Money in Antiquity, vol. III: History of Mints and Monetary Circulation — 1879

* • • -

(1) Cic. Ep. ad Attie. X. 5 efc ii.

^^

164 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

pds ^nôore established in a permanent manner as regular judiciary, the broadcasts were therefore quite frequent and quite usually entrusted to clerks sions of the triumvirs so that it was deemed necessary to dis- ting ordinary currency, struck under these conditions^ extraordinary currency, issued by other magis- trats for subyeQir, apart from emissions: normal, at an exceptional and temporary need for cash. Ains that we have shown you (in this book, chap. i, § 6, 5), From then on, we no longer failed to follow up with their title, or at least the mention of the senaius-consult who had entrusted them with this extraordinary commission, the names of knagistrats, such as quaestors or aediles, who were responsible, outside of normal conditions, for directing manage a coin production. Also, like your very- rightly remarked by M* Mommsen (1),

M, ACILIVS. IIIVIR (3). — Towards Tan ÎOO.

■

r « • ■ •

(1) Mh, t. n, p.5)3.^ • • •

(2) MommseD, MR, t.' He, p. 175 »

(3) Cohen, MC, pi. i, ilct/ta, n? 3;. Mommsen, n<* 279.

THERE LAW IN 16S ANCIENT COINS

M- AQVlUtus. M-Ft/itM. Mr. N«J$70.- IIIVIR (1). -- Start 700 and 704.

LONGINtis. llIVir (2). — Between 700 and 704.

CALDVS. IIIVIR(3). —Probably a little before 700.

p. FONTEIVSP.Ft/ttw. CAPITO. IIIVIR (4). — Between

700and70/u

L.FVRI.CN.Fi7m. BROCCHMIIVIRt (5). — Between 700 and 704.

C. HOSIDIus. C.Pilius. GETA. IIIVIR (6). —Between 700

and 704.

L. TORQVATtt*. IIIVIR (7). — Around the year 693.

Numismatics from the Civil War era, up to that with the elevation of Caesar to perpetual dictatorship, we shows most of the triumvirs following their names of their tilx:

Q.SICINIVS. IIIVIR (8). .

T. CARISIVS. IIIVIR(9).

Mr. CORDIVS. RVFVS. IIIVIR (10).

A- LICINIVS. NERVA. IIIVIR (he).

(1) Cohen, pK vi, Aquilia, n«^; Mommsen, No. 282.

(2) Cohea, pi: XI, Castia, n^M and 5; Mommsen, n<> ^85.

(3) Cohen, pi. xiii, Cœlia,n?9 4-10; Mommsen, n^ 286,

(4) Cohen, pi. xyiii, Fonteia, n°* 8 and 10; Mommsen, n^ 290.

(5) Cohen, Ft. xix, Furia, u? 5; Mommsen, n^ 291.

(6) Cohen, pi. xix, Hosidia, n<>" 1 and 2; Mommsen, n"» 292.

(7) Cohen, pi. xxvi, Munlia, nos. 6 and 7; Mommsen, No. 294.

(8) Deniers that he signs alone: Cohen, pi* xxxviii, Sieinia,

Deniers that he signed jointly with the proquester C. Coponius Cohen, Ft. xiv, Coponia, n°* 1 and 2.

(9) Cohen, pi. x, Cariiia, n^i 8 and9.

(10) Cohen, pi. xiv, Cordia, n*** 1-6. (H) Cohen, Ft. xxiv, Liciniat n°' 3-7.

■ ^

166 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

L. PAPIVS. CELSVS. IIIVIR (1).

As we showed above (in this book, chap. 1, § 7, 5) these triumvirs are almost all of those of the party of Pompey, who, withdrawn to the East with the Senate and all regular and legal urban magistrates, mon- were born in different towns in these countries. In similar conditions, re-registration of their title following of their name was necessary to indicate in vei:tu of what authority they minted species out of the workshop of Rome and to distinguish these species from miU-coins silences that the army leaders issued at the same time in abundance* Yet some of the triumvirs mo- Pompeian netaries who took refuge in the East, like C. Consi- dius Poetus (2) and C* Antius Restio (â), did not take their title to the species whose manufacture they directed; They only wrote down their name. As for the trium- virs which, after the reorganization of a regulated government bound by Caesar, minted at Some in, the years 46 and 45 BCE, it seems probable that we know- sound their six names^ although we do not know of how we should distribute them between the two colleges of these years (see above, t. II, p. 311); and, on these six characters, only one, L. Papius Gelsus, adds his title in his name.

4. Caesar, by completing the organization of his power, wanted to have, according to the usual procedure of despots, more

(1) Cohen, pi. xxx, Papia, n«* 2-5.

(2) Cohen, Ft. xiii, Considia, n°4-10.

(3) Cohen, pi. m, Antia, n"*» 1-4.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS

167

places to distribute in order to make creatures. It increases therefore moved the number of minor magistracies (1), the ranging from twenty to twenty-eight. Urban currencies were now four instead of three, becoming triumvirs of quartetvirs, as well as quartetviri capitals (2) replaced the old tresvirû This re- form was decreed in the last months of 45 BC. AD, and the new magistrates took office with Tanned 44. tFai sketched above (t. II, p. 818) the his- tory of the first college of monetary quartets, such that we deduce it with certainty from the numismatic monuments ticks themselves- and that M# Von Sallet (3) established in a definitive manner, by completing the studies of Cavedoni and Mr. Mommsen. This college consisted of L. Flaminius Chilo, L. Emilius Buca, M. Mettius and L. Sepullius Macer, of which the first two alone make follow, on some coins, their name of their title of quartetvirs, but whose grouping together and date of functions necessarily result from what it is on the pieces signed by them as the portrait of Julius Caesar made its appearance in numismatics. From the start from Tannee, they began to have denarii made of money, which the absence of the dictator's eABigie reveals as prior to the senatus-consulte > rendered in the during the month of January, by which it was ordered to place this effigy on urban currency (4). The denarius of Flaminius Chilo bears the legend L* FLAMlNIVS. CHILO*

(1) Sueton. Caes, 41; see. Mommaea, MR^ t. H, p. 53. .

(2) Orelli, no. 6450.

(3) Zeitichr. f. Numim. t. IV, p. 127-134.

(4) Dio Cass. xuv, 4; Zonar. x, 12.

168 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

IIIVIR. PRImw5. FLAmf (1), establishing that between its colleagues legacy he had the first manufacturing round (2) • Dana the few days that separated the senatus-consultus in question of the proclamation of Caesar as dictator and father of the country, the four monetaries issued and signed enter the rooms where we already see the portrait of the master, but with leg only titles of DIÇTaton QVARTwm or IMPE- Rator. Finally, towards the middle of February, the institution of the perpetual dictatorship was greeted by remission, extraordinarily nary abundant silver coins at the head of Caesar D\CTator PERPETYO. These offer us the signatures of L. Flaminiiiis Chilo, L. -^milius Buca and P, SepuUius Macer, but we do not have one with that of M. Mettius* Instead, we find deniers quite similar and obviously from the same time, bearing the name of a C- Cossutius Maridianus, foreigner at the college in the beginning of its existence. There is no other here possible explanation than the one adopted. Mr. Momm- sen (3) and M. Von Sallet (4), that is to say that M^ Mettius had died or had withdrawn from the number of the quartet for some reason, towards the beginning of February, and that C. Cossutius Maridianus had been immediately substituted, so as not to leave the college incomplete (5). The broadcast was then quite considerable

(1) Eckhel, DiV, t, V, p. 212; Cohen, VC, Ft. xvm, Flaminia, n° 2.

. (2) It is also on the. coins that he minted at this time, that L. ^mi- lius Buca takes the title of Unvm,

(3) MR, t. n, p. 546.

(4) ZeUschr. f. Num.i. IV, p. 131.

(5) On some of his coins, C. Cossutius Maridianus expresses in a very original way, its title of monetary quartet. His names occupy the entire reverse, arranged so as to form a cross, can-

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS

169

to dispense, joining 4 those which had taken place in the previous month, from almost no other manufacturers tion of urban silver species* Indeed, we do not know of pieces subsequent to the murder of Caesar than with the signatures, of Cossutius Maridianus (1) and Sepullius Macer (2), those of the latter being the most numerous, and the types they adopted show that they had declared openly for the party of Antoine and friends of Caesar, In fact both place in the right of their coins the head of the dead dictator, but not yet deified, with the epithet of PARENS- PATRIAE; on others, Sepul- lius Macer puts in the same place the image of the temple raised at the Clemency of Caesar or even the head of Antony (3) (see, earlier in this book, chap. i, § 7, 7). • .

Gold currency, which Caesar was the first to implant manufacturing in Bome itself, while before him we did not manufactured only in the provinces, • for the service of armies^ had kept 30us its government the character imperative and had not been placed in the attributions tions of regular urban currencies. Again, at the end of Year 44, when the Senate, which had regained power, carried out a cash issue of this metal, the manufacture cation was handed over by an extraordinary commission, and by virtue of a special senatus-consulte, to the two pre-

thundered between its four branches of the letters Â.A.A. Cohen, MC, ft. XVI, Cossutia, n<» S.

(1) Cohen. MC, pU xvi, Cosmtia, n® 2.

(2) Cohen, Ft. xxxvii, Sepullia^ n°8 9-11.

(3) See. also ingenious explanation proposed by. Mr. Von Sallet {Zeitsehr, f. Num, t. IV, p. 132) for the type of the reverse of these coins by P. Sepullius Macer. :

170 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

authors C. Norbanus and L. Gestius (1). It is only, as we have already shown (in this book chapter i, g 7, 8)9 a law handed down in January AS {i), which brought in the gold currency within the framework of urban currency normsde and put it within the purview of the monetary quartets, whose offering fice and number were maintained. From this modification of their attributions results in a temporary modification their title; at least, those of them who join a qualification to lear name on the aurei, are titled IIIIVIR.Aiiro. Published. Feriundo.

The Yigatto depot, buried during the Mo* War dene, definitively established what the quartet were who took office at the beginning of Tan-* born 43 BC. (3); they were?. Accoleius Lariscolus (4) and Petillius Gapitolinus (5), which Cavedoni (6) had already previously recognized as having to belong to this year, then L. Livineius Begulus (7) and L. Mussidius Long (8) . Of these four magistrates, the last two are maintained in charge until the end of the year, after the constitution of. triumvirate; because we have parts effigies of all the triumvirs^ which bear the signatures of

(1) Cohen, ifC, pi. xii, Ce$tia; ft. xxix, Norbana, n<» 1.

(2) Cic. VU PhUipp. 1, 1; see. Mommsea, MR, t. lîl, p. 4.

(3) Mommsea, ZeUsehr. f. Nu^, t. H, p. 66 et seq.

(4) Ck)hen, JfC, pi. i, Aceokia, n^»» i and â.

(5) Cohen, Ft. xxx, Petillia, n"^ 1 and 2.

(6) Appendiu CalSaggio di osserv., p. 187; Bagguaglio dei ripostigli, p. 35.

(7) The coin found at Yigatto is the Cohen denarius, ft. XXIV, Livineia. No. 3. .

(8) Denarius found in Vigatto; Cohen, Ft. xxix, Muudiaf n» 5.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 171

Livineius Bëgulus (1) and Mussîdius Longus (2). There is no has, on the contrary, none, no more than coins gold, with the names of Accoleius Lariscolus and Fetillius Capitolinus. On the other hand, as we have long- recognized time, it is impossible to separate gold coins of Livineius Begulus and Mussidius Longus, at the head of triumvirs” those of the same metal and silver which, bearing the effigies of Antoine (3) and Octave (4), are signed with name of the quartet vir. P.. CLODIVS- C?iHus. These three people soundings, the only ones which take the title of quatuarvir aura published feriundOf were certainly colleagues at the time of reissuance of the currencies in question, and Mr. Von Sal- let (5) established definitively that it had been in Tannée b& (711 de Borne). From these fi^its, it results in a very positive way that, of course, the quartet mon- taries entered into charge in January 43, two, Accoleius Lariscolus et Petillius Capitolinus, furent chassés de leurs functions, either in the month of August by Octave, at the time where he seized the consulate, in the month of November by the teriumvirs, to the establishment of their power^ and that perhaps they were even included in the proscriptions of the triumvirate. Of the two new monetized quartets taires quileurfurenlj^ then substituted, as colleagues

(i) Lepidus Head; Coheo, pi. xxv, Livineia.n* 7. — Head of Antony: Cohen” pi. xxv; Livineia, n<* 8. — tete d*Octaye, Cohen, pL xxv, Livi* neia, n*"» 9 and 10.

(2) Head of Lepidus: Cohen, pi. %xix, Mussidia, n*" 8 and 9. -* Head by Antoine: Cohen, pi. xxix, Mussidia^ n"« 10 and 11. — Cohen, pi. xxix, Mussidia, n"*» 12 and 13.

(3) Cohen, pi. xii, Claudia^ n<» 9 and 10.

(4) Cohen, pi. xii, Claudia, no. 12-14.

. (5) Zeitschr. f. Num. t. IV, p. 135 et seq.

■^

172 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

of Livîneius Begulua and Massidîus Longus who remained in charge as friends and supporters of the triumvirs, one was surely P. Clodios. As for the other^ his name is dou-^ teux. Perhaps it was C, Tibius Varus, of whom we have silver coins to the portrait of Antoine (1) and to that of Octave (2), as well as an aureus without the effigy of a man alive (3). However, this is still doubtful, because Vibius Varus does not take, like the three who come to be named, the title of IIIIVIR* A* P* F«, and the currencies do not group as closely with their own kind.

It could therefore be that Vibius Varus, a contemporary of the early days of the triumvirate, was only monetary in the year 42 (712 of Kome), in which case^ the long beard gue which is given on lei; coins to Antoine would be the in- dice of the mourning of his brother C. Antonius, because the pieces of P, Claudius and Mussidius Longus, where we see Antony beardless (while qtiMl is bearded on those of Livineius Bé- guins), show that at the year of 43, after recovery du triumvirat, il avait rasé la barbe qu'il laissait croître since his defeat at Modena (4). If this way of seeing should be preferred, we would readily admit known eoUgue of Vibius Varus, in the monetary quartet for Tyear 42, C. Numonius Vaala, including Taureus (S) bears on the right a head of Victory, in which I believe recognize the features of Fulvia, as she is represented on the quinaires struck at Lugdunum (6) and on a coin

(1) Cohen, pi. xlii, Vibia.n'' 22.

(2) Cohen, Ft. xui, Vibia, n^ 23.

(3) Cohen, pi. xlii, Yibia, no. 21.

(4) Plutarch. Anton. 18.

(5) Cohen, Ft. xxx, Numonia.; n"* 1.

(6) De Witte, Archaeological Gazette, 1875, p. 121-124;

'f

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 173

bronze of Euinenîa-Fulvia of Phrygia (l) (see more Jhaut, t. II, p. 1 73).

We usually group Taureus of Numonius Vaala with those of M. Arrius Secundus (2), C. Claudius, C. filius (3), and L. Servius Rufus (4), which belong, in fact, su* rement at the same historical period” Based on this fact that the types are entirely borrowed from the tra- editions and particular cults of the families of the mo-^ netaries, and do not relate in any way to the triumvirs^ M. Mommsen (5) considered these aurei to be earlier to the triumvirate and made their three authors, joined to Numonius Vaala, the quartet appointed by the Senate for Tan 43, conjecture today refuted; Vigatto pot. I find it hard to believe that C. Clodius had could never have been urban monetary, because it was surely not not one of those of the year 44, and Borghesi having established, with the ordinary certainty of his criticism, the place of this per* ringing in history (6), we find it very^ early in 43 as lieutenant of Brutus in the Macedonia, where it was he who took C. Antonius prisoner; it is therefore probable that, despite the absence of registration of a military title, his aureus is to be ranked among the coins of the party of tyrannicides struck on occasion of the civil war (we talked about these in this book, ch. i, § 7, 9). If our conjecture about the The head of Victoii'e represented on the aureus of Numonius

(1) Wadàinglon, Rev. mm. 1853, p. '248, ft. x, n“k

(2) Cohen, ifC, pi. seen, ilrria, nM.

(3) Cohen, pi. xii, Claudia^ n* 5.

(4) Cohen^ pi. xxxviu, Sulpicia, n* 4.

(5) MR, t. He, p. 439;-, U m, p. 4. . - /

(6) Osserv.numism. decade. XIV, 10; Complete works^ t.U, p.l78 et seq.

\

174 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

Yaala. is correct, its monetary magistracy will not have been able to only take place under the triumvirate, after 43^ and before 40, date of Fulvie's death, prol)ably even before the war of Perugia. As for the gold coins of Arrius Secun- dus and Servius Bufus, the particular character of their types does not seem to me such a decisive circumstance than to Mr. Mommsen. Si les deniers d'argent de Yibius Yams have the effigies of Antoine and Octave, the tombs of his aureus are purely personal to him, do not recall nothing the triumvirs; it is the same for those of one part tie of the aurei of F. Clodius (1), installed, as nons we saw it, in the quartet by Octave or by the triumvirs in place of an expelled magistrate (2). Consequently- quence, since it is no longer possible to place in 43 the exercise of the functions of these individuals^ who have not couldn't either, mint urban gold coins before this date, we see absolutely no reason which prevents them from being carried forward to the years immediately posterior. There is even a great probability, although it is not yet a certainty, admitting that Yibius Yarus, Numonius Yaala, Arrius Secundus and Servius Ku- fus, whose aurei present such a narrow gap between them rented, formed the college of monetary quartets of 42 BC (712 from Eome).

Before being in possession of the positive data four- denied by Yigatto's find, and according to a reproduction. inaccurate statement (since rectified by Mr. Yon Sallet) of the type

(i) Cohen, MC, pL xii, Claudia^ l^* 6 and 7.

(2) I am not talking about the aurei of Mussîdius Longus, who are in the same case (Cohen, pi. xxix. Mussidia, nos. 1 and 2), because they can have been struck during the first part of his magistracy, - before the triumvirate.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 175

on the back of one of the aurei of P. Clodius, the magistracy of this character with Livineiua Begulus and Mussidius Longus, in 716 from Rome (38 BC) (1). We then put in 717 or 718 (37 or 36) the pieces signed by Ti. Sempronius Gracchus (2) and Q. Voconius Vitulus (3), who take the double title of quartet quaestores designati and mark, on some of their species, the senatorial origin of their powers by inscription of the letters SC. We cannot bring down these pieces further down, since Octave's head is bearded there, which never occurs again after the defeat of Sextus Pompey (A). But there is no specific reason not to consider them to be a few years older high. The only certain fact is that they are subsequently res to those of P. Clodius, Livineius Regulus and Mussi- dius Longus, since they were lacking in the deposit by Peccioli (5), where the pieces of these three characters were flush with the corner. These had to be reassembled in the chronological scale up to 43, it is very pro- bable that the magistracy of Sempronius Gracchus and Yo - conius Vitulus must also be a little older than we didn't believe it at first and that you will get closer the truth by placing it around the years 41 or 40" Octave was, from then on, the only one of the triumvirs who remained in Italy; it was he who exercised the authority there, and consequently he

^ (1) Borghesî, Oss. num. dec. XII, 7-10; Complete works^ t. II p. 68-81; Mommseii, MR, t, III, p. 5.

(2) Cohen, JfC, pU xxxvi and xxxvii, Sempronia, n^s 3.8,

(3) Cohen, pi. xlu, Voeonia, u9» 14.

(4) Eckhel, DN^ t. VI, p. 77; Borghesi, Complete Works, 1. 1, p. 111.

(5) Gavedoni, Ann. of VInsi. Arch, 1854, p. 61; Mommsen, MRj t. U, p. 143, et t. m, p. 5.

176 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

is quite natural that between the three colleagues who share ruled the power he was the only one whose magistrates urban monetary institutions have placed the portrait on their coins. The beard, which adorns his chin on the coins of Sem- pronius Gracchus and Voconius Vitulus, seems to me to have The appearance of a young man's light beard rather than that which fully formed men leave know how to express mourning, as Octave did during the war against Sextus Pompey. However, in the monetary portraits, although some engravers have omitted this circumstance, the nephew and heir of Caesar can always, until â9 av. J.^C. (715 of Eome), to be represented with his chin garnished with his first beard, and even the portraits which express You are surely the most exact, since Dion Cassius (1) teaches us that ^'is only in this year that he shaved his beard for the first time first time.

5. We have already noted (in this book, chap, i), § 7, 10) that beyond the year 41 BC. we do not see ^more, until 27 (727 from Rome) that Octavian received the name of Augustus with complete reorganization of his power monarchical, of coins signed by monetary magistrates regular documents submitted to the direction of the Senate, quûatuorvîrs or triumvirs. All the numismatics of the triumviïs, of the peace of Brundise at the battle of Actium, is purely imper- ratorial in form and appearance, and it is the same for that of Octave Caesar, who remained the sole master of power, during the four years following the fall of his rival.

. . . » • •

(1) XLViii. 34; see. Eckhel, DiV, t. VI, p. 76.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 177

As I said, for Antoine it is quite natural that he so be it; it was in the East that his authority was exercised; he had nothing to do with the Tatelier Urbaine broadcasts. For Octave, most of whose currencies during this period were struck at Eome, the fact is more singular. must wonder if he had temporarily removed the an- right of the Senate on currencies and the institution of quartet, or whether it was these magistrates who continued ned to be named each year, manufactured these watches naies, but without any longer having the right to sign them with their noted

Anyway, -^- and this fact would fit quite well with an interruption of the institution of the monetary judiciary senatorial silence, followed later by a restoration, — when the mentions of magistrates regularly appointed used in urban currency reappear in cash after that Octave was made Augustus, there is no longer any question of quartet established by Caesar; this is the old judiciary of the triumvirs which appears again in exercise (1). We cannot say with certainty the precise date it was reconstituted; but there is some probability that this was during the new organization of public authorities, in 727 from Rome. But, in this case, the new triumvirs do not were not immediately allowed to re-register their names on currencies. Indeed, all holders of this magis- trature who signed aurei and silver denarii as Augustus' monetary figures, appear to be placed in a interval of five or six years at most, from 734? at 738 or 739 of Rome (from 20 to 16 or 15 BC). If the place specifies of G. Antistius Reginus and C. Marins Trogus, in this

(1) Eckhel, DN, t. Y, p. 63; Mommsén, MB, t. II, p. 52; t-m, p. 6. nor. i 2

178 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

short interval of time, is still doubtful, L. Aquillîus Florus, L Caninius Gallus and P. Petronius Turpillianus seem very positively to have constituted the college of Tan 734 (20), M. Durmius and Q, Eustius having exercised their magistracy in 755 (19), Cossus Lentulus and C.Sulpl- cius Platorinus in 736 (18J.

The last names of triumvirs "which are found at the both surfor and on silver are those of C. Antistius Vêtus, L. Mescinius Eufus and L. Vinicius, who formed a col- light in the eighth year of tribunician power of Augustus (t), which extends from June 27, 738 to 26 June 739, 16-15 BC (2), May^ who had entered into functions in the first months of 738, under the seventh tribunician power (3). There are no gold coins or of silver bearing the name of triumvirs whose manufacture can, based on solid reasons, be placed after the year 739(4). Because the argument on which Eckliel was based(5) and Cavedoni (6) to relate to 742 (12 BC) those

(1) Mention of the eighth tribunician power, TR^POT^IIX, on the signed species of these monetary documents:

Antistius. — Cohen, MI, 1. 1, p. 73, no. 286-288. Mesciuius. — Ibid.^ p. 82, no. 351. Vinicius. — Ibid., p. 87, no. 386.

(2) Eckhel, DiV, t. VI, p. 105.

(3) There is positively a denarius signed by L. Vinicius which bears

right the legend AVGVSTVS. TR. POT. VII (Cohen, M. 1. 1, p. 86, No. 385). Another analogous one has been reported, with the signature of L. Mes- cinius Rufus (Eckhel, D/V, t. VI, p. 102), but the reading was con- tested {Wiener SUtungsberichte, t. IX, p. 923). However, we see that the existence of this last piece would not be improbable.

(4) Mommsen, MH, t. III, p. 7.

(5) DN, t. V, p. 251, et t. VI, p. 102.

(6) Ann. of Vlnst. Arch., t. XXII, p. 193,

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 179

by C. Marius Trôgus, cannot carry conviction. The type of Augustus offering a sacrifice is not at all necessarily in relation* to the elevation of the prince to the sovereign pontificate, which took place, in fact, only in 742; this type may have been used long before.

Two of Augustus' monetary triumvirs, M. Sanqui- nius and P. Licinius Stolo, have already no longer struck gold next to their money. But with them, in the species they have signed, the manufacture of coins of copper (1), which had completely ceased in Rome itself since Sulla (in this book, cbap. i", § 8, 4; book VII, chap. III, § 5 and 6). The judiciary is generally placed of these two characters in 737 from Rome (17 BC), for Mr. Sanquinius because the type of his money has relates to the Secular Games, celebrated in fact in this year (2), and for P. Licinius Stolo because the analogy of its coinage with that of the previous one obliges it to classify in the same year (3). But the Secular Games of 737 are still mentioned on the parts whose manufacture tion led by L. Mescinius Rufus, who exercised the triumvirate in 738, until under the eighth triumvirate power Bunician of Augustus. The decisive reason why we believed we could fix in 737 the date of these two magistrates, is thus excluded. Il est, au contraire, likely that they had to be in charge a little more late. Because a fact as considerable as the resumption of manufacture of copper species in Rome, after sixty

(1) Mommsen, MR, t. HI, p. 8.

(2) Eckhel, DiV, t. VI, p. 102; Borghesi, Osserv. nay”. decade. IV, 8, Complete Works, 1. 1, p. 243.

(3) C^veàom, Ripostigli, p. 237.

180 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

end of abandonment, had to be the starting point of an mon- new watering, then continued without interruption. This leads us to adopt the opinion of Mr. Mommsen{l), who recognizes is born in M. Sanquinius and P. Licinius Stolo two of the triumvirs of the monetary college of Fan 739 (15 BC) From them, who already no longer seem to have struck of gold coinage, we never again encounter inscriptions tion of monetary triumvirates on the species of both noble metals, even when attempting restoration republican which followed the death of Nero, when the Senate, for a few months, took control of the manufacturing again of all currencies without distinction of metals (more top^. in this book, chap. i''', § 8, 1 and 4). On the other hand, read mention of the triumvirs in charge, as authors of the mon- swimming, continues for some time on the new new species of copper. This state of affairs lasts approximately ten years, and no more. This is what the courts establish cieuses remarques de M. Mommsen (2) au sujet des moné* taries of Augustus whose names can only be read on the bronze, this Two colleges, composed, one of Cn.Piso, L. Nœ- vius Surdinus, C. Plotius Eufus, Tàutre de L. -ZElius Lamia, Annius^ Silius, are supplied by the meetings of names found on some pieces. With them, six other isolated monetary figures, C. Asinius Gallus, C. Cassius Celer, C. Gallus Lupercus, T. Quinctius Crispinus Sulpi- cianus, T. Sempronius Gracchus, do not use all the imperial titles than that of TRIB. POT., without adding the number of tribunician powers, as did also M. Sanquinius and P. Licinius Stolo. A college

(1) Jiffl, t. m, p. 8. ^

(2) MR, t. m, p. 8.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 181

composed of four magistrates (1), Volasus Valerius Mes- salla, Apronius, Galus, Sisenna, and six other monetaries isolated, P. Lurius Agrippa, M. Maecilius TuUus, M, Salvius Otho (these three with the same type), A. Licinius, Nerva Silianus, C, Censorinus, Sex. Nonius Quinctilianus (these three more with the same type) give the emperor the title of Poniifex maximus^ taken in 742 (12 BC), A college, Pulcher, Eegulus, Taurus, and four mone- isolated taires, ?• Betilienus Bassus, C. Naevius Capelia, G. Eubellius Blandus, L. Valerius CatuUus, do not mention of the emperor. From this it results the number ten colleges in all, three of which cannot be placed before 742. Names that are missing or too many are probably their cause in the death of some of the mon- in charge and their replacement by others. »

It was therefore until around 749 Kpme (5 BC) that continued the very abundant coinage of copper, resumed probably in 739, coinage signed by the trium- regular virs, who were no longer involved in the manufacturing cation of Tor and money. It seems that after that there is had a new interruption of a few years in the strikes additional copper coinage, and whether it is following this interruption, when manufacturing was resumed cation of aces, their multiples and their divisions in copper or brass, which the auxiliary currency took on tively the form that it no longer ceased to have under the Em- worse. Ainsi que je l'ai montré, elle est alors et désormais original senatorial, as evidenced by the con- stante of the letters SC, but at the same time by its types and its exclusively imperial exterior form (above, in this book, chap. i*% § 8, 1 and 4). The effigy of the sovereign

(i) Of which one suffeetus during the course of the year of office.

182 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

is a general and constant rule. We only meet very rare exceptions to this rule, and, even in these exceptional cases, if you do not see the portrait of the prince in bust on the main face of the pieces, his image appears almost always in some way in type which replaces the portrait, or this type is combined with way to contain a praise of the Emperor, to be a manifestation of his power. Furthermore, never again monetary triumvir or any magistrate, invested with the mission of ensuring the manufacture of currency copper under the direction and control of the Senate, is not ad- put his name on the species of this metal.

The oldest copper coin struck in these con- new editions, whose existence is very positively noted (1), gives Auguste the title of IMP. XX- PONTIF- MAX. TRIBVN. JAR. XXXIIII; it therefore belongs to Tan 764 of Kome, 11 of the Christian era. We also have- ment reported with the dates of the 29*, 30* and 31* powers tribunicians (2), i.e. from the years 759-761, 6-8 AD. AD, but these pieces have not been revised in original from Morell; we cannot therefore take them as certain, although there is nothing improbable in them. I have already noted above (in this book, chap. T', § 8, 4, that it was only after several gropings that Auguste arrived, in matters of organization of currencies, at the com- definitive combination which became after him the rule during several centuries, of the sharing of monetary production between the Prince and the Senate, the copper remaining with the latter,

(1) Eckhel, DN, t. VI, p. 118; Cohen, MI, 1. 1, p. 71, no. 271; Momm- sen, if/l, t. m, p. 9.

(2) Cohen, Jtf/, 1. 1, p 70 et seq,, n»» 268-270.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 183

and Tor with the money passing exclusively through the hands of the Emperor, then under the control of the imperial authority on everything that is of the external form of money official, the intervention of the Senate in the minting of copper being no longer remembered except by the acronym, which indicated that remission took place by virtue of a senatus-consulte. The facts which have just been reviewed allow, I believe, to hold it closer than we did, in issuing this general assertion, the precise dates of the different phases of the transition period from which emerged the definitive organization of the coinage of the Empire.

Rome circa 727, 27 BC, when organized of imperial power in favor of Augustus, the ancient ma- gistrature of the monetary triumvirates is reestablished, instead of Caesar's quartet, which had perhaps ceased to have existed for several years, but which, if they existed encore, n'avaient plus le droit d'inscrire leurs noms sur species. The new triumvirs, delegates of authority monetary institution of the Senate, as were before them the quartet- virs and more formerly the triumvirs, of the Republic free, have within their attributions the manufacture of urban gold and silver, the only two species of coins that are then minted in the workshop of Rome”

But it was only around 734, 20 BC. BC, quMls begin to sign their name and title again coins of both metals, and they seem not to have had the right again for about five years.

Already in 739, 15 BC. AD, the signature of the triumvirs is no longer found on gold, if it still remains on money. At the beginning of that same year, following all appearances, the manufacture of the copper coinage, which was no longer minted at the time of

184 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

Sylla. The triumvirs regularly register their names on the species of this metaU

It was in the year 789, very shortly after the resumption of coinage of copper and as a sort of corollary of this measure, that the provisions had to be decided legal which established the sharing of management and manufacturing of coins between the Emperor and the Senate. Because we do not find a single silver denarius bearing the name of a triumvir, the manufacture of which can be attributed fogging with a chance of certainty at a date later than this year.

During the first ten years of the new regime, the monetary triumvirates continued to sign cash copper senatorials, which were then manufactured in large quantities quantity; we didn't knock any without their name in Tatelier of Rome. With the help of numismatic monuments by- come down to us, it is possible to reconstitute the group pement of the names in the colleges of triumvirs of these ten years, although we cannot yet be able to determine miner Precise tanage of each person. There are only three which is positively recognized as being after 742, 12 BC AD In 741, Dion Cassius (1) places the organization definitive of the college of rigftn^iviVi, among whom were including the monetary triumvirates.

After 749.5 BC. AD, copper coinage with the names of the triumvirs cease never to resume again. It even seems that there was then a new interruption tion of urban metal emissions including the administration was entrusted to the Senate. Indeed, it was only in 964 that Rome, 11 CE, or 759.6 CE. AD, if the

(1) Liv, 26,

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 185

pieces published by Morell are authentic, which we let us see the reappearance of copper coins on a certain date, imprints of the Senate mark, the letters SC, but at the same time no longer bearing any mention of triumvirs.

6, Any numismatic mention of coined triumvirs taires is therefore lacking from around the beginning of Christian era. It is through registrations alone that we let us learn the conservation of this magistracy in the framework of those which, under the Empire, constituted the viginti- virat (1). Epigraphic monuments provide us examples of monetary triumvirs until the middle of the 1st century. There is, I believe, some interest in presenting here the record of these mentions over two and a half centuries (2). We have it according to the alphabetical order of the names characters, because of the impossibility of determining the precise date of some of them (3).

\ •”. adiecto inter patricw^ a divo Pertinace^

(\) Eckhel, DiV, t. I, p. lxxix; A. de Barthélémy, Revue tmmism. 1847, p. 360 et seq.; Mommsen, MR, t. II, p. 52; 0. Hirschfeld, Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der Rœmischen VerwaltungsgeschiclUef t. h p. 94.

(2) I reject as false the following two inscriptions, which have been quoted several times regarding the monetary triumvirate under the Empire:

L. Antonius,L, f.Pom. \\ Vasonitis.Prosper. \\ scriba colleg. Aroal. || professional curator, Monday, Sunday, morning. m vtr, my, \\ Fidei. Concord. p. Orelli, No. 2436.

Veneri, Sacrum, || Paullus. L l, Aegius, Pass, || iiivtr. has. a, a. f. /• procured, || patr, imp, Caes, Gordian, \\August, || voto, suscepto. L m, : Spon. Miscellan, p. 273.

(3) I write the parts restored in Roman, the text which can be read on the marbles in italics, and I place in parentheses the complement of abbreviations.

186 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

IIIvir{p) a[uro) a{rgento) a{ere) f[lando) f{eriundo)^ ^odalihadrianali,flami7iicommodian[o): HeDzeD,n''6052.

2. L. Annio L. f{ilio) Ravo^ co(n)s(uli), ^Taet{ori), quaestori candîûSato imp[eratoris) Caes{ari$) M. kurelii Commodi knionini Aug[usii) pii feliciSj ponti/îci, salw palatinOi triumviro monetali a(uro) a(rgento) a(ere) f(lando) f{eriundo): Orellî, n" 50003. The year of consulate of this character is uncertain.

3. C. Arrio L. f{ilio) Quirina Calpurnio Frontmo Honorato c{larissimo) v{zro)^ IIIvir(o) monetali a[uro) a[rgenio) a{eré) filando) f{eriundo)^ quaestori candidateo praetori candià(B.to) 9 auguri9Co{n)s{ulz): Henzen, n* 6981. — Year of consulate uncertain.

4. .. Bellicio P^ f{ili6) Stel{latinà) SoW&vti^ fetiali^ leg[ato) Aug[usti) propr{aetore) provinc{iarum) Gal{atiae)^ Pisid{iae)^ Phryg[iae)^ Lyc{aoniae), Isaur[iae\ Paphla- g[oniae)^ Ponti Gala{tici)^ Ponti Polemonianfi) ^ Armfeniae ]}Iinoris)f leg[ato) leg(ionis) XI FI Gem{inae), donat[o) do- n{is) militarib{us) expedit{ione) Suebic{a) and Sarm{atica)(i) coripna) mur{ali), cor(ona) vall{ari), cor(ona) aur[ea)^ hast{is) pur{is) tribe{us)j vexill(is) tribe{us)^ curat[ori) colo^ niar[um) etmunicipior[um) ^ prae f {(dcio) frum[ento) dand{o) ex s{enatus) c{on$ulto), praet{ori)^ aed{ili) curul{z)j q{uaes' tori) Cret(ae) and Cyr{enes), trib{uno) leg{ionis) XXII Primigen{iae) j III vir{o) a{uro) a{rgento) a{ere) f{lando) f{eriundo): Henzen, n* 691 2. — This fufconsul character

(1) In the expedition of Rubrius Gallus against the Sarmatians, in 70 our era: Tacitus. Eist. l, 2; IV, 54; Joseph. Bell, Jud. YII, 5; cf. Eckhel, DN, t. VI, p. 372.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 187

mffectm in an indeterminate year of the reign of Trajan (1).

5 » C. Caerellio Fufidio Annio Ravo C. f{ilio) Phew{en' tina) Pollittiano^ sodali marciano aureliano, commodiano , helviano, severiano^IIIvir{o)monet{ali)a{uro) a{rgento) a{eré) f{lando) f{erhmdo)^ trib{uno) laticlavio l€g{ionis) III Cyr{enaicae),VIvir{o) equit{um) rom{anorum)turmae primae^ çuaestor{i) candidateo imp{eratoris) Caesaris M. Aurelii Anionini pii felicis Aug{usti), trib{uno) pl{ebis) candid{ato)^ pr{aetori) hastar{io): Orelli, n* 2379.

6. T. Caesermo Statîo Quinctio Macedoni Quinctiano, coCn)s(uli), sodali aug{ustaH)^ curat(orî) viae Appiae,

/)raef(ecto) alim(entorum), legato legionis Piae Fi-

delis.comijLÛ) divi Veri joer Oni?w/^m,praet(ori) cand(idato) inter cives et peregr(inos) ^ tr\b{\xvLQ plebis candidateo^ legato per African iUfawretaniam, q(uaestori) candidateo^ trîbmio mil(itum) legionis /rigesimae Ulpîae Yictricis, ^iumviro Siuro argento aère f(lando) f(eriundo): Henzen, n* 6502. — Year of consulate uncertain,

7. 5^r. Ca/purnio Ser. f(ilio) Dextro c{laris~

simae) m{emoriae) v{iro), co(n)s(uli) ord{inario),XV vir{o) 5ac(ris) fac(iundis) leg(ato) ^rov{inciae) Asiae^ cur(atori)

rei p(ublicae) Minturnensium item Calenorum^

cur{atori) viae ^^m(iliae) et alimentorum^ praet{ori) tu- tel{ario)yquaestori candidateo, triumviro monetali: Henzen, No. 6503. — This character was consul in 225 of Fere

Christian.

ï

(1) G. G. Orli, In order, from Plnst. Arch, t. H, p. 258 et seq.

188 LK CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

8. Q. Camurio ... f{ilio) Lem{onia) Numisio JuniorU Illvir{o) a{uro) a{rgento) a{ere) f{Iando) f{eriimdo) , ^r(ibuno) mil(itum) leg{ionis) V7///i?ïsp(anicae), sodali tiiialù çuBLest{ori) urb{ano)^ fl^d(ili) cur(uli), j»r(o) \Qg{ato) Aug{mtï) legionis) •••. and leg(ionis) VI Yictr{icis): Hen- zen, n" 60S0.

9. L. Ti{berio) Claud{io) Aurel{io) Quir{ina) Quin- HanOj triumviro monetaîi a{uro) a{rgento) a{€re) f{lando) f{enundo)^ quaestori candid{at6)^ praet{ori)^ co{n)s[uli)^ poniif{ici): Mommsen, Inscr. reg. NeapoL n° 3597. — This character was consul in the year 235.

10. T. Clodio M. f{ilio) Pupieno Pulchro

iUfaximo c{larzssimo) v{iro)^ co{n)&{uli)^ cur{atori)

aed{ium) sacr{arum) and oper{um) /?ublicor(um), cur{atori) r{ei) p{ublicae) Benevent{anorum)yelecto jud{ici) sacro (1) ad census accept {andos) (2) per prov{inciam) Belgicam (3 ) , cur{atori) r{eï) p{ublicae) Leptim{agnensium and Tripolita- ?ior{um)j vice oper{um) publ{icorum)^ proco{n)s{uli) pro- v{inciae) Macedoniae^ cur{aton) r{ei) p{ublicae) Catinen- siurriy pr{aetori) urb{ano)^ q{uaestorï) k{andidato)y XV viro s{acris) f{aciundis) ^ triumviro monetaîi: Henzen, n^ 6512. — This individual is the son of the Emperor Pupien; he was never ordinary consul, but only mffectus. We do not know, however, in what year.

11.Ser. Cornelio Ser. f{ilio) P. nep[ptï) V. pronep{oti)

(1) That is to say appointed by the emperor.

(2) On the legation ad census acceptandos^ see. Borghesi, Ann. by tlnsU Arch. t. XVm, p. 316 et seq.

(3) The lapicide wrote Velgieam,

LA. LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 189

P. abnep[oti) Dolabellae Metiliano Pompeio Marcello, III VÎT [6) a{uro) a{rgenio) a{eré) flando) f[eriundo)^ salio palai{ino), quaesiori divi Trajani Parthid, crack down {o) equi- i{um) rom(anorum) turm[œ) III^ pr{aetori)^ Co(n)s(ulz)^ flam{ini) quirin{ali): Henzen, no. S,999. — Consul in 86 CE^

12. Z. Cosso III vir{o) a(uro) a{rgento) a{ere)

f{lando) f[eriundo): Mommsen, Inscr. reg. Neapol. No. 1114.

13. C. Curtio C. f{ilia) Pollia Rufin[o), îribuno lacti- cl[avio) leg{ionis) XIII Gem{i7iae)^ III vir{o) a{uro) a{r'' gento) a{eri): Orelli, n° 3441.

14. 1. Dasumio P. f{ilio) Stel{latina) Tullio, co{n)$[uli)^ comiti August[i)y auguri^ sodal{i) hadrianali, sodalii) anto- niniano, curat[ori) operum publicorum, legato pr[o) pr[ae' torus) promnciar(um] Germaniae Super ior[is) and Pannoniae Superior{is)^praefecto aer[arii) Saturnin praetori, tribun {o) pleb{is)^ leg{ato)provinc{iae) Africae (1), quaest{ori)imp[e'- ratoris) Antonini Aug{usti) PU, trib[uno) milit{um) legiio- nis) IIII Flaviae^ triumviro a{uro), a[rgento) a{eré) f{lando) f{eriundo): Henzen, n*" 6051. — Year of uncer- tain.

15. L. Fulvio C. fil[i6) Popin[ia) Alburnio Valenti, ponti/icii praef{ecto) Urbi feriarum latinar(um) facto ab imp(eratore) Hadriano Aug{usto) II co[n)s{ule) (2), III

(1) Legate of the proconsul of Africa. ^2) EnllSap. AD

190 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

viro a{uro) a{rgento) a{eré) f{lando) ({eriundo)^ çuaest(ori) Aug{ttsti\^ tribuno plebis designato candidaio Aug{ustï)^ eq(uo) publ{ico): Orelli, n* 3153.

16. L. Fulvio L. fil[io) Ouf{entind) Gavio Numisio Pe- tronio Aemiliano^ praetori tutelario candidaio Aug[ustO' rum) (1), quaestori candid[at6) Aug{ustorum) (4), pontifid^ promagistrosalio{rum)^collino{rum)^praef(ecto) feriar[um) laHnar(um), IIIvir[o) monetali a{uro) a{rgento) a [era) f{lando)jVIvir(p) turmae I equit(um) romanor(um): Orel- li, n*3l34, — The father of this character was consul in a year still undetermined, but subsequent to the reign by Alexander Severus (2).

17. Q. Hed[io) L. f[ilio) Pol{lia) Ruf{o) Lolliano Gen- tiano^ augurU co{n)s{ul{)jproco[n)s{ulz)prov(inczae) Asiae^ censitori provinc{iae) Lugd{unensis) item Lugd{uni\^ committee Severi and Antonini Aug(ustorum)^ censit{pri) p{rovznciae) Hiispaniae) C (iterioris) y curator{i) sptend{ido) col(ôniarum) Puteolanor(um) and Veliternor{um) ^ quaest{ori) candftdato, tr{ibuno) leg(ionis) XXII Primig{eniae), trib[uno) leg(ionis) sept(imae) G{eminae) P(iae) F(idelis)j triumv(iro) a{uro) a(rgento) a[ere) fijando) f{eriundo): Orelli, n^ 3652. — Consul in 211 AD. AD

18. Q.Julio M. fiilio) Volt[inia) Proculp^ co{n)s{uK)^ XVvirip) sacris faciundis^ fetiali^ cur[atori) operum publi- corum^ leg{ato) Aug{usti)p{ro) p{raétore) region{is) Tram- padanae, legato leg[ionis) VI Ferratae^ praet{ori)^ trib[uno)

(1) AVGG.

(2) Henzen, d<» 6486.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 191

pl{ebzs)j abactis imp{eratoris) Trajani Aug{usti)i tr[ibuno) leg{ioms) 1111 Scythic{aé)^ qu{aestori) Augustor{um) ^ 111 viro a{uro) a{rgento) a{ere) f{lando) f{eriundo): Orelli, n* 2273. — Year of consulate uncertain.

19. Ieg{at6) Aug)ustï) pr{o) pre{faectoré) pro-

vinc{iae) Syriae^leg{ato) Aug(usti) pr{o) pr(aetore) prov{in- ciaé) Britanniae^ leg{ato) Aug{usti) pr[o) pr{aetore) pro- vinc[iae) German[iaé)lnferioris^praef{ecto) aerarii Saturnin leg[ato) leg{ionis) XXX Ulpiae, praetor{i) ^ tribuno plebis^ quaestori Aug{usti)^ trib[uno) laticlavio leg{ionis) ternis ytriumviro a[uro) a[rgento) a[ere) f{lando) f{eriundo): Henzen, n° 5458. — Borghesi (1) recognized, in the ringing of which we have the cursus honorum^i\j\m& Severus, Hadrian's principal general in the war against the Jews.

20. Dis manibus C Laecani C. f[ilii) Sab[atina) Bassi Caecinae Flaccif 111 vir{i) a[uro) a{rgento a{ere) f(lando) vixit ann[os) XII X: Mommsen, Inscr. reg. NeapoL n<» 465. — This inscription is not authentic absolutely certain.

21. C. Matio C. f[ilio) Collin[a) Sabino SuUin{o) Va- tinian[o) Anicio Maximo Caesulen[o) Mariiali Pisibano Le- pidoj all€Ct[o) inier quaest{ores)y salio palatine[o) y 111 vir[o) monet{alï) a{uro) a{rgento) a{eré) f[lando) f{ériundo)^ se- viro equit[um) roman[orum)y flam[ini) julian{o)^ patricio^ praetori candidate[p\ co{n)s{uli): Orelli, n"2242. — Year of consulate uncertain. Orelli wrongly attributed The inscription in the 3rd century; she is rather ii%

(l) Burhuleio, p. 57.

192 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

22. L. Minicius L. f[ilius) Natalis Quadronfi^ Yèrv^ f{iliu$)^ augur^ trib {ixnm) plebis desig{^natu$), q[imestor) Aug[usti) et eodem tempore \eg{2Li\i&) pr{o)pr[aetore)patris provincÇiae) Africae^ tr{ibunus) mil[itum) leg[ionis) I Ad- jut{ricis) P{iae) F{elicis)^ /eg(ionis) XI Cl(audiae) P(îae) Fî(delis), leg(ionîs) XIIII MaLrt[iaé) Vic{tricis)^ III vir mo- jietalis a{uro) a{rgento) a{ere filando) f[enundo)\ Henzen, n* 5450; Corp. register ht. t. II, vl 4509.

Zr. Minicio L. f[ilio) Gal(eria) Natali Quadronio Vero^ co[n)${ulî)y proco{n]s[uU) prov{inciae] Africae^ auguri^ /(?- g{at6) Augiusti) pr(o) pr[aetore) provinciae Moesiae Infe- r(ioris)^ curatori operum publicorum et aedium sacrar(urn!\^ curat[ori) viae Flamin{iae)^ praef(ecto) alimentorum^ le- g(ato) Aug(itsti) leg(ionis) VI Victr{ms) in Britannia^ prae- torij trib[uno) pleb(is) candidateo^ quaestori candidateo divi Hadriani et eodem tempore legato prov{inciae) Afric{ae) dioeceseos Carthaginian{sis) proconsulis patris sui^ trib{uno) mil{itum) leg{ionis) 1 Adjut{ricis) Pi{ae) F{idelis)^ item le- g{ionis) XI Cl{audiae) P{iae) F{idelis], item leg{ionis) XIIII Gemin{ae) Martiae Victric{is), III tiro monetali a{uro) a[rgento) a{ere) f{lando) f{eriundo): Henzen, n* 6498. — The character to whom these two relate inscriptions, was consul around 127 of the Christian era.

23. L- Neratio L. f(ilio) Vol(linia) Marcello, co(n)s(uli) leg(ato) divi Trajani Aug{ié$ti)prov(inciae) Britanniae (1), curat{pri) aquar[um)^pr{aetori)^ trib{imo) mil{itum) leg{io- nis) XII Fulminat{aey salioj palat{ino)r quaest[ori) Au- g{usti), curat[orî) actorum Senatus (2), adlecto interpatri-

(1) In 104 AD. AD; see. Henzen. n*» 5442.

(%) This title is the same as the more ordinary one of “6 “^m Senaius.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 193

c{ios) ab divo Vespctsiano^ Illvir[o) a{uro) a[rgento) a{ere) f(Jando) f{eriundo): Henzeii, n** 5447. — Twice con- sul, in 104 and 128 (1).

24. M. ,......mnio{2) L. fil[io) Pal{atina) Sexto Flo-

rentino^ lllviro aur(p) arg[ento) flando (3), trib{uno) mili" t[um) legionis) IMinerviae^ quaest{ori) prov(inciae)Achaia€^ trib(uno) ple{bis)^ leg{aio) leg{wnis) VIlll Hispfanicae), proco{n)s(uli) pr {ovinciaé) Narb{on€nsis), leg{ato) Augustï) pr[o) pr[aetore) prov[inciaé) Arab{iaé): Henzen, n° 6915; Corp. iridize, lat.^ t. III, n* 87.

25. M. Nummio Umbrio Primo M. flilio) Pal[atina) Senecioni Albin{o\ co{n)s{uli)^ pr{aetori) candidate[o) leg[ato) prov[ineiae) Afrie{ae)y leg{ato) prov[inciaé) Asiae^ qiuaes- tori) eandidatio) Augustor{um)^ pontif{ieï)^$alio palatino^ VI vir[o) eqiuitam) turmae pr{imae)y 111 viro monetali a(uro) argento) a{ere) f[lando) f[eriundo): Henzen, n^ 6007. — Consul in the year 206,

26. M. Orfio M. f{ilio) M. n{epoH) Rufo, lllvir{p) a[uro) a[rgento) a[ere) f{lando) f{eriundo): Henzen, No. 6462.

27. P. Plautius Puleher Triumphalis filius^ augur^

(1) Borghesi, BuUeLda Vlnst. Àrcheol. 1851, p. 35.

(2) The gentilitium is still doubtful.

(3) The inscription is from Petra of Arabia; it must be put to the account of provincial ignorance Terror which transformed the title of triumvir auro argento aerates flando ftriundo en triumvir auro argento flando, and this pre- precisely at a time when copper was the only metal on coinage duquel les triumvirs eussent encore une autorité effective.

III 13

194 THE CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

III vir a{uro) a[rgento) a{ere) f[lando) f{€riundoy qu[u€ues- tor) Ti{àerii) Caesaris Augusti V consulis (1), tr[ibunus) pl{ebis)y pr{aefectus) ad aerar{ium)^ horns Dncsi fil(ii) Germanicif avunculus Dncsi Ti{beriî) Claud{ii) Caesaris Augusti filii et ab eo censore inter patricios^ curator viarum sternendarum a vicinis lectus ex auctoritate Ti{berit) Clau- dii Caesaris Augusti Germanici, proco(n)s(ul) province Siciliae: Orelli, n* 723.

28. Ti. Plautio M. f{ilio) i4nîen(si) Silvano Aeliano^ pontif{ici)^ sodal{ï) aug{ustali)^ IIIvir{p) a(uro) a{rgento) a{ere) f{land6) /{eriundo)^ q{uaestori) Ti{benii) Caesaris^ leg{ato) leg{ionis) V in Germaniaj pr{aefecto) Urb{i) le- gat{o) et comiti Claud[ii) Caesaris in Britannia^ consuli^ proco{n)s{uli) Asiae, legat{o) pro praet[ore) Moesiae; in qua plura quam centum mill{ia) ex number Transdanu- bianorium) (2) ad praestanda tributa^ mm conjugib{us) ac liberis et principib{us) aut regibus suis^ transduxit; meum orientem Sarmatar{um) compressitj quamvis parte{m) magna [m) exercitus ad expeditionem in Armeniam misis- set ; ignotos ante aut infensos P[opulo) R{omano) reges signa romana adoraturos in ripam quam tuebatur perdocit; regibus Bastarnarum and Rhoxolanorum filios^ Dacorum fratres (3) captos aut hostibus ereptos remit; ab aliquis eorum opsides accepit; per quae (4) pacem provinciale et conârmavit and protulit; Scytharum quoque regem a Cher- ronensij quae est ultra Borusthenem^ opsidione summoto^

(1) In the year 31 AD.

(2) The lapicide wrote TRANSDANVVIANOR.

(3) The lapicide wrote here by mistake FRATRYM.

(4) By a new mistake, the lapicide wrote QVEM.

THERE. LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 195

primusex eaprovincia magm triticimodo annonamP[opuli) BComani) adlevavit; hune legatum in Hispaniam adprae- fecturiam) Urbis remisosum Senatus in praefectura trium- phalibm ornamentHs hqnoravit, auctore imp{eratore) Caesare Augusto Vespasiano, verbis ex oratione ejus q{me) i(nfra) ^{cripta) s{unt):

Moesiae itapraefuit ut non debuerit in me differri honor triumphalium ejus ornamenforum, nisi quod latior ei con- tigit mora titulus praefecto Urbis;

Hune in eadem praefectura Urbis imp(erator) Caesar Aug{ustus) Vespasianus iterum eo{n)s{ulem) fecit: Orelli No. 750. — This character was for the first time consul suffectus in 47 AD. AD; we do not know the precise date of his second consulate, which had the same character.

29. Q. Pompeio Q. f{ilio) Quir{ina) Senecioni Roseio Murenae Coelio Sex{to) Julio Frontino Silio Deeiano C{aid) Julio EuryeliHereulaneoL{ucio) Vibullio Pio Au- guslano Alpino Bellieio SoLerH Julio Apro Ducenio Pro- culo Rutiliano Rufino Si.to Valenti Valerio Nigro Fuseo Saxaeurytiano Sosio Prizeo, pontiUci, sodali hadrianali sodali antoniniano veriano (1), salio eollino, quaestoriean- didato Aug{ustorum) (2), legato pr(o) pr(aetore) Asiae, praetori, eonsuli, proconsuli Asiae, sorteto praefecto alimen- tor{um), XX vira monetali, seviro, praef{eeto\ feriarum Mnarum: Orelli, no. 2761. ^ This unique character completely polyonymous, because it bears no less than thirty- six names strung together one after the other, was consul ordinary in the year 169 AD. AD

VErÎaM ""'**"' ^^^' ^' ''"* "'^"' **" '*^'"^®' ^NTONINIANI (2) AVGG.

196 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

30. T. Vitrasio... f(ilio),.. PoUioni, co(n)s(uli) II, pr(aefecto) pr(aetorio), Avigustor{um) committee M. Antonini and L, Yen Aug(ustorum) (1) expeditioms Germanicae Sar- maticae.bisdonis milit{Qxihus) dooato, coronismuralibusU, vallaribus II, aur(eis) II, hastis purîs VII, vexillis VIII, proco(n)s(uli) Asiae (2), leg(ato) Aug(usti) pr(o) pr(aetore) provinciae Moesiae Inferioris (3), proco(ii)s(uli) provincîae Galliae Narbonensis, leg(ato) Aug(usti) leg(ionîs...., pon- tify!, sodaliantoninmno^ praef(ecto) alimentoriim, praelori^ guaestori, 111 viromonetali a (wro) a{rgento) a{eré) f{lando) f(€nundo)j marilo ^nniae YaLUStinae imp{eratoris) Caesaris M. Antonini Aug(usti) and divae Faustinae Piae^ patrueli Gommoài Aug(usii): Henzen, n° 6477. — Restitution of this important inscription on a very small fragment, is certain and largely due to Borghesi (4). The character to whom it relates^ son-in-law of Marcus Aurelius, was consul suffectus for the first time under the reign of An- touin the Pious^ in a year still uncertain, then ordinary consul in 176 AD. AD

7. If these inscriptions attest to the conservation of the title and functions of the monetary triumvirs under the Em- worse, for two and a half centuries, they did not learn absolutely nothing about what the attributions could then be tions of these magistrates. And this important point still remains shrouded in the greatest darkness.

(1) AVGG. 2) See. Orelli, No. 3421.

(3) See. Henzen, no. 5290.

(4) Hey, Jahrb. 1843, p. iOi.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 197

Mr. 0. Hirschfeld (1) recently expressed the opinion that until the reign of Trajan the triumvirs had to inter- come into the manufacture of the currencies of the three metatars, acting in the name of the Emperor for Tor and silver, in Senate name for copper; then, from the Trajan's reforms in the administration of currencies (further, in this book, chap. iv, § 2; book VIT, chap, iv, 1 1), their office became purely honorary, and that they no longer had any authority in monetary manufacturing keep from any metal. The theory is ingenious, but it does not rest on any solid foundation; she seems to me, to the con- contradict, in contradiction with the facts that can be contradicted stater most surely, and for my part I could not under- write.

We will see later (in the following paragraph) by positive proofs, that from Augustus,. if he occurred on several occasions, and in particular under Trajan, changes in the administration of the mon- properly imperial coinage, gold and silver coinage uncontrolled delivery into the hands of the Emperor, moneia auraria argentaria Caesaris (2), this administration was always ranked among the services of the imperial household, and reported to the supreme director of taxation, procuralor fisci or a ralionibus. This leaves no probable place 6t admissible to the intervention of magistrates such as triumvirs, whose authority emanated from that of the Senate, although that they were henceforth, the inscriptions which have just been cited attest to this, chosen from the ranks of the order

(i) Uhtersuchungpn auf dem Gebiete der œmischen Verwaliungnge- (2) Corp. iMcr. laU t. VI, No. 43.

i98 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

equestrian (l). Thus, despite retaining their title traditional which mentioned gold and silver, metals on the coinage of which they had really been able to in republican times, one could not believe that the ire- tnriauro argentoaereflandoferiundo had under the Empire no part in the manufacture of the species of these two metals rate. But, on the other hand, there was a need for an administration special, deriving its powers from the Senate, for the confec- tion and accounting of the extra cash, remaining senatorial. We do not find in literary texts or in the inscriptions no trace of characters to whom this administration could have been postponed, other than the triumvirs, and as long as Ton continued to create them each year, it fell to them naturally- ment; they were the holders, designated in advance by rins.titutfon even of their charge. So I don't believe possible to adopt a system other than the one to which I have already placed myself (in this book, chap. T', g 8, 4), con- staggering the monetary triumvirs as having been, under the Emperors, directors and administrators of the world copper senatorial nayage. They remained thus what they had been under the Republic, the monetary magistrates normal delegated by the Senate; but the sphere of their attributions had found themselves restricted at the same time as the very right of the Senate, from which their powers derived.^ Considering it as thus restricted to money of copper, I also do not think that their authority eflFec- tive has suffered any damage from the new organization monetary tion of Trajan. As long as there was a coinage copper senator, their role remained the same. Without doubt,.

(i) Mommsen, Stadtsrechte, t I^p. 563; 0. Hirschfeld, open. ciL p. 94.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 199

it seems positive that Trajan, to facilitate operations techniques and undoubtedly achieve certain savings in the manufacturing, brings together the senatorial workshop, intended for minting exclusive copper, in the same mint as the imperial workshops where Tor and silver were minted (more far, in this book, chap. iv, § 2). But, to find yourself now in the same buildings as the pharmacies im- perial offices, the office or the senatorial offices do not were no less absolutely distinct as direction and administration. Dedications from the year H5 of the Christian era yours are talking about the moneta auraria argentaria Caesaris nostri(1); an inscription from a freedman of Trajan, from Vaurum et argentum monetae Caesaris nostri (2); without nothing indicates any confusion, even on a personal level, between this administration and that of the auxiliary currency. Everything what we could admit is that from Trajan the Emperor assumed a certain supervisory authority and superior control over the manufacture of money of copper of the Senate (3). It is certain, in fact, that in the year 115, 1st director of the mint of Rome, who is a freed from the Emperor and an employee of the imperial tax office, takes the title à^optio et eœactor auri argenti et aeris (h). Let us note, however, that this does not even result in an absolutely necessary manner an intervention of The administration of the tax system in the senatorial coinage. He there may be a fact of another nature there, and perhaps purely temporary, a natural result of the meeting of

(1) Corp. register lai., vol.* VI, n~ 42-44.

(2) Mommsen, Imct, regn. Neapol, n® 609.

(3) Mommsen, MB, t. III, p. he ; 0. Hirschfeld, ouyr. cited, p. 95. (i) Corp. register lat. t. VI, no. 42-44.

200 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

imperial and senatorial offices in the same premises: the handover of the senior management of the services of verification and control of currencies, for both separate administrations, in the hands of one and the same character, at the same time tax agent in what concerned to gold and silver, agent of the triumvirs, and consequently of senatorial authority in matters relating to copper. And, in fact, if the director is the same, what of- will lead to the grouping of the two manufactures in the same mint, below him the officials Cines dependent on the Emperor and the Senate are not concerned do not melt; their staff is absolutely distinct, because the administrations are different and depend tooth each of Tone of the two powers between which the constitutional fiction established by Augustus shared the Empire-

Which proves, moreover, the existing intimate connection, under the Empire, between the magistracy of the monetary triumvirs taries and the senatorial coinage of copper, which proves that it was they who administered and directed this mon- nayage is that the two institutions maintain each other until the same time and at the same time cease to exist. The inscriptions we reviewed gave us shows triumvirs in office until the middle of the 3rd century AD. The most recent among those whose the date can be established with precision are Sergius Calpur- nius Dexter (inscription no. 7), who was consul in 225; Lucius Tiberius Claudius Aurelius Quintianus (inscription no. 9), consul in 235; Titus Clodius Pupienus Puleher Maximus (inscribed no 10), son of the Emperor assassinated in 238; finally, Lucius Fulvius Gavius Numisius Petronius -Slmîlianus (inscribed n* 16), if it is correct, as disputed by Mr. Léon Ee-

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 201

deny (1), but as the thing seems more probable and is fairly generally admitted, that he is not the person nage who was consul a little before Alexander Severus, but his son, and that having been, shortly after his monetary triumvirate silence, candidate quaestor of two Emperors reigning in at the same time, quaestor candidateus Augustorum^ he was between 247 and 260. This last example would bring us thus on the threshold of the reign of Gallienus, perhaps even in the years where he was associated with his father Valérien. After that we let's not mention a monetary triumvir anymore, either that there is no manufacturing of copper money by self- rity of the Senate from the reign of Aurelian (in this book, chap. r% § 8, 7; book VII, chap. iv, § 2).

Bimard de la Bastie (2) and Eckhel (3) seem to me therefore to have been right when they conjectured that the suppression of the office of monetary triumvirates, and the direction tion of all the coinage of the three metals given to the same officers of the imperial tax authorities, were facts which must have occurred at the same time as Ton was removing the right of the Senate to issue auxiliary currency, in the time of Aurelian, and, like the other modern reforms netaires of this prince, be the consequence of the great revolt of the miner workers, which historians men- operated under his reign, in 274 (4).

(i) Epigraphity mixtures p. 12 et seq.

(2) In the 2* edition of the Science of Medals by P. Jobert, t. U, p. 66.

(3) DN, t. I, p. Lxxix; cf. F. Lenormant, Organization of money in ranliquiiéy p. 42.

(4) Vopisc. Aurelian, 38; Aurel. Vict. Caesar, 35, 6; Eutrop. IX, 14;

Suid. V. (loviTàpioç.

202 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

8. If I thought I had to fight M.O.Hirsch's system- feld relative to the monetary triumvirs under the Empire, I like to see the precious light that the same scholar was able to shed light on the way in which was organized the direction and administration of its own coinage ment and exclusively imperial, of that of Tor and of money (1). By establishing that the oflSice of procurator mo ~ netae was only established in the 4th century, Mr. Hirschfeld de- completed a major point in the history of this part of the administration of the imperial tax and allowed to follow the main vicissitudes.

Caesar had postponed the manufacture of imperial currency toriale to slaves of his house, monetae peculiareservos praeposuit (2). Augustus followed his example, and when he was assured the exclusive privilege of issuing cash of the two noble metals, he made one of the services of the imperial house (3), in such a way that in this house the employees and mint workers formed a separate branch, under the name of familia monetalis (4) or money (5). We only have two registrations of a character belonging to these services, which go back in the 1st century, it is that of C. Julius Thallus, superposittis auri monetai nummulariorum (6), which appears to have been a freedman of Caligula and having exercised his function under

(i) Unter&uehungen auf dem Gehiete der œmisehen Verwaltungsge* tchichte, p. 92 et seq.

(2) Sueton. Caes. 26.

(3) Mommsen, MR, t. lU, p. 13.

(4) Orelli, no. 1711; Corp. insert. lat. t. VI, n<» 239.

(5) Orelli. No. 3226; Corp. register lat. t. VI, No. 298.

(6) Willmanns, no. 227.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 203

Claudius (1), and that of I^obilis, slave of Tiberius, aeq{uator) monetae (2). We did not use* in fact, then, in this administration, only freedmen and imperished slaves rials.

In the time of Domitian again, Stace (3) places under the au- authority of the superior intendant of the Emperor's fisc, who since Claude bore the title of a rationibus, later rationalis,

.... quid Ausoniae scriptum crepet ignea monetae.

The expression at ^Ausonia monela is important to note, not that it means, as Mr. Hirschfeld thought, that all imperial currency was then produced only in Italy, in Eome, but because it indicates that only Eome's workshop, the most important of all, moreover, reported directly to this senior official. We we will show a little further (in this book, chap. iv, § 2), that there were therefore a certain number of workshops for the gold and silver coins of the Emperor, placed in the provinces, like that of Lugdunum, of which speaks Strabo (A); but they were probably subject to Tau- authority of the special procurator who administered the interests of taxation in the province (5).

It is at the beginning of the fifth century, and very likely during the reforms that Trajan carried out in the administration

(1) 0. Hirschfeld, open. cit. p. 92.

(2) BoissieU; registrant of Lyon, p. 281.

(3) Silv. m, 3, 103.

(4) Strab. FV, p. 192; cf. Boissieu. Register of Lyon, p.281.

(5) Dio Cass. him, 15; Cod. Just. II, 37, 2; VH, 73, 6; see. 0. Hirsch- feld, oavr. cit. p. 30.

204 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

tration of currencies (1) (later, in this book, chap. ii, § 2; book VII, chap. iv, g 1), that the direction of all urban and provincial services relating to im- perial was centralized in the hands of an official unique and special, of which the office was then created. Its title fat proctirator monetae, and he took himself in the order of knights bind, because the domestic character of the office would not have allowed to call a senator there (2). Registrations do not we know so far that a small number of these civil servants:

1. P. BesioP. fi(lio) Quir{ina) Betuiniano C(aio) Mario

Memmio Sabino procuratori imp{erat6ris) Caesaris

Nervae Trajani Aug{usti) Germ(anici) Dacici monetae: Orelli, n-3570.

2. L. Domitio Rogato proc{uratori) monetae

Aug{ifsti): Wilmanns, no. 1255. — From the time of Hadrian.

3. M Pelronio Honorato proc{uratori) mo- netae: Muratori, p, 1088, n^ 4; Eeinesius, p. 459, n* 123. — From the time of Marcus Aurelius.

4. L. Mario L. fiilio) Quir(ina) Perpetuo procura- tort monetae: Henzen, no. 6642. — From the end of the 2nd century,

5. C Cludio (?) Recto proc{uratori) monetae:

Corp. register lat, t. II, no. 4206. — Undetermined period

mined.

(1) Dio Cass. LXVHi, 15; see. Mommsen, if A, t. HI, p. 29, 31 and 40; 0. Hirschfeld, open. cit. p. 93.

(2) Mommsen, MR, t. lU, p. i4.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 205

6. proci/r (a/or) mone^ae and eodem ^cmpore pro-

c(urator) Ludi Magni: Mommsen, Inscr. reg. NeapoL n^ 6333; Corp. register lat. t. VI, n* 1647, — Period indeterminate (1).

As office and accounting employees, the pro- curator of the currency had under his orders dispensations tori^ taken from among the slaves and no doubt also partly among the imperial freedmen. We note two mentions in the registrations:

Domitius Aug{usU) n{ostri) dis{pensaior) raiionis mo- netoe: Orelli, n' 2915.

Demelrius Caes{aris) n{ostrï) ser(vm) Epaphroditianus disp{ensalor): Orelli, n" 17H; Corp. inscribed lat. t. VI, n** 329. — This last character, according to his second name, appears to have first been slave of Epaphroditus whom Domitian was a torturer.

I refer the reader to the next chapter (g 2) for everything what is the special management of each of the hotels of the currencies, their internal organization, personnel technique of manufacturing and verification of species, all services dependent on the procurator.

In the inscriptions where we noted the mentions of individuals who have been given the office of procurator of the imperial currency, we see that this office is still one of those with which they began in T administration tion, just as the monetary triumvirate was one of the first rungs of the senatorial career. Moreover, the

(1) This inscription belongs to the time when, as Noas will see in the following chapter g â), the mint of Rome was located in the third region of the city, next to the Ludus Magnus (Jordan, Topographie der Sladt Rom., t. U, p. 115).

206 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

creation of the function of procurator monelae had not subtracts the specially imperial coinage from the direction superior tion of rationalis. The procurator depended of him, and, in the account of Vopiscus relating to the revolt of the miner workers under Aurélien, it is the rationalis Feli- cissimus who is represented as having been the instigator guarantor, as supreme head of this service and main author of the frauds that the emperor had wanted repress in the administration and manufacture of mon- naies (1).

Apart from the alteration of the title of the coined species, where it seems very positive that the agents of this section of the tax authorities exceeded, in order to obtain a criminal benefit, the prescriptions of the imperial rescripts (book VII, chap. iv, § 2), one of the main money hotel frauds .imperials or their superior leaders, when they were dishonest, consisted of making currencies for their own and personal account alongside those they were doing on behalf of the Emperor, eœtrinsecus sibi signing pecuniam forma publica (2). According to the law, this abuse of their situation to defraud both the public and the treasure did not constitute the crime of counterfeit money, since those who committed it were invested with the mission of to coin, and that the species which they spread unduly in the traffic came out of public pharmacies and offered the characteristics of legal species, could not be decried without decrying it; it was a fact of peculat. Perhaps it is necessary to establish a link between these operations abusive rations of the monnoyers, who seem to have had

(1) Vopisc. Aurelian. 38; cf. Aurel. Vict. Caesar. 5, 6;£utoo. IX 14; Said. v, |i.oviTd(;.ioc.

(2) Ulpian. Digtst, xlviii, 13, 6, 1,

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 207

above all a great development in the midst of disorder of the third century, and the fact, of which we have already spoken more top (book II, chap. m, § 2, 2), of the irregular manufacture line of castings, instead of being struck, which, at the third century, was made in the very workshops of im- perial. In fact, when the Emperors of the 4th century brought try laws, repeated several times (1), to inter- say the substitution of the font for the typing in the making coins, these are delicate practices killers of the public officers responsible for coinage, that they claim to repress (2).

(i) In 336: Cod. Theodos. IX, 23, 1. — In 371: Cod. Theodot. XI, 21, i. — On the other hand, the law of Constantine of the year 326 is directed against private counterfeiters, who manufactured cast coins, because the aim of this act is ut in monetis tantum nostris eudendae pecuniae sludium frequentetur: Cod. Theodos. IX, 21, 3; Cod. Just. IX, 24, 2.

(2) This is the place to return to the question of money and billon cntoniniani, cast instead of being struck, which offer the effigies of the emperors of the third century and which are found in large quantities, of which we have even encountered on several occasions the molds by deposits in- dedicating manufacturing centers in certain regions, in France, in England and Switzerland, never in Italy. I have already spoken about it above(iiv.II, chap. m, §2,2; volume I, p. 278), and I do not have to modify what I said then reasons which should deter from attributing to counterfeiting clandestine production of the majority of these pieces and the groups of mussels that you discover. The place from which the greatest many of these monetary molds, at various times, are in Lyon the em- same placement where public Tofucine of the imperial coinage existed. As for the find at Damer y (Marne), one of the most considerable that have ever been made of this kind^ it presented, as remarked- que M. Hiver by making it known (Rev. numism. 1873, p. 171-180), all appearances, not of a secret workshop which seeks to conceal itself, but of a private industry establishment patiently opened, installed in seen and known by everyone in the middle of a city, next to the public thermal baths. These facts, joined to other similar and consistent arguments, appear can clearly establish that the making of the types of cast logs, with effigies of the sovereigns of the third century, was, if not a direct fact

208 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

9. It was towards the end of the third century, after the measurements that the revolt of the monetary people inspired Aurélien and who had as a result of leaving only the im-

government, as Mr. Mommsen is willing to admit (M R, t. Illf p. 15), at least ToBuvre of employees of public hotels currencies, taking advantage of the ease that left them, at the bottom of provinces, distance from central power, to engage in operations tions undertaken for their own account, operations that we come to see qualified as peculat and not as counterfeiting {Digest, XLVIU, 16, 6, 1), and in other cases, as at Damery (the ancient Bibe routes), that of individuals who had obtained licenses regularly to engage in the manufacture of coins, licenses of which the The latter were revoked en bloc by an imperial rescript of 393 (Cod, Theodos. IX, 21, 10; Code Just. IX, 24, 3).

But^ either by the hands of public miners acting more or less fraudulently, or by those of individuals duly authorized in return for a fee to the tax authorities, was this manufacture really contemporary of the emperors whose pieces thus cast bear the effigies?

It is at least certain that in the middle of the fourth century we were still flowing in large quantities in Gaul of denarii and antoniniani at low title with the heads of the princes of the 1st century. We have strong proof of this melle by the discovery of Damery, where 2,000 of these pieces, absolutely new, offering the effigies of the various sovereigns from Caracalla to Postume, with the molds to melt them, were taken from the rubble of the monetary office at the same time as a deposit of 4,000 small bronzes of Constantius and Constant, son of Constantine, most of whom were struck in the Trêves workshop and all on the corner. At that time^ hated him billon table from the th century still remained entirely in circulation, of which it formed a considerable part, alongside the new currency of copper instituted by the reforming ordinances of Diocletian and Constantine. The denarii and antoniniani made from Caracalla to Diocle- tien were then considered as a separate monetary type, having legal tender (this is how in the great discovery of Famars, buried beginning of the first years of the 4th century, they were deposited in special vases: Journal des Débats, October 2 and 3, 1824, January 15 and 18 1825; Marchant, Lettres, 2*" ed. p. 411 et seq.), whose value had been officially priced. It is only a law of 356 which demo- netisa {Cod. Theodos, IX, 23, 1); and still she seems to have only had one efilt very in)perfect in certain provinces. The discoveries that take place

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 209

perial, by removing that of the Senate (in this book, chap. 1*% § 8, 7; book VII, chap. iv, § 2), it is then that we are starting to see appear in the documents epigraphic, in place of a unique procurator monelae,

joarnellemeDt on the soil of ancient Gaul, establish that cash of the third century remained in circulation there until the threshold of Merovin times. giens, if not as strictly legal currency, at least in the state of currency tolerated by the authorities and generally accepted by the public. There therefore had interest and benefit for private speculation, and even for needy and unscrupulous governments, to be manufactured by the pro- economic concession from the melting of imitations of these bad currencies to surreptitiously introduce them into traffic, especially until 356, that is to say until the moment when they ceased to have official currency. The public miners who gave in to the temptation to carry out transactions fraudulent for their own account, and individuals who had obtained license to manufacture species, had to be naturally inclined to turn their activity towards this type of company, because it was nature to attract control and jealous susceptibility less than another of higher authority. If the fact did not take place by order of the government ment, it was at least only a fraud and a peculation to the detriment of the public; there was no attack on the majesty of the reigning emperor, abuse of his sacred image. It was therefore easier to get the eyes to be closed with regard to this offense only if it was a surreptitious fabrication and irregular coins of the emperor seated on the throne.

It is certainly not a merely fortuitous coincidence that that the same law of ^56 prohibits public miners and individuals to cast copper coins or debillon, |9ecuma£ conflare, and simultaneously necessarily demonetized all those which were later than the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine (Cod, Theodos, IX, 23, 1). There must be had a connection between the two orders, that our system is the only one to restore. Let us note again that it is precisely in the documents legislative laws of the 4th century that the manufacture of castings, confiatio monetae, pecuniae^ aeris, appears to be a habitual offense, of which the officers imperial mints are often guilty and who is completely different from counterfeiting itself (Firmic. yi, 31: Fulsarioê faciet aut qui pecunias publicas confl jturarum adulterinis arti/iciis imitentur). A rescript of 371 carries the same penalty for both crimes {Cod. Theodos, XI, 21, 1). The expressions he uses worthy of being noted; alongside private and qualified counterfeiters, mr. 14

210 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

special procuratores for each of the hotels of the mon- nais established in Eome and in the provinces. Such are, before Diocletian, Attius'Alcimus Felicianus, described as procÇura-^ tor) sacrae monetaeper Gallias very and prov(inciam) Narbo- nens{em) (1), and the character that another inscription qualified to e proc{urator) sacrae monelae Trivericae (2).

aduUeratores monetae, it condemns the conflatores figured aeris. This does not does not seem to indicate that the species that the latter imitated by fusion were not strictly the official currency of the moment, but a other aes figuratum or signatum, which distinguished itself from it, while having en- core place in public traffic? Finally, note that it is also to the uses specific to the 4th century that the authorizations belong, given by the tax authorities to individuals, to open at their own risk, for a fee, money making pharmacies, conditions to which the curious workshop excavated at Damery responded so well in 1830. The study of the very characteristic particularities presented by this excavation had already, forty years ago, led Mr. Winter to a conclusion very close to that to which I am led, also both by the examination of legal texts and by the actual facts numismatics.

Because, without denying that the manufacturing of billon castings in effigies of the emperors of the third century could have begun under these emperors same and could then have been the result of government fraud, officially prescribed to the monnoyers, it seems to me to follow from what precedes that it was especially in the 4th century, and particularly in the first first half, that the largest mass was made. They have been melted in part in the official mints, whose employees engaged in this type of operation for their private account, thus abusing the facilities and resources provided to them by their public office, in part for the particular industry, but in pharmacies opened in under a regular license and not in the sweatshops of counterfeiters.

(1) Wilmanns, no. 1293.

(â) Corp. register lat. t. VI, n"" 1641. — Calling it Monetae Triveri. cae praeses, Ëckhel (DN^ 1. 1, p. lxxix) incorrectly hyphenated the words of the iDS- writing; in reality, it is said that this character was then pro^M» Germaniae Super torts, — As for the iiivtr monetae Trivericae of Henri diB Valois {Note. Gail. p. 59), the falsity is so manifest that it cannot be ignored. not even ready to be discussed.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 211

When Diocletian had completely organized his system large monetary workshops established in the various par- ties of the Empire (in this book, chap i'% | 8, 7; chap. iv, g 2; book VU, chap. iv, § 3), the institution of procurators special to each of these workshops was extended, strengthened and regularized. This is how, under this new regime, a epigraphic text mentions Val{erius) Pelagius v{ir) e{gregius) proc{urator) s(acrae) m{onetaé) Urbis (1), and that Ammien Marcellin also speaks of the procurator mone- tae of Eome (2) and of Dracontius, praeposUus monetae to Alexandria (3).

In a dedication to Constantine, the procurator sacrae monetae Urbis still appears as dependent on v[ir) p{erfectissimus) rat{ionalis) s[ummaé) r(ei) (4). A little afterwards, when the great charge of the Cornes had been instituted sacrarum largitionum^ the procurators of the hotels of mon- naies were placed under his orders. In the T Empire notice for the West (5), we record sub dispositione viri illustris Comitis sacrarum largitionum les procuratores mo- netae toe Siscia, of Aquileia, of Eome, of Lugdunum, of Arles and Trier. Cassiodorus (6) kept the Formula for us comitivae sacrarum largitionum; there is a passage which relates to this higher direction of manufacturing of coins: Verum hanc liberalitatem Nostram alio de- coras obsequio^ ut figura vultus Nostri metallis usualibus

(1) Orelli, No. 1090; Corp, registered ht. t, VJ, n» 1145.

(2) Ammian. Marcell. xxviii, 1, 29.

(3) Ammian. Marcell. xxii, 11, 9.

(4) Orelli, No. 1090; Corp. imer. lay. t. VI, n*» 1145.

(5) C.10.

(6) Variar. VI, 7.

212 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

imprimatur j monetamque facis de Nostris temporilms futura saecula commonere. The same Cassiodorus (i) gives a Formula qua moneta committitur; it was obviously that by which the hotel procurators were established currencies (2). We see that their functions had a five-year duration.

Even before the moment when they decided to proclaim their complete independence from the imperial crown, when

(1) Variar. VQ, 32.

(2) Here is the text: Omnii qmdem utilitas publica fideli débet actione compleri quia iotum vitiosum geriiur, uhi conscientiae puritas non habeiur, Tamen omnino monetae debet integritas quoefi^ ubi et vultus Noster imri- mitur et generalis utilitas invenitur, Quidnam erit tuium, si in Noitra peece- your effigy? And quam subjectus cord venerari debet, manu sacrilega violare feast? Additur quod venalitas cuncta dissolviiur si victualia meialla vitiantur, quando necesse est repui quÊt in mercimoniis corruptum videiur afferti. Quis ergo patiatur unius esse commodum dispendia seelesta cuncio- rum, et destestabile vitium montere possit ad pretium, Sit mundum, quod ad formam Natrae Serenitatis adducitur; elaritas regra (the formula is here placed in the mouth of King Theodoric) nil admittit infectum. Name, if vultus eujuslibei sincero colore depingitur, multo justius metallorum puri- tate prinipalis gralia eustoditur. Auri flamma nuUa injuria permixtionis albeseat, argenti color gratia candoris arrideat^ aeris ruhor in naiiva qua- permanent understatement. Nam si unum laedere legibus putatur esse damnandum, quid ille mereri poterit, qui in tantam hominum numerositatem peccaverit? Pondus quinetiam eonsiitutum denariis praecrpimus debere servari, qui olim tam penso quam number vendebantur, Vnde.^ verborum vocabula competenter ab origin trahens, compendium and di^pendium pulchre vœitavit antiquitas. Pecunia enim apecude ter go nominatay Gallis auctoribus^ sine aliquo adhue signo ad metalla translata est; quam non sinimus faeculenta permixtione fieri contemptibilem, ne iterum in antiquam eognoscatur redire vilitatem, Proindej te cujus Nobis laudata est integritas aetéonis, ab illa tndietione per judge quinquennium monetae curam habere praecepimus, quam Servius rex in aère primum impressisse perhibetur, ita ut tuo periculo non dubites quœri si quid in illa fraudis potuerit inveniri. Nam sieut casus asperos subibis, if quid fortasse deliqueris^ ita irremuneratum non relinquemus, si te egisse indict senserimus.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 213

that they still accepted a nominal vassalage bond towards Augustus of Byzantium, the kings of the Barbarians who established themselves on the ruins of the Western Empire, studied said to each form a court, imitated, as much as they could, from that of the Emperor. One of the main of- Files of these courses bore the title of Domesticus palatii or Major domus palatii and had inherited all the attributes financial goals, from Cornes sacrarum largitionum (1). It was he who had the management of the mint and the mon- walnut trees (2); because, for this service, the Barbarians retained first as much as possible the Roman organization. Theo- Doric, in particular, had maintained it completely intact in Italy, since it not only kept the offices of procurators of coins and characters even higher in the tax order, but the formulas same created by the imperial chancellery to serve to their institution.

10. Following the happy expression of Aulu-Gelle (3), the Roman colonies were like a miniature image of the mother city, populi romani cujus istae coloniae quasi effigies parvae simulacraque esse quaedam videntur. Small republics formed on the model of the great one, of which they had spread and on which they depended, they had, they too, their Senate, similar to their own, in the assembly decurions or curie. The higher authority, the role of direction and supervision, the exclusive power to order

(1) Fredegar(?). Continued. Hist. Gregor. Turon. 24.

(2) SEEN. S. Eligii to B. Audoeno, in D'Achéry, Spicileg. V edit. t. V, p. 170; see. A. de Barihélemy^ Rev.num, 1848, p. 176.

(3) iVoc^ flW. XYI, 13.

214 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

ner emissions and determine the importance following the needs, which belonged to the Senate of Borne in all the urban coinage under the Képublique and that even after Augustus he had retained in the manufacture of species of copper, were legally, and according to this type, in the hands of the local curia in the coinage of full rights of the Latin colonies of Italy before the law Plautia-Papiria (in this book, chap. I**, § 2, 5) and those of the provinces until Augustus, then in the world watering of colonies and municipalities, of Latin law or Roman law, under the Emperors, coinage subject to special authorization conditions that we had the opportunity to study higher (in this book, chap. i«', §5, 3). There was there, in the organization of these cities, faithful copy of the principles of public law and the constitution tution of the Roman State. It was therefore by virtue of a decision sion of the decurions who ordered the production of money in the colonies, unless approved by the governor of the province at the time of the Empire. Hence the mention of this decision by the consecrated abbreviations Decreto Decurio- num or EX Decreto Decurionum^ which occurs if fre- on the colonial currencies of all pro- vinces (1), which however there is no fixed and obligatory rule gation like the inscription of the letters SC on the currency copper coin, issued in the name of the Senate during the imperial period; because the brands DD and EX DD are even more often omitted than printed on copper municipal of the colonies.

In the coinage of the colony of Carthage (2) and the

(1) Eckhel, DN, t. IV, p. 482.

(2) L. MtiUer, Numism. of Tanc. Africa, t. H, p. 149 et seq.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 215

municipality of Egypt (1) the permission of the proconsul and the decision of the curia are mentioned at the same time in the abbreviated formula Pcrmissu Proconsults Decurionum Decreto ouDDPP (above, in this book, chap. i*% § 5, 3); we thus indicate at the same time the two conditions met- plies, which legitimized the circulation of money. In Babba of Mauritania, we find by exception, in instead of the usual formula, Decreto Decurionum PV- BLico (2) and EX CONSENSV Decurionum (3). A mon- birth of Carteia in Baetica, which cannot be earlier during the reign of Augustus, follows the name of Mr. FALCIDIVS- III VIR of the EX Senatus Consulto(A) indication. Although the province of Betica was among the senate provinces riales, it is very difficult to admit a direct intervention of the Senate of Kome in the local coinage of Carteia, since it was the Emperor who gave authorization for this kind to colonies and municipalities, even in the pro- vices of the Senate. But the municipal curiae, in Spain, as well as in other parts of the Roman world, often adorn themselves with the title of Senatus, and I believe that the mention EX Senatus Consulto must be an ambi- tive replacing with the same meaning the formula Decreto Decurionum (5) which is usually read on coins of Carteia, at the same time as the name of the quartet specially charged with having the currency made according to

(i) L. MûIIer.t. II, p. i 59 et seq.

(2) L. MüUer, t. Ul, p. 170.

(3) L. MuIIer, t.III, p. 171.

(4) Alois Heiss, Monn. ant. of Spain^ p. 332 and pi. xlix, no. 30.

(5) This is perhaps not the only example of the same fact. I admitted higher (in this book, chap. i*', § 5, 3; t. D, p. 213) than the formula SignaUm Paesii De S^f^at^ Sententia^ which can be read on some small

216 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

the order of the curia (1), Which seems to me to bring a con- decisive firmation of this explanation, it is a currency similar where the legend, a little more developed, bears M FALCIDIVS IIIIVIR EX SenatUs Consulta Faciundum Curavit (2). In epigraphy, this formula is used in a certain number of incontestable examples (3) to indicate query the execution of work ordered, not by the Senate of Kome, but by a curia or local senate. And we don't cannot doubt that this is not the case in this case, since the addition of the words faciundum curavit proves that? se- natus consulta referred to the decision which had ordered monetary remission (4), a decision which obviously emanated from

copper coins from Paestum without imperial effigy, was equivalent to the formula Signatum Paesti S^natus Consulio, which those to totes of Augustus and Tiberius; that seemingly autonomous currencies who present it therefore belonged to the colonial coinage of the time of the Empire, exceptionally authorized to Psestum by a special decision cial of the Senate of Rome. But it now seems well established that other very variants of the same pieces, with the same types and the name of same magistrate, have, instead of SPDSS, S^gnatum Paesti De Decurio- num Senttntia and .others Sw^f^t^tfn, Paesti Decreto Decurionum (see. Garrucci, Syllog. inscribed, Latin, p. 68, aa). It is therefore necessary to report these parts, whose external appearance is so fully autonomous, to the coinage which existed as of right, under the Republic, in the colony of Paestum until the Plautia-Papiria law. The comparison of the various variants that I have just indicated further proves that, in these abbreviated formulas, senatus sentia is the simple equivalent of decurionumisentia or decreto decurionum, and that it is an act of the municipal senate or of the curie, having given birth to currency.

(1) There are even these pieces where we only read |||| VI R Decreed Db- curtonum, without the name of the magistrate being indicated: A. Heiss, p. 33i and pi. xLix, n<>s 23 and 24.

(2) A. Delgado, Nuevo método de classification de las medallas autono- mas de Espana, t. I» p. 91 and pi. xv, no. 62.

(3) To limit ourselves to just one, see. Orelli, n** 3283.

(4) It seems to me, in fact, to absolutely rule out the idea that it arises from a

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 217

following the constant use, of Yordo of the city, of gathering blessed with his decurions. It is necessary to compare the currencies of municipality where the name of the duumvir, charged by the decision of the curia to direct monetary manufacturing, is followed by the formula Faciundum Curavit^ while we reads in the field Decreta Decuriunum Permissu Procon- sulis(\); and also those of the colony of Clypea in Africa. that, where the legend is PERMITS^u P DOLABELLAE PRO- COnSulis^ Curante P Oavio CASca, Decreto Decurionum. or simply PERMISsu P DOLABELLAE PROCOnSw/ts, Curante P GAVIO CASCA (2).

Moreover, the deliberation of the decurions was so well the normal, essential and necessary condition of any emission sion of currencies in a colony, than in ancient times that, while the colonial coinage was legal, we never takes care to indicate it, just as we we saw in Rome, in Republican times, the mention of Senatorusconsulte who prescribed the minting of coins only appear on the species of extraordinary issues (above, in this book, chap. l*', § 6, 5), the intervention of the Senate in the ordinary urban coinage being considered described as such a normal fact that there was no need to talk about it. On the contrary, from the earliest times of the monetary manufacturing of the Latin colonies located in Italy, we encounter examples of registration of names of local executive magistrates who received the mission to direct the minting and issuance of cash.

quartet ex Senattu consulto, appointed exceptionally following of an intervention by the Senate of Borne in municipal difficulties raised in Carteia for the choice of magistrates.

(1) L. Millier, Numism. of Vane. Africa^ t. U, p. 160 et seq.

(2) L. Muller, t. U, p. 156.

218 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

The usual rule in colonies under Latin law or Roman and in the municipalities, is that the monetary commission silence is handed over to the first magistrates of the city, to duumvirs (1). Almost always, it is entrusted to all two at the same time, and their action as their responsibility Sability is united in this matter, as established simultaneous registration of their names on the same parts. In the colonial coinage of the time of the Empire, we find the names of the two duumvirs inscribed side by side coast on the species of the following cities (2):

Acci of Tarraconian Spain.

Agrigento of Sicily (3).

Bilbilis from Tarraconaise.

Buthrotum of Epirus (4).

Caesaraugusta de Tarraconaise.

Tarraconese calagurris.

Celsa de Tarraconaise.

Enna of Sicily (5).

Ercavica from Tarraconaise.

here from Tarraconaise.

Osca de Tarraconaise.

(1) Eckhel, DNr t, IV, p. 474 et seq.

(2) I only include in this list the cities where both names are formally followed by the title of duumvirs. I rule out the colonies where oa simultaneously reads the names of two local magistrates, but without qualification cation, as at Bailo de Bética (A. Heiss, Monn. ant. d^ España, p. 341), at Onuba, in the same province (A. Heiss, p. 388), and at Dertosa de Tar- raconaise (Eckhel, DN, 1. 1, p. 47); it is, however, quite obvious that it In this case it is again the duumvirs.

(3) Eckhe), DN, 1. 1, p. 194.

(4) Eckhel, DN, t. II, p. 165.

(5) Eckhel, DN, 1. 1, p. 207.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 219

Postum of Lucania (1).

Panorma of Sicily (2).

Parium of Mysia (3).

Sagunto of Tarraconaise.

Juriaso de Tarraconaise.

In the colonial numismatics of Corinth (4), the two duumvirs are most often mentioned together, but sometimes, however, we only read the name of one alone. On the contrary, in the colonies and municipalities of the province of Africa, only one is ever mentioned duumvir at a time (5), except in Carthage (6). So there was there a provincial usage, admitted by most towns, who, instead of entrusting the care of coinage to the two first magistrates together and severally, in fact designate only one specially by the curia to have on this point the direction and responsibility. Let us also note in passing that the oldest pieces of the colony founded by Caesar in Carthage, those which predate the new sending of 3,000 colonists by Augustus (7), in 29 BC. AD, prove that then the first magistrates of this city

(1) Eckhel, DN, 1. 1. p. 159; Carelli, Num. liai. vet. ft. cxxxv; CaiûL cf gr. coins in the Brit, Uns., Italy, p. 282.

(2) Eckhel, DiV, 1. 1, p. 232; Catal. of gr. coins in the Brit. Mus. , Su €ily, p. 125.

(3) Eckhel, DN, t. II, p. 461.

(4) Mionnet, t. II, p. 170-177; Suppl. t. IV, p. 51-75. — Mentions of local magistrates do not extend beyond the suppression temporary municipal right of coinage of Corinth by Vespasian. On that last fact, yoy. And khel, DN, t. H, p. 243.

(5) L. Muller, Num. of rancor. Africa, t. U, p. 150.

(6) L. Mtiller, t. U, p. 149 et seq.

(7) Appian.Vm, 136.

220 LK CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

had taken the old Punic title of suffets (1); it/is only from the reorganization of the city by Augustus, when he installed a new group of citizens there Romans brought from Italy, that this name not Roman gave way to that of duomoiri, which is now the one we read on coins (2).

We know that the functions of municipal duumvirs were normally annual; but the internal constitution The rule of certain cities gave them a duration of five years. In this case, they received the qualification of duumviri quinquennales, or by abbreviation simply five-yearly. Registrations never fail mention the five-year duration of the duumvirate of which one per- ringing was coated, because it gave a particular luster to the function. On currencies too, we see a a certain number of times appear this title (S), expressed in the forms IIVIR QVINQV, IIVIR QVINQ, IIVIR QVIN or IIVIR Q for duumvir quinquennalis, QVINQ, QVIN, QVI and Q for quinquennial (4). But the use of the qua- lification of duumvir quinquennalis or quinquennalis alternates so well with that of the simple title of duumvir ^ in

(1) ARISTO MVTVMBAL RICOCE SWFeies: L. MuUer, t. II, p. 149, nos. 319 and 320. — It is still impossible to determine whether this legend contains the names of two or three suffets.

(2) L. Muller, t. H, p. 149 et seq., n*»» 321-329.

(3) Kckhel, D2V, t. IV, p. 476.

(4) We have numismatic examples of IIVIR QVINçuenno/tf |TE- Rtttn (in Gorintbe) or QVINQuenna/ù ITERtfm (in Buthrotum) and even of Qy IHQuennalis TERT^o (at Buthrotum). As for the QyWquennalis PERpe/uo, which Eckhel (DN, t. II, p. 165) believed to find at Buthrotum, according to a description by Pellerin, it was based only on a false reading ture; the play, in reality, mentions im quinquennalis tertio (Mionnet, t. II, p. 52, no. 50).

J

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 221

the same times, in Celsa and in Ilici de Tarraconaise, in Buthrotum of Epirus, which cannot be admitted as substitution of one for the other implies a change in the organization of the magistrates of the municipality. We must therefore recognize, with Eckhel (1), that, in Tépî- numismatic writing, unlike la- pidary, the five-year duration of the duumvirate is not always indicated and that a duumvir quinquennalis can somehow times there only be designated as duumvir. It's alone- ment in Garthago Nova, in the Tarraconaise, that we we invariably use the title of duumviri quin- quarterly; in Emporiœand Valentia, in the same province, that of five years for the two magistrates who concurrently sign the municipal currencies.

Sometimes it also happened that a city interrupted the series of ordinary duumvirs by the designation exception- five-year period. Ëckhel (2) admitted this explanation for the three cases where duumviri quinquen- nales are mentioned instead of duumviri on the currency colonial of Corinth, but one can doubt whether Ml had reason to do so, when we later see Apuleius designate quinquennials like regular and ordinary magistrates naries of Corinth (3). A much more positive example is offered to us by the numismatics of the municipality of TJti- that (4). There, during the three successive years of the pro- consulate of Vj. Vibius Marsus, which must be placed between 780 and 785 of Rome, 27 and S2 of the Christian era,

(1) M, t. IV, p. 477.

(2) DiV, t. U, p. 244.

(3) Apul. Metam, X, p. 309.

(4) L. Muller, Num. of Vanc. Africa, t. U, p. 160.

222 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

we have the following names of magistrates responsible for the coinage:

First year: HERonis CAESaris Quinquennalis PHrae-

fectus kulus M.,... GEMELLVS. DRV^2 ZkEsaris Quinquennalis PRaefec-

tus Titus G RVFVS (1).

Caiiis CASSIVS FELIX kugustalis IIVIR.

2* year: Lucius CAECILIVS PIVS IIVzV,

Quintus CAECILIOS IOVINî/5 llVtr. SEX/2^ TADIVS FASTVS llVfr.

3* year: Caius CAELIVS FAX k^dustalis IIVIR.

Qaius CASSIVS FELIX kugustalis llV/r. Caius SALLVSTIVS IVSTVS Wvir. Marcus TVLLIVS IVDEX IIVIR,

From this it clearly follows that the magistrates nor- evils of Utica were ordinary and annual duumvirs; that their entry into charge did not coincide with the start of the proconsulate year, in such a way that each of these saw two successive colleges of duumvirs; finally that we even counted three in the third sixth year of the proconsulate of VibiusMarsus, one of the two which had to operate there regularly having had to be replaced, before the expiration of its charge, by new duumvirs calves, under circumstances that we

“

let's ignore. At the same time, these numismatic facts learn that when the municipalities of Utica wanted award the honorary magistracy of their city to the two

(1) On the coins which bear these first two mentions, see. Borghesi, Osserv. num. dec. X, 4; Complete works^ t. I, p. 480 et seq.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 223

Caesars, Nero and Drusus, they invested them exceptionally- ment of the character of quinquennials; but what, the çuin" quennium of the two Caesars having expired in the first year of the proconsulate of Vibius Marsus, they resumed the series of ordinary duumvirs.

We have just had here the first numismatic example- tick of a double fact, well known by writers and by the inscriptions, the honor given to the Augustans or to the Caesars by the municipalities and colonies, awarding them the title of the highest municipal magistrate (1); and the designation, made by the prince thus honored, of a praefectus responsible for representing him and filling in his place the functions of the judiciary (2). The currencies we offer a number of others. The most interesting is provided by those of Carthago Nova de Tar- raconnaise, where we read, on one \\A?erator CAESar QVIN- quennalisL BENnw PRAE/ecto — HIBERO PRAEF^c/o (3), and on the other M AGRIPjoa OSXWquennalis HIBERO PRAE- fecto — L BENNIO PKAEFecto (4). They show that Au- Guste and Agrippa were proclaimed at the same time quinquennials of the colony and designated for their praefecti^ one L. Bennius, the other Hiberus. There is a apparent deviation from the rule which we see next strictly observed and which is formulated in § IV of the famous Salpensa Tables: “If the decurions or the “citizens of the municipality refer the duumvirate to TEm- "father, let him accept him and appoint him in his place and

(1) Kckhel, DJ^, t. IV, p. 487.

(2) Eckhel, t. IV, p. 477 et seq.; Borghesi Oss. mm. dec. X, 4, Works complete, 1. 1, p. 480 et seq.

(3) A. Heiss, Monn. atU, from Spain, p. 270 and ft. xxxv, n*» 12.

(4) A. Heiss, p. 270 and ft. xxxv, n? 13.

224 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

“place a prefect who has such rank and such rights that he would have, if under this law it would have been necessary to create the duumvir alone. » But this rule only relates to the impossibility of naming a particular colleague of the Emperor in the duum virât; Agrippa could well be associated with Augustus, in the quality of five-year period of Carthago Nova, since he was in the exercise of tribunician power (1).

If Augustus could not have as duumvir of colleague taken in the private condition^ it was not of even Caesars. Thus we report to Caesaraugusta from Tarraconaise:

JlBerio CLODio FLAVO PRAEFecto OERMAHicL L IV- VENT/o LVPERCO IIVIRw (2);

IVNIANO LVPO PRaefecto C CAESAI^ (3), C POM- POHio PARRA IIVIR/^ (4).

Then, without mention of the praefectus which takes the place of Caesar, in Corinth:

T\berio CAESARE IIVIRo CORm/Af— M. AIMILIO LA- BEONE IIVIRo CORintki (5).

(1) It is still probably like the praefectus of Agrippa, although he is not named, that the kid Hiberus reappears on another piece of Carthago Nova, where we read: Tl^enoNERONE Q,y\fiquennali HELVIo POLLIon« PRaefecto — HIBERO PRAEPecro (A. Heiss, p. 270 and ft. XXXV, n9 14). This seems to indicate that after having been the colleague of Augustus dttus the municipal magistracy of Carthago Nova, Agrippa y was called again for a second five-year period, which the death undoubtedly prevented him from fulfilling his second quinquennium of tribunitian power. He would then have had next to him, as second five-year duumvir his son-in-law Tiberius, not yet elevated to dignity of Caesar.

(2) A. Heiss, p. 201 and pi. xxiv, n**» 18-21.

(3) From Caligula again Caesar, under Tiberius.

(4) A. Heiss, p. 202 and pi. xxiv and xxv, n»* 25, 26 cl 31.

(5) Mionnet, t. He, p. 174. n® 195.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 225

Likewise, at Carthago Nova, the two kings of Mauritius tanie, Juba II and Ptolemy, appear successively as colleagues, in the five-year duumvirate, from individuals of the city:

IVBA REX IVBAE filius IIV«r OSinquennalis — CN ATELIVS ?OHl\fex WSir Quinquennalis{i)\

REX PJOLmams, C LAETILIVS APALVS llV/n Quin- quarterly (2).

When there are two Caesars at the same time, we make arrangements generally enough to call them together to the duum- virat, so that, while having the desired number of magistrates, we do not give these princes colleagues which are inferior to them. This is how Germanicus and Drusus are simultaneously duumvirs at Acci of Tarraco- naise (3), and quartet in C^rteia (4), obviously the two first quartet^ those who were there wn dicundo and which corresponded to the duumvirs, without being named their praefecti. We saw earlier Nero and Drusus, the sons of Germanicus, five years together at Utica and represented by A. M. Gemellus and T. G. Rufus; we find them with the same title on coins of Carthago Nova (5), and with that of duumvirs at Cœsar- augusta (6), without in either case their representations sentient beings are designated. The name at Mpraefectus of Caligula,

(1) A. Heiss, p. 269 ​​and pi. xxxv, no S; L. Miiller, Numism. of the anc. Africa^ t. HI, p. 111.

(2) A. Heîss, p. 269 ​​and pi. xxxv, nosG and 7; L. Miller, t. m, p. 13J.

(3) A. Heiss, p. 257 and pi. xxxiii, ii° 12.

(4) A. Heiss, p. 332 and pi. xlix, n*» 29.

(5) A. Heiss, p. 271 and pi. xxxvi, nos. 28 and 29.

(6) A. Heiss, p. 205 and pL xxvi, ii«<51 and 52.

naked iâ

226 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

still Caesar under Tiberius, is also not expressed on the plays of Carthago Nova, where this prince appears alone as quinquennalis (1), and where we deliberately omitted its colleague of private status.

It wasn't just to take the place of a prince called to honorary municipal magistracy that a praefectus pro duumviro could be created. When- that a duumvir was obliged to be absent by a case of force majeure or otherwise rendered incapacitated to fulfill his functions, he had to choose a praefectus among the decurions. We also designated one, when we failed to hold a regular duumvir election for the year. It's probably a substitute like this, not representing a prince, who is mentioned on the coinage of Caesaraugusta, from the reign of Tiberius, where we read FVLVIANO ?Rk^?ecto LVPERCO IIVIR?^ (2). Two, who are praefecti for the second time, appear together on a coin of Corinth without mentioning the ordinary duumvirs which they replace, P AEBVTIO SP ?ilio, C HEIO PAMPHILO PMefectis ITERww (3). The numismatics from Parium of Mysia offers us, from time of Octave, a very remarkable example of praefectus of a ordinary duumvir, in the room which carries on one side M BARBATIO, M ACILIO IIVIR2> Qolonia Oemella \ulia Parium^ on the other P VIBIO SACerdote CAESam M BAR- BAtii PRAEFecio PRO IIVIRo (4); a variation of this

(1) A. Heiss, p. 271 and pL xxxvi, n^* 30*34. (2J Aloïs Heiss, p. 203, no. 36.

(3) Von Sallet, Zeitschr, f. Numism. t. II, p. 279; Th. MdmmseD, same collection, t. II, p. 369.

(4) Mionnet, t. II, p, 578, no 426; Dumersan, Dcicn dei wéd. anl of Allier de HauierochCj pi. xii, no. 13.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 227

currency, misread by Vaillant and wrongly attributed by him in Corinth, what Eckhel (1) and Mionnet (2) copied, gave the names in the slightly less developed form M BARBATIO, M ACILIO IIVIR?^— P VIBIO M BARBAï PRABFacto l\W\Ro. It is quite singular that Eckhel(3), instead of recognizing here the mention of the two duumvirs and from the praefectus of the first, was to seek in this legend four simultaneous duumvirs, very strange fact, for which we have never managed to give an explanation satisfactory (4), but which seems to present itself in a ma- formal statement on a coin from the colony of Corinth (5). It is true that the original of this has not been seen since Valiant, and that consequently she is far from being able be taken as certain.

I would not know^ with Eckhel (6), see àespraefecti duum^ viri and five-year praefecti on the currencies minted to Celsa de Tarraconnaise during the short period four years (from /i5 to 41 BC. X-C), where she wore the names of COLonia y\Ctrix \S\Ja LtPida (7). These parts read:

PR. iiviR _ C. BALBO. L. PORCIG (8);

(1) m, ï. n, p. 243.

(2) T. n, p, 173, n» 188. C3) DiV, t. IV, p. 478.

(4) Yoy. G.-L. Grotefend, in the BlUtter fiir Munzkunde^ of Qrote', t. IV (1838), p. 7.

(5) Mionnet, t. H, p. 172, no. 185.

(6) DiV, t. IV, p. 479; the currencies in question were then at fault- ly attributed to Leptis Magna of Syrtica.

(7) Lorichs and C.-L. Grotefend, in Blutter fur Munzkunde, t. IV, p. 2-10; A. Hëiss, Monn. anU of Spain^ p. 144.

(8) A. Heiss, p. 142 and pi. :li, n^" 13.

228 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

L NEP. L. SVRA. PR. IIVIR(l); P. SALPA, M. FVLVI. PR, IIVIR (2) '; M.^FVL. C. OTAC. PR. QVIN (3).

It would be truly singular if, in four colleges successive ones corresponding precisely to the four years that the city kept the name inscribed on these coins, the eight magistrates, ordinary and annual duumvirs in the col- leges of the first three years, then transformed into fourth in five years, were all obliged to have it replaced by praefecti. Common sense rejects such a hypothesis. We must put it aside and recognize in the legends of the coins of Celsa the old titles of PRaetores IIVIRe and of PRaetores OSXWquennials^ for- both well justified by epigrammatic examples. phics (4). The municipal lenders meet at first period of their existence in all mu- ^niccipes of Italy, founded before Sulla, and some retained this title for their magistrates out of a spirit of tradition. Elsewhere, the epigraphy mentions praetors and duumvirs, and in this case we see that the first preceded the latter (5) • In Narbonne Gaul, in Narbonne itself and in many towns, the first My municipal magistrates are first called jora^to- res^ praetores duumviri etpraetores quatuorviri; it's towards

(1) A. Heiss, p. 142 and pi. xi, n«iS.

(2) A. Heiss, p. 142 and pi. xi, nos. 11 and 12.

(3) A. Heiss, p. 142 and pi. xi, no. 14.

(4) Praetor duumvir: Orelli, !!«• 3265 and 3785;Henzen, no- 70277030;

Herzog, Gall Narbon. prov. novel, history, inscription No. 16. — PRaelor CE"

Realis \uri Dicundo Quin Quennalis: Orelli, u«* 3993 and 3994; this last inscription corrected in Henzen, p. 434.

(5) Herzog, open. cit. p. 214*

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 229

the middle of the reign of Augustus that these titles disappear and are replaced by those of duumviri or quatuorviri (1). Likewise to our praetores duumviri and praetores quin- quennials of Celsa, from the time of the triumvirate, succeed under Augustus of the duumviri.

Already on some of the liberal aces made in Lucerîa between 440 of Kome (314 BC), date of foundation of this colony, and the surroundings of 486 (268) BC. AD, approximate time of cessation of all employment of the liberal weight (book VII, chap. ii, § 3-5), following Tin- troduction of silver coinage in Eome, already on some of these aces we read two names of men at the ablative (2), which can only be those of the praetors municipal duumvirs having been charged by the local curia to direct the making of coins. On currencies copper divisionals of the semoncial foot struck at Paestum shortly before the adoption of the Plautia-Pa law piria (3) (see above, in this book, chap. I*', § 5-1), we usually find two names of magistrates. In many cases they are not followed by any designation of the nature of their functions, or one of the two persons nages bears a priestly title, like fkDius PON-

(1) Herzog, open. cit. p. 56 and 215; De praetorihus Galliae Narbonensis municipalibus^ Leipzig, 1862.

(2) L. rVLIO. L. F. C. MODIO. CN. F: Mus. Hedervar. t. I. ft. II, n^ 42; Bullei. of rinst. Arch. 1847, p. 159; Riccio, The coin atiribuite alla zecca di Luceria^ pi. ii; Mommsen, if/2, t. I, p. 344, b.

SE* nos. P. BAB: Minervini^ 0««erv. ntim. p. 101; MommseD, MR, t. I, p, 344, b.

HAS. Fabretti, Corp. register ital, n®2916; Ritschi, Take, Latin » my, epigr. ft. VI, u;; Garrucci, Syllog. register Latin, p. 78.

(3) Engraved in pi. cxxxi-cxxxiv by Carelli. The collection of their legends in Garrucci, Syllog, inscr. Latin, p. 66 et seq.

230 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

lifex (1) OR D. FADm EPVLo Published ETulatus (2); a times, both have the honorary qualification of PATRoni (3). But it is as duumvirs of the colony that they appear thus on its currency, for having had in this quality the direction of the strike; because in several examples also this fact is specified by the inscription of the title of IIVIRe after their names (4). Other times, still in the same coinage, there is only one name, without designation of judiciary (5); in one case this unique name is followed of IIVIR (6), in two cases of IIIIVIR (7). It is probable that these are two synonymous ways and can exchange to designate one of the two supreme magistrates invested in isolation by the decurions of the monetary commission silence, and that Poestum were towns which grouped their duumvirs and their aediles in a college of quatuorviri (8), thus being able to qualify the first two indifferently of the name duumvir or that of quatuorvir. Because it is hardly possible to think of a change in the internal constitution of the colony, which would have replaced from the quartet to the duumvirs as supreme magistrates laughing, since we see the duumvirs reappear, from new monetary officers, on copper species made in Pœstum under Augustus and Tiberius, under

(1) Garrucci, p. 67, c and r.

(2) Garrucci, p. 67, p.

(3) Eckhel, DN, 1. 1, p. 158; Garrucci, p. 67, m.

(4) Garrucci, p. 66 et seq., h, y,

(5) Garrucci, p. 66 et seq., a, n, o.

(6) Garrucci, p. 68, “.

(7) Garrucci, p. 66 and §., i, x,

(8) Zumpt, Comment, epigr. t. I, p. 166. •

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 231

by special permission of the Senate (1) (in this book, chap. 1", g5-3).

The example that we have just studied and which belongs at the time of the Republic, is not the only one where we let's see the title of quartet appear in the legends coins of the colonies (2). In Clunia de Tarraconaise, the ordinary rule is simultaneous registration on the pieces of the names of the four characters constituting the collection lege of the IIIIVIRe (3). The only currency minted in the colony that Caesar had organized at Cirta in Numidia, at the following the defeat of Juba P' at Thapsus (4), colony ap- peeled Cirta Julia (5) or Colonia Sittianorum (6), we presents the names of the two quartets (7), the first of which The first is P. Sittius himself (8). In Carteia, in Bé-' tick, the currency is usually signed with a (9) or

(1) Garrucci, p. 69, hh^ ii, kk^ oo, mm, pp.

Twice in this coinage the coins are signed with a single duum- vir, qualified by its liter (Garrucci, p. 70, nn, qq)^ once also by a alone, with nothing after his name (Garrucci, p. 69, gg). The legends of Gar- rucci, p. 69, //. mw, are obscure; but I don't think it's necessary see the inscription of the name of Tiberius Augustus as duumvir having a especially for a colleague.

(2) Eckhel,Z)iV, t. IV, p. 480.

(3) A. Heiss, Monn, ani. of Spain, p. 229 et seq. and pi. xxix, n*» 2-6 a

(4) L. Muller, Numism. of Vanc. Africa, t. III, p. 61 and 65.

(5) Ptol. IV, 3.

(6) Pump. Mel. I, 7; Plin. HN, V, 3, 2.

(7) L. Muller, t. m, p. 60, no. 74.

(8) On the curious story of this adventurer, former supporter of Ca- lilina, who rendered the greatest services to Caesar in his African war that and was so richly rewarded, see. Lacroix, Hist. of the Numi- die, p. 53 et seq.; Haakh in Pauly, Real-Encycl. t. VI, part, i, p. 1226.

(9) A. Heiss, Monn. ant. of Spain, p. 332 and pi. xlix, n«» 22, 23, iiS, 26 and 30; plus two pieces incorrectly attributed to ObulcO; p. 305 and ft. XLiv, n*» 40 and 41.

232 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

two quartets (1), and there is little doubt that it must recognize characters of the same quality in those who sign other documents separately (2) or two (3), without attaching a title to their name.

Garteia is, moreover, the town where we see the most of variations regarding the class of magistrates in which the curia chose the commissioner or commissioners members whom it designates to preside over this or that issue sion of currencies. So, we see this charge given to two city councilors, CN-AMI. L.ARG. AED (4), with a single councilor C VIB-AID (5) or with two censors, L. RAI. L-AGRI. CES (6). Two other currency commissioners are designated as P. IVLI. Q (7) and Q. C VRVI. Q(8). The abbreviation viation cannot be read here Quinquennalis^ because the quartets- Carteia virs were annual (9); so it is almost

(1) A. Heiss, p. 332 and pi. xux, n"^ 27, 28 and 29.

(2) A. Heiss, p. 330 et seq. and pU xlix, nos. 4, 5, 6, 8, 11, 30 a and 30 d.

(3) A. Ueiss, p. 332 and pi. xlix, n^'s 20^ 21 and 30 c.

(4) A. Ueiss, p. 331 and pi. xlix, n^ 13.

(5) A. Heiss, p. 331 and pi. xlix, n° 12. — The same C. Vibius signs later other species like INIVIR XTerum (Â. Heiss, p. 332 and ft. XLix, n* 30). We thus follow part of his cunuB honorum muni- cipal.

(6) A. Heiss, p. 331 and pi. xlix, n* 14; cf. No. 15.

(7) A. Heiss, p. 331 and pi. xlix, nos. 9 and 10.

(8) A. Heiss, p. 332, no. 30 6.

There is also a C. MINI. Q (A. Heiss, p. 331 and pi. xlix, n» 16}, but I do not dare group it with the other two; because it may be necessary read Caius flllHlus QuirUi {filius) and recognize here a quartet, according to another piece (Â. Heiss, p. 332 et pi. xLix, n<>s25 et 26) which bears Caius MINIfMQuiiUiFt/itwIlllVIR ITeRum.

(9) This is what formally results from the mention of a quartet quarlum: A. Heiss, p. 332 and pi. xlix, n^ 27.

THE LAW ON ANCIENT COINS 233

certain that it designates the quaestors of the colony. Because, although the abbreviations of titles are made in the coin legends in a much less fixed and less regular than in the lapidary inscriptions, the ex- pressure of quatorvir by Q would be so contrary to the habits that one cannot stop at a similar one hypothesis.

We saw above (in this book, chap. i", § 6, 5; and in the first paragraph of this chapter (ii) of curule aediles and plebeian aediles receive at Kome du Senate the authorization or commission of a coinage extraordinary, distinct from the ordinary coinage of

triumvirs, which they sign with their name. The former show ordinary, in such a case, is always made for a specific object, with a view to expenses which come naturally turally in the attributions of the city councilors. In the coinage of colonies and municipalities, Carteia is far to be the only city that shows us authorizations or extraordinary commissions of the same type entrusted to municipal officials (1), undoubtedly for the needs special services dependent on their administration^ where executive management in monetary matters belongs usually held by the first magistrates.

So, among the cities that we have seen have their municipal species usually signed with the names of the annual or quinquennial duumvirs, we note:

In Calagurris de Tarraconaise, two pieces signed by aediles (2) -,

(1) Eckhel. A, l. IV, p. 481.

(2) A. Heiss, Monn. ant, from Spain, p. i64 and pi. xv, no. 5; p. 176 and ft. XVI. No. 32.

234 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

At Celsa de Tarraconaise, two groups of pieces, signed each of two aediles (1);

At Parium of Mysia, an example of the inscription of the name of the two aediles (2), and another where there seem to be none only one which appears (3);

In Sagunto de Tarraconaise, two coins signed by two city councilors (4);

In Turiaso de Tarraconaise, three others where the two fellow councilors wrote their names together (5).

We have said that at Bailo in Betica they inscribed without titles, on the currency, the names of two characters who appear to be the duumvirs; once we see it substitute kill the name of a single councilor, L. AP0. FAT. AID (6). In Clunia, in the Tarraconaise, three currencies present to us the names of two aediles (7) instead of those of the quartet, indicated in full. The only known currency of Acinipo of Baetica where the name of a magistrate is inscribed, bears that of a city councilor (S).

There may, moreover, have been towns where the monastic magistrates The usual and normal guardians were the city councilors. Such was the case of the municipality of Obulco, in Baetica, whose large copper coins always offer on the reverse the names of

(1) A. A. Heiss, p. 143 and pi. xii, n<>« 20-22. — B.A. Heiss, p. 141 and ft. XII, n* 27.

(2) Eckhel, m, t. He, p. 461; Mionnet, t. H, p. 577, nos. 417 and 420; Stfpjo/. t. V, p. 393, ri« 693.

(3) Mionnet, Swp;)/. t. V, p. 393, n® 692.

(4) A. Heiss, p. 219 and pi. xxyiii, n^» 18 and 22.

(5) A. Heiss, p. 194 et seq., et pi. xxni, nos. 27, 28 and 29.

(6) A. Heiss, p. 341 and pi. l, n'» 2; A. Delgado, 1. 1, pi. vi, n* 3.

(7) A. Heiss, p. 230 and ft. xxix, n°8 7-8 W«.

(8) A. Heiss, p. 362 and pi. book, no. 1.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 235

two magistrates, first in Turditain script (book V, chap. VI, § 2), which sometimes hides names of a characteristic Roman term, like that of Metellus, spelled Me^lôç (1), then in Latin. In fact, at this last period, the names in question are accompanied by the mention of the title of AlDiles (2).

The names of magistrates, on the coins of the colonies and municipalities, are, as we have been able to see by what precedes, at least as often without title as with title. What is much rarer is the indication of the role completed by a municipal magistrate in issuing the currency, by means of the inscription of the title of his function, without his name being expressed, just as we have seen above (in this book, chap. i*^', § 7, 4 and 5; t. II, p. 284, 287 and 297) certain Roman military coins bear only the mark Q, initial of quaestor. This is the numismatics from Carteia which offers us the most examples of this kind. We have parts there which do not have, with the name of the city, that IIIIVIR. D.D (3); others, CES (4), censor on censores;à^B,\xtTes finally Q (5), quaestor. In Clypea, in the province of Africa, a large copper currency,

(1) A. Heiss, p. 303 and pi. xun, n** 11-14; A. Delgado, t. H, pi. lv, n«« 1-7.

(2) A. Heiss, p. 303 and pi. xliiii, n*»» 16-19; A. Delgado, t. H, pi. Lvni, no. 36-44.

The smaller pieces, bearing two quartet names, that M. Â. Heiss (p. 303 and pi. xuv, nos. 40 and 41) published as Obulco, does are not from this city, but from Carteia.

(3) A. Heiss, p. 332 and pi. xux, n*"' 23 and 24.

(4) A. Heiss, p. 331 and pi. xux^ n** 16.

(5) A. Heiss, p. 330 and ft. xlix, n^ 3.

236 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

the oldest one we have of this colony, officiated at the re- towards the legend Clypea \ulia Pacensis. IIIIVIR (1),

Sometimes, in the legends of coins colonial, a formula characterizes the role of the different ma- executive magistrates that we have just reviewed, role of curators in carrying out the decree of the mu- curia nicial ordering the manufacture and remission of cash. This is how we saw Tabbreviation faciendum Curavit used following the name of the magistrate on a coinage of Carteia (2) and on those of Utica (3), that we read C urante P GAVIO CASCA on pieces of Clypea (4). The numismatics of Sagunto offer the legend CN BAEBIz/5 GLABm, L CkL?>imius AEDiles ZSRave- runt (5). It is also a formula ending with CVR, curavit or curaveruntj which was written on the reverse of the currency of the colony of Cirta (6) having the right to the names of two quartets. But, on a known exemplary tunic, which belongs to the Royal Cabinet of Florence, this legend is too mutilated for us to attempt to restore it whole.

(1) L. Muller, Namism. of Vane, Africa, t. II, p. 455, no. 330.

(2) Â. Delgado, Nuevo método de asifict^cion de las medallas autononuu de Espana, 1. 1, pi. xv, n* 62.

(3) L. Muller, t. II, p. 160 et seq.

(4) L. MttUer, t. II, p. 156.

(5) A. Heiss, Monn. ant. of Spain, p. 219 and pi. xxviii, no. 18.

(6) L. Muller, ;t. Uï, p. 60, no. 74.

CHAPTER IV

INORGANIZATION OF MONETARY WORKSHOPS; THE ENGRAVERS AND WORKERS IN ANTIQUITY.

§ I". — AMONG THE GREEKS.

1. There is only one Greek city for which we let us be informed precisely about the organization of the monetary workshop, it is Athens. This city, which had given so much importance and so much development to the manufacturing and exporting cash made money of its Laurion mines (in this book, chap, i", § 2, 1 and 7; book IV, chap. iv, § 1), was among its principal in all public establishments its mint, “pyu- poxoireiov. An Attic inscription (1) speaks of it and we learned that it was there that the official standards were deposited skies of weights and measures, or at least those which served of types to the size of the coins, Ta o'Ta6[JLia rà ev T(p «pyu- po3to7ce/(j). The inscription is from Roman times, but pre- laughter at the Empire; it therefore belongs to an era where the manufacture of silver tetradrachms of Athens had not not yet ceased (see above, in this book, chap. i), § 2; book VII, chap. v, § 7), and continued to be considered

•

(1) Corp, xMCt. graec, n° i23.

238 LA. CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITA

maple. We have, moreover, older mentions of rapyupojcoiueiov of Athens as a public establishment, because Antiphon spoke of it in one of his speeches (1), and Eschinc the Socratic in his Rhinon (2). Under the Emperors, when Harpocration was composing his Lexicon, some some preferred to use the expression of oTijjLavrwptov to designate this establishment, which still existed (3). The word fitpYupojcoTreiov must, in fact, shock the sensitive minds- sible to retymology in a time when Athens could not no more coining money, but only coinage

! copper.

This mint in Athens was annexed, as Kome's first mint at the temple of Juno Moneta (book I, chap. ii, v, and § 2, 1, of the present chapter clown), at the sanctuary of a popularly designated hero under the name of Stéphanéphore ^ 6 STeçay/içopo^ (4). From there the expression ^paj^pial tou STeyavyî^dpou to say drachmas brand new, out of change, having lost nothing of their weight by traffic and exactly conform to the official standard (5). B.eulé (6) ingeniously established that the Stephanephorus (7) was Theseus, holding the cloak in his hand ronne, present from Amphitrite, which he had sought in

(Ij Harpocrat. v. àpYupoxowetov.

(2) Lice, Vn, 2i, 103.

(3) Harpocrates. v. àpvupoxoTceiov. Reproduced by Suidas in the same word.

(4) Bœckh, StaaUhaushîU der Aihen. 2<^ edit. t. H, Beiîag. p. 361; Beulé, The coins of Athens, p. 139 and 349.

(5) Corp, registered. graec, n** 123.

(6) Monn, of Athens, p. 350 et seq.

(7) Harpocrates. Suid. and Phot. v, ÏTeçavriçopoç, all after VAithidè of Hellanicos. See. Sturz, Fragm. HeUanic, 2* ed. p. 60.

LA. LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 239

the bottom of the sea (1), according to a myth recounted by Micon in his frescoes of Theseion (2). Theseus, the national hero par excellence, was the one who must have been naturally chosen as protector and guardian of ràpyupojcoTreîbv, since the vanity of the Athenians took pleasure in reproaching him feel like having minted the first coin in their cited (3) (book I, chap. ii, m).

Like those of all State administrations Athenian, the mint workers were taken among public slaves. “I blush talking about Hyper- bolos, said Andocide in one of his speeches (4); sound father, after being marked, is still today public clave to the currency (àpyupoxoTretbv), and, like a foreigner and a barbarian, he is only good for acting as lamp stand (5). t>

A mint which manufactured in such large quantities abundance that that of Athens necessarily occupied a quantity of workers, and could not be lacking, for the good organization of work, to be divided into a certain number of distinct pharmacies. That being said, there was an in* major accounting and control interest, interest which easily understood, to be distinguished by visual marks^ blesj and not lending to amphibology, pro* currencies

(1) Pausan. I, 17* 3; Hygin. Poet, asiron. H, 5.

(2) See. de Witte, in the Greek Monuments published by the Association of Greek studies, fasc. i (1872), p. 5 et seq.

(3) Plutarch. Teas. 25.

(4) Ap, Schol. ad Aristoph. Vesp, i007.

(5) It is this last expression, Xuxvoiioc£t, which gave birth to the narration, without serious authority, according to which the father of HyperbolOâ would have been a manufacturer and merchant of lamps, who would have had the habit to deceive customers about the quality of its merchandise (Schôl. ad Aris- toph. iVtto. 1065.).

240 CURRENCY IN ANTIQUITY

taken by the various pharmacies. Beulé (i) was therefore right to recognize the brands of these pharmacies on the tetra- drachmas of the second series, where they are added to the names of the three magistrates in office and the indication of the pry- tanie (in this book, chap. m, § 1, 2). They consist in acronyms of two or three letters, placed below of the amphora on which the owl is placed on the reverse, between the amphora and the surrounding olive crown all type (2); these acronyms vary in certain cases up to only five or six times with the notation of the same prytany. There are twenty-three different ones, each of which offers some very slight variations:

AN HP, HPA

An, AnO III

AP, APP KT, KTH

BIA ME, MEN, MENE

TA MH

AA nE, nEP

AH np, npn

Al, AIO ZO, ZOA

EM Z, Z(t>A) Z(t>AI

In, Eni in

EP l

AND, EYP

“Certain workshops,” observes Beulé, “those who signed ME, 1, 10 or in, for example, were permanently nence: we see them in activity under almost all mag- trats. The others only appear more rarely and long intervals. Is it not permissible to believe that they

(1] Monh, d^Athenes, p. 135 et seq.

(2) See. again C-L* Grotefend, Chronolog. Ànordnung d'aihen. SU- bermumcn, p. 9.

THE LAW IN ANCIENT COINS 241

only worked in the years when cash was abundant. dait and where remission was considerable? On time less fortunate, a small number of coiners sufficed; but, as soon as fortune smiled on the Athenians, as soon as their trade, which did not cease to be their sole source of source, demanded it, we reopened the closed workshops, we had new ones whose names changed depending on the Caprice of the times, and we struck these tetra- drachmas, often of such a neglected style and always of a title so pure, that the whole world was looking for and which were wanted until the last day.

One should not believe, moreover, that râpyupoxoTrsîbv of Athens has ever had twenty-three operating pharmacies nant at a time. The magistracies under which we fall the majority of these brands never count more than ten. If there are some of these acronyms which are repeated throughout the duration of the coinage of the Athenian tetradrachms of the second series, like those which we have just seen cited by Beulé, and to which he must be added ATT, there are others who have not yet that here encountered only on the species of one or two years, for example, BIA, TA, AA, EMO, KT, Ol. In Besides, in the chronological classification system if ingenious, although not completely certain in all its parts, by Mr. CL. Grotefend, we see some mar- that appear and disappear successively. It is therefore necessary of all necessity admit the creation of additional pharmacies mentary and temporary, when the coinage had a greater activity, as well as the change of the name and, as a result, the brand of certain pharmacies with the course times.