Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 1 — 1874

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CJ

5

MAGAZINE

FOR

NUMISMATICS.

! ^

HEEAEXPENDITURE*"

VOK

Dr. ALFEED by SALLET,

MEMBER DBS ARCHABOLOGISCHBN INSTITUTS, HONORARY MEMBER OF NÜMISMATIBCHEK

SOCIETY IN LONDON.

KRSTKR BAND.

BERLIN.

WEIDMANN'S BOOKSHOP.

1874.

H-i-/fi

VorAvort.

Various circumstances made it desirable that a numismatic journal will appear in Berlin want, which primarily classical antiquity, but also the Middle Ages and the sixteenth Century, without too narrow boundaries.

Following an honorable request, I have this Editorship of such a magazine was taken over and hope that the numismatic public both through the content than through the accompanying illustrations present first volume, as well as the equipment, which the publisher will share with him Hess, you will feel satisfied.

I have a pleasant duty here to all of you to express my thanks to the company promoted and favored; first S. Exe. dem

^Q^^(n.d

IV Preface.

Home Minister Dr. Falk, who through the approval of a well-known support from state funds contributed significantly to the magazine. Then this Gentlemen of the staff, especially Dr. Imhoof Blumer, who gave the magazine a beautiful copper plate has left.

Berlin, April 15, 1874.

A.V. Sallet

Contents of the first volume.

Antiquity

Page

Gurtius, £., prefer Greek colonial coins 1 - 16

Sallet, A. V., The coins of Ghersonesus in the Crimea (Plate I). 17-32 Rauch, A. V., About the internal content and the metal value in Greece Chinese and Roman silver coins after Prussian

money v. 32-42

Brandis, Contributions to Greek Heraldry 43 — 68

Imhoof-Blumer, F., contributions to coinage and geography by

Ancient Greece and Asia Minor (Plates III-V) 93-162

Sallet, A. V., Thracian and Macedonian coins 163—171

Weil, R., Remarks on the Greek federal coins. . 172-182

- Histiaea — Oreos 183—189

Sallet, A. V., The catalog of the coin collection of the British Museum 213 - 216

Weil, R., silver coin from Tiryns 217-218

Merzbacher, £., Jewish rebellion coins from the time of Nero and ,

Hadrian 219-228

Mommsen, Th., The Imperial Supreme Pontificate 229-244

SaUet, A. v.. Talking Coins 278—285

Friedlaender, J., The acquisitions of the Royal Coin Cabinet

in 1873 291-304

Sallet, A. V., The oldest tetradrachms of the Arsacids (Plate VIII) 305-^13

Pertinax Caesar, the son of Emperor Pertinax. . 314-318

LambroB, P., Unedited Coin of Tenea 319-320

Imhoof-Blumer, F., Numismatic Corrections 321—334

Meyer, L., Unedited Imperial Coins of Asia Minor 335-336

YI Contents of the first volume.

Middle Ages.

Page

Dannenberg, H., The Aachen and Cologne coins of the High

Staufen Emperor and their opponents (Plate II) 69 - 86

Lambros, P., Unedited Middle Age Coins of Athens and Naxos

(Plate VI) 190-197

LambroB, P., unedited coin of the Grand Master Fnlco of Villaret 198-200

Friedlaender, J., The coins of the ObtfrieBiBchen chiefs (Plate VII) 245-261

Reber, F., About some Regensburg denarii from recent finds 262-267

Dannenberg, H., On East Frisian coinage 268-277

Brock, P., Presumable evidence of Wendish incursions in

Denmark 337-347

Dannenberg, H., The coin find from Dobra 348-370

MISGELEN.

Unedited Aureus of Nnmerianus. J. Friedlaender 87

Carved inscription (Terina). A.v. S88

Coins from Neapoks with supposedly Phonician inscriptions. A.v. S. . 202

The coin cabinet in Naples. A.v. S202

Cleaning ancient coins. A.v. S203

Galvanoplastic copies of ancient coins (London). A.v. S286

On the Hildesheim silver find. A.v. S286

Coin of Titus. Th. M 371

The disappearance of well-preserved Lower Italian coins etc. A. v. S. . 372

HohensUufen-Deuare. H.D 373

Numismatic Society in London. A.v. S374

NECROLOGIST.

Johann Brandts. A. ▼. S201

Louis Sambon. A.v. S371

Contents of the first volume. . yn

LITERATURE.

Page

Berlin papers etc 88. 204

Catalog etc 90

P(röhiier) 90

Lambro's 99,211

Postolakas 91

Fenardent 204

Friedlaender 205. 379

Holm 209

Merzbacher 211

Namismatic chronide 287. 380. 382

Stuart Poole 288

Schnbring 288

Brandis 375

Erbstein 376

Friedlaender and Sallet 378

Periodico di Numismatica etc 382

Roug6 383

Saulcy 383. 392

prefer Greek ColonlalmQnzeii.

If we in the daughter cities the Mntterstadt with everyone political^ and religious institutions; yes also with her Hamen (like MiletupoliS; Megara, Farion^ Lindos, Eyme and other Bei- show games) are reborn, so we will also be the ones for civil life, the most important of all inventions, the oil of the Mother city with the municipal coat of arms in the Fflanzstadt as- who expect to find. During construction the new one had to be City, as with everything else, also with oil from home be provided; the new Eaufmannshäuser, the shipyards and industrial companies were all just branches. municipal shops, and also in setting up your own In Mttnzofficin one could not intend anything other than the cir- cultivating oil that connected the colony with the mother country, in a way that corresponds to the growing traffic diverse. The mother city's coat of arms was the given Symbol of blood relationship, the most appropriate expression dissolved community and mutual commitment

Because the sending state didn't think about its own Citizens to give up and a capital of citizen power to be renounced to perform; he just put it in a place where it would be useful teressen seemed more useful than at home.

The emigrants had to continue for the entertainment of the

to contribute to the community, which happened in various ways.

1

2 E. Curtiu B.

So we know from the planting cities of Sinope that the citizens the same for the round pieces assigned to them annually Had to pay interest ^). These were the contributions for the army and fleet^ through which they continue to exist in their exposed settlements had to be protected. The Oöttem was least allowed to get through Emigration causes damage, not a reduction their income nor a reduction in the splendor of the festival. That's why The colonies had to bring their sacrificial animals at the annual festivals ') be represented and pay tithes from their income, like this is attested by the Delphic settlements. The oil contributions but could only be accepted in local coin, and So we have to not only because of trade, but also with Consideration for the uninterrupted community association and the continued participation in public finances equal money between the mother city and the daughter city.

This requirement is met by a considerable number of Colonial coins. The stamps of teas and abdera are so over- consonant, also in the form of the impact, that only the input the legend makes an undoubted distinction possible In the area of the Massaliotes there are silver coins with the Seals, of which one can only doubt whether they are immediate come from Phocaia or, as Lagoy and de la Saussaye suggest, take, in Massalia, coined after the mints of the mother town are. However, it can be assumed that the coins zen of Phokaia, Massalia and Hyele identical for a while were.

Eorinth is similar to its western planting types cities connected, Rhodes with Soloi, Eorkyra with ApoUonia and Dyrrhachion, Taras with Heraclea. The guys from Rhegion were transferred to Zankle, which was newly founded from there. Also We can probably count Uria and Nola here if we are Nola

1) Xen. Anabasis V 5.

*) Diod. XII 30: ra xcnn^MSfiiva UQtla; Thak. I 25: iy nay^vQtm dead »oiyak dMy€U ytQa rä vofdtCofuya,

About Greek colonial coins. *3

•

as the new town founded from üria, on which the types of the older city have been completely passed over*).

The conformity of types is so much a rule assumed that they have been around since the founding of numisma technical research is to be regarded as documentary evidence of parentage and as * one of the most important tools for producing the Used to use the family tree of Greek municipalities is. This is how Spanheim concludes from what he calls Mino- taurus of Sicilian coins on Cretan settlement; Millingen concluded from the lion's head skin on the Gortynian coins, that in Polycrates' time not only in Eydonia, but also in Gorty's Sami plant citizens have settled. So did Leake a Colonial connection between Damastion and According to Mionnet, Zakynthos was mistaken due to a false reading. led, a Corinthian colony in Naupaktos').

How premature it would be, however, to withdraw from any agreement the mood of the coin types to infer real descent, The Locrian characteristics prove this, among other things. The Epicephyrians coined with Corinthian types to identify themselves as descendants of the to authenticate ozoles; but these have, if we take Leake's approach view') in the arrangement of the Locrian coins, this Characteristics adopted to represent the mercantile and political yor- to gain parts of a connection to Eorinth without Corinth to have received these plant citizens. Zankle is like that too through the Sami character as a quasi-colony of Samos characterized

1) J. Friedlaender, Osk. Coins, p. 37 f.

*) Mionnet, Snppl. III, 483.

*) Leake, NumlBm. Hellen. Enr. Greece p. 63. Suppl. Enr. p. 131. It seems me, without wanting to detract from the question, at least a double one Series of Locrian Pegasus coins to be accepted, nnd the sub-Italian ones, which are characterized by lightning, are also different in style from those without flash, which we call the ozolian Attribute Lokrem.

1»

4 !«• Curtins.

There are very special historical circumstances here^ which influence the choice of type. A likewise strange conclusion for the changeable relationships; which ones can enter between mother and daughter cities; is that Mint of the Sybarites^ which, according to their outstanding appearance, theilong of Poseidonia was restored with the Types of this city shaped; which so from the daughter to became the mother city.

But it also happens that certain types of media are fashionable were, as is the case with personal names, when an individual or a family of the name outshines all contemporaries in fame The image is accepted as a good omen, as a sign; under which one believes. To have to be lucky'). So we see that Rhodes re-mints Philippine coins without any there had been a relationship of dependency with the king. So the Aetolians take the Heracles head of Alexander the Great on, and the Asian dynasts are known to be lagging behind for a long time after his death under his name and image, similar to The same thing happened with the Attic types. Since the old, ancestral relationships based on consanguinity between Cities and tribes lost their importance and others, gave way to further and more vague relationships, The types were chosen according to their inclinations. The new cities of the Orient wanted a relationship with Athens, and the royal city of the Seleucids considered it an honor to coin an Attic colony with Pallas and Owl.

The Attic tetra- drachmas minted in Hierapytna, Ch>rtys and Eydonia have been made, and on the continent of Asia the descendants Attic stamps were minted in the area on the southern edge of the great salt desert, where dynasts, whose memory is completely lost is lost, the yier drachma pieces of Athens in a tiered

>) Miliingen, Ancient Coins p. 45.

About Greek Bolie ColoniaJbünzen. 5

wisely taking Yerzeming imitated^). Athens has a close retinue of such descendants; during a The transfer of its types from Athens is hardly inferior is demonstrable; you would have to go to Sigeion, where you can eat Attic minted copper finds Attic settlements from the Pisistratid accept time.

These are examples of Mttnz types; which were chosen arbitrarily are; in contrast to those inherited through inheritance. There- There may still be special intentions behind it, like it e.g. B. from the Bhodiem is not unlikely; that the Philippian types paid homage to Philip's son should be. Seeking favor through Mtlnz is even more obvious to us. types among the Egestaem ^ when they express themselves through representation wanted to recommend Aeneas to the Romans as cousins.

. If the coin images are used to represent electoral to express, as we briefly call it, social relationships can; This undoubtedly happens by real analogy Family relationships; people paid homage to those who had been accepted Metropolises, as was usual with the real mother cities. It can be all the more surprising that a large number of real ones There are mother and daughter cities, which are not through same network types are connected.

The entire series of Milesian planting towns shows no consistent going type, just as little as that of the Chalcidian.

For most of these colonies one could assume that they were deduced before the introduction of the coin, and that At the time of its introduction the connection was already too strong loosened so that a transfer could have taken place. We would therefore have an older one in relation to the coins and to adopt a younger group of Greek planting towns have, and as a limit around the middle of the seventh century. However, this attempt at an explanation appears to be inadequate, because

V. FrokeBook, Memoir. d. Vienna Academy 1858 p. 82.

Q B. CurtiaB.

There are a number of younger colonies that are not related to mother urban coat of arms ^ e.g. B. Kamarina^ Akragas, Lipara^ Amisos.

There must therefore be other reasons why the since Spanheim and Eckhel regarding the colonial coins and since then tacitly accepted rule so much suffered that the rule itself appears to be in question.

The reasons are very different.

First of all, it should be borne in mind that the original identity of the in many cases only by chance is not attested The Phocaean types of Massalia are first unexpectedly came to light through the discovery of St. Remy. From the colonies of Sinope, which are in very close association with the Mntterstadt, we have e.g. B. none at all or none old coins. Some colonies always like to deal with that the mother city's money, which also existed there remained dominant where colonial coins were minted« That Corinthian money is so abundant in Sicily that... Neumann certainly follows the Corinthian Eoppa coins a Sicilian city, and Eckhel also learned from it I couldn't shake the improbable view that she was in Syracuse were shaped.

Let us remember that in the rich treasure of Great Greece and Sicilian coins there is actually nothing that exists to the products of a still immature visual and embossed art It should be expected that the proportionately oldest style are no longer incunables, but in their own Wisely finished and perfected, we must confess that we about the coinage conditions of the colonies during the first year 100 years of their existence have no point of view. Either is until around 600 BC. Only native city money was in circulation in the 1st century BC. beings, or they are the older series of colonial money joined the mother cities, destroyed by imprint been since people freed themselves from all paternalism and

About greeohiflolie ColonialmUnsen. 7

through our own coins the achievements of the Matterland mint you can be placed in the shade gently.

This already touches on a second point, which is The value of the colonial coins is important, namely the ColonieU's addiction to socializing; which is also in the coins shows, and nowhere more clearly than here.

The continuity of the metal types is not only dependent on the metal various; but also according to the areas. Depending on East, the more rigid the coin, as the long validity of the Da- reiosstempel proves and the stereotypical character of the kings of Kition*).

In Hellas, you are not rigid, but rather you develop Place of the animal and plant images, which after the process of Babylonian coat of arms style were used as embossed symbols, quickly a wealth of representations, especially since the introduction of the Double embossing, which is native to Central Greece and was already imitated in Macedonia around 500. Still find it we have a superiority in the creative educational drive of the people surprising reserve, a consistency of types and one very strong attachment to the traditional symbols. This is explained, firstly, by the sacral cha- racter of the Greek coins, and secondly, from a well-understood the interest of the trading cities, where one has the advantage of one knew how to appreciate a firm stamp based on shape and weight. Was the first reason perhaps the dominant one in ancient Athens? This is evidenced in the long rows of coins from Corinth, Samos, Ghios, Rhodes the mercantile rhythm. The more valuable the money piece was, and the further the circle, where it was without complaint should be accepted, the more solid the types. In gold We also find the grand royal coat of arms even more rigid than in Silver retained'). But the copper was only for the city

i) Brandis, Coinage of the Near East p. 372. s) Brandis p. 244.

g E. Cnrtiiis.

community valid; So here there was no grandiose aspect to the representation urged to put on reins; nnd the fixed coat of arms stamp was here not in his place ^ because it wasn't important here ceremoniously certify the standardized weight. Through the copper The coinage of money has been brought into a new movement steered into new directions, so that the repetition of the silver Stamping on copper is generally an exception, so much so that when it occurs, it serves as a reason for the non-mismatic was used to doubt the authenticity of the coins in question^). But for the mother country one can set down the rule that the strength of the silver types is the sure sign of an early the timely order of public conditions, the oscillation ken of the same a stitch of the opposite, such as. B. the change- show the influence of the Thracian-Macedonian coastal peoples, which are insecure in themselves, now here, now there, connection and support search.

It's different in the colonies, where tradition is weaker and the desire for new things was stronger in all areas. At identical types, such as those of Teos and Abdera you can see the greater mobility of the planting city here quietly beginning modification of the embossed image. But then kick a wealth of new shapes, either by certain pre- dominant types appear in a new variation, as in Taras, or consequences of very different types, as in the exceptionally so conservativen Massalia eight clearly under- different coin eras can be identified. In cities like There is no evidence of an actual coin coat of arms for Syracuse.

In the motherland, silver and copper piping are widespread different character. You can see that they are among completely different people circumstances. The silver stamping is subject to fixed conditions norms; She is strict and tied to tradition monotonous. Copper money is more independent and more numerous.

i) Oadalvtoe, Becuefl p. 57,

I would rather have Greek golomalm flax. 9

Here the beer motifs are replaced by profane ones the national highlights the local ones. The Enpfer becomes one Chronicle of daily history, for a ninstration of local history legend; the coins become monuments; because in grande there is no difference; whether the Cologne doctor Xenophon an ore statue set in the market of his hometown or one A coin is struck with his image. They are occasional coins (monnaies de circonstance), and it becomes arbitrary here so much Ramn is allowed that even individual citizens have the right the minting of coins is left, as we have recently learned from the inscription from Sestos ^).

This difference between Eaper and silver coinage, like what the Matterland knows is not relevant for the colonies. Here the local also makes its presence felt on the silver; here The silver coins also become medals. This is how we find it the coins of Istros and other Pontic cities drawings on the fishing there, in Eyrene Silphion and Gazelle, representing the earth fire in Illyrian ApoUonia Native rivers and springs appear on the coins of the Western colonies come to the foreground, and agricultural social circles in which certain types become predominant the, such as B. the male bull in Greater Greece and Sicily. These are, so to speak, dialect forms of the plastic ones Artificial language, which neither comes from coin contracts nor from the ancestry can be deduced. That's how they develop stylistic peculiarities through which the origin of a Coin reveals itself to the eye before its membership is established is posed, as are forms of the coin legend that relate to the landscape spread out like SoX^x6}^, TsQancdvj Na/$dM6v. It forms between two neighboring towns a continuous analysis involuntarily logy in the treatment of the impression *), as between

^) C. Curtius, Hermes Vn p. 135. s) Hohn, History of Sidliens I p. 367.

£10 • Curtins.

and Gela, or they are formal state revenues, like the ^ which the incuse silver fabric of Lower Italy must be grand, whereby colonial Mttnz areas are created, which are entirely populations from different tribes into new collective orders connect. You can see how under the influence of neighbors environment and independent development of the colonial the original relationships with the mother cities be pushed back.

It should be taken into account that only in the rarest cases Falls the population of a place so massive and unmixed moved to another, as was the case with Teos and Abdera Abdera was nothing but a second Teos, and Protagoras and Hecataeus were just as good at making clay as they were clay. rites are called. The rule was that under the supervision of one large lakeside area where shipping flourished, people eager to emigrate People from different communities came together to take part in the to participate in the founding of the city. Under such circumstances they could the influences of the sending city are not so pervasive and be decisive, as is the case in Teos. connections of symbols, main and secondary types.

The stamps of Thurioi testify through their double image the Goncurrence of the Athenians with the remains of the Sybarites, and in such Gollecti colonies, like Eyrene, we find next to the native symbols, which in the absence of a unique each individual mother city had to come forward, a succession of alternating people Secondary symbols, such as boar and eagle's head, which are on Methymna, lalysos and other places involved in the colonization become. This is how the Pegasus on the coins from Eroton reminds us to the co-founders from Eorinth, the acorn in Laos to Arcadian Folk elements as they appear on coins from Mantineia finds, the Erug of the Toroneans to Andres. In Emzelnen can one makes a mistake when interpreting the symbols, and must especially Especially with Attic symbols for the reason stated above Be careful, but on the whole the native ones will change

About Greek Golonial coins, XI

connections should not be denied, and the general principle the ancestry of Hellenic communities on their coins Giving expression also works well here.

There is a special situation with the Delphic gods lonia.

In a sense, anyone who was properly donated could Planting place of the motherland so called and as a Pythopolis') be referred to as deducing without Delphic sanction was an outrage that could only cause disaster, like the one on the evening expensive Dorieus example showed').

But the planting locations were not of the same kind There were those whose settlers were temple servants, whose fields were temple servants. gjit were, like Rhegion. Here Delphi was spiritual and secular metropolis; secondly, those that originated from state communities, but under Delphic auspices; thirdly, there were places which voluntarily joined Delphi, like the Philhellenes Places in Athens, and subsequently, to a certain extent, adopted themselves Hesse.

For the first two categories we look for coins an expression for their relationships with Delphi, and find it in the head of Apollo from Rhegion, as in the triangle from Eroton and Temesa. The DreiAiss was the one in Delphi itself Solenne name of the Apollonian property and was in the rock walls carved to separate the sacred from the profane to BOBdem*).

But the other planting cities also paid homage to the Delphic God as their patron, Eyrene, Apollonia, Metaponto of all he demanded taxes as a contribution to the maintenance of the mother saint ihums, namely he demanded a tithe of land from every place in the manner appropriate to the country, so that everyone sent in,

i) Flood. TheseuB 25. s) Herodotus V 42.

*) G. Weseher, Monument bitingae p. 55 line 80: nitQa 4 inayia rag odov ol tQinovQ iymxoloTna*. p. 36 line 15: oqos, iy f i^inwt iynsxQkanrw,

4 S« Curtins.

There are very special historical circumstances here^ which influence the choice of type. A likewise strange zengnising for the changeable relationships, which can enter between Matter and daughter towns; is that Coin of the Sybarites, which according to their excellent condition theilong of Poseidonia was restored with the Types of this city shaped; which so from the daughter to Matterstadt became.

But it also happens that certain types of coins become fashionable were, as is the case with personal names, when an individual or a family of the name outshines all contemporaries in fame The BUd is accepted like a good omen, like a sign, where you believe you have to be lucky^). So we see that Bhodos re-mints Philippine coins without any there had been a relationship of dependency with the king. So the Aetolians take the Heracles head of Alexander the Great on, and the Asian dynasts are known to be lagging behind for a long time after his death under his name and image, similar to This only happened to the Attic types. Since the old, ancestral relationships based on consanguinity between Cities and tribes lost their importance and others, gave way to further and more vague relationships, The types were chosen according to their inclinations. The new cities of the Orient wanted a relationship with Athens, and the royal city of the Seleucids considered it an honor to coin an Attic colony with Pallas and Owl.

The Attic tetra- drachmas minted in Hierapytna, Ch>rtys and Eydonia have been made, and on the continent of Asia the descendants reach Attic stamps can be found in the area on the southern edge of the great salt desert, where dynasts, whose memory is completely lost is lost, the four drachma pieces of Athens in a tiered

i) MUUngen, Ancient Goins p. 45.

About Greek ColoniaL coins. 5

wise increasing distortion ^). Athens asked an nnabbehbare entourage of such descendants, while a The transfer of its types from Athens is hardly inferior is demonstrable; you would have to go to Sigeion^ where you can eat Attic finds coined copper; Attic settlements from the Fisistratids accept time.

These are examples of Mttnz types; which were chosen arbitrarily are; in contrast to those inherited through inheritance. There- There may still be special intentions underlying ^ like it e.g. B. from the Rhodiem is not unlikely; that the Philippian types paid homage to Philip's son should be. Seeking favor through Htlnz is even more obvious to us. types among the Egestäem; if they express themselves through representation wanted to recommend Aeneas to the Romans as cousins.

. If the coin images are used to represent election-related to express social relationships; as we call it briefly can; This undoubtedly happens by real analogy family relationships; people paid homage to those who were accepted metropolises; as was usual in the real mother cities. It can be all the more surprising; that a large number of real ones mother and daughter cities are present; which don't go through same coin types are connected.

The entire series of Milesian planting towns shows no consistent walking type; just as little as that of the Chalcidian.

With most of these colonies one might assume; that they were deduced before the introduction of the coin; and that At the time of its introduction the connection was already too strong loosened habC; as if a transfer had taken place. We would therefore have an older one in relation to the coins and to adopt a younger group of Greek planting towns have; and as a limit about the middle of the seventh century. However, this attempt at explanation appears to be inadequate; because

V. Prokesoh, DenkBchr. d. THen Academy 1858 p. 82.

4 S« Curtins.

There are very special historical circumstances here^ which influence the choice of type. A likewise strange conclusion for the changing relationships, which can enter between Matter and daughter towns; is that Sybarite coin; which, according to her, under excellent supervision division of Poseidonia restoration with the Types of this city shaped; which so from the daughter to became the mother city.

But it also happens that certain types of coins are fashionable were; how it works with personal names when an individual or a family of the name outshines all contemporaries in fame The image is accepted as a good omen, as a sign; under which one believes; To have to be lucky^). This is how we see; that Bhodos re-mints Philippine coins; without anything there had been a relationship of dependency with the king. So the Aetolians take the Heracles head of Alexander the Great on; and, as is well known, the Asian dynasts are lagging behind for a long time after his death under his name and image, similar to The same thing happened with the Attic types. Since the old, ancestral ten; relationships based on consanguinity between cities and tribes lost their importance and others; had given way to further and more vague relationships; The types were chosen according to their inclinations. The new cities of the Orient wanted a relationship with Athens, and the royal city of the Seleucids regarded it as an honor; to coin an Attic colony with Pallas and Owl.

The Attic tetra- drachmas aU; which were minted in Hierapytna, Ch>rtys and Eydonia have been made, and on the continent of Asia the descendants Attic stamps were minted in the area on the southern edge of the great salt desert where dynasts; their memory completely is missing; the four drachma pieces of Athens in a tiered

i) Mülingen, Ancient Goins p. 45.

About grieoluBehe ColoniaLnünEen. 5

wisely increasing Yerzerrank ^). Athens has an unforeseeable entourage of such descendants, while one The transfer of its types from Athens can be is demonstrable; you would have to go to Sigeion^ where you can eat Attic coined copper is found, Attic settlements from the Pisistratid accept time.

Das sind Beispiele von Münztypen; which were chosen arbitrarily are, in contrast to those inherited through inheritance. There- There may still be special intentions behind them; like it e.g. B. from the Rhodiem is not unlikely; that the Philippian types paid homage to Philip's son should be. Seeking favor through Htlnz is even more obvious to us. types among the Egestaem when they express themselves through representation wanted to recommend Aeneas to the Romans as cousins.

If the coin images are used to to express, as we briefly call it, social relationships can, then this undoubtedly happens by analogy with real ones Family relationships; people paid homage to those who were accepted Metropolises, as was usual with the real mother cities. It can be all the more surprising that a large number of real ones There are mother and daughter cities, which are not through same coin types are connected.

The entire series of Milesian planting towns shows no consistent going type, just as little as that of the Chalcidian.

For most of these colonies one could assume that they were deduced before the introduction of the coin, and that At the time of its introduction the connection was already too strong loosened so that a transfer could have taken place. We would therefore have an older one in relation to the coins and to adopt a younger group of Greek planting towns have, and as a limit around the middle of the seventh century. However, this attempt at an explanation appears to be inadequate, because

1) V. Frokesch, DenkBohr. d. Vienna Academy 1859 p. 82.

4 S* Curtins.

There are very special historical circumstances here^ welche auf die Typenwahl bestimmend einwirken. A likewise strange evidence of the changing relationships; which ones can occur between mother and daughter cities ^ is the Coin of the Sybarites^ which, according to them, was under excellent condition division of Poseidonia restoration with the Types of this city shaped; which so from the daughter to became the mother city.

But it also happens that certain types of media are fashionable were; how it works with personal names^ when an individual or a family of the name outshines all contemporaries in fame The image is perceived like a good omen, like a sign^ under which one believes; To have to be lucky^). This is how we see; that Bhodos re-mints Philippine coins; without anything there had been a relationship of dependency with the king. So the Aetolians take the Heracles head of Alexander the Great aU; and, as is well known, the Asian dynasts are lagging behind for a long time after his death under his name and image, similar to The same thing happened with the Attic types. Since the old eu; ancestral relationships based on consanguinity between cities and tribes lost their importance and others; gave way to further and more vague relationships, The types were chosen according to their inclinations. The new cities of the Orient wanted a relationship with Athens, and the royal city of the Seleucids considered it an honor to coin an Attic colony with Pallas and Owl.

The Attic tetra- drachmas minted in Hierapytna, Gortys and Eydonia have been made, and on the continent of Asia the descendants Attic stamps were minted in the area on the southern edge of the great salt desert, where dynasts, whose memory completely is lost, the yier drachma pieces of Athens in a tiered

MiUingen; Andent Coins p. 45.

dear grieduBohe ColoniaJbnünEen. 5

have wisely imitated increasing Yerzerrank ^). Athens has an unforeseeable succession of such descendants, while one Transfers of his types from Athens came after is demonstrable; you would have to go to Sigeion^ where you could live in Attic coined copper is found, Attic settlements from the Pisistratid accept time.

These are examples of MttnztypeU; which were chosen arbitrarily are, in contrast to those inherited through inheritance. There- There may still be special intentions behind it, like this e.g. B. from the Rhodiem it is not unlikely that the an- Filipino types paid homage to Philip's son should be. Seeking favor through Mtlnz is even more obvious to us. types among the Egestäem when they express themselves through representation wanted to recommend Aeneas to the Romans as cousins.

. If the coin images are used to display optional to express, as we briefly call it, social relationships can, then this undoubtedly happens by analogy with real ones Family relationships; people paid homage to those who were accepted Metropolises, as was usual with the real mother cities. It can be all the more surprising that a large number of real ones There are mother and daughter cities, which are not through same coin types are connected.

The entire series of Milesian planting towns shows no consistent going type, just as little as that of the Chalcidian.

For most of these colonies one could assume that they were deduced before the introduction of the coin, and that At the time of its introduction the connection was already too strong loosened so that a transfer could have taken place. We would therefore be older in relation to the coins and to adopt a younger group of Greek planting towns have, and as a limit around the middle of the seventh century. However, this attempt at an explanation appears to be inadequate, because

V. Frokesch, Memoir. d. Vienna Academy 1859 p. 82.

4 B« Curtins.

There are very special historical circumstances here which initially have a determining effect on the types. A likewise strange zeniness for the alternating role relationships, which can occur between Matter and daughter cities is the Coin of the Sybarites, which according to their excellent condition theilignng of Poseidonia was restored with the Types of this city shaped those who came from the subsidiary to the became the mother city.

But it also happens that certain types of coins are fashionable were, as is the case with personal names, when an individual or a family of the name outshines all contemporaries in fame The image is perceived as a good omen, as a sign, under which one believes. To have to be lucky^). So we see that Rhodes re-mints Philippine coins without any there had been a relationship of dependency with the king. So the Aetolians take the Heracles head of Alexander the Great on, and the Asian dynasts are known to be lagging behind for a long time after his death under his name and image, similar to The same thing happened with the Attic types. Since the old, pleasant relationships based on consanguinity between Cities and tribes lost their importance and others, gave way to further and more vague relationships, The types were chosen according to their inclinations. The new cities of the Orient wanted a relationship with Athens, and the royal city of the Seleucids considered it an honor to coin an Attic colony with Pallas and Owl.

The Attic tetra- drachmas minted in Hierapytna, Gorfys and Eydonia have been made, and on the continent of Asia the descendants Attic stamps were minted in the area on the outskirts of the city great salt desert, where dynasts, whose memory is completely lost is lost, the yier drachma pieces of Athens in a tiered

^) Mülingen, Ancient Coins p. 45.

about Greek Golomalmünsen. 5

have imitated wisely taking sentence ^). Athens has an unforeseeable entourage of such descendants, while one The transfer of its types from Athens can be It is clear that one should be in Sigeion^ where one is born Attic. minted copper finds ^ Attic settlements from the Pisistratid accept time.

These are examples of coin types that were chosen arbitrarily are; in contrast to those inherited through inheritance. There- There may be special intentions behind them; like it e.g. B. from the Rhodiem is not unlikely; that the Philippian types paid homage to Philip's son should be. Seeking favor through coins is even more obvious to us. types among the Egestäem; if they express themselves through representation Aeneas wanted to recommend Homem as cousins.

If the coin images are used to depict alternatively related to express creative relationships; as we call it briefly can; This undoubtedly happens by real analogy family relationships; people paid homage to those who were accepted metropolises; as was usual in the real mother cities. It can be all the more surprising; that a large number of real ones mother and daughter cities are present; which don't go through same coin types are connected.

The entire series of Milesian planting towns shows no consistent walking type; just as little as that of the Chalcidian.

With most of these golonies one might assume; that they were deduced before the introduction of the coin; and that At the time of its introduction the connection was already too strong loosened habC; as if a transfer had taken place. We would therefore have an older one in relation to the coins and to adopt a younger group of Greek planting towns have; and as a limit about the middle of the seventh century. However, this attempt at explanation appears to be inadequate; because

y. Prokesoh, memorandum. d. Vienna Academy 1859 p. 83.

12 B* CurtiuB.

what he had most abundantly or in the highest quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley harvest y and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia, which was also founded specifically by Delphi, we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins, and I suspectC; that the earth fire depicted on it is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt^ which was won in the burning ground there and as bitumen ApoHonium^) because of its sulfur content The purpose of cleaning the shrines was important. Is this one If the view is correct, those will also receive the Golonial coat of arms; which seemed to be quite local in nature^ a fixed relationship to the Metropolis and “a number of types declare themselves to be drawing of soil productsC; for which the coins have been Implementation of the delivery in kind into money as an equivalent were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina is named among the places which pay tithes of fruit Delphi sent). The types are predominantly Apollonian, what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary would explain at length. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious Center of the motherland took place, and just like that EnidoS; which stands out for Delphi through its liberality^ and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district When the coin coat of arms was appropriated to the tripod, this is how he intended its founding thereby joining the ranks of those old Delphic planting cities introduce sustainably.

Vegetins, Ars Vet. IV 14.

*) Flood. Pyth. Orac. 16: iym xai MvQiyahve ifuuy» «al 'AnoXko^ynittig

mm

About Greek colonial coins. \Q

The strict tradition on which the relationships between based on the spiritual and political metropolises; couldn't be obtained; since the Golonias; in lavish prosperity flourishing, withdrawn from all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the Golonias were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Hhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles, and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only through this; that it gave the head of Pegasus a shape; in which, upon closer examination, one sees a naked flail boys recognize; who, while sitting, raises both hands to the feet stretches; like this Oestalt similar to Attic clay vessels^).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing; missing; but they are there nonetheless; and the complete dissimilarity This is the only reason why; that new forms of expression are mentioned have been. So the Silens head in Katana corresponds to the sitting the Silenus in Naxos'); the swan in Kamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite; or there are other absurdities; which on the Golonial coins appear; but also mother cities; e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally; that the Golonia conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent trading place; when Megara went over to the Apollo mold; pulled it but as a practical trading town; this new phase is not to take part; during GhalkedoU; less independent; went with.

1) LuyneS; Mod. d'Emporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Cavedoni, Bull. arch. 1841 p. 79.

*) Gompte Rendu f. 1863 p. 48. Arch. Period. 1858 p. 230. Brandis 361.

12 B. Curtius.

what he had most abundantly or in the most excellent quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley emte, and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia, which was also founded specifically by Delphi, we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins, and I suspectC; that the earth fire depicted on it is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt, which was won in the burning ground there and as bitumen ApoHonium^) because of its sulfur content The purpose of cleaning the shrines was important. Is this one If the view is correct, they will also receive Golonial coats of arms; which seemed to be entirely local in nature, a solid relationship to the Metropolis and “a number of types declare themselves to be Drawing of the land products for which the coins have been used since Implementation of natural supply into monetary equivalents were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina is named among the places that pay tithes of fruit Delphi sent). The types are predominantly Apollonian, what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary would explain at length. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious Center of the motherland took place, and just like that Enidos, which distinguished itself for Delphi through its liberality, and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district When the coin coat of arms was appropriated to the tripod, this is how he intended its founding thereby joining the ranks of those old Delphic planting cities import sustainably.

Vegetins, Ars Vei IV 14.

*) Flood. Pyth. Orac. 16: iy» xai M»qwaiovg Inmvn nul 'AnolXaytiia^

About Greek colonial coins. \Q

The strict tradition on which the relationships between based on the spiritual and political metropolises, could not have been preserved since the Golonias, in lavish prosperity, blooming, withdrawn from all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the colonies were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Rhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles, and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only by giving the head of Pegasus a shape, in which, upon closer examination, one finds a naked wing The boy recognizes which one is sitting with both hands Füssen stretches, like this Oestalt similar to Attic clay occurs in vessels*).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing, but they are still there, and the complete dissimilarity ality only comes from the fact that new modes of expression are introduced have been. So the Silens head in Katana corresponds to the sitting the Silenus in Naxos'); the swan in Kamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite, or there are other deities who are on the Golonial coins appear, but also mother city ones, e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally that the colonies conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent Trading place, when Megara went over to the Apollo imprint, it moved but as a practical trading town, this new phase did not to join in, while Ghalkedon, less independent, went along.

1) Luynes, M6d. d'Emporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Cavedoni, Bull. arch. 1841 p. 79.

*) Gompte Rendn f. 1863 p. 48. Arch. Period. 1858 p. 230. Brandis 361.

12 B* CurtiuB.

what he had most abundantly or in the most excellent quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley emte, and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia^ which was also specially founded by Delphi, we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins, and I suspectC; that the earth fire depicted on it is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt^ which was won in the burning ground there and as bitumen ApoHonium^) because of its sulfur content The purpose of cleaning the shrines was important. Is this one perception correct; These also receive colonial coats of arms which seemed to be quite local in nature^ a fixed relationship to the Metropolis and “a number of types declare themselves to be Drawing of the land products for which the coins have been used since Implementation of the delivery in kind into money as equivalents were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina is named among the places that pay tithes of fruit Delphi sent). The types are predominantly Apollonian, what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary would explain at length. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious center of the motherland took place, and just like that Enidos, which distinguished itself for Delphi through its liberality, and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district The coin coat of arms was given to Dreifoss, which is how he wanted it to be founded thereby joining the ranks of those old Delphic planting cities introduce sustainably.

1) Vegetins, Ars Vet IV 14.

*) Fiat. Pyth. Orac. 16: iy» xai MvQ§yaiove inaufm wü 'AnoXkoiytatag

About Greek colonial coins. ^3

The strict tradition to which the relationships are based based on the spiritual and political metropolises, could not have been preserved since the colonies, in lavish prosperity, blooming; evaded all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the colonies were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Rhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles; and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only through this; that it gave the Pegasus head a shape, in which, upon closer examination, one finds a naked wing boys recognize; who, while sitting, raises both hands to the feet stretches; like this Oestalt similar to Attic clay vessels^).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing; missing; but they are still present; and the complete dissimilarity This is the only reason why; that new forms of expression are mentioned have been. So the Silens head in Katana corresponds to the sitting the Silenus in Naxos'); the swan in Kamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite; or they are other deities; which on the Golonial coins appear; but also mother cities; e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally; that the Golonia conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent trading place; when Megara went over to the Apollo mold; pulled it but as a practical trading town; this new phase is not to take part; during GhalkedoU; less independent; went with.

1) LuyneS; M6d. d'Emporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Cavedoni, Bull. aroh. 1841 p. 79.

*) Gompte Rendu f. 1863 p. 48. Aroh. Time. 1858 p. 230. Brandis 361.

12 B-CurtiuB.

what he had most abundantly or in the most excellent quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley emte, and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia; which was also specifically founded by Delphi^ we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins^ and I yermuthe that the earth fire depicted on it is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt^ which was won in the burning ground there and as bitumen ApoHonium^) because of its sulfur content The purpose of cleaning the shrines was important. Is this one The correct view is also given to those who receive the colonial coat of arms which seemed to be entirely local in nature, a solid relationship to the Metropolis and* a number of types are explained as being drawing of soil productsC; for which the coins have been Implementation of the delivery in kind into money as equivalents were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina among the places named; which fruit tithes after Delphi sent). The types are predominantly Apollonian; what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary would explain at length. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious Gentrum of the motherland took place, and just like that EnidoS; which stood out for Delphi through its liberality, and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district When the coin coat of arms was appropriated to the tripod, this is how he intended its founding thereby joining the ranks of those old Delphic planting cities introduce sustainably.

*) Vegetius, Ars Vet. IV 14.

*) Fiat. Fyth. Orac. 16: iya xai Mftqwaiovg huuy» »al "AnoXkuymtig

About Greek colonial waste. ^3

The traditional origins to which the relationships are based based on the spiritual and political metropolises; couldn't have been preserved since the colonies, in lavish prosperity, blooming; evaded all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the colonies were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Rhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles, and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only by giving the head of Pegasus a shape, in which, upon closer examination, one finds a naked wing The boy recognizes which one is sitting with both hands Füssen stretches, like this Oestalt similar to Attic clay occurs in vessels*).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing, but they are still there, and the complete dissimilarity The simplicity only comes from the fact that new modes of expression are introduced have been. So the Silens head in Katana corresponds to the sitting the SUen in Naxos"); the swan in Eamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite, or there are other deities who are on the Golonial coins appear, but also mother city ones, e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally that the colonies conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent Trading place, when Megara went over to the Apollo imprint, it moved but as a practical trading town, this new phase did not to join in, while Ghalkedon, less independent, went along.

1) Luynes, Möd. d'Emporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Cavedoni, Bull. arch. 1841 p. 79.

*) Gompte Rendu f. 1863 p. 48. Aroh. Time. 1858 p. 230. Brandis 361,

12 B* Curtius.

whatever he had most abundantly or in the highest possible quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley emte, and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia; which was specifically founded by Delphi, we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins, and I yerrnnthe that the Erdfener depicted on it is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt^ which was won in the burning ground there and as bitumen ApoHonium^) because of its sulfur content The purpose of cleaning the shrines was important. Is this one If the view is correct, those colonial coats of arms also receive which seemed to be entirely local in nature, a solid relationship to the Metropolis and “a number of types declare themselves to be Drawing of the land products for which the coins have been used since Implementation of the delivery in kind into money as equivalents were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina is named among the places that pay tithes of fruit Delphi sent*). The types are predominantly Apollonian, what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary would explain at length. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious center of the motherland took place, and just like that Enidos, who defended Delphi through his liberality, and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district When the coin coat of arms was appropriated to the Dreifmss, this is how he intended its founding thereby joining the ranks of those old Delphic planting cities introduce sustainably.

*) Vegetius, Ars Vet. IV 14.

*) Flood. Fyth. Orac. 16: iya »al Mt^Qtrahvc intuv» jeol *JnoXXavt€nas

About Greek colonial coins. \Q

The strict customs; at which the relationships to based on the spiritual and political metropolises ^ could not have been preserved since the colonies grew up in lavish prosperity. blooming, withdrawn from all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the colonies were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Rhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles, and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only by giving the head of Pegasus a shape, in which, upon closer examination, one finds a naked wing The boy recognizes which one is sitting with both hands feet, like this figure on Attic clay. vessels^).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing, but they are still there, and the complete dissimilarity The simplicity only comes from the fact that new modes of expression are introduced have been. So the Silens head in Katana corresponds to the sitting the Silenus in Naxos'); the swan in Kamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite, or there are other deities who are on the Golonial coins appear, but also mother city ones, e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally that the colonies conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent Trading place, when Megara went over to the Apollo imprint, it moved but as a practical trading town, this new phase did not to join in, while Chalcedon, less independent, went along.

1) Luynes, Möd. d'Emporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Cavedoni, Bull. arch. 1841 p. 79.

*) Gompte Bendu f. 1863 p. 48. Aroh. Time. 1858 p. 230. Brandis 361,

12 B- Gurtius.

what he had most abundantly or of the highest quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley emtC; and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia; which was also founded by Delphi we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins, and I yermuthC; that the earth fire depicted on it is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt^ which was won in the burning ground there and as bitumen ApoHonium^) because of its sulfur content The purpose of cleaning the shrines was important. Is this one If the view is correct, those colonial coats of arms also receive which seemed to be entirely local in nature, a solid relationship to the Metropolis and “a number of types explain themselves as Drawing of the land products for which the oil pieces have been used since Implementation of the delivery in kind in Oeld is considered an equivalent were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina is named among the places that pay tithes of fruit Delphi sent^. The types are predominantly Apollonian, what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary would explain at length. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious center of the motherland took place, and just like that Enidos, which distinguished itself for Delphi through its liberality, and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district The coin coat of arms was appropriated to the tripod, which is how he wanted it to be founded thus in the vicinity of those old Delphic planting cities introduce sustainably.

1) Vegetans, Ars Vei IV 14.

*) Flood. Fyth. Orac. 16: iya xai Mnqmmkws intupm md *AnoXkoiWHh€ig

About Greek colonial militias » ^3

The strict origins to which the relationships are based based on the spiritual and political metropolises, could not have been maintained since the colonies began to thrive flourishing, withdrawn from all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the colonies were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Rhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles, and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only by giving the head of Pegasus a shape, in which, upon closer examination, one finds a naked wing The boy recognizes which one is sitting with both hands feet, like this figure on Attic clay. vessels^).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing, but they are still there, and the complete dissimilarity The authenticity only comes from the fact that new forms of expression are introduced have been. The Silens head in Eatana corresponds to the sitting the Silenus in Naxos'); the swan in Eamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite, or there are other deities who are on the Golonial coins appear, but also mother city ones, e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally that the colonies conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent Trading place, when Megara went over to the Apollo imprint, it moved but as a practical trading town, this new phase did not to join in, while Chalcedon, less independent, went along.

1) Luynes, M6d. d'Emporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Cavedoni, Bull. arch. 1841 p. 79.

*) Gompte Rendu f. 1863 p. 48. Aroh. Time. 1858 p. 230. Brandis 361.

12 B« Curtius.

what he had most in abundance or in the highest quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley emte, and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia, which was also founded specifically by Delphi, we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins, and I guess; that the Erdfener shown on it is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt, which was won in the burning ground there and as bitumen ApoHonimn^) because of its sulfur content The purpose of cleaning the shrines was important. Is this one If the view is correct, those who receive Golonial coats of arms will also receive which seemed to be entirely local in nature, a solid relationship to the Metropolis and “a number of types declare themselves to be Drawing of the land products for which the oil pieces have been used since Implementation of the delivery in kind into money as equivalents were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina is named among the places that pay tithes of fruit Delphi sent). The types are predominantly Apollonian, what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary elongated explain wtLrde. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious center of the motherland took place, and just like that Enidos, which distinguished itself for Delphi through its liberality, and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district Mttnz's coat of arms appropriated the tripod, which is how he intended its founding thereby joining the ranks of those old Delphic planting cities introduce sustainably.

Vegetios, Ars Vet. IV 14.

*) Fiat. Pyth. Orac. 16: iyio xal MttQtraiavt knawm wü 'JnoXkawtatas

About Greek Coloiiialmftiuen. ^3

The strict tradition; on which the relationships to based on the spiritual and political metropolises ^ could not be obtained; since the Golonias, in lavish prosperity, flourishing, withdrawn from all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the colonies were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Rhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles^ and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only through this; that it gave the head of Pegasus a shape; in which, upon closer examination, one finds a naked wing boys recognize; who, while sitting, raises both hands to the feet stretches; like this Oestalt similar to Attic clay occurs in vessels*).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing; missing; but they are there nonetheless; and the complete dissimilarity This is the only reason why; that new forms of expression are introduced have been. So the Süenskopf in Katana corresponds to the sitting one the Silenus in Naxos'); the swan in Eamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite; or they are other deities; which on the Golonial coins appear; but also mother cities; e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally; that the colonies conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent trading place; when Megara went over to the Apollo mold; pulled it but as a practical trading town; this new phase is not to take part; during GhalkedoU; less independent; went with.

1) LuyneS; M6d. d*£mporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Cavedoni; Bull. arch. 1841 p. 79.

*) Gompte Rendu f. 1863 p. 48. Aroh. Time 1858 p. 230. Brandis 361.

1

12 B. Curtins.

what he had most abundantly or in the most excellent quality could deliver. So Metapontus sent the first fruits of his barley emte, and what else could Eyrene send but Silphion! In Apollonia, which was also founded specifically by Delphi, we expect to find a similar symbol on the coins^ and I suspect that what is depicted on it is firdfener is nothing other than the plastic hieroglyph for the asphalt, which was won in the burning ground there and as bitnmen ApoHonium^) because of its sulfur content The aid of cleaning the huts was important. Is this one If the view is correct, those who receive Golonial coats of arms will also receive which seemed to be entirely local in nature, a solid relationship to the Metropolis and, a number of types explain themselves as be- drawing of soil productsC; for which the pieces of money have been Implementation of the delivery in kind into money as equivalents were taken.

This can be done on the eastern side of the Aegean Sea cannot provide evidence of Delphic patronage. Exceptionally, too Myrina is named among the places that pay tithes of fruit Delphi sent*). The types are predominantly Apollonian, what However, from the vicinity of the Gryne sanctuary would explain at length. But here, in contrast to that Branchid sanctuary has a special connection to the religious Centram of the motherland took place, and just like that Cnidos, which distinguished itself for Delphi through its liberality, and also marked his silver with the tripod. If king Philip in his new city in the Thracian mining district Mttnz's coat of arms appropriated the tripod, that's how he wanted it to be founded thereby joining the ranks of those old Delphic planting cities introduce sustainably.

i) VegetiDs, Ars Vet lY 14.

*) Plat Pyth. Orao. 16: fym uai MvQttmhps huupm »ai 'JnoUnytautg

About Greek Coloniabnunci. ]^3

The treogeous origin on which the relationships are based based on the spiritual and political metropolises, could not have been preserved since the Golonias, in lavish prosperity, flourishing, withdrawn from all annoying patronage relationships. The traffic conditions were also subject to changes; the colonies were able to follow their motherland through new connections become alienated from cities and enter into other relationships. So Bhode and Emporiai in Hispania, daughter and grandchild city from Massalia, both of which were influenced by Phocaean principles, and both certainly with the mother city's coat of arms. Emporiai but adopted the Corinthian character and maintained its special position only by giving the Fegasos head a shape, in which, upon closer examination, one finds a naked wing The boy recognizes which one is sitting with both hands feet, like this figure on Attic clay. vessels^).

At times, relations with the mother city seem to be completely broken missing, but they are still there, and the complete dissimilarity The authenticity only comes from the fact that new forms of expression are introduced have been. The Süenskopf in Eatana corresponds to the sitting the Silenus in Naxos*); the swan in Eamarina is just as good like Pegasus, an attribute of the Corinthian city goddess Aphrodite, or there are other deities who are on the Colonial coins appear, but also those from the mother city, e.g. B. Apollo Archagetas in Tauromenium.

It happens exceptionally that the colonies conserva- more tive than the mother cities. Byzantium was already more independent Trading place, when Megara went over to the Apollo imprint, it moved but as a practical trading town, this new phase did not to join in, while Chalcedon, less independent, went along.

1) Luynw, Möd. d*£mporiai. Rev. num. 1840 p. 85. Gavedoni, Bull. arch. 1841 p. 79.

*) Compte Bendu f. 1863 p. 48. Aroh. Time 1858 p. 230. Brandia 361.

14 ^* Ourtias.

Of course, the opposite case is much more common: New phases enter the planting cities, which the Matter cities remain foreign.

As far as we know Greek history, we see the colonial conditions dissolve, the full truth of them Corinth is illuminated by individual traditions from ancient times. Jeicht is the only city that still has the Ver- makes the rest of his faithful planting locations of To unite new things through tighter bonds, and thereby to oppose to protect the Athenians advancing westward. The up- Solution was achieved either by gradual loosening or by solemn announcement. Since the entire relationship is based on sidedness, announced the Golonia of the Metropolis when this left the duties as a protecting power unfulfilled and thereby forfeited their claims, as Epidamnos told Corcyraem - said, d. h. the sum of duties of piety that used to be between Eorkyra and Corinth were now undivided transferred to Corinth.

In general we can establish the rule that with Dissolution of the colonial context also the agreement the coin stops, giving us the opportunity to to approximately determine the eras of separation.

It was always a kind of revolution, as a result of which... independent golonial coin raises and either in louder Locomotive coins dissolve, as was the case in Sicily, or in In the form of a legally standardized association fee, as stated in Great Greece happened.

The accusations that Corinth made at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War against Corcyra lets us see what happened back then still viewed as the content of this according to unwritten statutes could become what a mother city is entitled to demand felt. They are the basic features of a relationship that exists without Doubts from the Phoenicians, the founders of the entire colonial politics of the Mediterranean, came to the Greeks first

About Greek colonial coins. 15

even the material of Phoenician colonies formed and then independently followed in their footsteps. In Sidon and Tyre are the metropolitan rights standardized; there are those attached to the mother sainthood for paying tithes as well as the regular and per- personal participation in the archegete's state festivals as Claim established*). The Tyrian daughter cities have also stuck to the situation with great tenacity and still in it Wars against Agathocles are said to be the end of Garthago's misfortune A sense of duty against Herakleion has led him tenderly. The Phoenician influences are most pervasive on the Isthmus and therefore among the Greeks it was the Corinthians, which are the most important aspects of colonial policy, both theoretically and practically. have the most diverse education and the old traditions in the state and armies, in the gultus and in the coin for the longest time have held.

But in Greece there are also mothers and daughters The city doesn't always just fall apart, but they also come together again, and there was no way to make a new connection find a more succinct expression than the return to the mother's urban characteristics. So Syracuse returned to the Corinthians Types back, as it, freed by Timoleon, recreated itself, so to speak founded as a grateful daughter; also in slightly older series Pegasus himself sometimes appears again with Koppa; yes These coins are too rare (so far only one seems certain - to be the only example^) than it would be allowed to be more specific draw conclusions from it. This is exactly how they appear in the series from Korkyra like eeminiscences of ancient times the symbols of the Mother City repeatedly.

If the cities diverged into different types, so

1) Therefore, in Italy too, tithing is preferably in the service of the herd. cules. See Preller, Rome. Myth. Edition 2, p. 653.

s) The didrachm in the Peytrignet collection in Berlin Münzcabinet (v. SaUet: Some unedited or strange sub-Italian and sicU. Coins. Num. Magazine (Vienna) II, 277).

16 KtCartias.

As a rule, the consistency of the weight remains; like Byzantium remained loyal to the capital's mint. Just stayed that way Ghios and Maroneia connected. Individuals also preserve themselves Peculiarities of the local coin types are remarkably long; so we find the absence of the didrachm in the Ghalkids Colonies like in Ghalkis; Megara, Ghalkedon and Byzantium leave in the entire range of their types of money together; until through one different flow of traffic relations also in this association slope is interrupted.

Ernst Curtiua.

The coins of Chenonesus in the Crimea.

(Plate I.)

Uie coins from Ghersonesns are, especially in non- Russian collections, rare, and most types only through the grateful publications of Koehler (Serapis H, 86 - 113), who was the first to have a larger number of these Coins published, and Koehne's (M^moires etc. Petersburg 1848. 49. 50 and Mus6e Eotchoubey 1856). The Berlin Mint cabinet has a collection of galvanoplastic gopies Petersburg coins an important aid for study those pieces that only appear sporadically in the originals; these Sanmilung in connection with those in the coin cabinet and in some Originals in private collections gave me the opportunity to some additions to the works mentioned.

First of all, regarding the age of the Ghersonesus coins, So no silver coin can be found that is definitely older than that the copper coins, find, yes it almost seems that they or at least some copper coins are a little older than the oldest silver coins city coins. All silver coins have the same artistic value Copper coins are definitely inferior, and it is surprising; that Koehler the rather unsightly large silver coins with Artemis head and bull ^) praises as so beautiful Also with Koehne's claim-

^) The bull is of course always, as the club under him proves, the bull of Heracles, which comes from the mother city of Heraclea Bithyniae

2

LG A. T. Sallet

seaweed; that the silver cape of Prince Eochabey with female Head mid bull (pictured M6m. 1849; page 96), “the lord- most Greek Greek coinages can be put aside and is without a doubt the most beautiful Chersonese "monument"; I can do not match. The galvanic copy of the coin proves; that it is a mediocre one, behind the beautiful ones in style and time Bronzes of Ghoirios; SyriskoS; Eadromos, Elemytadas etc. ran- is a fervent work

Oh, and they look like they're pretty old silver coins Sound not bad style:

Bf, youthful head of vom.

Bf. XEP above. Charging bull on the left with a club, in the fish section to the left.

& 4. (M6m. 1848; plate XI; 22.) Hf Same front.

Letter XEP below. Yorder part of the bull to the left above the club; in the fish section to the left.

& 2. (Ibid. No. 23.) seem rather younger than the beautiful copper coins^) with the sedentary; Artemis testing the arrow (M6m. 1848; plate XI; 15). A coin similar to the latter; only from AUier's collection known and then reproduced by Koehne; I think so apocryphal; d. h. I glanbC; that both are identical, though probably different stamps*). An illustration will be more here do as descriptions (Plate I, Nos. 1 and 2).

The type comes from Chenonesas, which comes from the writings of Heraclea is called. An allusion to the name rov^M^ is allowed in Taurus don't snore.

^) All names of the Chersonese apple coins: Cbalkus, Tetra- lepton a. 8. w. are terrific.

>) It's unbelievable how difficult it is, not just for laypeople, but for yourself Teach “namismatists” that coins have the same stamp are a very common occurrence. Every small private collection usually has indicate several beiq^ele«

The Mftnsen Ton Ghersonesas in the Crimea.-19

The Artemis on AIlier'B coin captures the oeweih of the Millet with one hand while the other arm is not visible is; This would already be unusual for a Greek representation. lent, the whole group is also meaningless. I think so too On this coin Artemis tested the arrow, which was the representation Only slightly worn in one place and was therefore made by Allier and Dumersan not recognized correctly.

At the same time may the coins with the kneeling Artemis, who has just shot one arrow and the second one ready for another shot on the ground, and the one with the deer belonging to the slaying Artemis. In the former genus occur first abbreviated, then spelled out magistrate names. The presentation positions are of uncommon grace and delicacy, the form of the coins is a carefully cast lens, the letters are good and clean, with dots at the tips^). At times The same official names can be found in both types. Those too very good, often perfect, beautifully crafted coins with the quality driga and the one wielding the whip - not the torch Driver (Artemis?) and the kneeling warrior on the bend page*), with abbreviated magistrate names, are in form and art related to the previous ones and belong to the same time. The German The correctness of this back side is still doubtful. The most sensible assumption is The view is obviously that of charcoal burner (Serapis H, 109), who in the Warrior sees a local hero or city founder

Not just for numismatics, but for them in general Knowledge of the northernmost tip of Greek culture is the Magistrate names of the coins are important.

A very strange, as I believe, only property

1) This property is not known to be the case in earlier arobsoluty logists said it was a sign of late time on ancient Syracntiachs and Athens. It already appears in niches.

*) Not main page. This is like on almost all Greek coins good time, convez, the back page conoav.

2«

20 A.T. Ballet

eldest, good; often exquisitely crafted bronze coins YOfi GhersonesQs would be that the same official the genitiy of his Named soon Dorisch aof O, soon on OY forms. There are three genitives in O:

EYAPOMO with kneeling Artemis and Qreif,

XOPEIO with the same types,

ZYPIZKO with Artemis killing the deer. EYAPOMO is not beyond reproach; that's how it says although on the caps available to me in the original and copies, but always so that the O is close to the ribbon of the MetaUstäck is in the same type (Mus. Kot, p. 142, No. 38, Plate 11, 9) says EYAPOMOY, as well as other coins from the same official th with Artemis killing the deer (Mos. Kot and Anctions- catalog Haber, London).

The other two genitives on O are hardly safer. Up an original copy that I have^) with a kneeling figure Artemis and Griffin appear on the back XOPEIO without Y to stand. Also the one at Dumersan, Gab. Allier de Hauteroche from- formed coin has the same inscription and types. The- The same Choreios has smaller copper coins with the head of Artemis and lying deer, as well as the head of Heracles and club which clearly says XOPEIOY

ZYPIZKO showed me the galvanoplastic copy Lying Petersburg copper coin with the one killing the deer Artemis and the Bull; the same has what is described by Mionnet copy. The imprint from Petersburg is clear and distinct, it But Y may have stood behind the O, the tree is there. A plate I, No. 3 depicted, in excellent condition and through particularly graceful and lively representation Coin from the same official with the same types but has German Ugh ZYPIZKOY.

The extremely striking appearance of a double genitive

Belonging to Mr. Lambros in Athens.

The Münsen ron Chersonesus in the Crimea. 21

fonn at the same time, with the same officials ') is therefore at Gher- Sonesian coins cannot be proven with certainty. A similar property We find similarity in the stage names of the Syracansans Silver coins on which at one time EYAINETO next EYMHNOY (or EYMENÖY) stands, but about a hundred years earlier, at a time; where toZYPAKOZION andZYPAKOZIflN, EYMENOY and EYMHNOY wrote. The one between O and OY Chersonese mouths, perhaps fluctuating in the genitive form, Zens are unlikely to have occurred long before or after 300 B.C. Be shaped.

A very safe genitive form on O seems to be the remarkable worthy ancient one that does not belong to Chersonesus, on the Silver coin of the beautiful Lemm^' found in the place of old Olbia see collection to show:

Bf. EMINAKO kneeling bearded Heracles with the lion fell to the right. Bf. Rad, surrounded by four dolphins, in a recessed square.

Ä. 5. Weight 11.7*). The position of Heracles is incorrect in the catalog Lemm6 recognized: the god violently bends the bow together around the Loop the string to the bow, just like on the didrachms recently found in some specimens from Thebes. Also the depiction of these Theban coins has only recently been correctly interpreted'). Quite the same depiction

1) There are not different names with the same name, this proves it the style.

*) Shown in the Anctions catalog LemmS. Paris 1872. The coin was purchased from Parisian Gabinet.

*) By Friedlaender in the book written by Friedlaender and me about the ancient coins of the Egnigl. museum. That's where the best one is Illustration of these previously only known in very poor copies Coin on plate I.

22 A.V. Salldt.

stellimg can also be found on the beautiful electron vessel Petersburg Hermitage from Panticapaeum ^), there is a bar- Barely dressed Cossack-like warrior.

A definition of the coin, whose Heracles has something similar- ity with that of Heraclea Bithyniae, as well as an interpretation I don't dare read the label EMINAKO, only Mr. Fröhner's (of the author of the catalog Lemm6) opinion that it is «/:«* raxm d. Letfil Nana. . I think reading it is too bold. The only one Example of a first-person speaking coin — the Didraoh mon von Segesta - has only recently been written by Friedlaender been denied - I leave it undiscussed whether with complete certainty — as far as the interpretation of the inscription is concerned. —

The inscription APOAAA on Ghersonese monks is the Genitive yon^^noXlagy not an abbreviation of another longer form. It can be found on silver coins with the head of Heracles and butt- the bull (Koehne, mdmoires etc. Plate XU No. 25) and on copper coins, and proves the simultaneity of both. The silver coins with the youthful head of Heracles and the hunting Artemis or the charging bull are among the oldest. On one of these The name HPAKAEOY is written on silver coins (Mus. Kot 156.62). under the charging bull, for the genitive of Heracles (with randomly not visible Z) *). But this is an incorrect current reading, another silver coin:

HA Unbearded head of Heracles to the right.

i{/! HPAKAEITOY Artemis, killing the deer, to the left.

JR. 3. (M6m. Plate XH, 24). leads to the correct reading of the former coin with the alleged HPAKAEOY. It's on the galvanoplastic copy of the

1) Shown in the Antiquinte da BoBphore Cimm. Plate XXXIII.

*) The name Heracles comes from Mflnzea as a personal name, except from God, never before, Mionnet mistakenly reads this name on a weaver's finze of Erythrae (III, 131. No. 529). The sulfur print says deutUoh HPAKAEOZ (NominatlT) MENEKPATOYZ. By name HPAKA^QI is hiiofi^ on Mün^n of Erythrae,

The coins of Chersonese in Crimea. 23

Petersburg coin not HPAKAEOY but clearly (Plate 1. No. 4) HPAKA"EOY, i.e. HPAKAEITOY; the EIT is des However, for the sake of space, it is contracted into the monogram "H". a rare and striking phenomenon in coin inscriptions, but quite undoubtedly^).

A similar silver coin in Petersburg says: Genitive AII2NOZ.

It is not yet in Koehne's publications Silver coin from the same official in Petersburg - probably the double piece of the smaller one - which after electroplating schen copy on plate I, no. 5 is shown:

Ef. Youthful head of Heracles with the lion's skin to the right. Below an oval counterstamp with a decorated lightning bolt. Ä/ XEP AlßNO(Z) Artemis in hunting dress with hunting boots enthroned to the left, with the arrow in his outstretched pike, At the shoulder is what appears to be a quiver and bow visible. At the throne T. Whether in front of Artemis the deer stood, cannot be seen. R,. 6.

In the type not otherwise found in Chersonesus On the back, Friedlaender correctly recognizes an imitation of the Apollo depiction of the silver coins from Thyrreum Acarnaniae; the throne true down to the smallest details. I don't want to interpret the T try. It's easy to think of Artemis' nicknames. That the coin certainly belongs to the Taurian Chersonesus proves, apart from everything else, a smaller silver coin of the Berlin Museum with the same counterstamp:

^) Ligatures and monograms in the inscriptions of Greek coins are rare. The oldest example is mine in two copies of the same Beautiful silver coin from Gyrene with the inscription

K Y

Aq

A^

A I which until now has been incorrectly read KYPANAIOl (MttUer, nnm. de Tano. Afr. I).

24 A.T. Sallet.

Bf. Youthful head of Heracles to the right, below the Oegen- Stamp with the lightning bolt.

Bf. . . OZ (probably also AIANOZ) charging bull to the left. Counterstamp with unclear type (dolphin?).

R,, 4. Wt. 4.6 grm.

These coins are not very old and are of mediocre quality Copiesiyl. The head of Heracles may also be from Alexander, Erythrae or other coins may be copied.

Instead of APXIKAEIOY on the small copper coin (Mus. Kot 156.64): Heracles' head to the right. Bf. Pushing bull leftward XEP. ISu 3. is, as the galvanoplastic Gopie shows APXIKAEIOZ to. read, i.e. the genitive of l^^x^xü^g^ like APAGOKAEIOZ from 'A/a&oxXijg.

The magistrate name HPAKAEIA (Mus. Kot. 156.63) is too delete; which there from the Museum Hunterianum (Plate 29.9) silver coin with bearded head of Heracles and poking Bull (&. 4) belongs, as correctly stated in the text by Gombe is, after Heraclea Bithyniae, the mother city of the Taurians Ghersonesus, and has, like text and illustration in the Hunterianum also correctly show the inscription HPAKAEIA, next to it stands )l.

Also the only Persian name on coins from Ghersonesus As is well known, OPONT(A) has long since been removed from the list of Gher- soneser magistrato name deleted '). Through Sestini, who is on one Coin with this name has the inscription XEP, declining meant^, enticed, they gave the silver coins of Asia Minor Satrap Orontas with OPONTA and the kneeling warrior according to Ghersonesus. Since then now small copper coins this correctly recognized by Waddington as a satrap of Asia Minor

1) The name 'Oqovrag comes from inscriptions in those areas Olbia, Tiberin's time.

') EoeUer misunderstood this coin with a proper look (Serap. II, 110),

The Mfinsen of Cheraonesus in the Crimea. 25

Orontas with the head of the Persian king or satrap even with half a winged horse along with the Aofsehrift. . . ONTA*) and OPON..*), so 'O^oWa, came to light, all doubts about the correct destination of Waddington are sided').

In contrast to the other names of the officials of Gher- sonesus could be found in the name inscription MOIPIOZ on the fairly late silver coins of mediocre style Nominative yermuthen:

Bf. Head of Artemis, as a city goddess with wall wreaths and Quiver to the right.

B.S. XEP MOIPIOZ. Standing deer to the right. iK. 3.

The Egyptian name Moti^iq has Motgto^ im in Herodotus Genitive, the Greek name MotQ^g but always Moiqtdoq. A Nominative Moiqhog is otherwise probably unknown^).

The oldest coins of the later period, it is believed since 36 BC, the beginning of the Chersonese era (Koehne Mus. Kot 169 f.), with the inscription EAEYOEPAZ are the ones with the retained type of Artemis killing the deer. A nice example of such a coin, of something rough

^) See my essay in the Vienna nnmism. Magazine 1871.

*) This is how the second one, which has recently found its way into the Berlin Mint Cabinet copy.

*) The ones on plate I of the Cboix de monnaies grocques by Imhoof The copper coin with a lion's head and half a boar belongs to the king Archelaus of Macedon.

^) All of these letters are overprinted, like Imhoof in an unprinted one Manuscript noted. The copy of the BerUner Mfinzcabinet is clear the types of an Artemis head, Bf, Artemis, killing the deer, similar the silver coin of Enrydamos in Petersburg.

26 A.y. Sali et.

Styl, in the Berlin Mttnzcabinet, is not in Eoehne's films described very precisely. This is how e.g. B. one point erroneous for one Oh taken. I give the correct description:

Officer XEPC • EAEY Artemis killing the deer to the left. Bf' AnOAA(fl)NIAAOY. Charging bull to the left.

iE. 6%.

Diep ordinary form of the city inscription of the latest (Copper) coins from Ghersonesus are, if not removed, is shortened; XBqpov^fiw, on very late Mttnzen it sometimes says XEPPONHCCOY^). Differences are hardly linguistic To consider variants, but rather as barbarisms or but signs of a corrupt use of language. So the X€P CONHCCO on the copper coin with the one killing the deer Artemis and bull at Sanclemente and Millingen*). The motto with the head of Apollo and Artemis, with a good die cut (Mus. Kot Taf n, 3) but, like description, illustration and galyano- plastic gopies of a very similar one seem to prove, not the ending O, but XEPCONHCOY"). The somewhat wild inscription XEPC — NHCO next to the barbarized one EAECOEP (Mus. Kot 189 No. 43), also another barbaric one with XEPCONHOY, as well as EAAE. . . {Hjeo^iqaq) have little Werth, they are just degenerated legends. It may well be in later time under the Ghersonesem and their stamp cutters some y^iki^tXhtpfBq^ have given, like the strange in-

i) At Leake. At Pembroke once XEPPONHSOY. XEPCONHCCOC is also the name of the city on the Olbian inscription of Theoides. Ck>rp. insor. gr.3059.

*) Unless the Y was lost.

*) Koehler'B coin, No. 67, does not have o, but «, otr, as Koehne describes. correct

The coins of Chersonesus in Crimea. 27

Writing from Olbia^ names the neighboring hill dwellers, and Eoehler's remark (Serap. II; 103) is certainly incorrect: j'ajoute que si nous trouvons dans quelques mmailles post^rieures XEP- CONHCO au lieu de XEPCONHCOY, ce n'est qtfune affec- tation de Is manifeste d'icrire en usage dans les temps plus anciens').

The few ice coins minted in Chersonesus are still all very doubtful. Those from Eoehler and after described in both of Koehne's works, in the M^moires (1848) Plate XYI; 1 pictured of Angustus and Divus Julius:

Officer ZEBAZTOY. Head of Augustus to the right, behind

“Traces of letters”. Petitioner (EA)EYOEP(AZ). Caesar's head to the right.

iB. 5. Hermitage.

but has to be corrected and from the Chersonese Remove coins. The precise examination of the information available to me The galvanoplastic copy of this coin shows the following results: writing:

Ef. CCBACTIOY. Head of Augustus to the right, behind E. Bf. OEO. Caesar's head to the right. M, 5.

But this is not Chersonesus, with whose coins the previous lying also has no similarity, but rather the not rare one Coin of Thessalonice Macedoniae Mionn. Suppl. III. 126 No. 805,806:

^) Koehler, Serap. 1, 72. Ck>rp. inscr« gr. 2058.

^) Aach Millingen (Reo. 34) says something similar. Intentional Archaito one on coins are rare. The O^K^MTAM is known on coins from Croton, particularly curious the archaism on the coins of Tiryns: IT, TIRYN etc. In the case of Tiryns this is obviously an archaeological reminiscence JiOcalpatriotism.

28 A.T. Sallet

OEO. . /). Tete nne de Jules C6sar k droite. Hf. OE CEBACTOY. Tgte nue d'Octave k droite.

M.6. After all, the St. Petersburg Mttnze factory is completely involved the similar one from Thessalonice in the Berlin Cabinet, namely the expression of the Gaesar head is absolutely the same.

The Augustus Caesar coin must therefore be deleted. What the other alleged ice coins from Ghersonesus bare head to the right^ in front of it snake, behind it XEPON and XEPNO, once (Petersburg, galvanoplastic Gopie) X€PO€ 2{/I Victoria on the left, next to it on the left a monogram, so says of these and the remaining Eoehne (Mus. Kot 185), the head is somewhat similar to Augustus, but the style is so raw that one could think of late, perhaps even Diocletian times. — With the 06 on d^sog, something like Divus Julius or Divus It is hardly possible to think of Augustus; whether an emperor at all is shown cannot be decided. The situation is similar with the pieces^ which have a laurel-wreathed head, in front of it Snake, facing right, have and a deer, or the inscription X€P in the wreath on the back; the head is not at all to be awarded to some emperor with probability.

Shedding new light on these alleged imperial coins the gold coins of Ghersonesus'):

IJ/l XEP in front of the head of Apollo with laurel wreath and robe,

to the left, in front of him the head and neck of the snake. B/. Long-dressed figure decorated with a mural crown (Arte- mis as Tyche) from vom, walking to the left, in the Raised right arrow, bow and arrow in the left. Left in the field BP, below AP. N. 4. Weight 7.65. (Plate L No. 6»)).

^) 660C, as other examples prove.

^) Sestini described a very similar one in Ainsley's cabinet. wrote (Lett IV, 89). He correctly recognizes the snake and holds it ÜGir a litnus militaris, which often shows snakes and scorpions have discovery. *) Petersburg.

The hills of GheraoneBUB in Crimea. 29

Of extremely barbaric and fleeting work

Eleven. Similar, the head with a wreath reminiscent of Angastns (probably

not diadem) to the right ^ without robe and snake. Bff. Similar: behind Artemis there is a person jumping to the right deer; under the monogram '^.

N. 5. Weight 7.83. Collection of the Hm. Council of State

Dr. Becker in Dresden. These gold coins are joined by a copper coin from Berlin Museum (Plate I, No. 7):

E[C XEP behind a (reminiscent of Augustus) laurel wreathed head turned to the right, in front of which the same an almost arch-shaped snake^). Hf. Running deer to the right, above BP. Below OA (OA?) on the right maybe another letter. EVER. 4').

This coin is also very roughly crafted

These pieces might lead you to believe that always a head of Apollo (with the snake coming towards him), and no Eaiser's head, in the laurel-crowned head of the coins of Chersonesus can be seen. Also most of the other late ones The city's copper coins have the head of Apollo, sometimes without it Robe, next to it his attribute, the lyre.

The comparison of the gold and copper just described coins brought me to a conclusion, which I took with me with all reservation and caution - put here: the inscriptions In addition to the monogram, the backs form the following books Table series:

OH N. (Dr. Becker). M. (OT) Petersburg.

OA (0A?) M. Berlm, Petersburg (0>). 06 EVER. Petersburg.

1) But it certainly doesn't seem to be a bow.

«) Similar to OT (probably Ol?) and 0> or 0> (more like OA) in Peters- castle. Mom., p. 332 and Mus. Feces. 184. 6 fSr has an M, the king's pig romates III., in the Berlin Museum.

30 ^* ▼• Sallet.

ON, NO JEL Petersburg. AP S.Petersburg; Sestini.

Shouldn't these be years? ON or NO would be as

-1 Z

written one below the other (like q) to read: 7? qj therefore* 73, 74,

75, 77, 104. If these were years of the era of Chersonesus, which 36 B.C. begins, the first four fell into Galigula's and Claudia's dius', the last in Vespasian's time. The striking appearance so later gold coins found in the simultaneous Gk)ldstfLcken of the neighboring Bosporan kings their explanation. Befrem- That would of course be the case on all of these Ghersonese coins Absence of mention of the ^EXsvd'sqia. '^

But all of the coins just described are safe a series that belongs to a not very late period. The access The following seems certain to me:

1. The gold coin. Bf. the monogram i9P and q.

2. The M. Apollo head and deer; same monogram^) and O.H.

3. The M. with the same types, but OA (OA).

4. The sts with head and Victoria and 06.

5. The sts, with the same types and ON, NE.

6. The gold coin. /{/T the monogram of No. 1 and AP.

7. The sts with the monogram and Heracles head and Artemis, female head and herald's staff. (Mim. etc. XVn, 17. 19.)

The wickedness of the coinage is perhaps due to the Eriegzeit, where the Stamps were made quickly and hurriedly - like Asander's Copper coins – to be explained.

In any case, all provisions of the so-called Eaisermttnzen of the city is quite uncertain, and sometimes the question arises Head certainly represents Apollo.

1) The designation of the monogram on JiaQ^4v§oy is wiUkfirUch, like that most monogram interpretations.

The coins of Chersonesus in Crimea. 31

So Chersonese may not have had any imperial coins at all. shapes and is probably a single example of a very distant distance from Hellas to the latest times was quite remote. dependent on the grain and victorious against the barbarians existing eight Greek cities. — A detailed catalog of the coins of Chersonese ^ as far as I know of them; I hope to be able to deliver later.

Dr. A.V. Sallet

prefer the internal content and the metal value to Greek ones and Roman silver coins based on Prussian money.

JN following undertakings and results are arranged in a row to the melting of Roman silver coins that I had previously arranged the results of which I will present in III. Part of the communications from the Berliners Numism. Ges. had made known in 1857. These investigations extended, with the exception of a few gonsular (family) mints zen, preferably on the Eaiser series from Augustus to Gallienus, with the addition of some specimens from later times up to the Byzantines.

I don't think it's uninteresting to go back to this earlier appearance. sentences to deliver the following ones, especially since they are also in Greek Chinese silver coins (34 pieces) and one significant Larger number (95) of Roman family coins, from which only very few were considered in the first essay men were, as I already noted above

The Eönigl. Münzwardein, Mr. Neubauer, had, as before earlier, had the goodness, at my request, to take part in these meltings in the years 1869 and 1870 with great care^ and then tell me the metal value of the individual pieces.

By first giving the description at the end of this essay Practice of Greek and then Roman silver coins As I follow up, I notice that I have only written this very briefly but in such a way that every coin connoisseur can recognize the piece in question

Metallwerth Greek Münsen. 33

will recognize immediately. It seemed to me that this was enough since it was here mainly depends on the content and metal value of the coin acted; nnd not a real numismatic description practice of long-known coins.

The non-mismatist will see that I am not uncommon (with the exception of the two Gilician coins) have melted leave, and also the whole collection of Gonsular coins only contains commonly occurring ones. It would be unforgivable be rarities in this series, even if they are doubles been present in my collection, the destruction price to give. I believe that the ones I intended to melt ten coins were completely sufficient to fulfill the purpose I wanted to achieve with this investigation. That I the two who had very rare Gilician coins melted, has his name in it reason that they were in such a state of preservation, that they would not have found a place in any coin collection. — That- The same can be said of several of the Greek coins, some of which are also among the rarer ones.

I would now like to present the results of this melt- to summarize tongues. What first the Greek silver As far as mttnzen is concerned, the content is the tetradrachms of Athens (older variety), Syracusae, Messana, Ptolemy I (born in Tyre) beat) and Antiochus I. very finely. It is 933 to 960 thousand theU, with the latter coin even 990 T., almost without any addition, so that the value of these pieces in today's money is almost 1 thaler zn calculate (29Vio to 297^0 sgr.). When received very fresh You can boldly accept 1 thaler for copies. A result, to which Böckh already did in his metrological investigations. had come. The tetradrachm of the Syrian king Philippus is much lower in content, has only 680 T. Fein-Gehatt^ and therefore only a value of 16% sgr.

The didrachms of Posidonia and Gaulonia (13Vt ^^^ ^^ ^S^-

Werth) agree well with the tetradrachms as halves. Against

has the didrachm from Aegina, since the Aeginetic one is more difficult

3

34 ^» ^* Belly.

CoinAiBB in validity ^ a value of 2lVt 8gr. — The one in 80 Large number of larger Corinthian silver* still present The value of the coins corresponds very well with the Italic ones from Neapolis, Nola, Hyrina, Terina, Croton etc., namely a modern one Metal value from 11% to 12 sgr. — It also has the same value the younger variety from Taranto, while the older 13 sgr. amounts.

The old drachma of Velia (1% sgr. value) gives exactly the fourth part of the old tetradrachmon, also the drachma of the first Arsaces. Also the smaller silver coins, two-obols, Obols etc. are in the correct value ratio to the drachma. The obolus gives us 1 sgr. up to 1% sgr., so give 6 pieces 7 sgr., the drachma. An insignificantly lower ratio The very small silver coins give us this information, but they are certainly were visibly so pronounced.

Four of the Greek silver coins had only been minted Melts proved to be subaerati, so they couldn't fit ours purpose. But I'll briefly describe them below described with an because of the actual metal value that this Just having coins is not without interest.

I now move on to the Roman coins. From 55 fa- 95 pieces were melted, of which 87 were Denarii, which have an average salary of 966 thousand per piece gave, and then the value of a piece is 5.985 sgr., so very close to 6 sgr. You can certainly, with pieces k flenr de coin, the value of 6 sgr. accept, because the melted ones were, although mostly well preserved, but more or less worn out by coursing - The rest (8 pieces) of quinares are purchased give the metal value per piece to almost 3 sgr. Except these Coins I had to melt 50 Roman ice coins again, but which gave exactly the same results as the melting ations of the numerous listed in my earlier essay Pieces from the Imperial Suite. I therefore have the description of the same passed over, and only repeat that the older silver coins

Metal valuables of Greek coins. 35

from Aügastas and Tiberins almost 6 sgr., those of the later emperors 5 sgr. and since Antoninus Pins only 4 sgr. have value.

I also had three gold coins melted; Nero^ Titas and Lucius Yerus; as the former two worn out and the latter coin was heavily trimmed and perforated. This piece could therefore only be taken into account with regard to the fineness, because The metal value was only 5 Bthlr for the reasons mentioned above.

Now what is the information about the value of the Roman silver coins, due to the calculation of the values given in the ancient writers given small or large sums of money in sesterces, for As far as today's money is concerned, I would like to point out that the same very often by modern scholars and historians, even in otherwise excellent works, is incorrectly stated. This is because the sestertius of the Republic in its Metal value was calculated partly too high and partly too low. In During the Ice Age, as is well known, this coin was not made in silver at all, but only pronounced in large pieces of copper. — The Sestertius of the Roman Republic is exactly 1% sgr. (i.e. 4 semesters equal the 6 sgr. denarius containing today's value). So you're missing in all these calculations of the ancient writers given sesterces - do not sum at all if you have 100 sesterces up to the time of Tiberius on 5 rthlr. calculated; could later However, you only need 4 tubes. calculate, since the denarius then only 5 sgr. is worth

Calculating gold from antique silver is difficult because Time circumstances had a great effect on him, as they still do today Gold's relationship to silver. First with the Romans the gold was 1:15 to silver, then 1:12. According to Polybins (XXII. 15) as 1:10, the same is also given by Livy (XXXVra. 11) for the year 565 BC (189 AD). — It As is well known, 25 denarii went to the aureus. So you can Today there is not a stated sum of Roman gold calculate pieces on our money in such a way that one wanted to say,

so and so many Aurei amount to k 25 denarii so and so much, and

3*

36 ^' ^* belly.

since the denarius is 6 (or 5) sgr. The gold pieces have value; whose Number we want to calculate in today's money; this value. But 25 denarii have their current metal value (the denarius zo 6 sgr. calculated) 5 Rthlr., zn 5 sgr. only calculates the denarius 4% Rthr. during the Aureus until the 2nd century AD- averagely against &% Rthhlr. of our money is Since Constantin the big one, where it is in the solidus to 72 pounds of gold ttberging, however, it only has a metal value of 4% Rthlr.* approx. Finally, the description of the smoked coins.

A. Greek silver coins. tetrad frames.

Weight Content Wide.

1. Athens (old type) Pallas's head. “Ä«. Owl - 933 T. 29^0 Sgr.

2. Syracusae Av. W. Head with Delphi.

around Rev. Quadriga 16.85 960 “29Vio”

(Very well preserved copy of mine. Collection weighed 16.98 to 17.5.)

3. Messana Av. Hare running. Rv, Biga 17.4 948 “287,

4. Ptolemy Soter.uiiv. head. /2v. Eagle

before that monogr. of Tyre. . . 14.3 934 “ 2ß%

10 ti

fi

5. AntiochusLSyr.rex. i2v. Seat Apollo — 990 “2873

6. Philippus Syr. rex. Rev. Seat Jupiter - 678 "16*/,

10 AD

10 AD

Didraehmtn.

7. Aegina. Av. Turtle. Rev. Square. .

mcus 12.3 960 “ 21%

8. CorintL Av. Pallas head. JB». Pegasus - 953 "IIV4

9. Posidonia. Av. Neptune. Rev. Taurus. 7.8 970 “ 13%

10. Caulonia. Av. Apollo standing, dah.

big monogram. Rev. deer. 7.5 960 " 137^

11. Taranto (older variety), Taras on

Delphi. Rev. Seat with Fig. ... . 7.4 948 “ 13

General value of Greek curds. 37

12. Taranto (younger) head. Rev. Cheerful ö<»^«J>*- Q«J»«J*- Worth. raiten Delphin 7.2 880T. 11% Sgr.

13. Terina. Av. female head. Rev. Seat.

fl. female Fig 7.6 940 “12%”

14. Groton. Av. Apollo head. Rev. Herc.

seat, with 2 snakes 7.2 960 “ 12% “

15. Hyrina. Av. Pallas head. Rev. Taurus

with human head 7.0 940 “ 11% “

16. Neapolis. ugh?. female Head with Delphi.

around Rev. Taurus above Victoria. . 7.0 940 “ 11% “

17. Nola. Av. female head. Rev. Taurus

with human head 7.1 940 "ll'/^ "

18. Campania.^!?. Apollo head. “Ä«. Horse 6.2 980 “ 10% “

Drachmas.

19. Velia (older variety). .4t?. female K

Rev. Owl on branch 4.1 966 " 7%^ "

20. Velia (younger). Similar type 4.0 930 “ 6% “

21. Heraclea. Av. Pallask. from from.

Rev. Owl on branch 3.8 930 “ 6% “

22. Arsaces I. Hex Parth. Rev. Sitting.

Archer — 946 “ 7%o “

SioboluB.

23. Heraclea. Rp. Hercules the lion

strangling 1.2 920 “ 2 “

OboleiL

24. Heraclea. Av. female head. Rev. Herc.

Kneeling strangling lions... 0.75 920 “ l%o »

25. Thurium. Av. Pallassk. Rev. push-

the bull 0.71 915 “ 1%^ “

26. Tarentum. ^ü. female K. Et>. Shell 0.72 910 “ l%o “

27. Ditto. half Obol. Dolphin.

Rev. Shell 0.35 910 “ % “

3g A. ▼. belly.

28. Pamphylia. Aspendus. Av. Slinger. keep w«th. JBT;. 2 wrestlers 709 T. 12yg Sgr.

29. Gilicia. Persian. Satrap, uiiv. Helmeted. E

Rev. Seat Jupiter 942 “16%”

30. Cilicia. Tarsus. Av. Seat. Yup. Rev. Leo

Bull tearing 934 “ 18% “

Two Alexandrian Potin bells.

31. Alexandria Aeg5T)ti. Nero. Rev. LIA Adler 155 “3%”

32. ditto Hadrianns. Rev. L.S

Eagle 165 “4”

Snbaerati (Pidrachms). worth the

Plattinuig.

33. Croton Av. Tripod. Rev. In-depth knowledge Eagle. 3 Sgr.

34. Velia Av. Pallas head. Rev. Lion d. Deer tearing 2^^ "

35. Gampania Av. Janus head. Rv, Quadriga .... 3 "

36. Posidonia Av. Neptune. Rev. Taurus (from an older make.

as No. 9) 2% ^

\

B. Roman consular coins.

A denarii.

1. Abnria. Av. GEM Pallas head. Rev. Quadriga.

2. Acilia. Av. Pallas's head in a wreath. Rev. Quadriga bottom shield.

3rd dit. Av. SALVTIS. W. head. Rev. Hygiea standing.

4. Aemilia. Av. Aretas kneeling by Kameel. Rev. Quadriga.

5th dit. Av. Venus head. Rev. Helper statue.

6th dit. Av. Head of Goncordia. Rev. P. Aem. with Perseus

and 2 children at tropaeum.

7. Aquillia. Av. Head of the SoL Rv. Biga.

8th dit. Av. Boma head. Rev. SIGIL. Warrior a female

Figure depressing.

Metal value of Greek coins. 3g

9. Afrania. Av. Pallas head. Rev. Biga.

10. Antonia. Av. S.C. Bearded Head. Rev. Quadriga (serratus).

11. Ditto. Legion coin. LEG. III.

12. Dit. of the LEG. v.

13. Atilia. Av. SARAN. Pall. Head. Rev. Dioscuri galloping.

14. Cecilia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. Biga, elephant head below.

15th Dit. Av. Apollo head. Rev. Shield in wreath.

16. Calpurnia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. Biga.

17th Dit. Av. Apollo head Rv. Rider galloping, palm tree

carrying.

18. Ditto. Similar Example with a head under the rider.

19. Carisia. Av. VictoriaBtiste. Rev. Biga.

20. ditto. -4t?. Pall. K. Rv. Scepter, globe and cornucopia in

wreath.

21. Cassia. -4t?. Apollo head. Et?. Eagle.

22. Cipia, Av. Pall. K. Rv. Biga.

23. Celia. ^t?. Pall. K. Rv. COIL. Vict. in Biga.

24. Cornelia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. Sulla in Quadriga.

25. Decimia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. FLAVS. Biga.

26. Domitia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. Jupiter in Quadriga.

27. Fannia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. Vict. in Quadriga.

28. Flaminia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. Vict. in biga.

29. Fonteja. Av. Janus head. Rev. Ship.

30. Fulvia. Av. Pall. K. Rv. Vict. in biga.

31. Furia. Av. Janus K. Rv. Roma standing at Tropaeum.

32. Furia. A similar Copy.

33. Dit. Av. Ceres head. Rev. Sella curulis.

34. Herennia. Av. Pietas head. i2i?. youth v. Catana, his

carrying father.

35. Hostilia. -4t?. Head of Pallor. Rev. Diana.

36. Julia. 4t?. youth acclaimed and fly. Head. fit?. (Bursio)

Vict in squared

37. Ditto (Caesar). -4t?. Elephant. fit?. Simp. Asperg. hatchet and

Apex.

40 ^ ^* Baueh«

38. Junia, Av. Q. CVET. PalL K. Rv. (M. Silan) Yup. in quadriga

39. Dit. Av. Salus head. Bv. Victoria in Biga.

40. Licinia. Av. PalL E. Rv. Mars in Biga.

41. Livenja. i4t?. Head of Regula. 22«?. Modius between. two

Aehren.

42. Incretia. Av. Neptune's head. Rev. Gupido on dolphin.

43. Majania. Av. Pallas head. Rev. Victoria in Biga.

44. Maenia. Av. Pallas head. Rev. Dioscuri on horseback.

45. Mamilia. Av. Mercury K. Rv. Ulysses with dog.

46. ​​Marcia. Av. PalL K. Rv. Diosc. on horseback.

47. Dit. Av. PalL E. Rv. Vici in Quadriga.

48. Dit. Av. Apollo head. Rev. Horse galloping.

49. Memmia. Av. Jug. Head. Rev. Standing Dioscuri.

50. Minucia. Av. PalL K. Rv. Diosc. e.g. Horses.

51st Dit. Av. Pall. E. Rv. Two figures on one column.

52. Papia. Av. Juno Sospita E. Rv. Gripping.

53. Petronia. Av. Eopf of Feronia. Rev. Parthians kneeling, field

holding a sign.

54. Pinaria. Av. Pall E. Rv. NAT. Victin Biga.

55. Ditto AehnL example with Natta (last two letters

contracted).

56. Plautia. Av. HYPSAEVS female E. Rv. Quadriga.

57. Dit. Av. Eopf en face. Rev. Victoria before gaU. horses.

58. Ditto AehnL Ex., but type. of the Rv. shown from the side

puts left.

59. Plaetoria. Av. Juno E. Rv. Gaduceus.

60. Poblicia. Av. C. MALLE. Pall. E. Rv. LIC. CN. DOM.

Mars in Biga.

61. Pompeia. Av. PalL E. Rv. She-wolf with the twins and

Shepherd Faustnlus.

62. Pomponia. A^. PaU. E. Rv. LIC. CN. DOM. Mars in Biga.

63. Porcia. Av. LAECA. PaU. E. Rv. PROVOCO. Three figures.

64. Dit. Av. Pall. E. Rv. Quadriga.

65. same Av. Pall. E. Rv. CATO. Biga.

Metallwerih Greek Uclier Mflnsen. 41

66. Post at ia. Av. Diana E. Rv. Figure at the altar and bull.

67. Dit. Av. Diana E. Rv. Running dog.

68. R s c i a. Av. Juno Sospita E. Rv. Priestess, snake in front of her

(Serrat.).

69. Rubria. Av. Juno E. Rv. Quadriga.

70. Rutilia. Av. Pall. E. Rv. Riga

71. Servilia. Av. Pall. E. Rv. Diosc. e.g. Horses crossing each other.

72. same Av. Eopf of flora. Rev. 2 stand. winner.

73. Sicinia. Av. female E. Rv. Gaduceus and palm crossed

74. Sulpicia. Av. Eöpfe of two penates. Rev. Two Fig. and

lie. Pig.

75. Thoria. Av. Juno Sosp. E. Rv. Running bull.

76. Terentia. Av. Pall. E. Rv. Dioscuri on horseback.

77. Titia. Av. youth E. Rv. Pegasus.

78. Ditto. Similar Mtlnze, but bearded head.

79. Tituria. Av. SARIN. Advises Eopf. Rev. Rape of the Sabine Women.

80. Veturia. Av. Pall. E. Rv. Two st. Victors and kneelers

Fig. with pig.

81. Yibia. Av. Apollo head. Rev. Quadriga.

82. same Av. Apollo head. Rev. female Fig. with two torches,

before that, pig. 83» ditto Av. Apollo head. Rev. Ceres in chariot of 2 snakes pulled.

84. Volteja. Av. Juno Sosp. E. Rv. Pig.

85. Incert. Av. Pallas head. Rev. Riga.

86. same Av. Likewise Rev. Riga covered with deer

87. same Av. Likewise Rev. Dioscuri on horseback.

B, Quinars.

88. Antonia. Av. Raven, lituus and vessel. Rev. Asperg. Reil

and apex.

89. Dit. Av. Victoria head. Rev. LVGVDVNI Lion.

90. Egnatuleja. Av. Apollo head. Rev. Victoria at Tropaeum.

91. Ditto. Similar example.

42 ^' ^' Construction oh.

92. Porcia. Av. M. GATO. Young Head. Rev. Seated Victoria.

93. Ditto. Similar caps.

94. Incertns. Av. V Pall. E. Rv. These, za horses.

95. same Av. Hunting Head. Rev. Vict Tropaeam wreathed.

The melted gold coins.

Gehali Werth.

,. \ AVGVSTVS ) Nero ) ^^^^ ^-, ^,^ Auras.. Nero. Rev. j (jERMANICVS 1 standing 1 '''^' ^Z»™^'

" Titas. Rv. Cos. VI. Roma sitting; to

Feet the she-wolf with the

Zwilüngen 996 T. eVjThlr.

"VeruB. Ät?. PKOFECTIO. AVG. Kaiser

on horseback 990 d.

I also had a Becker fabrication melted. zen, partly to destroy it, partly to see if the Correct statement that Becker often had false gold coins, Especially in Fabrication very rare, the metal from Frequently occurring real gold coins are also used thereby deceiving. The melted Becker Vi part into the, in the Bevers the two heads of this emperor's children are opposite made, but only had a fineness of 954 T., i.e. lower as the real Aurei of Nero and Titus. The metal value of the The false coin was 6 Thlr.

A.V. Smoke.

Contributions to the Greek coat of arms.

Uass which appear in many ways on ancient coins Marks, if they do not have the mint as on the Alexander money place, as coats of arms of the mint officials involved can now be considered one of the numismatists consider a fairly generally established view. On coins The Bohemian Republic is known to have a whole series of Family coat of arms has been proven; here the family name an all the more secure reference because its relationship and The meaning was usually symbolically represented in the coat of arms^).

The proof for the Greek coin area is more difficult, where we are only met by individuals with constantly changing names- occur and a connection between these names and the attached characters, if at all, only in this case can be set where there is either an individual coat of arms, or the name of the parent holder is randomly attached to the coat of arms is who first formed the family seal after his name.

No matter how much effort has been made to establish such relationships between the epithet and the name e.g. B. Athenian') and Tarentini

1) Cf. the compilation of such coats of arms according to Mommsen's R. M. by Marquardt, R. Privatalterth. V, 16, 60.

*) Cavedoni, OBaervazioni sopra le ancient monete dl Atene, the over- This misfortune is encountered, the coat of arms instead of on the second, on to obtain the first mint official. S. Benlö, Hon. d* Äthanes, p. 120 f.

44 ^- Brandi B

shear ^) Mttnz officials or alleged Neapolitan stamp- schneider')^ such attempts are never right successful and individual examples such as the depiction of a lion in Connection with the Kamen uiicuv on a Tarentine coin') like on an Athenian grave stele ^) can be used for the applied Hardly worth the effort. It is therefore not surprising; that There are still researchers who, like Beulae, were the first to do so Mazochius in his 1754 edited commentary on the tables of Herakleia I, 149 f., later pronounced by Baoul Kochette'), Kathgeber*) among others reject the advocated view entirely and place it in the I don't see coats of arms, but cult and festival symbols, those from the mint officials concerned for some reason had been attached').

Whether the premise that the Greek The coat of arms in the Begel has a certain relationship to the Be- interpretation of the name in question, it must be doubtless are considered liable. Apart from characters that look like the picture of death and honor wreaths on graves*) and decrees, or of symbols like the spindle on two women's graves (K. n. 550. 1094) and the tree knife on the grave pillar of one Gärtners (E. n. 2203), more gender and profession than coat of arms describe, the most daring fantasy emerges from the many Symbols found on coins, clay handles and grave steles are hard to find out anything apart from what is mentioned above can, which has a relationship other than a very general one

*) O. Fiorelli, Osservazioni s. t monete dl CittÄ greeche. p. 24 f. >) Lettre sar les graveors des monftaies giecqaes, p. 33 f. *) FiorelU a. a. 0., p. 24. Carelli, tab. 112, n. 243. Cf. the coin in Berlin. H. [TAPAZ]. M Taras on Delphin 1. f. Lion I rider standing AEQN. M5. *) Kovftavwdtii 'Amx^g inyy^a^ai imrvfAßtot n. 2402 Jimv JStyenuvc» *) Journal des Savants 1837. P. 28. *) 99 silver coins of the Athenians. p. 63. ^) Dent^, Monnaies d'Athoenes. p. 127. *) Koumanudis a. a. 0., n. 17. 438. 945. 1281.

Contributions to Greek heraldry. 45

Kamen would have to be settled, as was the case with the Greeks Relatively few city coats of arms have this property. Of the cities of Asia Minor, this applies to Side^ Bhodos and AspendoS; Proconnesos nnd Alopekonnesos \ ans the European Greece by Zankle^ Leontini, Selinns, Himera (cf. Leake Num. hell., Ins. Gr. 58), Meliteia, from Delphi, Eephallenia, Alea, Melos, further from various cities of the came Heraclea and in in a sense from Athens. Under no circumstances will you be on that designated ways provide evidence that the insignia on coins Coats of arms mean being able to lead. Rather, you have to deal with it be content to rely on what is established by all kinds of evidence Fact to call that seal and coat of arms in Greece as were generally widespread in Rome, in the Occident and in the Orient, and the occurrence of similar characters on grave inscriptions and Certification stamps should be noted, which are like the markings on the Coins as seal images find their most natural explanation.

The closest analogy is the Heraclean Tablets (C. I. Gr. in, p. 709), in which the people appearing not only by the patronymic, but also by an or several letters indicating the phyle or gender show, and be described in more detail by a word, which cannot express anything other than the coat of arms. e.g. E.g.:

ä av&efMx, 0i3i4iiwfiog 0$Xiovvfiio

a ifißoXog^ ^HQaxXeidag TtgAOXQccTtog

d SfißoXog, JdfiaQxog OihavviMA

Fb ytftoVj ^AQKnodagAog JSvfifjuixm

Fe yvtop, Ueictag AeovtUixfo

fis xißoinoPj BoQfAifav Otlcira

f*€ xtßcmoVj ^Aqxäg OiXtira The same coats of arms, like here herald staff, flower, grape, Ship's beak, tripod, shield, trident, column capital, knee, Ice cream, cups, etc., can be found under the symbols of the coins.

1) See my coin. M. and 6w. in the Near East. pp. 347. 549. 314. 578.

46 J* Brandts

zen, orab steles and clay handles again; of particular interest but they are on the inscription of Herakleia because they are here as Characterize family coats of arms by identifying them with gender or stay and change tribal names.

Another direct evidence so far is the existence of Family coats of arms were not taught in the Greek world. But one can also assume the same here with certainty, since the absence of the family name almost suggests such a replacement with necessity had to lead. Also, the alleged solo niche Gresetz (Diogen. Laert. I, 57) daxtvXoyXviptp jlm^ l^Blvtt^ (fg>Qayida ^XdvtBhy %ov Ttqad-ivrog daxwUov without this an- hardly understandable.

This is also supported by the fact that this can be proven Coats of arms belonging to one and the same person often consist of several very different objects. in other cases appear individually as seal images. Because here you are allowed the intention to recognize different family branches from each other to distinguish or to designate new family connections, like something similar with the Germanic house and court brands occurs'). This is what we encounter on an Athenian grave stele*) Plow and hoe, on another (K. 524) the plow alone Enidian clay handles anchor and trident'), anchor and Hermes rod (D. 95), but much more often anchor alone; also Herme and Bull skull (129) and again Hennef as well as bull skull alone*); also on coins of Dyrrhachion ears and grapes,

1) Homeyer, the Hans and Hofmarken, 190 f.

') KoamanudiB, n. 2785.

s) Damont, Inscriptions ceramiques 93; where the number without a page number (=p.) the handle inscriptions from the 2nd series pp. 142-230 are meant. D. stop it Anker, P. Becker (Fleckeisen's J. Suppl. V, 522) the OchseniLopf, but both without Gronb, for coat of arms of the city of Knidos; they were just common occurrences mende family coat of arms.

«) 118. 120. 121. 245. 258.

&) 103. 111. 115. 141. 192. 214. 237. 273. 274. 402. 452. 524.

Contributions to Greek heraldry. 47

and both symbols alone ^ Helios head and owl and again Helios head alone; Fttllhorn, snake for stick; and rooster and Cornucopia alone, etc.

Because these paired symbols do not belong to several people^ Belonging to only one comes from getting closer contemplation of these monuments; which at the same time helps to determine the the purpose and meaning of the attached seal.

The Knidian Thonhenkel usually give two names.

The one, usually introduced with ini; denotes the year; it was an eponymous official, whose title was on some handles is attached and different at different times; soon g>QovQaQxog^)j soon SafitoQyog (p. 138); TtoiJfHCQxog and maybe also called ayoQavofAog.

The other NamC; usually in the genitive and often from the first separated by Kviißiov); rarer in the nominative; is that of the constant A college is only available to the qualified examination master in exceptional cases Side steps. The coat of arms belongs to him; like the following examples show Dumont's drawing:

Anchor Eni ^^ya&oxXsvg 0svdoalov Kvi\dlov\ n. 8. 9. 10.

- ^Avtdvdqov - - n. 82".

- Jioyivsvg - - n. 217.

- EvxQaTioiVog - - ».315.

- ^EQ(ioxQc^T€v]g - - n. 292.

- Osvdowv @€vSo[(f(\ov - n. 367.

- KXfiroTtoXtog - - n. 408.

- 0dTdto[v] - - n. 519.

- KUmvog Jtoyvctov - n. 407, cf. 248.

- 0M7mov - - n. 507.

^) D. S. 125 ff. Due to the many Henkels who came there with t^gov^^x^ is F. Becker's assumption S. V, 460. 523 that the word is not an official title, but because it is a proper name, refuted. — Dumont, p. 141, n. 1 jHMneovgida äartfyo^ fjiov will be included in the Pontic handle inscriptions, which are known as epony mos call the Astynomos. See Becker, J. S. IV, 458 f. S. V, 476 f.

4g J. Brandifl

Anker J^fHfc^Uw Kpi(diov) iid ^^yysittQdtov pp. 252, 36.

- - - - IIoXvxceQBvg pp. 251, 35^

- JiifA^Qi[ov] Kvi(diov) iiü TBleai(fqoiioq\ p. 252, 38. Ship's forepart [Etü J]lorog Sdv&ov Kv$äi(ov) n. 455.

- KaX]Udcl[p^] Sdv^v Kv$ißtov) n. 388.

Säv&ov Kvkdiov pp. 243, 89.

Trident EtA HX.... *A&a[vo]xQiTov Kytdi(ov) n. 186.

- SsvoxXiovg ^Ad-avoTtqirov - n. 456. *ßnri ^AvTc^vdolov - - n. 82- EtA "EqlikOXQdxfvg] EvßovXov - n. 293*.

- KaXXUxTOV EvßovXov pp. 291, 126.

EvßovXov pp. 314, 97.

^EtA KXsKfiTäda ^Aql

MsyaxXsvg - _ n. 415.

Caduceus ^Etü ^A(fx[X]tinuid€vg Nsixia Kvtdto[v] n. 163.

- ^EQiwxQarsvg Nwla - n. 288, cf. 446 •.

- KXetvomXiog NixlSa - n. 395.

- Jtoyipevg KUoav - n. 203, cf. 403.

- "EqiMxqdxevg KXioa[v\ - n.287%see p.284,77. KaXXiddgia ^Apa[i§dtfdQOv]

Kvtdta Kvhdia

OiXoTEoX^g Jiov\v\(Stog OiXonoX^g Ji[ovv(ft\og

pp. 270, 152. pp. 270, 154.

Mace ^EtA ^AfAvyta Itiva^dvSQov Kvidiov n. 56.

- J]iovva\io\v - - n. 241.

- Mevexgdtevg - - n. 420 and 74?

- KXeivnöXiog] Kv$di(ov) Uya^dvSgov pp. 264, 109. StiencMdel ^EtA *AQta[tai\y€V jMtsxovQlda Kvkdiov n. 111.

- ^AQunoxgdtevg - - n. 141.

- . . . . woov - - n. 254.

- jMWfSiov ^Ad[x\Xfi7nod(iiqov Kvh{diov) n. 237.

- @a[XhiAß\Q[ö\Tlda - - n. 354.

-Kidex. . . ^A(SxX[fimodiii^v'\ Kr$di(ov) n. 402*.

- NtxoXdov - D. 452.

Contributions to Greek heraldry 49

Stiersohadel ^Efü jQaxovtog Jtowtrtov - n. 273.

- ^afAoxQatevg - - n. 192.

EvxQatUüv JSxlQwg pp. 286, 89.

Ky^Siov 2xtQTov pp. 269, 142.

Bee *Enl jQaxoprog 'Emq>äp€vg Kvtd(iov) n. 267.

Bee ship's forepart ^Eni qov ^Erwpdvsvg Kvhd{tov) n. 284.

Herme ^En\ l^Qufraivov ^^QxccyoQa Kvhdiov n. 118. 120. 121.

HoXivevg Kvhdiov ^Aqxayoqa pp. 268, 137.

Amphora ^Enl [^Afi]vPTa XaQ(ioxQär€[vg] Kvt6(lov) n. 46.

Urn ^Enl ^EQ(Aoq>avTOV - - n. 300.

What can be done against the proven by these examples Rule could only appear. Because n. 157, p. 271 and n. 55, p. 255 not only show the same coat of arms and calibration certificates master, but also the same eponyms; because n. 157 is not with Dumont [0$Xo(i4]p€vgj but [^Em

Other examples that the coming of Eponymus was given the weapon pen seems to follow, i.e. i.e., what could very well happen, that under the same eponymos two different people from the same family who use the same coat of arms are mine

did not occur.

4

50 ^' Brandts

Because the restitution of the seal 162 p. 272 [M Kl$vik^i(6- Tov Kp$(diov) Xaqykoviqa herald's staff after aging n. 107 p. 263 'Eni KXsvfißQOTov Kvi(6lop) 2q>atQog herald staff is more than two- faulty.

The reason why the coat of arms of Eponymos^ but that which was added by the certification master is on the hand. Only the latter was for compliance with the legal measure responsible officials; This therefore pressed as a sign of his Guarantee puts his seal on every jug he calibrates, as well like Athena's treasurers the treasury in the castle sealed with their seal *); while the head of the public legal income (tafiUcg or intfjisXfi^g tijg xo&v^g ngo^odov) that state seal). With this latter, contracts and Documents issued in the name of the state drawn'), on the other hand, testimonies in court^), acts for which a particular special official was responsible, with the private seal sealed, and also public treasuries under the seal of the concerned cashier. The question of which documents mente the state seal, which required the official seal^ could be solved differently depending on location and circumstances. The Aichung of the Rhodian jugs was in the cone with the State seal completed, now of the Rhodian flower, now of the Helioscopes, with the assistance of the eponymous official and usually the date of the month, only rarely does an official Seal, probably here too that of the head of the Aichamt the place whose name is also often on the stamp of second handle was added*). In Tha-

1) Boeckb, St. d. A. II, 54, the I, 226 of course only on the analysis Contrast based on the theory of coins and clay handles has been missed.

>) Aristoph. Knight 943.

') Cf. C. I. Gr. II, 2332 anoortllat locfc n tpi^ffur/jitt ctfigaytcafiit^vs r^ dtifAOcUf Ofpgayidt. See 2557. 3053.

*) Cf. the inscription from Chaeronea at Frans £1. ep. Gr. 284.

>) The distribution into two handles has been described by P. Becker, S. V, p. 515.

Contributions to Greek heraldry. 51

BOB*) and in Enidos the private coat of arms of the official concerned for legalization. We find the same ratio on a number of not yet certain localized clay handle inscriptions, which are found almost only on the Black Sea (Becker, S.y, 513), therefore probably one of the coastal towns C; maybe Olbia*), belong and are characterized by the fact that on them the Eponymous officials are referred to as Astynomos, except for this one a second person is mentioned in more detail Handle and brick inscriptions either by adding the Word xsQafuvg or by entering with iTwi^as^) as the manufacturer is characterized. What is on these Erug stamps The added coat of arms belongs to the a

^Ayäd^mv S.V,476,2.

'HQaxXeiS^g S.V,476,3.

pointed out, leaving Damont unmentioned. The symbol will appear on the soon a handle together with the Eponjmos, like FQUhom, Dumont, p. 103, 202. p. 114, 7. C. I. III n. 345. Herme, Dum. n. 206. Stern, G. I. Gr. III, n. 438. 193. 197. Becker, S. lY, 30. Maus, C. I. 6r. 394, soon next to the second Names on the other handle, sometimes with the name of the month has gone over See Hermesstab, G. I. 203. 254. 258. 259. Becker, M^I. Oröco-Romains I, n. 67. 68. Becker, Fl. J. S. IV, 89. 33 (in the last six Filling with IMA, cf. Dum., p. 116, 6). FfiUhom, G. I. 28. 29. Star, M6I. I, n.26.83. G. 1.125. Ax, M61.I, p.430, n. 95. Blume, G. I. 228. Oil- wreath, G. I. n. 462. Flower wreath, G. I. n. 244. Möl. n. 41. 112. Only the place changes according to convenience, the coat of arms always belongs to the second name. This against Becker, S. V, 519.

*) Compare the handles of Thasos with Saffimy, a name and mostly Symbol in Dumont, p. 60 ff. The Thasian coin coat of arms, the kneeling one Bogenschfitz was also used there as a private coat of arms. See Dum., pl. V, 24. 40.

*) See Becker, p. IV« 492 ff. This is notable for the city's coat of arms private coat of arms reproduced by Olbia: eagle on dolphin and the names of St. yamUiy, Becker S. IV, 472, Mi^^aiatfig,

«) See Becker, S. V, 514. Dum., p. 66.

4*

52 ^* Brandis

Grape ainw6ikov AUsxivin), . . m^ldt^q p. IV, 465, 5.

MvvSMXiw[;], Jazog S. V, 484, 33. 34.

- - - nv[»$u]

Mv^tfacUovg dffwvo/Mwrog, 0v6g S.Vy506.

ifü ^EXto^v] atnw6ik[ov], [0]evdmQov p. IV, 478, 16.

- - - - Mavt$&i[ov] ib. 17.

Scblttssel [a]invp6fiov AlaxivaVj Mt&Qadäwv S. IV, 465, 4.

[Ka]X3Uc&ivavg ib. 3.

Eagle on Delphin StA ^Evd^lptov]^ [N]€OfHivl[av] S. Y, 479, 14.

TtfmQi[ov] S.V,478, 13.

Human head (äinwöfkov) JfUMfiqtoVj &vg S.y, 510.

Ktifiiüv p. IV, 466, 13. TBV»qag S.V,477,6.

n S.V,6-.

Bogvog u^fwvofkownog, Jlv^em S. IV, 476, 7. - - - [^i]n[n]oxQiiTavg ib. 8.

[l^TToJJlov aotvyofjtavj SxBipdvov i q xr >«q^ afftwoikOWTog^ WiMav)

horse Jlf[i«]^fot; aifvvvoikfnfvtog, O^XoKQai^ovg]) ^ ^_ ^^^

, , } S.V, 505.

- - - Avxag )

aatwoikav^%ii\g ^AmJiXüB\yio\v toi Mai\%^iov\

pp. IV, 480, 27.

Snake UoiSeUimvtov atnwofMWj Nsvfkt/riov %ov Aaxmvog

S.V, 508.

- - - Nixoctgärov wv 9[B]v7m6rmv ib.

~ - - üoce&dcivtog Qevduiqov

pp. IV, 483, 39.

Pankopf acitvi'o/aoH [n\v&o[xU\avg, M€vkntav p. IV, 472, 37 •.

[n]v&Mliavg [wr]wy6iko[v], &v6[g] S. V, 509.

ä[(fwvofko]vp[t]o[g] nv&oxliavg, nv»[ä]a p. IV, 472, 37.

Helioflkopf a^nvpofkowtog Bo^gvog, OiXMvog |

r > 1^1 p. IV, 9. 10.

- - - lAtOWjfMV )

Queuing torch [Il\aa$x(iQavg [aJotwo/Mw^ [^HqIoU/kov

S.V. 507.

Contributions to the Greek coat of arms. 58

Antreeht$teheuAQFsLckel[n]cur$x€eQf^Q[a\&ew6fAov^[2]t€^ )

a

482.17. cf. p. IV, 477, 10.

Silenkopf Jhv a

namia[q] p. IV, 477.

Wagen affrwoikov XoqfiYimv[oq\, ®vakcg S. V, 491.

Four-horse team atftvvofiav Xofffyifovog tov AsfaiUdovrog , \Ev\aiv^toq

S.V,491.

However, the same name does not always have the same coat of arms accompanied, is natural ; because if aach in individual families for certain Kamen or a certain type of name preference prevailed (cf. E. Cartius Monthly Report of the Akad. 1870, p. 162), so The same name often passed through several families. Therefore, if one Histiaios with an amphora, another with an eagle Dolphin, an Aeschines with a leaf, another with a grape, a third . with key, a fourth with a bearded head, a Demetrios with head, another with Diota, a Mikrios with horse, another with Trophy etc. sealed, this only proves that these names generally popular and therefore in a wide variety of families were common. Incidentally, the different The characteristics of the coat of arms probably refer to variations of the stamp. Hence may be explained by the fact that one can see on the seal print of the Thearion now two grapes, now a grape and a leaf (S. V, 499. 19. 20), on which Theogeitos now has the head of Hermes, now the Hermes Staff (a.a. 0. 23. 24) seen.

The one discussed here is of particular interest This type of stamp is used because it corresponds to the epic nymos sometimes enclosed patronymic allows proof, that the seals can be viewed as family coats of arms and in order to confirm the assumption on which the tablets of He- rakleia and other signs led (above p. 34). So sealed with the human head not only Demetrios (see above), but also Polyctor, referred to as the son of Demetrios (a&twofiov Jlo- XvxvoQog tov JiiiHiTQtov 0ti/ijfi(aps Becker, S. V, 486), with the

54 J* Brandis

Horse not just MikroioS; but also Hikrios' son Herakleides (aitwpofäov *HQa[xX]ctdav [to]v Mi[x]Qiov, UaT^gj S. V, 480).

Likewise, we come across one in two different members Family who loved the name Aristagoras, the same coat of arms^ the trophy:

[ac]Tw6fAov ['InliTtov wv [l<^d*ot»;'[<<^ot;], [Ev]ni^g p. IV, 470, 25. a[imfPOfibovyz]og MtxQiov tov ^AgunayÖQav, • • • adov S. IV, 471, 30. and in another family, in whose compositions came with the name Apollo were common (analogous case with E. Gurtius a. a. 0. p. 163) the palm tree with and without the addition of one Swan:

Palm [a](JTvy6(jbov nv&oxQ^Gtov wv ^ATmJikmvtdoVy nQ\w\mg S. V,

489, 53, Palm tree and swan [^A7wiX\uiviov [acm;v]o/t*ot;^ \ßBii,Ui\iüvog [KaX-

Xi\a»ivov[q] S. V, 495.

If now on these Pontic jars the seal of a(tn)v6ikog, which is sometimes referred to as äimtrofkäy, appears, there is no doubt that this is the case for the The official responsible for the Msurkt system was and that here as in Ejiidos its seal as a guarantee of correct measure served. This meaning of the seal explains the surrounding it said that the manufacturer, whose name is here in yellow god, was not Sign leads But that also takes care of Becker's represented view (S. V, 521) that the second name refers to the Enid and Rhodian handles, as well as on this pon* ' table jugs are to be vindicated to the manufacturer. self-evident Of course, it cannot be ruled out that manufacturer characters could appear on Greek jugs, especially if the determination of the same did not require any state measurement control; but where we have an official certification stamp with a state or If you encounter private coats of arms, the same thing is used everywhere the other as a state guarantee of the person responsible to be seen by officials. The coins confirm this assumption.

Since every piece of money is, so to speak, a walking state

Contributions to Greek heraldry. 55

contract, then of course you have to act as a guarantee for that legally established shot and grain, the state coat of arms on it - be embossed'). This was sufficient in ancient times kept, only later did people start using the coat of arms and name of the to add the responsible Httnzmeister. On the Athenian Older style tetradrachms only contain one symbol — the bull's head*) — on slightly later drachmas tax'), on the copper belonging to this there is sometimes a waizen kom^), on the tetradrachms and drachmas of the newer style there- against regular official names - initially in monogram - and coats of arms, rarely the latter alone, until the last period In addition to one seal image, there are usually three wholly or partially written magistrate names appear, the first of which has one probably changing every year, but capable of re-election officials') and thus the year, the second the actual coin master*), while the third official, like the im&udz^g t&v TtQvrävewy, the svdwo& and XorKfval, with which every time to Phyle appointed by the administration changes and represents them. The second one had the responsibility for the correct mtnzung, therefore his coat of arms appears on the silver as on the copper - on the latter usually as the only coin image of the bridge page — while magistrate names are missing here.

Because the epithet belongs to the second name Beul6 (p. 123 f.) irrefutably proven and his verdict is all the more unbiased because it describes the character of the sign as Coat of arms not recognized. The few exceptions confirm this Rule. Namely, as happened three times, there was a change of the mint master, his coat of arms will still be retained, and also under .his successor until the end of the year

^) See my Mflnz-M. u. G. p. 228 f.

«) Beul*, p. 37.

») Ib., p. 56. *) Ib., p. 74.

*) Benlö, p. 259: JtoxX^ lo dtvnigöy). p. 261 lo r^»(roy) Ju)xX^,

•) Beulö, p. 111.

56 J-Brandis

embossed with the same bar; the Si^el had become more important^ as the person.

If, on the other hand, the Athenians were Asian great kings, like Antiochus lY. or Mithradates, the position of the first official tens on their coins, so it was, so to speak State sovereignty was also transferred to them and the mint officials tens were to be regarded as their officials. Therefore, this is done under Mi- thradaf's name and perhaps also embossed on his account Attic money drawn by Aristion as mint master, on it by Aristion in his own name, but still under power of attorney The king's coinage continued and now from one of us unknown Philon signed. But both times the coin-operated master a coat of arms of his master, in the first case the symbol of the sun and moon, in the second case Pegasus^). Likewise This is done under the name Antiochus IV and probably also for Attic money coined for him by the mint responsible for him master with the royal coat of arms, the elephant'). net This proves that in the Asian empires the treasure officials do not act like that when issuing public documents Sub-officials in Athens and Rhodes of their family seal, but, as with us, served the royal seal.

The same observation that the epithet is the seal of second magistrate's name is also repeated on the late, partly coined under Roman rule') dragon men and trioboles of Dyrrhachion, of which I, as they are one offer a richer selection of names and coats of arms than any other another ancient type of coin, one by comparing the coins the Berlin and British Museums, the Mionet pastes, and the Woodhouse Museum, now combined with the British Museum schen collection (W.) as complete a directory as possible let the conclusion follow.

») See Beulö, p. 216, 237. >) See ßeulö, p. 205 ff. *) Mommsen, B. M., p. 394.

Contributions to Greek heraldry. 57

These drachmas show the end of the calf's neck on the side Euh^ in the field a magistrate's name in the nominative and up to three Insignia, which, however, only ever form a coat of arms, ref on the back the first letters of the city name and ma- gistrate names in the genitiy around two star-shaped figures in hardly sunken squares, the so-called Gardens of Alcinous. Up An old silkscreen on which the symbol is missing is the former Name expressed in monogram or initial letters. This already suggests that the second name is not Patronjnnikon is, a claim already disputed by Eckhel; the main But the proof lies in the epithet, which, although on display side attached, belongs to the second name and with this changes. So Amyntas leads the cornucopia under Eunus, Etetus, Philo and Sostrion; Arists the lightning under Silanus and Philo; Arimnastos the grape under Herodotos, Herakleides, Machatas, Thcodotos ; Aristarchus the Ear of Ear under Philonidas and Eutychus; Agathion Adler and tax under Meniskos and Xenon; Aristo machos club and trident among Nikadas and Machatas; Arches the crescent under Menodotus and Herodotus; Ladies Aehre and grapes among Euctemon, Zopyros, Etetus, Ariston, Antiochus, Dazios, Philotas, Perigenes, Pherenikos, Ear and Bee among Philo; Eoraios club under Machatas and Stratonikos; Zopyros Helios head and owl under Echephron, Zoilos, Machatas, Lysen, Philotas; Theoxenus grape and ear of ear under Eutychus, ear of ear under Alkon; Eleitorios ivy wreath, tripartite with or without mo- nogram under Sostrion, Philotas, Ariston, Epigenes, Perigenes; Lycus club and tax under Echephron, Pagkrates, Menekkas or Menalcas, eagle on lightning under Antiochus and Cydippus; Meniscus Helios head under Philo and Machatas; Nikyllo's filling horn, snake around stick and cock under machatas, cordon, Philemon; Obrimos Dioscuri hats under Diogenes, Aphrodisios, Stephanos, Theodotus; Parmeniskos Helios Head under Herodotos, Kaliicrates, Stratonicus, Philo; Phaniscus a female head, Ear and grape connected under Ktetos, Erigenes, Sostrion,

58

J. Brandts

Pbilon and Philotas. On the other hand, the opposite case occurs: the epithet with the first name remains, with the second changes, only once in Alkaeus, before Aristomenes Seal Laen with the BUde of the plow; which just proves that both belong to the same family. The first officer is up these coins and the completely similar and simultaneous ones Coins from Apollonia as well as on the Athenian Tetra drachmas and the Enid clay handles as Eponymos that Year of minting, the second denotes the mint master. This one was undoubtedly inferior to that one. Hence it happens that no Roman name among the coin masters^^ among the epochs two names, namely Leucius and Tritos, find each other, and besides to which the families to which the former belonged rarely did that held the office of the latter. At least that's the only way to explain it striking fact that among about 125 names only 9') in occur in both categories. The directory shows that the Observations regarding the affiliation of the coat of arms here and there leads to the restoration of the mint master's name

I. Drachmas.

a) Older series. Cow calf singing, above monogram y y^yp municipal name around so-called Gärta

or initial letters of a name. Alcinous.

M. (= Mion. II p.37 f.) n. 147.

Ä

AAEZtQNO:^.

M. 148.

-

APXHN02.

W.

/c

BIQN. .

M. 149.

A"

KYAIPPOY.

M. 150.

-

PAYIANIA.

M.S.(=Mion.S.IIIp.329f.)n.l97.

M*

MANTIAAA.

M. 151. P. 178.

ip

KAEFTPATOY.

Prokesch Ined. 1845.

ip

AYIHNOS.

1) The name Gaios still appears on the partly late copper. Mion. 157 and p. 305; However, since only one name appears here, it is not possible decide whether it is the Eponymos or coin master.

*) Arists, Zopyrus, Kydippus, Lysen, Meniscus, Niken, Pagkrates, Philo and Philotas.