. The mint owner, who unfortunately only deals with his The title can still be Boleslaus I (f 1201). I'll give you more details I am unable to state, since the only find known to me, which contained this piece did not completely reach my hands.

Now follows the entire large series of coins, which... Bear the name and title of Duke Boleslaus. Up against that Year 1240 - that's about how long these small bractrates were in existence Circulation - have in Silesia and the various Polish There were about a dozen Boleslaws, always several of the same kind. If Stronczynski now also rules a chronological one The order of these Boleslaw coins has failed to be drawn up, so

1) The matthting becomes rare with the bracteate, which is the Lily in section shows.

Silesia's manias in the Middle Ages. 315

is still a thoroughgoing, well-founded decision on all sides Yertheilong of the coins did not reach the individual dukes, yes, as is unfortunately so often the case, in Silesian numismatics have to say: this is impossible! The different coins There are quite a few works, catalogs, descriptions of finds, etc Boleslaw's of all kinds, often quite interesting types, but Every time the writer has to, if he doesn't just focus on supports Stronczynski's authority regarding the allocation of a confess: non liquet! Even Polkowski noticed this when he writing about the discovery of Glebokie (p. 58 of French text), although with him fewer princes of the imaginary name were available for choice, as here. It can Now certainly not the task of these lines, all or a number of the Boleslaw coins and about each one to make a judgment about his origins. Rather, it is because of the following enough:

In the period whose coins we are currently considering, There are two dukes named Boleslaus: I) Boleslaus L, altus 1159—1201 (Grotefend, Stammtafek I, 1). 2) Boleslaus, Galvus 8. saevus 1241 - 1278 (ib. I, 22). So both are chronologically so far apart that when one speaks of a Boleslaus bracteates can assume (e.g. after its repeated occurrence in Silesian finds or based on those given below Rules), he is of Silesian origin, there is no doubt can decide which of the two rulers he is to be assigned to Secondly, it even seems very questionable to me whether he still has the little ones bracteates such as those we are currently discussing; his coins Rather, they probably belong to the second type of bracteates. Now as far as the first one is concerned, we are so lucky, a coin to possess which he can do with all the necessary numerical matic security [can be assigned. It's the one at Stronczynski Nn 47 based on a very poorly preserved piece imperfectly described, but found by Glebokie in bracterate that appeared in several beautiful specimens in the

316 F- Friedensburg:

Angles of an arched cross the letters I-O-H-A, on the edge The inscription B-D-V-X shows between arched decorations, like this that there can be no doubt that the mint owner Boleslaus I is Duke of Lower Silesia, during the stucco at the same time proves what we said above only as a statement, that the dukes also use the name of the bishop saints on their coins. So it's this piece after important and interesting in many directions. Also can It is with some certainty that the Braks are assigned to this duke teaten, which have inscriptions like DVX BO, BOLE and similar. wear and to the type of duke bust portrait over a wall or in a building have representations, which are often partly on the VRATIZ, partly attached to one of the S-IOHANNES bracteates within.

Only by comparison with such safe pieces can identify themselves in detail, or close whether a Boleslaus too the Silesia can be counted. So are e.g. B. also those both bracteates (Stronczynski 40 and 41 respectively Köhne, 1st c, Plate IX, Nos. 9 and 10) certainly Silesian, which have two busts above a wall on which the inscriptions BOL ANA and BOL VAR, show. What the letters VAR and ANA mean I cannot state; the wives of Boleslaw,Wenceslawa and Adelheid, are certainly not like the one in the second piece occurring Erummstab proves. Two busts, in between We already encounter the bishop's staff on one of the older ones above mentioned ancient bracteates, it is this one in those times and on Bracteates, a picture that is not uncommon at all, that book but bars may only be placed to fill the space, if they don't, which Stronczynski seems to assume, but me does not seem credible, since there are no analogies that Münzer suggests.

As far as the second Boleslaus is concerned, we have to go under Consideration of the above regarding this prince's coins The remark made to enlighten us here with equations search. We have two bracteates that will be discussed later

^

SilesiaB Mönsen in the Middle Ages. 317

will be, which, according to its transcription, belongs to the two dukes of Named Heinrich (1201-1238, 1238-1241). With these So Boleslaw's coins will have a lot of similarity, hence later bracteates named ß. on this similar bility will have to be checked. There is now a bracteate the inscription DVXBOLESLAVS (by Stronczynski under No. 83 pictured), which is strongly reminiscent of one of the two Heinrichs, It is therefore possible that it is a monument to the named manufacturer it is.

The two bracteates just mentioned with the name Heinrich, bear the inscription «!■ DVX • HEINRICVS, one shows one seated duke with shield and sword, the other the breastplate picture of the same with a shield and a lance decorated with pennants. Whether they are on both dukes of this name, and how, are to be distributed, dare I don't have to decide. Both are very rare and of high quality Importance because they indicate the limit of this coinage.

We mentioned above numerous unwritten pieces of the oldest section of this period. Also in addition to the written secured the later period, run quite a lot of silent coins which are in the types e.g. Th. close to the written coins afterwards). Whether from the famous coins with Hebrew

1) This subheading also includes a bracteate with a head of clay yorn, whose Hair ends in a ball on each side. This piece is in type falling similar to that by Dannenbeig in Sallet*8 Magazine Vol 8 p. 1 ill. Bracteates with the same head, including H, which was written by Dadnenberg for bran- is explained denbargically, although in my opinion the stacks that are on goal for me are not at all braDdenbuigi look flat. Be that as it may, that former uterus, According to the factory and the finds, Silesian stucco does not yet show an A, rather, as my 10 specimens clearly show, it is part of the hull shown, but rather clumsily. By the way, you can find the same thing Kind of like the bracteates with A, which have 7 gates, clay goose of the same raw Stamping, the same frail sheet metal, numerous pieces in Silesia, too the find from Filehne contains the same ones (Fig. 11. 33. 36. 72. 98. 1S5. 138. 246 n.?. a. in the Beyer tables, for which the text is not accessible to me). I don't know what to do with these sticks, the illustrations point to the Partly in Silesia, partly in Pomerania and Prussia, but can These coins apparently all come from the same area. yours After their comrades came together, they fell at the end of the 13th century. century,

318" P* Friedensbargr:

Inscription individual belong to Silesia, respectively. whether also in Silesia Jaden fongirt as a coiner and the old letters of their people have put their stamp on it must be put there stay. I am not aware of any such piece, although one stay in books, e.g. B. at Schlumberger and Leitzmann, finds a note that makes her expect. Possible^ that she still find each other; It is more likely that the authors in question thought that what was known from Poland must also be in Silesia apply.

Another strange series of coins remains to be discussed here, although here too there is no doubt about the provenance. These are the rare bractrates with the inscription CARITAS and IVäTIGIA, which soon became a transliteration around one, after the Judging by long hair, female head, soon on a ledge, above the two, under which a bust appears, soon to four, a kind of square-forming arch occurs. The thing is known custom of the Middle Ages, words of religious meaning on coins to attach, 2. B. LYX, PAX, PISCIS etc., also known as the Use to explain coin images through inscriptions, e.g. AQYILA, SIRENA, DEXTERA. The latter also occurs in Poland, among other places often Yor. These coins can now be found in Silesia in exactly the same way good as in Poland, they come from very delicate work from the end of the XIU. century. Since they are with the Scblesiem have a lot of factory resemblance and one from Eöhne plate XI, no. 9 and Stronczynski No. 46 published piece even the inscription SOS lOAN* CARITAS carries, the scale of the scale falls in favor Silesia. I want these pretty pieces as produce look at the episcopal Breslau coin, from which the like. Types are probably the most likely to be expected.

where in Silesia they differed in size and type of sheet metal large bracteates, some of which are also found in Filehne found, and whose types are often yours. Whether they are secret, remains very questionable despite finds and authenticity of type; but where to take them?

1

Sehlerien's manias in the Middle Ages. 319

We now come to the large bracteates of the later ones time. The transition is made by bracteates of a little stronger Sheet metal than the previous ones, which are already significant in their types Document the decline of the art of stamp cutting and so on In terms of style, it actually belongs to the following, e.g. Th. pass over raw coins. From coin images of this transition Stficke should be mentioned briefly: The head of the Baptist, various Busts, profile head and A, with a rod-shaped one in between Baum et al. m. The writing disappears and only occasionally appears S I or S I0(hanne8) still appears on individual Breslauem.

IL The darkness begins with the large bracteates already a little more to clear up, insofar as at least oneself with makes it clearer than before which pieces are considered Silesians are to be considered. Because this type of coin, theirs There is no external detail that should be described in more detail immediately more in Poland; the vaguely similar Saxon coins of the XII. century, the chronological development can already be Because of the distance they are not considered and are entirely different habitus, and when it comes to Bohemia, where These bracteates are often referred to in books, so is the There is no resemblance to the coins of this country either significant that not everyone has a larger number once of the pieces described here in hand, immediately the under- could make a divorce. The group of guys is also with them Bohemia is much more limited than among the Silesians* These Bractates are often extracted from the earth in large quantities. dig, usually without a significant admixture of foreign coins, Usually you only find enough of the latter to last is able to determine the excavation period of the find in question. Fnndgenossen include, among others, the well-known great Meissen royals bracteates, later Ascanians, but also sometimes older coins, e.g. B. those from Bernhard of Saxony, but mostly the latter pretty worn out. From the series of these discovery notes results It is quite certain that this group of coins belongs to the second

320 F- Friedenaburg:

Half of the thirteenth century belongs. The one who was just convicted The admixture of older coins justifies the comment we make Boleslaus IL said earlier about the coins, and the two of them Heinrich's bracteates provide the presumptive earliest beginning of this to recognize imprinting. The end of the same is not the same To fix accuracy, it will be with the appearance of the denarius embossing must be applied at the same time, which is discussed in more detail below will be spoken.

The habitus of our bracteates is so extraordinary more concise and at the same time more constant, that togetherness of all of these pieces, some of which are often quite wonderful divisions can be subject to no doubt. your Ordinary average weight is 0.58^, it drops to 0.29 and increases to 0.73 ^, likewise the usual diameter = 25-~27 mm, but it also fluctuates to 19 and 30 mm,

Their silver is usually gray in color and very brittle feels rough. What is common to all and can therefore be considered as one of the Hanptmarks^ the conspicuously wide and high, raised edge that separates the coin image from the flat edge separates. The style of the depictions themselves is almost consistent a pretty clumsy one, they're not nearly as carefully put out- worked and executed, like the beautiful pieces of the previous ones period. In some cases one could almost assume that this is the case come that the old, often doubted message gets to them- meets, after which the bracteates are made with a wooden stamp have been. Some are of slightly better work. It should also be emphasized here that individual pieces on the wear a pearl circle as decoration on the outer flat edge, on one specimen (with an eagle) I even have the edge of the rays, which is otherwise the case in the rest of Germany with such large pieces is rare, found. A few pieces show something else Omamentirung, on them is the discussed, wide, sublime Edge inwards scored with little lines. But all of them are Appearances exceptions. Individual points on the flat edge,

Silesia's Mänzen in the Middle Ages. 321

I still have them, which are otherwise common in scripture bracteates not found, by the way, it finally bends quietly inside.

Information about this type of coin can be found in the coin books little information, the otherwise diligent visual lumb erger takes no notice of them and doesn't seem to know them at all, Leitzmann doesn't remember her either. You can now However, don't get angry with the numismatists if they deal with it don't want to deal with these coins. Because a circumstance is certainly very intimidating: all*) of these numerous pieces — us We know around 400 varieties and every discovery brings new ones Light - are without writing. The guys are also in their colossal Diversity - its circle not only includes everything that is there crawls and runs, but also the inanimate nature of the horse curry comb and sheep shears to the moon and stars - not suitable to make any particular allocation possible. Not Even rows of related pieces can be produced so far. most of them look as if they came from the same place hand. We must therefore be content with all these pieces after the often attacked, but in such cases completely tried and tested order, as is the case with the individual groups of coin images (e.g. princes, buildings, quadrupeds, birds etc. etc.) to put together. Maybe the pieces marked with the lily we can remove it and assign it to the Diocese of Breslau, that already in the previous period, as mentioned, the lily coins, although the possibility is not excluded that such a piece was in the episcopal city of Neisse can be shaped. Regarding the types, one thing is interesting and at the same time with the classification of these coins as Silesian

]) This is what Hm. Dannenberg told me about this Mittheiianf^eio was in the collection of the late Wiggers Eagle bracteate make an ausoabme on which the owner traces of DVX HEINRIGVS thought he saw it. I note the strangeness, in advance without wanting to go into the same thing.

322 F. Friedenslmrg:

serving to emphasize: it is the use, the coin image or to attach two eagle wings if the opposite depicted is has absolutely nothing to do with Flugki. Princes We also find wings with wings in Brandenburg, here In Silesia there are also winged keys, winged ones Towers, winged fish, sheep shears, etc. This flight are explained by the efforts of the minter, who, since he could no longer put the whole eagle on the coin, at least a part of it to indicate the origin wanted to add his stamp. By the way, the eagle flight is alone as a type in Silesia, as in other countries, e.g. B. Bran- Denburg, often found.

Of course it cannot be the purpose of these lines, all of them to describe different types that we find on these bracteates find. We content ourselves with a general overview highlighting some of the most interesting pieces. It is It is striking that we also have o among the many ducal pictures Not a single one can be found where the Duke is in full figure or would only appear in the bust. Only the head is always shown posed, otherwise an eagle in full form closes to it. Crowns and helmets can be found in all types, including individual representations. positions that are clearly taken from coats of arms, e.g. b. key. But now there are about half a dozen old, sian cities the key or Saint Peter, who is on Coins and coats of arms are often represented by the key, in the coat of arms or as patron saint. An allotment to one Mint is therefore uncertain here too. The one already mentioned Sheep scissors, certainly one of the strangest coin images, seems Also from a coat of arms, perhaps from the of a mint official, just as probably the dart, that Rad, if Raübor is not to be thought of in the latter case^ etc. Buildings appear in all shapes, as symbols in the gate or next to it: lee leaves, which will be discussed below will, eagles, stars, moons, the lily etc. The animal world is

Silesia's coins in the Middle Ages. 323

by all kinds of quadrupeds, including one that gnaws on a nut of the squirrel strange, as well as by eagles, which are partly already wear the bandage, and represent roosters, the latter are true- apparently the symbol of the Ohlau mint. Also parts of Find animals, heads, deer sticks, claws, wings, etc yourself. Finally fish appear, even one of the oysters similar shell, certainly a striking image for a landlocked country. An extremely strange phenomenon for that time also an elephant with a tower, which in my opinion is except on the rare ones Helfensteinem cannot be found on German coins. The question that arises here is: Where did the coiner get the idea from? image to represent it? The siren can also be found as a type pus and this is not about the mermaids of the Germans It's hard to think that a Polish bracteate from older times has a similar The image is directly labeled as SIRENA in the caption. The “siren” is posed differently: the dragon’s body and wings are constant, but soon the structure bears a crowned human Anyway, soon an animal head. You can see the idea of Stempelschneider's mixed the beautiful-voiced enticers of the sailors, as Homer describes them, are very similar to the middle- ancient lintworm and similar monsters. Among the Plants can be found whole and half lilies, whole and half Roses of various numbers of leaves, sometimes associated with half eagles, half lions, stars etc. Also individual books staben: Ä Ii Sn S occur as types and come from These pieces obviously do not come from the same mint, so that the letters do not represent the annual emission like in the Weserland can describe. An allocation is also impossible here and it must be explicitly warned, analogies in the coins at a later time, where individual letters also appear and to use. The whim of the stamp cutter, whose restrained loose game we tried to portray in the previous one could You can just as easily fall for any letter as you can for a squirrel or a siren. A final group is made up of the symmetrical ones

324 p. FrieHeiwhnn^:

Figures such as crosses, steroes, moons, also crosses or stars above the moon, which connection will be discussed later that will be etc.

Some of the coin images involuntarily make one feel like muthnng au£^ which also has a lot of probability in itself, that the stamp cutter imitated other people's originals. One of the most striking examples of this is a bracteate shows two eagles exactly in the position as they appear on the of Leitzmann Num. Zeitg. 1838 p. 181 (cf. Posem p. 306) the Coins allocated to the Sitticchenbach mint appear, but the nevertheless, according to its factory, it undoubtedly belongs to Silesia. However, the type of two eagles is not uncommon Medieval coins, at least the exact coinage is there the poorer execution as such reveals, strange. On This piece is joined by a few others who share the same presentation Present the position with a little more independent training. More interesting nor is a "badly crafted" free imitation of one Regenstein character on a bracteate, which has a after on the right (from the viewer) a curved deer horn behind it Tower shows, and the one at Schlumberger pl. IQ. 33 remembered Perhaps the rare piece comes from the Hirschberg Mint place, if you don't, like Koehne with a similar one (his Magazine 1842. p. 15) is claimed for the Sorau Mint wants to take, although other Lusatian coins of this type do not are known.

There is one more phenomenon that needs to be pointed out: During this period we were participating in Silesia for the first time. encounter pieces of the penny. It is known that in medium old coins, also bracteates, weight and size often differentiate in such a way that the smaller or easier to open could hold pieces for halflings, obols. That too finds in Silesia, as the above-mentioned differences in Ge- weight and diameter result. However, it is definitely in a group is not due to coincidence or clumsiness on the part of the coiner*

Silesia's mosses in the Middle Ages. 325

look, in which the largest piece is 0.57, two smaller pieces are 0.22 and weigh 0.175 grams and the reduction of the representation - raw crowned head of vom — is so obvious that one clearly recognizes that there is an intentional reduction in the size of the monetary piece, even for traffic purposes. Another example of whole and half pennies form two rockets, which with the n, above which is a cloverleaf-like cross, are marked. ^) There are also, but less frequently, mechanically halved bracteates, So also^ albeit primitively manufactured, half pieces. There- In addition, the note that in the finds may be of interest the large Meissner bracteates are often also in 2 halves appear cut up^ apparently one has the same ones two Silesias! calculated and by their halving want to create pieces of equal value to the latter.

Such a large number of such different characteristics in such a short space of time Periods of about 50 years^ which we have for this coin gattnng have to accept, as will be shown shortly, reveals a lively coin activity in those days, which dealt with the the ever more flourishing culture is fully explained and the numismatic matic dlustration to the historical fact that in Silesia mints the coin once or several times a year was changed.

We now arrive following the chronological order to the denarii.

The denarii.

Little by little, the further we advance, this is starting to happen To lift the darkness, and more and more we can have positive reactions establish results. The area we are entering now is now although still covered by a certain semi-darkness, but already lux lucet in tenebris. This light, we can

1} Compare bierxa Tagmann, the Mäniwesen of Silesia p. 37, where this regard^- dear documented documents should be mentioned.

L

320 ^- PeaceDffbarg:

hope, more and more carrion will spread and become brighter and gradually this whole group - the most interesting one on the large area of the medieval Münzkimde - outshine. For the time being, let what we have in terms of results and justified reasons have suggestions, summarized below.

One thing is very unfortunate about this class of manz: that we are not aware of any discovery notes about her* We are Therefore, so far we have only relied on what we have in the Collections scattered or in mints and Yerzeichoissen teach the pieces described yourself. However, this still falls Circumstances make studying more difficult, that with exception of two arias these coins are rare, indeed for the most part exceptional. are definitely rare.

The period whose coins we are currently considering is the time until the so-called “Bohemian incorporation”. in 1355, perhaps including the following decades. This is the time when the Piast Empire prevailed in Silesia ongoing divisions of inheritance into countless small principalities is split up and decays more and more. At this fall the Princely power is undoubtedly the princes themselves blame. It was a wicked race, that of the Silesian Piasts, wasteful, greedy for land, argumentative, violent. One of the with a few notable exceptions is that of his contemporaries, including Heinrich Frauenlob, praised Duke Henry IV v. Breslau f 1296, which serves as a model of all princely virtues is celebrated and who also has a reputation as a Minnesinger. There- But there are truly horrific figures among them Dukes, who have all the vices of the. unite the Slavic race. Nothing was sacred to them, brother feuded with brother Father was not safe from the son, the rights of the minor^ year-olds were attacked in the most disgraceful way, what happened in old ones Times were always considered a sign of the highest level of wickedness, and that Eid no longer had any power or sanctity. It's unpleasant an insight into the history of Silesia at that time; the

Schlerienfl coins in the Middle Ages. 327

Princes are constantly in arms against each other, war According to the custom of the "old days" more is done by Raab and Brand than through battles, each gentle on the other to bring his inheritance and wealth through cunning or violence. The Means za the fights and those driven with great luxury The cities that flourished despite everything provided court, for which they, as well as the Hebrews, who are always ready for business, everything is yerp&ndet^ what the dukes have in terms of rights and rights- have seeds; because repayment was not to be expected. A sample of this type is the infamous Boleslaus IH. ▼. lying nitz, which received money from Christians and Jews, cities and estates borrowed together, pledged his cities themselves, and finally the had to have his own sons taken into custody in Breslau. When died - casually after respectively. at a meal of 13 boys chickens - all his relatives had to pay for the school children he left behind. Even they couldn't pay for this rot of the ruling family, the weakening of the reputation and the power of the princes, the dwindling of their land possessions caused na- Of course, Silesia does not contribute to the development of its entire forces came and soon turned the country into a plaything and consequently also a bone of contention among his powerful neighbors, the kings. Some of Poland and Bohemia, their greed for land and wariness It was no small thing. , This argument eventually went away - fortunately for Silesia I - the King of Bohemia emerged victorious highlighted: the 14 remaining Piastian dukes took part October 9, 1355 their lands from King Charles V. Bohemia (Ejdser Karl lY.) to fiefdom,

Among the rights, which, as mentioned, come from the dukes were pledged to the money-lending cities, is now Of course also the coinage law, which was in the Middle Ages, despite that the often repeated strict laws governing the issue of money was operated with extreme arbitrariness, a popular source of income formed. Famous from this period is that of Dewerdeck p. 661 Coin privilege communicated to Duke Boleos H« of Schweidnitz

328 P Friedensbarg:

(Grotef. IV, 9) from 1361, in which he sold Prague for 600 marks Groschen pledged the right to mint in cities named after him the condition that the mint should be in Schweidnitz. These were: Schweidnitz, Striegau, Reichenbach, Nimptsch, Hayn (h. e. Bolkenhayn), Landshut, Freiburg, Jauer, Löwenberg, Hirschberg, Goldberg, Bunzlau, Greifenberg, Schönau.

The rich documentary material that shows the moving coinage Unfortunately, the history of those days has not yet been sufficiently sifted and ordered; it was therefore for the present treatise use a little *of it.

We now have to register two kinds of phenomena here: We know from documents from individual cities that they belong to them The right to mint was given to them at that time without giving them any money. coins, at least those from the 14th century and we have coins that have city symbols and city symbols bear names without being affected by the coinage law of the relevant locality something would be known. The former phenomenon may be This is where some of these many pledges come from unless otherwise stated, the implied condition The word was^) that continued to be minted with the duke's stamp and that the city should not have the right to pen to determine. That sometimes the balance is fixed and the ducal coins are forbidden to mint the Imitating the city speaks more for this assumption than against it. On the other hand, sometimes the name and coat of arms of the city, in which the ducal mint was located, on which testimonies of the latter have been set. For the latter case are the well-known denarius with the rooster (Götz no. 8411), which with

1) This was certainly always the case when the subject of the loan not the actual monetary law itself, but just the law, the ducal law Operating the coin on your own account was the profit that came from it achieved went into the pocket of the borrower. This was a very common one Business that individual citizens also did with the dukes It is certainly not to be assumed that the former will become their own character have produced.

Silesia's Mfioia in the Middle Ages. 3)9

Right to Ohlau, as well as the Trebnitzer and Oelser Denarii, which we will talk about below Examples. Analogies for the first case are provided by the Branden burg cities, which are at least marked on the main page- show violent types. The heyday of the city's mint* It was only minted in the 15th century. Century.

If we now move on to considering the coins themselves^ their weight 1.71, 1.75, 1.79 gr^ their diameter 18 - 19 mm is, then it should also be stated here beforehand that there are a few Excluding species, all of them are extremely strong Show factory relationships. The peculiar thickness at the bottom First of all, it differs from the characteristics of other countries and if so sometimes some of them are far from home distant lands have been allocated, e.g. B. the so-called Trebnitxer Denarius to Toul, the OLIPeVS BAVT)7nRie to Bavaria, like this These are just isolated mistakes. ^ ) There are also many small features that distinguish this coin class It is particularly worth emphasizing that often instead of transliteration Clover leaves are placed around the coin. I'm not standing in line, this relatively very common phenomenon with the clover Browse to connect, which at the end of the so-called “Bandages^ of the Silesian eagle appear. This bandage itself, Just to mention this here, it is designed in a crescent shape and it rises in their midst, just in front of the head of the Adlers a Eureuz. A crescent moon with a cross on it sometimes alternating with a star is a common coin design of this genre, as we already registered in the previous period.

1) By the way, the possibility is not completely ruled out, although we There is no reliable evidence that some Lusatian towns, e.g. Qorliti ond Soraa Mfinzen of this kind have shaped. The Connez between the area the .sex ciTitates* and Silesia was a very narrow one back then. Poland doesn't have one He is entitled to coins of this type, which gives him the same tone in catalogues, see B. Micocki is of Silesian origin. Half to the Polish, Half of the Silesian coins include the Cnjatisefaen etc. mentioned below poaenschen denarii Heiaiieha IIL t. Qlogmn.

380 V' Peace Baig:

Instead of these clovers there are stars, lilies, rosettes, yes, in a very delicate piece (Dewerd. tab. 28, no. 104) as I believe, Püauenfedem^) So we will be on Grand der gained knowledge of the habitus and style of these coins set the standard, including a large number of even unlettered people to move pieces to Silesia that are based on the written Connect coins closer or further away.

Unfortunately, not all of these written coins can be used here Guide stars serve because a relatively large number of these The same genre of legends^ for which Schlumberger the convenient and elegant expression "pseudo-legends" leads: it is a series of letters without meaning and Connection, which in individual cases may be the gorruption of a real diction, but mostly at the whim of the analpha Pray Stempelschneider's creation and composition owes. For example, here are the inscriptions from 4 in follow the same types of pieces:

RVLPLnSIiß.... LßSLKO...

LLßSLßUVLLßUL You can see that this is a completely pointless compilation, to extract an original form or meaning from which coming is impossible. You have to be here, like everywhere else in numismatics, beware of too much imagination. Let it be here also mentioned as strange that there is still in this Period, so quite late, find declining legends. At When looking at the Lischrifts, the main thing is the fact that they are highly important and interesting to note that some of these coins bear value designations in their inscriptions. We find in addition to SBOßSTÄ (QRO ssensis etc.) both GROSSIGIiO- eOVieOSSaS and a few times OeOlARIVS. One has

1) A Basch Pfaaeafedern is the SchleBischer Helmsehmnek.

Silesia's coins in the Middle Ages. 331

because of the designation “Grossi^, which obviously means the Prague groschen owes its origin to this type of coin which was also adopted by Vossberg in his treatise mentioned above. The original name “Halbgroschen” was introduced, which is also quite The weight of a Prague penny is about 3^6 - 3^7 ffr^ the average weight of the denarius is 1.7 - 1.8 grams, so approximately is half that. But this term seems so correct to me- Although it indicates the value relationship, it is not entirely appropriate. Because of the ancient appearance of these coins and their shape The name ^ Denarius ^ is probably more significant, since one can use it The same one has a completely different, far more correct idea. binds, as with the word "groschen", whereby one thinks of large ones thinks broad pieces. You also have the expression “Bractate”, which says nothing at all in relation to value, kept because it characterizes the appearance of the pieces in question. sirt We would also use this name to describe a coin system construct, whose unity would be halfness, since we belong to the "Halfpennies" don't have whole pennies. Since we're talking about that When we talk about the value of coins, it should be mentioned here that In this period we also have halves, which, which previously reproduced name adopted, called quarter groschen would have to, a name that, as far as I know, wouldn't otherwise be available in a short time. mismatic occurs. A few soldiers are already diving at this time, which was very different from the later ones differ, they are heavier and of a completely different style

Continuing to look at the inscriptions, vdr have also next to register such religious content, e.g. B. RVS OlÄRIR..., ORVX.... KVe DHI 6aHl (trix) on indefinite denarii, EOECOEST ÄenVSDEI on the denarii of Bishop Henry I. v. Wroclaw. Others mention the name of the mint WKRTHH- BeR6, TRaBHIT2, OLHSNITZ, NÄMSIiKVlH, again others explain the coinage: GLIPeVS BAVWTUlie, QKlx&R DVGVH SIjGSie. We also find the name and title Duke, e.g. B. h DVX 6L060VI6, this also with a relationship

332 ^'PeaceRbui^:

on the coin image 6RLGH DVQVM SLäSlB IVVäHVM BOLQONVM 1)

The princes who leave us certain coins have, in chronological order, the following:

Henry II v. Glogau (Grotef. IL 3) 1273—1309. Henry I, Bishop of Breslau 1302-1319.

Juvenes Boleones 1313—1356.

Conrad v. Oels^) (Grotef. II. 9) 1322—1366.

Some of the many coins that Duke Heinrich von Those who call Glogau as Münzherm certainly belong to one of the late teren Glogau Dukes of this name, they stand out through a lighter, more delicate die cut. Further details are withdrawn the discussion in this essay.

An important result emerges from the above combination position. We'll see how far this coin class goes into the XTfl. year- a hundred is enough, so that for the large bracteates, like mentioned, only a few decades remain. One piece is definitely datable: it is the well-known von Yossberg under no. 5 described and illustrated denarius with QlilPSVS D8 BRVIiSWIG. It must have been minted in 1292, according to which The duke's marriage to the woman from Braunschweig was grotesque Mechthildis took place.

If you consider that this coin, which is quite ornamental, is cut, others precede or like according to their work work and your style can be safely concluded must, it is clear that this coinage is much more likely to meet its

1) These «jarenes Boleones* are, according to the usual assumption, which seems to me to be the only justified one» Boleo I. t. Falkenberg f after 1362 (Grotef. VI. 1) and his brother Boleo II. 1313-1356 Ton Oppeln (ib. VI. 2). So your communal breeding time has to be when you have the younger ones up to after his death as Juvenis*, falls into the period Ton 1313-1356.

2} The Q on the Wartenberg denarius (Götz 8430) can be pointed to him. Vossberg considered this letter to be a kind of mint mark, as was also the case on a individual Krossenern, where in my opinion it means Q rossen. See below about this following remark.".

Bchlesia's coins in the Middle Ages. 388

taskg must have taken than one initially assumed would like to be inclined. It can be concluded from this in view of the significant amount of large bracteates conclude that the resulting 2 Heinrich's bracteates were more likely to correspond to the first Hein- belong rich, perhaps in the beginning or the middle during his imprisonment, and that Boleslaus U certainly did not has formed more small bracteates. Because that bracteates with Denarii could have circulated together and at the same time not to be assumed, even if this phenomenon - bracteates and two-sided coins in circulation at the same time - otherwise probably konunen likes. No bracteate find has ever contained a denarius. These latter are something completely new, their introduction depends, As the name GROSSI shows, it is closely related to the Bohemian schen coinage reform under King Wenceslaus U. together, for what Further proof will be provided below in the form of a coin.

As in Bohemia and Saxony, so too in Schleswig sen the actual bracteates with the appearance of the comfortable ones hard coin will soon be out of circulation.

Two other pieces, which may be mentioned in passing, Eat a certain fixation of their pre-year, but less exactly as mentioned above, a circumstance that is important for the chrono nological arrangement of the other pieces is also important. The also known as a common denarius with the circumscription QLIP8VS BAVWKRIS around the Bavarian coat of arms is either what that More likely, minted in 1309, where Henry's daughter Bea- trix married Ludwig of Bavaria, the future emperor or, what Vossberg leaves undecided, and for obvious reasons - the reasons do not seem credible, in 1314, when she was with her Her husband was crowned in Aachen. The denarius can also be dated Vossberg No. 8 Figure No. 25 with the star, one of which Jags are widely extended, in which Vossberg, in my opinion, rightly saw a comet. One such appeared in 1301 and 1327 and both times the Annales Glogovienses report on

334 ^- Friedentbarg:

him. I would like the piece to be similar to the Ghpeus Moved to 1301 because of Baawarie.

As far as the minting of this coin group is concerned, that is the rule There is a great diversity here, as Voss already pointed out. Berg pointed out. We find e.g. B. on the Glogauer Heinrichsmünzen next to the Sderkopf^ which is the Glogauer The city's coat of arms is, and the duke's head is a two-crossed type Key, a star, two fish, boar's head, linden tree ^) Andre Denarii show us a lot of different coats of arms, which sometimes perhaps refers to the respective mint officials but unfortunately not enough of our heraldry yet have been researched. Still others show eagles and eagle shields of various kinds, helmets, moons (from the^i spoken of above ward) stars^ animal heads etc. Also the lion, one and two-tailed, is already found, as well as a crown, which is in their shape sometimes closely resembles those found on the Prague Groschen. resourceful reminders. Yes, one piece shows both images mentioned together ^), It is therefore a free imitation of the Bohemian penny; again proof of the influence of the new one claimed above Bohemian money on the Silesian coinage.

Furthermore, letters still appear and they are here two pieces in particular (in several varieties) are interesting,

«

which on one side has the letter Z and the transcription OLGSHITZ (.Oels) resp. TRQBHITZ Rs. a deer or show a deer or eagle, which therefore did not go to Sorau

1) This combination makes the assumption (Mader p. 160) that Piece with the boar's head, a community coin from Schweidnitz and Glogau be, to an untenable one.

2) If this stack doesn't belong in Görlitz, I very much doubt it. Since no other coins of this type are known there, it is easy to Schweidnitz, where the crown also appears in the coat of arms. The Clover leaves around the edge of the crown side speak for Silesia. The interpretation, which Köhne gives to this denarius in his magazine 1841 p. 75 is unfounded. cash, because it is not justified by anything. The assignment of the previously described benen Pfennigs acceptable to Löwenberg, in whose coat of arms the lion soon appeared crowned, soon appears uncrowned. Both coins are very unique in style. other different.

SehledeDS Monzen in the Middle Ages. 335

hear how Eöhne says in his magazine year 1840 p. 15 His poorly preserved example claims The Bedeatong the Z has not yet been explained; Initial, I think for sure it is not; Mint marks may belong to a group or mints that mint according to the same regulations who in the present case belong to the same duchy. With this Z, Yossberg wants the Q on the Wartenberger mentioned Put the denarius and some of the Glogau soldiers in a row. To un- reeht m. A. n.; because once the relevant pieces lie, apart from the spatial distance of the mints, in old age very each other, as mere visual inspection shows, and furthermore the shape of the Q is completely different both times.

Another example of such community funding identical types on a page, which we will later use for the Heller Analogues will also show two pieces, which always seen as belonging together, even if different coins are considered to come from places. They point to one - communal - side a sworn hand between a star and the letter 9. On the other you can see one has the letter T in mind, the other an upright lion. Your conjectured allocation will be fried at the bottom

We don't want to close this section without a quick one To give a compilation of the series that have existed up to now have had it determined.

Diocese of Breslau. Denarius with lily, reverse star of ends end in ringlets; like with half lily and half rose, Rs. similar to the previous one. Furthermore, the coins of Heinrich L: a) De- nare better but completely strange work with standing bi- sheep and lamb, which, according to legend, were stamped by Italians cut, b) imitations of the above, raw highest probably local make with the annoying stem error AHVS (!) instead of AGHVS.

Duchy of Liegnitz. The Ohlau Denarius. Götz no. 8411.

336 F-FiiedeDsbaig:

Duchy of Opole. The juvenes boleooes in several Varieties^) and certainly also the beautiful denarius with GKhGiK DVOIS BOIiQOßlS (Dew. Taf. 28 no. 104), which this author makes him too old by tying him to Boleo I. v. Schweidnitz exists, while the comparison of the peculiar ones begins with 6AL3Ä- The following inscriptions suggest that these coins to be attached to the same duchy, and, since the DVX evidently lich older than the IWSHSS^ to the father and his sons are distributed. Now the father of IVVQNQS is really called also Boleslaus (f 1313), so this allocation is hardly one Can suffer challenge because of the fact that on the coin the father's helmet with peacock fronds and palm branch (not corn) ears, as Dewerdek thinks), on which the sons are decorated with peacock appears covered in feathers, is of neither weight, since both Change helmet decorations as well.

Duchy of Glogau. The large series partly through internal Writings from secured, some of which follow them Denarii (also a H|lbling) from more than one duke Henry. This is the purpose of this work Accordingly, they have been spoken often enough and they are also through Vossberg's cited treatise is more widely known. To her several from Vossberg z. Th. also described Pieces on Cujavia, Posen and Erossen regarding which land- belonged to the duchy mentioned for a while. Domestic The following denarius is interesting and still unknown;

Hs. * DQNäRIVS. In the field P (initial from Posen).

Rev. * PO£HH profile head with diadem n. 1.

There are clovers between the letters.

Duchy of Oil. The mentioned denarii of Wartein

1) Dev. wants something from on this stack in the inscription of the helmet side Hönsterberg read out (p. 408), of course incorrect. By the way, his maeoze is That's right, it's not a new genre. Apparently it is one of the rare specimens with retrograde inscriptions, such as the comparison one such that I see voiiiigendeo with the illustration.

SchledeoB Mänzen in the Middle Ages. 387

berg, Oels, Trebnitz and a Stfick with the Insobrift HKM SLAVIA is an A. Bs. A whose meaning is unclear n. 1. striding, crudely drawn lion. This denarius is older than those mentioned above.

For some other pieces, conjecture can be used to Find parts that, however, lack security, therefore I will only briefly think of them here." There is, for example, B. the one described above spoken denarius with tfi) in the shield, which is usually aui “Trebnitz^ refers^), while his counterpart or so-called “Nachpre- gung^ with the lion is placed in Löwenberg. But it is it m..£. at least just as possible that both coins belong to the same mint, which perhaps also through the The enigmatic letter 9 appears again here will. A denarius with a rose can be found on Rosenberg (to Duchy of Opole), another with a Deer antlers on Hirschberg. I would like a coin here I would like to draw your attention to something that seems very interesting to me It shows a tree on one side and instead of the transcription Asterisks or lying stars, on the other a coat of arms (Moon, open at the top, above and below five-petaled, almost star-shaped rosette and a lithograph, which I HH SIAQOB Eat "^IDHOVWB to be able to read believe. Weidenan, a small ducal, later episcopal town of Breslau talking coat of arms a willow tree; But what is SIAQOB? Is it called Sanct Jacob or even with reference to the coat of arms Sigillum Jacobi? Unfortunately, information is still missing, as there is news about the history of Weidenau is lacking.

The coins, otherwise mentioned in documents as being entitled to coins

1) Mao sometimes (cf. unfortunately aaeh Mader p. 165 and Dreadener D

Manzatätt, which is already a comparison of the piece. TR6UBNITZ with that

completely similar OlidSHtTZ denarius proves, and Urkonden beat&tigen.

338 F* Friedensburg:

Princes and cities, if they have made their mark, may differ indeterminable. This is what the rarity teaches us of this stamp that was rarely minted in the country during this period became. The mass appearance of Polish and Bohemian Coins in the finds that were buried at that time, their Several that come to our knowledge every year prove that traffic exclusively with this foreign money was operated. If you only counted according to the coins bases of the countries mentioned.

(To be continued.)

F. Friedensburg.

On Norwegian and D&nisolien coinage.

The description of the coin fund at Graslid in Thydalen In Norway there is a celebration program for the wedding celebration of the crown Prince of Sweden from the Director of the University Mint Collection about ChristiaDia, Dr. L. B. Stenersen, who with Clarify and criticize the content of the find to the researcher presented

The find was made in 1878 and consisted of about 2200 pieces, mainly Norwegian coins and six various pieces of silver, probably to be regarded as payment silver. The foreign coins (approx. 37 pieces) found were partly very worn, partly only available in fragments. So- probably the German [coins of Cologne (Piligrim & Hermann 11 1036-56) of Saxony (Otto 1059-71, Hermann 1086) Speier and Erfurt, like the Dutch, were of little interest only worth noting for determining the time limit.

The Norwegian coins were of a very limited variety Period: by Harald Haardraadt (1046-66) and his sons Magnus and Olaf Kyrre. The treasure eoU, according to Dr. Stenerseu, buried around 1066-68.

We mainly present the description of this find because it represents a very piquant numismatic discovery. Coverage confirmed.

It is known that the Merovingian mint masters gave their names put on the coins and that this habit continued

340 A. Beri^soe.

England and from there transplanted north. As a rule you can find the mint master's name with that of the mint. bound. Sometimes the coin itself speaks; we know lYLE ME FEGIT and other examples, also in Germany. Here is but something completely new and original, fresh and naive like that population even today.

Several of these coins read with later runes:

C UN ARAMOTThlSA

Schive in his work, the coins of Norway in the Middle alter, gives plate 11 nos. 30, 31 and others. several of these coins, could but just as little as the Swede Liliegren before him in his Rune theory interpret this inscription. He probably meant the coin to see master Gunar, the following #t massted for au or on stand, in, and MOATHIS (one read 1 incorrectly for A instead of T) had to be an unknown mint^ ). We had the Gunar in Moathis, who was nowhere to be found. Another coin had r EFRICS MOTI (Schive, Tab. II 28, 29) it was again the mint master LEFRIG (the S did not bother) and the mint place MOTI the same as MOATHISAi). That's how things stood until Professor Dr. G. Stephens in his work “The oldnorthem monuments'^ gave a new interpretation. MOT, he said, is a well-known “oldnorthem word^' and means “stamp” t EFRI 6 p MOT is then simply "Lefric's stamp" and CYNARA. MOT.TbISA. means just as clearly: Gunar has Mot this or Gunar has this stamp with which the coin is minted. This one Explanation was new and very perceptive. I doubted at first But the immutability of the inscription soon closed me noticing on many pieces, the professor's opinion Stephens, who, to use a mild expression, remained very doubtful for most people.

1) You came close to the truth when you were still in Shire. GYNARA MO A THISA. Oimar on Mo owns this (money); Mon a well-known steep.

On Norwegian and D&nich Maenilore. 341

The Gnräslidefimd has the reading of Prof. Stepbens in rich Correctly confirmed in the safest and most foolish way possible.

We now have all sorts of Yarietats: Ganars this one stamp; Gonar has this stamp etc. with Yarietaten fürthisa, thitte etc. The most interesting is (page 18, kl H)

1 8 KIL '~L0 PENKb :TIilN

Askell^) (man's name) o = a possesses, PENEG') for peneng, Pfenning, THEN Demonstrative — pronoun in accusative. Askel owns this penny. Here, as in English, coin is peneng used for stamps, or the opinion is that the Pfenning his coin masterpiece is - he owns the pfennig as a master the same.

Professor Stephens has also shown that this inscription on English coins occur, and the beautiful discovery is preserved as a result, as something non-local, it has greater meaning. In the Find description comes in Tab. YII No. 225 as the last coin Yor. They made it into a class Z, a type of cabinet d'ignorance. The inscription of the adversary “has Latin letters no sense^, that of Beserves consists of Latin letters and letter-matching characters. But I now allow myself, since the significance of this coin is the attention of the Danish employee, Mr. Justice Councilor v. Autumn, seems to have escaped, to notice that the first moment I saw the coin There was no doubt that the illustration was a Danish coin to have me. There was only one specimen found, so it was certain not Norwegian. A coin from Denmark by Sven Estridsen was already in the find, this is the second one. The designation of the The mint master's office and the mint can sometimes be found -

1) It would probably not be possible in 4'HKI^•P to suggest two names see — Askel lefHc z. B. —

2) Omission of the Nasali often occurs; PLACDE G EN for PLANGDE 6 EN on Gnnt's mosses; RIESTAI Mr EIN 6 STAD and others

3^ A. BMfM«.

as is not unknown - on Danish coins on the Arers and the Beverse I read with the Reverse starting:

* OTHNCRLON and At. OTHEN 71 it's Othincaal on OthensTi, Othincar in Odense (flags). It would be awesome Here is the material from the many Odincar monks known to SDION bring to bear. I'm just putting up the reading, later found leaving the same to confirm or reject ^).

1) That this well-known Othinear was just for the non-regular King Harald Haardrood prigte in Odense is known; then what is more natural than this? Find coin beersa? —

+ P read and then have an example of what you mentioned earlier enigmatic PAX POR. PA x P n.s.w.

Copenhagen, November 1881.

S.A. Bergsoe.

Two HeinslMrger Mfimen-Ton Geilenkirchen. 848

Two Eeinsberg coins from &eilenkirolien.

The following coin is in the Royal Eabinet of Trier Archbishop Cuno von Falkenstein:

Av. COnO : ARaS: — :TR0VflROß. The holy one. Peter r., in the R. cross, in the L. key. Below the case Kenstein coat of arms. Rev. MOU — 6Tä6 — eiL6 — ßKIR. Cross that through the inscription passes through, three in each corner Points (From BoU's collection). The coin therefore belongs to Geilenkirchen, a small town between the Meuse and Roer, which belonged to the lords' possessions belonged to Heinsberg. These dynasts, like so many of them Neighbors practiced imprinting of foreign types in the Grossen have (see in particular: Piot in Rey. beige 1850 p. 260 ff.), Our coin probably also belongs to it. This is all the more true- more apparent than another Heinsberg coin already known is, which is minted in Geilenkirchen:

Av. 60DFRIDVS — DCneißBE. The hay. Peter like above. Below the Saar Werden coat of arms, the two- headed eagles. Rev. Exactly the same as the above. (Revue beige 1850 pL

IX, 24; Nettesbeim Collection.) Because this exact copy of a coin from the Archbishop of Cologne Frederick of Saar is certainly Godfiried HL of Heinsberg belongs to him, we can undoubtedly imitate him attribute to that Trier coin. The other Heinsbergers Restrikes appear to be of pretty good silver Berlin mint from Geilenkirchen, on the other hand, is copper and was just white-knuckled. Adolf Erman.

344 Minor Hittheiluagen.

Smaller communications.

Gods as officials in Thracian cities. Mine

Observation (see p. 147) that on the militias of Byzantium the gods

figure as eponymous officials, has the right description of one

Inscription from Samothrace, on which Japiter is called "Rex",

as the eponymous priestly official, saailevs, fangirt; this one

Priestly title, as I noted in the same essay, is in

Samothrace, Byzantium and its neighborhood often. — My

Friend, Prof. Dr. 0. Hirschfeld in Vienna writes to me: “ . . . too

I was very impressed by the comments about the coins of Byzantium

interested, especially because of the gods as eponymous magistrates.

This gives us an inscription from Samothrace

caused a lot of headaches about their correct interpretation (Conze

Samothrace I. p. 37. cf. Dürr, Hadrian's Travels p. 115

No. 80):

REGIBVS . lOV

ITERVM • M

GLABRIONE

TORQVATO COS etc.

where therefore certainly lOV Fe ET • • • and probably Hadrian's

Name will have to be added. But there can also be a second god have stood.^^)— The second administration of Demeter in Byzantium (EHI AHMHTPOC TOB) it also occurs in Hadrian's time; a coin from Sabina with this inscription s. Hof&nami, le numismate, bulletin p^riodique etc. No. 853 of the ice coins.

A.V.S.

1) Since then, Hinchfeld has eri&ateri this inscription in detail

Minor repairs. 845

Small additions to the essays by F. Frie- densburg: “Tobias Wolff and the Silesian Coin Collection” bine t** pp. 70-78. — The beautiful commemorative coin of George II of Brieg (f 1586) and his wife Barbara of Brandenburg is already depicted once in “Silesia's Prehistoric Period” 1878 No. 38 on the Friedensburg essay “the coin collections the picture plate attached to the city library in Breslau^ No. II. — The Brieger Italian artist colony was the first to go in the 5th volume of the magazine for business. and antiquity. Silesia 1863 volume Y p. 15 ff. and also on the goldsmith Tobias Wolff that. p. 24 Lynx's attention. — Also the gold guilder of Duchess Anna of Liegnitz (p. 77) is shown in “Schlesiens Vorzeit” under No. 1, as well as the Neisser there Heller (p. 78) under No. IX, although less good.

Wroclaw. L.

846 Litormnr.

Literature.

W. Barster: A search for a Speyer coin history. Speier 1882. 8. P. 166. With 2 photolithographic plates (Special print from the middle of the historical association of the Palatinate, X.) If no one has yet felt tempted, one To write Speier's coinage history, as we do from the old Rhenish episcopal cities of Mainz, Trier and Cologne own, this is completely explained by the proportional little activity in which the mint in Speier is located both imperial and later episcopal can best be characterized by the fact that v. Berstett, a relatively new writer (in his coin history of the Zähringer-Baden Princely House) safe products of this Mint before Bishop Adolf (1371-81) cannot be liked. However, Speier's coinage is quite so poor. History is not like the one described by the author written number of 193 coins and commemorative coins proves Among these are some novelties, notably one by Bishop John I (1090 - 1104), who was previously in the numismatics matics was unknown. It is also important that one who has not yet denarii, with S ^ Münster, voted its place with full security^ ness is instructed; it doesn't just correspond exactly the character that Emperor Ludwig lY. in his certificate of 1346 when the coinage law for the production of hay was created in the town Speier prescribes, but it is also an example of the same

Litmtar. 347

the files on the council's dealings with the Mfinzem and Housemates about a Mfinzpr&gong to be carried out together, from 1370, incorporated.

The coin descriptions are subject to thorough research on the granting of the right to mint, restrictions on the episcopal order Mint law, the minters and household members, the Um£Eing and the duration of the coin operation and the changes in the coin sent ahead. They also contain some things Numismatist acquaintances, which is in an only for numismatic circles certain scripture could have been suppressed, but that is the case to consider that this work is suitable for a wider readership circle is determined. And that the Lord author the Yersuch has not shied away from the larger audience for numismatic to be interested in problems that are otherwise so apathetic towards survives, that is to be credited to his special merit. May this attempt not fail, and may it come soon A similar attempt will follow with a coin history from Worms.

H. Dannenberg.

M. Bahrfeldt, Numismatic Literature Journal Jahi^. L U (1880 - 1881.) A careful and rich focus on the published Becenaions and the auction catalogs Overview of the numismatic literature in its entirety iange, as well as in-depth reviews of individual works, mostly from the editor himself, from Messrs. Erbstein, Samwor, E. Bahrfeldt, Trachsel et al. It is with such a unit^ Of course, it is easily explained that many times larger and more effective Valuable phenomena are mentioned only by their title worthless brochures but a comparatively too large one space is granted; Despite this deficiency, Mr. Bahrfeldt'a This is proof of his great zeal and hard work.