Revue numismatique, vols. 8–9 (4th series) — vol. 8–9 — 1890

FKP (year 123)

—

(?)

—

AC

ZKP (year 127)

—

—

rc

HKP (year 128)

—

T

—

AN

GKP (year 129)

—

—

AC

AAP (year 131)

—

—

GN

BAP (year 132)

—

—

€N

BAP (year 132)

—

€N

TAP (year 133)

?i

—

ec

ZAP (year 137)

?i

—

GC

PAH (year 138)

A

—

GC

GAP (year 139)

—

GC

GAP (year 139)

T

—

GC

MP (year 140)

—

€N

BMP (year 132)

A

AN

TMP (year 143)

AC

GMP (year 149)

\

B.C.

ANP (year 151)

AC

BNP (year 152)

GC

BIP (year 162)

GN

TIP (year 163)

?

MC

AIP (year 164)

GC

SIP (year 166)

rc

ZIP (year 167)

?l

AC

1, Leake, Atiaiie Greece ^ pp. 36-37,

Digitized by

▲RADUS 415

>•

HZP

(year 168)

A

AC

11 — B

(year lOo)

T

A ^

AC

0iP

(an loyj

\

0C

0iP

^J/»Q\

(year law)

91

uc

OP

(year 1/U]

PDO

(year 1/1)

_ 1

91

M.Z.

i. '

PDO

(year 1/1)

A

M2

B.O.P.

/__ in \\

(year 1/1)

T

M2

I

bUr

(an 1 /z]

rop

(year 17o)

m2

PDO

l7/.\

(an i/ftj

Oc

-

ZOr

(year 1//J

ZOP

(year 177)

91

M.Z.

HOP

(year 178)

T

M.Z.

eop

(year l/V)

TTP

(year loU)

TTP

(year loUJ

TTP

(year 180]

91

M.Z.

Anp

(year 181]

?l

—

M.Z.

BNP

(year 182)

T

M.Z.

rnp

(year 183]

—

M.Z.

rrrp

(year loJ)

T

M2

€np

(year 185)

A

M.Z.

Enp

(year 185)

A

AZ

znp

(year 187)

AZ

znp

(year 187]

AZ

Hnp

(year 188]

M.Z.

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416

E. BABELOK

Hnp

(year 188) —

>1

M.Z.

HP

(year 193) —

AZ

rflp

(year 193) —

*

A

AZ

E9P

(year 195) —

A

AZ

S<»P

(year 196d —

;|

AZ

S<1P

(year 196) —

T

AZ

Z9P

fan 1971 —

AZ

ymp

(year 198) —

A

AN

HSP

(year 198) —

d

AZ

e

(year 199) —

AN

c

(year 200) —

EZ

CIA

(year 211) —

?l

AZ

cir

(year 213)

?

?

Although it is very incomplete, the chronological list logic that we have just drawn up is therefore large enough for us to be able to seek to realize the general meaning of Phoenician and Greek letters which accompany the date on each of the tetradrachms. These are undoubtedly mint or issue marks. sion. As we will soon see, a number of these Phoenician letters Greek ct are found on the small pieces silver or on the bronzes which were struck 6 at the same time as the tetradrachms. We cannot would consider recognizing dates in letters AC. eC, M2, etc.; we must also reject opinion, issued by a few, according to which the letters €N would designate Talelier de Enydra, one of the colo-

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ARAOtS

417

islands of Aradus on the Phoenician coast; informs us- Let us further explore the bronzes or the letters pheni- ciennes ]N appear to correspond to the letters Greek €N.

When we look at our list as a whole, it seems that there is a kind of alternation and return of the same letters after a certain period period. For the Phoenician letters, we find let's, for example, the letter N, with the dates 127, 129, 132, 162, 179, 180, 183, 188, 197, 199, and he we are undoubtedly missing a large number of them: the distance from announcements 127 and 199 proves that it does not could be a question of *a name of magistrate designated^ by his initial. The same observations can be made on the other letters of the series. These characteristics teres, moreover, are little varied, and the alphabet Phoenician is far from being represented in full; we only finds the following: p, 1, 3, N, and the numeral mark ?l which designates the number 21. If this are there indications of special workshops, we would have therefore six pharmacies and one could expect that these six brands reproduce on the broadcasts of each year.

As for the Greek letters, two in number, they are perhaps independent of each other, although always juxtaposed. I actually notice that the second varies little: it is constantly C or 2, N and sometimes E or €, which in reality only three letters. The first letter changes more frequently lies; I note the following: A. B. T. A. E. G. M. These seven letters combine with the other three in

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418 B. BABBLON

an order whose law I was unable to grasp. I deliver these observations vations to the more sagacious, happy numismatists if I could contribute in any way to recover the organization and functioning of a monetary workshop whose activity was particularly fertile period between the time of Alexander and Tarri- vee of the Romans in Syria. tin waiting, it must be said as in the time of Eckhel: s^arim in his new arithme- iicm suum adhuc CEdipum expectant *.

13. — These tetradrachms correspond to drachmas of Attic weight, which have, to the right and reverse, types similar to contemporary currencies rains of Ephesus, that is to say the bee and the deer. We can believe that these drachmas were minted in vcrtu of commercial treaties or a mone- silence between Ephesus and Aradus which, in both centuries which preceded our era, were the two the most commercial cities of Asia Minor and the coast of Syria. These drachmas were minted in large quantity and we meet them today in abundance; their varieties consist of the letters, dates and monograms noted in the field of the right, on each side of the bee. The dates are very rare; Mr. Six says that they have been found since 169 our era, until 148, then in 127 and in 110; he relates, without indicating its sources, from S (== year 90) to PIA (= an ill), then BAP (= an 132) and GAP (= an 139)'.

The first of these dates would be

. 1. Eckhel. D. N. V., I. Ill, p. 395.

2. Six, in Numism. Chronicle^ 1877, p. 187; B. Head, Ejtheaus, dam It NumUm. ChronicU, 1880, pp. 139-HO and 163-164.

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ARADU8

419

quency to bring up remission of these drachmas to the Ephesian types long before that of the tetra- drachmas of which we have just spoken. But this conclusion seems to me to have to be rejected. I noticed in the list below all the varieties which I have passed through the hands and which represent more of one hundred copies; I added the description of those which, already published, seemed to me worthy of engagement: we will see that there are very few of these pieces which bear dates, and that the oldest date which is beyond any discussion is only Tann^e 132. A simple glance at our per- will raise doubts whether the letter S is really Tan- born 90; it is rather a mint mark; I didn't meet against nowhere the dates that Mr. Six indicates between S (90) and PIA (ill). On a piece from the Hunter Museum, he there is apparently, PB, which would make, if it is a date, Tan- nic 102 (158 BC); the BAP (year 132) and NP dates (year 150), on drachmas from the same museum are certain tains. The GAP date (year 139) is on the Cabin coin. net of the Medals that we reproduce on our plate XIII, fig. 3. So, until further informed, we will cautiously consider as some only dates 132(128 BC), 139 (121 BC) and probably also 150 (llO BC); all the others are more than doubtful and they do not could therefore authorize the raising of remission of these drachmas until Ji Tan 170 before our era. The two or three certain dates appear prove on the contrary that remission of drachmas to type ^ph^sien must have started at the same time as

Digitized by

420 B. BABBLON

that of titradrachms of the Victory type. In the following table, we will notice that on the pieces dated from the years 132, 139 and 150, we read k right of Tbee, the letters €N, GC and BC which are also found on tetradrachms of same years signaled above.

Varieties:

gaache fabeiUe

On the right of the bee

RAP /^an

\OA J

GAP (year

139)

ec PI. XIII, fig. 3.

NP (year

150)

B.C.

RE

q

RE

c

A(?)

p

HY

R

ev

M

/A

M

P.B.

FSL

T

14. — The unpublished drachma below falls into a series which appears to have followed the drachnias ^ph^sian types:

Head of a woman on the right (Tych6?), with a veil on the nape of the neck, hair pulled up in a bun.

IX. Zebu lying left, one paw forward and trying to get up; above the letter ^; has Texergue, the date AZP (= 164).

A. 19. _ Drachma, 3 gr. 85. PI. XIII, fig. 4

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▲RADUS 421

Note that the letter i is also found in the field of the t^tradrachm described above, with the same date. The types of the woman's head and the zebu cornupete are found on very common bronzes. muns which we describe below under number 19.

15. — Turret and draped bust of Tyoh6 on the right, with a palm on F^shoulder. Granite around the edge.

5f. Bow of ship k left, rounded front and curves into a volute. Above, variable letters; below, a date and a letter. A. 14. — 1 gr. 90.

Varieties:

At the test An dessoai

EN - hJ\,\\,^ (year 130) and ^ PI- XlII, 5.

OCl AMP (year 141)

MCl HMP (year 148)

BC?I OMP (year 149) Pi. XIII, fig. 6.

BC ANP(anl51)

16. — Busies accolded by Zeus and Hera, & right, Vf. Ship's bow on the left, the front topped with

the figure of Athena Promachos. Above, letters variables; at the exergue, a date and often a letter. M. 16 mill.

Aa deisas from the bow To the exergue

1.0 II \\\n\>\\>su (year 125)

Jj-f - N\i\\t^ (year 130) and ^

PI. XIII, fig. 7. i,^ I -A//il/i>* (year 131) and^

W- N\>\\tsu (year 132) and ^

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422 B. BASKLON

17. Turret head of Tychii right-handed, hair braided on the neck, and wearing a palm leaf on the shoulder. Garnetis around the edge.

^, Apluster. On each side, variable letters and a date. I, H mill.

To the left of the aplaslrc To the right of rapuster

Ill -/,I/,N„ (year 113) 1,^ lllllll-/,l/,>*, (year 117)

ij^vi,^ yV'A//il/»>* (year 140)et?l

^ 'JOi^ 1 1 1 Affy/f, (year 143) and $

AA^'i/ II III III ^^MH *^^)

18. — Head of Medusa from the front.

^. Aplustre. On the right, BC and /\; left, date GMP (year 149).

yR. 12 mill. — 1 gr. 18. PI. XIII, fig. 9.

19. — Diademed head and veil of Tyche (not always relce), on the right.

1^'. Z6bu leaping left. Above, variable letters; at the exergue, a date and a letter. I. 22 mill. Varieties:

An desins da z^ba A Vexcrgae

rC PIS (year 166) and ^

BC PIS (year 166 and ^

BC and rC PIS (year 166) and ^

letCN P0A(anl71) — ?

Digitized by

AttADVd 423

TJet^ P0A(anl71) — ?

^^Z and CN POA (year 174) and ?l

AN and nC P0€ (an 175) M and ^ (?)

$Z and €N POS(year 176) andN...?

AN ^ POS(year 176)

^Pn-^ (year 181) and CCOM*

06 psj Pnr (year 183 and d^l

CT CI PHA (year 184) ?l psj

PI. XIII, fig. 10.

a CI Pne (year 189) A N (?)

P period (46 BC to 244 AD)

During this period we group everyone together swimming of Aradus under Roman domination, that is said since Tan 46 BC. AD, date of the last tetra- autonomous drachma and, at the same time, date of the death of Pompeius, until Fan 244, date of the death of Gordian the Pious, the last of the Roman emperors whose name has hitherto been encountered on mounts born out of the Aradus workshop. Several of the types already known in the previous period are lost can be found in this one, but in a barbaric and rude; there are no longer any silver coins gent.

1. — Diademed head of a woman on the right, the hair want to put it up in a bun and falling on the nape of the neck.

1 Eckhel has already noticed that on this piece the engraving of the coin corner has placed a Phoenician a/rph in the place of Greek Valpha, for the last letter of the Dale. Eckhel, Doclr. num. veL, t. HI, p. 303.

Digitized by

424

B. BABBLON

ipr. APAAIHN. Fortune is half-naked, sitting left on a rudder; with her left hand, she holds a gift of abundance and it relies on right hand on the rudder bar. In the field, the letter A and the date ZI2 (year 217).

I. 22 mill. PI. XIII, fig. li.

This new type continues under the empire.

2. — Bare head of Marc Antony, right.

ly. Z^bu leaping, left. Above, CCOM; below, the date CKB (year 222), M et Al.

I, 22 mill.*. PI. Xill, fig. 12.

Bronze coins were attributed to Aradus which bear on one side Teffigie of Marc Antoine and Another that of Cleopatra, or else who have, by right, Teffigy of Cleopatra, while the reverse type is a Victory flying, like on the deniers Romans by M. Vinicius*. These currencies are well-performed tively of Syrian origin, but nothing justifies their classification in Aradus. The legend: 6T0YC KA TOY KAI C 66 AC N€nT€PAC, “Tan 21 which is also Tan 6 of the new goddess, » place remission of these Tan coins 30 or 29 BCE; T^re of Ara- due or the monogram of this city is not there point, and there is no clue to choose, for remission of this coinage, Aradus rather than Berytus, for example, a workshop that surely struck coins in the name of Cleopatra

1. Cf. Mionnet, Descr., I. V, p. 462, no. 833.

2. Mionnet, Suppl., t. VIII, p. 321, n** 408 410; F. Feuardcnl, EffjfpU ancient, p. 135; A. von Sallct, in the ZeUsekrifl fiir NumismatiA, t. XJII, p. 75.

3. F. Feuardent, Ancient Egypt, p. 128.

Digitized by

CKe (year 229)

▲RADUS 425

3. — Diademed bust of a woman, right, the hair want to put it up in a bun.

J^*. Zebu leaping, left; above, variable letters; below, a date. I. 25 mill.

Varieties:

Above the x^bu Aa below the z4ba

YB CKe (year 229)

you

A

The Phoenician legend on this last piece appears to be composed of the letters Sd followed by the number 21 that we often encounter on currencies previous series, without understanding their significance tion.

4. — Augustus. — Head of a woman, right, diade- m^e, hair in a bun and falling on the neck; in front, a small head of Augustus, on the right.

^. Zebu leaping, k left; below, the date 2n'h (= year 258). Mr. 20*.

5. — Legend erased. Bare head of Augustus, a left. Behind, a countermark.

9*. APAAIHN in Texergue. Urn of games between two palm fronds and two sphinxes. In the field to the right, the date ZI2 (=year 267); on the left, the letter 5. M. 20.

This piece was misread by Mionnet who attributed it to Claudius, while reading the date 2NH (year 258)*.

6. — Tiberius, — Head of a woman, right, diadem,

1. This piece is attributed & N^ron parMionnet, Descr,, t. V, p. 4C2, no. 835.

2. Mionnet, Deacr.^ t. V, p. 462, 834.

1891 — 5 28

Digitized by

426

E. BABELON

hair arranged in a bun and falling on the neck; in front, a small head of Tiberius, on the right.

h*. Zebu leaping, left; above, the letter Y; below, the date Sni (= year 286). .E. 23.

Claude. — (See below, n* io.)

7. — Caligula, — Laureate head of Zeus, right. 9'. Double cornucopia; If g., A; on the right, the

date ZS2 (year 297). M. 18 (Imhoof, Mon. gr, p. 447, No. 46).

8. — Nero. — Laureate head of Nero, right.

APAAIHN. Fortune seated, left, on a rudder, holding the rudder stick and a cornucopia. In the field, TKE (year 325).

d.—Domitian.—AYT^ KAI2AP-A0MITIAN02 2EBA2-

T02 FEPM. Laureate head of Domitian, right.

R*. My legend and same type, with the date NT (= year 350) and the letter Y-^- 24.

Another copy with the date ANT (351). Mionnet donates a coin from the Farnese Museum to the same types, with the date BNT (= year 352)*.

10. — Head of a woman, right; in front, the bust Domitian Laura.

I^'. APAAIHN. Zebu leaping, left; below- sus, BNT (= year 352); in front of the letter 22 mill.

11. — Head of Tyche, right, rounded and carrying a palm on Tepaule.

1. Mionnet, Z>e*cr., p. 462, no. 836, and Suppl. t. VHI, p. 322, no. 411. I don't k to complete the currency that Mionnet (n* 412) deduced with the ideas of Domitian and Doraitia.

Digitized by

ARAOUS 42?

1^'. Bow of ship on the left, the front decorated with the figure of a character holding a trunk; on the At the bow sits Zeus half-naked, leaning on the left hand on his scepter and holding right a crown. In the field, the letter y; has Texergue, the date ENT (= year 355).

I, 20 mill. PI. XIII, fig. 13.

12. — Trajan, ...NEP0YAI-TPAIAN0I-2EB-rEP-

Laureate head of Trajan, right.

I^. APAAION. Fortune is half naked, seated left on a rudder, holding with right hand the handle of this rudder, and with the left hand a cornucopia; on his head, the modius. In the field, on the left, the date TZf {= year 363); on the right, the letter ^. 24 mill.

13. Head of a diademed woman, h straight, hair braids and falling on the neck; in front of her, a small head of Trajan Laura, h right. Grenetis.

ly. Z6h\x leaping, left; below, APAAION; in front, a letter ph(5nician variable /\7 etc.); above, the date EZT (=an365). Grenetis.

M. 22 mill. PI. XIII, fig. 14.

14. — Radiate bust of Trajan, right. Grenetis. j^. APAAION. Two ears of corn and a bunch of grapes

6emerging from a vase. In the field, to the right, the EZT date (= year 365). Grcnetis.

I. 21 mill. PI. XIII, fig. 15.

15. — Toureld bust of Tych6, right, the che- want braids on the neck, and wearing a palm frond.

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428 E. BABELON

I^*. Bow (the ship k left, Tavant overcomes of another figure of Athena Promachos; on the bow, Zeus half naked, seated, holding a long scepter in one hand and holding out with his right hand a crown to Athena. In Texergue, the date 5OT and Z (= year 372d or ^ inde- during and TZ (without O) (= year 307, under the reign of Claude). .E. 20 mill.

16— ...TPAIANOCAPICTKAICC€B-r€PAA:K-nAPe: ...

Laureate head of Trajan, right. Grenetis.

APAAION. Fortune is half-naked, sitting left on a rudder; with her right hand holds the stick of this rudder, and from the left a cornucopia. In the field, on the left, AOT (year 37^i); on the right, the letter 5. ^E. mill. K

17. — Same right. In countermark, L-XV. ly. Same type, with the date EOT (= year 375). .E. 2^1 mill.

We will recall here that it is by relying on the legend of the law of the preceding pieces (n*** 16 and 17) that Noris, and his suite MM. Mommsen and Droysen, specified the starting point of Tere ara- dicnne*. The title of Parlhicus, TTAPe, given to Trajan, which forms the essential argument of these scholars, is not not visible on the copies of the Cabinet de France; its existence is however guaranteed by Noris, according to a piece from the old Medici collection, today today at the Florence Museum*.

1. Mionnet, Descr.^ t. V, p. Wi, n* 845. Mionnct added in note: “We must read about well-preserved medals: AYTOKP*N€P*TPAI ANOC*

APICT-KAIC-CEB;r€P-AAK-nAPe »

2. Vojez Revue numismatique, 1888, p. 516.

3. Noris, Annus el epochae Syromacedonum (1691), p. 364-365.

Digitized by

ARADU6 429

18. — Turret bust of Tyche, right, the che- want nattds on the neck, and carry a palm.

^\ Ship's bow on the left, Favant overcomes of a figure of Athena Promachos; on the bow, Zeus is half-naked, seated on the left, leaning on left hand on a long scepter, and extending it right hand a crown to Athena. ATexergue, the date EOT {= year 375); on the right, the letter 5. JE. 21 mill.

19. — Variete, with the letter p. PI. XIII, fig. 16.

20. — Diademed bust of a woman, right, the hair want to put it in a bun and relax the shoulders; in front she, a little laureate head of Trajan. Grenetis.

I^. APAAlflN. Zebu leaping, left; above, the EOT date (== year 375); on the left, the letter p. I. 24.

There is no need to take into account the currency in the name of Hadrian described by Mionnet^ which would bring to the times the names of Aradus and Laodicea.

21. — Laureate head of Zeus, right.

J)C, Double come of abundance. In the field, the date EOT (= year 375) and the letter p. I. 20*.

Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.

22. — ...ANTONINOC-KAI-OYHPOC CEBACTOI. Teles won and faced by M. Aurele and L. Verus.

]^. APAAION. Zebu leaping, left; below-. above, the date AKY (= year 421). In the field, to the right, the letter €. Grenetis. ^.21.

23. — Same right.

1. Mioiincl, Descr., I. V, p. 465, no. 849.

2. Imboof Blumcr. Monn. Greek., p. 447, n* 47.

Digitized by

430 E. BAIIEL05

Vk\ APAAIHN. Fortune is half-naked, sitting left on a rudder, holding with the left hand a cornucopia and on the right the handle of the rudder. Above, the date AKY (= year 42i); has left, the letter €. Gr6netis. I. 25.

21. — Other, with the date BKY (=year 422) «.

25. Chest of drawers, — AYT-K-M-AVP-ANT-KOM.,. Head Laurea of Commodus, k right.

^\ APAAIHN. Fortune standing facing, holding a come of abundance; it is placed between two peaks each topped with a Victory which crowns it. In the field, left k, HMY (= an 448) and the letter r. Grenetis. Mr. 25*.

26. Septimius SeWre, — AyT-KAI....C€OYHPON C€B,

Laureate head of Septimius Severus, right.

K. APAAICON. Poseidon standing, right, foot straight on a rock; with his right hand he leans on his trident and in the left he holds a hippo- camp. In the field, on the left, A and the date SNY (= year 456. .E. 23 •.

27. Caracalla. — AYT-KAI-ANTQNINOC-CC.Head lau- viQ of Caracalla, k right; below, the letter A.

AHMAPX-€I-YnATOC TO A. Standing eagle of face, wings outstretched, holding a crown in its bee. Between its legs, a crab topped with a cross health; in the field, to the right, a palm tree. yR. 26. — 13 gr. 36. P.I. XIII, fig. 17*.

1. Mionnet, De9cr., t. V, p. 465, n*' 851, 852 el 853. llioonet donae, from apH^s the catalog of Ennerv', a pitie of Tan AKY (4-1) with the sole head of Lucius Veras.

2. Mionnct, Descr., I. V, p. 465, 855.

3. Mionnet, De9cr., I. V, p. 466, n* 856.

4. From api^s Imboof-Blamer, GriechUche Mumtem, p. 238, a* 786.

Digitized by

ARADUS 431

One of Mr. Imhoof's happiest discoveries- Bliimer, in his recent ou\ rage (Griechische Man- zen) was to demonstrate that currencies of low silver to the type of Taigle, which was classified in block a Antioch, must divide themselves between the following cities vants: Antioch, Ilieropolis, Beroea, Zeugma, Ara- dus, Tripolis, Sidon, Tyre, Ascalon, Gaza, Emese. The attribution to Aradus of the preceding one is justified by the presence of the letter A on the right and by the palm tree on the reverse, ordinary symbol of the workshop of Aradus.

28. — AYT-K-M-AYP-ANTQNINOC. Laureate head of Caracalla, on the right.

J)C. APAAIflN. Urn of games between two palms and two sphinxes. In the left k field, the letter €; has right, the date YOA (=year 474). Grenetis. iE. 19^

29. — AYT-K M-AYP-ANTQNINOC. Laura bust and draped by Caracalla, right.

1^. APAAinN. Cypresses between a lion and a bull faces and each accompanying a military ensign shut up. In Texergue, €*$0Y (— year 476). In the field, on the right, €. Grenetis.

I. 27 mill. PI. XIII, fig. 18.

This medal and other analogs are attributed fogged by Mionnet at Elagabale*. But I don't believe that this attribution is correct; the date is like this indicated $0Y, and even on a copy of the Cabinet Medals f OY. It therefore seems to me that we must

1. Mionnet, Descr., t. V, p. 466, no. 857.

2. Mionnet, Descr., t. V, p. 466, n- 858 A 860, and SuppL, t. VUI, p. 323, a" 414, 415 and 416.

Digitized by

432 B. BABELON

read 476 (= 217 AD), the last year of the reign of Caracalla, rather than 477 (= 218 AD), the first first annex of the reign of Elagabalus. If it was this last date, we would hardly understand that the number 7 (Z) was turned over and thus made, 5, on all copies, produced with different corners.

30. Gordian the Pious. — AYTOK-K-M-ANT-rOPAlA- NOC. Bust of Gordian the Pious, right, head radiated, the chest covered with the paludamentum and the breastplate. Grenetis.

I^. €TOYC H^Y (=: year 498) APAAIQN. Games urn between two palm fronds and two sphinxes. Grenetis.

.E. 30 mill. PI. XIII, %. 19.

This coinage of Gordian the Pious, which I believe unpublished, is the last of Aradus. Year 498 of 1st Aradian corresponds to Tan 239 AD, which is the second year of Gordian's reign (AD 238-244)

E. Babelon.

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OF

SUGGESTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS D U SOU

1*. The name of penny, solidus, goes back to Cons- tantin and the monetary reform which is attributed; it became, in the Latin part of Temp- worse, the name of the gold coin based on the new system, and 72* part of the Roman pound. After After the invasion, this coin continued to be struck, as in the provinces which continued to belong to The Eastern Roman Empire, only in the founded states by the barbarians on the territory of the old empire and in particular in Merovingian Gaul, but with increasingly fraudulent weakenings. Soon the penny itself was no longer minted except in exceptional circumstances. tionally and the only common gold coin was the Triens or Tremissis, the third of the penny.

Minting and use of gold currency disappear k The advent of the Garolingians, and the name of its name is then give to the twentieth of the pound of silver, or more t6t, initially, to the compiled sum of 12 denarii silver, the only surviving currency.

This transposition of the name has been interpreted variously explained and many systems have been proposed. In an earlier 6lude we developed Tid^e

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M. DE VIENNA

that the dozen deniers equivalent to the trien, which circulated almost exclusively so instead of old gold penny, this word of penny could have without equi- can be attributed to this dozen, which became in practice the main unit. * Anyway, since Charlemagne the word penny has no longer meant that this collection of silver coins, twentieth of pound-weight; but never in those times did he 6l6 mints coins of this value, and the word sou does not means that a sum of twelve denarii or the twentieth part of the pound. However harmony complete existing between the values and the weights allows to drop the word ounce as a fraction of the pound, and the penny became in weight, as in money naie, the first subdivision of the pound, especially when it came to weighing precious metals.

At the time of separation of the pound weight of the account book which took place by the tail of the first changes in currency, that is to say towards the end of the reign of Philippe T*", the pound lost its sense of unity invariable weight, and it was necessary to leave this attribution has a new unit exclusively of weight, the marc^ which was divided into 8 ounces*. Originally, these 8 ounces 6 were equivalent to 20 sub tournaments, and many expressions tions deduced from this equivalence have subsisted in monetary practice long after it was cut disappeared from reality.

The penny, a fraction of the pound, fully participates in

1. Origins of the silver pound.

2. These 8 ounces are equivalent to 9 ancient Roman ounces; the 20 cents tournaments formanl the new pound were therefore 3/4 of the old pound of weight.

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SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE SOU 435

the condition of Tunile main sum of 240 deniers whose intrinsic value is difficult controllable. Each denier, in fact, is no longer repre- only by a piece of clay that inspires serious apprehensions to those who accept it, because the liter can be very variable, and this small mon- naie is quickly discredited to all those who hoard.

2°. We have already had the opportunity several times to appreciate what the advantages and disadvantages were consequences of the existence of a unit of account. 11 It is enough for us to repeat that fantasy had nothing to do with it. nothing, and that the royal arbitrary, whoever it may have been, did not never been able to change the general situation of the courses, but produce only accidents and shocks local, partial and momentary jumps. The only ones lasting modifications, acting in a permanent manner manent by continuous effects, are those which are due to the constant rise of the best pieces more safe vis-a-vis the lower hill. This increase in species struck on the end, or very close to the end, was favored by competition from worn parts and spare parts foreigners of lesser value, as well as by the portion often fixed too high between Tor and Targent in currency issues. The increase resulting from these various causes for the nominal value good species was from time to time partially sanctioned by the power which fixed to the old species at a higher price, or which struck new species during the previous period of approximately similar type, but of less weight

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M. DE VIENNA

end. This increase was also pushed by all the silver merchants who then had a huge influence on the decisions of a government whose finances were often burdened and income engage. Although the bad manufacturing, which arbitrarily assigned a fiduciary value to weakened species, have never had in France more than one restricted action and of short duration, they conlri- drank in the same way to increase the feeling in the public instability of the nominal value of the coins current, estimated in sous and deniers.

3** We therefore see the need for the public to stop at certain good species having obtained the general favor in the practice of common uses, cn leaving aside absolutely their nominal value in concept unit. From there an indescribable repugnance for this same public usually gives the noi of penny, even to a good coin legally issued for 12 deniers, since this piece could take changes values more than 61evees and be worth 13, 14 or 15 denarii from money changers and bankers.

Likewise, the habit maintained in France until reign of Louis XIV to count indifferently in Parisis ou en Tournois' would have introduced an equi- perpetual talk about the value of this penny note, uncertainty which could not be reconciled with a currency real.

For these reasons, the penny word, like that of book, was never given to any real piece in

1. It follows that the pound and the sou porisis Were a quarter stronger than the pound and penny tournaments; the Parisian pound was worth 25 sous tournaments, and the sound bet 15 deniers tournaments.

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SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE SOU 437

practice, before the two sources of confusion that we have stated had not completely dis- appeared, that is to say before the enormous development given to credit and speculation on paper had not completely deleted^ Official tagiotage on currencies, and before the account in Paris was fully falls into disuse *. The first piece who took and kept the name of penny in general usage was a piece of copper weighing about 10 grams, issued in 1719 for a value of 12 deniers. Aupa- Before the coins of 12 or 15 deniers were called big^ whiteSj big whites y dozen. For these last, the fact of not taking the penny's name is all the more curious since they were nothing more than pieces of very low fineness, and that consequently they totally escaped Tagiotage which affected still the higher species.

4*" On the other hand, if Fid^e of dozen and number- duodecimal ration, which had originally created the penny, had a great value in the practice of a people with a very rudimentary civilization, and using especially spoken or head numeration, it lost all usefulness in all written accounts, from the smallest household accounts to general accounting entries. We would prefer many all the real pieces that could follow the rules of decimal numbering. Cast which explains the great favor of the pieces of 5, 10, 15 deniers, and even 20 or 30.

1. We are dead [in a moment under Louis XIII and at the beginning of the reign of Louis XIV the name of sou was given exceptionally to two unimportant manufactures which had no durability.

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438 M. OF VIENNA

This is also what explains the long maintenance of the account in Paris, where the penny was worth 15 deniers tour- walnuts, and the double penny 30 deniers, despite the confusion sion that could result from this. It is true that the confusion between the two types had served a lot formerly to pass and accept in the public the various weakenings of the currency, and that it continued to favor Tagiotage on species and increase in old parts.

5"* Before you begin Study of the various types which relate directly to the 12 or 15 penny deniers, we will therefore remember that, until the first quarter of the 18th century, the W^was only a sub- unit of account for which it was not logical to apply invariably ask for the name of a piece that can represent a variable number of deniers, depending on the spontaneous or orderly increase of species in course.

6** Until the beginning of the 16th century, it was not not struck in silver or in a bill of coins of sion or weight greater than those of our piece current value of one franc. It is reported to Saint Louis that creation of the nionnaiedesgro^ originally worth 12 deniers and which ends under Louis XI with the course of 33 denier. The money of the big guys was always minted very close to the end, usually at 23/24.

It was the truly superior currency of the time. The size varied almost from single to double: from 58 to the mark under Saint Louis, "it was 96 to the mark in 1375 and went back to i 69 under Charles VII in his last type.

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SUCCESSIVE TKANSFORMATlONS OF THE SOU 430

Next to wholesale money, struck very close to the end, we had a second coin minted in medium billon, it is that of the whites which was begun under the reign of John the Good and which, continued by the zains, still existed under Louis XIV with the pieces of 3 and 6 whites. White money succeeded the old Meshes^ Single and double third meshes Bourgeois^ who carried with them all the memories of the bad creations of Philippe le Bel. The white was worth 5 denarii, and the great white was worth 10 denarii. Leaving aside bad periods or fictitious values were arbitrarily given to all these pieces, white eventually rose to ^12 and 13 deniers under the reigns of Louis XI and Charles VIII and kept this value, but losing their weight under Louis XII and until under Francois 1". Originally hit at 10/36 at the end and at 80 at marc in 1354, they suffered all the fantasies of the detestable creations of this period, but we we know that these successive bad manufacturing -never had any importance or hardness. The whites received, which were the main currency under Charles VI and Charles VII, were worth 10 deniers; they had hit pes first at 6/12 then ix 5/12 end and they were of 75, then 80 to the mark. White people in the sun by Louis XI and his successors until Francis I" were k 9/24 end and 78 1/2, then 86 at the mark. We we said that they were worth 12 and 13 denarii. The dozen who continued them, began in 1541 h 11/36 end and 91 1/2 to the mark to finish under Louis XIII and Louis XIV has 23/96 at the end and 145 at the mark.

These different blanks and dozen included

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440

M. DE VIENNA

small whites and sixes struck in proportion. We will talk about farthings later.

7"* The creation of superior species in silver, struck near the end to the beginning of the 16th century, brought k to strike as means billon pieces 6 whites and 3 whites, i.e. 30 and 15 deniers, while the dozen and six struck each other more than in ever lower hills. Louis XIV still struck pieces of 3 and 6 whites in 1657 which he replaced the following year with sols and doubles Parisian soils (15 and 30 deniers). From 1659, all the middle and low billon was condemned to disappear and no longer existed except by the force of inertia inhabited lue to old coins. The misfortunes of the The last years of this reign led to a resumption of k strike it again and meraea re-strike old ones Valois coins. Louis XV still struck ground and double floors of billon 2i from 1738, but the mass of billon which still remained in the hands of the public at moment of the Revolution did not come, so to speak, that of the old manufactures which had been preserved vees in the people despite all the edicts and all the successive descriptions. The remarkable persistence in had a certain number re-stamped with the effigy of the moment. We especially know the ^white & the ^cu of Charles VI reminted in 1693 as a 6 blank coin.

8** It was in 1513 that the manufacture of first somewhat considerable pieces of silver as dimension and weight. The teston^ hit^ theni 47/48 of end and 25 1/2 to the mark, would be worth today

1. This white man therefore had possession of the thief of 10 deniers to that of 30 deniers.

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SUCCESSIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE SOU 441

2 fr. 10. It was issued for 10 sous. After going up as nominal value up to 14' 1/2 in 1575, all losing a little of his title, he was replaced at this moment by silver francs and quarters of ecu, the first a little stronger, the second almost of the same value, but with a simpler title of 11/12. It was in 1641 that Louis XIII began minting Louis d'Argent has the same title. The main piece of systfeme would currently be worth 5 fr. 64, and all divisions were hit with the same title of 11/12 up to 24'' and 48** of louis, worth 30 and 15 deniers.

Louis XIV struck coins of the same title

3 and 2 sous, or 20* and 30* of silver louis. He knocked in large quantities of 4 sous coins under 10/12 from 1674. Gette manufacturing, which gave caused serious reproaches, was lowered to 3 sous 1/2 in 1679 and reduced to 4 sous from 1691.

9^ The liard or pifece of 3 deniers was made in low billon from the reign of Louis XI. Louis XIII in struck again in the title of 5/48, as well as floors of 6 liards in medium billon. Louis XIV knocked on the beginning of his reign coins of 5 liards in billon, and a few farthings; but in 1649 he began to strike these in pure copper.

10"* It was Henry III, the first of our kings, who minted pure copper from 1575. Manufacturing copper was limited to those of single and double Touruois deniers, until this minting of farthings of which we just spoke. In payments, these coppers could only be given as extra not exceeding 20 sols. Besides, the copper was not

1891 — 6 29

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442

Mr. DE VIENNB

not yet entered into usage, even as extra currency. We attribute in part to the manufacture cation of copper farthings of 1649 the raising of shields clog makers from Sologne in 1658. In 1659 they were returned to the value of doubles, i.e. two denarii tournaments.

The enormous development of internal trade exterior, the great increase which was occurring, for a long time, in the resources and in the needs of different classes of society and in the quantities imported of precious metals, removed increasingly losing its former importance Its title, often uncertain and always difficult to check, made it unfit for trade a little distant, being able to count only on a currency not only loyal, but having nothing hidden. The reign of Louis XIV would have seen the end of the currency of billon by the multiplication of the small divisions of fine silver coins, without the misfortunes of the end of the reigns and the incredible force of inertia that possessed then the old popular species.

11'' It was in 1719 that the first penny was minted copper such as we currently have Tidee, although its weight was approximately double ours. current coin of 5 centimes. This piece was therefore 4 times more important than the farthing of time, and this novelty passed without protest sheltered from the system of Law of which it was one of the accessible combinations evenings. In the struggle that this financier then organized between papers and precious metals, we wanted give copper great importance in Tintro-

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fRANSFORMATIONS SUC<5BSSIVES OF S6U 443

crowding into traffic to play exclusively the role of auxiliary currency. There was then dessols, demi-sols and farthings. The elders white marks however continued to run for 15 and 30 deniers. Under the reign of Louis small silver coin was the 20° of 6 cu, or piece of 6 under. It was progress.

Louis XVI continued exactly the same system than his ancestor, but without hitting any stone. In 1790, the types of coins known as constitu- tutional which included in silver, with coins of 6 sous, coins of 15 and 30 sous, instead of coins of 12 and 24 sous from 1782. In copper, there are had coins of two sous, a sou or 12 deniers, double farthings and farthings. It's the same era, dawn of the metric system, which appeared the first decimes, and the copper assignats bearing Indication of the imaginary value that they represent were scanning.

12** We know that the first piece of the system metric value of a penny was 10 grams, and that it was then reduced by half. The values of copper etc. still have trustees in France. Under Henri III the deniers were 156 to the mark, and the doubles in proportion, i.e. 1 gr. 57 to the denier (18 gr. 83 c. for the penny). Under Louis XIV, the farthings of 1649 (became double in 1659) were 66 to the mark. It was therefore 22 gr. 23 for 12 denarii. It's like this that Louis XVI's penny came to weigh approximately 10 gr. from which the first half-decim was taken Yingth of the franc, of the metric system.

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444 Bl. DE VIENKE

Ki" We will give the table of small parts sc it imports directly to the penny, minted until the Hevolution by the kings from Louis XIII. We will separate them into silver, billon and copper.

Money

Louis XI 1 1: 5 sous coins, SOdeniers, ISdenicrs, Louis XIV: coins of 3 sous, 2 sous, 4 sous. Louis XV: coins of 6 sous, 12 sous. Louis XVI: coins of 6 sous, 12 sous, then 15 sous.

Billon

Louis XIII: ground of 18 deniers or 6 farthings. Dozens and six, pieces of 3 and 6 white; farthings.

Louis XIV: pieces of 6 blanks, of 5 liards^ sols and double Parisian sols (15** and 30**), farthings, dozen, 16 denier coins, new 3 and 6 white coins. Old reprinted blanks.

Louis XV: floors and double floors from 1738. Old retyped blanks.

Copper

Louis XIII: singles and doubles tournaments.

Louis XIV: singles and doubles, farthings handed over to the value of doubles. New farthings in 1693.

Louis XV: doubles and farthings; floors, semi-floors and farthings.

Louis XVI: farthings, double farthings, sols and doubles floors. Constitutional currencies.

14"* We will finish this summary study in pairs

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THANSFOnMATlONS SLCCESSIVES DV SOU 445

tables which will give the weights of precious metals corresponding successively to an intrinsic value sfeque of 12 denier for all manufactures which had a certain importance and therefore a certain duration, which will at the same time give their current value in our monetary system. In the first, we will only introduce the silver coins and billon relating directly to our idea usual small change, and touching closely on the ground tournaments or paris. This table will start with Saint Louis and will end with the first half of the reign of Louis XIV. In the second, which will begin with the first testons and higher species of silver, we will draw the value of 12 denarii from the great currency, whether gold or silver, and we will end in 1789.

We recall that if Your wind compares the values old values to later values or to values current, it is the silver metal which alone must serve as common measure until the middle of our century, while, for the rest and especially since 1860, it is a Tor which must be exclusively referred to.

M. DE VIENNE.

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Mr. DE VIEXXB

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A NEW DOUBLE DENIER

OF LOUIS LE BON, PRINCE OF ORANGE (1418-1463)

After having described three coins of Louis, prince d'Orange, Poey d'Avant hastens to add this sentence, the accuracy of which cannot be contested by no numismatist*: cc The coins of Louis are the rarest of the Orange series. » Since this period, the Cabinet of Medals of the city of Mar- seille, which has such a large number of pieces extremely rare or unique thanks to the enlightened zeal of its conservative scholar, Mr. Laugier, acquired a new fat calf of this prince*. Four coins of Louis of Chalon are currently known. A double denier, discovered in Orange itself, makes it possible to raise this number five.

LI$— 1)0— I5I--C[I5]S between two garnetites. In the field, a crossed cross cutting the legend into four parts; a cornet in the 2nd and 3rd cantons.

1. Feudal coins of France, t. II, pp. 399 ct 400.

2. Rei^uc beige de numiam, 1876, pi. xviii, 11.

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448 R. VALLKXTIN

jy. * JllSRWnCE ring m[On]ETd between two garnetis. In the field, in two lines ^ ^ with a line on the P, i.e. PRIRSEPS. It's complete ment of the legend of LISDOBICJbS law. The C of ^BRAlCE was transformed by the engraving of the corners in a lunar K.

Double denier. — Weight: 0 gr. 97 cents.

Coll. Roger Valentin.

A first observation must relate to the weird mix of gothic letters and letters Latin, which make up the Icgendes, The substitution from the last to the first started earlier Orange only in the royal workshops of the Dauphine, where its official use dates back to the advent of France. cois I", and still we must make an exception on the subject products from the Mint of Cremieu ^

The bilinear legend ^ ^ with a line on the P se easily translated into PRINSEPS. We immediately PRINSE taking into account the abbreviation sign. The last two letters PS of PRINSEPS are obtained- effortlessly using the first column ^. The corner cutter seems to have serious intentionally an S instead of a C comn.e second letter of the first column; he could thus represent the original title with four letters only. The pririseps form is not new on Orange species. We meet it in the 13th century on the double denier PRINSEPS TCR-BeT^YE

1. ^o^ev yoWcnixn, Of the antiquity of the use of and m^reals in the chapter of Saint Apollinaire of Va/cnce, p. 4.

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DOt'DLE DENIER UNPUBLISHED BY LOUIS LE BOX 449

MTCrie and on the denier imitated from those of Clermont PRIR-SePS-* AVRTTCISeS.

We already knew double denicrs of Guil- laiime (1463-1475), of John II (1475-1478) and (1482- 1502), of Philippe de Iloehberg (1478-1482), prince interim impost by the king of France, and Phili- bert de Chalon (1502-1530), offering the legends bilinear in the field of the right or the back ^ ^ or P R and bearing a cross cutting the legend of the opposite face and confined to the 2nd and 3rd of a cornet. If the favor enjoyed by this guy is undisputed- table, it is no less useful to note that its creation dates back to Louis. His first appearance is older than previously assumed.

The princes of Orange hastened to imitate the currencies in circulation or in vogue in the region, whether they were issued by a neighboring sovereign or that they were beaten by a very distant workshop. The type has the bilinear legend and the canton cross. born at 2" and 3° is quite simply a reproduction tion of a well-known Avignon type, P p^^t the cross on the opposite side confined to the 2*^ and the 3° of two double keys in saltire. This last guy appeared under the pontificate of Martin V (1417-1431). His strike continued during the reigns of Nicholas V (1447- 1455), of Calixtus 111 (1455-1458), of Innocent VIII (1484 1492) and Alexander VI (1492-1502 *). Maybe will we one day find Avignon coins identical to the name of popes Lugene IV (1431-1447),

1. It is wrong that Mr. VuUicr asserts that before him we did not know this type as for Nicolas V. {Small snppUment from the numismatir/papal uc of Avignon.)

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450 R. VALENTIN

Pius 11 (1458-1464), Paul II (1474-1471) and Sixtus IV (1471-1484).

The double Avignon deniers of the type |^ do not are themselves only a modified reproduction of the double Provencal deniers issued in the previous century by Robert (1309-1343) and by Jeanne (1343-1382): P ^ under a crown and a cross cutting the legend of the opposite side with a lily at the l**"" and the 4*. It was obviously not possible to write on the coins fabri(|U(5es in Avignon J* ^. We had to limit ourselves to forging an analogous bilinear legend, having a signiD- any cation, but of a nature to bring out that the pieces were papal. Double deniers of Orange with their legends § g g g § circu- rent without difficulty throughout the South-East, because of the resemblance they offered not only with those of Avignon, but also with those of Provence, which continued to be received without difficulty throughout the 15th century. Already Raymond IV of Baux (1340-1393) was eager to imitate the double deniers provencaux*, as well as his successors of the house of Chalon copied those of Avignon.

The new type adopted by Louis was reworked by his successors. Guillaume de Chalon limited himself to transform the legend * 3lI5R3lICEomORE'r3l into * CIVIYASMAVRAICE); the four letters of the field read ^ ^ could well be ^ ^ with a line on the P. The Gothic N and R offer in elTet a certain analogy between them on the species of Orange from

1. Caron, French Fetal Coins, n* ^22.

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UNPUBLISHED DOUBLE DENIER OF LOUIS LE BON 451

15th century. The name of John II of Chalon appears in same side as the bilinear legend, which becomes P ^ ; on the reverse, we read in abbreviation the well-constructed formula naked, Dei gracia princeps Auraice. The double type of the interim prince, Philippe de Ilochberg, estabso- duly compliant. With Philibert de Chalon, we cons- tate on the two varieties a mixture of the type of Louis the Good by inserting his name on the face opposite to that where the bilinear legend is reproduced and types of his son Guillaume by the use of the legend CIVIYAS® AVRAICE. A variety presented- would cc PRSE in two lines; above, a line.” As for William's double denarius, it would be useful to review this reading; she could well be rectified g g ^y^c a line above the P. Quant k the second variety, the PROS form does not present nothing unusual; it is the reproduction of the one that we see on the double of his predecessor and on that of Philippe de Ilochberg.

The type of double deniers with the bilinear legend must be considered as proper to the house of Chalon. The manufacture of pontifical doubles having ceased under the reign of Alexander VI because of the disfavor which had ended up welcoming their Emission, the princes of the house of Nassau had everything ret to abandon the strike. With the advent of this family (1530) new types appeared, a study of which is of little interest.

We can hardly hope to one day discover double denarii with a bilinear legend in the name of first member of the Chalon family, Jean I",

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452

R. VALLB3CTI!f

because the Avignon doubles, of which they were the con- trefacon, date only from the pontifical of Martin V, crowned on November 21, 1417. However, John I*' crowned him on November 21, 1417. December 4, 1418. It would be necessary that the legate of Vignon eit proceeded with their emission of the Tavénement de Martin V. Everything suggests, on the contrary, that he limited itself to prescribing, for several years, continued Numerate the manufacture of previous types.

Louis the Good is the only prince of the house of Chalon who did not have the name of this illustrious family. The double denier of my collection brings no exception to this part- cularitis. Louis was not, however, the first Cha- lon in possession of Orange and the species in the name of his father Jean 1*' bears Cabilone.

One last remark. The legends of the big one cabinet of Marseille, of that described for the first times by Soret and double denier from my collection contain the word MONETA. We would search in vain- another example of this formula in the coinage of the 10th century of the princes of Orange.

The authors do not appear to have noticed Textreme rarity of issues of gold coins by the feudal workshops of the left bank of the Rhone around the middle of the x>-*' century. The Orange series includes only for the duration of this century a derail- florin, moreover unique, of John II (1475-1478) and (1482-1502). The written documents demonstrate their solves the shortage of gold species. This is how Louis the Good lent King Rene a prisoner: “fifteen thousand francs, white money” then in

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DOUBLE DENIER INIBDIT DB LOUIS LE BON 453

usage *. » This situation, so perilous for the com- merce and which made transactions of all kinds so difficult only improved noticeably at the end of the 15th century. It had been generated by wars ruins which devastated the region from the 14th century* century and by the drainage of gold materials for the account of the royal workshops.

Roger Valentin.

1. Pisa, Tableau de VHittoire det princes el principauli d^Orange^ p. 128.

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ON

SOME TURGO-GHINOIS COINS

OF THE VI*, VII« AND VIII* CENTURIES I

In my Notice on Turanian currencies (See Revue Numism,^ 1891, p. 215), I gave a general overview of the different writing systems that Your encounter on the currencies of the late peoples defects and attempts a sort of classification of these alpha- bets. As a result of this work I would like today today present some observations on other also Turanian coins which have been recently ly found in Central Asia and which offer, as we will see, a great interest in numis- matic, as for the ancient history of this region.

Since Russia conquered the Turks- tan, she gradually extended her domain towards the East, so that today she is mistress of all territory between the Caspian Sea and China. This vast expanse of country is divided into two provinces; Turkestan proper (FHyrcania, Rhoras- mie, Bactria and Sogdiana of the ancients), which will as far as Tyaxarte (mod. Sir-Daria), and Semirietchie (Dzungaria on old maps), including the Ferghana, Khokand and generally the whole country

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TURGO-GHINE COINS

455

between Tyaxarte, Lake Balkhacli and Western China tale (Kouldja). This is where the mountains are located Celestes, the Mountains of Alexander, the two rivers Tehu'i (or Tchou) and Hi, famous in the history of this portion of Asia, and the towns of Tokmak, Pish- pek, Viernoie, Uitsk, Bourana, etc., where they were found vees the Nestorian tombs described by MM. Cwol- sonet Radlof *. It is also near Viernoie, a little north of Lake Issik-Koul, which come from the currencies which are the subject of this memorandum*.

II

These pieces, all in copper, can be classified under several series:

series: Law. Frontal bust, barbarian type with long hair, anepigrapha.

1^. Traces of legend; in the middle of the field, so monogram or mystical symbol that has many analogy with that presented by the mon- born to Iranian-Scythian legends, and generally all the Tartar currencies of which it is, in some way sort, the criterion. lei it is executed in a more coarse with a circular bulge in the middle. The origin of this symbol is very likely

1. risch'-Neslorianische Grabinschn'/ien, cic.,Sa'ini'PiieT8bo\irg. 4" 1890. Semirietchia has always been on the great road of commercial relations. cialcs as emigrations of peoples and military expeditions. v. Severlzof, The ancient Uin

2. They were sent to the Hermitage Museum. M. A. de Markof, attached^ at the numismatic office, was obliged to send me, in May 1891, plaster casts of these completely new coins. I make it a point to thank him again for this kindness.

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456 E. DROUIX

Tancre of the Seleucids, as we already find it very degenerates on the coins of the end of the Arsacids.

I will designate it in the course of this work by the letter A.

The module is that of our one franc coin.

One of the pieces is pierced with a round hole which seems to be done after the fact, but nevertheless before Burying. We could conclude from this part- cularity that the Chinese habit of assensible the pieces by a central cord already existed at some Tartar peoples.

The coins of the following series are noted quable in that they carry, in the center, the hole characteristic square of Chinese coinage.

2^ cry: Right. Legend on two lines in character Aramean teres; on the right, a drawing that I will design by B and which seems to me to be an imitation of pyrée Sasanian without the flames, and k left, a sign which resembles the Chinese character whose value is youen. (N** 1142 of the Catal. of the Chinese signs of rimprint. Nat.)

I^*. Very crude; however, we can discern a flower clover, pyr6e and two unknown signs. Module: our fifty centime coin.

3rd series. Parts of the same module relating to two sides of very indistinct signs having Tappa- ence of the legend and the symbol B.

^jt" series. Right. Chinese legend in four characters teres that I read Ka'i youen toung pao,

Ty. The symbol A without the middle bulge, or

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457

the symbol B with the legend in square characters or cursive following the pieces.

5* series. Right. Legend in Ulfgur characters on two lines.

The symbol A and a legend in square characters res isolated.

ff" series. Right. Circular legend in cursive Ulgur. 9^. The symbol A and another indistinct sign.

Not being able to give the design of these coins, I think that the description I just gave will be enough to understand what will follow, which is not than a simple preparatory notice while waiting to further discoveries that could allow a decryption.

ill

The coins in question having been found in heart of Semirietchie, in the valines of Tlli or Today, I believe that we can consider them as having been struck and having circuited in this con- tree. We will see further than they can hardly go down, to the point of life of their Emission, lower than the end of our eighth century; they have, by consequently, were hit by the Turks first, then by the first Uighurs who successively occupied lies Semirietchie.

Thanks to Chinese authors, we have information exact information on the movements and lives of Tartar peoples.

In my aforementioned Notice, I gave a summary

1891 — 7 30

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brief overview of the history of Turkestan: these are first the Sse oil Sakas who occupied the country during the quests of Cyrus and Alexander. Then the Yue-Tchi for five centuries. Then the Ephthalites and finally the Turks (in Chin. Tou-Kioue), the latter, who came of the North-East, seize Sogdiana and Bac- triane up to TOxus which becomes the limit with Tem- worst Sasanian. For almost two centuries, they were masters of all Asia, from the Caspian Sea to that has Tocean Pacific, skirting to the north the desert of Gobi and surrounding, to the west and southwest, Tenipire Chinese which already bore the name Middle Kingdom. By the end of the 6th century, the Turks had divided into two distinct Khanates: that of the Western Turks rates, founded by Talo-pien, these are the ones from which I come to speak, and the Khanate of the Eastern Turks^ name which specifically designates the Toun- Rioue who succeeded the Jouan-Jouan and whose the residence was near Karakorom on FOrkhon. For these we do not yet have currencies, but we have registrations that allow to believe that the Eastern Turks used, as writing, runic characters, while the Western Turks had adopted the Arabic alphabet meen. I will return to this point later.

Chinese authors* have preserved for us the list of of all the Turkish Khans-Toukiou6 (eastern and western dental), with their dates related to the chronology

1. See in particular the historical documents relating to the Toti-Kiou^ tradniU da Chinese by Stan. Julien, in the Journal atiatique, 186%, and the recent work dc M. Radlof Kudalkn-Bilik, 4* Saint-Petersburg 1891, p. lyi el sq. of rintroduction.

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power of the Celestial Empire, since the first of them, Tou-men, who took the liter from Ilek-Khan and sent an embassy to the Emperor of China, around 545 AD, until the last, Pe-mei, who was deposed sede by the UYgurs in 745. It is under Sse-Kin said Mo-kan, one of their chiefs that took place between 550 and 555 the destruction of the Ephthalites.

The names of these sovereigns are in Chinese and their identification with some of those we left by Byzantine and Arab historians is different ficile. We find in fact among these authors, notably at Menander, Simocatta, Tabari, very interesting and very curious information on the various embassies exchanged between the court Constantinople and the Turks between the years 558 and 598 CE. It talks about Askel, Diza- boul, Tourxanthos his son, from Tardou, from the great Khakan (jteyaXo^ Xayav tcov Toupxcov, which is entitled “master of the seven nations, lord of the seven climates of the world » * ; but, as soon as we want to reconcile these per- ringings with the names transmitted to us by the Chinese historians, we do not always encounter all the desirable certainty, or else it is necessary to modify the dates that they sent to us. I will cite some examples.

In 558, the great Khakan Askel sent an ambassador sade to Justinian. Saint-Martin has proposed to identify Askel with I-si-ki-Ko-lo, son of Tou-men, who, according to Chinese history, reigned only the two

1. On this frequent expression cbea les OrientlQux el still used today k Bokhara, y. Colcbrooke in J. R. A. S. 1877, p. 405.

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first annexes of the reign of Emperor Fei-ti, i.e. 553-554. Like the date (558) given by Meiiander is sure, we have to change This's- Chinese torian.

In 560, it was Dizaboulou Silziboul who was the great Khakan of the Turks; his residence is in the mountains AltaL This is where Z^marque will find him later in 571; but in 580, during Tambassadc de Valen- finally, he was dead; there is therefore no doubt that he This is indeed the great Khan of all the Turks and not just a provincial governor. De Guigue, Klaproth, Remusat, Saint-Martin have seeks to find this name in the princes of Chinese lists. From these lists we have:

554 k 572, Sse-kin known as Mo-kan, the winner of Ephthalites.

572 to 580, Tho-po his brother.

580 to 605, Che-tou said Cha-po-lio.

It seems very likely to identify (pi)Zabou- los with Chapolio^ but then the dates do not coincide more, while making Dizaboul and Mokan one and the same character the concordance exists more. In this case we must admit like Degui- gnes and Klaproth that Mokan was also called Titeo- pouU, a name that you also find, moreover, in the Chinese nnals of this period. On the other hand Tabari is also mentioned as the vanquisher leader of the Ephthalites, the Khakan Sindjibou. He doesn't There therefore appears to be no doubt that Sindjibou, Silziboul (or Dizaboul) and Mokan Titeopouli are the main character. Subsequently, Talopien son of

TURCO-GHINE COINS 461

Mokan must be assimilated to the Khan Tourxanthos whom Valentin visited in 580 and who was the son of Dizabul; it is this same Talopien, who having been ousted from throne by his uncle Tho-po, separated from Che-Tou around 582 and founded the Khanate of the Western Turks who was in perpetual war with that of the Turks oriental. They sent each of their sides ambassadors to the Court of China which endeavored to maintain this rivalry.

Likewise, if we examine the relationships between Turks and the Sassanid Empire, we do not always find days either to reconcile the two stories; this is obviously due to the fact that the Turkish leaders, who were immediately in contact with the Iranian countries, were only secondary princes and no longer the great Khans of Upper Asia. Sogdiana (or Khang'Kiu) in particular was divided into several j) principalities or kingdoms whose list is known to us naked and of which the sovereigns must certainly have struck per currencies under the high approval of China overlord. This organization dates back to the beginning cement of the Thang dynasty (which reigned in China from 618 to 915), a time when the Chinese, who for several centuries already had relationships political and commercial actions closely followed until the Caspian Sea, seized, following cam- victorious loincloths, of the administration of all country between the Oxus and Lake Balkhach*. Among these feudatory princes, to whom the Chinese avoided

1. See this very interesting period in the history of Asia, the Memory of R^masot sar VExtension of the Chinese Empire of the cdU of the West (Acad, of Inscriptions, t. Vlfl, 1827).

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give the liter of Khan, considering them only like viceroys, the names that have been given to us served are those of:

Ch^ba-chah [Chao-wou of the Chinese, Siyawoush of the Touranians), whose niece married, around 553, Khos- roesl; we know that from this marriage Hormidas was born, Tourkzdde is the son of the Turk”; he was a vassal of Dizaboul. The son of Chaba-chah is named Berniu- deh by Masoudi.

Maniakh, sent to Constantinople in 569 by Diza- boul which will confer on him the title of tarkhan, Tapyav, which was lower than that of a khakan.

Tagma, who replaces Maniakh after the death of this one in the embassy of 57i.

A little later we find Tong che-hau, The opponent of Kou-so-ho (Khosroes Parviz), king of Po-sse (Persia) in 527.

Sse-che-hou * who reigned in Sogdiana and who gave asylum in Yezdegerd 111 (I-sse^Keou on I-ssou-Kie)^ in 638, fleeing before the Arab invasion. The latter asked for help from China which was suzerain of all the little kingdoms of Kang-kiu, stupid without success these ; he then takes refuge in the Tou-ho-lo or Tokha- ristan, at Khan Tou-lou’s house.

Fohuman (Bahman in Persian), prince of Samar- cande, Tou-so-pa-ti, his successor, To-houan (the Tar- khoun of the Arabs in 705 AD), are mentioned in Chinese annals as sovereign defects of Khang-Kliu vassals of China. The documents Arabs, on their side, teach us that, at the time

1. Among Arab historians its name is “the Tandjtakh tarkan”.

COINS TURG0-GHIN0I8BS 463

of the conquest of Sogdiana and Ferghana by the Muslims, the main differences between these two provinces were vassals of the great khan of the Turks, which was itself dependent on China from which it received the vesliture, the liters and the organization administrative. Behind the Touranians of T^popee Iranian, there is always the king of Cines or Tsines, which clearly proves that Firdousi, by composing his poem, worked on authentic documents, since in reality China was, through its influence and its suzerain authority, the true neighbor of the empire Sasanian, and that the Turks probably did not have no right to make war or peace with Persia without consent of the Emperor of China. The poet, telling the story of the kings of Iran alone times change a little, but the basis of his story is true.

I will not insist further on this subject; what I just said will be enough to show that, if there is some discrepancies in the dates, there are other share a rather remarkable ensemble between the anna- Chinese lists and oriental historians. We must hope er that numismatics will come one day or another clarify these historical questions, provide the solution of the problem. In the meantime, it is necessary to prepare the geographical and historical terrain; in knowing where to place, to which dynasty such or such piece coming from the soil of Ilaute-Asia and

1. A precursor of this neighborhood and prestige of China is found in the Icttrc written by Cobdd 6 rCinpereur in 518. The Chinese tcxlc has ^t^ con- served by the historian of the Ouei who is almost contemporary. V. Pautbier, De CauthenticiU de rinscriplion de Singanfou, 1857, p. 60.

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E. DROCIX

Central Asia, it seems to us, makes it easier to decipher many legends.

IV

This is the aim of historical and geographical remarks. phiques which precede; I now have to apply to specimens whose fingerprints were sent to me from the Hermitage Museum and which all 6te described above.

The coins of the first series with effigies, and bearing on the reverse the sign which I consider to be an imitation of Tancre of the Seleucids, must be the oldest. They are very likely ment prior to the time of the initial coinage of Sassanids. I therefore believe I can attribute them to some princes of Khovaresmia or Sogdiana who reigned before 430, the date of the introduction of type of Bahram V Gour among the Touranians. These currencies are from the same family as public ones in 1880, by M. W. Tiesenhausen (Coll. Stroganof, n*** 6 to H) and which I have already cited in my Notice on Turanian currencies.

As for the other parts of series 2 to 6, all minted on the type of Chinese currency, they are particularly interesting in that they con- firm, in a material and authentic way, the allegations of the annalists of the Celestial Empire on Tin- Chinese fluency in the western provinces.

The Numismatic Collections, written by the clinical authors, contain the description of old coins issued by feudatories

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before the Middle Kingdom; but those that we described at this time are not included in the works that we have leafed through and in particular in the Si-thsing'Kou-Kien^ the most famous of them. (Bibl. nat., Chinese funds, no. 568, volume I.) They do not are not more in the French work of the baron from Chaudoir.

A particularity that is important to note, because it has its importance from the point of view of classification tion, it is the fact that all these pieces, since the first up to the 6th series, all have the same sym- bole, A or B. The symbol B recalls, as I Tai said, the ancient pyree or fire altar borrows from Sassanids, which we already see with the same form in reverse of coins still undeciphered, published in the Catalog of Markof, and which I called pro- visibly, for lack of a better word, “currencies of the Kou- chans has a Khovarezmian legend. » Reproduction of this sign which had a reason to exist among the Yue- Chi and the Ephthalites who followed the religion with tick, no longer has any meaning in the 7th or 8th century, in a countries like the banks of the Thi and the Tchou, or certain The cult of fire had long since been abandoned. gives, if there ever is a penctre*; but this sign had become purely and simply a monetary mark. As for the symbol A (Fancre of the Scleucids) which is the most common, because it found in the V, 4% 5® and 6° series, it forms in

1. According to the Chinese Ulurs, a part of the Western Turks Buddhist, The Other Ignicole; the oriental Turks ctnicnl manichecns {jCommon {cation of M. G, Dcve'ria),

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somehow the link that connects them all them and the fact that they all belong to the same soul family, that is to say to coins struck in a same country, by identical peoples or who are the continuation of One of Another.

V

I now take up in detail each of the Chinese series.

Second series. We have here several examples please with the same currency (they are the first to are known), struck by the Western Turks. The legend is in characters which have many similarities. logy with those of the alphabet known as arameo-kouchan. which was the indigenous alphabet in use in the countries below and beyond Toxus, from the end of the Arsacids. The Yue-tchi and the Ephthalites had used it, the Turks adopted it in their turn when they succeeded around 550, to the Ephthalites, and they transported it reached as far as the other side of Axarte, as well as testifies to the Turkish-Chinese currency that we describe come, and which was found, I repeat, on the edges of rili. It is reasonable to believe that this original writing Aramean genea remained that of the Western Turks until the Ulgur conquest (745) while the runic characters were used by the Turks eastern regions of Taltal and Karakorom. The characteristics The words of our medal are read from right to left and appear to form two distinct words on the reading ture of which I am not yet sure.

We may wonder if this description is not

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one of those that Hioueng Thsang described, and which 6 were in use during his trip to Central Asia, around Tan 630 of our 6th.

According to the Ohinese pilgrim, the north of Sogdiana and part of the territory beyond TYaxarte bears held the name of the kingdom of Sou-li (in the Boun- dehech Sourik designates the same region) and the writing of the inhabitants was reduced to 32 letters read in haul down. Further south was the kingdom of Tu-ho-lo (Tokharistan or Bactria), whose composed writing of 25 radical signs, read from left to right,

This passage from Hioueng Tsang has often been cited, but until now we have not yet found any alpha- bet which can relate to one or other of its assertions.

Only the Tartar alphabets are read verbatim. tically; now, in the middle of the 7th century, this writing vertical, which is known to have been borrowed from Tes- tranghelo of the Nestorians, was not yet formed. As has not been found so far, in the Souli, no registration, we do not have documents for all ments than currencies. But those that we have gifts from Turkestan show us an alphabet reading horizontally and from right to left^ as all the Semitic alphabets in the series of which he belongs. The assertion of the Chinese traveler is therefore inaccurate on this point, or else the passage has been inter- pole and modified by the copyists.

Same difficulty with regard to Tokharistan. An alphabet of 25 letters read from left to right can only be applied to Greek or Sanskrit. Gold in

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630 CE, it had been a long time since Greek and bactrian (which was written from right to left) 6were out of order; we spoke Persian or Afghan Baelres and in the country south of the Oxus haulage. The currencies that you own, which have issued or have oirculd in the north-west of India, the valley of Kophen and Tokharistan, in the 7th century, have legends in Enpehlvi and Sanskrit. The alphabet of To- ho-lo that Hioueng Thsang speaks of could therefore not apply only to Devanagari (and even this one has it more than twenty-five letters). Hioueng Thsang adds that literary compositions and memoirs ^were numerous, more than in the country of Sou-li, which would be easily explained, admitting the country devoted to Buddhist literature

None of the alphabets of Souli or Touholo can therefore be applied to the characters of our legends monetary, no more than those of the registrants runic works from northern Mongolia*. These These are perhaps of European or Sibean provenance. nothing, while the alphabet used by the Turks- Tou-Riou6 of Turkestan and Semirietchie, to the vi* and vii** s., is indeed of Aramaic origin. This sound without

1. The recent discovery in Kashg^ar of a Buddhist manuscript of the v* or vi« Sikclc of our era proves the development of this landscape in the northwest of rind. (See Rod. Hocrnle in the Proceedings of the Journal of Bengal^ April 1891, and G. Bahler in WZKM. 1891, p. 103, ff.)

2. Cf. G. Dev6ria, Notes on the Yenisei and Karakorum. script, in the Unb. Or. Rec, t. V, p. 127. The Turkish pre-Islam expression that M. T. de Lacoaperie proposes to give to the runic inscriptions of the Turk «rYenisscT or The Orkhon does not seem right to me since, before the Muslim scripture, the Turksl had the Aram^o-Koushan alphabet of Turkestan and later Uig^ur. M. G. Deverin gives Tulpbabet the name Turco-AltaX [eu.

. 3. You can consult what I said on this subject, in my Memoir on the coins of Ugendes in pehlvif etc., 1886, p, 76 el sq.

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doubt these Aramaic characters which were in use during the Turkish embassies in Byzantium, and we think consider them as being a specimen of those who were used to write the letter (to ypapifxa to axuOixov) that Maniakh handed over to Justin II in 568 or 569.

Third series. Although the currencies of this series are very crude, they appear, by their module, their type and a sort of family resemblance, belong to the same period as the previous ones.

VI

Fourth series, These are the coins bearing inscriptions in square or cursive characters and having all in V[ the same legend in Chinese characters Ka'iyouen toungpao “current currency (or value) from the K'a'i youen period. The period where nien hao known as Kai youen lasted from 713 to 742 of our 6th century, under Emperor Hiian Tsoung, of the Thang dynasty. We thus have a certain date for the Tepoque of delivery of our parts; the Turks were still in possession of Semiriechia; but, following ten- tatives of revokes and unfortunate incursions of The other side of the Yellow River which formed the boundary between them and China, they had only one power left nominal, subject to the high suzerainty of this Power. They should not take long to succumb to the blows of the Uighurs.

Mr. Professor Terrien de Lacouperie mention- nant in the Babyl. Oriental Record \ coins a

1. I use the circumstance to rectify a small mistake made to me commit this learned sinologist when he says: “M. E. D. has informed that

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Chinese legend that I pointed out to him, pointed out that nien hao Kai youen was employed on several taken over by the Thang, on their currencies, by example in G21, in 780, in 8H; by the Min, in 909, and in 943 by the later Thang, so that this nien hao cannot have great precision at chronological point of view. I bow to Fob- servation of the English scholar, although the catalog of Chinese nien hao gives for 621, 780, 841 and 909 nonis dilTerents; but if Tempioi of the Kdi period youen is distributed over a set of more than three centuries, it is necessary to take into account the other indications that can contain the currency, to fix the time of remission in a more precise way. However, we saw that these coins, dating from the Kaiyouen period^ have cise the symbols of the previous series and in particular- is the symbol B found on coins of the 2* series. These being incontestably the vi* or vii* century, as I believe I have established below above, we can say that the use of the same sign, of the same tamgha forms, in a way, the link which links these two series together. This is why I consider the Kal-youen mentioned on our parts like me being that of 713-742. I would still admit to strictly the date of 780 which is later than the con-

Turko-Chinese coins have been discovered in the province of Semirjctschia; they bear or one side an inscription in the so-called Uigur script, and on the other the Chinese legend of Kai yuan of the Tang dynasty. » (Vol. V, p. 12S.) I obviously explained myself badly, because M. T. de L. nc didn't explain it well to me. understood; it is quite certain that I could not say that these currencies carry were both an OuTgoare and Chinese legend. We see, hereby tra- vail, that the currencies k Ugende Chinese and those k Ugende oulgonre form two distinct groups. These are two completely separate series. although very probably having succeeded one after the other.

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Uighur quest, but I don't think I have to go down lower; we could not explain the use in 841, 909 and 943 of a monetary sign which would no longer have been used for two or three centuries.

As for the fragments of legend and the signs which are found at the bottom of these pieces, I was unable to draw no presentable conjecture.

Fifth series. I place in this series and continuation of the previous one, the pieces which have on Tavers, next to unknown signs, the symbol A and on the 9^, two lines of cursive writing which has all the appa- references of Uighur scripture. These currencies are continuation of the previous ones, and I believe that they have 6th issued by the Toguz-Ouigurs, who became masters of all the territory occupied by the Turks-Tou-Kioue, in Tannee 745 AD The adoption of the symbol A, by the winner, indicates the continuity of the coinage. This symbol would be inexplicable (as I said more high for sign B) on Uighur coins of later time, if gaps were admitted intermediaries.

The existence of a Uighur script for ^also a remote period (the second half of the 8th century), may seem strange at first, while the oldest coins known until now were not that of the 13th century; but since the discovery of bilingual stele of Karabalgasoun, by Mr. Yadrintsef in 1890, containing a Chinese inscription and a other in Uighur characters from the 8th century*, the fact of

1. Post^neuremenl & 745, according to M. G. Dcv^ria in his communi* note qne6e& l’Acad. Registrations; t. Complete CAcad reports. of the Inscriptions 1890, p. 456. See also BabyL and Or. Record, vol. V, p. 127; Morgan, in J. R.A.S. 1891. p. 454, and T. de Lacouperic, Bab> Or. Eec., vol. V, p. 143.

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existence of this alphabet which, as we know, has etc. borrowed from the Nestorians, can no longer be implemented doubt for the 8th century, which would lead one to believe that The introduction of the Syriac alphabet in the center, northern Asia and China is contemporary with The arrival of the Syrian priest A-lo-poun or 0-lo-pen, in China, around 636 AD, under Emperor ThaY-tsoung, nor as mentioned in the Syrian-Chinese inscription of Singanfou which is itself from Tan 781 L

The Uygur writing can therefore go back to the end of the vii* s. around 680 AD; it was first limited to Ulgur peoples, but its use then extended to other Tartar nations*.

The coins of the 5th series were therefore struck by the first UYghur Khans of the second half from the 8th century, perhaps by Kou-li Pei-lo Gueuk Pek Kohan, the founder of the Khanate, quotes in a Chinese inscription recently published by MM. Koch and Radloff. We will be fixed on this point important, when we can decipher the legend ouYgoure of our pieces which must undoubtedly contain the name of the sovereign with his title of Pek Kha-Kan.

The decipherment of the UYghur inscriptions, which

1. We even know that Christianity had penetrated much further into Turkestan, Syriac documents have preserved for us the names of several Nestorian pri'lates of Balkh, Merv, Samarkand, etc. V. The pre-work cited by Chwolson and Radlof, p. 106 sq.

2. Among the Mongols in 1204: Following his victory over the 0uigt>urs, Djcnghiskhan chooses as secretary a writer of this notion, named Tutatongo, whom he charged with teaching how to describe Mongolian. (Wylie in J.R. A.S, 1870, p. 33.) However, the oldest Mongolian currency is only do Tan 127U; the letter from Argun & Philippe le Bel is from 1289; and finally, at the!« Manrhoux, at the beginning of the 17th century. (around 620). The alpbabc writing- The Cordenne tick also appears to have a Uighur origin.

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473

MM. Yadrintsef, Heikel, Radlof and others will report ter of northern Mongolia, will make it possible to establish the alphabet of ancient Uigur, which is probably ment different from the rouigour of the 15th century manuscripts. Until then, any attempt at decipherment seems to me premature.

Sixth series, I only mention here for order the pieces of this series which contain a legend circular having all the appearances of Touigour cursive, but from a time later than the predecessors teeth. While having the relatively more modern, these currencies are however still or xi" s., the symbol A which accompanies them being a proof of seniority.

VII

These are the reflections that Tetude suggested to me attentive to the small batch of coins from which I have just report the discovery. I would have liked to do better and be able to present to the reader an attempt to decipher having some probative value; but, as I Tai said, it seems wiser to me, given the poverty of documents and their poor condition, to reserve this work for later. In the meantime, I hope my con- historical and epigraphic siderations will not be not useless, nor without interest for history, still little known, from Central Asia and North Asia.

E. Drouin.

Paris, October 1891.

1891 - 8 31

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FIND OF SAJNT-JULIEN-SUR-BIBOST

At the beginning of July 1891, we discovered, Saint-Julien-sur-Bibost (Rhone), a compost treasure of two hundred forty-seven gold pieces distributed as follows:

3 Francs k horse of John the Good

1 Franc k horse of Charles V

3 Francs k foot k the legend KROLVS 1>I GR FRICN-

eoRV Rex

25 Francs on foot with the legend KAROLVS 1>I GR FRAN-

aoRV Rex

214 Gold shields of Charles VI

1 ECU. gold of Louis of Anjou, uncle of Charles VI.

247

Of the 214 gold coins of Charles VI, only three-nine had secret points places:

5 under the I** letter. Cr^mieu workshop

2 —

2«

Novels

0 —

4*

Montpellier

8 —

5“

Toulouse

2 —

0«

Towers

2 —

7“

Angers

2 —

8“

Poitiers

1 —

9“

La Rochelle

1 —

Troyes

1 —

18"

Paris

10 —

20“

Saint-Andre-de-Ville-

nouvelle-les-Avignon.

Total 39

All these coins present, there are corner differences and

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same style, a certain variety in the object which occupies the center of the cross on the reverse; there we find: a raolette; a pink; a cinquefoil alone or accompanied by two globules; a star, and this is the most frequent case.

The coinage of Louis of Anjou, due to its rarity^ more large, raerite a description.

Legend right to left: *LVbOVICVS I bGI X GRTC I IRLH » Z » SICIL » RfiX between two Greek circles.

Pearl shield, crown, seme of five fleur-de-lis, two of which engaged; that which is to the right of the chief is surmounted by a label has three pendants, the middle pendant descending on the middle of the lily flower; the entire sinistral side of the shield is bordered internally in one line. The ^cu is surrounded by a circle which cut the three fleur-de-lis from the crown.

IX Legend from right to left XPS I RGX J 1561 Y I IR J PTfCe: beaS: hO: FTCQ: eSV emres two circles in garnetis. Cross formed of a double hollow quadrilateral, k sides inflected inwards, bars towards the angles which are terminated each with two inverted leaves, topped with a fleur-de-lis; at the heart, a cinquefoil; all in a double entourage quadrilob^ whose arcs are united internally by four flowers of lilies and cantonnes outside by four crowns (4 gr, 01).

We see that the shield bears on the right the arms of ancient Anjou [scm6 of France with the label has three gules pendants); sinister the arms of Anjou raoderne [semd of France on the border of gules]. We do not believe that this particularity was reported until now on the gold coins of Louis of Anjou.

This treasure was contained in a coarse and calcareous earthenware vase. cinee, about 12 centimeters high, with a hemispherical bottom,

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folded edge and fitted with a handle. The whole thing was buried at thirty approximately centimeters under the floor of a bell tower, an old tower built ree, which seems to have served as a defense and against which had been applied to a church of which only two cells remain dated 1534, and an ogival opening embedded in the facade of the current church. This tower threatened ruin, it had to be demolished, and it was during this work that the little treasure was excavated the price of which serves to raise the new clocber.

At first glance, one might believe that these pieces were buried under the reign of Charles VII, at the time when the Large companies ravaged the valleys of Azergue and Brevenne; however the absence of coins minted in Lyon, oil royal workshop was not established before Fannee 1415, the small relative number of those which bear a mint mark, their perfect state of conservation, inclines us to think that they have etk confined to the land under Charles VI, during the War of Hundred Years. At this time, the English bands arrived quite near Lyon; they besieged Anse, near Villefranche; it's As they approached, we had to bury the recently discovered treasure. green in Saint-Julien-sur-Bibost.

By E. PONCET.

Tiers de sol oe BALACIACO

Mr. Quintard, vice-president of the Society of Archeology during raine, kindly communicated to the Revue numismatique an Ires interesting third of Merovingian soil from his collection, found in the vicinity of Thionville.

LEVDOLENO- Shapeless character, standing on a base, holding a cross with his right hand.

IX- BALACIACO- Cross with equal branches; the field surrounds of a circle equipped with Icmnisques.

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It is a variety of the Iriens public by M. de Ponton d'Anie- runs in his Research into the M^rovingian coins of the Ceno- mannicum, under number 119; but which has some importance can- that it allows us to rectify the reading of the legend proposed by M. d'Aniecourt and which I adopted in my summary document meropingie/mes coins from the d^Am^court collection acquired by the National Cy Library n® 054; namely, PALACIACO- The first letter was in fact cropped on the copy of M. d'Araecourt and one could restore a P without too much hassle diesse; especially since in the region where it is appropriate to look for eher the workshop of this currency, there exists a locality called Place whose name seems to come from Palaciaco. Whatever the case, it Palaciaco must be removed from the lists of Ravingian workshops for re-placed by Balaciaco. If the legend of law is clearer on our copy, however the type on the reverse is there at this point unrecognizable that it would have been impossible to determine it without Aid of the Amecourt currency. The character is the copy return and crude of that which appears on the third of a penny pr6- recently known. It is a common type in the Western region. dental of Gaul. Especially we find it in Rennes, and treated in a way that could have served as a prototype for that of Balaciaco,

Balaciaco singularly recalls the place name Balciaco inscribed on a triens of the Produlfus monetary published by Boute- wheel and Le Blanc*. If we notice that this currency of Balciaco offers on one of its sides a figure seated on a seat on the back and holding a cross, type found on a three people from Rennes, we will be led to see in Balaciaco and Balciaco as two forms of the same name.

We cannot even help but notice, at the continuation of Ch. Robert*, which should probably be identified Balciaco with BelciacOy which we read on two thirds of the ground, I a sign of Wadardoy The other of Lcudoniaro^ and who are two, although of one less characteristic style than those we have discussed high, and decorated on the reverse simply with a cross, appear to be came from a workshop of the Troisicme Lyonnaise. Gh. Robert had

1. Voycz Boaterouc, Curious Researches, p. 342, n* 5; The White, Treati hitlor. de$ monnoycM, pi. 58 o, n* 13.

2. Ch. Robert, Monnaies mirot'ingiennea^ in Befue numtsmat., 1863, p. 347.

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striking for their resemblance to the coins of Xanteg, Rennes, Vendel and Gambon; what had led you to identify proud Bclciaco with Beauce (Ille-et-Vilaine). In our opinion, it is aa better workshop that should be given to the legeiides Balaciaco and Balciaco,

Mr. Prol.

Here is a variety of dozen of Henri d'Albret, king of Navarre (1510-1555), which, although quite common, I believe, was never published. At least it is not found in rou>Tage de Poey d'Avant, nor in that of Mr. Caron.

s|* HENRICVS:D:G:REX:NAVAR:D:B

Crown shield, part of Navarre and B^arn in a double circle.

*r GRATIA:DE|:SVM:ID:QV0D:SVM

Cross patten in a double circle.

This dozen differs from n° 3407 (pi. 73-5) of Poey d'Avant in this that the patlee cross is found in a double circle with four lobes. This dozen variety of Henri d'Albret must be recalled close to that of his ^^cu d'or published by M. Garon, under the No. 294 [pi. 12-15). The leafy spindle cross of this shield is also lenient in a round circle and not in a four-lobed circle like n° 3405 (pi. 73-3) of Poey d'Avant.

The dozen that I public complete the series of the three types of billon corresponding to the three types of the gold ecu.

Growing in a circle of four lobes (with spindles for Tor, pattee for the billon).

Gold shield (PD n° 3405, pi. 73-3). Douzain (PD n° 3407, ft. 73-5).

Cross in a round circle

(id.)

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Gold shield (Caron n** 294, pi. 12-15). Public dozen here.

Guy at the crossroads (Imitating the coins of Francis I").

Golden shield (PD n° 3406, pi. 73-4). Douzain (P. D. n<» 3408, ft. 73^).

GOMTE DE GASTELLANE.

Baron J.-B. Bethune has just published a volume entitled: Mothers of Bruges families. Descnptive essay[i^ part, 232 fig. , Bruges, 1891, quarto** of xxxi and 390 pages). This volume, interesting from the point of view of heraldic and numismatic sciences, is a collection of metals, in lead or tin, cast tones. Ges pieces are generally circular and sometimes very large; we a whose diameter reaches seven and eight centimeters. We pen the classify into two series: mereaux for funerals, analogs k those of which I spoke in my Manuel de numismatique (vol. II, p. 452), and foundation stones. The author provides us with information very interesting details on the manufacture and use of these rafts; he m^rae gives us the names of some of the mold engravers in mereaux. It is a completely original monographic and which the greatest honor goes to its author.

J.A.Bl.

In Martres, near Toulouse, a locality now famous since the excavations carried out there by Mr. Lebegue and which gave numerous and interesting sculptures, we recently found a mass of agglomerated coins weighing approximately 12 kilos grams. Mr. Lebegue recognized among these pieces pelits fairly well preserved bronzes of Valerien, Gallien and Tetri- cus. It is always this type of money that provides, in Gaul, the biggest treasures. Let us remember the find d'Evreux [Nuniismatic Review ^ 1890, p. 491). I could blink many other similar discoveries.

J.A.Bl.

On the territory of the commune of Goutengon, near Monti-

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gny-Lencoup (Seine-et-Marne), we found, last June- nier, an earthen vessel containing about five hundred denarii. The The copies I had in my hands were divided into three groups:

1® Deniers of Henri I*', Count of Champagne (1152-1180, with the legend TRECAS CIVITAS* struck in Troves. Weight:

0 gr. 9Ski gr. 07.

2* Henry's Deniers with the legend CASTRI PRVVINS. frapp<^s.a Provins. One of the varieties is similar to the piece that Poey d'Avant only gives after Duby, under Je n** 5974 and which bears a sort of W in the cantons of the cross. Weight:

1 gr. 03 and 1 gr. 10.

3* Deniers of Etienne de la Chapelle, Bishop of Meaux (1161- 1171), with STEPHANUS EPC and the mitered l^te on the left; 9' MELD’ CIVITAS. Weight: 0 gr. 90 4 1 gr. 30.

It is unfortunate that the find was dispersed before being eluded, because it would perhaps have made it possible to classify in a manner definitively the pieces in the name of Henri which are indifferently attributed buts to Henri I" or to Henri H, counts of Champagne. The find- The city is interesting because it takes us back to the epoch of the feelings that arose between the counts and bishops of Meaux, about their currencies.

J.A.Bl.

#

Under the title of Royal song and song, Vendomoise piece, M. E. Xouel wrote, in the Bulletin of the Arclidological Society du Vendomois (3* quarter, 1890, p. 244 k 257), a spiritual article tuel which is not without interest for numismatists. The author there speaks in fact of a medal bearing the bust of the duchess d'Angouleme, in profile, with hair raised at the top of the sheet which supports three large feathers, from which it hangs backwards a lace beard half surrounding the bust; in Ugende cir- cular: Happiness of the Vendomois. On the reverse, we read: Passage of H.H.A. Madam, Duchess of Angouldme. March MDGCGXV. Mr. Nouel brings together the medals of a Royal Song in honor of the princess, an extremely rare printed plaque, and, after patient research in various works, he established that the Duchess of Angouleme did not pass through Vendome, but that she

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must spend there on Friday March 17, 1815.

August 10 of the same year that the princess made her visit to the Ven- domois. The medal, cited above, is therefore famous an “event that did not happen” and I report it, with Mr. Nouel, to historians and numismatists. There are some another variety with rausee from Vendoine. This copy is in lead, and received a bronze cover; the reverse has the exergue: Born in Versailles on December 19, 1778, died in Frohs^ dor If 18^1 (October 19).

J.A.Bl.

Our colleague M. A. Heiss sends us the following note: “The Bulletin of Metmismatics, 1801. p. 65, public by Mr. Serrure, expert, suspects me of having omitted in my “Essay on the coinage of the Sueves » [Revue numismatique 1891, pages 146 to 164) the most interesting piece, the triens with the legend unmistakable DEODIAZCA REIGES CRAY, described by M. Engcl in the Revue beige de num. from 1890, according to a smear taken, they said, at the Madrid Museum.

» Now, far from having passed over in silence the discovery of these three people, indeed very extraordinary, I said, on page 164 of this Review, everything I thought about it. I will only add that Mr. Engel presents my opinion on the authenticity of the piece in question; during his last trip to Spain,

It was impossible for him to find at the Madrid Museum the thin trace of the famous triens with its unmistakable legend. »

In memory of the visit to the Cabinet of Medals on 21 last October, his A. R. Prince Damrong, brother of the king of Siam, has just donated to this establishment of buil mon- ancient works of his country. These curious Siamese pieces are in silver, in the shape of curved ingoles from which the exlremiles touch. They carry countermarks and weigh respectively- ment: 71 gr.; 30 gr. 19; 15 gr. 16; 7 gr. 59; W gr. 90; 1 gr. 97; 0 gr. 96; 0 gr. 41. (Cf. A. P. Phayre, Coins of Arakan, of Pegu and of Burma, 1882, p. 37, pi. V.)

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M. A. de Witte informs us that we recently found k Eecloo (Belgium) fifty-three gold coins from the w* century, among which a salute from Henry VI struck at Rouen, four crowns to the crown of Charles VII, a half-ecu of the same and a ecu to the crown of Louis XI for the Dauphine.

The price of Allier de Hauteroche Numismatics was deceased this year by the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Leltres, M. E. Babelon, for his volume entitled: Les ro:s de .9yr/>, of Armenia and Commagene, which forms the first volume of the Catalog of the Greek series of the Cabinet of Medals.

OBITUARY Mr Brittany

The Lorraine Archeology Society has just lost, by per- rings from Mr. Alexandre-Marie-Auguste Bretagne, his secretary perpetual, died at the age of 86, in Nancy, August 27, 1891. Passionate about archaeological studies, Mr. Bretagne knew, by the am^nit^ of his character, surround himself with an elite of young people in whom he had succeeded in inspiring a taste for research and work on the antiquities of Gaul-Belgium and Lorraine.

Director of direct contributions, in Nancy, from the 1800s, he traveled often and always brought back, upon returning from his excursions, either objects for his office, or precious indications which he shared with the Lorraine Museum in Nancy. It is through its information that this Museum must have the beautiful letter R found in Nasium. He had as a friend and collaborator tor, Laurent, curator of the Parliamentary Museum of Epinal, with whom they had old relationships. Also the Epinal Museum was no less dear to him than Nancy's.

We have not been able to find any trace of Mr. Bretagne's work. before his arrival in Nancy; we know, however, that he has public

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somewhere a Clarification on feudal currencies d^Auxerre and a Description of some unpublished thirds of soil.

Here is the list of articles he published 4 Nancy, in the Memoirs of the Lorraine Archeology Society.

1863. Representation of Hercules conqueror of the giants^ in the northeast of Gaul. — Under this title, Mr. Bretagne studied the equestrian groups of this warrior hounding a fearful monster pede, owned by the Museums of Nancy, Epinal, Verdun, of Speyer, etc. At that time, we did not yet know that of Mertens, today at the Metz Museum, to which Mr. Prost has devoted significant work which seems to give it a entirely different attribution from that adopted by Mr. Bretagne.

1873. The reliquary of Saint-Nicolas, — This beautiful object of art, which could be preserved until the Revolution in the church of Saint- Nicolas de Port, no longer exists. It was adorned with gems and decanters, the most important of which are: Hadrian's Apotheosis, kept at the Nancy Library, and a Venus from the Cabinet Paris medals.

1874. Discovery of Lorraine coins from Sion-Villers. — All of these pieces include the period between 1213 and 1220. The dues of Lorraine Thibault I^^ and Ferry III, Bouchard d'Avesnes, Bishop of Metz; Gilles de Soray, bishop of Toul; Jacques de Lorraine, bishop of Metz; Henry II, Count of Luxembourg.

1876. Notice on antique weights. — Short dissertation on two antique diorite weights found at Nasiura and Grand. Current relationships with the French pound, according to Rom^e de Tlsle.

1878. Midaille of Ren^e de Bourbon^ Duchess of Lorraine, and Let's take a look at the legend: Da paccm Domine in dichus nostris. 1515-1539, — Mr. Bretagne had a beautiful medal from this princess of silver, weighing 20 gr., which is considered unique. He added to his description that of three tokens bearing the oar motto, on the reverse.

The church of Vdzelise. — Goramende in 1450, the Church of Vezelise was completed in 1520. The remarkable stained glass windows which adorn the windows offering full-length portraits, of great size natural, of Due Antoine and Cardinal Jean de Lorraine, ^vfice of Toul. The coats of arms of some noble families

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recall the characters who made foundations or were buried in the church.

1880. Metallic inscriptions on the public buildings of Leuci^ in the Gallo-Romabian period ^ about an R found in Nasium. The numerous high monuments in Belgian Gaul were largely destroyed at the time of the invasions of the Germans; also attention must be focused on the smallest objects which can be used to establish their past existence. Such is the letter R, in bronze, 0.33 high and weighing 8 kilos. and half, which was found in Naix, the ancient Nasium. It is kept v^e at the Lorraine Museum. Another letter in gilded bronze was found v^e also k Nasium. Other letters from Grand testify of the importance that these two cities had acquired. Despite all the discoveries made k Grand, the name of the ancient city is still unaware<^.

1881. Currency^ sccau el hearth plate with the arms of Diane de Dammartin, — The currency was minted at F^netranges, of which Diane was part lady. It is extremely rare, otherwise unique.

1883. Antique lary found in Naix, — The lary from which it is question consists of a small bronze altar, decorated with foliage silver, a bronze owl, a bust of Hygieia and a statuette also in bronze representing a love or rather a genius. This set of figurines was found under a small sailing, near Naix. Mr. Bretagne did not limit himself to the description of the pieces of the larary, he mentioned^ sixty- sixteen statuettes, having been used to compose lararies, found, almost all of them, around Naix or Grand.

Medal of Saint Vivier, — In a short notice, M. Bretagne described a medal or sign of the pilgrimage which took place, in 1023, in Rivival, where there was the tomb of the saint and a miraculous taint.

These are, with some notes given to the Journal de la Socidte d'arc/i^ologie, all of the works of Mr. Bretagne. All his articles are accompanied by good lithographs.

The numismatic series from Mr. Bretagne’s office are numerous. Among the Gallic pieces, we will point out a

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statere of Vercing^torix; among the Romans, a magnificent aureus of Septimius Severus, on the reverse of the Nauraachia; both African Gordian in silver. A third of a penny of unsaid gold G^vaudan. The Messina, Touloise and Verdunoise series, as well as that the French and Baronal suites, especially Lorraine, count good pieces that would take too long to cite. Let's not forget the artistic medallions that Mr. Bretagne was looking for with passion; his delicate taste also admired the engravings in his collections; but he wanted them to be excellent masters and he had especially attached to the work of Edelinck.

For objects of curiosity, he particularly liked jewelry, pieces of goldwork and evils. Let us cite among these last of the ancient ibules, beautiful processional crosses and plates by Leonard Limosin.

This beautiful collection of art objects will not leave Lorraine. II became the property of Mr. Bretagne's son, who keeps it religiously.

C. LUDWIG MILLLER

The famous numismatist Carl Ludwig Miiller, who died on September 6, was born in Copenhagen on June 9, 1809. After having completed his literary education at the metropolitan college, he devoted himself to theological studies, in accordance with the wishes of his father, the great heologian and historian Peter Erasmus Miil- ler, best known as ^editor of the Saxo Gram- chronicle maticus. Theology captivated the mind for several years scientist and researcher of the young C. L. Miiller, and in 1834, the Faculty awarded him the University Prize for a study of philosophy. sacred lology ^. After having been received, in 1836, licentiate in theo- ology he undertook his first journey.

This trip, Mr. Miiller himself says, became the decisive moment- end of his life: theology was abandoned, and a stay of three

f. Uistoria critica linguae hebraicae earumque mutationum, quas submit per Ulud'iemporia apaltum, quod amplectitur codex aacer.

2. His thesis availed for litre; From reaurrectione Jesu Chriali, vila earn exci- pienie et aacenau in coelum aententiae quae in eccieaia chriatiana ad fineni usque aeculi aexli viguerunt.

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years in Germany, France and Italy was devoted to the study of Tart and antiquities. In Una and in Paris, he begins to learn the Arabic language.

After his return to Denmark, Muller was presented to the king Christian VIII; this lightning monarch^ had a keen interest in art antique and himself possessed a fine collection of coins and of painted vases, today united by royal collections of Copenhagen hague. The king urged the young scholar to apply his efforts to Study of numismatics. He followed the king's advice and found in the director of the Cabinet of Medals, Tillustre archeo- logue P.-O. Brdndsted, a knowledgeable and kind guide. In 1841, Mr. Muller was elected deputy inspector of the Cabinet of Medals of Copenhagen; The following year, after BrOndsted's death, he was appointed titular inspector (curator).

In 1841, a new stay of four months in Rome, where his brother, the painter Adam Miiller, had fallen ill, put him in more intimate relations with the great Danish sculptor Thorvaldsen, that he had already had the opportunity to know. Thorvaldsen, who rut in 1844, bequeathed to the city of Copenhagen his works and his collections of art objects and antiques, and Mr. Miiller took a active part in the installation of these large collections in the Thorvaldsen Museum, built in 1847; The following year he was appointed curator of the Museum, and from 1847 to 1851 he published the detailed description of the Thorvaldsen Museum (in Danish and French). Section IV of the third part of this vast catalog contains the description of the ancient coins of the Thorvaldsen Museum. This book is Mr. Muller's debut work comrae numismatist; Greek coins are classified according to a rigorously chronological system, scientific essay until now not tried and which is still little used even by our

Brondsted had begun to collect materials for work on the coins of Alexander the Great and had been carried out cure of the imprints of these coins, particularly at the Museum British. Brdndsted's project, left unfinished at his death, was taken up by Mr. Miiller who, had a real effect, during the years 1852 and 1853, visited the Medal Cabinets of La HoUande, Belgium, London, Paris and Germany; by patient and laborious research he succeeded in bringing to a successful end

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his great loss and the work on the coins of Alexander, of Philip II and III, appeared in October 1855. The part concerning the coins of Philip II had been published separately, the same year, in Danish, as a doctoral thesis. The welcome given to this work was most flattering for the author; TAcademie des Ins- scriptions and Belles-Lettres de France awarded him the prize of numis- matic in 1856 *. The report published in the Gdttingische gele/irle Anzeigen^ and that of Gavedoni^ noted the great importance of this numismatic work.

With the help of materials collected on the same trip, Miiller dealt with the coins of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, in a mono- graphic, first printed in Danish in the Memoirs of the SocUtd des sciences Gopenhagen, in 1857, then published in German Tannic next order. Mr. de Longperier's report notes for this work the same qualities, by which had distinguished itself from the precedent, and the Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Leltres awarded him a prize in 1859

Several years before his death in 1848, King Ghris- tian VIII had charged^ MM. Falbe and Lindberg to prepare a work on the ancient currencies of Africa. An “announcement” was communicated to the scholarly public in 1843, but the work itself, which made little progress, was interrupted by the death of the two authors ^. In 1859, Mr. Miiller was commissioned by the Danish government to resume the work he completed in a few years, and the work appeared in three volumes, from 1800 to 1862, under the title of Numisma- tick from ancient Africa. For reading and interpreting Punic legends of these coins, the most difficult part of the work, Mr. Miiller had knowledge of Semitic philology very in-depth; he also had the good fortune of being able to make use of all the coins and prints that had been collected

1. With Fr. Lenormant, v. Numus magazine. 1856, p. 294.

2. 1856, Slttck 84-86.

3. Bullettino archcoL Napoletano, volume VI (1858), p. 51 s. — See also Pro- kesch V. Osten, Denkschriflen der Wiener Ahademie^ vol. IX, 1859, p. 8.

4. Magazine num. 1858, p. 469 ff, 1859, p. 489. Gf. Gavedoni, Bullet, arch. Napol., YI (1858), p. 158 ff. Koehne, Zeilschr. f, Miinzkunde N. F. (1859-62), p. 370.

5. On the detail v. the preface to the work of M. Muller and Revue numism. 1859, p. 308 88.

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binds the due de Luynes for his own research on this point of numismatics and that the French scholar made available silion of Mr. Miiller. This part of Mr. Miiller's work was ana — analyzed by Levy, who found it of fundamental importance. The entire work, M. Alfred Maury remarked that he “made get out of this twisted science of imperfect tests to which it was further reduced ^”. Mr. Mommsen Ta reports as o a perfect work in every respect ^. A supplement appeared in 1874, which renewed the controversy concerning the portraits of the pro- consuls of Asia and Africa on currencies

After the death of C.-J. Thoinsen, in 1865, Mr. Miiller succeeded him ceda corarae director of the Copenhagen Medal Cabinet, and the following year he was also entrusted with the direction of the Museum of classic antiques.

Mr. Miiller's findings, especially archaeological, of this ^ period, included in the publications of the Society of Sciences from Copenhagen, are little known abroad*; the problems that they treat are, often also, important for numisma- tick, and in this genre we will cite the milkings on the images of the Punic gods, on the origin of the caduceus of Hermes, on religious symbols in the shape of a star, cross, circle and an- neau, and his latest work on the swastika ^.

1. ZeiUchrd. twoUchen. morgenland. GeselUchaft, volume XVII, p. 75 ff., and XVIII, p. 673 8g.

2. Cf. the reports of A. de Barthdlemy, Correspondance UUeraire, VII (1863), p. 324 88.; of Bursian, Koehne, etc., in GoUing, gel.Ans. 1861, St. 33; Liu. Centratblatt, 1861 n. 5. 1862 n. 10, 1863 n. 20; Wochen-Chronik, 1863 n. 7; Berliner Blatter fur Mnnzhunde, III, p. 345 ff.; IV. p. 346 ff. ; from Caye- doni, Bull, arch. Italiano, ed. Minervini, 1861, n. 2, 1862, no. 22-23. Opuseoli religion. lilt.emor. di Modena, 1861-1863, from Chalon, Rcp. num. beige, 1862, p. 40; 1863, p. 95.

3. Presentation of the progress of Archeology in France, p. 19 and 24.

4. Yaw in jeder Hinsicht musterhafles Work. Hermes III, 1869, p. 268.

5. V. Waddingion, Betf. num. 1867, p. 102 ff. ; Mommsen, Zeitschr. f.Num. II, 1875, p. 69 ff. ;Mttller, ibid., p. 295 ff. — For another controversy, con- surrounding the coins of the kings of Numidia, Mr. Mailer denounced himself, in these recent years, which Mr. Head has accepted without reservation in his Uisloria numorum the hypotheses of Mr. Zobel of Zangronix. Cf. E. Babclon, in the Rtvue numism. from 1889, p. 401 et seq.

6. V. Koehne, Berliner Blatter f. Munzkunde, III (1866), p. 344-351, IV (1868), p. 345-349.

7. For details, see the bibliography appended to this notice.

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From 1877 he stopped publishing; but he always followed, with a keen interest, the development of numismatic literature and archaeological until its last days; he was doing his last reading ture of the volume by Mr. Babelon on the coins of the kings of Syria. September 6, 1891 ends the life of our great numismatist, life a disinterested scholar, dedicated to incessant work and to serious and original research; little rich of great ^vene- ments, his life flowed slowly; he had the esteem and affection of everyone who knew him; he enjoyed good health and his admirable vigor remained with him until his last illness. Ludwig Miiller was a member of a large number of societies scholars; in 1891, the English Numismatic Society awarded a medal of honor.

Copenhagen, Christiansborg Slot.

C. JoRGENSEN. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF L. MIILLER

Thorvaldsen Museum, described by M. L. Miiller. P.1-5. Copen- ring 1847-51. In-8**. [The third part contains the Antiquities distributed as follows: section I-II, vases (1847), section III, intaglios and cames (1847), section IV, ancient coins (1851).]

The Macedonian Konge Philip IFs Mynter. [The currencies of King Philip IL In Danish] Doctoral theses. With 4 boards. Copenhagen, 1855. In-8**.

Numismatics of Alexander the Great. Followed by an appendix containing the coins of Philip II and III, and accompanied by boards and tables, in-4^. Copenhagen, 1855. In-8'* with 40 quarto plates**.

Den ihraciske Konge Lysimachus's Mynter. [The currencies of King Lysimachus. In Danish] (Exlraitde Vidensk. Selskahs Skrifter ^ V* series, history and philosophy, volume II.) With 9 plates. Copenhagen 1857, in-4**.

Die Miinzen des thracischen Konigs Lyslm.1chus. [The meme work in German.] With 9 plates. Copenhagen, 1858. In-4^«

1. Memoirs of the Copenhagen Society of Sciences.

1891 — 9.32

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Telradrachru of Alexander. The Numismatic Chronicle. Flight XX (1837-58, pp. 39-42.

Undersogelse af nogle graeske Mynter raed el Bogstav eller Monogram til Typ. Ex trail from Vidensk. Selskabs Chersigt 1857. i Copenhagen, 1858. With a board. In-8**, 36 pages. — Lc meine traile in French: Greek coins porlanl for type a letter or monogram. Revue nam ism a tig ue 1859, p. 1-30, ft. I. — The same trail in Alleniand in VArchaeol, Zei/ung, 1858, p. 171-178.

BelowsOgelse af graiske Mynter, der have Tegnel T til Typ. [On coins bearing the letter T. In Danish.] Exlr. from Vidensk. Selskabs Oversigt^ 1858.) With a plate in-8*, 32 pages

Numismatics from ancient Africa. Work prepared el com- started by C.-T. Falbe el J-C. Lindberg, refail, completed and public parL. Miller. l-III. Copenhagen, 1860-1862. In-4^ — Supple- ment, 1874, in-4\

De puniske Gudebilleder. [Images of the Punic gods. In Danish.] (Exlr. of Vidensk, Selsk, Skrifter, V® s^r., volume III.) Copenhagen, 1861. In-4**, 30 pages.

Religi5se Symboler af Sljerne-Kors og Cirkel-Form hos Old- lidens Kullurfolk. [On religious symbols in the shape of a star, cross and circle. In Danish.] (Exlr. de Vidensk. Selsk. Skrif- ter^ V** ser., volume III). Copenhagen 1864. With a board. In-4*”, 94 pages.

Hermes-Slavens Oprindelse. [On the origin of the caduceus. In Danish.] (Exlr. de Vidensk. Selsk. Skrifter. V* ser., volume III.) Copenhagen, 1865. With a board. In-4", 26 pages. — One summary in German is public by M. Miiller in Archaeol. Zeitung 1866 [Anzeiger] p. 219-224.

Undersogelse af et bandell persisk Symbol, bestaaende i en Ring med forskjellige Tilsaetninger. [On a Persian symbol in ring shape. In Danish.] (Exlr. of Vidensk, Selsk, Skrifter ^ V®s6r., volume 111). Copenhagen 1865. With a board. ln-4*, 16 pages.

1. Bulletin of the Copenhagen Science Society.

2. V. Numus magazine. 1862, p. 301-305 (A. de Longpdrier).

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Kritik af E. Rapps Opfatlelse at det forchristelige Kors og Christi Monogram as Symboler paa Soldyrkelsen. (Review of The opinion expressed by E. Rapp on the pre-Christian cross and the jnonogram of Christ corame symbols of the cult of the Sun. In Danish with a summary in French] (Extr. of Vidensk, Selsk. Over^ sigt 1866). In-8S 24 pages.

Fortsatle Bemaerkninger om Oldtidssymboler af Stjerne-Kors, og Cirkel-Forrn. [Remarks on the symbols of Tantiquite which offer the shapes of an asler or a cross. In Danish with a r^sum<5enfranQais.](Extr. de Vide/isk. Selsk, Oi>ersigt 1807). In-8**, 20 pages ^ .

Om Ringen eller Diademet som et Symbol paa Kongeva?rdig- heden i Persien, navnlig paa de sassanidiske Monument. [The year- neau or the corame diadem symbol of royalty in Persia, sur- all about Sasanian monuments. In Danish with a summary in Iranian.] (Extr. of Vidensk. Selsk. Oversigt 1867). With 2 boards. In-8S 32 pages.

On the coins attributed by Mr. Bompois to Mtltagre, king of Macdonia. Rev, numism, 1867, p. 189-194.

Remarks on the classification of some Coins of Lysimachus. Numismatic Chronicle 1870, p. 1-10.

Die Miinzen Asiens und Afrikas mit den Bildnissen der Pro- konsuln. Sallet's Zeitschrift fur Numism, II, 1875, p. 295-308.

Det saakaldte Hagekors*s Anvendelse og Betydning i Oldtiden. [The use and meaning in antiquity of the sign called the cross range. In Danish with a 16-page summary in French]. (Extr. from Vidensk. Selsk, Skrifter, V*» ser. volume V.) Copenhagen, 1877. In-4S 114 pages.

Finally summary guides for visitors to the Thor Museum- valdsen (in several languages), the Cabinet of Metals (in Danish) and the Museum of Classical Antiquities (in Danish).

1. For this memory and the previous one see. Retf. numism, beige, 1867, p. 460-462 (R. Ghalon).

492

BCLLETIK BtBLIOGRAPHIQCE

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL BULLETIN

Bel'RLIER Emile). De divinis honoribus quos CLCceperunt Alexander and successores ejus, Paris, Thorin, in-8*, 1890; — Lc even, The imperial cult, its history and its organization Augusia to Justinian, Paris, Thorin, in-8*, 1891. The subjects covered in these two volumes, — doctoral theses ral of Mr. Tabhe Beurlier, — touch too closely on the numis- matic so that it is not mentioned in this Revae. The Latin thesis relates to the deification of the Greek kings; Aunt begins by recalling that the Greeks often honored d*nn worship the founders of cities or rare citizens who had rendered eminent services to their homeland; but this cult does not appear only arose after the death of these heroes: it has its reflection in the monetary types of a large number of Greek cities. Philip, the first, during his lifetime, received divine honors. Alexander, after him, pretended to be the son of Zeus Ammon and, after his death, money guys gave him the comes of Aramon. Following his example, the generals who shared his empire were, during their lifetime, awarded divine honors, and coins often represent them to us covered with attributes of various deities. In Egypt in particular, the cult of kings ^was particularly well organized. Already the ancient Egyptians would worship, in their Pharaohs, the incarnations of Ra, the diea Sun; the Lagides benefited from the same honors, and Tun of them is designated in a text cited by M. Beurlier under the heading fiis name of Soldi.

Heirs to all these gods, the Roman emperors who could would fail to rise to the same rank: they adopt an title deeply anchored in morals. peoples of the East and which could only contribute to strengthening their authority and Irur prestige. In Rome, we begin to pay tribute to Julius Caesar during his lifetime divine honors; after his death appears snr the Tastre imperial coins and the title of Mi^us; your first tending to the succession of Julius Caesar call themselves sons of a god:

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Antony is a new Dionysus, Sextus Pompey is the son of Neptune and he is represented on his coins with the attributes goals of his divine father. A little later, the cult of Augustus established himself in Italy, then everywhere.

The first two parts of the remarkable work of Mr. Tabb^ Beurlier thus shows us the oriental origins of Tapoth^ose, the beginnings of the imperial cult, its first mani* Testations in Rome, the titles, the symbols and the attributes which characterize the ceremonies of this cult, the parades and the games which is celebrated in honor of the divisions of the college organization of priests, of the flamenes, of the Luperci Julii^ of the Sodales Augusta* the; for most of these interesting questions, Tauteur makes appeal to the types and legends of nionets as much as to Tepigra- phy and the testimonies of the authors. The third and fourth third part deals with the provincial and municipal cult of emporiums reur^ and here again, Mr. Beurlier moves on numis- matic. Without dwelling on the chapters so well filled with failures new or better Studies, which he devoted to the assemblies provinciales, provincial priests and municipal priests, at the Augustal Seviri, we will particularly attract your attention numismatists on the chapter entitled Le Ne'ocorat. We will find conscientious and in-depth criticism of opinions multiple that occurred regarding this liter of Neocore that so many Greek cities take on medals and in registrations. Mr. Beurlier, having devoted himself to the direct study of coins themselves, was able to rectify a certain number of errors who had become accredited, even in the recent work of M. Buechener (V. Rei^ue numism. 1889, p. 605) following the confidence placed by scholars in false readings provided by some former numismatists.