Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 3 — 1876

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5

l

MAGAZINE

FOR

NUMISMATICS.

REDIT l

FROM

Dr. ALFRED VON SALLBT,

MITOLtBD OF THE ARCRAEOLOOI8CHBN INSTITUTE, BKKBNXITOLIED DBB NTmiSMATISCBIK

OESBIXSCHAfT IN LOMDOK.

THIRD VOLUME.

BERLIN.

WEIDMANN8CHE BOOKSHOP.

1876.

i

VOAA/U

Contents of the third volume.

Alterthnm«

Coresen, W., The Etruscan Monetary Inscriptions (Plate I) Dubn, F. y., On the Httnzkande of TyndariB (Plate I). . Dahn, F. y., HastaneaosuB, Djuast in Numidia. . . Friedlaender, J., carved holes on coins . .

Sallet, A. y., On Greek Numismatics I

Brock, F., Numismatic studies on the later

Roman imperial period, with special reference to the

Coin tokens II

Heydemann, H., keys and spinning skirts

Friedlaender, J." Poimes the founder of the city of Poimanenon

Mysia

Friedlaender, J., who focused on the founding of Constantinople minted commemorative coin

Sallet, A. y., The Equis Romanus on Gold Medallions Con-

Stantin the Great

Sallet, A. y., On Greek Numismatics II. (Plate II). .

Merzbacher, £., Jewish shekels

Meyer, L., Unedited ancient coins

Guttchmid, A. y., Saulakes, king of Colchis

Friedlaender, J., Btfmish-Macedonian coins

Merzbacher, E., Studies on ancient Hebrew coins

(Plate IV, V.)

Lambros, P., Unedited Greek Coins

Mordtmann, A. D., About a previously unknown variety arsa-

Kidish coins (with tablet)

Bahrfeldt, M., Victoriate with yertleft ROMA

Six, J.P., The Coins of Abydos

Sallet, A. y., On Greek Numismatics III

Imhoof-Blnmer, Fr., Greek coins in the royal collection. Coin cabinet

in the Hague and in other collections (Plates VI - IX). Bahrfeldt, M., Contremarken Vespasians on Roman Family

denarii

8«it6

1—26 27-39 40-43 44-46 47-60

61-102 113-122

123-124

125-128

129-131 132-140 141-144 145-149 150_153 177-182

183-215 216-222

223-234 235-236 237-239 240-252

269-353

354-374

Hey^^b^

4^

IV Contents of the third volume.

Page

Six, J. P., De quelques monnaies de Cherson^se, Miletus et Salybria 375 — 380

Ferrero, H., Le quatrieme congiaire des Philippes 381 - 382

Franke! , M., A brand of the thesmothetes 383 - 393

Middle Ages and sixteenth century.

Dannenberg, H., Coins of the Diocese of Brandenburg. — Stettin, Lebus, Stendal. — The Grand Master's Bteiter Groschen

Friedrich (Plate III) 154-163

Friedlaender, J., coin finds 164-166

Sallet, A. V., Brandenburg Bracteates 253-260

Sallet, A. V., The medals of Elector Joachim I. von

Brandenburg 394-40.<

MTSGELLEN.

The forgeries of Roman imperial coins (Udine) A. v. S. . 103

The collection of Count Prokesch-Osten. A.v. p. ... 104 Value designation of the decadrachms and double decadrachms

from Syracuse. A.v. S105

rejoinder. P Brock 106

Did the Romans have coin collections? J. Friedlaender. 167

Seian's name erased from coins. A.v. S261

Counterfeits of Roman copper coins. A.v. S261

retort. J. Friedlaender 267

Fake coin v. Epirus named Alexander. J. Friedlaender. 404

The alleged Eparch on silver coins from Abdera. A.v. p. 4o5

Coinage of the Palmyrenes under Claudius. A.v. S405

NECROLOGIST.

J.Y. Akermann 103

C.L. Grotefend 103

W. Corssen 167

LITERATURE.

Erbstein, J. and A 107

Holmboe, CA H'8

Numismatic Journal Vienna) 111, 264

Ljubic, p 16^

Melanges de Numismatique 1"2, 406

Numismatic chronicle 172, 263, 407

Schlumberger l"-^

Because 266

Curtius, E 408

Poole, 410 St. L

• ^' • .

' W_ •

/

The Etruscan coin inscriptions.

The first volume of my book on the language of the Etruscans contains a section: "Etruscan motto inscriptions" (p, 862 - 880) j in which I give the names of the same, insofar as they are words of the Etruscan language, by examining their sounds design, form formation and grammatical meaning explained have in the same way as the other word forms of this language. In the second volume of the said book, which the theory of sounds and forms of the Etruscan language will last, and will be released by the middle of this summer, are the The explanations given are further justified on all sides and associated with other linguistic phenomena.

Requested by the editorial team of this magazine to write about the The results of these investigations provide a summary I cannot refrain from doing so here again to repeat what I have already said elsewhere that I am not a professional numismatist, that I... Numismatics only as a means of studying the Etruscan language, but I tried in all seriousness I have now been able to completely master this means. den, that is, the coin inscriptions by examining the To accurately determine originals or good impressions of the same the latest and most solid research in the field of Itan to use licical numismatics, and in doubtful cases obtain the opinion of proven numismatists. With this one

ZeiUchrift für Numicmatik. St. 1

2 W. Gorssen,

I am particularly interested in the expert advice of the gentlemen J. Friedlaender and A. v. Sallet of multiple and essential been of practical use. I also owe Ita- Lien archaeologists and numismatists provide valuable information lungs and impressions of coins, especially . Mr. Mar- Chese Carlo Strozzi and G. F. Gamurrini in Florence.

As certainly linguistic attempts at explanation by Mtinzauf- writings that contradict certain results and facts Numismatic science violates, bottomless from the start and are unauthorized, then on the other hand it is difficult to obtain a numismatic mathematicians deny that there is a safe scientific method Explanation of the Etruscan coin inscriptions was only made then is when the words of the same in their sound structure, form education and grammatical meaning are just as precisely determined are like the word forms in Roman, Greek and an* their coins.

For this essay I have outside my research The important one that has appeared since then is at the place listed Treatise by Gamurrini on the Etruscan gold coins (Le monte doro Etrusche e principalmente di Pojmlonia, Estraitq dal Periodico di Numümatica e Sfragistica, Ann, VI, Fase, II) can use, and a number of Etruscan prints Coins recently purchased by Marchese Carlo Strozzi from Origi nals of the Etruscan Museum in Florence and his own I had a valuable collection made, and for me in liberal ster way, along with a description of coins and other valuable communications about this same.

It seems to me appropriate for the following explanations ments of the Etruscan coin inscriptions the geographical location Order to be chosen according to the cities in which the coins are to be found are coined, and whose names make up the vast majority of them has.

The Etruscans see coin inscriptions.

1. Yolaterrae.

Found on cast copper coins of the city of Yolaterrae The native Etruscan name is often spelled out of this city, namely on three series of coins of the same: with an unbearded Janus head on one, the inscription:

Velathri with the club or with the dolphin or without a coin image the other side and the value symbols of Dupondius, As, Semis^ Triens, Quadrans, Sextans and the Ounce (Marchi e Tes- sierif Uaes grave del mus. Kircherian. CL III, /, / — 7. Inc. t. V, 16. 17. Carelli, Num. Ital. III, 3. 4. IV, 5. V, 9. 10. 11, VI, 12 - 23rd ed. Caved. Fabretti, C. /. Italian 303, a—f. Friedlander, Contribution z, general. Münzk, p. 193f, Mommsen, History of the Rome. Mtimvoesena p. 219, 268 f. A Catalog of the Greek coins in the British Museum, Italy. Lond.1873, p. 9, «. 1. p.ll. Cl.III, n,L Author language d. Etruscan. I, 863. Plate XXI, 1st a. b.). The one- native Etruscan form of the city name Velathri Nom. Sing. fem. and the Latin Yolaterrae are both prominent gone from the basic form "Volateria^), a formation like the city name Lat. Fabrateria, and the sound formation These two different forms of the name can be summarized as follows- illustrate this way:

Altetr. *Volateria

Etr. *Volateri Etr. *Volatere

*Velateri Lat. *Volaterae

Velathri Volaterrae.

With this different expression of the two names Etruscan sound changes that occurred in various forms: the changes Melting of ia through ie on the one hand to i, on the other hand to e, the umlaut of the initial Vo into ve, the loss of an e

1) I use the asterisk ^ to designate word forms that are not in the language are more demonstrable, but can be inferred from existing words.

4 W. Gorsflen,

before r and the shift from t to th can be found in the Etrus Kish many times and have been proven in detail (Author Spr, d, Etruscan. /, 58-63, II, 243. 319. - /, 390-392. II, 228. 319. — II, 185, 215. — II, 331—334. — //, 63-37). The Etruscan Form *Volatere was translated into the Latin language, and the Romans made the name more bite-sized by they reinterpreted the educational component -tere into -terrae through a kind of folk etymology. This is how they interpreted the Saturday Nitic city name Maleventum as male ventum and changed it to Beneventum for good omens (a. 0. I, 863).

2. Populonia.

From the native Etruscan name of the city Popu- lonia, various shapes have been preserved on coins. The most common :

Pupluna can often be found on minted copper coins and silver coins from Populonia, namely, firstly, on those with the head of Hephaestus on one side and hammer, chain and pliers on the other on the other side next to the inscription (Carell. Num. Ital. t. VIII, 21- 24. 26. 29. Make C. I. It. 292, a—c. e. h. Friedl. Contribution e.g. old. coin box P. 163. Momms. business d. Rome. Münzio. P. 216. 262. Catal. Gr. coin. Brit. Mus. Italian p. 5, n. 25. p. 6, n. 27.28. Author Prov. d. Etr. I, 866f.), also with the helmeted head of Pallas on the one and owl^ crescent, two stars and sign of sex tans on the other side (Carell. a. 0, VIII, 27. 28. Fabr. a. 0. 292, d. g. Friedl. a. 0. Momms. a. 0. Catai. Gr. Coin. Brit. Mmm. Italian p. 5, n. 25, p. 396, n. 1. Author a. 0. Plate XXI, 2). A beautifully preserved example of this species can be found in the Collection of Marchese Carlo Strozzi in Florence^ from the I have a recessed impression in tinfoil and wax. The The name Pupluna can also be found on coins with the head of the

The Etrnskiscben MQnz&ufscriptions. 5

Heracles on one side and the club on the other (Carell. a. O. VIII, 30. Fahr, a. 0. 292, i, Catal. Gr. cain. Brit, Mus, Italian. p, 5, n. 24), with head of Hermes and herald rod (a^ O. p. 397, n. 3), with unknown head with main band on one side and plant, chain and wreath on the other Page (Carell, a. O. VIII, 25, Fahr, a. O. 292/, Momms. a. 0,). The abbreviated spelling Puplun. is found on one Paris example, of which I found a sulfur print in the Ber- liner Mttnzkabinet (Mionnet, Descr. d, med. supplSm. T.I, p, 200, n, 43).

In the Etruscan Museum in Florence there is a silver mttnze with Gorgoneion in the front view, below the numeral XX, on the other side crescent and trident with the surrounding writing:

Puplana.

According to the one I received from Marchese C Strozzi deepened impression in tin foil and wax and that of this is a relief print in gypsum taken from the Berlin Coin Cabinet Of the last two letters of this inscription, only the upper one Partially preserved, but so far that these two letters are un- are doubtfully identifiable. A correct depiction of this coin can already be found in Eckhel (Num. vet. anerd, I. p. 10, Table 1.9), who has rightly read Puplana, as well as recently dings Gamurrini (Le monet, d!or, Etr. p. 3, not. 1) and Mar- Chese C. Strozzi in the letter already mentioned lunge to me while I made a tin foil impression of the coin In the Berlin coin cabinet only the letters Pupla can be seen- nen was able to, nnd this incorrectly as an abbreviated spelling for Pupluna (Author, Spr. d. Etr, /, 866).

One might be tempted to use the form of the name Puplana Pupluna can be explained by changing the ü of the penultimate Syllable in ä under the assimilating influence of the a of the last syllable. But so far only examples have been found that are short

6 W. Gonsen,

Vowels through the influence of an a of the neighboring syllable znä assi- are militated (a, O. 11, 309, 310), no word form in which a long vowel would be affected by this sound change. In particular Special ones always preserve the stem endings -onä, -unä the u of its penultimate syllable yor the a of the last, for example in Afnna, Nitnna, Afnnas, Matunas, Fuluna, Cnr- tnna, Achunas, Afunal, Fnrnnal, Curunal and others (a,0, II, 80 f, 260). So you are not linguistically entitled to do that Assumption that Pu plana through phonetic assimilation Pupluna was created. In addition, the inscription Puplana is found on the older coin, Pupluna on the younger, as Gamurrini has already pointed out (a. 0,), The Letterforms of this coin are ancient, the treatment The hair on the Gorgoneion is just as stiff regularly, as on the old silver coins of Populonia, on one side the Gorgon's head with the number XX or have an X underneath, and no stamp at all on the other have three copies of which I have in the Berlin Coin Cabinet have seen. Numismatic and linguistic reasons arise So that Puplana is the oldest Etruscan form of city name is. This initially gave rise to an Old Truscan one Form "^Puplona of the kind like the city name Cortona, Veltona, Ancona, Verona, Cremona and others. ^Puplona became Pupluna, when in the language of Etruria every o became u umlauted; '^'But Puplona also came to the conclusion ancient Romans and became Populonia in Latin. expands under the influence of the Latin word populus, from whose Italian base tribe popolo- also the Etrus- Roman city name Puplana, Pupluna (Author. a. 0. /, 866 f. II, 79^ 80). Comparative language research teaches that the root ending -ön-a -ün-a comes from the Basic form -än-a originated (above II, 260, 261). The Au&chrif): Puplana is therefore important in terms of linguistic history.

The Etruscan coin collections. 7

A minted Eaper coin from the Strozzi collection Florence, of which I gave the owner a detailed description. printing in tinfoil and wax, after which a relief An impression was made in plaster and shown on the following panel. is educated {Plate. I, 1), shows on one side the head of Hephaestus with a small SchiJOTs forepart and sign. des Sextans behind, on the other hammer, pliers, symbol of Sextans and the inscription: Pufl.

The letterforms of the same with their thick, rounded and curved legs and the name of the Mtlnzwerthes teach according to the Roman As system that the Mtlnze is of relatively late origin. Anyway, lies here is an abbreviated spelling of a form of the city name Populonia, which only:

Pufl(una) can be supplemented, as Gamurrini recognized (Le man. (tor. Etr, p. 3j not. I). But this form is linguistically the highest striking because the sound f is otherwise never found in Etruscan from p emerges, just as little else does this change of sound occur in any other place Old Italian language occurs (Author Spr.d.Etr. I, 41 f. 50f.), On the other hand, ans Pupluna could very well become "^Puphluna by the frequent shift of p to ph in Etruscan (a, O. //, 39. 40). I can therefore only assume that in Pnfl(una) after late and careless spelling f instead ph is written, as in most late Latin documents with neglected orthography the letter f often appears the place of ph ftlr Greek q> occurs, and therefore also in the Italian spelling has been adopted. Conversely, can be found on an Etruscan bronze mirror of a later period. sometimes the letter ph was written instead of f (loc. cit. I, 244, note). In addition to Pupluna, Puphluna also appeared in later times. was spoken like Perse and Pherse for Greek.

g W. OonteD,

neqaevg (a, O. I, 840. II, 33, 39), and Pufl(una) iet ver-^

poor spelling. The genealogy of those discussed

The name of the city of Populonia is as follows:

Altetr. Puplana *Puplona

Etr. Pnpluna Lat. Popnlonia

*Puphluna PufJ(una)

3. Tetulonia.

The coin address: Dad can be found on an embossed copper coin with the bearded man Head of Heracles with the lion's skin on the writing page Trident or three-pronged anchor between two dolphins the other side and two etchings each as a sign of the sextan on both sides (Eckfiel, Doctr. num. vet. I, 94. Carell. Num. Itai, t. IX, 5. 8. Caved. ad CarelL p. 1, 11, 13. Make C. I. It. n. 288. Gloss. It. p. 1954. Friedl contribution to ult. Minzk. 8. 163 f. Plate V, 4. Momms. business d. Rome. coin w. 8. 272. Catal. Gr. coin. Brit. Mmm. p. 14. n. 11. 12). From a sextan of this kind in the Etruscan Museum in Florence, and of two ounces with same types and same inscription in the collection I received Strozzi, which have not yet been published Marchese G. Strozzi made deepened impressions, according to which liner coin cabinet relief impressions are made in gypsum. The Inscription Vati, behind the head of Heracles on the flower* tiner sextans is completely preserved, as well as from the images writings of the two ounces under the head of Heracles, one, while the other from the last two letters of the Legend dad, only the upper tips can be seen. The book The letter shapes of these three inscriptions are acute-angled and age- Actually, the head of Heracles is of raw Etruscan

«

■l

•

The Etruscan coin inscriptions. 9

Embossing. The image of a copy of this coin with the Sign of the sextan in Carelli clearly leaves the final letters

the inscription un recognize; while the previous ones

Letters are shown completely missing (Num. It. t. IX, 8). This inscription is therefore to be made at [Yatljnn, as it happens from the Vatlu of the other sextants (Priedl. a. O.) Yatl. may be an abbreviated spelling for yatl(una). like Pufl. for Pufl(una), and Vatlun. an abbreviation for Vatlun(aj like Puplun. for Puplun(a). So Yatluna is the old native Etruscan form of the city name of Yetulonia, whose a is the root syllable in the Latin form of the same Yetuloniazu e is weakened, like that one older form of the Etruscan family name Patruni the e of the younger Petruni, Lat. Petronius, an Etrusian kish, like in related languages, frequent sound weakening (Author Spr. d. Etr. /, 878 f. II, 208, 209f.). The city name Vatluna, Lat. Vetulonia is related to Etruscan Personal names Vetus, Vetui, Vetusa and with Lat. Vetu sius, Vetulenus, Vetus, vetulus, vetus alt, whose e also arose from a; the city name Vatlu na be- “Altenburg”, Ilalain/toligy, like Puplun a, means “folk” stedt” (above /, 878. II, 209). As can be seen from Lat. Populonia An Old Truscan form of the name "^Puplona resulted, so you have to from Lat. Vetulonia on a former Etruscan form of the city name "^Vetulona or "^Vetlona close. The The genealogy of these name forms is as follows:

Altetr. *Vatulona

Etr. Vatlnna Etr. *Vetulona, *Vetlona

Lat. Vetulonia.

On a copy of the sextan marked Vati

In front of the forehead of the head of Heracles are the characters IV

impressed, either the Etruscan numeral of the number six

can mean or the letters Ui (author op. cit. I, 878.

10 W. Oorssen,

•

Taf, XXI, 6), A digit of the value of the coin can do this not be, since the value of it as a sextan is determined by the is indicated on both etchings under the head of Heracles. Fttr. However, the numbers appearing on Etruscan coins are Otherwise only the meaning as a symbol of value is proven (Momms, business d. Rome. Münztv, pp. 215-217. 260-^262. Author Spr. d. Btt. I, 40f. Gamurrinij Le man. dor. Etr. p. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 29. 30. 35). So it's not clear which one Meaning the number six next to the city name yatl(una) should have. I therefore have the questions in question- the characters are read as the letters Ui. In Etruscan ian inscriptions is Vi. often the sigil of the family name Yipis. Since now Uipis is written instead of Vipis takes place and also several other times in Etruscan script V F denotes the consonant as in Latin, so can Wow too. instead of Vi. on the motto of Vetulonia Sigle des The family name Vipis (Author op. cit. /, 37. 879), is that Correct, then the mttnz inscription is dad. Wow. to supplement yatl(una). Ui(pis), that is: Vetulonia. Vibius, and then next to the city name is the name of the Mttnz- official gate as in the Greek coin inscription: Ki(og). TQiTtoQiog (Friedl. Beitr. p. 177 f.) and in the comics: Roma. Murena (Momms. Gesch. d. Rom. MUnzw. p.544, n.l45) Roma. Natta (op. cit. p. 551, n. 158) ^).

1) In the National Museum of Bologna there is a cast capper Coin with anchor and sign of the ace on one side and wheel with eight spokes with eight letters between them (Make C. I, It. 289). I Thanks to Mr. Luigi Frati in Bologna for a pen drawing of the page of the coin, which certainly only shows the letters Yetl.n. (Author Spr. d. Etr. /, 87 9 y note). Without the original or an exact copy Having seen the coin, I still have to see this inscription let it be controlled. The inscription is very uncertain and incomplete of an Ais with wheel and anchor from the Olivieri collection, on the Passe ri [ye]tl[un]a believed he could produce (Passer. ParaUp. p. 183. t. VI, n. 1. Lantiy 8agg. d. l. Etr. II, 2ö, t. III, 4th ed. 2. Fabr. C, I, It. 289. Momms, Qeseh, d, Born. coin w. 8. 267).

The Etraskiseben coin inscriptions. 11

4. Telamen.

The Mttnz inscription: TU. can be found on two minted Etruscan copper coins, both on the writing side with the forepart of the ship, on the other One side has a bearded head of Janus and the sign of Trien, the other, less well authenticated, with a bearded head and . the same value mark (March, Tesaier, L'aes grav. d. m. Kirch. Ine, t. Vj 19, Carell. Num. It. /X, 2, 1. Lami, Sagg. d. L Etr, II, t. II, 5th ed, 2. Fahr, C. L It. 297, a. b. Friedl. Contribution e.g. old. coin box P. 163. Momms. business d. Rome. Mumw. P. 119. 27 If.) ^) . The inscription Tla. is added to Tla(mun) and as Etrus- kish form of the Greek city name Telafidv the so named city of Greek origin on the coast of Etruscan rien has been explained.

The correctness of this declaration has recently become a concern Confirmation found by the Etruscan form Tlamunus for the Greek Telaficiviog in the tomb painting of Vulci, which the sacrifice of the captured Trojans on Pyre of Patroclus represented by Achi Ileus (Author Spr. d. Etr. /, 358. 839. 864. Plate VIII. II, 334).

6. Tolcl.

An Etruscan gold coin shows one on the obverse delicately curly head with the value mark A, and on the on the other side a running dog and under the same in the Section the inscription:

1) The alleged inscriptions Tel (Carell. Num. It.) are unreliable. IX, 4th Fabr.C.I.It. 298), Tilmun (CareU. loc. 8. Fabr. loc. cit. 299), TUmun (SeBiini, Uli. e di88. Cl. gen. p. 11. t. I, n. 50. Fabr. loc. cit. 302), Tl. (Carell. loc. cit. IX, 3rd make a. O. 300), TUte (Laut. 8agg. d. l. Etr. II, p. 69. ed. 2. cf. Mommy. a. O. 8. 272. Friedl. a. O. 8. 163).

12 W. Cortsen,

Velsu, 80 on a Vatican copy and on another the ducal coin collection in Gotha (FriedL Beitr, z, old. Mümk. pp. 167^172, T. T, /. 2. 2a. Make C. L It. 2093. Gloss. It. p. 1996. Momm's Business. d. Rome. coin w. P. 216. 261. Author. Spr. d, Etr. /, 867/. Plate XXI, 3, a. b.). After the name Yelsu was first referred to Yelia, then to Felsina, 0. Müller interpreted it as an Etruscan form of Volsinii, without, however, considering this explanation to be certain (Etruscan /, 334.* II, 93. cf. Gamurr. Le mon. dor. Etr. p. 22. 35). The two of them initial attempts at explanation are linguistically impossible; but also The latter is contradicted by compelling linguistic reasons. Assuming Yelsu is the spelled out city name, it can the same only nom. Sing, neutr., which is the final m of *Yelsum dropped, i.e. a city name like Hortanum, Ferentinum, Arretium, Spoletium, Asisium among others, and then it would be given a Latin form *Yelsum or *Yol- sum correspond, as the Etruscan fanu corresponds to the Latin fanum (author op. cit. I, 867, 868). Or suppose Yelsu would be an abbreviated spelling of a city name *Yelsu(na) in the manner of Pupluna, Yatluna, Curtuna, then would This corresponds to a Latin form "^Yelsona according to Art from Cortona, or *Yelsonia after the manner of Populonia. Because the Etruscan root endings -nn, -ün-a, -nn-ia The Latins -5n, -5n-a, -ön-ia correspond throughout (op. cit. l 868. II, 79 f. 260/.). Neither Yelsu nor * Yelsu (na) could therefore become *Yolsina, Yolsinii in Latin. The Etruscan inhabitants Sentinate, Frentinate, Felcinates related to family names teach that the city names, which in the mouths of the Romans Sentinum, Ferentinum, Felsina, was once the name of the Etruscans *Sentinum, *Frentinum, *Felcina were spoken (loc. cit. 1, 249 f. 298. 868. II, 45. 140. 167. 242). The Latin one

The Etrascan coin inscriptions. 13

Place names and personal names with the root endings -ino, -ina, -inio, -inia correspond to numerous in Etruscan with exactly the same root endings (loc. cit. I, 868. II, 239/. 241), or those that have the i yor n from these root endings have thrown out (loc. cit. II, 339-341), so one is calculated The Latin form of the name Volsinii refers to an Etrus kische *V()lsina, *Velsina, *Velsna, or with z for s Velzna (a, O. //, 160 f. 166). So the Lat. Volsinii corresponding name form can be found in Etruscan not be '^Vel8u(na) or Velsu. You therefore become that Concluded that Velsu is the native Etruscan form of the city name is the Latin Volcium and the Greek 'Ö A X t o y corresponds, in addition to Lat. Volci, Gr. OvoX* 9ioij with the residents Voicientes, Vulcientes. From the basic form *Volciom this name was created in Etrus kisch by transmuting from vo to ve, by assibiling from ci with the following vowel to s and by falling the final one m according to the phonetic laws of this language Velsu (a, O. /; 868. 869. II, 102. 141/. 176. 185. 215. 96), and on the other hand Merger of io into i and fall of the final m: ♦Volci (loc. cit. I, 868. II, 239. 320/). From the basic form ♦Volciom gave rise to the Latin Volcium and the Grie^ chiBckQ^'OXxiovj from the blunted ♦Volci the Latin Volci and the Greek Ovolxoi, Most Disfigured over time the native Etruscan Ve-lsu. Following The family tree serves to illustrate this process:

Altetr. *Volciom

Etr. *Velcium Etr. ♦Volci

♦Velsium Lat. Volcium Lat. Volci Velsu Gr. ^'Olxiov Gr. OvoXxoi,

In an inscription on the grave discovered by Frangois on

Ponte deir Abbadia near the necropolis of Vulci is

the resident name formed by the city name Velsu, which belongs to

14 W. Con«en,

Zuamen Yerwaadt is, Velsairs, entstaiuleB ang "^VeUarius (op. cit. /, 33. 869. II, 102. 141. 176. 185. 215. 278. 313). There- This shows the validity of the explanation given above Ton Yelsn confirmed as Lat Volcium. Now may the gold Coin with the Au&ehrift Yelsn to Milesian Mttnzfuss sehlagen ^11^ (Momms. Gesch. d. Rom. MUnzw. S. 219.261.288} or according to Phocaean (Gamurr. Le mon, d'ar. Etr. p. 22), In any case, it is understandable that Yolci received gold coins early on sehlagen let according to Greek Mttnzfuss. Because the thousands by Yasen Greek work emerging from their graves- have gone ^ the representations of the Greek heroic legend, with which the walls were found decorated, teach that Yolci once stood in living contact with the Greeks until the city's splendor obscured by neighboring Cosa became.

6. Tolsin U.

A gold coin shows an Apollo head on the front side with laurel wreath and the value mark XX, on the back a bull with a flying yogel over his back and a star in front of his chest, and. under the same in section the Etruscan map:

Yeltz. Daddy (Friedl. Beitr. z. äit.Manzk, 8. 173 f. T. V, 3. Manms. Gesch. d. Rome. Münzw, p. 216. 260. Catal. Gr. coin Brit Mus. Itcd. p. 11, n. 1. Vetf. Prov. d. Etr. /, 870f. T. XXI 4). In this edition writing; is Papi Nom. Sing. masc. of the Etruscan family name, which also appears elsewhere in Etruscan inscriptions and the Oscan Paapi, which corresponds to the Latin Papius (op. cit. /, 870. 872. II, 30. 196). Yelz could according to form possibly be Yomame, written with z instead of s for YeU, Yels (loc. cit. I, 870). If that were the case, then it could You can only use Yelz Papi as a Yomamen and family name

The EtniskisdieD coin requests. 15

Explain to Mttnz officials, and then they would not be able to name to the side. However, certain things speak against this explanation numismatic reasons. Names appear on Roman coins by mint officials without a city name not before the . Time of Cim* Bemkriegs (Mamma, Gesch. d. Rome, Münzw. P. 855, 892,-894)^ Names of mint officials standing alone on Oscan coins or coin lord not before the Allied War (Priedl. Osk. Münz, p. 73 f, 71), the gold coin with the inscription Velz. But Papi has a nicer job than any of the fugitives cut and minted coins of the allies (Friedl. Contribution, 176th Osk. Coin. P. 70)^ must therefore have been coined in earlier times be than this. According to Mommsen, the coin base is the old Milesian (history of Rome. Coinage p. 20. 219. 888); after Gamurrini owns the two gold coins with the inscriptions Velsu and Velz Papi along with the gold coins from Populonia, with a recently found gold coin from Chiusi with the coin image of the Phoke or sea calf, and with four Silver coins from Volterra with the same coin design one yon the Phocaeans in the sixth century B.C. BC to the coast Etruria's coin base, which was based on the Persian Babylonian gold stater was standardized (Le Mon. dar. Etr. p. 22. 35. 13, 14. 16, 8. 9. 6. 7. 21. 35. 36). Anyway, that's it Gold coin with the Etruscan inscription Velz. daddy before the Romans defeated the Etruscans, Campanem and the other subjugated Italikem the right to take gold and silver to coins (Momms. a. O. 227. 325 f. 327. 328. 329. 890), i.e. before the start of the first Punic War. This around the period from 350 to 250 y. Cast heavy Etruscan copper money only shows the Etruscan city names Velathri and Cha(mars) on (Momms, op. cit. p. 227. 888. Author Spr. d. Etr. I, 865, 866). So it is not credible that B one at the same time or earlier according to an ancient Greek foot minted gold coin with the inscription Velz Papi just den

15 W. Cortsen,

•

should contain the name of a Mttnzmeister. Rather, you have to with Friedlaender assume that Yelz. an abbreviated The written city name is (article S, 176/.) as in Etruscan Coins Tla. Gha. Pufl. Puplnn. Dad., in Oscan Kapy., Aderl., Ade., Telis., Kala. n/a. (Friedh Osk. Coin. S. VI), in Umbrian Tu. Tut. (Mamms, op. p. 273. 274/. )j on ancient Roman Hat., Fir.^ Ves., Seic.., Arim. et al. (C.L Lat/, p. 4/)

That Yelz. the same city as Yelsu, so Yolci, speaks against this, apart from the difference in the writings of the two gold coins in question also complete diversity of their coin types. So you are right in Yelz. the abbreviated spelling of the native Etruscan name of the one called Yolsinii by the Romans to search for the city. Yolsinii is actually according to its ending Nom. Plur. masc. of a resident's name, as well as Tarqui- nii and Pompeii (author op. cit. /, 871), and this resident There is a place name ^Yolsina (or ^Yolsinum) attached to the names Reasons. It is proven above that Latin-Etruscan "^Yolsina native Etruscan "^Yelsina, ^Yelzina, *Yelsna, Yelzna would correspond. These name furs are contained as basic tribes in the Etruscan personal names Yelsinal Yelzinasia (author op. cit. 11, 340) and Yelznach. I think I have provided proof that the last name Yelznach actually a resident of a town Yelzna marked in the same grave at Ponte della Badia, in which the local names related to nicknames are located Bumach, Ousiach, Yelsairij have found those of the Etruscan city names Ruma (L.Roma), Cusia (L.Cosa], Yelsu (L. Yolcium) are derived (author loc. cit. /, 332. 333. 334. 871/ II, 18. 102. 166. 215). After what has been said, close I that from a basic form ^Yoltina, ^Yolsina of the in On the one hand, the city name in question is the native Etruscan

The Etiuskiwhen MÜnzauf writings. 17

The Kish form of the name Velzna arose and is still preserved in the local name Velznach, derived from it, abbreviated written in the coin inscription yelz(na) Papi, the contains the name of the city and the mint official, like the Inscriptions Etr. yatl(una) Ui(pis) Gr. Ki{og) Tgino- Qiog^)j Lat. Roma. Murena, among others, that the form "^Volsina translated into Latin and here further developed into Volsinii was formed (above /, 332. 871 f. II, 18, 102. 166. 176. 185. 200. 215). The branching of these different city names leaves are therefore presented as follows:

Altetr. : *Voltina

*Volzina Etr. *Volsina

*Velzina Lat. Volsinii

Velzna

Velznach Volsiniensis.

7. Clusium.

On cast Etruscan copper coins with the anchor and tokens on one side and the wheel on the other The letters on both sides of the anchor are:

Ch. (March. Tessier. L'aes grav. d. m. Kirch. Cl. III, t. IX, 1 - 7. Make C. I. It. 2460, a — l Friedl. Contribution e.g. old. Mümk. p. 163 f. Momms. business d. Rome. Coined. pp. 220, 268). Since Livy be- states that the old name of Clusium was Camars (X, 25), older numismatists already have that Cha. for the First letters of a form of this name Cha(mars) written hold, and from this concluded that the copper heavy money The wheel and anchor were cast in Clusium. Da Cha. so sure an abbreviated spelling for Cha(mars) can be like Tla. for Tla(mun), Pufl. fllr Pufl(una), dad, fttr Vatl(una)^ Velz. for Velz(na), and there in Etruscan

^9^' j^och ontao S. &1. It is KtXQinogtos, gen. of Ketriporis. At. S. Z«iUe]irilt for Kimisrnftük. UI. 2

18 W. Corwen,

i^olAUtendea how ialantendes c shifts to cb, so kaiip Camars has become Cha(mars) as Calchas has become Cbalchas (author, Spr. d. Mir. /, 824, 864. 865. XI, 16f. 19). The Fitruscan city names are either feminine or Neutra; so Gamars, Cha(mars} Nom. Sing. fem. is one on the final stem G^imari- like the Nom. Sing. fem. TetaU avils from the tribes Tetali-, avili- (a, 0. /, 865. //, 891. 393). From the Camari tribe of the old Stß.dt called yon Glusium are further educated the Etruscan Personal name Gamar, shortened from "^Gamarius (op. cit. I, 865), Gamarines, Gamari^ei, Gam^^rinesa (a. O. //, Word match.). The two found on Etruscan heavy copper menden names Gha(ms^rs], Yelathri are identified by their Aspirants ch and th as relatively young language forms from^ and thus confirm the numismatic reasons supported the view that the coinage was made of cast heavy copper only after the subjugation of southern Etruria by the Romans Latium came to Etraria and thus the inscriptions Yelathri and Gha(mars) on the same from about the same time from 350 to 250 BC. Ghr. come from (Monans. Oeseh. d. Rom. Münz^, pp. 227, 888, 890. Author a. O.I, 865. 866).

8. Cortona(l).

The incomplete inscription: AMV+

The EtrnskiselieB Müncanfschrifts. 19

preserved grandstridi of the above inscription; a V = u ange* can have heard (Author ibid. Taf, /, 12. II, 13) y so can the same zn [Cu]rtuna supplement. The right to do this a bronze base from Cortona City name Curtun(e) Loc. Sing, according to the Lat. Cortonae (loc. cit. I, 519. 764. 867. II, 246. 260). There poured Copper coins have been found in the Cortona area are that the simplest and most primitive type of such coins with the bath on both sides not without probability this city is attributed (Mamms. Gesch. d. Rom. Münzte. P. 221. 222. 263) y so has the assumption that there are coins from Cortona with the city name Curtuna ^give, sure- lent their numismatic justification. A probability In any case, the addition [Cu]rtuna is correct fbr yourself. I can't claim anything more for it, especially since I have neither the original nor a picture of the coin has been seen.

9. Penisia.

From two copies of a minted copper coin with the Inscription:

Verenas, [Ver]cnas The correctness of this reading was not yet clear Safety established (Fabr. Ptim. suppl. d. ant. iscr. It. n. 113. Author Spr. d. Etr. /, 876f.). This now arises without a doubt- from two sent to me by Marchese Carlo Strozzi deepened impressions in tinfoil and wax, of which relief impressions taken in plaster, and then the two images information about the latter is given on the attached table (Tqf. ly 2 and 3). The one example of this coin in the collection lung Strozzi shows on one side a male, un^

bearded, helmeted K(^f facing left with perfect

2*

20 ^' Gonsen, *

Greek profile, without any attribute of a deity^ on the other side the Yordertheilgeines Thieres with a fan thermal head, half-open throat, long, curved Neck and forelegs stretched out as if to run, which are in Fin-like webbed feet end, and above the animal the Verena's completely preserved inscription, as it was already Ga- murrini read correctly (author op. cit.), the other example plar of the coin, in the Etruscan Museum in Florence, is correct essentially the same as the first; but are from that Front part of the fantasy animal for which the name is given Sea panther applies^ the webbed feet and the upper part of the neck destroyed, and the first three books of the inscription rods, so that only the last part of them ...cnas is preserved has remained. Since the city names on Etruscan coins otherwise always in the nominative, like Velathri, Puplana, Pupluna, [Cu]rtuna, Velsu and others, that should also be the case Name Verena, when it referred to an Etruscan city, be a nominative form. The Etruscan city names are either feminine or neuter. Since Verena's only one masculine nominative form can be (Author a, O. I, 303, 304 f. 877. II, 128. 175, 193. 396), no city name can have the same be. This is rather the same name as the Nom. Sing. masc. of the family name Verenas in gravestones of a hereditary burial nisses of the necropolis of the Palazzone near Perugia (above I, 877). In addition to this there is the Gen. Sing. masc. Vere- nas (op. O. I, 225. 877. II, 130) and the Nom. Sing. fem. Vercnei of the same family name (op. cit. 1, 386. 877. II, 175 441), all lich in tombstones from Perusia, nowhere else. This results in The conclusion is that the manufacturer named on the coin nas was a man from Verena's family in Perusia, i.e. the mint official who had the coin struck, and that Perusia was the mint of the same. I can't find that this conclusion is contradicted by numismatic reasons

The Etrnskischeii coin inscriptions. 21

stand. Since the time of the Cimbern War, Romans have been coming Coins names of Mttna^officials before without the city name; also on Oscan coins from the time of the Confederate War (see above p. 15). Since during this time the copper stamping of the Italian It was still permitted in these cities at that time Etmskisoh was spoken and written as the urban The community of Etruscan Perusia was still unknown at that time. was broken, Perusia was also able to produce copper around this time Have coins minted with the name of a mint official nas from one of their noble families without the city name. Also the image of the sea panther on the coins with the Verena's inscription points to Perusia. On the ashes boxes of the area of this city you can often see the reliefs of these kind animals; so from Seepanthem (Conestabüe, Monutn. di Perug. Tavole XXXVII=LXIII, 1. LVI=LXXX, 3), son- Stigen winged and unwinged panthers (a, O, LV= LXXXI, 2,3, V=XXI, 2), sea griffins (a, O. LVIII = LXXXIV, 4), sea dragons (above I=XVII, L II=XVII12. 111= XIX, 1. LVI=LXXXIIy 1) and sea horses (a. O. VI=XXII, 4. LVI=LXXXII, 2. LVII=LXXXIII, 1.2. LV1II=LXXXIV, 2), It is therefore understandable that on Coins of Perusia the coin image of the sea panther or one A similar fantasy animal can be found next to the Peruvian name Verena the mint official.

10. Unknown Mfinz locations.

The inscription

Peithesa, (Peitesa) with eight Etruscan letterforms can be found on embossed Copper coins that have the head of Hermes on one side the winged hat, on the other there is an owl next to the writing- wise (Lami, Sagg. d. l, Etr, 11, p. 22. t. VII. Eckhel, Doctr.

22 ^* COffMMl,

mim. vet I, March 93, Tess, Vtzes grat. d. m. SSrch. Cl. III, t. d. suppl. n. 7. Carell. Num, It X, 1 — 3. Münmet, De$cr, d. mid. /, p. 106, n. 40. Make C. I. It. 2464, a. *. Firiedl. Office e.g. old Mümk. 8. 165. Catal. Gr. cain. Brit. Mus. Italian p. 13, n. 6. 6. 7. 8. 9. Author Prov. d. Etr. I, 874/. Plate XXI, 7). The Peithesa spelling has two Florentine copies, the one in the Strozziscben collection with the font aaf one side of the owl, the other in the Etmskian Mnsenm with the writing on both sides of it. Of these two I am indebted to the Marchese C. Strozzi for these examples Imprints in tin foil and wax. Peithesa also has one Copy of the Berlin Mttnzkabinet. A copy of the coin General Fox's collection, now in the Berlin Coin Cabinet is incorporated, leaves only the letters of the original writing ...thesa, a second only ...esa recognize. Peithesa is Furthermore, the spelling of the five copies of British Museums, of which only two have the inscription complete have received, but on all of them the O »s th is intact or still is recognizable. The name is also written with O in the incorrect illustrations at Carelli. Only the Al^formation at Marchi and Tessieri give Peitesa. This name form is linguistically completely believable, since t and th are often used in the the same Ethmsk words appear in the same place; but without the original in the Museo Eircheriano or a replica Having seen the same thing, I can't see it as something sufficiently assured. G. F. Gamurrini shared with me

*

with that the coins with the inscription Peithesa are in the Chiana valley between Arezzo and Bolsena is often visited ftmden, nowhere else.

In addition to the coin inscription Peithesa can be found on ashes* boxes from the Chiusi area the surname Peithi Nom. Sing. fem. for *Peithia (Make OL Ital. 675, 2, a. Prim. suppl, n. 140. Author a. 0. I, 875). So this surname is

The EtraskiscbeB Mümtauf writings. 23

native to the same area of Etraria where the caps with that Originally found in the river basins of the Chiana. Peithesa instructs the Stammendang -sa, with the In Etrascan, numerous married names of male family members lien names are formed, but also Italian city names like Saasa, Snessa, Sinnessa. Since these endang -sa, -ssa through which -sia aas -tia arose, there are similar images like Peithesa, Snasa, Snessa, Sinnessa and the cities- names Telesia, Neryesia, Tanrasia, Caprasia, Pern- sia, Vennsia and Setia, Galatia n.a. (Author ibid. lylSßf. 190 f. 208. 204. 205 f. 214. 215. 216. 875. II, 137). Peithesa The wife's name cannot be given on the coin to the family name. name Peithi, so you have to use the word form for the noun. Sing. fem. of an Etrascan city name is of the type like Pernsia. Etrascan place names, of which ans darch no writer has received any margins, that's a matter of fact zn Orande in Etrascan residents, the za family names are related, for example in Urinate, Helvinati, Erinati, Carpnati, Mehnati, which come from place names like "^Urina, "^Helvina n.a. aa« have gone (op. cit. I, 295, 296. 297. 298. 873. II, 55. 201/.). Aach aaf Oskische Mttnzen are city names and residents' names za read, from which otherwise no savings can be found (IHedl. Osk. Münz. S. 64^67. T. VIII. Author a. O. /; 876). So it can't be strange, for one Etrascan Mttnze a city name Peithesa a true apparently located in the Chiana area, which we otherwise have no knowledge of.

On a silver coin with a winged, carrion-striding Gorgon on the one, and a bath of strange shape on the other the side of which is written between the spokes:

Thels (March. Tess. Vaes. grav. d. m. Kirch, suppl. Cl. III, 9. p. 37. Abeken, Central Italy. P. 289, T. XI. Friedl. Contribution e.g. old Minzk.

24^-OonMo,

p. 165/. Monma. business d. Bom. coin w. P. 216. 261. Oatal. Gr. coin. Bro. Mus. p. 12). Thel's reading is Töllig unz^el- according to both the illustration in Marchi and Tessieri than after a sulfur replica of the original in the Berlin Mint cabinet and according to the illustration in the latest catalog of the coin collection in the British Museum, after which the short oblique The crossbar of the U in the original there is destroyed (author. a. O. /, 872f. T. XXI, 5) «). For the explanation of the name Thel'S is determined by comparing it with the noun. Sing. masc. of the family name Thelu gained little (a. 0. I, 872/.), since one cannot assume that on an Etrus Chinese silver coins, which were worn every&Us yor the time of the first Penni- French war, the name of a military officer without City name should be mentioned. In the inscription Thels is i.e. to look for a city name. Thels can possibly Nom. Sing. fem. of a city name like Camars; but it can also be an abbreviated city name like Velz., Vati., Pufl., Tla., Gha., and related to the Samnite city name Telesia. Through linguistic means So nothing further can be determined about Thels.

There is a silver coin in the British Museum, those in the latest Mttnz catalog of the same under the heading: Uncertain city of Etruria is described (Catal. of the Greek Cains in the Brit Mus. Italian Append. p. 397). In the Berlin Mttnz There is a beautiful galvanoplastic impression in the cabinet the same one that Friedlaender brought with him from London. The Coin has a head and a shoulder piece on one side Cow on with the transcription in Etruscan letters:

Thezle, on the other side a seahorse, as seen in Etruscan Sees ash boxes several times. Coin connoisseurs are of the opinion that

1) About the false readings ^Phesl, *Thezl, *Thezl and their linguistic Alfo no longer needs to be responsible for contradictory declarations.

The BlrUkiMlMi MautnftehitfliB.

the character of the Mttnze eber GampaniBeh as Etrascan see. Then it can come from Etruscan Qegend yon Capaa or Nola in Campania. The front Part of a bull appears on a Campanian cap the Oskiscben inscription fistula (IHedl. Osk. Münz, t V, 7). Etmskers in Campania could easily come to this The image of cattle that is so common in the Campanian-Oscan capes to be transferred to their coins, especially after Capua was snatched by the Samnites, who used the bull as a symbol Field signs and medals led (a. 0. t IX, 6). The Ver- speculation that Thezle is a Campanian-Etruscan name Mttnzortes could be (Author, loc. cit. I, 874) so it has little- at least a clue, while I couldn't find one I can assume that Thezle is someone's name Etruscan city on the Ciminian Forest (Oamurr. Le man. der, Etr, p. 21.2). Thezle can be Nom. Sing. fem., originated from *Thezlia of the kind like the nominative Campane, Laucine, Sauturine and others for Campania et al. (Author a.O. L 390/. 874. 11, 228, 412). So Thezle name can be anything of an Etmsk city.

Results.

The linguistic study of the Etmsk Mttnzanf- veryifs that strictly adhere to the numismatic onmdlage has come to the following conclusions. 1) The city name is in the nominative case alone:

on a Gbldmttnze: Velsu, Lat. Volcium, Volci;

on silver coins: Puplana, Lat. Populonia, Thels or Thels., name of an unknown city; Thezle, likewise;

M^-Ooritea» The BtniikiMsb«ii MtBMuiMhriftoii.

aaf poured Sohwerkapfergeld: Yelathri, Lat. Volaterrae, Cha(mar8), Lat. Gamars, Clnsinm;

on praised Enpfermtnzen: Tla(mnn), LÄt Telamon, Puplana* Lat Popnlonia, Pafl(aiia),

yatl(una), Lat. Yetalonia, [Oa]rtana, Lat. Cortona (?), Peithesa, (Peitesa), name «in an unknown city. 2] The city name and the name of a mint official are written in the nominative:

at a Qoldm dance: yelz(well). Daddy, Lat. Volsinii. Papins;

on an embossed horse mill stamp: yatl(nna). Ui(pi8), Lat. Yetnlonia. Vibins. 3) The name of a mint official appears alone in the nominatiy without city name:

on an embossed copper coin from Pemsia: Verenas, Lat. Yerginins. The Etruscan military officials Papi yon Volsinii, Ui(pis) yon Vetnlonia and Verenas of Pemsia are all three one- often called by their gentile name, like the Roman Mttnz- civil servants mainly in the oldest times, for example An(re- lins), Antr(onias), Opmni(as) (Momms. Qe$ch, d. Mäm. Coined. Ä. 4ööf. 494 f. Author a. 0. I, 880).

W. Corssen.

On the coinage of Tyndaris.

(Ttf. I, 4-6.)

The bronze medal of the city published on Plate I No. 4 Tyndaris ^) is from Friedlaender in Sta. Maria di Tindaro herself fttr the Berlin Gabinet acquired. The front shows one female head with Stephane and earrings n. 1., left of head TYNAAPIZ; On the back you can see a right-hand rushing rider in flying outer garments. Mr. Director Fried- Laender was kind enough to publish the coin. equip.

For comparison, there is a slightly different one under No. 5 Example shown, which is in the Brit. Museum is located.

No. 6 is a Tyndaris silver coin in the collection of Baron Pennisi in Aci reale, in which A. Salinas pre- Prepared catalog they can be found on Plate XYIII under No. 5 will. The only example of this known outside of Salinas Silver obol (weight 0.72) is owned by the Paris Cabinet from Luyne's collection, who wrote the same thing in his Choix de midailles grecqnes pl. YII, 20 published. prefer the relationship Salinas wrote to me about the copy Pennisi: Questa seconda copia fu gia della raccolta di my padre, ed i superiore per conservation a quella del Luynes, a judgment, whatever everyone will find confirmation from the illustrations. The front side shows a female head with earrings and a long

1) See Tbrremnzza, Sic. vet. Boom. XCI, 7. IftORiie« I, 328. 1069.

28^-V*. Sound DdIkd,

Haar n. 1., before TYNAAPIZ; the back side to the right. galloping pink, above which two stars.

The possibility of using these coins and those shown in No. 5 I owe the fact that I was able to do this to Yorlegen thanks to your kindness A. Salinas: he, as well as Messrs. Imhoof-Blumer and Holm Thanks to your communication, I was able to have one in... essential, probably quite a constant overview of the To let Mttnz types of Tyndaris follow, the result of which is us will lead to an understanding of the coins depicted. In Sentences surrounded by checkmarks are descriptions that give me Imhoof-Blumer sent some of the specimens from his collection; Everyone will know that I simply took them over of course find.

1) ^0.72 Pennisi Collection; pictured No. 6.

la) jR equals 0.72. Paris, ill. : Luynes, choix pl. Vn, 20.

2) rt^ 5. Female head with 'Stephane, earrings and

Collar left; yor and behind the neck ever a star JK, inscription TYNAAPIZ. Bf. Rider rushing to the right with a calathos-shaped hat, flying outer dress and a palm branch the 1st hand. Style nice. My collection. (Corrects Mionnet I, 328. 1089)." 2a) 5 EACH. Similar. Brit. Museum; pictured No. 5. 2b) EACH 4. Similar. Berlin; pictured No. 4. 3] 9^ 3V2- Laurel wreathed Apollo head with long hair, to the right ; yor the inscription TYNAAPITAN. Officer Hahn r. standing; in the field on the left an eight-pointed one star; r. a grasshopper. Style nice. M.S.” No. 4 is the only silver coin from Tyndaris; the under Nos. 4 and 5 are the only types shown accompanied by the inscription TYNAAPIZ^ 4—6 the only ones

Znr Mfinzkoiide from Tyndaris. 29

Tyndaritan costumes of beautiful style, the Syraknsisclien Pre- closely related to the Dionysian period, cf. e.g. B. in Head's coinage of Syracuse pl. IV, 2. 8. V, 3. 6. 10, also VI, 2. 5. 10. 11. 16 etc. Tyndaris is known to be Ol. 96, 1 (396) of Founded by Dionysios I, see Holm's Gesch. Sic. n, 123 and 487. The other coins reveal a municipal character; yet of good work are:

4) ».^ 472- Youthful head with long hair, left-

to; it appears to be unadorned. Transcription: TYNAAPITAN . Rf, ZflTHPEZ the two Dioscuri 1. rushing. M.S. see Gatalog Badeigts de Laborde. Paris 1869. pl. I, No. 169. (Corrects Torremuzza XGI, 10).« Mionnet I, 328. 1091. Leake Nnm. Bright. Into the. Gr. 78. 4a) Same. The head surrounded by a circlet. Berlin, formerly Fox.

5) Jß 41/2. TYNAAPIAOZ. Laurel wreathed head of

Apollo. Rf. ArAOYPNOZ standing warrior n. 1. ; in the B. holding the shield, in the L. the lance. Paris, formerly de Lnynes collection. (Weight 6^50.) Another example from the then North collection wick is published by Millingen, ancient coins of Greek cities and kings E, 9, who considered the coin p. 23 to be Unicum, a third belongs to Imhoof; either this one or a similar one Coin describes Salinas to me: testa muliebre laureata con orecchino e collana, rov. Milite and iscrizione AFAGYPNOZ.

6) ^^ 3. Head of Apollo wreathed with laurel on the left ^). Um-

font TYNAAPITAN. Rf, bridled horse head with neck, left. M.S.”

1) The head is turned to the right, probably by mistake BnU. yours is. 1853 p. 169 copy shown.

All of the following are significantly more raw:

7) n^ 5. Female head with veil (nnd Stephane or

Aehre?) r. Bf. TYNAAPITAN Zeus half-naked 1. standing, in the Yor stretched r. the lightning, in the 1st the seepter (transversal) holding. M. 8.”

8) -^ 5. Head like the previous one, r., here clearly from the

Stephane enclosed. Behind him bee or star.

Bf. p|-?jjj7 Dioscuri on horseback, with pointed hats

and Lmzen, nadi r. blow up«««}. Berlin; off- forms: Torremu^za XCI, 9, which gives the bee; ebMso Mionnet Suppl. ], 451. 660. A same A copy of the coin owned by Imboof shows the star.

8«) %^ 4. M. S.« Same.

8b) y>^ 3. Equal. Here the head is safe with Stephane and Eye veil. These äx%i coins in M. S. Grammes Weighing 8.90 - 5.10 - 2.70, so it's like halves and quarter.a

9) »^ 3V2* head equal to the previous ones.

Letter TYNAAPITAN under two Dioscuri caps, above each of which there is a star. M. S." Pictured Tor- remuzza XCI, 8; cf. Mionnet I, 328. 1090; Leake a. a. 0., who wrongly labeled “Ceres” says that, according to Salinas' report, the ear of corn wreath is based on a mistake made by Leake.

10) u£ 472* Laurel wreathed head of Zeus r.

Letter TYN AAP ITAN . The Dioscuron standing between their horses that they keep under control. Berlin.

11) ^JB 4. Laurel-crowned Zeus head to the right.

ly, TYNAAPITAN. The Dioscuri with pointed hats, Boots and lances, turned slightly to the left, stand

Tsar IfftaudLonde Ton Tyndaris. 3t

hend. M. 8.« Pictured: Torremnzsa XCI, 3;

cf. Mionnet I, 327. 1088. 12) »^ 3V2 iiAd 4. Laurel wreathed Zen head to the right;

a star at the back. Rf. TYNAAPITAN Adler r. on a lightning bolt, the

flapping. M. 8.« Depicted Torrem.

XCI, 2 ; cf. Mionnet I, 327. 1087. n) JE Z and 2V2. Head of Poseidon r.

Rf, TYNAAPITAN trident turned downwards. Berlin; pictured: Harwood, Pop. et no. be.

n around. lab. VI, 8; see Mionnet Suppl. I, 452.661.

14) ^ Young head with bandage r.

. Rf. TYNAAPITAN man to r. seven with three Arrows (?) in the R. uiwl eiaew Stf^b o4er Tro- p^iou ii;^ the h,\ ^ur hei Torremuzzf^ XCI, 5.

15) -^ TYNAA . Juvenile head right, next to two

Delphinß. Rf, standing winner with raised B. to r., only at Torremuzza XCI, 6 = Mionnet Suppl. I, 451. 659.

16) y^jE 3. Briu^tUld of Pallas, r.

RF TYNAAPITAN Winged ^erald staff between Laurel branch and ear. * M.S.f Shown: Torremuzza XCI, 4; cf. Mioi^et I, 327. 1085.

17) j>^ Z% Same.

Rf. [Hermes with Petasos, Chlamys and Kerykeion] like Mionnet's No. 1086, but in worse condition. M.S.”

1 8) »^ 3. Juvenile head of Bacchus to the right, with ivy

wreathed. RF TYNAAPITAN grapes; left in field II M.S."; cf. Imhoof in the Berlin papers for Mttnz, seal and heraldry V, 1870. 60, 1.'

82 ^- P- ▼OBDaho,

19) >JB 2. TYNAAPITAN Laurel wreathed head of Apollo

to the left. Ef. Horse head with Ebls left shiii. * M.S." Imhoof a. a. 0. 60, 2 ; see No. 6 above.

20) i>^ 2. Prora lefthin.

Bf. The Dioscuri caps with stars. M.S." Imhoof a. a. 0.60, 3.

21) y>JE 2. Dioscuri caps with stars.

Rf. star with eight rays and letters [TYN AAP I TAN on copy in Berlin] in between. M. S. The inscription cannot be read; cf. Leake Num. Hell. Into the. Or. 78 and Sestini Lottere di cont. VI, 1, ll.a

From Roman times:

22) f>JEb = No. 5 of the Berliner Blatter 1870 p. 60 ; the

But the inscription has been in mine since then Better copies that have come into our possession are the same read C. IVLIVS F. LONGVS -ff VIR. M.S.”

(sic)

23) »^ 5 = No. 6 a. a. 0. A new copy of mine

Collection shows MVSANO ATHENi •••• around the Dioscuri heads, and Rf. C. IVLIO DIONYSIO ^ VIRIS EX D. D. Dolphin r. crossed by an acrostolion."

Among the male figures on the coins from Tyndaris appear, the Dioscuri take the traditional Most excellent place: both or one of them ^) , theirs Hats or the horse with two stars above it are on the Reverses of most coins shown. Because the Tynda riden are ^Qiasg inww^oi the city: geminoque Lacone Tyn- daris attollens sese follows the flags of Silius XIV, 207

1) See MelMke F. 0. O. H, 1233.

Tsar Mfinzkande of Tyndaris. 33

Romans. Of course, things shouldn't be taken strictly with the Laco: Pausanias III, 26, 3 tells us that the Messenians were ancient seat of the island of Pephnos, where the Dioskren were supposed to have been born, claimed tovg Jiogxovqovq fiäXXov zi avtoXg xai ov AotuBÖai" fiovioig nqoari%BLv, But the inhabitants of Tyndaris were by Dionysia's Messenians originally welcomed in Messana, which were previously under the protection of Athens on Zakynthos and in Nauru. Paktos had lived, but after his defeat their old ones Sit2e had to leave (Pausan. IV, 26, 2); also in measuring sana Don't let the laconic hereditary enemies calm down? men, and so Dionysus had to take them to settle in Tyndaris move (Diod. XIV, 78), and Holm has nicely pointed out pointed out that there was also something in the choice of the name Tyndaris Demonstratives against the Lacedaemonians seem to lie: for The little tribal jealousies and taunts were all ancient Sicily was an equally golden soil, like the Holy Land at the time of the Crusades.

We will continue to discuss the other male types here

*

there is no reason. The female ones are more important to us:

At first, apart from Pallas, a head appears (7-9), whose rear half in the manner of &eai (piXadehpol through the up- pulled outer garment is covered, while a Stephane over the forehead rises. We lack evidence for an interpretation^ because safe attributes are missing, and another characteristic the type on coins of this type has already disappeared: similar Lich is an equally veiled one but decorated with high palmettes Head attachment - as we see it in the Argive and the so-called We are used to seeing Lakinian Hera - decorated head on coins of Messenia (Eckhel D. n. I, 2, 275), which we do not be allowed to call Hera >).

The third female head appears on the coins, which

1) See Kekultf, Arch. Zeit. N.F. VII (1874) 97. Timeline for numijmatics. III.

84 I>r- F* ^on Dnhn,

are compiled here in illustrations (No. 1. 2. of the Ver- drawing). It represents the earliest surviving Mttnz- bild Ton Tyndaris, nnd clearly shows through his beautiful work in a time which Yon the founding of the immediately powerful The flourishing city could not have been located too far away: his Yorkomnien on the only surviving silver coin No. 1 confirms this approach. The head can't be bothered by anything, either by no attribute to one of those idol figures to whom the art of stamp cutting, which is in the service of the state, continues through formative repetition faithfully preserved that fixed characteristic, which, in good times, rarely informs us about the meaning of the type leaves doubt; we see the head of a beautiful decorated one Mrs. Tor us, whose invention ad hoc nothing prevents us from take.

Similar only as belonging to a beautiful young woman As is well known, we often encounter characterized heads on coins especially great Greek and Sicilian cities. Depending on the The elements used to be more like these are those in one of the western colonies flocked together, even less so could, in the special interest of one of them, its tribal god be elevated to the status of patron saint of the whole and in In this way the same thing occurs^ as for Athens and Thurii Pallas Athene, Artemis for Ephesus, for Knidos Aphrodite, for the Thracian Neopolis whose üaQ'&evos (Schoene, Greek. Reliefs 48) etc. It had to be one that was satisfactory to everyone and in comprehensive expression can be found in the neutral figure of a Tvxfj ^) ; a originally certainly personal, and locally bound, imaginary term, which gradually becomes more and more an empty personification fication of the political community declined, i.e. the rise became capable of further development; That's how he was able to do it later

1) Cf. C. 0. Maller, antiqq. Antioch. P. 36 of the Berlin Anag.

On the coinage of Tyndaris. 35

touch with those personalities that have sprouted from another root. fications of completed, other opposing geographical Phic terms of larger scope, islands and countries, their Traces we also encountered in ancient times: I remember to the Europe and Asia of Aeschylus, to Hellas and Asia of the Darius Vase to the Caesarian Table, on Hellas and Sa- lamis crowned on the throne at Olympia, Battos yon Libya, Sikelia probably on the relief of an Athenian commendation Decree for "Dionysius, Lord of Siciliem from J. 393 (Köhler im Hermes HI, 156, Schoene, size. Rel. 49) etc. ^). A strange We can already find some contact between these two circles of ideas through the coins that have recently become known with a youthful female head and the inscription ZIKEAIA - where- by simultaneously explaining the head and the affiliation of the coin was stated — expressed, struck Timoleon's time when the unity of the island was manifested wanted ^) . By applying this in this way only back then Using the procedure common for city coins, the entire Sicilian to a certain extent as a city, as a political entity my being together, over which a local deity, one Tvx^] walte: political thought had to take such detours process of the Hellenic to become a kind of national to arrive at a concept of unity.

For the same reason that those who are happy about unity Sikeliotes in Timoleon's time the female head, which she bet on their coins, not ZIKEAlfiTAN but ZIKE AIA was already used in southern Italy and Sicily

1) Whether mtn (partly these analogies as well as the river gods and local nymphs may use in order to be entitled to accept the most extensive personal niflcations of geographical points of the Attic country in the Parthenon pediment support (Brunn, image of the Parthenon, Munich meeting reports 1874, II, p. 36) I'm glad I don't have to go into more detail here.

2) Salinas, catalog Pennisi, title vignette. Head, coinage of Syracuse 37; ▼gl. HoUn, Qeach. Sic. II, 337 and the same in this journal II, 340.

3»

36 I>r- P- ^on DahB,

previously the one placed next to the head of the city goddess of the same name added city names in the nominative case, Mttnzbild and Prägort at the same time: it was the simplest means through which Writing to replace the explanation that art gives to the picture couldn't give. This reminds me of the old silver coin from Pandosia with the river god Erathis on the front side Main page in the middle of a laurel wreath a female not Shows the more detailed head: the inscription surrounding it PANDOM^A gives the interpretation of the head in one word and the place where the coin was minted ^). On the other coins voni Pandosia, which on the HF, the head of the so-called Lakinian Show Hera, the resident mom is on the back, how usual. So the city name appears in the nominative case, either in full or in abbreviation, next to the female heads of the city deities on coins from Segesta, Hyele, Naples and Terina: because to mistake Terina's head for that of Nike, which I see that it usually appears in its entirety on the back no compelling reason. In addition to the name TEPINA On the head there is also TEP INAION on the Rf.^ similar to Kamarina with the river god Hipparis KAM API NA ION and next to the nymph carried by the swan the RF KAM API NA (Berlin 410). A similar phenomenon it is when on the vast majority of tar- tiner coins the city name in the nominative case next to those on the Dolphin sitting, or playing with spindle and ball or otherwise as busy Taras occurs when yon on the coins Gela the city is not designated any further than by the regular Moderately next to the river god name FEAAZ 2) . natural

1) Formerly in CasteUani's possession according to Sambon monnaies de la presqu^tle Ita- lique 344, then in the Wigan coUection, now in the British Masenm, in whose Catalog of the Greek Coins of Italy described and illustrated on p. 370 is formed.

2) Thrust ring in the berl. Sheet for coin, seal and heraldry VI, 141, cf. Because in Bursian's annual report 1874 246, v. Sallet in this tent script I, 89.

On the coinage of Tyndaris. 37

It would be very wrong to follow this gambling habit to want to abstract a rule: who e.g. B. a larger coin sannnlnng or the Mttnz series in the directories of the Brit. Mosenms will find many cases where this hobby is not followed, e.g. B. Coins from Terina^ where only TEPINAION next to the Nike (Brit. Mus. catal. p. 386), or TEPINAION on both sides (Raonl-Rochette, M6m.del'Acad. d. inscr. XIV, 2 pl. A, 6), or even TEPINAION next to that head and TEPINA next to the Nike (e.g. Sambon, monnaies de la presqu'Üe Italique 361, 12 = Brit. Mus. Catal. p. 392 no. 42) ; or coins from Taranto (in Berlin under the large amount of silver coins two, even just two in London: Catal. p. 172), where TAPAZ is next to the seahorse and not next to it the Taras stands: in general, however, where the city name in the nominative case, which in itself is not very common a coin image with the same name is presented, this coincidence should not be treated as mere coincidence. There is an analogy lied view based on, as if on his old coins Melos just through the apple, Rhodus through the rose, Side through the pomegranate etc. ^) appears expressed: only that dem not sufficiently characterized or characterizing coin design The city name of the same name is added here.

After these explanations it will no longer be wonderful appear when I explain the coins shown put special emphasis on that, while on everyone else Coins of the same city always have the inscription TYNAAPITAN, once TYNAAPIAOZ and usually also on the back stands, only with this female head the city name, the Heads themselves buried, appears in the nominative case: it is just that fjQwig i/rwyvfiog of Tyndaris, whose image we see here. And of course this ijQwls is in the Dioscuri city of Tyndaris TvvdaQig xct ^^o^ij^, Helena.

1) Cf. Brtndis in this magazine I, 45.

88 »r* ^- ▼• Dvlui»

Degree nm the time of the founding of Tyndaris mugs Helena become popular under that name: Euripides introduced it as far as we can see, first in the literature. TVvia Qidaif not Jiooxovqoi^ was the idth Doric cult- name for vw aioi^); and as now yor d^i Doric this- cured everyone else - and every Greek tribe worshiped those who resigned or were identified with them, there also required the sister relationship, which was strengthened by the seal The relationship that had already been completely converted to Sparta in a similar process ^) Helena to her brothers that she too l^vdaqig became ; through the influence of anthropomorphizing Poetry, of course, soon became the consciousness of a primal one Identity of the Doric Tvvdaqsig respectively. Tvdevg with the highest The first sky god Zeus disappeared and entered the well-known one and often ventilated by the ancients and in this as in Other cases produce rationalistically resolved aporia, like the same one Helena in Homer Jibg dvyaTrjQ and yet the daughter of Tyndareus could be ter, like Eastor and Polydeukes Dioscuri and also equal to Tyndarids. This whole relationship should be explained in more detail- The setting must be reserved for other places: the above Hints will suffice to make the interest clear, which the TvvdaQig on coins of the city of the same name in the first half of the fourth century has for us, and the Use of the inscription to interpret the head is justified manufacture. Let's remember the importance of the choice of the city nun Tyndaris by Messenian colonists Ton

1) Cf. the Selinuntisohe inscription in the Bull. d. comm. dl anticb. e belle artl di SicUia IV, 28 » Rh. Mus. XXVII, 353 » Benndorf, Metopes of Selinunte 27 and also Holm Rh. Mas. a. a. O. 366; Find. Ol. III, 1st Isthm. I, 31. Proclus aig. Cypr. p. 99, 7 ed. Michaelis, and the Spartan inscriptions: BoUeU. dell* Ut. 1873, 183 and 187, the latter also edited by Kumanades in ^A^rivaiw I, 255 and by Foucart in Lebas-Waddington, voyage II, 4 p. 142 no. 162 years

2) See my de Menelai itinere Aegyptio quaestiones criticae (Bonn 1874) p. 28.

Tsar Mümkund« too Tynduis. 39

Holm is laid down, then we will see in the inheritance of the Helena ala Tvpöaqlq on the coins of this city^ as Counterimage to one of the Dioscari or their bosses, the Ein- may vote with the same vote. It was the Galt the Helena straight in the Lokri in high honor ^) , whose Snoixoi^, Lokrensem nnd Medmaeem, who had Messenians in Messana had to give way, as Naupaktos was a city in Locrian country <). February 1875. Dr. F.V. Duhn.

1) Holnii Store Sic. I, 166. 167; Daily my question" 39.

2) “Helen” on coins only appears in a very specific way Composition, standing with a staff between her brothers: in Termessos (Imhoof-Blnmor, choix de monnaies grecqnes V, 172), here the spiteful Oleichnng marked with Selene marked by a crescent moon, as if on a cameo, which came to Leake's property in the FitzwlUiam Maseum (in C. W. Klng^s Catalof London-Cambridge 1870 ease III p. 13); in Tripoli Phenices, Qrthosia and otherwise; Daily Mon. yours is. m, 36 and Lsjard, Annali 1841, 255 ff. The Composition is the same as on a sarcophagus from Kephissla (Benndorf, Arch. UAt. 1868, 38) and ReUefs from SparU (Annall deU* Ist. 1861 Ut. d'agg. D) nnd Stobi (Heozey, rev. archA)!. 1873 JuiUet p. 40). How this composition tion the representation on the Kypselos box (Paus. Y, 19, 2) and you at Ampe- Hns p. 7 Woelinin mentioned wall paintings in Ambrakla ▼received, must that remains unsteady.

Mastanesosus, dynast in Numidia^

L. Müller has in his Numismatique de l'ancienne Afiique III No. 59-61 and in the supplement to it (1874) p. 65 some Nnmidian royal coins made known, which he gave to the carrion Appian d. b. c. IV, 54 known Masanasses Assigns, one Vassals of King Juba, who ruled the territory of Cirta, d. h. the later Mauritania Sitifensis and the Yon Caesar to P. Sittius assigned land on both banks of the Ampsaga River must have, etc. Mommsen, Hermes I, 49. B. Q. m, 435.

The coins, unknown location and only in four copies known, show the image of the king and the name of the king; two tone They are also marked with the royal legend ToblffO: Nevertheless, an identification with one of the princes from the known Numidian royal series not possible.

No. 59 shows a male, fairly youthful head with the inscription fssnvtt, applicant so-called Astartekopf with an unfortunately very uncertain caption^ in the possibly ethnic group names, after the last word ( ben — mzl , similar mas- syli, Musulamii). Another, unpublished example plar of the same coin in Algiers (Suppläm. p. 65) has the inscription robtttt. #60 features the same head, but more aged same hairstyle, and also 61. The back side is at both the same; in a laurel wreath between branch and grape the name fSäntTD. Both stamps are not on the center of the Schrötling shaped, which is why the missing one on No. 59 comes from -

Dr. F. V. Dnhn, Mast&nesosus, dynast in Nnmidia. 41

Bare last letter is clearly explained; the form of the name Seems therefore at No. 60. 61 not different from 59, as e.g. b. Levy in his! Phoenician dictionaries.

Mttller's identification of this name with Masanasses is not possible linguistically: we know for the name Hasanasses or Masinissa inscribed the forms f^'^sn (Levy, Phoen. Stud. n, 53) and IVÄStyM (Levy ibid. 76): Mas- sanisan and Masasnasan or more likely Massanasan. In There is no t\ in both forms, and one from the s - We are not equipped to interpret sounds by any means. laws authorized ; Well, for example, V and S can change, since we From the Neo-Punic inscriptions I see that there is something local s expressed by different Phoenician letters: but as long as the identity does not come from linguistic locations isan'ra and Masinissa is presented, we must, like them The point is to simply accept the difference in names. My doubts about Müller's interpretation were kindly confirmed Statements by Prof. J. Gildemeister.

On the other hand, I would like a Numidian royal name draw our attention to who we are at Cic. in Vatin. V, 12 encountered; There the speaker attacks Caesar's hated helper: post quaesturaäi exierisne legatus in ulterior Hispaniam C. Gosconio proconsule? cum illud iter Hispaniense pedibus fere confici soleat, aut si qui navigare yelit, certa sit ratio navigandi, yenerisne in Sardiniam atque inde in Africam? fuerisne, quod sine senatus consulto tibi facere non licuit, in regno Hiempsalis? fuerisne in regno Mastanesosi? yenerisne ad fretum per Mauretaniam? quem scis umquam legatum Hispaniensem istis itineribus in illam proyinciam peryenisse? So Mastanesosus had around 692 - 693 a- regnum inne, which lies between that of the Hiempsal and Mau- retania lay. The coins could very well be his, there the name consonants of the coin legend with the one given by Gicero The form we delivered was absolutely correct, except for the last one, which we did

42 Dr. F.V. Dmkn,

dodi for a 3 take mflBBen: because although T otherwise well is marked by a vertical line, we can do it Don't recognize it here because it's on the nameplate inscriptions grad xor difference of 3, as far as I could see, always ähnUcfa is written in an n. By the way, the a at the end will be nnr as a very faint, indefinite and changeable sound to be fussed, as it e.g. B. after Gildemeister's co-healing in the Libyan inscriptions at the end of proper names do not exist at all. comes, and in the Phoenician almost always. Still twin However, gender would be the identification if we were to use it Unfortunately the name Mastanesus or Mastanesus does not appear anywhere else Mastanesonus would have handed down: but also with the current one I think she has more for her reading than against her.

That the four surviving specimens are just copper coins, can be To≪ but maybe anch has this appearance their connection. That's as far as the Cicero passage tells us about the situation can teach from the Mastanesosus empire, the same had to be cover approximately the same areas of land that would later become part of the Juba held military Masanasses. That already Ma- stanesosus to Juba's predecessor Hiempsal n in a similar, although there may still be a contentious relationship of dependency would have stood, wouldn't be exactly improbable ; because it likes it be reminded here of the strange dispute that took place at the same time, just before Vatinius went to these parts, who (reports in Born had to decide (Suet. Caes. 71), where Hiempsal's son Juba against a young Numidian named Masintha appeared and claims to independence and independence dependency, which he represented, and vigorously fought against. The praetor Caesar passionately supported Masintha, his servant; Nevertheless, he became a scholarship holder of the Optimate friend Hiempsal explains; and to protect him from his captors and the To protect the zealous Senate party, Caesar had to first bd shelter themselves, then under the protection of the accompanying friends

MMtui«fosa8| Dyawt in Mnmidton. 43

and Lictoren, when he left for Spain, in his own sedan chair take with you. This happened in 692; at the end of it, or at the beginning of 693 Caesar's current agent, Vatinin, traveled without being allowed to (why not? Mr. Prof. Mommsen did I was closed to the analogy of the viri senatorii ordinis. senen Egypt attentive) in regnnm Hiempsalis and in regnnm Hastanesosi: perhaps at another Aosgleich- make a promise, and thus give Caesar an efficient one receive allies; about which of course the nobles, in whose senses the judgment was pronounced, perhaps some of them dnrch Juba, the invenis non minus bene nnmmatns qnam bene eapilatos (Cic. leg. agr. II, 22, 59) was influenced by the sound^ must be attached. This connection is beneficial Things are only manufactured in a very prudent manner. Was he right? tig, then A. Ponlle could be right, who in the recneil de la so- tAM arohfol. de Constantine 1863, 88 thinks that MidnAa is a were brothers of Masanass: we would then both have been for sons of Mastanesosos, and would therefore This relationship between the well-known Ninmid line of kings is quite be clear.

Dr. F. von Dtkn.

Carved inscriptions on coins.

In the Berlin papers for Mttnzknnde, Tb. IV p. 146, In 1868 I gave some inscribed inscriptions; since then Here we are, Dr. y. Sallet and I, through continued exposure Note a number of others on coins of the Egl. Collection and the newly acquired Fox's pigs were found. With With a few exceptions, these inscriptions are so short that They only give the beginning of names, so they have little meaning tung ; alone equal to the engraved wall inscriptions of Pompeii They certainly deserve to be put together once so that people also pay attention to it in other collections, because they come quite often.

With the exception of a Roman gold coin, there are only Silver coins that have such inscriptions, bronze is too hard to engrave. The letters are always on the blank ones Parts of the field, mostly the back sides, are incised.

A Phoenician inscription on a tetradrachm I have Philippus AridaeuB at the place mentioned, plate XLV, 4 pictured. Another can be found on the didrachm of one indefinite Ptolemy, which was presented here, like it seems: biPä.

There is also the prettiest of all these inscriptions AEINIZ KAAA, engraved small and delicately by a skilled hand, already given on a coin from Scotussa in Thessaly been.

J. Prledlaender, Carved inscriptions on coins. 45

AAAA <|>IAA, in two lines one below the other, closes Look, the name is not completely clear, and the <{> has the Form + . These words are written on a didrachm of meta- pont, with a female head surrounded by two ears of corn.

MI^AVFA is inscribed on a didrachm from Thurii. scratches between the coin's raised inscription, OOYPIÜN, and the back of the charging bull. Maybe you can in it hatred for one eye, i.e. the contradiction to the admiration change for the Deinis and the Lala of the previous coins recognize. This coin from Thurii was shown here by Mr. Freund Copenhagen. Perhaps this is one of these love games

also the incomprehensible i-^ on one copy

of the oldest tetradrachm from Syracuse with ^VRAQO^ION in two lines above the quad, and the recessed quad drat, which has the female head in the middle. KAAA everything,^ without name, on a didrachmon from Terina has Mr Dr. by Sallet on a copy in the coin trade in Rome see.

Among the other Great Greek coins, two have the oldest flat of Groton with the deepened tripod^ Inscriptions engraved on the reverse side ^ in also ancient ones Letter forms A^l and N^KV [NkvXXogl).

Three coins of Taranto have AA, AN and ZVN, one fourth has the pentagram carved; one from Metapont APA, one by Velia in the collection of the University of Strasbourg A €, on the side of the lying caduceus above the right striding lions. On a didrachmon from Gela with the Rider says AATT with clear letters, XI A with raw ones on one from Agrigento.

Among the Greek coins, three have the Corinthian types, head of Pallas and Pegasus, inscriptions, one from Anactorium TH(A?) and a small D, one from Leucas

46 J* FrtodlMBder, Eingaritite IiuoliTiftaa «nf Müosen.

, and one without urban settlement and without Koppa (IA?)nA. Femer has one of the ancient ones from Aegina EN, also an ancient one von Lyttns with the Bberkopf in the pearl square: EP. Sine from Phaestoa with the Talos has . One of Elia l AV , ^llvg is the name of an Eleer.

Among the Asian males, none of them have ever met with gra- fourth inscription found; On the other hand, a tetradrachm has Ptolemy Soter (with HTOAEMAIOY BAZIAEflZ) in front of the Heads AIONV incised.

A Greek inscription on a Roman coin

offers a denarius of Man. Fonteins, the downside of which is on

a goat-riding Cupid, who has Dioskor hats over him;

Around this representation is engraved Z ^ the C in the ab-

O<

o >

Bohnitt. I saw this monse here in 1871.

From Latin inscriptions I know DIICV Decumus a denarius of C. Numonius Vaala, AN on one of C. Con- sidius Paetus with the sella curulis, E^TA^ on a denarius with the heads of Julius Caesar and M. Antonius. Finally has a gold medallion of Probus in the section /^*AV raw established.

i. Friedlander.

On Greek numismatics.

(Neapolis Siciliae. — Abdera. — Dlcaea. — Cetriporls. Alexander I - Olympias. — Demetrius y. luyria.

King Sani • • or Sanm • • )•

Neapolis Siciliae

(Mylae - Naxns).

Hf, laurel wreathed Apollo head to the right, behind it laurel berry leaf with berry. Rf, NEOnOAl Seated satyr, as on the later ones Coins from Naxus, to the right, the head to the left turning, raising his right hand, but without a cup. In the left hand a long one hanging down at the back Holding (vine or ephen) branch. Right i. F. a bearded herm to the left. A. 2. 1.27 Orm.

Ad. Holm has numismatics in his history of Sicily the island conscientiously and appropriately into the circle of his subordinates conclusions drawn and, among other important results, also the above often discussed, excellently preserved Unicum of the Ber- liner collection was probably correctly determined by giving it to the Naxiem assigned, which not long after the complete destruction of the City (403) in 394 y. A new home in Mylae found (Diod. XIV, 87).

One would assume that the coin was in Naxus itself was coined, then the historically unknown name change would be in Neopolis, which marks a new settlement,

48 A. ▼. SaUet,

falling. Apart from that, you can't really think of tanromenioma, because all of them, including the older coins, are in the immediate vicinity The city that emerged from the old Naxns has different ones Types (the oldest the bull's head as a talking coat of arms and the grape borrowed from Naxus) and the name Tauromenium.

Holm's view is therefore the most likely, through writing steller supported; it is not at all unlikely that the remnant of the Naxians also the type of their destroyed city to the new home, not far from the old Naxus Mylae transferred.

Abdera in Thrace.

The coins of Abdera are among the artistically educational richest and most beautiful that have come down to us from ancient times are. Here we find the ancient powerful octodrachmon and a long series of tetradrachms with the most diverse, mostly exquisitely crafted representations, an eloquent contradiction laying the reputation of the Abderites. The standing Apollo (Eckhel Num. vet. anecd. Plate IV, 16. The figure is probably Apollo) ^ the magnificently crafted standing Artemis, next to her stag (this I saw Mümse in the trade here a few years ago, the talking one Coat of arms (juoA/ny), of the Molpagoras - a singing and dancing one female figure (Millingen Sylloge p. 30 f. Plate E, 13) i), a Discobol et al. are among the most beautiful ancient representations.

Even the small, extremely varied symbols of the tetra- Drachmas are often strange: according to the lively little faun in

1) A similar example is the Gorgon «nf the coins of Bhodus (st&U of Helios) with the name of the official Gorgos. But she is coming. also with others Names from the same time, of the same style, but they are far rarer than the Gorgos Mfinzen, which are present in large numbers. To, as Gorgos did, his To be able to alter the city type for the sake of the name, it probably has to be more than that to have been a mere official. The other coins with the Gorgon type are certainly those of the Gorgo at the same time, XTPATHN has one of these in Berlin.

On Greek Namismatics. 49

grotesque, tanfiend Stellmig, seen from the front (Brit. Mus. and BerHn) , ice came to be called phallic, strangely natural Beizeiehen (Brit Mus. and Berlin), as well as the well-known care firit in Thierdarst^nngen confirming picture:

a beetle belonging to the Scaraba family; it's the one Atenchus sacer, which lays its eggs in a manure shell Angel lays (Brit. Mns.)- — Here may be a similarly faithful image of another insect are mentioned: on didrachms of Me- tapont appears as a symbol that has probably never been properly understood until now. knew representation of the grasshopper, which is common in the south Ifantis religiosa, because of the upturned forelegs so-called »Oottesanbeterina; The coin is well pictured Hunter, plate 37, xv; a well-preserved copy in Berlin Museum *) . —

The famous De- want to recognize mokrit:

Hind seated griffin facing left, right forefoot he*

lifting. Rf. Eni AHMOKPITO Lyra in the line square. This

Ghmze in the recessed square.

AI. 5V2. 13.8 Gnri. Berlin, Fox. Prokesh. Fox

noted on his piece of paper lying under the coin

the possibility of sharing with Democritus.

1) How useful and for the spread of animals and plants in old age thum important wire a faun and flora of the Greek world at the hand of the DareteUwigen on Mfknzent The beautiful natural-historical works remain in their own Illustrations fall far short of the brilliant fidelity with which the Oriehen Those represented things after life. So is e.g. B. in my opinion the coin typni Ton Aeantlias an aleher example of the Ten Herodotus singed Yorkommem dea Leuven ia Macedonia in the 6th century. . The claim that Heiodotus Sr. The fact that the calculation was made up of coins is groundless.

I

ZdtMkTin for NomlmiaUk. in. 4

59 A.y. fidlet.

It's fitting given the time; the mttioe belongs to the second helper of the 5th century B; on the example of the Naziselieii Ettustteis Procles (cf. my artist's insight on Greek paper p. 34), which has the same name with the simultaneous Feldhem, the traitor of the Naxians, but it can be proven that Such similarities in names in the same city are not common a lot of weight can be placed.

Dicaea in Thrace.

Bompois wrote in the latest issue of the Nnmismatic Chronicle (IV, 1874) published a mtnze from Dicaea:

Kf. AIKA bull to the right, turning his head, the right raising the hind foot (to scratch his head).

Bf. Quadratum incusum.

A, 3. 2.65 grm. Paris Cabinet.

which shows the types of Eretria, and has the access to connection Yon Eretria and Dicaea ("la ville de Dicaea ayant k\k^ suivant Topinion la plus acr^ditie^ peupläe primitivement par des Eretriens chassäs de Gorcyre etc."} pointed out. This one This assumption finds even more confirmation in a recent one Acquired small silver coins from the Berlin Museum:

^m.

Bf. AIKA Stier to the right.

Bf. Squid in the quadratum incusum.

A. 2. 0.73 Orm. Here we have exactly the types from Eretria, £ttier and Squid, except that Dicaea's statue has the bull on it. present, on which Ton Eretria but, as well as on the Paris Mttnie Clay Dicaea is shown scratching itself. Our lunch came from Macedonia.

Tsar greeobiMlMn numismatics. 5il

ITtlr the separation of the coins from Dicaea or Dicaeopolis Thraoiae from those of the Macedonian Dicaea seems to me Bon- Pois still haven't provided compelling evidence. I stole the old silver coins with the head of Heracles and the bull head (Bompois p. 274 and, with transcription AI KAI in Beriia, 8. Friedlaender and Sallet d. Equal. Mttnzcabinet p. 82 No. 202, Fig. Plate IV) and the slightly later, excellently crafted ones with female head and bull's head for coins of a city hold.

Cetriporis, Thracian king.

A brilliant confirmation of Waddington's conjecture (Mal. num. n, 23)^ that is indicated by great beauty* nice small copper coins:

Bf, Bearded Bacehus head to the right.

Rf. KETPIPOPIOZ Cantharus, left Thyrsns; in the field mostly crescent moon. Yep. 4«

Hf. and Rf. similar, but KETPI JE. 1.

belonging to a Thracian dynast, there is a recent one found in the Athenian ephem. archaeol. /r«^. /?. 1874 Publish No. 435 in a thorough and engaging article. cirte Attic inscription, which avinfiaxlct ji^vaüav TtQog KeT(ilnoQi[v tov Qq^ho koI io]vg adeX^ovg xal Avnnetov %6v [Ilalovtt xat TtQog rifa]ßov tov ^liXvQiiv mentioned under the Archonship of Elpinus, ?56 BC BC The not preserved eth- nikon of Cetriporis, as well as that at another place in the Lyppeius' half-preserved writing is undoubtedly correct after a passage from Diodorus (XVI, 22}, which in the In the same Arohonte year of Elpinus 356 one against Philip of Macedonia directed, but at the casualness of the Opponent very soon suppressed connection of three ßaail^ig^ %wv Qg^pciSv %ai Haiovmv nai HXhfqiävj so exactly in the row- follow the inscription, mentioned.

4»

52 A.T. Saltol,

The YerfiMser of the article the ephemem ma^ on the Similarity of the name of the Paeon prince Lyppeios oEiit on the coins known, certainly at a fairly contemporaneous Lyk- Keios attentive. Whether you can go further and both - with the frequent change of n and x - maybe even for It is not possible to decide whether to keep the same. * That Cetriporis Name in the Attic inscription KsTQtnofidog ^ on the coins but Ket^mogiog is inflected, must not be noticeable.

The coins of Cetriporis correspond to the date of incorporation writing; at most one could consider it to be a little later. It But it must be taken into account that the head of Bacchus is this Coins that are accurate even in the beard hair and the wreath, but clever copy of the gold and silver coins of Thasus with Heracles kneeling on the back side, which is certain as early as 400 years ago. Begin around 2000 BC and their coinage is not very may have continued well beyond this year. Very You can't make a copy long after the original, so around the middle of the fourth century would probably be the latest date that exactly matches the date of the inscription seip.

Alexander I of Macedon 498 – 454.

Hf. Rider to the right, holding two spears.

Bf. AABEANAPO around a square of lines in which half a lion to the right. Above one not exactly recognizable, seemingly snake-like figure, which makes the P (B?) and O of the transcription unclear The whole thing in a shallow, recessed square

AI. 3. 2.04 Orm.

On Greek numismatics. 5S

The masks of Alexander I of Macedonia are artistic Historically of great importance, they are almost the only ones very old coins which we can date with certainty and which compares us with other Macedonian and A canon for chronological ones overlays Greek mottos The Mttnz types must be fixed. So far, that's all I have knows, apart from the doubtful ones mentioned below, only those Masks of Alexander I are known, which have the usual symbol of high antiquity, the qnadratnm incnsum; same is, according to Macedonian custom, fairly flat, divided into four smaller ones Divided into squares and mostly cleanly worked. The above formed Mttnze, recently acquired by the Berlin Museum, but offers us the interesting phenomenon of an innovation, a decidedly artistic advance in coinage: that old quadratum incusum disappears or just remains Form a flat square back, which is no longer empty but contains a carefully executed large type. Of course, the beginnings of this innovation were already on Mace- Donic and Thradian masks are noticeable: this is what they show ancient large silver coins from Olynthus in the middle of one quite crude and originally crafted quadratum incusum the little flying eagle (in the Berlin Mttnzcabinet No. 194a and 194i); one perhaps after Thasus or Ancient silver coin belonging to Lete with the standing satyr and the female figure has at the top in the quadratum incusum, small, the front part of a boar (in the Berlin Museum), etc. ; but These first attempts still show the quadrate Main type, the figure as a secondary accessory; the effective ual transition of the quadratum incusum into a flat, one carefully executed type enclosing quadrilateral is still did not take place in the earliest period of coinage, and so Far away, the above statue of Alexander is an important monument to the older time of coinage: it teaches us that that one prefers-

54 A.y. sdlet,

gaag of the old, meaningless impact on the back pictorial representation took place under the reign of Alexander must be, which, as far as I know, is from 498-454 y. BC will be declared. We won't go wrong if we do this Progress of the art of coinage in the last period of the government set this king ^) . — Of course that's a good thing from our point of view inferential law from the cessation of the quadratum incusum only for Macedonia and at most the surrounding area, for more distant ones Areas, especially for Lower Italy and Sicily, which quadratum incusum either not at all or only to a small extent number applied, but no more. That you in Syracuse already around 480 fully developed two-typical minted coins" proves the ancient decadrachmon (the Demarcation, displayed in the Berlin Mttnzcabinet under No. 377 i).

Whether the somewhat cruder octodrachms of Alexander I Riders (Paris) are really older (which you can see from the 9 instead of P could conclude) than the ones drawn with care and energy Octodrachms (and drachmas) with the one behind the horse screaming tenden j^rieger (London, Paris; the drachmas also in Berlin), may remain undecided; one has to think of those who imitate Neighbors, bisalts, etc., and it is certainly possible that these or other, perhaps subject to Alexander, cruder peoples also minted cruder coins than Alexander himself; But nothing can be proven, we have to stick to the facts keep writing and distribute the coins to the king himself.

An octopus certainly dates back to the earlier times of this king. drachm of the same - in a private collection in Kerch, like it is called — , which I have depicted here based on the electrotype give:

1) According to this time determination, the form of the not entirely clear The common rho would probably be these: P; the octodrachm of something similar in type of crude and ancient work (Paris) has P , similar to the Bho of the Orrheskter- mibuea.

To the greek blidken Naiiiliiii4(ik.

Bf. Riiter to the right, holding two spears. Under that

Fferd, to the right a small Spitzhnod. ■) Rf. AAEZANAPO square nm incasnm.

A.9. The beauty of this mask is extraordinary: everything Rider, the strong-boned horse (characteristic of Macedonia) stic race) and the petite little dog are with a wonderful with such powers of observation and with the greatest security drawn. The coins are the most eloquent Zen^iSBe for the genuine Hellenic culture handed down by history. thought and education of this king.

Whether the small silver coin, which like that in the first place described, also shows a type in the Qnadratum:

Hf. AA Fferd to the right.

Rf. Flat quadratom incuBam, in which a helmet

to the right. M. 3. 2 Orm. Berlin.

See Alexander I stated, is not yet certain

festzoBtelleo. The first letter of the rHt^Snfigen Än&obrift

is not entirely clear on our copy. One in the Typna

1) ABhnllok lit the return of a bubariacben Mflaz« (Jl. 7) PbUlppi U. In the Berlin Huieam. Pfeid and Hand ilnd but lo Unlendei Stellong dMfetteUt. The Aibell Itt xA, the Aaftehrift did In Dicht %un bubaiUchea BaohiUbea

56 A. ▼. SUlet,

Hat similar to the Hanptoeite with AA and an empty square dratnm incnsum of the back page 0. Bfionn. 8. III, 177, 17 after Sestini Descr. nnm. vet. p. 127 No. 4.

By analogy with the tactics described in the first place We will now probably also use the other nameless coins Macedonian kings with similar types either Alexander itself, or what the finer execution of it proves seems to be able to allocate to his immediate successors. What is certain about these coins is that the king's name is omitted not always a sign of a higher antiquity; almost all names Loose Macedonian royal coins of this type are in the style younger than those with Alexander's name.

Olympias^ Alexander the Great's mother.

Hf, female head with veil, right.

Officer OAYMnhIAAOZ snake to the left.

AT, IVi- 1.15 grm. This apparently genuine mask came to the king. Museum from Macedonia too. There is probably no doubt that Types and inscription refer to Olympias, Alexander's mother. pull. Of course, despite the well-crafted, that of the Egyptian queens Arsinoe and Berenice apparently copying head the mtnze not at the same time, but heard a much later time, the same one that gave us the gold and silver coins with Alexander's head with lion skin or Ammonshom and with the lion and Alexander's name - to Part with round C — (Eckhein, p. 108. Mionn. I, p. 553— 554], as well as the treasure of Tarsus, those great gold medals

.♦

On Greek namismatics. 57

Ions of the PariBer collection (Revue nnm. 1868, plates X - XIII) have to be assigned, i.e. the Roman imperial period, perhaps the of Garacalla. All these pieces, like that of Olyrapias, are Hardly any coins to call, they are unofficial medals, showpieces stttcke.

The back is not as well crafted as the head undoubtedly represents the dragon, which according to the later one too The legend depicted in the Gontomiates, which Lucian wrote in Pseudo- mantis (Alex. c. 7) in a rationalistic way searches, with Olympias who begot Alexander.

The transcription seems incorrect OAYMTTI* lAAOZ (probably not C) to read, maybe you could OAYMTTHAAOZ, So H instead of I, guess.

The small Olympia gold coin has historical value So not, but at least it is a side piece to the ones mentioned. ten Alexandermttnzen and the Contorniates an interesting one Curiosum and perhaps the oldest pictorial representation of the legend of Alexander's generation.

The origin of Mttnze (a larger city in Macedonia) proves nothing for the place of minting of the same; Oold and silver As is well known, coins are often found in places that... are far from the mint.

The alleged Demetrius of Illyria.

Sestini divides in his Classes generales (II edition p. 42) that of the Romans in 219 BC. defeated Illyrian princes Demetrius of Pharus (Polyb. III, 16-19) a silver coin, without description, and then she leads Mionnet with doubts to (S. m, p. 355). Anyway, this is the one at Hunter plate 25, VH Silver coin shown:

58 A. ▼. Should,

r

Bf, ancient (female?) head on the right in the ver- deep square (i.e. own RiickBrite).

RF, AHMHTPIO Striding horse recbtsbin.

JR. 4. 4.47 grm. Gombe, the author of Masenm Hunteriannm, shares this Coin of Demetrias in Tbessaly. A look at Abbiktung and Besobriibnng proves that both opinions are mistaken. Demetrias of Illyria reigned towards the end of the third year." bnnds v. Cbr., Demetrias in Tbessaly asked his name from Demetrias Poliorcetes: but the coin is obviously very old this is the ending O instead of OY, the recessed square and the It's funny, the old Macedonian royal coins were of a similar type prove the back. Apparently the coin was born to the fifth Year bonded or at the latest the beginning of the fourth century BC. Cbr. on ; I don't know whether there is a king or something in Macedonia's neighborhood Dynast of this name can be proven; but that the coin nar can belong to one such that she can be with Demetrias Po- liorcetes or even later kings and cities nothing za has created, has its character, which is roughly that of the Archelaas is similar, and its inscription certainly benror.

Hall... or Saam..., a Colchian or

Scytbian king.

HJ. Head of the sun god with crown of rays recbtsbin, Bf. BAZI ZAYA or perhaps ZAYM--; Bull head to the right, in front of it an attractive monogram, yiel- slightly aas H and B. Pretty gater style.

A. 2. (Bad silver, Billon.) 1.03 Gnn.

To the Greek NnmisniAtlk. 59

This coin, which as far as I know was previously unknown, acquired it Berlin Museum by Mr. Will, who stated that I also as do several of the well-known small silver pieces from Colchis ejected from the Black Sea on its eastern coast be. A king who had the non-Greek name Saul... or hem. . . led is unknown; it doesn't seem like that Z another letter has passed, the end seems more A than M ; It is probably inadmissible here in the Greek one Name Saulaos, d. i. Saolaos, to think which one is mine Friend Dr. E. Bormann on the strategist inscriptions in the theater of Tauromenium and in any case in the ZAYA of a Metapontine didrachm (Berlin). Herodotus IV, 76 mentions the Scythian king Saulios, the brother and Murderer of Anacharsis and father of Idanthyrsus. Possible that we may assume a similar name on our coin - fen; Of course the motto is from a much later period. The Work and the letters are not bad and have a certain resemblance to the caps of the Scythian kings Kanites, Heles (?) and Sarias (cf. Koehne Berl. Bl. f. Mttnzk. n, 129 ff.). But Sarias is more likely a Thracian prince; Cadalvöne says that it was found in Adrianople been sden. I dare to determine the exact time of our meetings not; the pretty good work and the shape of the letters entitles us to conclude that King Saul. . . probably still ruled before the Roman Empire, but certainly for a long time after Alexander the Great Gr. Points to a not very early time the billon-like silver; a similar deterioration of the silver We find Bermtdances in Olbia; also the later Bosporan ones As is well known, royal coins, originally gold, gradually become lent to billon^ finally to copper. Also a certain father You cannot assign land to the Mtnze. The alleged one Location^ perhaps also the bull's head, which is also similar appears to the silver coins coming from Colchis,

((0 A. ▼. SaUet, On Greek numismatics.

may point to Eolefais or its neighborhood. A radiant Lenten wreathed head (sun god or royal portrait) can be found also on the certainly Colchian coin of von Fompeins. appointed King Aristarchus, a Unicom of our Cabinet, from the Fox collection:

Hf. Bearded head with a crown of rays to the right. Bf. APIZTAPXOY BAZIAEaZ KOAXIAOZ (KOA X>AK>Z) Enthroned Cybele (?) to the right. In the ab- cut Bl(?).

JBL. 3. 3.64 grm. in Berl. Mttnzcabinet designed under No. 315 &. A similar head also appears on the copper coins of the Armenian king Sames (Mionn. IV, 454).

More can be said about this strange mask don't say. It should also be mentioned that in places the one for the coastal areas of the Black Sea, for the Monuments from Chersonesus, Panticapaeum, Agrippias-Caesarea Etc., shows characteristic red rust coating The authenticity of the costumes is beyond doubt.

Among the coins presented here by Mr. Will was: This was also first published by Count Prokesch (Wiener num. Magazine 11, 259) large silver piece with a looking back Lions and kneeling human figure with bull's head. Prokesh Remark that the bull's head certainly resembles that of the small col- Chinese coins, and his subsequent allocation The tips are quite accurate. What the rest of Prokesch a. a. 0. published pieces from Colchis I think the gold coins are barbaric imitations of Lysimachusstaters of Byzantium - with the trident -, the copper coin but with the alleged XOAXIAI for the anima of a barbarized silver coin from Massilia"

A.V. Sallet

Numismatic investigations into the later Roman period Imperial period, with special reference to the

MOnzmarl(en.

n.

Some coin stamps from the reception tent

Trebonlanus gallus.

The sixth division of the Roman office in 248 ficin, which left evidence in the coin stamps, As already noted above, only existed in the year mentioned the; because these brands are not only on the coins to the government rank of Philip from the following year, 249, missing, but also on the coins of Trajanus Decios, the Herennia Etrnscilla and the Herennins Etmscns. The only thing that stands out in some of the silver coins from the time of Trajan Oecius are some irregularities which point to another seem to interpret the mint as Rome; they are often older coins minted ^) , and apart from the not so rare occurrences- the hybrid coins from the time of Trajanus Decius There are also examples of how the transcriptions do not correspond to the depiction positions correspond to 3). In any case, it is striking that this

1) On the Mfinzen det Macrinos, Severus Alexander, compare Cohen IV, 8. 232, note 1. 8. 260, note 1. 8. 252, note 1.

2) Cohen, Tr. D. 32 LIBERTAS sUtt VBERTAS or VBERITAS (in the French collection), 47 SECVRITAS instead of LIBERTAS (Bandori) EtrascUla ABVNDANTIA instead of PVDICITIA (d'Bnnery, the collection in Vienna, Ameth 1) 16 VERITAS sUtt VBERITAS in the French collection.

62 ^' P- Brock,

Inaccuracies do not appear on the copper coins; the only irregularity that is noticed in these is that they are often stamped on somewhat irregular pieces of metal are <) ; but this began during the reign of Philip to become quite ordinary.

A. Number symbols.

Yen of the period immediately following Triganus Decius On the other hand, there is solid evidence that the imperial Silver coinage also took place outside of Rome. It is, As already noted above, it is known that Hostilian is often used Denarii with the Hellenizing inscription C OVAL OST IL MES COVINTVS CAESAR or AVG instead of VAL HOSTIL QVIN TVS finds, and since this never appears on copper coins 2), it is certainly beyond doubt that the silver coins mentioned zen were minted somewhere in the Greek part of the empire ^] . Cohen ^) believes that they were minted in Syria. This coin zen also offer another peculiarity, which Eckhel does not seem to have noticed and which after what will be said below, confirms this opinion: on the Obverses are sometimes found under the bust Latin numerals, which are not found on the coins of the occur immediately preceding time, namely IV and VIM); IIV, which appears on some of these coins") is perhaps a die cutter error for VII; but since you Sometimes instead of these numbers, points are met ^j and these do not themselves ths can be confused with len, as shown below-

1) Cohen, IV, p. 232, note 2.

2J Eckhel VU, p. 354. Cohen IV, pp. 264-267.

3) Eckhel VIT, pp. 353-354.

4) lY, p. 250, note 1.

5) Cohen, HottUitn 24, 38.

6) Cohen, Hostilian 2, Tergleiche Snppl. P. 257, and No. 30.

7) Cohen, HosiUlui 24, 37, Tergieiehe Snppl. p. 257.

Nnmiimat. UnteniieU^iiii About the late Roman imperial period, etc. etc

One could easily assume that IIV actually is a union of points and numbers. These numbers or pnnkts do not appear on the copper coins. — On some of the silver coins of Trebonianus Gallns you can find very similar numbers, namely IV, IIV and VII and also VP), not only on the obverse, but also on the reverse, or sometimes Pnnkte instead of this, like one anch on the coins Yolusians V 1 1 ^ or points, and The same applies to the copper coins of both as to the other Hoetilians.

Regarding Gkillus and Volusian, Marchant') has one There is an interpretation of these numerals that is quite plausible sdieint; he suspects that the numbers 4 and 7 are the corresponding years of the eleventh century of Rome denote, so Gkdlns and Volusian according to these coins Ms must have ruled in the year 254, and this will, As is well known, in Eckhel's opinion also from the coins confirmed with the fourth tribunate ^j . Marchant mentions that- against not that these stamps are also on the coins of Hostilian occur, as he actually has no reason to be concerned. rtitignng his opinion leading by the reverse of the of Coins from Gkdlus and Volusian mentioned to him with ROMAE AETERNAE AVG and VICTORIA AVG«) how to easily idien will make no contribution at all to the explanation of the matter in question give signal; he only says that Volusian, on whose face zen only appears VII, looks older. The illustrations at Marchant ^) are, however, too bad to judge with certainty. could, especially since none of Volusian's other coins

11 Cohen, Oallus 19, 28, 40, 58, 60, 61, 67.

2) Cohen, VolusUn 67, 73, 77; Suppl. 8.

3) Lettres sur U numismatique et Thistoire, Paris 1851, 8. 386.

4) Eckhel VII, pp. 356, 361 ff.

5) Marchant, Lettres, pl. XXV, Nos. 6-8.

6) P.I. XXV, Nos. 7-8.

S4^-P-Brack,

ceremony is pictured; with Cohen, however, he is up one of the coins mentioned here with VIP) definitely has a beard pictured, while in the other pictures he is without a beard is shown. Marchant's opinion is without doubt ToU Constantly Correct^ if you take the Mlln approaches from Cohen xen looked closer; because here you can find the numerals, otherwise in connection with representations and transcriptions, which no explanation is given, even on coins with the inscription SAECVLVM NOVVM 2), and they are not based on those at Mar- chant or with reference to Oallus and Volusian Numbers IV and VII are limited, but except IIV also the number VI. The number IIV can also be found on one Coin HostiUans with the inscription SAECVLVH NOVVM >) . This coincidence of the coins of HostiUan, Oallus and Volusians echo Eckhel's opinion of simultaneity of the first with the last, which he bases specifically on this, that the IVNONI MARTIALI type is common for them is, probably^].

At Hostilian these numbers, which are always only in Connection with the title of Caesar occurs, some difficulty to cause. IV &) can easily be in agreement be brought with the year 251 by assuming can that he not immediately after the death of Trajann Dedus Augustus has become; IIV and VII, on the other hand, excite more serious concerns by using the coins with these numbers <^) According to this opinion, it must have been minted in the year 254. Well At first it seems rather doubtful whether Hostilian will last that long lived, and for second it was wonderful that he lived in that year

1) No. 77.

2) Cohen, GaUas 60, 61.

3) No. 30.

4) VII, pp. 353, 358 ff. 367.

5) Cohen, Hostilian 24.

6) Cohen, Ibid. 2, see Suppl. pp. 257, 30, 38.

Nnmiimat. UBtfliMBBgeii about the tp&tare Roman civilization, n. t . w. 55

was always still Cttsar, since there were quite a few of his Mttnzen with the Angnstos title has. The knowledge of the victims HoBtilians. is, however, very low, since the news is ttber him 4m highest grade nnngenaa and are unreliable, in that one doesn't even know whether he is a son or son-in-law of Tnyanus Dedus, just as little when he was Augustus become, or when and how he died^]. Maybe One could conclude from the above-mentioned evidence that he was the first Augustus was born much later than is usually believed; But that doesn't seem to be acceptable, since the coin is marked V I M) only in an EbLcplar in the British Museum seems to be known, and the one with IIV^), in this respect this is really an inverted VII, not in the French see the collection, while Cohen, by the way, does not is given where they occur. In addition, this Mtnzen probably found in one of the distant provinces where the population and language were Greek, and where one may not have knowledge of the true relationship has had. EckheH) mentions that the younger Philipp a coin from Sinope that was even minted after his death Caesar is also called Caesar on a coin from the province of Dada sdnen penultimate year of life, despite clear evidence Daftar say that he had already become Augustus the year before. that was; on the other hand he will go to the Alexandrian MOnaen already called Caesar Augustus^).

1) Eekhel VH, pp. 350-352.

2) No. 38.

3) No. 30, 2, compare Snppl. p. 257.

4) YII, p. 376.

5) Eekhel IV, p. 89. A. v. Stllet, The dates of the Alexandrian imperial manKen, pp. 64-65 *).

*) This CEB on some Caesar coins from Alexandria is perhaps genius tiv, CEBcKTroi; (ytog). Because the Caesars are without a wreath on these coins shown and do not have the name Emperor. The peculiar title By the way, lature is peculiar to an entire colony of Cae^tars since Diadumenlan.

A.V.S. Z«ltierift for Kamismailk. III. 5

The Mttnsen VoliuümB with the number VII ^ietra also 4ie The strange thing is that they all have their own characteristics on the Avene. have real consequences, which, like the hellenisian idea, Btilians, to another place of worship ate Born hiodeatet, since they never appears on his copper coins. Cohen believes that this transcription IMP C V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG comes from the Orient ^). Just as little as the intended ones There are special inscriptions on copper coins The brands mentioned here are so rarely found on these, and one becomes of the opinion that they are referring to someone else's privilege indicate, confirmed by the fact that the finances of Aemilian gana are without such brands. Now we know about his talents government that he moved from Moesia to Italy, and next- to the Gkülus and Yolusian by the soldiers at Interamna tttdtet was recognized by the Senate, which approved him fttr had declared an enemy, but soon afterwards, When Yalerian advanced against Ilm, he was joined by his own soldiers Spoletum was killed; and considering that it, in comparison with the other rulers of those considered here period, only very few Golonia and Greek cities are <), who have stamped Mttnzra with his name, one will see that he was not generally recognized throughout the empire has been. His silver coins certainly offer that peculiarity ') that his tribunal through the acquiescence is denoted by the number I, and EckheH) therefore meant certainly with good reason that these were minted outside Rome would have to, because the copper coins he knew, these did not have an unusual name; according to Cohen ^ but

1) IV, p. 288, note 1, compare Eckhel VII, pp. 369-370.

2) Cohen IV, 8. 309.

3) Ck>heii 19-21.

4) VII, p. 373.

5) Aemilian 41, 42.

NumiBmat. UntersadMiiigen about the late Roman Empire, etc. ^9

Anyway, this coin must necessarily be outside Bora

and so it is, as noted, according to the style

[> zn dent< *) ; but the series up to the seventh year,

di 2 I inng sounds is not complete because

a , i 1 and fifth ^carried up no evidence

] first have. This time calculation does not seem to be the case

1 Z Trebonianus Gallus appears to have been used;

I Antioch autonomous coins in the name of Aemi-

i) ge ^, as noted, one does not find such marks-

I sn coins; from the time of Valerian or the 6th century

' Their successors don't have any brands either

iration of this number series could be considered, and

Type SAECVLVH NOVVH also listens to the director

: of Trebonianus Gallus.

B. Points.

It was noted above that the numerals on the silver btru coins of Hostilian, Gallus and Volusian sometimes change with points; these also come on other of theirs Old coins, but never on their copper coins. With Gallus you certainly can't tell from the averse script Biohlessen that these coins were minted outside Rome; But I don't doubt that regardless of that SU this result for all coins marked with points these three princes must come. You have to be- think that the points as far as Hostilian is concerned, such as the number- Signs only on obverses with the inscription OVAL OST IL COVINTVS^) occur, and in Volusian also only,

- *) Marinos Pacatianns cannot have lived in the Orient, since he only reigned in Moesia for a short time. His rare coins are known to come also «08 this Oegend. A.y. S.

1) Cohen IV, p. 309.

2) Cohen 24, 37.

68 Th. P. Bioek,

The caps of these three princes were given, namely to the huts HostiUaiis and Yolnsiaiis with the mentioneda actuallylilliiiliehfili Averses and with the numbers (nnd points, compare further (couldn't) calculate, as we also have to remember that the Types of the masks of the Trebonian Gallus^ on which the numbers len occur, not found in bronze.

It was mentioned above that C!ohen assumes that the Caps Hostilians with the peculiar obverse script in Syria, and that of those VolnsiaBS must be assumed. Cohen did not specify Which city he believes these coins were minted in, it seems abor it cannot be doubted that Antioch was being. Except what's above about this city as a place of origin Actually Roman monasteries were mentioned, I want to do that draw attention to the fact that especially on the Greek markets Antioch Yolusian AVTOK K T A^IN TAA OVENA OVOAOVCCIANOC C€B i); there is a similar one Inscription (AK T A^ TAA B BOAOVCIANOC CVC^} in- which also appeared on Volusian's Alexandrian marches. It must be noted that on some of the coins Volusians with the Latin obverse script mentioned here that on the Roman silver coins in this period un- ordinary SC 3) occurs, which, on the other hand, is precisely on the autonomous churches of Antioch. So it has to be done from the foregoing it can be assumed that one is in the City where the coins were minted with the above-mentioned numerals are, it was now Antioch or another, a new Aen with began in the eleventh century of Rome; the ones above*- mentioned Mttnze of Pacaüanus with ROMAE AETER[N]. MIL[L] ET PRIMO must certainly be referred to;

1) Eckhel Vn, 8. 369.

2) Eckhel, 1st c.

3) Cohen, Suppl. 5. 6.

NvniuiiAl. UDtenuclHiiigen Q about the late Roman Empire, etc. ^9

I love this Mlinae must necessarily be outside of Bons be embossed and, as mentioned, looks like the style to interpret the Orient *) ; but the series up to the seventh year, with which this tension ends is not complete There is no evidence of the second, third and fifth periods the coins ^^lalten have. This time calculation does not seem to be the case to have been used after the reign of Trebonian Gallus; for regardless of Antioch, autonomous coins in the name of Aemi- lians ^), as noted, one does not find such mar- ken on his coins; from the time of Valerian or the Gktl lienus od^ their successors there are no brands either ds continuation of this number series could be viewed, and the type SAECVLVH NOVVH also listens with the direction formation of the Trebonian Gallus.

B. Points.

i

■ 1

It was noted above that the numerals on the silver Bernese coins of Hostilian, Grallus and Volusian sometimes alternate with points; these also come on other of theirs silver coins, but never on their copper coins. With Gallus you certainly can't tell from the averse script conclude that these coins were minted outside Rome; but I have no doubt that regardless of this to this result for all coins marked with points these three princes must come. You have to be- think that the points as far as Hostilian is concerned, such as the number- Signs only on obverses with the inscription OVAL OST IL COVINTVS') occur, and in Volusian also only,

- *) Mtrinus Pacatisniis cannot have coined in the Orient, since he only reigned in Moefien for a short time. His rare coins are known to come aaeh cos this area. A. ▼. S.

1) Cohen IV, p. 309.

2) Cohen 24, 37.

68 I>r. P* Brock,

Coins of these three princes look pretty close to the coins Hostilians and Yolusians with the mentioned proprietary ones Averses and with the numbers (and timpani, compare further below), as it must also be remembered that the Types of coins from Trebonianus Gallus on which the numbers len occur, not found in bronze.

It was mentioned above that Cohen assumes that the Coins of Hostilian with the peculiar obverse inscription Syria are shaped, and that the same by those Yolusians must be assumed. Cohen did not specify But it seems which city he thinks these coins were minted in it cannot be doubted that Antioch was being. Except what is mentioned above about this city as a prefect place Actually Roman coins have been noticed, I want to draw attention to that precisely on the Greek coins Antioch Volusian AVTOK K T A^IN TAA OVENA OVOAOVCCIANOC C€B i); there is a similar one Inscription (A K T A^TAA B BOAOVCIANOC CVC) in- which also appears on the Alexandrian coins of Yolusian It must be noted that on some of the coins Yolusians with the Latin obverse script mentioned here which was found on the Roman silver coins in this period ordinary SC 3) occurs, which, on the other hand, is precisely on the autonomous coins of Antioch. So you have to check it out the previous one is assumed to be in the City where the coins with the mentioned numerals were minted are, be it Antioch or another, a new Aen with began in the eleventh century of Rome; the ones above mentioned coin of Pacatianus with ROMAE AETER[N]. MIL[L] ET PRIHO must certainly be referred to;

1) Eckhel VII, p. 369.

2) Eckhel, 1st c.

3) Cohen, Suppl. 5. 6.

NvnisinU. UDienudiaiigen about the late Roman Empire, etc. ^9

In fact, this coin must necessarily be outside of Ben Being reprimanded seems, as mentioned, to be based on the style to interpret the Orient *) ; but the series up to the seventh year^ with 4em this Zatreehnong ends is not complete by There is no evidence of anything from the second, third and fifth years received the coins. This time calculation does not seem to be the case to have been used after the reign of Trebonian Gallus; for regardless of Antioch, autonomous coins in the name of Aemi- lians ^), as noted, one does not find such mar- ken on his coins; from the time of Valerian or Oal* lienus or its successors have no brands either ds continuation of this number series could be viewed, and the type SAECVLVH NOVVH also listens with the direction formation of the Trebonian Gallus.

B. Points.

It was noted above that the numerals on the silver Bernese coins of Hostusian, Gallusian and Volusian sometimes alternate with points; these also come on others sUbemen coins before, but never on their copper coins. With Gallus you certainly can't tell from the averse script conclude that these coins were minted outside Rome; But I don't doubt that regardless of that to this result for all coins marked with points these three princes must come. You have to be^ think that the points as far as Hostilian is concerned, such as the number- Signs only on obverses with the inscription OVAL OST IL COVINTVS') occur, and also only in Volusian.

' *) Marinas Pacatlanus cannot have influenced the Orient, since he only... reigned in Moetien for a short time. His rare coins are known to come aaeh cns this area. A. ▼. 8.

1) Cohen lY, p. 309.

2) Cohen 24, 37.

70 ^' P- Brock,

w«ui the ATenumaelift IH[P] CVAF GALVEND VOL.V SIANO AVG 1) dead. We know the Münieii of Treboniaami Gettas with timpani >) betmohteiii was able to do it at the first Aa^ I see that in the Ayersom writing one of these, nlmlenih ADVENTVS AVG"), a proof of this UUto, dess the alleged property is incorrect, in that the said Inscription dnreh the name of the arrival of the emperor Rome, after which he caused the death of Tn\|aa«s through his actions Dedus in the Battle of Abridum and a real the last peace he had made with the Goths points to the Oflbin of the capital city; but the same Beyers* circumscribed and depicted on the Mtlnse Vdnsians nüt IM[F] CVAF GAL VENO VOLVSIANO AVG and three points occurs under the head ^), and one from HostUiui^) dne similar with the Hellenizing Ayers transcription COVL (flir OVAL) OSTIL HES COVINTVS CAESAR and with the Brand IIV *), it must be assumed that this Mttn* ate, except in Rome, Mch in offices outside the main city v) minted dnd, but in such a way that the words ADVENTVS AVG on the coins that are probably emblazoned outside Bom the arrival of the emperor in the capital, not in the place of worship, like later, must mean. Another proof of the provki- The origin of these coins is known in the somewhat unusual The most popular Beyer transcription PAX AVGVS^); this presentation

1) Cohen 3, 6, 38, 42, 67, (68?)/

2) Cohen 5, 43, 57, 59, 67.

3) Cohen 5.

4) Cohen 8, terglelehe Wleiey 2530.

5) Cohen 2.

6) Cohen, Snppl. p. 257.

7) Something similar seems to you, as you noticed, at the moment Philipps was zn by the well-known silver coin with ADVENTVS AVOO in the Aranidsl collection also with the one on an oriental Priges hut interpretive averse with the head Ilnkshin (Cohen, Suppl. 1) occurs,

8) Cohen, OaUus 43.

Nnmiflinate. üntenachnngen About the Late Roman Empire, etc. 71

sMhutg ht, WM Gallas concerns, accompanied by a dot, Md from Vblnsian you have the same coin nrit swd Pnnk- th on the reverse and followed by the Ayers inscription IMP 9V AF GAL VEND VOLVSIANO AVG^), while it Give the two emperors more regular monces with PAX AETERNA, PAX AVGG^) without points, there are of which the the latter is also embossed in copper '). Comes from Volusian also mention the mttnze with PAX AVGVS with the mher- th wonderful addition SC^), which points to Antioch, before. On the coins with the other types from Gallus: IVNO MARTIALIS, ROMAE AETERNAE AVG, SAECVLVM NO WM and VBERITAS AVG»), where the points occur, one finds the numerals IV, VI and IIV in alternation"). It should also be added that it is a mistake if Ramus^) a coin from Gallus with VICTORIA AVG and IM below; the coin that I have exactly in the royal lent Danish collection, has no III, but three points on the reverse, with a fleeting Aa^^ but from a glance they can be mistaken for III; it corresponds the coins Hostilians ^) and Volusians ^) with the number VII, and these both have the peculiar obverse inscriptions. That the coins with the points come from the same office as the The first-mentioned ones started with the numerals can be used as can certainly be accepted if one considers the many similarities between these two groups; and as a be- confirmation that they probably come from some orientation

1) Cohen, Volusian 47.

2) Cohen, GtUus 41-42. Volusian 36, 37, 39, 40.

3) Cohen, Gallns 102, 103. Volusian 104-106.

4) Cohen, Suppl. 5, 6.

5) Mus. Naples 12286. Cohen, OaUus 57, 59, 67.

6) Cohen, ibid. 28, 58, 60, 61, 67.

7) Ramns 6.

8) Cohen, Hoitilian 38.

9) Cohen, Volusian 77. Suppl. 8.

72 Dr. P. Btoek,

taliseheo OfBcin henühren, be arrived that one from Galliemis a BiUonmttnze with the Beyersumsehrifk RESTITVT ORIEN TIS and two points in the section ^); this coin must partly because of Ayersom's writing ') » which was spoken of later should be ^ partly because you have a corresponding representation ycm Valerian has ^) , firstly, yor the captivity of the latter be minted and secondly according to the Ayers transcription, like it will be shown in more detail below, in the annex of the joint government of Valerian and Gaul, following Kch not long after the coins of Hostilian, Gallus and Volusian with deb points. Since the mentioned representation is not comes in copper, neither with Valerian's head nor with it that of Gallienus, this circumstance is further confirmation the opinion expressed here.

From these remarks it will be clear that one certainly has valid reasons for awarding points to these as well. see coins from those minted in the capital separate.

The following overview of the information contained in this section mentioned coins from Hostilian, Gallus and Volusian will be on most easily the great and strange agreement between make it clear to them, both in the special ones Ayersumscriptions, as far as Hostilian and Volusian are concerned, than in the Reyersen and the numbers and points mentioned.

1) Cohen, Gtllienns 490.

2) see also Suppl. 55.

3) Cohen, ytleiian 11&— 120.

NuBltBMl. UDianoehuigeD ülMt te ^ttan vomiMke KaUeruil» n. t. w. 78

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NvalMMi. Untenaclmiigeii dber tto tpilere Roman KaiseneH, etc. 75

On this cinsamine plate it shows the same thing expected, slightly different syllable endings with the own tfattmlichen Ayersamsebrifleii and Zeieben as role models Mtm« to whom babies were born, which dadnrcb that they fully correspond married couples in Enpfer, from the capital's office. must have gone; the provincial origin of the former So it doesn't hurt to be doubted.

yn. The coins at the time of Talerian's desire

and Gallienns.

A. Chronological examinations.

Before we look at the brands on the coins of Valerian and Gaul, it becomes necessary be to examine which different periods the un- dated belong to this emperor.

1. Obverse transcriptions with P LIC.

For now it will be noted that the dated coins Valerian from the years 254, 255, 256 and 257 on the Averse the longer transliterations IHP C P LIC VALERIA NVS AVG or IHP C P LIC VALERIANVS P F AVG^) have; the coins on which the victory over the Germanic peoples ^ is mentioned, which, according to the coins of Gaul, dates back to... Year 256 or 257 must be set, all P LIC also have in the obverse script; only with the last-mentioned year a shorter transliteration begins: IHP VALERIANVS AVG"), consequently at the same time as the longer one. Of 258 you don't have any safe coins of Valeriana), while against it There is a fairly high degree of probability that the coin will init

1) Cohen, Valerien p^re 99-104, Sappl. 7, compare No. 204 (i£.).

2) n>ld. 64. 150— löö, w^. 219-221 (Is.).

3) Ookeii, Ibid. 105.

4) Befchel VU, 8. 378.

76 Dr. P. Biook,

ViCT PART or to Vaillaat, VICTORIA PARTHICAi) There can be 259 years, of which the eratgenaante is little* at least none of the younger transliterations with P LIC have, which characterize the coins of 254 Ins 257, but a slightly different one: IMP VALERIANVS P F AVG; the The obverse of the second one cited by Yaillant is not mentioned. give. You can see here that the transcriptions start with P LIC not used in Valerian's later years of desire. which are, and if one considers the dated coins of Gaul, you will notice that P LIC in the obverse Transcriptions on these occurred for the last time in the year 257, but in any case never later ^) .

2. Reverse lettering with AVGG.

It will soon be assumed that most of them

of the coins of Galliena with AVGG in the reverse inscriptions

were coined before Valerian's captivity, during

those with AVG generally seem to be shaped after this.

Now if we consider the first mentioned

o) Consider minted in Gold and Billon, Cohen 37,

46, 82, 85, 86, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 251,

252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 329, 330, 331

335, 336, 343, 380, 381, 382, 396, 397

401, 402, 403, 418, 419, 421, 468, 474

507, 508, 509, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611

615, 633, 634, 635, 636, 670, 671, 672

676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683

687, 688, Sappl. 11, 12, 32, 40, 45, 46, 50 it will also show up.

332, 333, 334, 398, 399, 400, 475, 476, 506, 612, 613, 614, 673, 674, 675, 684, 685, 686, 69, 77, 78, 79,

1) Cohao, Valtfrim ptee 156, 157, yeiflelohe Eckhel VII, p. 378. VaillMit, n, 8. 348.

2) Compare Eckhel VII, p. 391 ff., cfr. Cohen, GtUienns 428, which there is placed in the year 256, which is at least doubtful since, as fickhel a. St. noted, either the Tribunate or the Consulate in the Reversomsohrlft P H TRP tili COS III P P is incorrect.

NnmUmat. UatersoGhungen About the despitew rfimisehe Kataenelt, n. s. 1r. 77

a) that« the most tired of these reverses also on the MttnBen Yalerians are met; in this way corresponds to:

Gallienns

Valerianus

Gallienns

Yalerianns

37

7, 8

607

144

46

9

608-609

142 143

85

26

610

139

123

39

615

cf.

. 142 143

127 129

40-42

633

146, 147

251 255part^l.

634

148

256

67 69

635-

-636

184-188

329-332

72 74

670-

-671

167

cf. 71

673-

-678

158-162

333

79

679-

-681

cf.

, 158-162

334

80-81

683

167

335-336

cf. 77

687-

-688

168-169

380 cf.

381

86

Snppl. 1 1

35

382

83 compare 82

12

35

396-40 IvergH

32

67 69

402 403

demf

91 93

40

86

Sappl. according to'

46

95, 96

419

95 96

50

106

421

98

69

139-141

468

cf. 106

77

167

474-476

107-108

78

158

506-508

127 128

79

168-169

509

125-126

So this whole sequence of Gkdlienn coins has to happen the imprisonment of Yalerians.

With the remaining gold and billon coins of the Oallienns with AVGG, for which there is no corresponding one from Valerian (82, 86, 343, 418, 611-614, 672, 682, 684, 686, Suppl. 45), It won't be necessary to stay here because it won't be there every AVGG anf Valerian and (xallienns must be obtained, but this word also refers to Gaul and Solomon. nina can have; In addition, you are on the other side

Tel Df* P> Bio^f

ueh v

i^ The agreement of the above-mentioned golden and Billonmttnaen by Valerian and Oallieniu, however, does not find anything especially in relation to the Beyerse, but in most of the films len anoh with the averse. This is how the descriptions correspond:

IMP C P LIC GALLIE IHP C P LiC VALE

NVS AVG

RIANVS AVG

Gallienns 46

Yalerian 9

85

26

256

67

400

93

421

98

608

142

610

139

615

cf. 142

634

148

676

159

688

168

Sappl. 46

96

78

158

79

168

IMP C P LIC GALLIE

IMP C P LIC V

NVS P F AVG

RIANVS P F A>

Gaul 123

Valeriao 39

124

40

251, 252

69

332

72

337

80

335, 336

cf. 77

419

95

476

107

609

143

635 cf. Snppl. S.

267

154

677

160

679—681

cf. 160

683

167

687

169

Sappl. 69

140

NamUmat. Undertakings about the Roman Empire, n. s. w. 7#

IMF GALUENVS P AVG

Q«lU«nQR 829

396 468, Snppl. 50 5O6 509

IMP GALLIENVS P F AVG

Gallienas 507

IMP GALLIENVS AVG

GallienuB 398

402, viz. Snppl. p. 266

GALLIENVS P F AVG

Gailiena's 678

IMP VALERIANVS P AVG

Yalerian 73

92 106 127 126

■ I

IHP VAUERIANVS P F AVG

Valerian 128

IHP VALERIANVS AVG

Valerian 91

91

VALERIANVS P F AVG

Valerian 162 (cf. Cohen

a. St.).

ICan see here that the agreement in relation to hnng anf the averse scripts with P LIC, which is on un- about half (40) of all gold and billon coins of the Oallieno with AVGG on the reverse (92). is very striking, and since at the time of Valerian the expression happened fairly regularly, in that only certain During the sole government of Oallienus the Roman Empire of flooded with countless bad coins, you can I'm sure you'll also see evidence in what has been said that Obverse phrases with P LIC, which correspond to the Evidence of the dated coins of Valerian and Oallienus according to which until 257 are dominant, essentially from the same period, which, in terms of length, increases Valerian's entire reign behaved roughly like the Pay the coins of Gallienus with AVGG and P LIC all its coins behave with AVGG: it is approximately that half.

80 Dr. P. BiOQk,

If you demniclist the others under aader ttbei^- Attuned Ayersom writings of the golden and BiUonnittaien of Valerian and Gkülienus with AVGG on the Reyerse the introduction of P LIC will be one of the first desires This has been even more confirmed in recent years. The dated coins of According to Gallienus, yor comes: