Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 5 — 1878

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MAGAZINE

FOR

NUMISMATICS.

REDIT

FROM

Dr. ALFRED OF SALLET,

MITOLIA OF THE ABCHABOLOOISCHBN INSTITUT», HONORARY MEMBER DBS NUMISMATMCHRN > OBSBLLSCBAPT IN LONDON.

FIFTH VOLUME.

BERLIN

WEIDMANNSCUE BOOKSHOP.

1878.

Contents of the fifth volume.

Age number

Since«

Friedlaender, J., The Royal Acquisitions. Mttnzcabinets in

J. 1876 (also containing the Middle Ages) (Plate I) 1

Babrfeldt, M., About the oldest denarii of Rome (Plate III) ... 30

Klügmann, A., The types of the oldest Roman bigati .... 62

Sallet, A. v., On Greek numismatics (Plate II) 92

Sallet, A. v., The silver coins of Barcochba 110

Friedlaender, J., A North Etruscan coin inscription 115

Imhoof-Blumer, F., Coins from Selge and Aspendos (Plate VI) . . 133

Imhoof-Blumer, F., Greek overprints 143

Merzbacher, E., Studies on ancient Hebrew coins III. . 151

Sallet, A. v., The Coins of Aenus in Thrace 177

Weissenborn, H., The gold discovery in the old town hall in Erfurt (see also

Middle Ages) 207

Friedlaender, J., Schubin's coin find again.... 213

Monimsen, Th., Zenobia and Vaballathus 229

Duhn, F. v., Mttnzfound near Cajazzo 232

Friedlaender, J., On the discovery of Cajazzo 241

Sallet, A. v., On Roman Numismatics 242

Sallet. A. v., Asclepius and Hygieia 32o

Duhn, F. v., Mttnzfund near Beneventum 339

Middle Ages and sixth century.

*

Dannenberg, H., The Mttnz find from Nieder-Landin 17

Dannenberg, H., On Pomeranian and Mecklenburg coinage

(Plate IV) 73

(Plate VII) 189

Friedlaender, J., Brandenburg medals (Plate V) 119

Weissenborn, H., The gold discovery in the old town hall in Erfurt ... 207

Sallet» A. v., bracteate of bailiff Heinrich v. Plauen 256

Dannenberg, H., Bracteates of the Saxon Duke Bernhard (Plate VIII) 259

Dannenberg, H., The coins of Helmstedt Abbey (Plate VIII) . . 264

Heritage stone. J. and A., The Mttnz find from Zöckeritz 27Ö

Friedlaender, J., Unedirte Mittelaltenntzen 283

•fo??66

jy Contents of the fifth volume.

NECROLOGIST.

Page

A.v. Smoke 217

Leitzmann 347

K. Beyer 348

MISCELLES.

Antique embossing machine. J. Friedlaender 121

Coins of the Nasiotae. Hans Droysen 123

retort. Prof. Dr. Pichler 123

To the Neocorat of the Ephesians. A.v. S349

The minted coin of Bareochba. A.v. S349

Mithradates of Armenia. Consul General Dr. Blue and J. Friedlaender 350

Brand with avaroXri and dvatg. A.v. S350

Numismatics of Alsace by Mr. A. Engel (invitation to the

Numismatist) 350

LITERATURE.

Bompois, P 125

Erbstein, J. and A 127

Teaching 123

Numismatic chronicle 130. 226. 358

Numismatic Journal (Vienna) 131. 358

Bahrfeldt, M 220

Deecke, W 220

Grünauer, E 221

Kirchhoff, A 222

Lambros, P 225

Ljubiö, p 225. 226

Schlumberger, G 227

Boutkowski, A 351

Engel, A 351

Grote, H 353

Friedlaender and Sallet 355

Inn- and Knyphausen, Count v 357

Revue Numismatique 360

Improvements to Volume V 367

o*

The acquisitions of the Royal Monz Cabinet

in 1876.

(Plate I).

Like the years 1873 and 1875, the most recent The coin cabinet received a significant increase Meaning: the collection of oriental coins of the English Colonel Guthrie. According to the unanimous verdict of German and English Orientalists, this one consists of more than 15,000 pieces existing collection of the highest value, so this too Department of the Coin Cabinet, if the Guthrie Collection combined with the old holdings, are among the richest will.

Apart from this brilliant acquisition, which again therefore from the higher ministry from the rural days for extraordinary acquisitions by the museums Funds have been made, regular purchases have been made in 106 different purchases amount to 810 pieces, viz

Greek .... 2 gold 40 silver 171 bronze 213 pieces

Roman and Byzantine 14,, 27,, 36,, 77,,

Medieval and modern 102 " 381 " 21 ,, 604 ,,

Oriental .... 10 , f 6 ,, — f , 16 , T

together 128 gold 454 silver 228 bronze 810 pieces

and also 81 wooden and stone models of German medals of the 1t>. Century, and 6 molds for Roman coins. So there are around 300 ancient ones and more than 600 newer ones Pieces added to the collection.

Magazine for NumiamaUk. V. 1

i J

I. Even if the number of Greek coins is small is, including several extremely valuable pieces.

Among the many beautiful coins of Abdera stands out The one shown here is characterized by high artistic value, and is, so much I know, a Unicum (1 2.5 grams). Before the grasp of Apollo, which seems to be just as elegantly drawn as it is delicately executed the sign of being a cicade. The representation of the resting Heracles is probably the oldest, because the coin is certainly there 400 B.C. minted BC; The stem was already blooming so quickly in Abdera fur cutting art, this city surpasses all other northern Greek schen by the abundance of their beautiful coins and by the wealth of their types; the figures of Apollo, Artemis, of Dionysus, Hermes, Heracles, a discobole, a dance change, heads of gods are rarer.

Plate I, 2 depicted tetradracbmon from is unedited Uranopolis; on the front are the large celestial bodies shown, the sun, here with short rays, surrounded by Stars and the crescent moon. Urania sits on the other side on the celestial sphere surrounded by zones, she asked on the Have a pointed top that ends with a star, her robe has tight sleeves. The scepter has one at the top Circle with a point in the middle (the world circle with the Sun?), a Taenia hangs down. The symbol, the hand- torch, is common in other Ruacedonian cities. The Ge- weight is 13.5 grams. The city of UranopoliB was founded by Alexander, Cassander's brother, newly founded, one usually assumes I thought it was the Acroathon. only Lenke distinguishes between the two,

The King's Acquisitions Coin cabinet in 1876. 3

and places Uranopolis further west; the name and the types point to a high mountain town.

The strange ancient Macedonian coin with the unexplained The inscription TVNTENON has already been discussed in this magazine. been chen.

Among the several thousand coins of Alexander the Great Until now, the extremely rare tetradrachmon was missing from large ones whose head is covered with the elephant exuvia; a beautiful copy was purchased. While the ordinary Head with the lion skin in front of Heracles, at least initially represents and not the king, the Ammon's horn proves that the head covered with an elephant's handkerchief, that this is where Alexander is meant, as on the coins of Lysimachus, and the ele- phantenhaut probably points to Africa, as she points to the bronze Ptolemy coins are common; also are the few so far known specimens of this tetradrachmon, it seems came to Egypt: their epithet also points to Egypt, the eagle standing on the lightning bolt with its wings spread, the same that of Ptolemy Soter. These rare tetradrachms are without a doubt, just like many of Alexander's other coins marked by his death.

The small gold coin of Athens Plate I, 4, one twelfth of the stater, the grater, which is now completely present, closes it gold coins from ; it consists of the stater, the half-quarter Sixth and twelfth staters. The stater is available in two copies plan available. The weights of these pieces are 8,525, 4,295, 2,144 , 1 .4:»5 , 0.715 grams. The collection also has the Athenian stater with Mi thradat's name, and the small Electruin- coin: on the Jlf. an owl turned left, which Head turned forward, and on the right the recessed square (1.35 grams), one of the five specimens found near Athens (a sixth were found in Phylae; the found news appear to be fully authenticated. The similarity of these

4 «J. Friedlander,

small gold coin with one of the well-known primitive silver coins also prove the Athenian origin of the the latter. This series of eight Athenian gold coins — not counting four of the bracteate-shaped ones, which I don't care for Keeping coins but pieces of jewelry is probably done by a few people of the other large collections can be surpassed.

At the same time as the twelfth stater there was also a complete one Preserved Athenian tetradrachm from the oldest style with the Inscription 3© A in the collection; this wheel-shaped theta is in Athens as rare as usual in Boeotia.

Regarding the just mentioned, shown in the previous annual report, The stater Mithradats also became the highest in this year rare drachma. And the bronze coins of Athens were enriched by a good example of the beautiful coin, which the Munich marble group of Eirene with the small Plutus on the arm; Plate I, 5 shows this group.

Among the coins of the Peloponnesus stands out perfect beauty of style and preservation a new Acquired copy of the coin from Argos, with the head Hera and Diomedes as robbers of palladium. This The symbol here is a small, beautifully drawn swan.

The Arcadian, first made known by Mr. Margaritis Coin depicting the head of Alpheus with bull horns and on the reverse side has that of Pan, was acquired. The weight this Unicum is 0.98 grams.

It was also one of the particularly interesting ones Hadrian bought bronze coins from the Eleans, which Represent Zeus of Phidias; here almost from the front; in archaeo- It is illustrated and discussed in the logical newspaper 1876 p. 34.

A city new to numismatics may have the following: ing bronze coin, which represents the lace demonic in the external characteristics and the type of the downside is similar. It has a diameter of 26 millimeters. On the farm.

The King's Acquisitions). Coin Cabinet in 1876. 5

a head turned to the right is surrounded by a band, perhaps a Poseidon, behind him an unrecognizable symbol, under the neck A (not A A). On the respondent the Dioscuri riding to the right with inlaid lances and with stars on them the hats. Among the horses is OIIOYN..., on one second copy that was offered here, Hess almost safely recognize OnOYNTIQN. This flip side surrounds a wreath.

The similarity with the Lacedaemonian coins is too great than giving the coin to the remote Locrian opus could allocate; You would rather go to the opus not far from the Think of the city of Elis above the Peneus, Strabo B. IX p. 425 temporarily, mention Stephen as nofag rfjg 'Hkelag, and Diodorus B. XIV C. 17 mentions three other cities in Acroria, which the Spartans under Pausanias in the war against the Eleans income. This early period, around 400 B.C. BC, can the Of course, it doesn't belong to the coin, but perhaps the city's chen also in a later era in connection with lace demon, and then this coin could have been minted there. But this is an open question.

A series of small silver coins, which until now have been Aegae in Aeolis was assigned (Eckhel nummi veteres anecdoti p. 201 Plate XII, 2; Mionnet III, 2, 4 and plate 75, 9; Eckhel Doctrina H, 65 under Aegae in Macedonia), belongs to Aegae in Achaia.

The coin cabinet now has six. The oldest on the board I, 6 pictured is, I believe, unedited. In the out of three The declining inscription existing in letters is the broken chene iota and the round gamma not Asia Minor, but occurs in Greece and Greater Greece in the Chalcidi- colonies. The following ones also have the same gamma Nos. 7 and 8 of the tablet, the inscription AICAION is understandable divided into front and back side: this also points to the Greeks*

6 J. Friedend",

And ; also the style, which is harder and stricter than that Asia Minor.

Aegae in Achaea was a small town that was deserted early on, According to Strabo, the Achaeans united Aegae with Aegira, but the Inhabitants were named Alyaoii after the older city. Aegira later has copper coins with his name AI TIP AT AN shaped.

Aegae's neighboring city was Heiice; the coin of Heiice which I published in the Archaeological Newspaper 1861 163 (see also Numismatic Chronicle N. S. I, 216 published, is now in two copies in the coin cabinet. When the wave circle that surrounds Poseidon's head, on the city name ekUrj, it would again be a talking coat of arms.

The earthquake and the flood were hot destroyed, found Olympus. 101, 4, 373 B.C. BC, these coins zens were probably not coined beforehand, but Heiice was probably rebuilt, same as Bura which was destroyed at the same time and coins had even been minted in Roman times. has shaped.

Strabo (page 384) tells of Heiice, after the flood Attention is the statue of Poseidon with the hippocampi the hand remained visible in the fairway. The cult of this Poseidon Heliconius was transferred to the colony of Priene; the coins there only have the trident of the coins of Heiice, surrounded by the meander (which corresponds to the wave ring of Heiice corresponds, but not to the head of Poseidon. An old one Oracle had forbidden to copy Heiice's Poseidon, perhaps this is the reason that it is on the coins of Priene can't find it.

The coin from the island of Jos shown on plate I, 3 is already acquired with the Fox collection and included in the report the same has already been mentioned, only the beautiful head of the Homer deserved an afterthought.

The King's Acquisitions Coin cabinet in 1876. 7

Among the coins of Asia Minor stands out above all the tetradrachm of the previously unknown in numismatics King Mithradat V. Philopator with the type of Perseus which was already published in these pages, Part IV, 232 has been. So far it seems to be a unicum.

An ancient tetradrachm from Abydus, 23 million. and 16.68 grams, has the laurel-crowned head of Apollo to the right, and on the applicant a heavy, upside down one Anchor, next to which there is a crab on the left and an A on the right, and on the right in the field AIXA. Just the one indistinct and I know of a different copy, which is in the catalog Wiczay I, plate XX. 455 is published and repeated in Sestinis Museum Hedervarianum II, p. 127, 2 and at Mionnet Suppl.V, 499, 14. The official name KAPA is read there, they were There are so few traces visible that he might be there too AIXA can be read.

A half-stater from Khodus with the ray-crowned Helios head from the front, turned slightly to the right, and MAPIQN Above the rose, on the sides of which is written P O, a small one on the left Ear, all in the recessed square, 4.26 grams, fills the gap between the more ancient stater and the three-quarter staters that were already present.

Another new city in numismatics teaches us Plate I, 9 coins shown: Candyba in Lycia, northern Located off the Massicyton Mountains, it is founded by Ptolemy as Gondyba, and from Plinin correctly, also in Christian Named as an episcopal see at the time of Hierocles. At the end the The imperial inscription read C€B.

A coin from Side in Pamphylia stands out unusual inscription from: jE. 31 million KOPNHAIA CA- AfiNINA C€B, her head with diadem and robe, in front of it IA. On the. Letter 7 lines in a wreath. niCTHC 4>IAHC CVMMAXOV PQMAIÜN MVCTIAOC CIAHC.

A

8 years Friedlaender,

The Cappadocian royal line was particularly enriched through the tetradrachm of an Ariarathes with the types Mi- thradats of the Great of Pontus and through the equally remarkable Worthy bronze coin of Ariamnes, which both Th. IV, S. lü and p. 266 are published.

One of the greatest rarities is the silver coin from Antioch with the head of Pescennius Niger Plate I, 12. She differs from the example which Vaillant Eckhel and Mionnet have described; .several times, especially here on At the end of the emperor's name the A did not stand for dixaup, and that there the eagle holds a club. Eckhel's Arigoni's cited copy is on his plate 51 of the fourth Partly shown, with the emperor's name in the nominative.

Great Greek coins are coming now, it seems less common. Just two small silver coins from Neapolis Gampaniae are to be mentioned here, both have the head of River God, the one named £EPEIOO£ and on the Rf. NEOPOfrTE* next to the Nike which is lying on the Hydria sits, a short palm branch and a staff (Gaduceus 1) in hands. The second one has NEOrOAlTHX, and not that Name of the river.

These two were known, but a new inscription, so- As far as I know, the bronze coin shown on Plate I, 1 offers from Syracuse, whose types are among the most common. Two According to XYPA, copies have the inscription XQXIA unambiguously strange, but the meaning is obscure. The position and the Based on the size of the letters you would say XfiXIA for one hold the nickname of Pallas; Names of the gods: IEYS EAEYOE- PIOS, AIOS EAAANIOY, APEOOSA, KOPAS , £&- TEIPA, AEYKASniS are almost the only inscriptions which appear on coins from Syracuse, XßXIA alone is not an epithet. The design is also suitable for an artist name. don't write; These are also common in Syracuse and are there

The King's Acquisitions Coin cabinets in 1876. 9

Also often in the genitive, the letters are too big here for that ; Artist names rarely appear on bronze coins and only small, hidden and abbreviated, like EY and <|>PY. The name Sosias is otherwise known as his stage name, Z&X IQN is a Syracuse stamp cutter. So all that's left is to address an official of Sosia, whose name is in the genitive case. take, but as is well known, come from coins from Syracuse no names of officials. So the inscription expects that Explainer.

Eleven cities that are not yet represented in the collection were new this year: Candyba, Bubon, Aninesium, Mossina, Hadrianopolis in Pisidia, Gerasus, Scy- lace, Pappa, Lusi, Alea, these two on coins of the Achaean Federal, finally Opus at Elis, if this allocation is correct.

II. The number of acquired Roman and Byzantine The French coins are even smaller than the Greek ones. Off In the times of the Republic the aureus became Cestius Norbanus acquired with the Cybele on the lion chariot. More important is one Aureus of the XIV Legion of M. Antonius (8.09 grams) Plate 1, 10; It joins the previously known three gold coins from the IV XIX. Legion and the Ghortium Praetoriarum. It is not possible to see why some legions were awarded gold coins because by chance only these few were preserved would be if everyone had coined is not likely.

An aureus of Cassius with the head was also desired the Leibertas and the name of Lentulus Spinther. Likewise one of Augustus, coined by III vir monctalis Durmius, with the sea crab holding a butterfly. The relationship this representation is dark; since other coins of the same III vir You could have types from Neapolis Velia and Pästum in which sea crabs think of the Agrigento type, rather than to Cumae.

10 J- Friedlaender,

The Denarius of Augustus depicted in Plate II shows the clothing dung of the Armenian (or Armenia) more clearly than the previous previous illustrations: a hood over the hair, a tight Close-fitting dewlap, perhaps made of leather, which is quite deep reaches down, and underneath a short robe that closes at the front is knotted together, like the slinger of Aspendus to increase mobility.

At your side is CAESAR DIV-F

POOR CAPTA

IMP Villi The A at the end

from CAPTA and the villi are even clearer than here a copy from the British Museum. This will make it probably that this was also the case with Cohen Monnaies de la räpubli- que romaine p. 166 illustrated copy, on which one only VIII sees that Villi had. This Cohen specimen has not AVCVSTVS on the front; ours and the London one copy have AVGVSTVS, and this name was allowed to Certainly not missing, as Octavian already accepted him as IMP VII. But since the name is really missing, one has to assume that that he wasn't always put on the coins at the beginning, or that you have the earlier stamps on which he is not yet stood, still applied; In short, I don't think anyone is allowed here There is a chronological difference between these coins and without AVCVSTVS.

This denarius is the counterpart to our Unicum Collection, which was already published by Beger in the Thesaurus Branden- burgicus was published and has been repeated many times since then. The- This last one does not have AVCVSTVS on the Hf, and on the Bf

CAESAR DIV-F POOR RECE

IMP VII •• The stamp gripped on the right side

beyond the very red, it may have said RECEPT, and also Villi. However, due to the lack of the AVGV STVS and from the VII concluded that this denarius belongs to the

The royal acquisitions Müriz Cabinet in 1876. \\

Time in which Octavian was IMP'VII and the name Augustus had not yet mentioned anything, so he was referring to an earlier one Conquest of Armenia known as the one in 734.

But I believe that both denarii have IMP-VIIII, and I said before that I noticed the lack of AVGVSTVS don't think it's crucial. The only difference then remains that one person calls Armenia a capta, another a recepta. net, this does not prevent them from sharing the same year. It In addition to the numerous coins with Armenia capta, there are also another denarius with Armenia recepta and the Armenian tiara; Unfortunately, his friend is not known (Cohen, Augustus Kr. 49.;

The Byzantine ranks were represented by three rare solidi enriched, one of Theodora the widow of Theophilus as Minted by the guardian, with the portraits of her son Michael III. and her daughter Thecla, the second from the same Theodora with the son without the daughter. The third is the interesting one Solidus of Leo IV and his son Constantine VI. with the portraits of their ancestors, inscribed with the words YSS€S- SOT1 occur, the explanation of which is given in these leaves (Th. IV, 8. 150. has been tried. Also the interesting silver coin of Komanu8 I., Christophorus and Constantin buys, which gives proof that the legitimate Emperor Con- Stantin, as we know, the writer, from his in-law father Romanus and his son Christophorus gradually from the was first pushed back to third place, as I did in the Berliner Blatter für Münzkunde Th. II, p. 173 lich from places in the Cedrenus. Sabatier has This coin, like many others, is not described in complete detail.

Among those preserved as an appendix to the Roman coins Ancient coin molds came from six found in Egypt of brown clay for casting bronze coins of Licinius and Constantine the Great. In the cavities of the two still You can still see traces of several of the connected pieces

12 J- Friedlaender, -

of verdigris, remains of the ones left in it, over the course of the Centuries of coins dissolved by oxidation. This form men prove that coins were made by counterfeiters in ancient times. were poured, which brought profit then as now, since these Coins in circulation had a higher value than their metal value. There are already several such forms for billon coins ; three found near Saarbrücken made of whitish clay, Denarii of Severus, Geta and Severus Alexander; eight near Cologne Denarii of Severus, excavated partly in 1830 and partly in 1860 Julia Domna and Elagabalus. These denarii were made by the Counterfeiters probably made it out of poorer silver. Through The copper parts of the metal were then boiled in a pickle mixture on the surface is destroyed, and this results in The coming silver gave the coin the appearance of a coin for a short time silver.

III. Medieval and modern coins. The series of Merovingian was rewarded with two valuable small gold coins multiplied, one with the name of King Chlotar, the other with PARISIV'S CIVE. The increase in checks was more considerable lingern: 21 denarii, partly from cities that are not yet were represented, including many rare ones, e.g. B. the from Leng marked L-ENNIS Fl SCO; from an because which RACIO FISCI has, the meaning arises this inscription.

The coins of the Carolingians are in the coin cabinet at another, with the Merovingians at the head of the Medieval, and in their union they provide a vivid picture of the world th empire according to its large parts: Austrasia with Frisia, Neustria, Aquitaine with the Spanish March, and Italy. The completion of these series is eagerly encouraged, but it is difficult; but in recent years it has also become lungs to receive even the rare denarius from BARCINONA.

The King's Acquisitions Coin cabinet in 1876. 13

This year too, the father- Dutch department has been enriched in its older part through a wide selection of products made by Pritzerbe th finds of bracteates of Margrave Otto II, some of which bear his name (also: est Otto Marchio), on others he the eagle shield, one of the oldest ideas of the Brandenburg Burg's coat of arms.

Two first-class coins from Hohenzoller princes were also won for the collection: a Portuguese of Elector Joachim Friedrich from 1605, and a gold floral Johann Georgs from 1573; There is only one example of the first one left Clearly known, the second one is a unicum, but it is an example a similar one from 1577 in the Royal Collection. Coin. Both newly purchased pieces are in the last edition of this issue Magazine pictured.

A Hohenzoller ducat is extremely rare. Princess, who is far away from her homeland under the under the suzerainty of the Turkish Sultan. Catherine, a daughter of Elector Johann Sigismund, was born on March 2nd 1626 in Košice with the famous Gabriel Bethlen Prince from Transylvania, who had previously been married for a short time had even held the title of king of Hungary; on that she was honored by the state parliament and the successor was assured, which Sultan Murad IV also confirmed this. As on November 15, 1629 Gabriel died, she followed him in under the Sultan's approval the government, her brother-in-law Stephan Bethlen was at her disposal page; but he and the boyars soon became the female Tired of rule, and she had to go to Cluj on Abdicated the throne on September 20, 1630. She soon returned in returned home and later married the Duke Franz Karl of Saxe-Lauenburg; she died in 1649.

Since her reign didn't even last a year, so their coins are rare. The ducat shows her half-length portrait

14 years Friedlaender,

rich traditional costume, the other side the coat of arms: Transylvania, Nuremberg berg, Brandenburg, Pomerania, Hobenzollern, and in Mittelschilde that of Bethlen. The transcriptions on both sides are CATHarina Dei Gratia Nata Marchionissa Brandenburgensis Sancti Romani Imperii ET TRANsylvaniae PRINCeps PARtium Regni Hun- gariei Domina SICulorum (Szekler) Comitissa Ac Borussiae luliaci Cliviae Montium Ducissa 1630. That A. B. ac Borus- siae means, is used by I. B. in Borussia on other examples plausibly.

When confiscating the previous German territorial coins the Reich Chancellery had given up the mints to store the best specimens of each type of gold coin; From these, 65 pieces were chosen for the coin cabinet, including 30 Prussians from 1747 onwards; the rest are rarer German gold coins, partly from the smaller countries, even one from Nassau.

Among the coins of the Prussian provinces stands out one of the oldest Cologne gold flowers, from Archbishop Engel- Bert III

Perhaps even rarer is a Silesian thaler from Wild- Helm of Rosenberg; he is in the Viennese numismatic period published in 1876, p. 199; the one of the two known ones One copy is in the Imperial Collection there, the other one There p. 200 note 2 mentioned in the Montenuovo collection is that got here now. At the same time as this thaler was one Number of others also very rare from the same collection bought, one of Johann von Lynden von Reckheim, then Isenburgsche, Leiningensche, Göttingensche, two Doppelthaler from Salm-Kyrburg, a half thaler from Montfort etc. w.

Also about a German discovery made near Arnsberg Coins from the beginning of the 15th century, including there were several interesting pieces, is already in these sheets tern (Th. IV, p. 178).

The King's Acquisitions]. Mint cabinet in 1876. 15

According to the system that I advocated in 1868 introduced the medieval and modern coins, the Alsatian and Lorraine join the German schen to; Historically, they do not belong to the French schen, because at the same time as the French conquest heard there all their own stamp. The Lorraine ranks were in this year, especially through shipments from Paris- lich enriched; a rich selection of small silver coins of the 13th century, which probably dates back to the Finds made in the Saarbrück area were added, and a good number of coins of the older princes; the self tensten are a half-thaler Renatus II and a quarter-thaler of the Duke Anton, also a Lorraine gold piece from the Duke Franz Stephan, who ceded Lorraine to France and Tuscany received in return, the future Roman Emperor Franz I.

Among the other German coins is the Ducat Emperor Wenceslas highlighted with inscriptions in German letters to lift.

The dispersal of a local collection of order coins gave the coin cabinet a desired increase of 20 Lievland order coins, including a half mark of the army master Wilhelm von Fürstenberg is the most valuable. The order coins acquired from Athens are even more important of Rhodes, including the oldest of the order, of Fulco of Villaret, the conqueror of the island, others from Deodat of Gozo the dragon slayer, Johann von Lastic, also included these belonging to the oldest masters of the order. Italy, whose coins already are particularly rich, received only small increases; a grosso Philip of Savoy with Venetian types, and coins from Ortona and Orvieto were the most important acquisitions of this year.

The coin cabinet was acquired from the dissolved art chamber those that have long since been claimed by him, just through

15 J- Friedlaender, The Royal Acquisitions. Coin cabinet in 1876.

Coincidentally, medals that had been kept in the Kunstkammer until then and medal models, 81 pieces, namely 17 partially cast partly engraved medals, the latter of English or Dutch work, also several by Simon de Passe. The 33 wooden and 31 soapstone models differ their technology as well as their purpose clearly differs from the usual traditional carvings; these last are independent artists works, the models, on the other hand, were not, but rather they were made in form- sand, and into the cavity of these recessed together The joined shapes of the front and back sides became metal cast; this is how the cast medals were made. The coin kabinet has had a number of these since ancient times Models, and of several also the cast medals, model and Medals therefore belong together; with knowledge of this fact- things, no one will doubt that these models are in the coin cabinet, just as they belong to the coin collection in other museums collections are incorporated.

IV. The Oriental Coins, 11,000 pieces so far, were, as mentioned above, through the Guthrie collection 15,236 enriched, 1261 gold and 8273 silver. It is located but there are also many of us who are counted among the ancients. nete. Reporting on the Orientals must be done by an expert left to man. Also a number of modern named There were a lot of Maltese coins in this collection which have some beautiful medals from grand masters of the 16th century hundreds were desired.

The cabinet now consists of 55,000 Greeks, 33,000 Roman and Byzantine, 78,000 Medieval and More recent, 26,000 Oriental coins and 8000 medals Private men, i.e. in a round number of 200,000 pieces.

J. Friedlaender.

The silver discovery from Nieder-Landin.

Last year (1876) the local Brandenburg Museum a very interesting one in February of the same year Find of jewelry excavated in Nieder-Landin not far from Schwedt things and coins delivered. The total weight of 1300 Grams are distributed in such a way that of them

90 grams on the collar v ; ,

70,, on the rest, broken as usual

Jewelery (silver wire, silver plates, etc.), 270,, on the broken coins, 600,, on the turning pennies, and 270,, on the remaining coins fall. As you can see, round numbers are assumed here. Similar jewelry comes in most of these Mint finds are common companions of coins and are enough especially through the descriptions and illustrations in Friedlaender's Obrzycko finds and Friedlaender's and Müllen's hoff's silver discovery from Farve is known.

Here we are only concerned with the coins, which me to study from the director of the Mark. Museum Mr. City Councilor Friedel, were willingly made available.

1) This collar consists of multiple round wires twisted together, is about the thickness of a thumb in the middle and tapers towards the ends into flat sheets that can be hooked together. Ks is remarkable- worth h because of its perfect preservation.

Magazine for NumWrifttik. v. 2

18 H. Dannenberg,

I was able to use the following directory with feedback. look at my recently published book about the coins of the Saxon and Franconian. Imperial period 1 ) keep it short; I quote the same thing with D

Lorraine.

Flanders, Margrave Baldwin IV (989-1036).

1 transcriptions expired. Cross with ringlet, wedge, ball and crosses in the corners. Bf. Sechssauliger Temple. — (D. 153.) 1 Ex.

Name no, Count Albert HI. (1037-1105).

2) ALB.... diademed head to the right. Petitioner (N)AMVC

(ENSIS) in the field mONE (D. 165.) 1 ex.

(A) Dinant, same.

3) (ALBCRTVS; head. Bf (fc€ONANT; decorated Cross. (D. 177.) l Ex.

Hny, King Henry II, 1002-1024, emperor since 1014.

4) HEINRIC REX head left sh in. Bf S DOM(itianus), in the field two lines of pearls. (D. 225.) 1 ex.

Maestrieht, Emperor Conrad II, 1024 - 1039.

5) RADVSII head to the right. Bf San CT A MARIA Lance between A - W (D. 248.) 1 Ex.

Cologne, King Otto L, 936-973, emperor since 962.

6) (+ OTTO REX) Cross with four balls. Letter COLON I

A6 (D. 351.) 1 ex.

Emperor Otto III, 983-1002, emperor since 996.

7) Similar, but with imperial title, the cross partly swivel bend, partly reaching to the edge of the pearl.

(Similar to D. 342c and 342*.) 5 Ex.

1) See this magazine. IV. P. 203.

The silver discovery from Nieder-Landin. 19

King Henry II

S

8) HEINRI(CVS REX) crowned head. RF COLON I

A (D. 347 i 4 Ex.

Archbishop Hermann II (1036-1056,.

9) CRISTI ANA R ELIGIO Cross with HERIMANVS in the corners. Rf S€A COL ONIA five columns Church. (D. 387.) 2 Ex.

10; COLON I A VRBS Church in a wall. RF MN—NH Church portal. (D. 373.) 4 ex.,

of which 1 with declining COL S. 1 with different crude transcription.

Andernach, Duke Theodoric of Upper Lorraine

(984-1026.)

11) "HEOD ERICVS DVX two bearded men looking at each other Busts with a scepter between them. RF ANDE(R) — NAK(A) on a pearl cross, in the winch of which keln 2 tricornes (Gordian knots) with 2 arabesques switch. 1 ex.

(D. 437, where the arabesques come first.)

Trier, Archbishop Poppo (1016-1047).

12) (HEINRICVS RE(X; Cross with a V in each

Angle. RF POPPO (TREVI) in field A.

(D. 466.; 4 Ex.

13) Bearded head in one of two fortified towers Portals, above the latter A. Rf + POPPO ARG Hl Cross with 4 balls. (D. 468.) 1 ex.

Friesland.

Emperor Conrad II

14; (+CONRAD IMPET bearded imperial head.

Rf ( + FRE SONJA Cross with 4 balls. 1 Ex.

(D. 495.

20 H. Dannenberg,

Dokkum, Margrave Bruno 1038-1057.

15) + HEN R I C V c\> RE crowned head with cross staff right- there. RF DOCQVGGA, between 2 bead lines BRVN declining. (D. 499.) 4 Ex.

Utrecht, Bishop Bernulf 1027 - 1054.

16) The holy. Martin in half figure. RF wall, with |yo3 about it. Most of the inscriptions are overgrown extinguished. D. 544. j 1 Ex.

Groningen, same.

17 Bust of H. Bonifacius with a bishop's crook.

RF GRV—ONIN—GE in the field, transcriptions largest- partly illegible. (D. 558.) 1 ex.

Bereuter, King Henry II.

18) HEIN hand, next to RE — X Rf (DA VAN

TRIA) Cross with 4 balls. (D. 563.) 3 Ex.

Emperor Conrad II

19) Roughly drawn imperial head with a shaggy beard.

RF cross with 4 balls. The transcriptions are almost disappeared. (D. 566.) 1 ex. Bishop Bernolf (1027 - 54).

20) +BER;NOV)DVS (EP)S Crosier between A — UU

RF +DAVENT(REM)SI(S) Cross with 4 balls.

(D. 568.) 1 ex.

21) + BER tonsured bust. RF + BERNOV . . S •

Cross with 4 balls. (D. 572.) 3 Ex.

22) +S LEBVINVS CONF his bust portrait.

RF + BERNOLDVSEPS- Cross with 4 balls.

(D. 573.) 3 Ex.

Saxony.

Duke Bernhard L, 973-1011.

23) BER NHARDVS D V X Head to the left. Rf. (In nomi Dni amen) small cross. p. 585.) 1 ex.

The silver fond clay Nieder-L*ndin. 2 t

Duke Bernhard IL 1011 – 1060. 24) The well-known imitations of D. 591 with half- forward-turned bearded head. RF church flag.

8 ex. Lüneburg, same.

25; ;LI,VN;IB VR HC-) Wreath with 4 balls.

Rf. BRNH(ARDV Hand on a cross.

(D. 590.) 3 Ex.

Quedlinburg,

26) Imitation of D. 614, with 3 towers. RF Hand with bishop's staff. 1 ex.

27) ING wooden church. Rf. Indistinct. 1 ex.

The only clearly preserved letters ING,

beautifully and sharply cut, show that we have it with one Urpieces have nothing to do with mere after-dinner dances. They fit Hardly to any other inscription as good as to Quide- lingeburg. Nevertheless, I would hardly commit myself to a With such bold conjecture, if it were not for the fact minted, that of the later Adelheid denarii with a wider stamp cut, supported this speculation so strongly. From one Better specimens require confirmation or refutation and especially expect information about which character the RF shows.

Magdeburg.

28 D. 648 (Imperial head on the right. RF building. Only in fragments.

Franconia.

Mainz, Emperor Conrad II.

29) ( + CHVOMRAD IMP Cross with 4 balls.

RF VRBS MOCVNCIA; Church portal. 2 ex

D.790.

*'2 H. Danneuberg,

Emperor Henry III

30) +(H€INRI) CVS bearded imperial head. RF ,VRBS MO) GVNCIA church portal. (D. 793.) 2 Ex. (Archbishop Willigis? 975-1011).

31) Bust of a clergyman. RF cross with 4 balls. The inscriptions MOONCIA Rf. HCINOHV) are available delete. (D. 802.) 2 Ex. Archbishop, around 1060.

32) OZC2 MA RTI MV2 whose bust with crook, in the field 4 rings. Rf M(OGONCIA) CIVTA Ge- building. (D. 823, similar.) 1 Ex.

This is the first time I have come across this coin in one Finds that my a. a. 0. pronounced judgment that they are in the time after Siegfried's death is undoubtedly confirmed.

Speier, Bishop Konrad 1056 - 60.

33) (CVNRA)DVS EPS his bust portrait with raised Right. RF NE metis civitas) beautiful church building. T). S39.) 1 ex.

Worms, Emperor Heinrich II.

34) Cross with 4 balls, one of which has a crescent enclosed. RF Church. Transcripts unreadable.

(D. 845.) 3 Ex.

35) Similar, but with a bishop's staff instead of the ball Crescent. 1 ex. Emperor Henry III

36) (+Hein)RIC(us impe) R (at) O r) bearded imperial head. Rf ( + Heinricu)S I Cross with 3 balls and 1 half- moon with ball in the angles. (D. 847.) 2 Ex.

Würzburg.

37) SCS B(ili)ANfus) >ic!) whose head to the right.

RF VVIRZEBVRC) Church. D. 859.) 1 ex.

The silver discovery from Nieder-Landin. 23

Bishop Bruno the Saint, 1034-1045.

38) Similar to before. RF + BRVNO) EPCS Cross, with 4 balls. D. 8(53.) 2 Ex.

Erfurt, Archbishop Aribo 1021 - 1031) or Bardo

,1031 - 1051).

39) Wooden church, next to it there is a bishop's staff. RF Cross, with 4 balls. Inscriptions on both sides extinct.

D. 877.) 3 Ex.

Archbishop Lupoid 1051 - 1059. 39 a) Cross with 4 balls. RF Bearded head with curls Hair in a portal. (D. 882.) 1 ex.

Emperor Heinrich HL, 1039-1056.

40) Bearded Emperor's Head. Rf Similar to before.

(D. 883.) 1 ex.

41) Similar imperial head. Rf church portal, next to it shining fl and crosses. D. 885.) 1 ex.

Swabians.

Strasburg, Emperor Heinrich IL

42) HE IN RICVS INPAO crowned bust.

Rf A R GEN - T I N A in the shape of a cross between 3 churches.

D. 920.) 1 ex.

Esslingen, Heinrich IL

43) Imitation of D. 951, with king's head on the right.

RF hand on cross. 1 ex.

Bavaria.

Regensburg, King Heinrich U.

44) Imitation similar to D. 1078, with imperial head on the right. RF cross with 3 balls, ringlets, 3 balls and ringlets.

1 ex.

S\

24 H-Dtnnenberg.

Geographically undetermined German coins.

King Otto 111.

45) +OTT(0 REX) Cross with 4 balls.

Rf 0(:::?:::)T:::(N:::) Church. 1 ex.

(D. 1163.)

King Otto ID. under the guardianship of his grandfather mother Adelheid.

46) The ordinary denarii (D. 1167.). 24 copies, of which 4 with garbled OD DO and wider letters than are to be seen as re-embossed, 1 is characterized by the fact that a bird or a wing appears at a cross angle, a previously unobserved variety. The remaining 18 announce the long circulation due to their worn condition. You can see these so common coins, only 24 out of about 480 Wendenpfennigs are already disappearing here.

47) Similar Obol. (D. 1169.) 1 ex. Emperor Conrad II

48) + CH (FROM R) D • M cross with a crescent in each Angle. RF (KEV)ONACN (or M) Church. 1 ex.

(D. 1194a.) 49 Kaiserkopf. Rf. Building. Transcriptions are no longer possible recognize. (D. 1386.) 1 ex.

The factory suggests Swiss origins.

Count Wichmann HL, 967 - 1016. 50) Imitation of D. 1229, with disfigured WIGMAN COM Rf Two-line inscription. 1 ex.

Usually this not rare coin has the name and Title correct.

I also include the following unedited coin (approximately, from Duke Bernhard 11. 1), whose beautiful features and sharp Write it as an original piece, i.e. not to the following class appropriate, characterize.

The silver find from Nieder-Landin. 25

50 a) AE. . . HAR a kind of standard, similar to

the following No. 7 1 . Bf + H I . . . GAE. . . R6 front view of a church. 1 ex.

German Naoh coins.

51) D. t278. 2 ex.

52) Denarius with CH in the monogram. Bf cross with book rods in the corners. (D. 1290.) 6 Ex.

53) The Hiadmerus denarius with the tricorn on the Bf

(D. 1291.) 3 Ex.

54) The alleged Brettach denarius. (D. 1292.) 3 Ex.

55) The Duisburg Nachmtinze. (D. 1293.) 2 Ex.

56) The alleged Conrad II of Deventer. (D. 1310.) 1 ex.

57) Andernach restrike. (D. 454.) 1 ex.

58) The same applicant, i.e. h. Church portal with HN - IUI for Page. Bf Curly Cologne Monogram (S. Co- lonia). 5 copies

Cappe depicts (K. M. I, plate VI, 82) such a coin, and puts it to Henry III. at, Grote thinks that if the book bars next to the temple contained the name of an emperor, so this could only be Henry V (Bl. f. Mttnzkd. III, p. 267). Similar stamps lasted until the time of Henry the Lion. hold (sheet f. MUnzk. a. a. 0. and plate X, 189). They are not only by Mader (Crit. Article I, No. 8), but also in more recent times, by Foug^res & Combrouse (monn. de la II race Fig. 210 and 277) were included under the Pipin stamp. Our find finally fixes the beginning of their expression, which according to the above, with the inevitable changes long, perhaps continued for a century.

59 Free replica of a Trier denarius, with left-hand turned head and cross staff. Bf Two keys, which have the letters TRE instead of beards: circumscription ten pointless Bl. f. Münkd. IL plate XVI. 223, 224). 2 ex.

26 H. Dannenberg,

60) A night tinze of Flemish character. 1 ex.

(D. 1389.)

You come up with a different one, but probably a correct one Coin to:

61) with a similar head. Bf cross with CRVX in the angles. 1 copy, the few remaining writings apparently refer to Margrave (Ba)LDV(in) go.

Some other replica coins (4 pieces), one of which the replica of a denarius from Louis the Pious Christiana seems to be religious, two others are partly English or imitate Danish models, evade responsibility visualization by means of the mere word.

Turning pennies.

Their very considerable number is spread out, some un- clear billed, as follows:

62) D. 1330 (imitation of the Magdeburg denarii) . 10 ex.

63) D. 1333 (imitation of a Deventer pattern). 2 ex.

64) D. 1335 ^Trefoil cross. Bf triangular cross). 275 ex.

65) D. 1336 (obole of similar type). 6 copies

66) D. 1337. 156 Ex.

67) D. 1342 (ZHTVVIIIIV bishop's staff). 1 ex.

68) D. 1347 (with bishop's crosier in the inscription). 13 ex.

69) D. 1349 [same, but cross with ball, O, cross and ©). 1 ex.

70) D. 1350 (with a scale in the inscription). 3 ex.

71) D. 1351 (with ETO). 9 ex.

72) D. 1353 (similar, but S instead of ETO). 2 ex.

It should of course be noted that, despite small differences, challenges whose description would be of no use but would be tiring,

The silver discovery from Nieder-Landin. 27

no consideration is taken. The disproportionate excess weigh from No. 64 and 66, the angular types of turning pennies, asked not seeing anything Ueberra.

Bohemia.

Bracislaus L, 1037-1055.

73) *BRACIZ(L)A*DVX Human head between two twisted tied horse heads. RF 2C2 WEN (CE)ZLAV2 Hand ^ Voigt, Böhm. Mz. p. 243 no. 2). 1 ex.

74) Imitation by hand. RF double line cross with Moons in the angles (similar to Lelewel XXIV, 1, 2).

1 ex.

75) BRACIZLAVS DVX bust portrait. RF SCS WEM CEZLAVS bust with crepe stick to the right (Voigt I, p. 33t, no. 1). 1 ex.

76) BRAC3LAVS DVX Bust portrait with raised right hand. Rf. SCS WEMCEZLAVS Bust portrait with raised Right to the right (Voigt a. a. 0. 2). 1 ex.

Spitignev, 1055 - 1061.

77) +SPITIONEV DX d. Duke with lance. RF SCS WENCEZS the saint with cross to the left (Voigt I, 8. 279, No. 1). 3 ex.

Hungary.

Stephen I, the saint 1000 - 1038), Stuhlweissenburg.

78) STEPHANVS REX Rf REGIA CIVITAS (Rupp, numi Hung. I, plates I, 1-6). 6 copies

Andreas L, (1047-1060).

70) Similar, with + REX o ANDREAS (Rupp I, plate I,

10-11). I Ex.

80) With Rf PANONEIA (Rupp I, Plate I, 12 - 15) 9 Ex.

28 H. Dannenberg,

Bela I M Duke 1048-1060, King 1060-1063. 81 B€LA DVX Rf PANNOWA (Rupp I, plates 1, 16—18).

3 ex. 82; Similar to B€LA R€X ;Rupp I, plate I, 19-21.

2 ex.

England.

Edward the Confessor, 1,042 - 1,066. Oxford. 83) +EDPERD REXAv crowned bust to the right. Rf + H/CRGOD ON OCXE small cross. Hilde Brand Anglos. niynt. 217). 1 ex.

Ireland.

Sihtrik III, 989-1029.

84 Coinage of the penny of the Mttnzmeister Faeremin. Rf. Double-lined cross, in whose two opposing set angles a figure something like a flag.

1 ex.

Denmark.

Magnus the Good, 1042 - 1047.

85 MAGNVS REX Christ sitting with his right hand blessing and Gospel book. RF +VLFCILOLVNDIIIN decorated cross. 1 ex.

86 MAGNVS REX standing saint, blessing his right hand raised. RF runic inscription. (Similar to Lelewel Taf. XIII, 13.) 3 Ex. Svend Estridsen, 1047 - 1076.

87) Two angels. Rf. Double-lined cross with €€€ in

every angle; the transcription is meaningless. 1 ex.

Also 2 denarii from Magnus or Svend's time

{1 copy each.' and a distant imitation of an Ethelreds penny

with a bust on each side'?".

The silver discovery from Nieder-Landin. 29

From this inventory of finds we see again, as in our fatherland's monetary transactions in the second half of the XL century mainly contested with older varieties because the embossing became less lively than in operated in the first decades of this century. Against were the Ottonians, with the exception of some of the so en masse

The minted Cologne and Adelheid denarii have already been minted

«

dilapidated, and even Bavaria, which is rich in money, is only worth it here remembered with a single denarius, which has gone wild at that, just like England, which was so strongly represented in earlier finds only contributed a single piece to our find.

This was how coins circulated at the beginning of the seventh century Decade of the XI Century, because this time delivers us the youngest German coin, the Speier Bishop Konrad 1056 - 1060, and the most recent foreign ones, those of Hungary King Bela L, 1060-1063.

H. Dannenberg.

prefer the oldest denarii in Rome.

This article deals with the oldest silver denarii Roman influence, a topic that, despite Ailly, is more comprehensive Studies have still not been processed exhaustively enough. The Work will bring new things in various ways, not exactly that is consistent with the previous assumptions - this applies especially from Victoriat and from the reduction of the heavy Denarius - but the author defends himself from the outset the accusation of wanting to declare his view as dogma. You is just a hypothesis, it will probably have to stay that way There is absolutely no direct evidence from ancient authors. so confusing are that no weight should be placed on it; in this one In this case, conclusions can only be drawn from the coins themselves. be drawn.

I. Anonymous denarii with indented city name.

The types of the oldest Roman denarii are known: female head with winged helmet, behind it the value symbol; Rf. the Dioscuri with inlaid lances and flying cloaks blasting to the right, underneath the community name ROMA 1 ]. They are common, evidence of a great need for silver* money and for a long lasting expression. Among these However, we find a relatively small number of denarii of pieces that deviate from the great mass of the

1} Initially only A. A also probably A, later A, A and A

M. Bahrfeldt, About the oldest denarii of Rome. 31

Otherwise, the name Roma does not have four lines or enclosed by lines and the circle of pearls, but deepened show on a blackboard.

These denarii with incuser inscriptions are divided into two essentially different groups.

The first group shows the inscription completely recessed, just like the numerous Roman-Campanian silver pieces with the double head and the quadriga. It can be found both in the upper arch of the R, as in the middle of the O a small one stopped silver point, M and A have the shapes M or M and A.

The following denarii belong to this group:

4.35gr. in good condition Classe V. pl.L, 8.

4.l8gr. tolerable " "

4.08 gr. used “ “

4.06 gr. used “ “

4.25 gr. Class VI. pl. L, 9.

4.H gr. “ “

4.23gr. Class VI. pl.L, 10.

4.22 gr. 4.01 gr. " "

There are also three very heavily used pieces 3)

* Collection of the Vatican 3.94gr. Class VI. pl.L, lo.

* Museum in Madrid 3.70gr.

* Cabinet Turin 3.67 gr.

which, on average, are not included.

The middle weight of the above nine denarii is only 4.17 gr., but it would increase not insignificantly if Numbers 2, 3 and 4 would be well preserved: an average weight of pieces that are not entirely flawless or at least quite right

1.

Ailly collection

y-i.

Bahrfeldt

*3.

British Museum

4.

Aily

5.

Aily

6.

Aily

7.

Aily

8.

Aily

9.

Aily

2) The small star in front of a coin means that the author wrote it himself has seen and weighed it, or he has a good impression of it.

3) I have listed the pieces used here and also later, just on to show that the collections mentioned have been examined.

32 M. Bahrfeldt,

Drawing in good condition always remains questionable. On the four first denarii belonging to the Ailly class V — pl. L, 8 of the recherches - and which are distinguished by the style of the Class VI — pl. L, 9 and tO — forming pieces under- separate, M has the shape M with decidedly parallel edges keln. The illustration at Ailly 4 ), my denarius and that of the British Museum, of which I have a galvanoplastic impression, show that these denarii did not come from one and the same stamp It has emerged that the M is not considered the property the ability of only one emission to be considered.

The second group, much more common than the first, is is less distinguished by the stamp, it is also careful, the style is more elegant than the type of inscription of this one. The community name Roma is also written on these denarii recessed letters, but here they are of a significantly different type shape than on the denarii of the first group. They form so to speak, the transition from the deepened letter form to the sublime, possessing the incusity of the former, of the latter the raised edge lines. Compare the numerous illustrations at Ailly pl. L and on the accompanying board where the difference in the writing of both groups is clear. M and A appear in the forms M and A, more rarely opposed A or A, never A; M does not appear, R and O do not appear point, the latter predominantly oval 0. Only a single taking from the rule that O of the second group without silver The denarius drawn on Plate 1H No. 8 forms the dot that appears Samwers, on which the point is located in the O, albeit weakly

4) Baron d'Ailly's illness unfortunately prevented him from making the prints to send his denarii with deepened Roma, so that I can talk about the preservation of the cannot provide any more precise information on individual pieces; it is all the more so It is to be regretted that several of these denarii are conspicuously of little importance. Ailly says that the denarii he weighed and recorded were not are poorly preserved, but in this case this is not enough because it It is precisely the precise indication of the condition of each individual piece that is important.

About the oldest denarii in Rome.

33

marked, but clearly shows. The city name is as above wide letters on a board, but irregularly moderate and not very delicate. Ailly refers to this written form, whose letters are recessed and have raised border lines, with “äcriture mixedte”.

I have representatives of this second group in the following Collections found:

•1.

Vatican

4.51 gr.

A very good

*2.

Eabinet Berlin

4.50 gr.

A good

*3.

Samwer in Gotha

4.36 gr.

A good

*4.

Bahrfeldt

4.34 gr.

A good

*5.

Turin

4.33 gr.

A good

*6.

Bahrfeldt

4.32 gr.

A good

7.

British Museum

4.30 gr.

(taken from Blacas IV, page 25).

*8.

Eabinet* in Vienna

4.26 gr.

A good

*9.

Berlin

4.25 gr.

A good

*10.

Cabinet in Gotha

4.22 gr.

A tolerable

*11.

Cab. of the m6d. Paris

4.20 gr.

A good

*12.

Eabinet in Naples

4.20 gr.

A tolerable

*13.

Collection di Dio in ]

Berlin 4.15 gr.

good.

These thirteen denarii give an average weight of 4.30 gr. In addition there are the eighteen pieces from Ailly's Collection : •

14.

Aily

4.57 gr.

15.

99

4.44 gr.

16.

99

4.43 gr.

17.

n

4.43 gr.

18.

n

4.28 gr.

19.

99

4.78 gr.

20.

99

4.68 gr.

21.

99

4.62 gr.

22.

99

4.05 gr.

23.

99

3.91 gr.

24.

99

3.75 gr.

25.

99

3.32 gr.

Font for NumUm.tik

. v.

► Class II, pl. L, 2. 3. 4 A or A

> Class VI, pl. L, 12/11 A or A

3

34 M. Bahrfeldt,

26. Ailly 4.46 gr

27. “ 4.35 gr

28. “ 4.08 gr

29. “ 4.07 gr

30. “ 4.07 gr

31. “ 3.48 gr

■ Class VIII, pl. L, 17. 18 A, A or A.

As you can see, there are several of these denarii of strikingly low weights, which are middleweight cannot be without significant influence; excluded However, they are not allowed to be, although the degree of their Preservation is unknown (see note 4). Those listed above one and thirty denarii from various collections result in together an average weight of 4.25 grams.

Heavily used denarii from this group also still exist

*Cabinet Turin 3.78 gr. 3.47 gr. A

* Cabinet Munich 3.78 gr. A

The bronze anima of such a fodder denarius from I have 4.45 gr. in the Num.-sphrag. Gazette 1874 p. 96 known made.

There are also four denarii of 4.57, 4.47, 4.46 and 4.45 gr. in the former Borghesi cabinet - now owned by the count Manzoni in Lugo near Savignano in Romagna - and the im Treasures of la Riccia found denarius of 4,013 gr used, but I didn't find out which five pieces could determine whether she belonged to the first or second group.

All of these denarii with the city name simply ineus or show with raised edge lines - the used pieces are excluded - a high weight, sometimes as much as 4 scruples = 4.55 gr. Exceeding, partly approaching it or at least not sinking very far below. Through comprehensive weight comparisons, it was stated by Borghesi that the original Original denarius of 4 scruples was issued normally, only later — we’ll talk about the timing later in the following section —

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 35

has been reduced and that the pieces have been discussed in writing In terms of their own nature, they would probably have to be counted among the oldest.

An attempt should be made to prove that the denarii incuser inscription really the oldest Roman silver pieces were that silver coinage even began with them.

Before the introduction of the Roman silver courant, many easily also in Rome itself, the large silver coins minted in Capua coins with the youthful double-headed one-who from Jupiter and the Victoria headed Quadriga on the other hand, by noble style, good technical execution and something in between six and seven grams fluctuating, probably at six Scrupel = 6.82 gr. standardized weights, the ordinary Courant. Between this coin, which we will call Nummus for short, and the oldest Roman denarius prevails through the shape of Inscription an obvious connection.

We find on the nummus just like on the denarius Names of the coining community ROMA in the three different which forms: simply deepened, mixed 5) or raised. At the First kind the letters are elegant, R and O with stand- remaining silver point, M and M , the latter more common, A sel- tener A, just like the denarius of the first group, never before against A. The ecritnre mixed, much rarer in nummus than the denarius, which shows the letters more carelessly and wider, without a point and oval, M always with slant thighs.

Since the first type of nummus was already present when Rome's own silver coinage began, it is not striking that the style and peculiarity of the in-depth presentation of the name, the letter forms of which are quite similar on both sides same, perhaps transferred to the denarius by the same artists were worn. Not for long, at least with the denarius

5) Ailly pl. XLIV. 4; Cat. Fabretti from Cab. Turin p. 10 No. 217. — Compare St. 1 - 3 on the accompanying board.

3*

36 M. Bthrfeldt,

the expression with simply incuse name instead, it became displaced by the pieces that Venture mixed with; this one too Written form didn't last long, it goes into the sublime over, which then finally remained in this form and nothing more changed.

The reason for a gradual abandonment of the ineause presentation position of the community name in favor of the exalted, is not hard to find. A stamp engraving in which the Letters have to remain raised, requires a certain knowledge of the skill of the die cutter; becomes easy Stamps must be discarded, which are manufacturing costs more important, also because the raised writing is often If not, the dies will wear out easily with use material used for them is the most durable.

The changes in the representation of the city named took place in the era of the heavy foot, did not cause any fluctuation in the weight, as can be seen from the Weighings of the first two varieties, and partly also of the third can be seen; only some time after the introduction of the sublime The inscription shows the reduction of the heavy denarius to Vs4 pounds = 3 3 /7 scruples = 3.90 gr.

This representation of the chronological sequence of the denarii with simply incusem, mixed and sublime ROMA can be in taking into account the various reasons given, be correct, Of course, it still remains a hypothesis. If you follow the weight ten definitely and one assumes that the heaviest denarii Even if they were the oldest, this would certainly lead to some differences Raise concerns as the average weight of the first Group is only 4.17 gr., that of the second is already 4.25 gr. and some series with sublime Roma e.g. B. Ailly pl. L, 1 more weigh more. But, as highlighted above, are very many of the pieces included in the average calculation were taken into account, some of which were not sufficiently preserved,

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 37

This is partly unknown to us at the moment and is likely to be the case In the absence of a door, counter-evidence can hardly be exploited.

There is still one type of coin to be dealt with, which, like the nummus and the denarius, has the peculiar ity of the in-depth legend: the Victoriatus. The domestic The writing is visible in its entirety on the few known copies deepened in the nature of the first denarius group discussed above, but there are some deviations to be considered with regard to R and O. to state; So far I have mixed the Venture at Victoriatus not found represented.

I have five Victoriates in drawings, prints or in the original:

1. Ailly pl. LIII, No. 6, from the Mascarell collection c). Dot in the R and O, shape of the A due to usage undetectable; 3.47 gr. Condition fair.

2. Ailly pl. LIU, No. 7, after him in the Museum in Madrid. dot in the R and O, A; 3.11 gr. heavily used and damaged.

3. Ailly pl. LIII, No. 8, from the Delgado collection. Period in R and O, A; 2.99 gr. in good condition.

*4. Bahrfeldt Collection 7 ), shown on Plate III, No. 13. Without a dot in the O. the R cannot be decided, since it is too unclear, A; 2.95 gr. in fair condition.

*5. Museum in Madrid 8). The legend is on the verge close and because of the heavy use of the piece not to decide on the letters; 3.08 gr. strong used.

6) The inscription on this Victoriatus is according to Zobel (in Blacas) lncus; Ailly, of course, remains silent about it.

7) I would have liked to have this Madrid Victoriatus depicted, but unfortunately it is my tinfoil print almost spoiled in transit.

8) Nos. 2 and 5 not identical, Nos. 3 and 4 possibly, see also those Illustration at Blacas pl. XXIII. 3.

38 M. Bahrfeldt,

From this it appears that the incuse inscription of Victoriatus R and O with silver point to be cone and No. 5 with O ^much- easily also R ) without a period to form an exception. A analogous the first denarius group- A or A; M always; M with parallel There is no shanking. The inscription is on one board or a beam.

The Victoriate Nos. 1 - 5 give an average weight of 3.12 gr.. which is not the case if the coins are in good condition would be insignificantly higher. It's just drawn here been designed to show that despite the use, the weight leads to a heavy denarius, because a Victoriatus of 3.12 gr. would correspond to a denarius of 4.16 gr. On the heavy foot and an associated later reduction of the same together with the denarius, also carry the weights many Victoriates with and without coats of arms 9); Mommsen also takes es, coinage p. 390 and 396, for most likely.

The Victoriatus should be minted as a new Roman coin according to previous assumption 526 and specifically according to the foot of y 72 denarii began. The eeduction took place in the year 526 of the heavy denarius to 3 3/7 scruples but has already occurred, so that a contradiction arises here. I confess to Zobel's view, the first expression of Victoriatus despite the Pliny's ex Illyrico advectus. This Appearance of the Victoriatus in very heavy ranks of the two Ounces and y 72 feet proves that it is older than 526 and approximately contemporaneous with the oldest denarii. As such are those with ineusen Roma proven, and is another equal old age through mutual agreement and togetherness deepened inscription on these and the Victoriatus.

9) Victoriate weighing 3.50 grams are not feathers; the heaviest in la Kiccia weighed 3.61 grams. There is a Victoriatus in the author's collection of 4.0 gr.

^

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 39

Where the Victoriatus was borrowed from is difficult to say - show. Zobel's view, which traces him back to Capua, has a lot going for it. The perverseness of this lies in his Assumption that Victoriatus only conquered Capua became a Roman coin; But he was like that for about 486, as the coats of arms and letters show. It can be very well explain that one 486 the foreign coin, which completely Southern Italy ruled, adopted. Another one to raise The question that arises is whether the Victorian coinage is not 542 with the Conquest of Capua ended; I don't hesitate to let her conceivably to be affirmed, especially since this results in the Clodic law of Year 650 is not altered in the least.

It would be outside the scope of this treatise to further address the Victorian question.

About the forms of the R, O and A on the denarii Innews inscription is spoken above, here is another remark- kung about this M. Mommsen says in his “Lower Italian Dialects" pag. 30 "M is, as is well known, post-Augustean", rejected So the occurrence of this form of the letter is definitely republic. She also doubts Ritschi about him edited volume of the Corpus Inscr. Latin (in the register under M plerumque vix satis fideihabens), doesn't believe in them either Authenticity of the on some coins, slingshots, ash jars M found by him, compare the text to the false in- writing of M. Cl. Marcellus p. 88.

The parallel-legged M is still in the Republic been common, the coins prove it, and there are so many of them, that does not lead to an explanation such as accidental origin, negligence etc. which can be resorted to.

On Ailly's boards I find the following numbers with corresponding different M: 43 No. 8; 44 No. 7; 53 No. 1 and 9; 55 No. 11 ;

40'M Bahrfeldt,

56 No. 7 - 12; 57 No. 2, 4; 58 No. 2; 60 Nos. 3, 13, 19; 61 Nos. 5, 7, 14, 20; 62 Nos. 2, 5, 6, 18; 66 No. 9; 31 No. 5; 64 No. 5; 32 No. 4; 100 No. 7.

There are also Nummus, Victoriat, Triens and Ounce without Insignia, denarius with griffin, victoriat with club, quadrans with Hammer and Victoria, sextans with KA and ounce with V from the Samwer's collection or mine. All denarii with The coat of arms has a pine cone and a shield with an army tine M throughout ; on other pieces, especially those with \f the M is very close to this form.

On the later coins of the Republic, their letters not very elegantly cut, the M is found less frequently, but It still happens often enough, often e.g. B. on the coins of the Memmier.

II. Denarii with coat of arms and mint mark.

We arrive at another type of the oldest denarii Rome. The old Dioscuri stamp remains unchanged, just show it Next to the city name there are symbols, hints of the Names of mint officials, and individual letters or mono- gram, which are probably signs of Rome's secondary mints. are to be grasped. Both types are intended to avoid repetitions avoid, will be treated here at the same time.

Mommsen assumed that the custom was to put coats of arms on the coins to be set only some time after the first expression of the The year 486 arose, once because the ineuse uprising Never show writing on coat of arms coins, and then because only one very small part of the denarii, according to the one available at the time Material at least to follow the heavy foot of Vv2 pounds towards the rail. Both no longer agree, and I have a good one Reason to assume that the denarii with coats of arms and coins

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 41

Site signs almost at the same time as those mentioned in the first section spoken anonymous denarii came to expression that the coins without and with a coat of arms or with symbols of the secondary officinen not in time one after the other, but at the same time side by side were pronounced that the reduction of the heavy ren denarii some time before the outbreak of Hannibalism War took place and that the coat of arms was finally minted denarii, etc. during the first years of the war * was practiced.

1. Mommsen's sentence quoted above that the heraldic denarii never bear the incuse inscription, is represented by three denarii with this They are very unique in writing - because of their importance shown on the accompanying board — knocked over.

*a) Denarius with Hasta coat of arms. — Similar to Ailly

pl. LXXXVH. 12. Characteristics unchanged, helmet with heavily jagged crista, Collar. The denarius sign consists of two instead intersecting lines, made up of five and six consecutive lined up dots or beads. Rf. Among the horses, the name Hasta. On a board incus ROMA, R and O with silver dot, A on the left thigh kel with raised edge line. Nice style. Weight 4.36gr., quite well preserved. — In the collection of the Council of State Dr. Samwer in Gotha. Plate HI, No. 10.

b) Denarius with mint mark H. — Ailly

p.i. cn. 4.

Characteristics unchanged. Among the horses H. City name ROMA mixed in the venture. Style ordinary, weight 3.17 gr., poorly preserved. — Ailly Collection. Plate IH, No. 12. The low weight is explained by the very strong Use of the denarius, especially on the sidelines; still looks

42 M. Bahrfeldt,

this denarius appears to be pronounced according to the heavy foot, where- up also the weighings of the quinaries and the associated ones lead copper series.

*c) Denarius with mint mark RA. — Similar

Ailly pl. CIX. 12. Characteristics unchanged. The monogram under the horses ROMA. City name on a board in the venture mixed ROMA. Nice style, weight 4.38 g, quite good hold. Plate III, No. 11. — In the Turin Cabinet cf. Catalog Fabretti p. 226 No. 4341.

The ineuse form of the community that actually occurs name on the denarii with coat of arms and place of worship, combined with the weight of the Mttnz foot of 7?2 pounds (here a and c 4.36 and 4.38 gr.), therefore speaks for an equal early creation with the anonymous denarii of the second group.

But it would also be if the coinage of the anonymous and Coats of arms would have taken place one after the other in time, according to Removal of the ineuse inscription makes it difficult to return to it assume 10).

The three denarii described above are reliably authentic.

2. Comprehensive weighing has shown that the coat of arms coins etc. are unequally difficult to apply and have a lovely duetion of the original weight must have occurred; that the oldest denarius is based on a round number of scruples and Although it is normal for four scruples = l / 12 pounds = 4.55 gr. was brought and the weight of the reduced denarius X / Si Pound - as also tradition - d. i. 3 3 /7 scruples = 3.90 gr. amounted to.

10) Of course there is a late denarius with modern letters, Blacas No. 186 TL Q. with D • S • S • recessed.

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 43

The number of coats of arms is quite considerable, given the period room in which it was ours to place them on the coins, therefore cannot have been short. When you're with Momm- sen 520 as the year of introduction of the coats of arms on the coins If you wanted to take them, they would generally only have 17 years Had it lasted, then the reduction of the heavy denarius would have to be made with or without a coat of arms but occurred after 520, which because of the large number of heraldic denarii of the heavy one feet, which cannot be concentrated in such a short period of time- let it push, and because of the long periods of time 486 - 520, a small number that is out of all proportion of denarii to 7t2 pounds without coat of arms with Roma deepened or sublime, not possible.

If, on the one hand, it has been proven that the heraldic denarii and the anonymous ones with the same city name are of the same age, their coinage began in 486 or soon afterwards, on the other hand the gold pieces of sixty sesterces, which were at the beginning and in the first years of the Hannoverian War, 537 f and on which coats of arms are also shown, shows that it is in In 537 it was still common practice to put coats of arms on coins; there are also the coats of arms found on the gold pieces This can correspond to denarii of the slightly reduced foot Factum also as evidence of something that occurred before 537 Reduction of the denarius can be viewed.

Within the period from 486 to 537 the re- duction fall ; even if, since there is no evidence, the year cannot be determined with precision in which it took place However, with some probability it can be the last Half of the first Punic war 499 - 512, times of peak most financial distress for Rome, as the period of Reduction can be viewed.

Below is a list arranged according to the coin base. niss of denarii and large copper pieces with coats of arms. The&Q

44 M. Babrfeldt,

It has not yet been possible to assign specific families gen, although it is often used, most recently by Ailly, in a comprehensive manner. has been sought. For an explanation of the mint marks The difficulty is not so great and one would be safe here we can get further if better reports are made about individual finds pieces were available. The denarii are classified according to their average weights are ranked, for which, in addition to Ailly's weighings, in particular then those from other collections u ) have been used if those he gave seemed insufficient; the number of the pieces from which the average was taken is given. When assigning to the heavy or reduced foot it is included as accurately as possible. The average weight can naturally only provide an approximate guide, a single piece, heavier or lighter, can be significant cause fluctuations, as is the case with the denarius with lorry beer wreath, whose average weight is 3.97 gr., is clearly visible is visible. The lightest denarius at Ailly weighs 3.76 grams, the heaviest, located in the Berlin Eabinet, weighs 5.90 grams, but this unusual weight is average not taken into account, although it significantly increases the would have increased. Of those corresponding to the heavy denarii Aces, only a few follow the all-important two-ounce foot — hammer and priest's hat, caduceus, victoria, club, palm branch - the others are easier to plant, but it's true Generally silver and copper match, so you don't have to is forced, deviations due to lack of belonging or coinage by other mint officials at different times to explain. — Further information is available in the directory Bring self-made notes.

11) Weights of coat of arms coins from other collections deposited in: Bahrfeldt, Roman consular coins in Italian collections. Stade 1877. Berlin at Weidmann.

About the oldest denarii of Korn. 45

a) Period of the denarius of y 72 pounds.

Denarius without copper 12 ):

1. Hasta venatrix 4.50gr. A average of 6 denarii

2. Ascia 4.46 gr. A “ “5 “

3. Pine cones 4.42 gr. A “ “2 “

4. Priest's cap (apex) 4.33 gr. A " "4 "

5. Greif 4.31 gr. A “ “ 6 * 3 ) “

6. Pentagon 4.21 gr. A Unicum in Ailly's collection.

Denarii with corresponding copper:

Average Average

gr. from Denarii gr. from Assen

7. Anchor 4. 40 A 14 As 37.18 AAA 29

8. Laurel branch 4.28 A 11 “47.50 A 10

9. Club 4.25 A 13 “ 49.84 A 17

10. Hasta 14 ) on Rf. 4. 20 AA 17 “ 39.65 A 6

11. Caduceus 4.18 AA 13 „ 50.59 A 12

12. Victoria flying 4. 10 A 7 “ 51.12 A 17

13. Gallic sword 1 '») 4.10 A 14 " 34.55 A 8

12) For the most part the names of Ailly are used for the coats of arms. keep. Because of the coat of arms not included here in lliccio's catalogues on Kecherches p. 601 - 604 referenced. In the treasure of La Iliccia were found According to Fanelli's report to Garrucci, supposedly 10 denarii with a flower, 1 with a ball and 4 with branch with knot; I found out about the supposed flower coat of arms the document listed in my note 11, with regard to the other two I can't decide, but there is a mix-up with the very strong one The use of all denarii is quite obvious.

13) These six denarii are the heaviest at Ailly 5.01, 4.31, 4.30, 4.14, 4.13, 3.98 gr., I have to separate them from the other much lighter ones believed and placed at the foot of the others of the '/t-j. This coat of arms is coming so in both periods.

14) According to Ailly Hasta, according to Borghesi and Mommsen rod or measuring rod. The coat of arms appears in these positions:

1. on the front alone denarius 784 wound

2. on the back alone,, '/Vi

3. on both sides,, i/ M

4. Hasta venatrix (Ailly) ,, t/ 7t

5. Hasta on HJ., Juba on Rf.,, «/ M As the weight shows, these denarii certainly belong to several people

at various times coining officials.

1">) The last four denarii at Ailly call the nitrous weight of 4.10 gr which he himself says are from another factory. Of these four apart from that the average weight would be 4.29 grams.

»» ?» »» »»

46

14th ear *«)

15. Cornucopia 17 )

16. Crescent

17. Apex and Tudes,s)

18. Dolphin

19. Laurel wreath,9)

20. Lancehead

21. Aries 20 )

Copper alone without silver:

M.

Bahrfeldt,

gr- 4.09

Average of denarii

A 14 As

gr.

34.82

Average from Ansen

A6

4.08

A

20

n

42.67

A

9

4.08

AA

19

rt

41.83

A

18

4.07

A

13

n

52.47

A

15

4.05

AA

12

r>

42.55

A

5

3.97

A

9

n

43.07

A

13

4.02

A

7

n

31.91

A

4

2.74

A Unicum at Ailly

v

37.19

A

2

Two trapezoids 21 ) 48.13 gr. A unicum near Ailly.

b) Period of the denarius of 7*4 pounds.

Denarii without copper:

I.Rad 22 ) 3.96 gr. A Avg. of 26 denarii

2. Female head 2 *) 3.84 gr. AA? ^ , *

3. Ear 3.81 gr. A ",

12

16) The two varieties of this denarius Ailly pl. LXXX, 10 and 13 have great similarity to the denarius with Ascia and the anonymous pl. L, 1 »tous deux ont dA etre 6m is par le meme montftaire.«

17) The average weight is low, but compare the high ones Weights: Ailly 4.51, 4.30, 4.22, 4.20, 4.17 gr. Turin 4.30, 4.15 gr.

18) What was said in note 17 applies to this; Cabinet Berlin 4.40 gr. Bahr- feldt 4.50, 4.35 gr. Naples 4.20 gr. (2 copies)

19) In the Berlin cabinet a denarius with this coat of arms of 5.90 gr., unfortunately- Really preserved, the heaviest denarius I have ever encountered. On average and remained taken into account.

20) Previously Unicum, but unfortunately very poorly preserved; but says Ailly p.288 "s'il 6*tait bien conservc, il serait certainement du poids de 72 deniers a la livre", which also seems to be what the heavy ace is leading to.

21) The Triens in the Turin Cabinet (Catalogue Fabretti pag. 33) is based on one Inadvertently, cf. num.-sphrag. No. p.83, and Bahrfeldt Hörn. Cons. -Coins p. 12.

22) I used to believe that this denarius had the Kade* in both feet pronounced because individual denarii, especially the one found in la Riccia (4.98 gr.), show a high weight; the average of the 26 denarii that I know of However, only 3.96 grams, i.e. only 0.06 grams higher than the normal weight of the reduced item Denarius.

23) 3.84 gr. Average weight of the four best-preserved new ones from fourteen mine known.

About the oldest denarii of Rome,

47

4. Owl

5. Shield and army tine 3.64 gr. A

6. Trident 3.52 gr. A

7. Pentagon 3.52 gr. A

8. Shocking bull 3.41 gr. A

9. Hasta and Juba 3.14 gr. A

3.78 gr. AA Avg. of 16 denarii

w

w

n

3 11

9 14 15

n

»

Denarii with corresponding copper:

3.95

10. Rudder

1 1 . Hasta on Hf. and Rf 3.93

A A

Average of denarii

gr.

Average from Assen

8 2

12. Hasta on Hf

13. Gallic helmet

14. Lightning

15th star

16. Rostrum tridens

17. Dog

18. Meta 24 )

19. Pig

20. Griffin

21. Anchor

3.91A8

3.88 3.85 3.83 3.81 3.77 3.74 3.70 3.68 3.57

A A A A A A A A A

4 6 12 14 4 5 4

16 10

As 34.49 A 15

“ is missing, according to the Pieces 29.46 gr.

Ace is missing, according to the Pieces 28.40 gr.

Ace 36.50 AA 7 “ 35.84 A

23.38AA

30.27 A

»

n

n

w

33.86 33.67 36.94 25.76 27.30

A A

A

o 29 17

9

8

5

18

8

There are also the somewhat later denarii with Diana in the Biga

22. Fly 3.8s AAA 14 Ace 33.41 A 5

23. Scorpion 3.79 A 10 “ 30.33 ?Unicuni

at Ailly

24. Panache 2: >) 3.62 A 5 Copper is missing

25. Juba 3.21 A 8 Copper is missing.

The Vh4 foot also includes the Victoriat with torques

26. Torques 2.ss A? Avg. of 2 Victoriates, The denarius would therefore weigh 3.60 grams.

For the Wurm coat of arms, see Q at the mint.

'24) Met* and "bonnet de Vnlcain" Ailly p. 772 in any case identical. 25) Ailly p. 521.

48

M. Bahrfeldt,

Copper alone without silver:

Rhinoceros 33 . 99 gr. A

Victoria a lance-\ Q A

lace wreathed/ «* * • 29 g r - A

Hammer 31.52gr. AA

Butterfly 27.98 gr. A

Hats of the Dioscuri 27.37 gr. A

She-wolf and twins 27.01 gr. A

Donkey 25.91 gr. A

Butterfly up a grape

palm tree 2ß)

Mast and sails

Bull standing

Average of 2 aces.

«• M 1 Z M

n

vi

rt

n

|25.79gr.

22.91 gr. 20.81 gr. 19.20 gr.

n

A

A

A A?

4

3

8

17

12

24

n

n

n

n

n

Unicum near Ailly Unicum near Ailly.

At Ailly there are rows in addition to the above coat of arms coins listed that lack the As and only some of them Parts are present in extremely small numbers.

The ace would be

Centipede bird

Human foot Tiyrse orn6 de la vitta Male head Rat

Sextans

Semis, Triens, Quadrans

Semis

Semis, quadrans

Semis, quadrans

33.42 gr. 25.62 gr.

21.15 gr. 18.24 gr. 14.74 gr.

10.16 gr.

Quadrans

Some of them seem to me to be very problematic in nature to be.

3. For the denarii with the symbols of the secondary mints In Rome, what was said under 2 also applies to the coat of arms coins. Their coinage begins with the heraldic denarii at the same time and coexists; accordingly we also find denarii here pronounced on both coin feet, but in the heavy one V-2 pounds less common, as the number only gradually increases existing secondary offices will have taken place. About

26) So Ailly plate 47 bis, As and Semis; I have the ace on the list listed under the same name, but I can't see any in the drawing Recognize palm tree.

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 49

They may have worked for fifty years; we find at least not their initials on the sixty gold pieces Sesterces, which of course was once due to those outside the capital Exercising gold minting in the field on behalf of the field gentleman was concerned, may be justified, then also because that in the Hannibalic War all secondary mints were were closed. The development of signs stopped naturally according to, not so the coat of arms, which is gradually becoming the increasingly expanded names of the mint masters.

Listed here are the denarii of 772 pounds, the The third section will deal with reduced foot.

4.34

AA

Average of denarii

4

gr.

As 33.51 A

Average from Assen

3

3.17*

")A

Unicum Ailly

n

36.59 A

13

4.24 4.36

4.10

A Unicum Ailly A 13'

AAA t>

n

not available

35.23A? Unicum at Ailly

Copper not available.

2. H(erdonia?)

3.M

4. C(anusium??)

5. B

this may come later

6. D 3.89 AAA 5 Copper not available

As a not insignificant testimony to the simultaneous The coats of arms and symbols of the secondary mints can also be used still be claimed that on some coins both occur at the same time. So the mint master placed his coat of arms also on the pieces not minted in the main coin of Rome. However, this peculiarity is only found on the copper, the silver lacks it. Only coins with safe deposits can be accepted here Mint marks should be considered, not those that are next to the abbreviated name of the mint master or next to a monogram, a coat of arms, as a sort of allusion in the name of the official.

27) This denarius is very heavily used, see about it at the beginning of the second section.

ZciUcbrift for Numismatics. v. 4

50 M- Bahrfeldt,

Q and anchor A 36.8 gr. Average of 2 aces

C and Aehre A As are missing

fr (KA) and Aehre 28 ) A 23.37 gr. Unicum b. Ailly, strong vern.

4. At the end of the section it should be pointed out showed that on the Nummus discussed in the first section as on the denarius, although very rarely, a coat of arms — ear — find. This proves a further combination hang between Nummus and Denarius and also that the Reduction only after the custom of putting coats of arms on the coins, must have occurred, because this nummus with the ear of corn shows nor the high weight; Average of five 6.46 gr. To be used What you should finally pay attention to is that a nummus with a coat of arms Their excellently preserved ones were found together without a coat of arms has (Ailly p. 396).

To explain the illustrations on Plate III.

1. Nummus with ROMA simply incus. Weight 6.57 gr. collection

Bahrfeldt.

2. Nummus mixed with ROMA. Weight 6.13 gr. Cabinet Turin,

Catalog Fabretti No. 217.

3. Nummus with ROMA sublime. Weight 5.47 gr. Bahrfeldt.

4. Denarius with ROMA simply incus. Weight 4.18 gr. Bahrfeldt.

5. Denarius with ROMA simply incus. Weight 4.08 gr. British

Museum.

6. Denarius mixed with ROMA. Weight 4.34 gr. Bahrfeldt.

7. Denarius mixed with ROMA. Weight 4.32 gr. Bahrfeldt.

8. Denarius mixed with ROMA. Weight .4.36gr. Samwer Collection

in Gotha.

9. Denarius with ROMA raised. Weight 4.43 gr. Bahrfeldt.

10. Denarius with ROMA simple incus and coat of arms Hasta. wt.

4.36 gr. Samwer.

28) What is worrying about this piece is that the ear of ears may represent a country mark yon Campania and not family coat of arms.

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 51

11. Denarius with ROMA mixte and RA. Weight 4.38 gr. Cabinet

Turin, Fabretti catalog no. 4341.

12. Denarius mixed with ROMA and H. Weight 3.17 gr. Collection

Aily. law pl. CIL4.

13. Victoriatus with ROMA simply incus. Weight 2.95 gr. Bahrfeldt.

III. Chronological record.

In the first and second sections the separation of the de- Both feet are made, this is where the attempt should be made oldest silver and copper coins arranged chronologically put. It is certainly not easy for this oldest period Companies, such high-reaching usable denarius treasures are almost entirely lacking, and of the few that exist there is none to draw a safe conclusion. The same applies to the Victorian treasure of Pisa, which despite the consistently good preservation The individual coins are affected by wear and tear not yet showing reduced weight - for the sake of its smallness is of little use; also from another at Foggia covered little treasure that I have looked through myself from around forty Victoriats (three quarters of which have no markings, a quarter with Q) existed. Arbitrary appointments are not possible cannot be avoided, as there is often no evidence; the safest Leaders within each period, for silver as well as for Copper, the weight remains, which is clearly evident e.g. B. in the series with V pronounces which previously missing weight information According to him, it was thought to be semincial, but turned out to be very uncial has proven and has therefore been increased considerably.

Ailly's information in the directory is extensive used and then new series or nominals from the Blacas list resp. Mommsens has been added; You will find out more at the individual numbers, but repetitions are better known Unfortunately things couldn't always be avoided. — have value

4*

52 M. Bahrfeldt,

I look under the heading “Writing” for precise details of the various where letter farms are placed, which also includes me in this one Very precisely worked out catalog of the Turin Coin Cabinet (by A. Fabretti) provided significant support.

Before the list, a brief overview of it:

© "^n>

99 i2S 9a

•"* 2

X * g g- . ~

s 3 <:* cl O

3 * * g- "« W> ä- * * 5 «

CD •"* m • OB 3

o •" »s it

O.D

it»

■1

5g e* ^ g ** y S

^X"*B

3 aT W S' O

^£Sa"9g e

© CO K9 N9 -tf* CP tn Cn ^ .CO >J» ~l 1 . w Oi h O GD OD C^ O) ^ «— ■ •

j^r "r-" . . . »r- 1 '7- L r J V't-" C*

PS***

3 3

8^

3 3

5

~3 .-

^^_,

W >

ö

3.

c&

P

S

5

M * W ^ O < OO ** M and

^-►Ö'Daa'O— ^ W F »S333 g

SS* X* _j 1 S3* 8»

* < * " P ^ -

a a B S' . . B H B « * * 2.

^ < a it > > ^ • “ ' 'T *^

<1 Pi

^

I •§

*- 'S

(3 -^

for s'

c&

•"1

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 53

a) From 486 CE. until the Reduction (around 500 CE)

1 - 5. Like Blacas.

7 [6] . RA Mint ROMA 2») .

denarius, victoriatus, quinarius, sestertius; Ace, Semis, Quadrans,

Sextans. Silver: i/ 72 , average of four denarii 4.34 gr. — copper: sextantar; Average of three aces only However, the heaviest semi at Ailly weighs 33.51 gr 26.42 gr., Avg. of ten 19.68 gr., hence the ace = 39.36 gr. Font: A always in the RA, often in the city name, A on denarius in Turin,

A on denarius, quadrans, sextans at Ailly pl. CIX, on Quinar and Sestertius in Turin. Inscription Roma raised and deepened. The Victoriatus, 2.03 gr., heavily used and still unicum, Comes from Riccio's collection, now owned by Ailly. The Sextans is not entirely safe, cf. Recherches II p. 748.

8[14]. H Herdonia Mint?

Denarius, [Victoriatus], Quinar; Ace, Semis, Triens, Quadrans, Sextans, Uncia.

Silver: Y72» the denarius Ailly p. 644 only weighs 3.17g, However, it is heavily used, two quinars weigh against it 2 36 and 2.33 gr. Average of fourteen quinaries at Ailly 2.14, the denarius therefore = 4.28 gr. — copper: sextantar, the heaviest of thirteen aces 42.36 gr., Average 36.52 gr.

29) This denarius was also published by Moramsen Annali 1863 p. 28 already the second place in the list, then Blacas No. 6, who notes that "c'est le seul, dont le poids soit de '/72 d° li*ro."

54 M Bahrfeldt,

Font: A almost always, only once

A on Quinar Ailly pl. CII, 7 and

A on the As in Turin (Fabretti catalog p. 37).

Denarius with incuse inscription; the Victoriatus only Mommsen, but not yet properly certified.

9 [36]. C Mint of Capua? Canusium?

a) C alone. — Denarius, Victoriatus; Ace, Semis, Triens, Quadrans, sex tan s.

Silver: 772 > average of thirteen denarii 4.36 gr. (8. above Section II, 3). — copper: sextantar; the only one In one copy known and heavily used As Ailly weighs 35.23 grams. Writing: A always in denarius,

A on the other nominals M on denarius at Ailly and in Turin. The denarius is peculiar, although not particularly crude factory, but through its style and through the A of the other their nominals are essentially different.

b) C with the Aehre coat of arms. — Semis, sextans.

Both coins only in one copy each from Ailly II, p. 204 published. — The simultaneous occurrence of coats of arms and mint marks have been discussed above.

10 [35]. B Mint...?

Denarius.

Foot l / 72 , average of six denarii 4.10 gr., the

Heaviest at Ailly weighs 4.34 gr. Font: A, A, A Ailly pl. C, 1, 2, 3. From a peculiar non-Roman factory, that of the previous one Very similar to denarius.

11. M Mint...?

denarius, quinarius; [Quadrans], Sextans?

About the Utest denarii of Rome. 55

Silver: V'72 Ailly's Denarius weighs 4.24 gr. — Copper?

Writing: A on denarius A on Quinar.

The other denarius at Ailly is heavily used, the one in Turin is based on accident. Two Victoriate with M supposedly in Victo riatentreasure of Pisa, but it has the Victoriat with C*M deceives 30 ]. A Quadrans 3.23 gr., at Ailly pl. CVI, 15 without Roma, there No. 16 another strange Quadrans with M*. , but according to the weight - average of nine 3.31 gr. — does not belong here; M\ as well as N: on others Quadrants can perhaps be seen as worker symbols. — Ailly does not recognize the sextan with M and wants it in the £ see a carelessly cut ^. In his collection three such pieces, in the cab of the m6d. one of 4.40 gr., state rath Samwer in Gotha owns two of 3.9 and 3.02 gr. The M is clear on the last three pieces, so that M from M can certainly be separated, but it should be noted that £ and ^ are in the same place and both types are related Completely consistent in style.

12[31]. D Mint....? Denarius. FOOT: V72? Average of five denarii 3.89 gr. (Rom.

Codb. -Coins p. 22. 23). Font: A predominant, but also A or A (Ailly).

13. Q and anchor. As, Semis, Triens.

Foot: sextantar, average of two aces 36.6 gr. Font: A on As and Triens A and A on semis.

30) B*brfe)dt, Rome. Cons.-Mttnren p. 14.

rt

56 M Babrfeldt,

b) Minted after the reduction of the denarius, before 542 CE.

14[7]. Denarius with Diana in Biga; Coat of arms: fly, scorpion,

Panaehe and Juba.

(Compare Section II, 2 above.)

15[18]. Q Mint...?

Victoriatus, Quinar; [Semis?], Triens, Quadrans, Sextans, Uncia.

Silver: 1 /s4- average of twelve Victoriates 2.77 gr.,

of fifteen quinars 2. Ol gr. — copper: good uncial;

Average of five Trents 10.28 gr.

Semis completely uncertain, only known through Riccio; Uncia

3.75 gr. in the Neudeck collection (Wiener Numism. Zeitschr. IV).

Ailly thinks she can find the coat of arms “Worm” in the Q (Rom. Cons.-

Coins p. 17).

Writing: A or A on Quinar and Victoriatus, more rarely on this also A,

A on the other nominals.

•

16[10]. CROT Croton Mint.

Victoriatus.

Foot: 7*4 > the Victoriatus in the British Museum is unknown usually heavy 3.49 gr., hence the average of four copies 3rd oil gr.

Font: A.

17[11]. \8 Mint: Vibo.

Victoriatus, Semi victoriatus.

Foot: Vs4> Average of fifteen Victoriates 2.80 gr.

Font: A Victoriatus.

A Semivictoriatus (British Museum).

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 57

18[16]. C«M Mint. . .?

Victoriatus.

Foot: Vg 4, average of eleven = 3.02 gr.

Font: A.

The separation of the letters C and M seems to be one to lead to the unification of two cities, similar to V below and T.

19[8]. V Luceria Mint, kT and V Luceria and Tea-

num?, T Teanum?

a with V.

Victoriatus, Quinar, Sestertius; As, dextans, semis. Quin

cunx, triens, quadrans, sextans, uncia, semuncia. Silver: y s4 . — Copper: quadrantar to weakly uncial. Font: V always,

A, only once on Quinar Ailly pl. CIII, 13 A

M often.

b) with Ir and T.

Victoriatus, Semivictoriatus ; Sextans, Uncia, Semuncia. Silver: y 84 . — Copper: sextantar, but it should be noted that this is only inferred from the smallest nominals. Font: lr and A always.

The coin with a Dioscure on Rf. is probably because of of S Semivictoriatus, not Sestertius.

c) with T Victoriatus. Foot: y«4 .

Font: V and A always.

Riccio's sextan is due to accident.

rf) with T .

Victoriatus.

Foot: y 84 , 2.75 gr. Unicom near Ailly.

Font: A.

58 M. B&hrfeldt,

Such a Victoriatus may perhaps have been found in the treasures of La Riccia.

This Victoriatus must be united with a, b and c, so that we therefore have a separate (V and T) and a separate community influence (T) of the two cities Luceria and Teanum? have.

The secondary mint is very old and was already casting copper before the introduction of the Roman silver currency; silver became, judging by the weights, but only after the re- duction of the denarius.

20 [1 7 ] . P Mint: Pisaurum? Paestum?

As to Semuncia, with dextans and quincunx.

Foot: uncial and lighter.

Font: P and A always.

Between this row and the previous one with lr There is a great deal of agreement, both through the pre- presence of the same copper denominations, as well as in style and font.

21[12]. CA Mint: Canusium.

As, Semis, Triens, Quadrans, Sextans, Uncia, Semuncia.

Foot: Uncial.

Font: A in CA and ROMA, and in Ailly a Triens

with CA, sometimes Y on the As

The aces with V, P and CA are very similar and under- differ only by the label.

22[13]. K" with Aehre coat of arms. KApua mint?

As, Semis, Triens, Sextans, Semuncia. Foot: uncial, the ace at Ailly 23.27 gr. Font: A almost always, A on sextans at Ailly. The Semuncia at Ailly II p. 776, weight 1.13 gr.

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 59

23[9]. KOP Mint Korkyra; Mttnzmeister Ar. . . .

Victoriatus, Quinar.

Foot: »/ 84 , average of three Victoriates 2.80 gr., from

six quinars 2.06 gr. Font: A always.

The Victoriatus with K is based in the Victorian Treasury of Pisa on incorrect reading iRöm.-Cons. -Coins p. 11).

24[25]. M> and Taurus.

As, Semis, Triens, Qu ad ran 8, Sex tan 8, Uncia.

Foot: plenty uncial; Average of fourteen aces

31.34 gr., the heaviest of these 37.75 gr. Font: A

25[154]. V mint...?

As, Semis, Triens, Quadrans, Sextans.

Foot: plenty of uncial, three aces at Ailly 33.65, 32.64,

31.94 gr. Font: A, but also A on semis (Ailly).

26 [45] . P mint. . . ?

Ace, Semis, Triens, Quadrans.

Foot: good uncial, average of eighteen aces

Ailly 27.42 gr., the heaviest of which is 35.40 gr. Font: A common, A As for Ailly.

A Semis, Triens, Quadrans near Ailly, Quadrans in Turin. Riccio's sextans and uncia are quite uncertain.

27 [24]. AC.

Denarius, Victoriatus; As, Semis, Triens, Quadrans, Sextans. Silver: l / ni , average of five denarii 3.79 gr. —

Copper well uncial. Font: A always.

60 M. B&hrfeldt,

28 [32] . M>

Denarius, Victoriatus, As.

Silver: */ 84 , the denarius Borghesi's 3.90 gr. average

from sixteen Victoriates 2.81 gr. — copper: uncial;

two aces at Ailly 20.12 and 19.87 gr. Font: A Victoriatus, A As.

29 [42]. M.A., M.

a) M.A. — denarius; As.

Silver: ! / M? Ailly p. 703. — Copper: uncial, Ailly's As

17.37 gr., but worn. Font: A in Ma, A in Roma on the As.

b) M. — Denarius, Quinar; Ace, Semis, Triens, Quadrans, Sextans.

Silver: y 84 , average of ten denarii 3.78 gr. — Copper: uncial, the As in Turin 28.60 gr. (Rom.-Cons.- Coins p. 24). Font: A common, A rare in the monogram.

A in Roma predominantly, but also A in Denarius. A on As and Triens.

30 [23] . AA or AA.

a) Victoriatus, Quinar; b) Quinar.

Foot: y 84 , average of four Victoriates 2.37 gr., from

twelve quinars 1.94 gr. Font: A on Victoriatus,

A and A on Quinar a, A on Quinar b.

31. K Mint...? Triens.

Foot: good uncial, 11.36 gr. Ailly. Font: A. Triens until now Unicum, at Morell Inc. tab. IV a quinary.

About the oldest denarii in Rome. 6]

32. A Mint. . . ? Semis.

Foot: uncial, a semi at Ailly 12.36 gr. Font: A in Roma. A quinar at Morell a. a. 0.

33 [40] . Ä.

Ace, Semis, Triens, Quadrans.

Fnss: uncial.

Font: A and A in the city name.

On a Quadrans AI 6.66 gr. Ailly. — This series with A is definitely different from the one with TL.

This would then be followed by the other numbers on the list Blacas join, but I want the ranks that Victoriatus or the Quinar have, preceded by know. Some I don't have any pieces from Aill's collection here yet* can bring, for some the weight did not allow it Others, I think the letters are more workers' symbols than coin symbols. place symbols, like S • , I • • • , N : , M\ My list wishes I only see it as an attempt, which is true Weights of silver, as well as the associated copper taken into account as has probably been the norm up to now when making its appointments but often this had to be done arbitrarily; Amendments will emerge later in the episode.

Stade in Hanover, March 1877.

M. Bahrfeldi

The types of the oldest Roman bigati.

In the history of Roman coinage VIII c. 9 Mommsen expresses the hope that a specific breakthrough will production of republican coins, especially the denarii, from an archaeological point of view in the hairstyle, the clothing, the treatment of the individual heads of the gods and other things will highlight some chronological criteria which The approaches gained so far are becoming sharper and more comprehensive. help those determined. This request is, as far as I know, not enough has happened yet. It also seems questionable to me whether archaeological studies that relate to the specified details would limit, secure and worthwhile results able to find. Because how different are the examples? plare of the same type. But you can do the task too to be defined more broadly and to be determined by archaeological means look for the relationship between the type of one denarius taken as a whole to that of another similar one stands, and how one emerges from the one in form and meaning developed by others. It is known that Mommsen himself as a result of the discovery of the rich denarius treasures in Spain and Italy his great creation, which according to historical criteria- rien produced order of the denarii, with some modifications believed that he had to submit in detail.

Since it is now hard to hope that a treasure will be available soon Days are coming that reach back into an even older time than that found in La Riccia, must be used to consolidate the series

A. Klagmann, The types of the oldest Roman bigati. 63

The older denarii used another auxiliary means be, even if the same thing by its nature is not both provides absolute rather than relative time determinations. Below I would therefore like to make some archaeological observations about the reverse side of a not insignificant part of those denarii lay. The use of a large coin collection suited me Unfortunately not available here in Rome, but the new excellent ones are Illustrations in the fourth volume of the French edition of Mommsen's book through Blacas as well as in the great works of d'Ailly, I hope, make this deficiency less noticeable. find.

As is well known, among the types of Roman coins is the for the downside of silver money was chosen the fastest Shape changed. In the place of the two to the right Riding castors with their stars first appeared in the Deity traveling in the same direction on a Biga. This first one Changes then followed the others. Neither remained the deity the same, as well as her team. The biga gave the denarii with the two-horse team the general name of the Bigati. Like The extent to which the same can be extended is left undiscussed here. Because Here we will only talk about those bigati who are from the earliest of the periods established by Mommsen Roman coinage history, i.e. h. about a year ago 600 d. St. will be shaped.

Mommsen describes Annali 1863 as the oldest Bigati p. 28. 31 those on whom over the head of those in the Biga standing goddess is depicted with a crescent moon. The Numis mathematicians tend to call this goddess Diana, but she must apparently called Luna. Because crescent moon and a pair of horses are unambiguous characteristics of Luna, see except that of Preller Rome. Mythol. P. 289 f. cited passages especially the lunares equi in Ovid Fast. V, 16. Diana, as we will see, received completely different attributes.

64 A. Klügmann,

On the oldest bigata it is also clearly stated that Luna and her horses are about to mount, a movement tion that would have no meaning for Diana. The Horses gallop upwards and the goddess stands in a corresponding position Attitude on the denarii, which is still without any insignia Mint masters are, cf. Blacas IV, 23, 6 and d'Ailly II, 1 pl. 51, 13. 14 (one of these denarii has the heavy weight of 4.36 gr. d'Ailly II, p. 70) as well as on the denarii with the coat of arms pen of the fly d'Ailly pl. 90, 7 - 10. On the others with the coat of arms of the poppy stalk l ) d'Ailly pl. 92, and the ear of corn pl. 97 to 4 - 6 the ascending movement is particularly the Luna already smaller. Finally, to those who have the na- Men of the mint masters in the shortest ligatures contain No. 20 (Blacas IV, 23, 14) No. 22. 40 2), the horses also have these No longer moving, but walking straight ahead. On the other hand All denarii mentioned so far agree that Luna is dressed in long robes and leads her horses without to use a staff or a whip.

A second glass of denarii shows Luna on a high Carriage, bare-chested, standing over the horses bending and provided with a rod for spurring. This one Type that depicts the movement of the goddess as a much more rapid one is, as I believe, only under the influence of the immediate Victoria bigates that need to be discussed in more detail, cf. d'Ailly pl. 51, where examples of both are depicted Lunadenars can be found without any of the mint masters' badges cf. d'Ailly pl. 51, 12, but in d'Ailly's list p. 70 none the only one that reaches the weight of 4 grams. The type

1) D'Ailly II, p. 520 is inclined to consider this emblem to be a "panache" th, but I am not aware of such a helmet decoration, and the poppy is standing as a plant closer to the ear.

2) The numbering of the coins used in the text is that of the Ver- Drawing in the French translation of Mommsen's work II, p. 214 ff.

t

jPie types of the oldest Roman bigati. 65

is then repeated more often, for example on the denarii with the coat of arms pen the crab d'Ailly pl. 94, 6 and numbers 28, 64, 65 66 with name inscriptions of different types of writing from the first syllable of the cognomen to the name with prefix noun. Borghesi oeuvr. numism. I, 166 finds No. 64 65. 66 so similar to each other that he called their mint masters for col- lay holds. Because I only have the illustrations for these coins Cohen, I dare not make a judgment on this, but I would like to point out that suggests that Borghesi himself, on the other hand, also sees the similarity of No. 65 mentioned with the Victoriabigat No. 67. — In later times Luna is still in the Biga at No. 171. 269 and on the Denarius by L. Valer. Acisculus shown, here in clear connection with sun and stars. No. 171 is very similar to the older one Type, the Victoria type is not on the other two either more imitated. Now let's move on to this itself.

There are denarii with the Victoriabiga! ), which are still without all badges of the mint masters are in the directory by d'Ailly II, 1 p. 72 have 6 higher among 16 copies Weight more than 4 grams. On the other hand, the type is missing on such dena- ren, where the mint master is represented by a coat of arms or the simplest manner of inscription; but then he finds himself very common on those with more detailed inscriptions again, and is often right here as a well-known type been presented carelessly. From the unnamed give except Cohen Blacas IV, 25, 1 and d'Ailly pl. 51, 15 - 18 ab- educations. Victoria stands tall with her bare upper body car and leans far forward over those who are running in a great hurry Horses, the L. holds the reins, the K. a staff or a whip. Only the wings on the one hand and the moon on the other let sickle between this Victoria and the second

1) The connection of these coins with the Sicilian and sub-Italian, which show Victoria in a Riga, see Imhof-Blumer, Winged Figures the Athena and Nike p. 33 no. 77, could not be taken into account here.

Journal of Numismatics. V O

ßß A. Klfigmann,

There is a difference between the Luna type discussed. That these Way of depicting the goddess invented for and by Victoria It doesn't seem to me that it was just transferred to Luna to be doubtful. Because the light clothing of the goddess and the staff driving the horses in her right hand is for Luna irrelevant but characteristic of Victoria. How she winged everything that is light and light corresponds to its essence expresses speed of movement. As much as I can see, the type undergoes no significant change Denarii, which belong to the first and second periods cf. No. 60-63. 67-70. 96. 98. 99. On some later No. 133. 134. 183. 161 the movement of horses is different from that of Racers in the circus, they seem to jump upwards, yes This is due to the fact that there is space under their feet wanted to win for a coat of arms; at number 133 is even here a whole fighting group pushed in, which is called representation of a venatio in the circus.

The third goddess on a Biga is Diana. Three denarii from different times show Diana on a team of deer. The oldest, on which the goddess is dressed in short clothes with the torch in the r. and the quiver on the back. is presented, is still without an inscription from the mint master, but not more without his coat of arms No. 94 Blacas IV, 26, 2 = d'Ailly 78, 12. 13. The coat of arms in question is a crescent. Same is by no means an attribute of the goddess here, it is rather for it It has been ensured that he is not exposed to Luna's crescent moon confused. Namely, he is not like the attribute of this goddess attached at the top next to the head of the driving figure, but in the lower part of the Mtinzfeld, under the feet of the horses. It shows that this did not happen by chance but on purpose a comparison of the Castorendenars and the copper money with the same coat of arms: on them is the crescent which is for him Generally most suitable place in the upper part of the

The types of the oldest Roman bigati. 67

coin field has been given cf. d'Ailly pl. 77 No. 17 — 78, No. 1 8 l). The opinion about the age of this Dianadenar has very fluctuating cf. Blacas' note on No. 94. New- dings are probably buried in the year 629 rich treasures of La Riccia 21 copies of the same Light has come 2 ), which were described as almost new, but at the same time of such a high weight (between 4,773 maximum and 3,952 minimum) were that I attended their train I no longer want to doubt my adherence to the first period. The second Hirschbiga is considerably later No. 189 Blacas IV, 29, 5. The goddess here seems to be holding a torch in each hand, among the deer is a changing emblem; whether also one Half moon, I wasn't able to find out. On the third Denarius finally No. 283 Blacas IV, 31, 9 is Diana as a huntress shown. She wears the short chiton, leans with the R. on her hunting lance and is surrounded by three dogs. Since the Mint master L. Axsius L. F. Naso is called, that's what Longpärier said. asked that with an allusion to the gentile name instead of Ordinary deer two axes that pulled biga; the Romans will but who were hardly able to guess this riddle, and the Axes have no connection with Diana (cf. Plin. VIII, 76.

The denarius of C. Rennius No. 100 shows another goddess on a biga drawn by bucks. She is clothed and holds a scepter in the L. and a short staff in the R. Cave doni, who the earlier interpretations of this goddess on the spar- tanic "Hqcc aiyoqxiyog or Juno Caprotina rightly doubted-

1) On the Victotiat it was also considered necessary not to have the crescent moon next to it to place the head of the goddess. The analogy of the symbol used as an emblem is instructive. didn't need a star, so it wasn't the same on the Castorendenarens in question above between the attributes of the riders, but below their horses found, cf. d'Ailly pl. 7t, t — 4.

2) See Oarrucci in Strozzi Period. ntimism. 1873 p. 29t. 297 and Mommsen in this magazine 1875 8. 35 ff.

5»

68 A. Klügmann,

fit, suspected in her Juno Lannvina cf. Nuovi studj p. 24. Meanwhile, there is something peculiar about (\en the Lanuvian goddess and especially on denarii so often depicted Not a single sign to be found here. I would therefore like to go with you Stephani C.R. p. 1869 p. 86 No. 6 believe that you can Thanks to Juno, I have to give up completely and recognize a Venus has. The representation came from the Greek J4q>Qodfat) in- tQayla *) and is probably intended to show Venus Murcia. This one had her sanctuary in the circus and as a deity of the circus she is shown driving herself.

Another Venus stands on one of the first pe- riode member Quadrigatus No. 93 next to Mars, is called she Nerio. The Venus of the July gender comes against it only on later denarii, it appears when it is on a biga drives, crowned by Cupid No. 159, or by two Cupids drawn No. 199. The denarius here referred to Venus Murcia was previously placed in the second period, but is now after the results of the discovery of La Riccia by Mommsen in this magazine. II, p. 37 has been moved higher.

The same applies to the mint master's denarius M. Aurelius Cotta No. 92 2). Here is a biga of centaurs led by a man who calmly indicates an attribute with the R leaning his shoulder. Since this attribute was thought to be a club, The traveler was interpreted as Hercules, but without one to find an explanation for the whole type. And indeed It's very strange to see Hercules riding one drawn by centaurs

1) Cf. Preller Greek. Mythol. 13 p. 303.

2) Of the 5 denarii, which Mommsen recently entered into the first period moving up, there are 2 Bigati and 3 Quadrigati, namely No. 91. 93. 103. In which Directories at Blacas did not find a square among the coins of the first period. The fact that La Riccia is not far from Puglia and the exemplary The fact that some of the denarii were very used up again points to the question whether the Quadrigati, which Livy XXII, f)2. 54 at the Battle of Cannae following events mentioned were not also Roman.

The types of the oldest Roman bigati. 69

Watch the car drive. However, you could rely on the Analogy of a medallion of the homonymous emperor M. Aurelius Philosophus called, where Hercules on a quadriga of Ken- tauren tells you which attributes of the four seasons are in your hands. while holding it, slowly move forward 1). But I want it consider it very likely that that attribute on the denarius is not a club, but a thyrsos, hence the centaurs here as usual Dionysus or after the Roman name Liber Father pull 2). So our opinion is based on the bigati First period depicted Luna, Victoria, Diana, Venus and Liber. There will be no new ones in the second period Types are added and it just repeats itself from the previous ones the Victoria type.

Livy mentions the Bigati in an incident that took place in Year 538 occurred XXIII, 15, then in the enumeration of booty funds from Northern Italy XXXIII, 23 and Spain XXXIV, 10. 46 XXXVI, 21 on triumphs of the years 557-563. You can do that- It can be assumed that they were in the course of the Second Punic War gradually spread. For the earliest among them Those with the Luna are considered with good reason. The transition from the earliest type of denarii, that of the riding castors, to the type of Luna was a simple one and more obvious. Both are different in terms of form and design. interpretation very similar to each other. A mint master who... If you wanted to change the original type, it couldn't be easier

1) Cohen Med. impe'r. II p. . r >06 No. 380. This medallion is explained by the medallion of Antoninus Pius struck in the same year 148 AD Cohen II p. 338 No. 43(5, in which Hercules defeats the Centaurs, cf. also the corresponding but earlier medallion M. Aureis p. 510 No. 397. For the Denarius lacks such an explanation. A vase picture in the Louvre, on which Hercules ascends to heaven on a Kciitauren quadriga is called Conestabile in the description in the bullet. 18B1 p. 211 as a caricature.

2) A new examination would be just as desirable as with this denarius at the denarius No. 130; the so-called Hercules the (Quadriga doesn't seem to me to be completely safe.

70 A Klügmann,

act as if he were taking the place of the two riders with their mortals. nen placed the Biga of the moon goddess. Luna then also paved the way The way for others, especially the goddess of victory, Victoria.

The first Victoria of Greek art in Rome was ours They know in 536 shortly after the Battle of Cannae Liv given to the Romans by King Hiero. XXII, 37. The Senate had the golden statue erected on the Oapitol for the sake of good omen, to meet them with the highest god of the city, to connect Jupiter 0. M. But there were before a temple of Victoria on the Palatine Liv. X, 33. XXIX, 14, and as I believe, nothing prevents us from assuming that the oldest, heavy Victoria denarii as a result of the Battle of Cannae precede the prevailing time of need. The favorable omen had to make this type very popular, especially in difficult times. As noted, he had influence at a relatively early age won on the representation of the Lunabigaten, namely To put it briefly, this influence manifests itself in the following way: the rising moon goddess increasingly takes on the appearance of one rushing circus driver receives. This should not come as a surprise. Luna Since ancient times had a sanctuary on the slopes of the Aventine above the circus, and Preller Rome. Mytholog. P. 290 mentions she is rightly a circus deity. Maybe saw too that old temple of Victoria from the Palatine onto the Circus down 1). It is more certain that the other three deities, which we found on the Bigati, their shrines nearby of the circus. From the Venus Murcia this is all- commonly known; about the location of the Temple of Diana Aventina Of course, one is not exactly informed, but Becker Topogr. S. 452 inclined to look for him at the height of S. Prisca, and As for the Centaur Biga, it is in this respect regardless of whether Hercules or Liber Pater is riding on it. Because

1) Becker Top. P. 421 expresses this view. The Temple of Jupiter Victor was on the relevant side of the Palatine.

The types of the oldest Roman bigati. 71

Both were neighbors of the circus, the one at its peak, this one in the Temple of Ceres.

The Lndi magni took place in the Gircus, it was the place where people in Rome were used to driving and seeing cars. Now that Lnna is shown riding on her Biga was, it was in a town that was very popular for chariot racing. was taken and at the same time as one closely related to the cult related plot, which Oedanke is close to, also other deities who watched the circus activities Bigen to sit and thus to take part, so to speak at knowing. Diana, Venus Murcia and Liber Pater have their attributes in their hands, but the stamp cutters be- were not content with this, but replaced their horses Bigen by animals that were more characteristic of them, they wanted to give them clearer and more permanent markers give. One can state that among the three mentioned the Type of Diana with the deer is the earliest, not only because of the many important copies, but also because Diana Aventina the most important goddess in the entire area of the circus and their festival, as Mommsen C. I. L. I, p. 399 It is assumed that the festival itself was celebrated with circus games. More difficult but it is the relation of this denarius to the earliest Victoria denarius to determine. Both are still without a name Mfinzmeister and the type of one and the other was later imitated, although the one from the Victoria was often figer. They will probably be very close in time stand. This was even more likely to be the case with the denarii with the goats and the centaurs. You can get your coin masters — C. Keni and M. Aureli Cota, as the inscriptions loud - for colleagues who consider their substitution of the older ones Types have been conceived and implemented together through new ones. The combination of Venus and Bacchus is due to their importance easy to understand. That the Aurelian was a cognomen

72 A. Klügmann, The types of the oldest Roman bigati.

What the unknown Rennier is missing must not be noticed, There had already been several mint masters from the gens Aurelia. cf. No. 20, 34, 103, from which M. Aurelius Cotta wanted to differentiate.

To summarize the foregoing, I would like to recommend that you use those denarii of No. 7, which are the represent ascending Luna, for the oldest among all Bigati holds, further puts numbers 94 and 95 next to each other and finally No. 92 and 100 connect even more closely with each other. The rest Luna and Victoria Bigati are all firmly included in this scheme. assign, the archaeological ones attempted here are sufficient Aids not sufficient.

Rome.

A. Klügmann.

On Pomeranian and Mecklenburg coinage.

IL

Addendum to the Hohenwalde finds.

Vol. IV, p. 243 contains articles from Bardt's essay on the same find

(Vol. II, p. 141) to add:

Stralsund.

38 a) Bracteate with the flag accompanied by the ray. Ge- radiant edge. (Bardt No. 19.) 38 b) Bracteate with flag and cross. (B. 21.) 38c) Bracteate with the flag, above and below it strong ringlet. (B. 22.)

Franconia.

64 a) Forward-swept head with curly hair. One-sided pronounced semi-bractate. (B. 23.)

I owe the view of this coin to Mr. Bardt; she is According to the factory, it is undoubtedly Franconian.

m.

The discovery of Arnswalde.

(Plate IV.)

In the city of Arnswalde in 1875, Vol. IV, Find mentioned on page 21 of this magazine by Mr. Dir. Friedlaender made and delivered to the local Koni gl. Museum. It consisted almost exclusively, if you look at the number of pieces,

74 H. Dannenberg,

from unwritten denarii l ), with very few exceptions Pomeranian cities, but with numerous denarii of the Polish King Wladislaw (see below, No. 70). The Pomeranian denarii were by far the main mass those of the cities of Cöslin, Colberg, Stargard, Stolp, Treptow as well that of Duke Casimir VI. from Stettin, were less numerous those of Demmin, Garz, Gollnow and Usedom, while those Not uncommon from Pyritz were completely missing. A much smaller one Bmcht partly than these denarii formed larger written coins (Witten or Schillings) from Pomerania and Mecklenburg, and Only a few foreign Germans came here and there non-German characteristics. The defect is striking Denburg coins, if we are still completely aware of one unknown type (see No. 55), because the place of discovery was but at that time Brandenburg soil. So either will one must assume that this little treasure belongs to a stranger belonged to someone who came over from neighboring Pomerania.

*

men, or else one becomes in the excited peculiarity Our find must be seen as proof that back then The Mark Brandenburg only minted coins to a limited extent. fishing was carried out. But Köhne assumes that the first Hohenzollern's elector (Friedrich 1st) in the March not at all has shaped; but under him our find is deposited.

The number of pieces of the individual coins described below I haven't been able to determine any varieties because, on the one hand, their number is too significant, on the other hand almost the larger one Partly through oxidation with a very low content of precious metal has become highly unrecognizable; often stick 3, 4 and more pieces so tightly together that they can be pulled together without destroying their imprint cannot be separated. Only with the rarer ones Species is the number of at least those that are somewhat useful

1) Incorrect in the new contributions to the Gr. Kab. and in Reichel's Ka- taloge referred to as sharps (i.e. */a denarii or obols).

The Arnswalde coin find. 75

Pieces specified. In total there were around 10,000 pieces, recently 96 grams of larger coins (witten or shillings) and 2355 grams of smaller ones (denarii).

Hello Pomerania,

Duke Barnim I, alone 1264 - 1278.

1} The Duke with two lily staffs (halberds?). RF BÄRG2 in the angles of a cross.

D. P. IV, A. 3. P. 75. No. 3. 1 Ex.

That this denarius, which makes the others so extremely small, exceeds the value of the holding several times over, about a year and a half Hundreds should have been in circulation is probably less believable than that he, found individually, now or before, dem Treasures have been added. Duchy of Stettin. Casimir VI ') 1413 - 1434.

2) ö in the field. RF Greif to the left.

D.P.HI, 39.

3) Likewise, with a ball in Q . 4} Same, but a diagonal cross in the Q.

5) Likewise, a star in G .

These otherwise quite rare denarii were, as already mentioned, notice, quite numerous here; on the other hand, the corresponding corresponding shillings used to explain them (D. P. I, 38) miss.

*

Otto II, 1413-1428, or perhaps his nephew Joachim L,

1434—1451.

6) Moneta duc Stet 2 ) Grab left. RF, Benedictus De us cross, pierced by a four-leaf rose sette, in which a point. — D. P. I, 40. (5 copies)

1) The numbers and years are from the Klempien-BfilowVhen Family tables taken.

2) Since the specimens of the same genus (shillings) are mostly in small pieces ▼differ from each other, but without always recognizing them sufficiently clearly

i il

76 H. Dannenberg,

7) Likewise, but in the middle of the cross a griffin claw in a circle. 1 ex.

8) Moneta duc Stetin Greif left. RF Moneta Tre peto cross, in the middle of which is a star in a ring.

D.P. III, 42"). !6 Ex.

One example shows a dot in the middle of the cross in a four-leaf rosette and in the second angle a grip fenclaw.

Duchy of Wolgast. Wartislaw IX, 1105 - 1457, and

Barnim VII, 1405 - 1449?

9) Civitas duc Wolg Greif left. RF Moneta duc Where lg cross, in the middle of which is a point in a four- leafy rosette, in the first corner a floret.

D.P. III, 28.

Bogislaw IX, 1418, f after 1450, or Barnim VII,

1405 - 1449.

10) B in the field. Rf. Grip to the left. Plate IV, No. 10.

The Q from numbers 2 to 5 allows a different interpretation than that Duke hardly agrees, like the shilling of the same stamp, but with the inscriptions: Benedictus Dens Rf Moneta duc Always (D. P. I, 38 proves. So one becomes the B of ours completely similar coin on the coin princes rather than on the coins location (Barth) and then has the choice among the two named, the first, the son of Bogislaw VIII, the latter, the son of Barnim VI, both previously coinless.

to leave, I have generally preferred, pointing out my - also cited here with D. P. - treatise on “Pomeranian coins in Middle Ages" to only give the description of the genre, without these minor differences. Differences in transcriptions, unequal font separation, etc. must be taken into account.

1) Here the illustration and description differ a little from each other, but if because the latter is a slightly different one, soon in the illustration by a a better, replaced copy was the reason.

The coin find from Aniswalde. 77

Duchy of Wolgast on this side of the Swine (Barth). Barnim VIII 1425 - 1451, and Svantibor IV, 1425 - 1436, or

The former alone.

11) Deus in nomine tuo Greif left. RF Moneta dnc beard cross with one dots in four-leaf Rosette, in the third angle a griffin claw.

D. P. IH, 31. 1 Ex.

12) *N0n6TÄ°DVa'RÄRT (she!) Grab to the left.

Rf. *M0n6TÄ DVd'RÄRT (she! ) as before, but the claw at the fourth angle.

Plate IV, No. 12. 1 Ex.

13) Same, but the claw at the first angle. 9 ex.

14) Similar, but *D6VSgmgn0MmQgTV0

Rf. .OIZGTÄgDVCFBÄRT (claw at third angle).

1 ex. City coins. Anklam.

15) Moneta Tanglin Grab left. RF Deus in no- mine tuo Cross with a ringlet at the first angle.

1 ex.

16) Similar, but lily in the first angle.

Similar D. P. III, 70. 1 Ex.

These coins with the griffin are much rarer than those with the radiance and are younger. Ours too Contemporaneously related find by Schwiesow (B. Bl. I, 297), which, however only contain shillings and bracteates, but no denarii at all, has something similar, but also the older one that is missing here Kind with the beam, delivered. Colberg.

17; Two crossed bishop's crescents (or pan hooks). RF Likewise. Ktfhne N. B. ■) 473.

18) Likewise with a clover cross in the lower corner of the bars.

19) Likewise with a point in each of the four angles.

1) d. h. Kühn", New contributions to the Groachenktbinet, Berlin 1843.

78 H

Cäslin.

20) Head of John the Baptist. Rf Z between two Cramming. Köhne N.B. 469.

21) Same thing, but two rings instead of dots.

Köhne N.B. 466.

22) Likewise, but two diagonal crosses.

23) Same, but X between a cross and one point.

Demin.

24) Denarius with lily. Rf. Grip to the left. Köhne N.B. 479.

25) ft DQVS g m § nOMina TVO Grip left.

Rf. ÄMOIlQTÄgDQMmeraS Lily.

D. P. IV, 74. 5 Ex.

Garz.

26) Penny with nettle leaf. RF Greif to the left.

Köhne N.B. 482. Gollnow.

27) Penny with 2 crescents surrounded by four stars. RF Greif to the left. Köhne N.B. 491.

Greifswald.

28) Moneta Gripeswo crowned head. Rf Da lan- your deodorant on a long cross the shield with that Flag coat of arms. D. P. IV, 83. 3 Ex.

By far the more common type with the grabbing instead of the He's missing her head, she's probably older and was therefore Already out of circulation at the time the find was buried disappeared.

Pasewalk.

29) Bird Claw. RF Greif to the left. Plate IV, No. 29. Are they also in the multi-imagined finds of Hohen-

forest bracteates with the bird's claw (Vol. IV, J3. 254 and D. P. II, 86) correctly placed in Pasewalk, so hear this previously unknown little munch here too. Already

The Aroswalde coin finder. 79

Previously (D. P. P. 63) I tried to find out that this Appearance of the same claw as areas in the cross winches Celts of the Witten von Barth, Treptow, Ukermünde and Stettin (D. P. III, 30, 31, 35, 36 and above No. 7) is not contradicted. An analogy for the latter coins is provided by Friedlaender and Neubrandenburger Witten with the same two stars in two Kreuzeswinkeln (see this journal IV, 188) like those below, (No. 32, 33) discussed Stargarder shillings, without these Stars there would have the same heraldic meaning as here, just no more than the star on the Treptower Schillingen D. P. III, 42 or the rose on the Wolgaster D. P. 26 a relationship hung towards the Star of Stargard or the Rose of Pyritz let. Of course, Stern and Rose did not have such an eminent image. of greater value than the bird's claw.

Stargard.

30) Penny with a six-pointed star. Bf. Greif to the left.

Köhne N.B. 510. Some specimens show a point at an angle, Quite a few are one-sided, a volatility that Incidentally, this discovery can also be seen on some of the other denarii. increase, is common in Pomerania (see also the find von Hohenwalde, Vol. IV, p. 247 note 1).

31) Denarius with the star on both sides.

Köhne N.B. 508.

32) XMOnflTÄgSTÄRGÄRDQ Grab left.

Rf. X D8 VS g III g nOMmö g T VO Cross with a star at the first and third angles. Plate IV, No. 32. 4 Ex. A less clear example of the Schwiesow find which only rooneta . . .ard was to be read in its description. bung (B. Bl. I, 296) declared to be a coin by Barth, and so on also passed into my treatise (D. P. No. 32 Plate III); the same differs from the present ones only in that that the stars appear at the second and fourth angles.

80 H. Dannenberg,

33) Similar to declining romanizations.

Plate IV, No. 33. 3 Ex.

These shillings are apparently younger than those with the guess- rare SBD0 SS» ROO ROT (D. P. H, 89 and 90).

Szczecin.

34) Denarius with crowned griffin head on the left. RF Greif to the left. Köhne N.B. 516.

Stolp.

32) Three rivers (more correctly: one connected by three wavy lines) interpreted flow8s). Rf. Grip to the left.

Köhne N.B. 524, 525. Treptow a. d. Rega.

36) Shamrock. Rf. Grip to the left. Köhne N.B. 568.

Usedom.

37) Helmet with five peacock feathers, facing left. RF grip left- there. Köhne N.B. 573.

Blsthmn Cammin.

38) One-sided pfennig with standing, two bishop's staff holding bishop. 1 ex.

39) Grip to the left. Rf cross, with ringlets in the first and third angle.

40) Likewise. The cross without the rings.

41) The same, but in the middle of the cross a point in a circle. Köhne N. B. 576. Reichel IV, 3621.

D. P. P. 42 and 73 I noticed that these denarii with the cross on the Rf, it probably belongs to the diocese of Cammin as belonging to the town of Wolgast, to which they were referred want (see Köhne N. B. 575-577 and Reichel IV, 3620-3622;. Of course, it is certainly not impossible that they, since they do that bear the mint of the ducal coins, are also ducal; yes, the following previously unknown coin even seems to be for the last tere assumption to speak.

The Mfwiz find from Arnswalde. gl

B, Mecklenburg.

42) Crowned bull's head with a carrion-beaten tongue

RF Cross. Plate IV, No. 42. 2 Ex.

Friedland.

43) Moneta Vredel Grip left. Rf. Moneta Vre- del. Cross, in the middle with a dot in four- leafy rosette. Plate IV, 43. 5 Ex.

44) Likewise, but the point in a circle. 1 ex. Other shillings [Rf. civitas Magnopol), the Evers (II,

p. 27), he considers it to be the stamp of Duke Heinrich Mecklenburg-Stargard (1439 - 146(5), which also includes the above may belong if our find is of such a late date.

Onolen.

45) Civitas Magnopo Greif to the left. Rf. (half lily) Moneta Gnogensi Cross, in the middle a dot four-petaled rosette. 8 ex.

Guestrow.

46) MOIlQTÄgGVST... Bull's head in a trefoil.

Rf °o°aiVITgDnigDWQRLQ Cross, two arms in Flowers tapering off, in the middle a dot in a circle.

1 ex. New Brandenburg.

47) Sivitas (she!) Rrandenp (she!) Grab to the left.

Rf Dens in nomine tuo cross, in the middle of which Point in four-petaled rosette. Plate IV, No. 47. 4 Ex.

48^ Similar, but Rf Civitas Brandenp

Plate IV, No. 48. 1 Ex.

49) Similar, but Moneta Branden

RF Civitas Branden Plate IV, No. 49. 4 Ex. Evers doesn't know any of these three coins.

Journal for Numismatics V 6

82 H. Dannenberg,

Star even d? (Alt Stargard.)

50) Crowned Bull Head. RF six-pointed star.

Plate IV, No. 50.

51) Half bull's head and half star. RF crescent and star. Plate IV, No. 51. 7 Ex.

The last type is still very new, the first is earlier occurred, but as far as I know it has not yet been reported anywhere. wrote, at least not yet shown. Regarding their classification Perhaps the message is that the dukes died in the 15th century. year- a hundred built a mint in Stargard and in it Hessen minted low-value coins, but Duke Hein- Rich the elder as a result of the complaints that were raised about it 1439 promised to let the coin hammer rest for two years, and then the coin either to Brandenburg or to Fried- land (Evers Mecklb. Münzverf. I, pp. 45 and 204, Leitzmann, guide p. 367). You could therefore both, by the way, gens denarii that only appeared in a few copies If we look at the Stargarder stamp, we would only have the coat of arms city known. Unfortunately, no old seal of this kind is known same. Usually their old coat of arms includes a Thor two towers are assumed, above which an eagle appears x ) . But it is very questionable whether this coat of arms is more than one scientific abstraction of the fact that the city was Brandenburg until 1300. — Heraldic ones would be prominent Coins for another Mecklenburg town, Sternberg, very fit well. Their old coat of arms consists of a bull's head, between its horns a large six-pointed star, below accompanied by two small stars, while the secretion and later coats of arms have half a star and one next to it half a bull's head, the city finally got one later split shield with half a bull's head in front and one behind

1) According to the kind information from Pastor R&gotzky zu Triglitz.

The Munziund of Arnswalde. g3

half a star led, all coats of arms, which with the Mint of the first coin and the hue of the second definitely be in harmony. But the Mecklenburg connoisseurs History doesn't want anything to do with their relationship on Sternberg know because of the fact that there was ever a coin in Sternberg stood, nothing is known. But is this reason enough?

Indefinite.

52) Crowned bull's head. Bf Greif to the left.

Plate IV, No. 52. 9 Ex.

These pennies, previously unknown, are probably sent to Meck- lenburg, does not belong in Pomerania, where the bull's head is heavy- would like to find an explanation. The griffin is probably the Rostocker, the bull's head but the coat of arms of the Dukes of Mecklenburg be that after the Rostock branch line died out (1314) whose inheritance came. But this is of course only a courage.

The following is even darker, long known and not at all Rarely occurring but still unclassified Mecklenburgh Burgundy or Pomeranian denarius:

53) Half lily and half star, placed next to each other. Bf The griffin to the left.

Köhne N. B. 578, Reichel IV, 3623. - Köhne s a. a. 0. expressed assumption that Demin has this Coin in association with a neighboring Mecklenburg coin city, several of which had the star in their coat of arms, doesn't seem satisfactory to me. You could rather than Demin maybe think of Gnoyen. The matter doesn't get any clearer than that- through that different copies both images, half The lily and the star, so united, show that they are almost one Helmet ornaments, a variety that I have at least so far had not occurred.