Animal and Plant Images on Coins and Gems of Classical Antiquity — 1889

ANIMAL AND PLANT PICTURES UP OUNCES AND GEMMS DES CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY FROM IMHOOF-BLUMER and OTTO KELLER, XXVI PHOTOTYPICAL PLATES WITH 1352 ILLUSTRATIONS, PUBLISHING BY B. G. TEUBNER IN LEIPZIG. 1889.

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0 her ANIMAL AND PLANT PICTURES UP x FROM ” _ IMHOOF-BLUMER and OTTO KELLER. _ _ XXVI PHOTOTYPICAL PLATES WITH 1352 ILLUSTRATIONS, HE TARTY, PRINTING AND PUBLISHING BY B. G. TEUBNER. | HE

) 4 y no MR STEPHEN SALISBURY, PRESIDENT OF THE AMERICAN ANCIENT ASSOCIATION OF WORCESTER MASS. % AND MR. DR. GEORGE M. LANE, _ FULL PROFESSOR OF LATIN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 00,0000 AT HARVARD UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE MASS. DEDICATED.

Preface. Since the suggestion for our joint book came from the undersigned went out and the same in a certain sense as a supplement to his book can be viewed about animals of classical antiquity, so is he also had the task of saying a few introductory words. The whole plan originated from the belief that which I also mentioned in mine Beech repeats expression borrowed I believe that the ancient coin types are among the most important monuments for the cultural and historical significance of the animal world in antiquity. From this one Filled with thoughts, I noticed on an occasional visit to Winterthur, My dear friend and current employee already knows that for years as An extensive basis for a type atlas that may be published had created a collection of excellent plaster casts, including a handsome There was a series of pictures of animals and plants. So I made it to him the proposal to issue these coin images together and to supplement them a number of particularly interesting cameos with depictions of animals and plants to add. However, this original plan has now come to an end due to circumstances that have arisen here discuss has no value, has been changed very much. In short they shared Finally, in such a way that Imhoof was essentially the editor of the 13 tables took charge of the coins, while I took over 13 tablets for the gems fell to. Furthermore, it was decided in the interest of specifically archaeological readers There are also some special panels for the purely mythological animals and hybrid creatures to be given to each department. Now to talk about the first department, the coins, like this would have a complete overview of all existing depictions of an animal or plant type on ancient coins can only be won if not just the detailed subject indexes of the IX. Mionnet supplement volume his work, the catalogs of the British museum, the Berlin museums, in Imhoofs Monnaies greeques, our private excerpts from Eckhels doctrina numorum etc., but also the entire specialist literature and the Collections themselves would have been looked up and used with their inedita. The sole intention is to create a descriptive catalog of all variants of a type Giving was far from our plan; we just wanted to give the coins that had so far been We group well-known animals and plants together and present them in their most successful and

VI Preface. demonstrate and explain the most interesting representations. But one The main editor is responsible for providing an overview of all the material this one Share one as an addendum to the pictures and descriptions given Type also briefly mentions the more important varieties, especially with reference to consideration of mythological representations. All of them are rare types Examples known to date are listed. Greek coins are primarily used for the illustrations. been elected; Greek coins from the Roman period and Roman coinage Their less artistically executed types were generally just then included if their depictions on older coins are insufficient or not at all were not represented. Where individual types are more numerous than one would expect, appear printed, such as Plates VII and VIII, there was a reason for this in an effort to possibly reach the end a Tiengabdunk and the Schlufs a board to leave u. no As for the gemstone, which was essentially left to the undersigned, As far as the department is concerned, collecting the material involved a lot of expense and effort and tests of patience. The time was due to a meeting of several difficult circumstances very limited and the entire arrangement of the pictures could will not be completed until the very end because the great majority of the The best casts, namely the London ones, only arrived in the last hour when had already started packing up the remaining material for the photographer must be started. That's why some types come in two and three variations appear without this being intended from the beginning had been. However, since most of the gems communicated in our tables There are no reliable illustrations available anywhere yet, and many of them are complete Inedita, perhaps it is better that we have a little too much than too little given. Many, many things that we would have had if we had carried out longer, direct preparatory work To be able to deliver, you had to stay away, to our great regret, but we comforted ourselves with the saying: “Better is the enemy of good”; and maybe some things can still be done in some supplementary tables une; do- be fetched. - we. © This present material is from different Quality. ee In principle, only deeply cut stones were used, just from the Le = Finally, 3 or 4 cameos were added to the dactyliotheque; Lipperts Collection e.g. B. also gave rise to the famous gigantomachy cameo. but we used a less blunt impression than Lippert's was. Apart from the Lippert ones, the casts proved to be the least useful out St. Petersburg, where no suitable plasterer could be found; Nevertheless, we did not fail to create a series of gems after such ones to give casts because the object in question is interesting in itself. there was nothing better to bids stood. By far the most successful are you London casts failed. Sleep is also better than expected for us itself - post multa diserimina rerum - the casting off of the von Lannasch Pastes succeeded, and although in general the glass pastes are never so sharp and become more beautiful than the cut stones, which is exactly what we have from: Lots of Lanna's pieces were recorded, sometimes because they were definitely real, sometimes because

Preface. vn they are completely unknown, and thirdly because for us they are the main representatives of Italy whose main collections of gems in Florence and Naples are unfortunately for us this book has remained out of reach. Apart from the Lanna-Bartholdy pastes, the St. Petersburg ones are definitely real South Russian gems, the gem from Carnuntum and the one not in Tölkenschen Berlin pieces in the catalogue, for which the latter are guaranteed by Furtwängler believes to be able; Furthermore, the Athenian and Cretan pieces are probably indefinite thing be real. With this I want to go against the majority of the others, especially against the people of London, Paris, Munich, Vienna, Copenhagen and Kassel Pieces express no doubt, but among the Lippert gems and Even among the Stoschischen (Berlin - Tölken) there are perhaps some of non- ancient origin. Hopefully, the future will succeed in providing clarity on this. progressive gem research, which is only possible through comprehensive photo- typical publications will gradually become possible. We also have to ask for the forbearance of the stones regarding the nature reader's request. We called them what our informants called them designated: a guarantee for the absolute accuracy of this information we don't take over. The gems from Greece and Crete were given to us referred to as “jasper of different colors”, although probably upon closer examination one or two pieces of steatite or one other substances may exist. The stone depicted on plate XXIII 43 is ruby is, given the extraordinary rarity of antique ruby intaglios (see King, Precious stones and metals p. 234) can be doubted: the work alone would have been endless if All of these are not relevant for our main purpose. Particularly important points should have been cleared up to the core. Also We had to, taking into account the already significant costs were not made easier for us by an academy, to a certain extent and were unable to undertake long and distant study trips. I also ask this point of view with regard to the literary literature included Aids to consider. Some important things like Chabouillet and Tölken's cata- loge, ©. W. King's various books, Lippert's Dactyliothek, Stephanis Compte rendu, Köhler's contributions to gemstone studies, among others, were certainly available, but other things like by name the Cadessche large print collection is unbeknownst to me remained available; other has only been published as the pressure of the The present work had long since begun, so Furtwängler's beautiful manuscript lungs in the yearbooks of the German archaeological institute about gems with artist inscriptions and the Murray-Smith catalog of the gem collection of the British Museum. From these latter publications it was therefore possible only a subsidiary use can be made and I ask the one notes scattered about London gems, it should be noted that the actual sale version of the catalog does not come from both Murray and Smith. Despite these unfavorable circumstances, in addition to the lack of anything useful Abgiefser has joined in Prague, I hope that science will come through this The work that has been enforced has done a service to some victims and a lot has so far been complete unknown material was brought to the public light for further research to have.

vmI Preface. As a yardstick is always the natural one for coins and gems Size has been left, only the single gem tablet XXIV is omitted by enlarging all the pieces one and a half times. It. I see this particularly because of piece number 35, which was written by the taught zoologists, whom I first consulted, as a parasitic Crayfish of tuna, Braechiella thynni, had been explained. At all depends on the partially imperfect order in which the animals a he Only in the last hour did I gain a firmer impression In order to identify the animals on the coins, which is often very difficult The gems were made by university professors E. von Martens in Beiı Anton Fritsch (Fri®) and Gustav C. Laube in Prague to study the plants | State Councilor Welcome to Prague has made great achievements; in particular, d first-mentioned gentleman with the involvement of Dr. Hilgendorf and Dr. Kars an extraordinary amount of effort was put into identifying the particularly difficult gems used. We talk Our thanks to all of these fellow researchers warmest thanks. Mr. Bor De A Furtwängler in NR a. Mr. M. Chabouillet, Conservator you Cabinet des Me Antiques de la Bibliokhbune Nationale in Paris, FR Mr. Dr. G. von Kieseritzky, director of the en: Imperial Hermitage in St. Petersburg, Et Mr. Dr. L. Müller, director of the royal. Sn Br Antiquities in Copenhagen, Ah Mr. S. A. a at the British Museum, RED Mr. Rev. 8. S. Lewis at Corpus Christi ee in Ca Mr. Dr. Robert von Schneider, Onstos a e = "Antiquity in Vienna, he 58 Mr. Dr. Paul Herrmann, volunteer at ai ö, ” 1 in Berlin, jr Mr. Dr. Maurice Prou in Paris, Mr. Dr. Riggauer in Munich. i en, Finally, Mr. Brunner in Wine also deserves our ar where The reader's thanks for the many sacrifices and tireless support provided phototypes. The hardships that the long distance from

Preface. IX The arrangement and appropriate coloring of the gems must be brought about Fortunately, except for a few small things, the energy resolved it and prudence of my experienced employee. The preparation of the fifth register thanks to the kindness of a student the Winterthur high school, Mr. Ernst Wipf. Finally, I would like to thank the two dear friends in America Names we have placed in front of our book, ask that the dedication be kind to record. My dear special colleague at the oldest American university versity, Harvard College in Cambridge Mass., Professor Dr. George M. Lane, with whom I have been studying the same things for more than a decade personal mutual affection, may this be a thank you for his loyal friendly spirit and especially for the repeated support search with which he used to delight us so far. Mr. President Stephen Salisbury but and the other esteemed trustees the youngest acquired Clark University in Worcester Mass. I ask, the dedication of See the book as a weak outward sign of deepest gratitude for it to want them to give me the high honor of an appointment to the church they founded university. May Clark University, which is surrounded by so much speaking auspices was founded, in every respect a blessed one Have a future! K Imhoof and Keller, animal and plant pictures. b

_ Overview of the illustrations. A. Coins (577). B. Gems (775). Mammals. Monkeys Panel I ı. XIV 1-3b (= 58). Predators Taf. [2-14. XIV 4-XVI 15. Rodent and insect XVI 16-33. eater Taf. I 5-11. Einhoeder Plate II 12-30. Ruminants Plate I 31 —— 1147475 Many-hoofed animals, plates IV 1—21. Robben Plate IV 22-24. XVI 34 XVII 14. XVII 15—XIX 36. XIX 37 —XX 1a A. Coins. Plate VI 42--VI 11. Insects tablet. VII 12— he A Scorpions plate VII 4 EN EMLERTTE I OER 5 a Fish. Whales plate IV 25-27. XX 15-34. Krebae Tat vH Le ee Snails plate VIII 26 Birds. Be © Ira Birds of prey, plate IV 28— XX 35—63. Shells plate VIII 83 > v2. ES ae 2a Parrots XXI1-5. | Songbirds Taf.V 23-27. XXI 6-14. 16-21. Woodpeckers XXI 15. | Pigeons and chickens tablet. XXI22—54. XXII16. HE V 28-51. A uter u wading and swimming birds XXI 1-15. 17-32. Sea urchin plate VIIT42—43. Plate VI 1-23. 'Straul's plate V 52, XXII 3386, Amphibians and reptiles. _ Amphibians, plate VI 24 XXI37-50. — 835. 39—41. Reptiles Plates VI36-38. XXII 1-10. 44. Umbrella jellyfish plate VII

mboo 4 f £ and cellar, animal and. Plant pictures. -.

L. os Plate I M. AYPHAIOC ANTWNINOC CEB. Bust of Mareus Aurelius to the right. R A (4 years). Orpheus, r. sitting and playing the lyre, from numerous Surrounded by animals. Above the figure an ichneumon; right in front of her Ibis, monkey, jackal, ram, goat and two small birds; behind her lion, Pig, bull, horse, antelope and raven. Br. 34 Mill, from Alexandria in Egypt. —Paris. Mionnet VI, 298, 2045, with illustration in Suppl. IX. Similar, with only nine Animals and the brother of Antoninus Pius, in Berlin (k. Münzkabinett (2) No. 869). The monkey on our coin is a baboon, as is the one on Hermo coins. polis in Egypt. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 8f. Lion head from the front. BR RECIVOS. The bearded Demos 1. sitting on a chair, his right hand on a staff, his left hand resting on his hip. In the field 1. Grapes. The whole thing surrounded by a wreath of leaves. Tetradrachmon of region. — Imhoof Collection. Lion head from the front. BR PHFIVON. Apollo head right; two leaves on one stem at the back. Drachma by region. — Imhoof Collection. Apollo's head to the right. R LEONTINOE "and four grains of barley around a lion's head. Tetradrachmon of Leontion in Sicily. — Imhoof Collection. Similar to Plate IX No. 27; other lion heads: Plate VI No. 43 and X No. 11. K—Ni. Head of Democratia 1st; behind him ship's prora. BR KAEOZOENH Heracles as a child r. kneeling and choking the snakes. Silver stater from Samos. — Museum Berlin No. 225. Head of Athena r. between A—®. RK Lion striding to the right; above that detphin between I—®; in the off- cut YEAH RN. Nomos of Velia in Lucania. — Imhoof Collection. 1*

20. 21: 22. 23. Table 1. Cybele between two lions, very common. Lion with tympanum: Smyrna, Pessinus and others. standing female deity on reclining lion: Philadelphia; in Lydia. standing deity on the backs of three striding lions: Ascalon (N.Z. 1884, V, 21). | Lion team to two, three and four lions, for Cybele, Demeter, Helios among others: primarily on Iydic and Phrygian coins Imperial period. 12 Animal fencer with lion and other animals in the arena: el Fam. £ Livineia. x Leo in the Zodiacus: Perinthos, Amastris, Nikaia, Aigeai, Sidon, Acker Lion as a shield decoration on the inside of the shield: Opus. | knotted, over the head or back, on the seat (Plate IX No. 19), etc Lioness: Asian. Silver stater, obverse to Plate XII No. 10; Cyzicus. Lioness standing on a lying ram (Dad Kor i& Panther ]l. on a tuna. R Recessed, DEE divided square. Youthful head with Da 7 a He R In a line square panther r., the fur with spots N Br: Electron coin (Hekte) from Rh — Imhoof Collection. Youthful head of Heracles, covered with lion skin, . Be BR BAZIAENRTZ in section. Young Diane with the Thyrs staff in the right, in a two-team of panthers, l. In the field of lightning drachma, indefinite; see Imhoof, Monnaies grecques 459, 1. — a Naples. 3 AVT. K.M. IOV. ®IAIMMOC. Bust of Philippus a Ba BR®A. PIANAAEABEDN NE2KOPQN. Female Panther 2 i grabbed a food. _ Other panther types: striding: Kentoripai, Andros, Aphrodisias, ; Pantaleon, King' in Gallienus et al. HE turning his head back: Nesos, Alexandreia. 1 with palm branch in his throat: Antiochus VI. with Thyrsos: Campania, Fam. Carisia. Consuming Robbery: Agyrion. | in front of a vine: Agathocles, king of India. before the vine? suckling a child: as in Galatia, with Dionysus on his back: jumping: Korkyra, Sybrita. Company walking: Kallatis, Teion, Kyzikos, Methymna, Silandos ı etc lying: Anazarbos. the

24. 26. Table 1. 7 at the feet of Dionysus: in almost all depictions of the standing or seated God. as a two-horse team for Dionysus: Katana, Kyzikos, Tralleis, Ankyra in Galatia, Alexandria et al. as a pair for Dionysus and Ariadne: Maionia. next to a goat in front of the chariot of Dionysus: Laodicea in Phrygia. next to a goat in front of the chariot with Apollo next to Dionysus: Eumeneia, Tralleis. standing at an altar: Fam. Vibia. trampled by Pan with his feet: Hadrianopolis in Thrace, Nicaea. Accompanying Pan: Teion. Panther skin, as the bed of Dionysus: Cyzicus. Female head with Sphendone r. R dog ].; above and below one ball each (two ounce signs); in Section Wiesel r. Bronze coin from Segesta in Sieilien. — Brit. Museum. Only known example. Head of Emperor Hadrlan r. BR MANO. L. IA (Year 11). Ichneumon r. Bronze coin from Panopolis in Egypt. — Collection di Demetrio in Athens, No. 3513. Plate VI No. 49. B The Demos]. sitting on a chair, a cat jumping up, if rather than holding out a spindle for a young panther to play with, in the lowered left ball. Nomos of Taras in Calabria. — Imhoof Collection. S. Cat. of the Brit. Museums 171, 81, where the cat or the young panther a bird is held out; in other nouns you can see the animal behind sneak up on the chair, and on a tetradrachm from Region under the chair playing with a ball during the demo. F. Lenormant, Grande Grece I p. 100 recognizes the animal as a cat. All coins with this apparent cat belong to Taras and Region and the end of the 5th century BC. BC The assumption therefore appears justified that the first attempt was made in southern Italy around this time the tamed cat found in North Africa was also introduced into Europe. to become citizens, or that they, like monkeys and camels, sometimes cross over Sea was brought. It should be remembered that at the beginning of the 4th year- hundred B.C. Agesilaus once attempted to use the camel in the European to naturalize Greek Greece. We only have this fact a single incidental piece of information in Xenophon's Greek history. 27. Head of Hera with Stephanos, r. R APFEIQN. Wolf r. between two dolphins. Didrachmon of Argos in Argolis. — Imhoof Collection. In a similar position on bronzes from the region.

28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Plate I, Front part of a wolf r. BR Adler r. standing on a lightning bolt, under a capital A; in the field IEPQNOZ. Recessed square. | Hemidrachm from Argos. — Imhoof Collection. r Kora head r. RK KYSIKHNQON. She-wolf right, carrying a cub in her mouth. Bronze coin from Cyzicus in Mysia. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Roma right; rear XXXXVIl. R She-wolf striding to the left; above ROMA; in the section P. SATRIE- —NVS. Denarius of the Satriena family. — Imhoof Collection. Other wolf types: Front part of the wolf, gnawing on a bone, or mere wolf copte Archelaus 1. She-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus: often on Roman trials. and coins of the colonies. Sitting wolf, as personification of the river Lykos: Laodikeia. ; jumping, with female deity on her back: Aigai in Miolis. Apollo, holding a wolf on his forefeet on each hand: Tarsos. Female head with Stephane r. KR AMTEI—PQTAN. Molossian dog lying to the right. Bronze coin of the Epeirots. —Paris. Lying dogs: Syracuse, Argos Amphilochikon, Epidauros. APPLE in front of Athena's head 1.; behind this helmet with a tail. R Pegasus flying to the left; underneath the head of a Molossian dog Silver stater from Argos Amphilochikon. (8. Imhoof, the coins. etc naniens, 8. 83 fi.; 91 fi.) — Imhoof Collection. ; These coins Fe from Höchster: Interest as authentic images of the real ancient Molosser, which is therefore by no means a big greyhound: was, as Fitzinger thinks, but rather a Great Dane, more like KL A is ana Chlaokebeng: 5% Teen Head 1 | R APFEIQN. Dog standing to the right, in the field E and Kyla 'Bronze coin of .Argos Amphilochikon. — Coin Cabinet How, This is obviously no longer a pure Molossian race. Apollo head with Lörhest wreath l. KR ZAMAI—MNR. dog i. Drachma of Seed on Cephallenia. — Brit, Museum. R Recessed quadruple square. Electron coin (Hekte) from Kyzikos. — Imhoof Collection. Front parts: Segesta, tarsos.

36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. Plate I 9 Stofsender Taurus 1st; helmet above. R MAAY. Sitting dog right; behind it ear of corn. Bronze coin from Madytos in the Thrac. Chersonesos. — Imhoof collection. Similar as a type: Kydonia, Alexandreia. et al.; as a symbol: Metapontion, Corinth. Female head with bandage, 1. KR MANWNOPMOEZ. Dog standing to the right. Didrachmon of Panormos in Sicily. — Imhoof Collection. Similar: Segesta (Plate VII No. 27 and 41), Eryx (Plate VIII No. 31). Motya. This and the following pieces give beautiful images of the great strength siesilian greyhound; its use for deer hunting is shown in No. 39. ZESEZTA IIB. Female head right, with bandage, earring and collar with a lion's head at the end. R dog with collar r. sniffing the ground. Didrachmon from Segesta in Sieilien. — Imhoof Collection. Sniffing dogs: Nuceria, Same, Phaistos and others; in front of a shell: Tyre (Plate VIII No. 33.) Female head with bandage, right; ivy leaf behind. R dog r. a deer head Bene above a small female head rn Didrachmon of Motya in Sieilien. — Imhoof Collection. Dog, turning his head back, 1. standing on a killed hare. BR EPVKIVON. Aphrodite, seated to the left, looks at a naked youth pulling himself. Silver coin from Eryx in Sieilien (Imhoof, Monnaies grecques p. 17, 19). — Imhoof Collection. Female head, wreathed with vine leaves and grapes, r. R KYAQN. Kydon(?) naked, 1. standing and drawing the bow; in front of him a dog barking joyfully at his master. Didrachmon of Kydonia on Crete. — Naples Museum No. 7620. Head of the youthful Dionysus, |. BR KYAQN in section. Female dog l., suckling a child (Kydon or Zeus?). Didrachmon of Kydonia on Crete — de Luynes Collection. Authentic image of the famous Cretan dog in excellent condition lifelike representation. Bust of Mercury right, with winged hat, robe and staff above shoulder; behind I. R C. MAMIL. LIMETANE. The dog Argos, recognizing Odysseus. _ Denarius of the Mamilia family. — Imhoof Collection. Bust of Tyche r. BR ®PDKAENN. Dog grabbing a dolphin, r. Bronze coin from Phokaia in Ionia. — Imhoof Collection. Juvenile head right, covered with the fur of a lion's head (?). BR Leftward Jumping Spitz; including M. Bronze coin from Etruria. — Imhoof Collection. Imhoof and Keller, animal and plant pictures., 2

10 Plate II. 46. C. AESTI behind the helmeted head of Roma; front X. Em BR ROMA. The Dioscuri on the right oe under the horses a | dog jumping along (Spitz). = Denarius of the Antestia family. — Imhoof Collection. M Both coins, No. 45 and No. 46, clearly show that the Ba is ours. Spitz besalsen. One Greek. thrakiedhön Spitz from much older times see Table II No. 29, Bu, Other BumleRypeL Mende Ir. 29), Maroneia et al. (Z. f. Num. u; VI 235; Pellerin, Rec. Plate 35, 29). three bands accompanying the Artemis team: Fam. Axia. as a companion of the hunter (Pans): Mesma, Pandosia, ee as companion of Talos: Phaistos. Very common as a companion of Artemis. as a companion of Apollo e.g. B. Plate IX No. 18. as a companion of Asclepius: Magnets, Epidaurus. howling: Syracuse (Imhoof, Monnaies grecques plate B, 21) barking at the Straufs: Byzantium (Plate V 52). . sleeping: Aes grave from Tuder and Hatria PT plate dB, 56 Brit. Museum cat. p. 32). = hunting a boar: plate IV 15. grabbing a hind woman: Piakos in Sicily, plate II no. 41. sniffing a mussel: Tyros (plate VIL no. 38.0 Front part, surrounded by rays (Seirios): Keos Island; without Segesta. jumping, with Isis on her back: Alexandreia, Faustina i June) Plate IL; 1. Youthful head of Dionysus wreathed with ivy, r. Bender of Alopekonnesos in the {Hrakian her Klagenfurt Museum. As a type, the fox comes from a single known ken coin of the same city, in the ae of Ke 4 Mu 3 cabinet, rider of the known theft, unfortunately not him ID Genet cat lying or sleeping over a Silphium fruit. ON R Negro head r. in a recessed square. Re = 5 Henngrschiapn en Cyrene. — Imhoof Collection. en and Friebe and et for the latter on Herodotus IV 192 5 ) \ But it is probably the “pale” one found in the Barbary area st cat’.

Table 1. 11 3. Einkshin striding bear. 10. 11. R dolphin diagonal r. between M—A. Recessed square. Hemidrachm from Mantineia. — Paris and Imhoof Collection. A smaller coin from Mantineia has a bear's head as its type. AVT. K.M. AVP. CEV. AAEZANAPOC. Head of the Sev. Alexander with Laurel wreath r. R EM. PPON. BVZANTIQN. Bear walking to the right. Bronze coin from Byzantium. - Vienna. Apollo head r. RK KYPA. ZN. silphium; r. a jerboa eating next to it. Silver coin from Cyrene. — Imhoof Collection. The jerboa also usually appears on other coins from Cyrenaice only as a supplement, see Plate VI No. 35. Head of the youthful Heracles, with the lion's skin, r. BRAAE=ZANAPoY. Zeus Aetophoros 1. enthroned; in front of him a mouse and a monogram from EY. Alexander drachma. — Imhoof Collection. Demeter head with light veil right; in front of him AT. KR META. ear of wheat with leaf; on the latter mouse ]; about it ®. Nomos of Metapontion. — Imhoof Collection. Bust of the bearded Heracles, with club and lion skin over his shoulder. RTI. @. Rider with two horses]. galloping; mouse on the ground; in the field L; in section D. $. $. Denarius of the Quinetia family. — Imhoof Collection. Mice: as an accompaniment: Lampsakos, Nesos. as an attribute of Apollo Smintheus: Alexandreia Troas. as an attribute of Aphrodite: Nagidos. as Countermarque: Alexandreia Troas. Female head to the right. BR IAMVN. Water shrew r. over a shell. Nomos of Kyme in Campania. — Brit. Museum. ANMA223M. Mule Biga with Messana as a charioteer, right; in the section two dolphins facing each other. KR WOINA3323M. Hare jumping to the right; including dolphin |. Tetradrachmon of Messana. — Imhoof Collection. The same type l., with the dolphins in the section. & MEZZANION in section. Hare jumping to the left; above him |. flying eagle; under the hare ear of corn with two leaves. Tetradrachmon of Messana. — Imhoof Collection. Other types of rabbits: see Table VII Nos. 36 and 39; Plate VIII No. 35. popping up: Populonia (?). 2#

12 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. ; Plate I jumping: Region, Croton. jumping up to Pan: Messana. Killed by a dog: Eryx (Plate I No. 40). torn apart by eagles: Akragas (Plate IV No. 29), Elis. held up by Eros on his hind legs: Kyzikos. Rabbit Head: Messana. Rabbit: as an attribute of the personified Hispania: Roman coins of the Hear Plate IX No. 44. 5 A Helmeted bearded head of Ares 1st; behind it an oak branch. RK Bridled horse head right; at the Halssbachnikt ROMANO on a Sire behind it an ear of grain, Roman-Campanian DE — Imhoof Collection. Wars were common in the Roman army. Head of Demeter or Kora 1. between four Delphinku RK horse head ]1.; behind it date palm; Punic inscription below. machanat? d. you people of the camp. Sieulo-Punic tetradrachm. — Imhoof Collection. TAPAZ. Taras riding the dolphin, right; including A. R Bridled horse standing to the right, which is taken by his is wreathed; in front of him a caduceus planted. 23 Nomos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Lower Italian-Sieilian race around 400 BC. BC Horse standing to the right, won by a young rider receiving. A naked knuckle kneels beneath the animal's body cleans the hoof of the raised 1st forefoot; front ® RK TAPAZ r. Taras, armed with trident and shield ' sideways. i Dolphin 1. sitting: below PT and waves. Sr Nomos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Zeus head to the right. BR ®IAIMNMOY. Young rider with palm branch, venkiee depicts Tetradrachmon of Philip II of Macedon. —San Im The Macedonian, especially the Peonian cavalry was famous. After They had heavy horses to sleep with. Bridled horse head with bull horns, r. RK Plate IV No. 6. | Tetradrachmon of Seleucus Nikator. — de Luynes Collection. Probably the Bucephalus of Alexander the Elder. Gr., how he feels in the Incidentally, it is based on the coins of Seleucus I and others and also in Da Poliorketes de well-known Eyrisch Syn bo] > Hornes (= power) finds base. _ |

18. 19. 20. 21: 22. 23. 24. Plate IL 13 Naked rider, with the whip in his right hand, sideways on the right sitting galloping horse. R KEN. P. Goat 1., rising from the ground and throwing his head back- turning, see Plate III No. 1 Silver stater from Kelenderis in Cilicia. — Imhoof Collection. Larisa's head from the front, slightly tilted. R AAPIZAI. Horse striding to the right with its head turned back and line hanging to the ground. Drachma of Larissa in Thessaly. — Imhoof Collection. Similar head. B

14 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. MPatel-Ll, The following illustrations are particularly noteworthy: Protome of a jumping horse with a wide girth: Colophon. Protome of a horse emerging from a rock: Thessalian cities. two horse protomes, back to back: Olbia, Perinthos, Phoenicia. rump of a standing horse: anepigraphic coins Euboian systems. Horse feet: Alexandros of Pherai. Mare suckling her colt: Antiochus Ill. Horse with Shepherd: Alexandreia Troas. Grazing post horses: large bronzes from Nerva. \ saddled horse: Fam. Atia (Labienus). Doz's horses watered at the fountain: Fam. Postumia. in Bithynia, Ale aadreih and 2. Horse with Poseidon: Potidaia, Raukos. Horse with trident: Krannon in Thessaly. Horse with serpent's tail and Asclepius' staff: Nikaia. Quadriga as a helmet ornament: Metapontion, Athens, Ainianen and others. Screaming donkey in heat right; in front of him a plant ornament. BR Similar to No. 26, without a ring in the middle. Tetrobolone from Mende. — en Imhoof. Be = i The donkey type is related to the exuberant Dionysus cult wine-rich area. Bu AWIM. Screaming donkey in heat left; a crow on his back hacking under the donkey's tail. ; R Four recessed triangular impacts. Tetradrachmon from Mende in Macedonia. — Imhoof Collection. MIN. Similar type r. In the background wine stoek with grapes ie R Four recessed impacts in windmill blades around a ring Tetradrachmon from Mende in Macedonia. See Table V ae Imhoof Collection. = Stubborn donkey right, from Seilenos standing at his side to the backwards De Be Tate V Ne, 2D. Tetrobolone from Mende. — Thorwaldsen Museum. ' Bearded Dionysus l. on the back of a r. standing donkey resting, the right hand holding the kantharos. Under the donkey a r. stand Pointed; in front of him crow or raven r. on a vine. | FR R MENAAON. Vine with five grapes. Recessed square. &.2 Tetradrachmon from Mende in Chalcidice. — British Museum Other donkey types: Protome or head alone: Mende. Head (as a symbol): Metapontion. standing (on tuna): Kyzikos. with the riding Dionysus: Nakone in Sicily. with Seilenos stepping aside: Silandos in Lydia.

0. 31. 32. 39. 34. 30. 36. Plate II. 15 Mule biga wreathed by Nike, right; in the section oil leaves with two olives. BK MEZZANION. Hare jumping to the right; including dolphin r. Tetradrachmon of Messana. — Imhoof Collection. Similar tetradrachms from region. A. PLAVTIVS AED. CVR. $S. C. Head of Cybele r. BR BACCHIVS IVDAEVS. Bacchius r. kneeling, holding a camel in his left hand holding the reins, an olive branch in his right hand. Denarius of the Plautia family. — Imhoof Collection. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 34. The other types of Arabian camel are also from later times: standing alone: Cyrenaice under Lollius, Bostra. next to the personified Arabia: Roman and Asian coins Emperor Traian. AYTOKP. KAIC. NEP. TPAIANW APICTW CEB. TEPM. AAK. chest picture of the emperor with laurel wreath and robe r. RK AHMAPX. EZ. YMATO. s. Bactrian camel]. striding. drachma of an indefinite Arabic city. — Brit. Museum and Imhoof Collection. The two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) can still be found on some Bactro-Indian royal coins. See Keller, Animals of Classical Age. 35. Grazing fallow deer right; above PAIVOS EMI SEMA declining. PR Three recessed squares, of which the central one is elongated, the side ones square. Electron stater from Ephesus or Halicarnassus? — Brit. Museum. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 79. 351 note. 37. Baaltar, i.e. the Baal of Tarsus 1. sitting, with the right ear of grain and wine holding a grape, leaning his left hand on the scepter. Behind it 1n>73; under the seat handle cross. R lion 1. falling on the neck of a fallow deer; above "77%; r. below n. Silver stater of the satrap Mazaios in Tarsus. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on coins of the kings of Cition on Cyprus. Cellar, animals of the classic. Ages. 76. The group signifies the victory of the light over the Darkness, of good over evil. The lion is the animal of the sun, the spotted fallow deer means the starry night sky. bee between E—®. BR Fallow deer left, rising from the ground with his head turned back. Bronze coin from Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. The fallow deer is the standing attribute of the Ephesian Artemis. basement, Animals of the classic age. 75. 76. Bee between E—®. (Plate VII No. 21.) BR Front part of a fallow deer right, with head turned back. Behind it palm tree; in front of him ANTIAAKIAAZ. Tetradrachmon of Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. : Keller a. a. O. 76.

16 37. 38: 39. 40. 41. Plate II. ANTONINVS AV6. PIVS P.P. TR. P Bust portrait of Antoninn Pa with robe, r. » R COS. I.ee]. standing, with her right hand a pair of antlers facing her Capturing the fallow deer standing on the side. Bronze medallion of Antoninus Pıus. —Paris. Naked male figure r. standing, holding a branch in his raised right hand holding, extending the 1st arm forward; a dolphin on either side. 2 KAYAQN 3ATAINM Nomos of Kaulonia. — Imhoof Collection. Similar to Plate VI No. 6 and VII No. 33. Cellar, animals of the classical age. E5 Panel VEN? -&; BR KAVAONIA. Noble deer jumping to the right. Nomos of Kaulonia. — Imhoof Collection. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 83. Bust of Artemis from the front, with ln robe and. Quiver over the r. Shoulder. BR ABY. Deer right, bending his head back and downwards. ns whole surrounded by a wreath of leaves. nn Bronze coin from Abydos. — Imhoof Collection. It will be a Damhindin BR. Noble deer r. standing; including A. MIAKIN. R Dog r., throwing down a deer and in good spirits On the right in the field leaf. x Bronze coin from Piakos in Sieilien. — Brit. Museum. Other deer types: standing, very common: Psophis, Chersonesos Taurike, Gorgippia Zeleia, Bargylia, Taba, Lycia, Amyntas of Galatah and 8th N standing next to a palm tree: Ephesus, Arados. | grazing: Mithradates Eupator, Ephesus. lying: Priapus, Proconnesus, Selge, etc. Protomen: very common. Deer head: Laos, Psophis, Demetrios I of Syria, Ansakids; s.R No. 39; IV No. 32. Fire as Acrostolion: Elaius. Deer at Ryton: Ainos (Plate III No. 8) a. a Deer hunting at Haimos, Argaios: Nikopolis, Kaisareia. thrown down by a lion: Velia, see Plate I No. 18. as an attribute of Artemis, singly or in pairs, very common, esp beautiful on coins from Abdera, Eucarpeia etc. hunted by Artemis: common. from her on the antlers: Abydos, Kolossai, denarius of the Hos family

Plate III. #7 captured by Artemis on the forefeet: Alexandreia (Hadrian). thrown down by her: Chersonesus Taur., Ephesus, Stratoniceia, Hiero- polis etc. with Artemis as rider: Mytilene, Ephesus, medallion of Faustina iun. as Artemis' team: Mytilene, Ephesus, Roman denarii. thrown down by Heracles: Hadrianopolis Thrac., Perinthos, Nikaia, Germe, Pergamum. Deer, forepart: Psophis. Deer suckling a child: Kapya, Tegea, Damaskos. Deer, next to Heracles and Telephus: Germe, Pergamon, Tarsus, etc. Deer calf kept by Pan on the Vorderfülen; Crateia in Mysia. the fur (Nebris), attribute of Dionysus, Pan, etc., often. Plate III. IANAAY in front of the wreathed head of Zeus Ammon r. NOS... Gazelle |. lying in front of a silphium. Silver stater from Barke. — Museum in Parma. silphium; 1. next to it a fruit of the plant. R Gazelle |. standing in front of a silphium; over the animal a silphium fruit; including K. Tetradrachmon of Cyrene. —Paris. Silphium. BR —V. Gazelle foot and dolphin in a recessed square. Drachma of Euesperis. — L. de Hirsch Collection. EZTIEPI... Young horned head of the river god Lathon Tänie, r. KR TIMAFQPA. Gazelle r. standing in front of a silphium; between the Fill the animal with a smaller silphium plant. Didrachmon of Euesperis. — de Luynes Collection. . KVP—ANA. Head of Zeus Ammon with a bandage, from the front. RK APIZTOMHAEOZ. Gazelle, standing up on a silphium and its eating away the top sprouts. | Silver Stater of Cyrene. — Karlsruhe. Ram's head to the left; including dolphin |]. BR AAN. Goat's head from the front between two dolphins; in the field 1. Dreifuls. Trihemiobolion from Delphoi. — Imhoof Collection. . Billy goat right, rising from the ground with his head turned back; about him ©. R Recessed square divided into four parts. Silver stater from Aigai in Macedonia. — Imhoof Collection. . Hermes head with Petasos from the front. KR AINION. Billy goat r. standing; in front of him a Ryton. Recessed square. Tetradrachmon of Ainos in Thrace. — Imhoof Collection. Imhoof and Keller, animal and plant pictures. 3

#LE 18 g. 10. 1: 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Plate II. NOIAISMIH. Naked young man with herald's staff and ee l. on a jumping billy goat. R Nike flying to the left, holding an aphlaston in the right. Triobolon from Hünes in Sieilien. — Imhoof Collection. Female head right, the hair with a multiple. crossing bandage wrapped around. Pr R ANAEIK. MDAPI. Billy goat r. Didrachmon of Paros. — Brit. Museum. Zeus head to the left. BR PAPIN. billy goat |. in front of a r. upturned snake. | Bronze coin from the Dalmatian island of Pharos. — Imhoof Collection. Plate II No. 18. u. R KEN. M. Goat 1., with his head turned back from the ground: uplifting. | ve ' $Silver stater from Kelenderis in Cilicia. — Imhoof Collection. Goat farming in Cilicia was important. HE covered in lion skin. Br PR Bo.,oı. Xe. Fw.g. Ev. Capricorn lying to the right or N buck; above it grain grain. well Suicide of the king 1. — Florence Museum. ktans Eu {eis Being: on R KVZIKHNDQN NEOK

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Plate III. 19 YPTAKINIQN. Same type r.; behind it arrowhead. R bee. Drachma of Hyrtakina. — Museum Hunter. CN. PLANCIVS AED. CVR.$.C. Head of Diana Planciana with Petasos r., BR Cretan goat (Paseng) r.; behind it bow and quiver. Denarius of the Plancia family. — Imhoof Collection. Phoenician galley with mast and sails 1. over waves. B The Persian king as an archer r. standing and leaning, head in front of him one paseng r. (deep embossed); behind him bearded head 1. (also deepened). Hemistater (silver) from Sidon. — Imhoof Collection. See Keller, Animals of Classical Age. 47. See also the double staters of Sidon with the lying wild goat or its head, embossed, e.g. B. Head, Coinage of Lydia and Persia 1877, pl. II 1-6, and a small one Silver coin from Byblos near Imhoof, Monn. Greeks 9. 440, 9. Persian archer r. & name of Ariarathes? in Aramaic script. Paseng r. standing. Bronze coin of Ariarathes I? from Cappadocia. — Imhoof Collection. Other types of goats: Except for the standing ones and the ones rising from the ground, usually backwards gazing goat protomes and heads are extremely common types; further: standing, with belt around the body: Thessaloniki. lying: Thermai in Sicily, Aigeai in Cilicia. two, lying next to each other: Bottiaiis, Edessa and Philippos V of Make- donien. lying on a pedestal: Pylos. eating the shoots from a tree (Paseng): Elyros (Plate X No. 38), Antandros (Plate IX No. 17). thrown down by a vulture (wild goat?): Byblos (Plate V No. 14) as a sacrificial animal: Roman Br. of Domitianus. next to the Amyclaean Apollo (wild goat?): Lacedaimon. next to Zeus, Amaltheia: Crete (Paseng), Aigeai, Laodikeia, Synnada, Sidon et al. suckling a child of the gods: Aigion, Epidaurus (Plate IX No. 2). with Aphrodite Pandemos: EHlıs. with Atys or Genius as rider: Fam. Cornelia, Fonteia. Grabbed by the horns by Pan: Akrasos. Team of goats from the Juno Caprotina: Fam. Renia. next to panther, as Dionysus team, see panther. Goatskin as headgear of Juno: Rome, Nicomedeia. Capricorn in the Zodiacus s. Leo. Aries right, looking around and rising from the ground. BR Front part of a bridled and belted horse r. in a different deep square. Indefinite Macedonian hemidrachm. — Imhoof Collection. 3*

20 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. no EN a 5 95 BE a E e Plate II. Zeus head to the right. R FTONNE—QN. Ram standing to the right. Bronze coin from Gonnos in Thessaly. - Munich. Ram's head right; including a rooster with a long tail feather 1. R Lion's head 1st, recessed embossed. Electricity from Asia Minor. — Imhoof Collection. AAAG®IKON. Two ram heads; above it two dolphins facing each other. : R Recessed square divided into four parts with a dolphin in each section. ie Tetradrachmon from Delphoi. - Berlin. Ev. Fa(v). de. above in Cypriot script. Aries lying to the left. Bar BR Bo. oı Xo. in Cypriot script. Ram's head to the left; behind I. Silver stater of Euanthes, king of Salamis. - Vienna. K. Ram head with neck, r. R KPA. wWidderfufs r. Obolos the Craner on Cephallenia. = en Imhoof. Other Aries Types: lying and turning his head back: Kyzikos, Klazomenai. oo Samothrace, Kranioi, Pheneus, Kyzikos, Klazomenai and Br. of Dan and next to Zeus: Cyrene. next to Apollo: Alabanda. In addition to Hermes: Mamertinoi, Corinth, Patrai, Pergamon and others. Worn by Hermes: Tanagra, Aigina. with Hermes as rider: Kallatis, Philippopolis. ® with Phrixos: Halos in Thessaly, Lampsakos (gold and bronze). under the lioness of Torino Corinth. in the Zodiacus see Leo. v6 Lamb torn by an eagle: Akragas, Elis (Plate IV No. 36; u Ram's head gnawed by a lion: Velia (Plate I No. 9). Ram's head in front of a crow: Laos (Plate V No. 25). OPPH3KIOW. Naked bearded man with hat and two sean r two bulls. vn R Four-part recessed square. Ms — S Octadrachm of the Orreskioi in Macedonia. — Brit. Museum. The bulls are undoubtedly Auer cattle; the man is through his a Spears marked as hunters. About the occurrence of the Wiesent Macedonia s. Keller, animals of the classic age. af 'E VM in section. Bull standing to the left, turn back Be Same type r., deepened. Tetrobolone from A — Collection en | Similar on coins from Siris ' Thurioi, Aineia, Gortyna etc. HE 5.66 Rs

30. 31. 32. 39. 34. 35. 36. 31. Plate II. 21 Head of Athena r.; Oil wreath on the helmet. Top right Y. BR OOYPIQR

22 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 45. 45. 46. AT. 48. . DIVI IVLI F. Head of Octavianus r. Bee. Plate IH. Cow r., her raised r. Licking hindfuls; below &. RK Plate VII No. 20. Didrachmon of Eretria on Euboia. — Weber Collection in Hamburg Compare Plate V No. 27. Also on coins from Dikaia in Chalcidice. Bearded head of Heracles right, covered with lion skin. BR KAPY. Linkshin herd cow; including club. Half gold stater from Karystos on Euboia. — Tinhiöakl Collection Similar on coins of Eretria. Euboia had of its blooming Ri Livestock breeding gives the name, hence the A in particular as a heraldic animal was popular. Leaping Griffin]. BR MA3NN. bull head]. Recessed square. Hemidrachm from Abdera. — Imhoof Collection. Female head right. REY. Bull's head with tänien r. Drachma of Euboia (Eretria). — Brit. Museum. E4 Bull's head from the front; one horn curved downwards. BRAA. BR, Bronze coin from Lappa on Crete. — Imhoof Collection. With the same horn design appears the bull in front of Eur Didrachms from Phaistos. 7 OILIL. Bull or cow head with neck right. Rop up r. (Plate XI No. 32). KR @. VOCONIVS VITVLVS. Calf standing to the left. Aureus of the Voconia family. — Imhoof Collection. Lion head from the front. B MESSENION. Calf's head 1. Tetradrachmon of Messana. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on coins by region. Armed rider galloping right; monogram underneath. ” BR MAFN. KAEAAPXOZ. Btofsander Zebu nn behind it ear of corn. surrounded by a meandering circle. Demistater of Magnesia in Ionia. — Tui Collection Cellar, animals of the classic age. 69. Armed rider walking r. R MAFN. AKPIEIO=Z. To the right lehandee Zebu. Be of Magnesia. — Imhoof Collection. Plate IV No. BR “Maharag’asa ee tradatasa’ in Indian script, standing zebu.

Plate IH. 23 Other types of cattle: Like the standing and the stalking bull, bull heads and Protomen to the common depictions on coins: standing, see also the Roman copper bars, e.g. B. Garrucei, plate XX. jumping: Selinus, Larisa. trotting: Thurioi. lying: Gortyna et al.; Lying Zebu: Antiocheia in Caria etc. rising from the ground: ÖOrreskioi and other Thraco-Macedonian Peoples, Lycia. floating: Babba in Mauritania. scratching his head with his hindfuls: Gortyna. fending off a biting fly: Gortyna (Plate VII No. 31). before Asclepius: Parion. lying, with Artemis standing on his back: Crete. jumping, with riding Artemis: Hadrianopolis in Thrace, Amphipolis, Macedonia prote. with Europe: Byzantium, Knosos, Gortyna, Phaistos, Cyzicus, Sidon; Denarius the Valeria family? and Volteia. Bull team at the plow: various. Colonies, Alexandria in Egypt; in Kremna, Mallos et al. Zebu team. Team of bulls on a chariot with a driver: thrako-makedon. peoples. Bull team with Artemis or Bendis, here mostly zebug teams: Nikaia, Teion, Olba, Tarsos, Mastaura, etc. two standing or lying down Bulls to both pages of a deity: Skepticism, Tarsus, Thyateira, Antiochus XII, Rosos, Hieropolis, Dion, Neapolis in Samaria. as a sacrificial animal: Syracuse, Pergamon, Nysa, Eumeneia, etc.; Roman bronzes of Caligula, Domitian, Med. v. Antoninus Pius etc.; see Table IV No. 23. as a sacrificial animal, hung on a tree, in front of the Athena Iliad: Ilion. on a pedestal: Selinus. fought by Heracles: Selinus, Solus, Deultum, Hadrianopolis, Perinthos, Sauromates, Sagalassos, Sardeis (Zebu), Amorion, etc. thrown down by a lion: Akanthos (Plate I Nos. 14 and 15). piercing the she-wolf with her horns: alliance war. the Farnesian bull: Thyateira, Akrasos, Contorniates. Taurus in the Zodiacus s. Leo in the Zodiacus. Bull's foot as a shield symbol: Larisa in Thessaly. Cow's Hoof: Eretria. Calf: Kyzikos. Calf's head: Mytilene, Pergamum. two calf heads facing each other: Lesbos, Pergamon.

ET aSER Te 24 _Negro head to the right. Plate IV. Plate IV. Bearded head of Heracles with oe left; above the T: Solulee club. with coat and driving spine. Hispano-Carthaginian silver coin. —Paris. Beardless male head with laurel wreath 1. R African elephant walking to the right; in Abackakr N. Hispano-Carthaginian silver coin. — Imhoof Collection. PR African elephant right, with a bell on its neck; between the crescent moon. { d: Etruscan copper coin. — Imhoof Collection. N head with petasos r pulled by four lenben elephants with their handlers a R Tı. CAESAR DIVI AV&G. F. AVGVST. P.M.TR. POT. XXI Plate 1 No. 1a. RK BAZINENZ ZENEYKOY. Indian elephant right; in the field s Anchor. BAZINEQZ AMOANOAOTOY ZNTHPoZ. Indian elephant with r.; including KP in ligature. BR Plate II No. 48. Other Types of African and Indian Elephants: walking or standing, African: Aes grave ee a (ala an, Titus, Philippus) etc.; Indian without Kornak: Seleucids, Kar Bacteo nel a in Syria, Nicaea, Tarsus, etc. with torch in his trunk: Antiochus VI. Protome: Bactro-Indian kings. Head: Seleucids, Bactro-Indian kings, Gortyna, Knosos röı Republic. Elephant skin as headgear for Alezander, Africa, Libya etc Ks Roman Republic. ren Ti

10. 1. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Plate IV, 25 African Rhinoceros |. R IMP. DOMIT. AVG. GERMAN. In the field $. C Bronze coin of Domitian. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on Alexandrian coins of the same emperor. Head of Aitolos with Petasos r. KR AITQAQN. Boar r.; below ® and in the section lance tip and AP in monogram. Drachma of the Aitolians. — Imhoof Collection. MA®VMWVALI... Boar r., rubbing the trunk with the right forefoot. BR MAB®VMWVAI-—-OZ,. Head of Athena r. Pearl square and recessed square. Didrachmon of Methymna on Lesbos. - Vienna. Similar on Lycian silver staters. ®—O. Bull head from the front. Pc front part of a boar r. in a recessed square. Obolos the Phocians. — Imhoof Collection. Front part of a boar r. RK Recessed Square. Lycian silver stater. — Imhoof Collection. Rider galloping to the right, swinging a spear in his raised right hand. R EZTFEAIYZ. Boar standing to the left; including ivy leaf. In four- square stamp a cow. Hemistater of Aspendos in Pamphylia. - Vienna. Apollo's head to the right. RK AITQ—AQNN. Lance tip and lower jaw of a boar. In the field Grape and ZH. Aitol bronze coin. — ae Imhoof. The same type on coins of Monunius, Apollonia, Thronion, Amphissa, the Oitaian, by Panormus, Antiochus I, etc. GETA Ill VIR. Head of Artemis r. R C. HOSIDI. C.F. Boar r., shot through with arrows and one Dogs attacked. Denarius of the Hosidia family. — Imhoof Collection. Eagle flying to the left. R AYTTI-ON. Boar head l. in a beaded square and recessed square. Didrachmon of Lyttos on Crete. — Bibl. in Gotha. Boar striding to the right. RK smooth. Etruscan en — Vatican. Triptolemos 1. sitting on the dragon chariot with ears of grain in the right. hand holding. B

26 19. 20. ANTONINVS AVG. PIVS. P.P.TR. P.C.O.S. Illustrated head of Antoninus Piu Female domestic pig 1. standing on a tuna. B Four-fold recessed square. R IMPERATOR I.S.C. A female sitting under a tree Other types Plate IV. Electron stater from Kyzikos. - Munich. with laurel wreath, r. Pig suckling four young; in front of him two other boys. Bronze coin of Antoninus Pius. — Imhoof Collection. a) of the boar: A: standing, jumping, protomes and heads, common. m: Protome surrounded by a biting fly: Patraos (Plate VII Mr b Doppelboar: Lycia. y two each other facing Heads: Kyme in Campania, Perg: n Lesbos. thrown down by a lion see Plate I Nos. 16 and 17. shot: Ephesus. fought by Androclus: Ephesus. fought by Ankaios: Samos. fought by Artemis: Tegea. fought by Meleager?: Parion. fought by Roman emperors: Hadrian and 8th w. next to Apollon: Mallos. killed and carried by Heracles: Kallatis, Hadrianopolis in Thrace, Sebastopolis in Pontus, Ni Heraclea in Bit Germe, Alexandreia in Egypt, Emperor Maximianus u.8. w.E- horned: RR sitting, as a personification of the river Kapros: Laodikeia in. Boar skin worn by Androclus: Ephesus. ar Ship prora in the form of an egg protome: Samos, Phaselis. ß) of the pig ; two pigs: Athens. before Ceres mn; Bam. Titia, Vibia. Veturia. as a Family Antestia, grecques 8. 46). | with Heracles as rider: Zakynthos? (Müller, cat. Thorwald No. 99). a y) the sow: standing: Aes grave (bars), Vespasianus etc. with one or more boys: Tuder, Abakainon in Sicili

21. 22. Plate IV, A; NEPR. KAAY. KAIC. CEB. TEPM. Head of Nero with laurel wreath, r. R.L. ENA. hippopotamus r.; in the star section. Potin coin (mixture of silver, copper, tin and lead) from Alexandreia. — Brit. Museum. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 202 ff. The hippopotamus appears on other Egyptian coins from the imperial period still on Roman coins with the images of the Emperor Philip, his wife and their son. The river god Neilos riding the Hippopotamus: Alexandreia. Children on a hippopotamus: Roman coins (Hadrian). ®, seal. PC Two small recessed squares. Electron stater from Phokaia. - Munich. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 196 ff. 23 and 24. Seal r. 25. 26. 27. R Four-part recessed square. Silver coins from Phokaia. — Imhoof Collection and Museum in Modena. The seal as a symbol: Phokaia and Teos. Dolphin. Hera head with Stephanos r. BR APTEION. Bull skull with tänien between two dolphins. (Similar Plate I No. 27.) Didrachm of Argos. —Paris. THANK YOU. Dolphin 1., surrounded by a sickle: and a circle of pearls. BR scallop in the center of a multi-divided square. Drachma of Zankle in Sicily. - Vienna. Naked rider galloping right. BR TA and T. Taras r. riding the dolphin; waves around it. Strange representation of the sea waves. Nomos of Taras. — Brit. Museum. See Plate VI No. 49 and VIII No. 15,29. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 218 f. The dolphin as a type and symbol in the singular and plural, as well as as an attribute of Poseidon and Aphrodite extremely common; see Plate I No. 7; EI Ne 10 > IE NT.9,.0,,245 VNrI12, 26. VII No. 11; VIII No. 32, 44; XI No. 35. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 218-225. with Eros as rider: Kartaia, Taras, Paestum, Perinthos, Deultum, Ambrakia, Nikaia, Nikomedeia, Lampsacus, Berytus, Family Cordia, Lucretia etc. Cellar, animals of the classic age. £222. with Aphrodite: Apamea in Bithynia. Keller a. a. O. 222-225. with Taras: Taras, Brundisium, Bytontines, Kyzikos. Keller a. a. O. 218 f. with Melikertes: Corinth (Plate IX No. 21). Keller a. a. OO. 218-230. with Arion: Methymna. Keller a. a. O. 227 ff. with Hermias: Iasos. Keller a. a. O. 417. attacked by a dog: Phokaia (Plate I No. 44). as a helmet ornament: Velıa. 4*

15) en) 0. 31. 38. 34. 36. 37. Plate IV. Birds. AKRAC 3SOTMA BR edible crab and flower underneath in a round depression (Plate VIII No. 2). Tetradrachmon of Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. Eagle |. standing. Two eagles l. tearing a hare; in the field r. Grasshopper. BR AKPAFAZ. Quadriga galloping 1st, led by a young man; about it l. soaring eagle; a crab below. Magnificent piece. Decadrachm of Akragas. - Munich. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 247. ZTPArtwv. AKPATAVWTI— WOW. Eagle 1. flying towards a snake. RK Plate VII No. 2. Didrachm of Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. Keller a. a. OO. 247. AKPAFA— NTIVON. Adler l. on a fish (Mugil). BR crab, an eel(?) in the r. holding scissors; including polyp and trombone peten mussel; in the field six ounce signs. Bronze coin from Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. Since the eagle is standing on a fish, mugil, and the back is also sea- animals, the sea eagle, Haliaetos albicilla, is undoubtedly meant. . Eagle |. standing on a noble deer head and turning his head back. u Tatel X NT. 23T Nomos of Croton. — Imhoof Collection. Eagle |. standing on a laurel branch and flapping its wings. R KPOTQNIATAN. Dereifuls; in the field r. b. Nomos of Croton. — Imhoof Collection. Eagle head to the right. Pc Winged lightning between F—A in a wreath of leaves. Hemidrachm from Eliıs. — Brit. Museum. ° . Eagle's head to the left; below AA or AAN on one sheet. RX like the previous one. Didrachmon of Elis. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on the Obolos board X No. 32, No. 34 and 35 are heads of the Golden eagle, Aquila fulva, or imperial eagle, Aquila imperialis. On a round shield eagle 1. tearing a sheep apart. I Winged lightning between F—A. Didrachmon of Elis. — Brit. Museum. eagle]. tearing a sheep apart. BR Winged lightning between A—. Didrachmon of Elis. — Naples Museum.

39. 40. Plate V 29 Eagle, with raised wings 1. in front of a small one lying on its back dead bird, probably a songbird, standing. BR AAEIOW. Nike r. sitting on a pedestal with his head on the |. Hand supported, holding laurel branches in the right. Recessed square. Didrachmon of Elis. — de Luynes Collection. FA. Hera head r. with the inscription FAAEIQRN on the Stephane. R In a wreath eagle 1. flapping its wings and its head back- turning. He appears to be standing on a mountain peak. Didrachmon of Elis, — Imhoof Collection. FA. Head of Hera to the right, with Stephen and a wreath of leaves. R Eagle standing in a wreath to the right, with its head turned back. Didrachmon of Elis. — Brit. Museum. Plate V Eagle flying to the right. BR MOITTVA. Boar head r. Beaded square and recessed square. Drachma from Lyttos on Crete. - Munich. . Athena's head to the left. R&ITANIQN. Eagle standing to the right with its head turned back. Recessed square. Didrachmon of Itanos on Crete. — Imhoof Collection. Europe(?) on the plane tree r. sitting, the rights on the with spread out Eagle laying wings on her schoolse. PR Bull standing to the right, turning his head back. Didrachm of Gortyna. — Imhoof Collection. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 250. Female head to the right. BR XANAKI. MENEAH. Eagle r., the wings raised towards one Serpent beating. Silver coin from Chalcis on Euboia. — Imhoof Collection. Female head to the right. BR AAX. Eagle flying to the right, holding a snake in its claws; underneath a wreath. Drachma from Chalcis on Euboia. — Imhoof Collection. Eagle standing to the left. BR A—B. Gorgonion. Recessed square. Silver coin from Abydos in Troas. — Imhoof Collection. Front part of a jumping horse right; above it a single-handled frame. KR KY. Eagle standing to the right, turning its head back. Hemidrachm from Kyme in Aiolis. — Imhoof Collection.

30 > 3 10. 11. 12. 13. Plate V, Head of Ptolemy Soter with diadem and aegis r. R BAZIAENZ TTTOAEMAIOY. Eagle 1. standing on a lightning bolt; before him monogram and shield. Ow Gold pentadrachmon from Egypt. — Imhoof Collection. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 240. Plate X No. 11. Room BR Vulture Head r., a snake in the beak; right floral ornament at the top. Re Beaded square and recessed square. Tetradrachmon of Cyrene. — Brit. Museum. Because the neck and head appear to be featherless, it is more likely to be a vulture than a vulture Be an eagle head. Protome of a winged boar 1. BR» R IAAVZION. Eagle head of Aquila imperialis 1st; floral decoration above. Same squares. DR Tetradrachmon from Ialysos on Rodos. — Imhoof Collection. Head of a sea eagle 1st; including dolphin 1. BR Two recessed squares with « in one and -B in the other. Drachma (aigin.) from Sinope. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Sinope, with Sphendone |]. R TIN. PATET. Sea eagle 1. grabbing a dolphin. Hemistater of Sinope. — Imhoof Collection. Plate II No. 33. The eagle's head has natural fullness. Other eagle types: and fewer divergent representations. Also the symbols, aan en the bird stands, are very diverse (see e.g. Imhoof, Mo grecques, Heridır p. 482). N appears as an attribute of Zeus the eagle on the u BR whose fillet is in front of or behind the god, or also RR carrying back, Further on the peak Pe F gables, etc. ascending to heaven with deified people: Roman imperial coins, bar two eagles on the. Omphalos facing each other: Cyzicus. Egg in a temple: Philadelphia in Ketis (Cilicia). standing from the front, with outstretched wings: Hipponion, Akragas, Thessaloniki, Sinope, etc. : with a PIERRE \ flying: Akragas, Gela.

14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Plate V, 4 flying over a lion: Cyprus (Plate I No. 13). flying over a hare: Messana (Plate II No. 11). above the goat suckling the child Zeus: Aigion in Achaea. in the abundance of Amaltheia (?): Crete. above the child Zeus sitting or sleeping on the ground: Sardeis, Tralleis. between the noisy Corybants: Laodicea in Phrygia. in the lap of Europe(?) or next to her: Gortyna. capturing Ganymedes: Chalcis on Euboia, Dardanus, Tlion. next to Ganymedes: Hadrianopolis in Thrace, Ilion. galley, into a horse's head ending, 1, with three hoplites manned. Including hippocamp |. R Vulture 1. on a lying, perhaps wild goat, which is deepened is shaped. Drachma from Byblos in Phoenicia. — In trade. It appears on monuments that come from Greece or Italy Vultures are hardly to be found. Here it is made in an exquisitely natural way: Such pictures are extremely rare. AYT.KAI. TPAI. AAPIA. CEB. Head of Hadrianus r. with laurel wreath. R L. IA. Sparrowhawk |. Bronze coin from Alexandria. — Löbbecke Collection. The type of sparrowhawk is Egyptian. In this country he was the sun consecrated to God and therefore inviolable. Head of Tharragoras, with Corinthian helmet, r.; rear ZA. R META. ear of wheat; on their sheet owl r. with grasshopper in front of it. In Fields AOA. Nomos of Metapontion. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Athena with smooth helmet, r. RK little owl, Surnia noctua, between olive branch and AOR in a mixed deep square. Tetradrachmon of Athens. — Imhoof Collection. Authentic representation of the yAav& ’Arttır. She is the animal of Athena her most ancient attribute as moon and night goddess. Similar to the previous one; Athena's helmet decorated with oil leaves. Tetradrachmon of Athens. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Athena r. BE OAYMPI= and AK as a monogram. Owl (Little Owl) r. on an olive branch. Drachma of Taras. — Imhoof Collection.- Head of Athena r. R TAPANTINES. ZQ. Owl (Little Owl) with spread wings, r. on a snake. Drachma of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. The owl that overcomes a snake is considered a sign of good luck. sign.

32 21. 22. 23. 24. 26. AFe ea he rn r u « no (4 ie Plate V, Head of Artemis(?) with laurel wreath and earrings. Bi KR eagle owl (Strix bubo); to the right, separated by a line, Etrurian i inscription. #3 Drachma of an Etruscan city. — Schottenstift in Vienna. Plate XI No. 35. R eared owl, Strix otus, with a flail(?) across the wings. Silver coin from Tire(?). — Copenhagen. Other owl types: see Plate VI No. 35. from the front, with outstretched wings: Etruria, Velia, Athens, Amisosn.s ER w. flying: Velia, Maroneia, Kleitor. grabbing a lizard: Kameııa (Plate VI No. 32). sitting on the olive tree: Athens (Plate IX No. 43) etc. on En Ships of Themistocles: Athens. Lightning, sea anchor, club, column capital, bull skull, lance a Palm branch, ear of wheat, grain monogram, etc. two greeting BbeRanne owls: u and 8. w. Miletopolis, Sigeion, Antiocheia in TER four owls: Athens (Tessera). Owl with Athena's head: Athens. jr Likewise, with a shield and two spears (me flutes): Fam. Valeria. Seilenos r. standing next to a donkey and grabbing its ears R MENAAION. Raven r. Recessed square. Tetrobolone from Mende. — Imhoof Collection. MINAAON. Kröhe r. on the back of a r. standing donkey. Point under the beak is due to damage in the stamp BR Four recessed triangles arranged like windmill blades. Tetradrachmon of Mende. —Paris. See Table II No.; 27 and 29. Female head right, behind

ze 28. 29. a. 31. 32. Plate V, 35 Other types of crows and ravens: on a laurel branch: Delphii. two crows crossing in front of each other: Laos. Raven on tripod (suffix): Aitoler. Raven on altar: Crete, Delphii. Ravens on the wheels of a chariot: Krannon in Thessaly. — On Pagasetic Gulf in Thessaly they were considered sacred, schol. Aristoph. Clouds 133. with flower in its beak: romano-kamp. Coins. as an attribute of Apollo: Alexandreia-Troas, Patara, Side, etc. as an attribute of the Juno Sospita: Fam. Cosconia. as an accompaniment: Dyrrachion, Rodos, etc. Cow standing to the right, the right stretched out. Licking hindfuls; under this BR. A swallow on the cow's back? r. % Plate VIII No. 21. Tetradrachmon from Eretria on Euboia. — Brit. Museum. ATTEI—-PQNTAN. Eagle r. standing on a rock. R oak tree with acorns visible on its branches; a pigeon sits on the summit, and at the fulse of the trunk two others face each other. Bronze coin of the Epeirots. — St. Florian Abbey. S. Jos. Arneth, About the Dodona Pigeon Oracle, Vienna 1840. The pigeons nested in the sacred Zeus oak and thereby became themselves sacred to Zeus. = —I. Pigeon flying to the left. R a pigeon flying to the left and E behind it in a wreath. Drachma of Sikyon. — Imhoof Collection. Chimaira 1. walking; including ZE. R In an oil wreath a ]. flying dove, with olive in its beak. Didrachm of Sikyon. — Imhoof Collection. | Head of Aphrodite with Stephanos to the left. BR MAP®I. pigeon to the right; above that Astragalus. Silver stater from Paphos. — Brit. Museum. Our pet pigeon came into this through the cult of Aphrodite via Cyprus Occident. In Greece, Sikyon and in Sielien Eryx were a major Place of pigeon breeding in connection with the cult of Aphrodite. Naked youthful figure right. standing, with both raised above their heads hands swinging a tanie hanging over the back; one in front of him pigeon flying away. Rk ZI in the middle of a wreath. Bronze coin from Sikyon (Num. Ztschr. 1884 pp. 244 and 245). — Collection Imhoof. On Sicyonian gold, silver and bronze there are also flying ones every now and then Pigeons depicted with a drooping tänie in their beak. Imhoofu. Cellar, animal and plant pictures. 5

he HE s; 34 Plate V ID. Eating pigeon r. R tripod in a laurel wreath. ' | R. Bronze coin from Sikyon. —re Imhoof. 7 j 34. Pigeon r. with his head turned back. { KR Pigeon flying to the right; r. in fields E and H. Recessed square. Be Hemiobolion of Sikyon. — Collection re, E Berer, cleaning. RK EH. Pigeon flying to the left. Hemiobolion of Sikyon. — Imhoof Collection. 36. Pigeon l., smoothing the neck feathers with its beak. DEER. Pigeon flying to the left. Recessed square. Hemiobolion of Sikyon. — Imhoof Collection. 37. Bust of Persephone r.; behind it ear of corn. Copper hexas from Kenshrigat in Sieilien. — helpful Tine SE Other types of pigeons: | MON on flying, with a wreath in the Kleven; Kutken he two pigeons facing each other: Skione in Makodonin Pigeon Head: Sikyon. | fluttering, under an armchair: Taras, Term’ on a fountain basin, flapping its wings: Kaulonia. on a bull skull: Kyzikos. ee on the temple at Paphos: Cyprus. in front of the head of Aphrodite: Neapolis in Macedonia. next to Aphrodite Stratonikis: new next to Astarte: Askalon. on the hand of Aphrodite: Laodicea in Phrygia. } on the hand of Terina Nike: Terna. he before Phthia: Aigion in Achaia. | HE RRE over the Ark of Ngun. aan? in Phrygia. 38. Rooster's head to the right. ee R Quadruple divided SaNe« a Drachma of Dardanos(?). —Paris. N 38. ee reohtehin.: i ga + a a .R Hahnenkopf ], deepened ech Sat yards T Electron hectares from Asia Minor 'from the end of the. 5th century. = h Imhoof Collection. > TH ® E re Be u 40 and 41. Hahn |. standing; above LV. RR RK VV over a r. ee Hen in deepened DR j Drachma of Himera.. — Museum Klagenfurt. 3 42. HIMERA. Rooster |. standing. let R Crab in a concave field. N ae 'Didrachmon of Himera. - Munich. E.M j (

43. 44. 46. AT. Plate V - 35 Rooster standing to the right, with floral decorations above. R Four-part recessed square. Electron stater from Dardanos. —— Waddington Collection. Helmeted head of Alexander right. %k ZQPYTOY. Rooster r.; above it caduceus. Drachma of King Sophytes in India. — Brit. Museum. Cow r. suckling her calf. R KAPYZTIQN. Rooster r. Didrachmon from Karystos on Euboia. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Athena r.; behind it A and Hahn r. in fighting position. IR Pegasus flying to the right; including A. Silver stater from Leukas. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on silver staters from Corinth and bronze coins from Dardanos. The oldest types of roosters on coins include numbers 40 and 41 (first Quarter of the 5th century v. BC) and Nos. 42 and 43 (before the middle of the 5th century B.C. BC): these are authentic pictures of the rooster at his time Introduction to the West. J. P. Six rightly recognizes a big one: Agreement between these oldest chickens on the Mediterranean and the Gallus sonnerati in northern India. Namely the two chickens number 40 and No. 42 from Himera in Sielien and from Dardanos in the Dardanelles No. 43 is reminiscent of the Sonneratian in its peculiar tail formation chicken, and the name Alektryon, if he —= amber bird caught is best suited to this breed because of its very peculiar characteristics shiny yellow horn-like structures on the feathers of the neck, which look like Remove amber jewelry. Other types of roosters: see Plate HI No. 23. standing and crowing, often as a type and symbol. standing, with head turned back: Dardanos. feeding on an ear of grain lying on the ground: Dardanos. Rooster protomes: Kyzikos. two roosters facing each other: Dardanos. Cockfight: Roman copper bars. with palm branch over the wings: Ephesus. next to an altar: Selinus. Eros on cock: indefinite bro. as an attribute of the menu: often. on Aphlaston, on the robe of Apollo Amyklaios: Lacedaimon. 5 Triquetra, with rooster heads at the tips: Lykia. The attribute of the moon god Men or Lunus is the rooster because he too time determination can be used. The hen as a type is only known from Himera, and as a symbol from Abdera. Apollo's head to the right. R Francolin chicken (ätrayıiv) or quail r. in a line square. Electron hectares from Asia Minor. — Sıx Collection. In Asia Minor, especially in Ionia, francolin was common and highly valued. 5*

a Mars Plate V Francolin or quail on a small anepigraphic silver coin, with Lion protomes 1. on the main page. Imhoof Collection. CAMIQN. Peacock r. walking on a caduceus, a seepter across" i the neck. R ANKAIOC. Ankaios 1. standing. Bronze coin from Samos. — Imhoof Collection. The Temple of Hera at Samos was the first place in the Mediterranean region, where the peacock was kept. You could see in the eyes of his tail a symbol of the starry sky. This coin comes from the > = of Augustus. a R CONCORDIA AVGVST. Dan r. Aureus of Empress Domitia. — Imhoof Collection. # DIVA PAVLINA. Bust of Paulina r. R CONSECRATIO. Peacock from the front. Denarius of Empress Paulina. — Imhoof Collection. Other Peacock Types: | two peacocks facing each other: Samos. b Peacock and eagle or raven placed antipodally with Punic inscription i Leptis magna. as an attribute of Hera: next to the goddess: Pantalia in Thrace, Samos, een: etc on the lap of Hera: Bizya. ! between Hera and Hebe: Argos. a on one of peacocks BAROBeMEN MREERE Kos. under a throne: Faustina m. Appears as a small symbol the peacock above the: prora and under the Sami bull on small silver coins de hundred B.C. BC Head of the youthful Dionysus r. REN. PPONTLNOC BYZANTIQN. Leftward striding ER sprinets after its r. Wing Ale R Bronze coin from Byzantium. — Imhoof Collection. Similar, without dog: Anchialos in Thrace. On Roman coins of Trajan, the Strauf is said to be next to the Be to be a camel.

Plate VI. 37 Plate VI. Head of Hadrian with laurel wreath, r. R.L. AE. Ibis r. striding. Bronze coin from Alexandria. — Löbbecke Collection. Ibis fighting a winged serpent on coins Jubas II and the Cleopatra of Mauritania. AYT. K.T.AIN. AAP. ANTWNINOC CEB. EYC. Head of Antoninus Pius with laurel wreath to the right. R L. TET

38 Plate VI. 9. Athena head r. between A and heron. : BR Pegasos flying to the right. | Silver stater from Ambrakia. — Imhoof Collection. Similarly on silver and bronze from Corinth; as a symbol also on one ancient tetradrachm of katana. E 10. Dreifuls between PO and 1st standing flamingo. R Deepened embossed three-full between PPO —MOT. Nomos of Croton. — Imhoof Collection. Kr What speaks for the flamingo is its extraordinarily long neck and the whole x extremely slim figure. But since the peculiar obtuse angle of the Although the flamingo's beak cannot be seen, the assumption remains that it is here the common flamingo, which was certainly rare in Italy even in ancient times, be, a bit worrying. A very safe depiction of the flamingo a We are not aware of any coins or gems from classical antiquity on the other hand, can be found on a Roman-Egyptian altar relief in the British Museum, Greco-Roman Basement Room no. 78, two absolutely clear ones Flamingos. In addition, there are indistinct flamingos on a Cyrenean Vase from the British Museum and on a palm landscape painting I Pompei. UEER Similar water wading birds can also be found elsewhere: as type: Cyzicus. as accompaniments: Neapolis, Metapontion, Teos. under a quadriga: Syracuse. under a Biga (bird “buteo’): Fam. Fabia. under the bull with MenzcBERESEnN Campaner. at her feet: M. Antonius, Hadrian, etc.; on her cornucopia: M. Antonius; | behind the head of Procris: Paleis. 11. In a Due Beh asE head of a from the front between Didrachmon of Kamarina. — Imhoof Collection. 12. AAAMAIE head with Sphendone on the left. no from en _ Museute Syracuse. e% 13. Head of Apollo wreathed in laurel from the front. 7 R.... HZTOZ. KAA. swan 1. the wings le Tea from Klazomenaj. — Imhof Collection. mh 14. Head of Apollo from the front, with Stephanos and laurel wreath. PM % KNATOMS. Swan standing to the left, the opened ones "lie preening with its beak. Tetradrachmon of Klazomenai. — See you in Milan. 1 2 Re,

16. 17. 28: 14 20. 21. 22. 23. Plate VI. 39 Head of Apollo with laurel wreath and robe around the neck, from the front. R KAA. $ANHZ. Swan with raised wings, with the beak Preening downy feathers on the chest. Hemidrachm from Klazomenai. — Imhoof Collection. Other variants: Kyme, Klazomenai, Leuke in Ionia. The Phoenician Kronos(?), bearded and with four wings, 1. rushing, with both Hands holding a discus in front of him. BR MAPAO. swan r.; On his back stands an eagle raised up wings and pecks the back with its beak of the swan. The whole thing is a bit stiff and unnatural. Silver stater from Mallos in Cilicia. — Museum Hunter. Winged beardless deity r. rushing forward, holding a discus with both hands holding oneself; behind it rod. ' RMAP. Swan standing to the right; in front of him there is an altar, an ear of wheat and a cross with handles. Silver stater from Mallos. — Brit. Museum. Similar figure right. RK MAP. Swan]. between fish and handle cross. Silver stater from Mallos. — Imhoof Collection. Other varieties in the Annuaire de Num. 1883 pp. 89-127, plate V no. 13-22. Other types of swans: Swimming in a pond: Terina. with Apollo on his back: Kalchedon, Cyzicus. Pursuing Leda: Nikomedeia. behind Diomedes: Argos. Accompanying Scylla: Allıba. Bull with bearded human face, (river god) r.; above it a wild goose(?); below a mullet, Mugil |. BK KATAWAIOWV. Nike striding to the left, with a wreath in her right hand. Tetradrachmon of Katana. — Brit. Museum. Cellar, animals of the classic age. 292. The bird similar, as a type, on a small silver coin from Kaulonia, and as a symbol behind the head of the river god Noun of Paestum. Female head with bandage |. R&KVMAIOV. A duck, Trionyx? r. on a shell. Nomos of Kyme in Campania. —Paris. Goose 1., turning his head back. R Recessed square divided into four triangles by two diagonals. Macedonian silver coin (Eion?). — Imhoof Collection. See Keller, Animals of Classical Age. 298. Goose right, turning his head back; lizard above, R Four-part recessed square. Silver obolos, Macedonian. — Imhoof Collection. See No. 33. Two side by side r. striding geese; above it H and ivy leaf. KR Recessed square. Hemiobolion, Macedonian. — Imhoof Collection.

40 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 39. Plate VI. Amphibians and reptiles. Sea turtle. BR Deepened square, divided into five irregular parts. Didrachm of Aegina. — Imhoof Collection. Sea turtle. RB Recessed square, divided into eight triangles. Didrachm of Aegina. — Imhoof Collection. Pond turtle, Cistudo hellenica, between A—I. BR Recessed square, divided into five parts and inside a dolphin and NI. Didrachm of Aegina. — Imhoof Collection. Because the tortoise hides its short tail under the shell maintains, should it's more of a pond turtle than the common Greek one Introduce the tortoise, Testudo graeca. Boar to the right, head bowed to the ground. RK pond turtle in a line square. Recessed square. Lycian silver stater. — Imhoof Collection. A Athena head 1.;, above the helmet cauldron shock transmitter Taurus 1. Deepened square. R A Pegasus flying to the left; including a turtle with a snake. Silver stater from Ambrakia. — Imhoof Collection. Turtles: ‘on an electron stater. on Roman coins: Aes grave, Fam. Vibia. as a symbol: Teos. CAESAR DIVI F. COS. VI. Head of Augustus right; including Capricornus. BR AEGYPTO CAPTA. Crocodile r. Roman denarius. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on a bronze coin from the Canidia family and on Mauritanian ones King coins. Head of Hadrian with laurel wreath r. RAHTON. L.IA. Crocodile r. with erect tail. Bronze coin from Letopolis in Egypt. — Brit. Museum. IMP. DIVI F. Heads of Augustus with oak wreath r. and Agrippa with Laurel wreath and rostrum |. R COL. NEM. Crocodile r. chained to a palm tree with a laurel wreath hanging; including two palm leaves. Bronze coin from the Colonie Nemausus. — Brit. Museum. Head of Athena |. RK KAMA. Owl 1. with a lizard in the r. Claw; underneath... Bronze Triassic from Kamarina in Sicily. — Imhoof Collection. Goose r. on a base, turning his head back; lizard above. Under the tail of the goose ©. K Recessed square, divided four times. No silver coin (Eion?). — Imhoof Collection. VelsnE22}

34. 35. 36. I.T. 38. Plate VI. 41 AEY. Athena head 1st; behind it lizard. R A—E. Pegasus flying to the left. Silver stater from Leukas. — Imhoof Collection. Other types of lizards: as a symbol: Thasos, Dyrrachion, etc. AKEZIOZ. Horned head of Ammon from the front. BR WOIANIAR. Three silphium plants radiating from the center, between which chameleon, owl and jerboa (Dipus). Tetradrachmon from Barke. — Brit. Museum. In an ivy wreath a basket with a half-open lid, under which a snake squirms out. B sheet container between two snakes; in field 1. EPE, r. deer protome. Cistophore from Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. Similar: Kassope, Nysa etc. Harmless snakes were often part of the hocus-pocus of mysteries, especially to that of the Bacchic. Same type. | RK Likewise; in field 1. TTEPT" in monogram, above AH in monogram, r. ear of wheat. N Cystophore from Pergamum. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Asclepius with laurel wreath right. KR KQINN EYKAPTTOZ A. Coiled snake, head right. uplifting. Silver coin from Kos. — Imhoof Collection. Asclepius the Great h. Snake man and snake belong together. Other snake types: individually, Amantia, Buthrotum, Kassope, Athens, Epidaurus, Kos, Blaundos etc. w. two, holding a wreath: Magnesia in Ionia. as Agathodaimon: Moesian and Thracian cities, Thyateira, Alexandreia etc. (Plate XII No. 29). in a fight with an eagle: Croton, Herbessos, Messana, Akragas (Plate IV No. 30), Elis, Chalcis (Plate V No. 4, 5, 9), Cyrene, etc. with turtle: Ambrakia (Plate VI No. 28). in front of a goat: Pharos (Plate III No. 11). under a lion: Morgantina in Sicily. under a bull: romano-kampan. Coins. under an owl: Taras (Plate V No. 20). under one rider: Isinda. on the depictions of the kidnapping of Persephone under the foursome: Hyrcanis, etc. under the tripod: Croton. Ringed around the tripod: Lilybaion, Thessalonica, Ephesus, etc around the Omphalos: Tauromenion, Delphoi, Pergamon, etc. around an altar: Selinus (Plate VI No. 8) etc. Imhoof and Keller, animal and plant pictures. 6

42 39. Toad. B Unformal depression. Plate V!. around the Rod of Asclepius: common; De of a horse with snakes tail held: Nikaia. Si around the olive tree: Athens, Pergamum, etc. around the Hesperides tree: Temenothyrai. around other trees: Kierion etc. around torches (the Demeter): Pantalia, Serdike, ; feces etc. 8. w. about an egg(?): Tomis, Tyros. about amphoras: no on an altar: Assos, Pergamon. on a ship: ER Elaius, Athens, Mytilene. on a pillar head: Elis. on a pedestal: Asine 2 Teion. in Egypt. as an attribute of Asclepius and Hygieia: very common. fed with birds by Asclepius: Trikka. shot by Apollo: Croton (Plate XII No. 26). next to Apollo's head: Akragas. with Juno Sospita: Fam. Procilia etc. with Poseidon: Mantineia. with Athena: Athens, Isauria and others. with Dionysus(?): Kassandreia. with Persephone: Selinus, Priansus. with Demeter: What in Bithynia. with Kadmos: Samos, Berytos, Tire Eu Xu No. = with Olympias: Make with 'Opheltes: Argos, Corinth. with Opus: Opus. with Heracles in battle: Phaistos. | strangled by the child Heracles: Taras, Croton, on zul Prusa on Olympus, Ephesus, Iasos, Rodos. in front of the Nike team: Philippopolis in Plirake, preventing the felling of a tree with a cult image: Myra (panel closed No. as a shield decoration on the inside of the shield: 2 BR. as Holmaiarat: Alexander the Great. i, among others, with ray crown: N HE Uraeus: Alexandreia etc. 5 winged snakes: . | | Ak with Asclepius: Pautalia (Plate XII No. 32). 2, & as a team of Demeter or Triptolemus: very common (Tate No. 30 and 31); every now and then they are. Snakes unflighted fighting with an ibis: IJuba IL and Cleopatra of Mauretani 'Anepigraphic silver drachma agin. Systems —_ Paris

Plate VI. 43 40. Tree frog. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. B Recessed square divided into four triangles. Silver Obolos (Euboia or Athens?). — Imhoof Collection. Apollo head r. with quiver over his shoulder; behind it a ball (ounce characters). BR LOVCERI. Common frog. Bronze coin from Luceria in Apulia. — Imhoof Collection. Frog types: still occur on Aes graeve., as a symbol: Metapontion. Fish. - Bearded herm head with a narrow band right; behind it KOP(?) in monogram. R&C. PROCVLEI. L.F. Roche (Raja clavata). Bronze coin from Korkyra (?). — Imhoof Collection. Unbearded head of Pan with wreath of ivy 1. BR DAN. Lion head 1st; including sturgeon 1. Bronze coin from Pantikapaion. — Imhoof Collection. Same head, bearded, 1. BR MAN. Sturgeon head. Bronze coin from Pantikapaion. — Imhoof Collection. IMP. CAES. COMMO. ANTONY. P.F. AVG. Bust of Commodus with laurel wreath and robe r. BR C.1.C. A.—D.D. Fish, probably scomber, with open mouth r. Bronze coin from Apamea in Bithynia. - Berlin. E. von Martens writes the following about this: “The purpose of the fish is difficult. The unnaturally opened throat indicates a dead, dried or salted fish, täpıyoc.e. You can go to Gadus, Labrax and Scomber think. The all-round argument speaks for the first two mean figure; the double separated dorsal fin most for Labrax, the lupus of the ancient Romans, can also be taken with you if necessary the more closely related dorsal fins of Gadus and Scomber some, if one assumes that only the protruding points are drawn are. But the three fins on the underside speak against Labrax, for Gadus or Scomber, the foremost being the one in both genera ventral fin (ventralis) located under the throat or at the beginning of the chest, the two following the two anal fins of Gadus or the combined hanging one, but rising high at the front and then quickly lowering and only later rising again can be Scomber. For Mugil The fins would also fit, but not the body shape and that big head. Gadus is the asellus, övoc of the ancients. Scomber recommends This is due to the fact that he lived on the coast of the Black Sea in ancient times and the Propontis formed an important object of fishing and occurs on coins of Byzantium.' 67

44 Plate VI. 46. ​​Athena head right; behind it fish. R 9. Pegasus flying to the left. Silver Stater of Corinth. — Imhoof Collection. “Determination very uncertain. The clear division of the dorsal fin according to either a percoid, perhaps polyprion, cf. VII 3, or scor- paena; for the latter there is a hint of roughness on the body? E.v. Martens. = 47. Front part of a jumping deer right. BR fish, perhaps carp, Cyprinus carpio, r. between X (for ve and Acorn. Recessed square. Silver obolo from Psophis in Arcadia. — collection imo 48. Rooster to the left. BR 223 (Kafara in Punic script). Tuna |. Silver litra from Solus in Sicily. — Imhoof Collection. 49. TAPANTINQN. Taras helmeted, with aphlaston and shield, 1st on the dolphin riding; including fish 1 £ R& Plate I No. 26, Nomos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. he The fish is named after E. v. Martens probably a sparoid, maybe Chrysophrys aurata or Pagrus or Sargus. Eö Fe; r and Table VN. from the genus Mugil, Greek xectpevc. R FEAQION in section. Quadriga r.; wreath above. Tetradrachmon of Gela. — Munich. 3. Plate IV No.50. 3 2 Ba namely Telphusa fluviatilis, Kae Beh or en Didrachm of Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. 5 AKRATANTINON. eagle 1. tearing a hare; whose y Ka mussel. R Telphusa fiuviatilis between Kenne ad snail mussel $ under large fish, polyprion, |. rs ie: K Tetradrachmon of See — Tmhoof Collection. sea; it grows up to 6 feet long and weighs 1 oenton.' R.v. Mai 3 4. Between six dolphins, head of a nymph from the front, right. inclined. PR Small Fish about Telphusa fluviatilis; underneath in Punic script Didrachm of Motya. — Brit. Museum. Sn: The species of the fish cannot be identified. | gravel

10. 1 12. Plate VII. 45 Female head 1. BR KYMAIOW. Fish ]. over a shell. Nomos of Kyme in Campania. — Garrucci Collection. The genus of the fish cannot be identified, perhaps it is a bad one made mugil. Head of Poseidon r. Rx hammerhead shark. Bronze coin from Solus in Sieilien. — Imhoof Collection. Tuna with tania. RK Two recessed squares of different sizes. Electron stater from Kyzikos. — Brit. Museum. Other tuna: | Blackboard INT. 20, IV No. 19, XI No. 15, 23,. XII No. 1, 25, 30, XII No. 10, 28. Tiller guard, Pinnoteres antiquorum, with the scissors a Pinna nobilis, pen shell, holding; including tuna |. R Four-part recessed square. Electron stater from Kyzikos. — Imhoof Collection. The size ratio there is nothing natural between the three animals speaking, as long as the pinna and the tuna are made much too small. tuna ]; above fish head right; including fish tail. RK Recessed Square. Electronhectus of Cyzicus. — Imhoof Collection. Pinna nobilis with two three-petaled ornaments on the section; about it tuna fish r. BR Quadruple split recessed square. . Electron stater from Kyzikos. — In trade. Head of Athena 1st; above dolphin 1st; behind it the head of a seahorse, R 9. Pegasus flying to the left. Silver Stater of Corinth. — Imhoof Collection. Other fish types: a Vafol’ I Nr ds HTEIENT. 297 30.01 W ON VL INSIDE 2,915, 19, YUI No. 24, XII No. 3, 19: Pisces in the Zodiacus s. Leo. ‘Latos’: Latopolis in Egypt. Inseats and arachnids. Griffon sitting on the left; in front of him a dung beetle (Ateuchus sacer) with his ball. 13% en ®PITTAAO around a four-fold square; the whole thing in a recessed square. Tetradrachmon of Abdera. — Löbbecke Collection. Similar, without the sphere, under the head of a tetradrachm from Aitne. Also as a type: Aes grave.

46 13. 14. 15. 16. IE 18. 19, 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Plate VII Beetle. . RB Recessed square divided into four triangles. Silver Obolos (Euboia or Athens?). — ee: End Beetle. R Gorgoneion with tongue hanging out, from the front. Indeterminate silver coin. — Garrueci Collection. Zeus head Iinkshin; behind it lightning. MER 1 KA’ Bee. Bronze coin from Melitaia in Thessaly. — Imhoof Collection. Allusion to the name of the city. | ' Plate III No. 16. R Bee between Wed. Drachma from Elyros on Crete. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Apollo(?) with three-line wreath of leaves r. KR loY. Bee. B.I HE E Bronze coin from Iulis on Keos. — Imhoof Collection. Bee. i BR Recessed quadruple divided square. Silver coin from Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. The nickname Mylitta (i.e. goddess of birth) of Artemis of Ephesus \ brought together by folk etymology with ueAırta bee. Her ! Stars were called ueXıccaı bees. E—®., bee, RK EVAP. Front part of a fallow deer looking backwards; Palm. Tetradrachmon of Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. era. Similar with MHTPAZ in BR. | a Tetradrachmon of Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. F Similar with ANTIAAKIAAZ in the RB (Plate II No. 36). Tetradrachmon of Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. E®. Bee with its head between two Blemensierae, SER x Four-fold divided recessed square, u Drachma of Ephesus. — Imhoof Collection. Head of the youthful Heracles right, with the Dada lion skin no RAAE=ZANAPoY. Zeus Aötophoros |. sitting; in front of him Bione; from a m. Sucking calyx. Br: Alexander tetradrachm. - Munich. Bees: often as a type and especially as an epithet; including the mention \ above a wide valley, perhaps a honeypot: Baalae on Amorg Head of Persephone right; behind Al. | Se R META. ear of wheat; ]. bottom ant; r. Cornucopia with two ears of corn and Nomos of Metapontion. — Brit. Museum. Br nuer

DD Qu 26. 27. 28. 29. S0. 31. 32. 33. 34. Plate VII. 47 . Head of Poseidon with Tänie and trident 1st; below bull skull. & BPETTIQN. Amphitrite 1. on a hippocamp r. stored; in front of her the squinting Eros. In the field r. Ant. Brettier half gold stater. — Imhoof Collection. The ant as a type: Pantikapaion and Apollonia in Thrace. Helios head from the front, without rays. RK PO. FOPFOZ. Rose; 1. Butterfly. Rodian drachma. — Imhoof Collection. Similarly, with PO. AINHTQP. Munich. Similarly in the field of a drachma from Kibyra. Janus head; about it I. R ROMA. ship's prora r.; right | and above that butterfly on one Grape. Roman Ace. —Paris. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Head of Augustus with oak wreath r. R M. DVRMIVS Ill VIR. Crab holding a butterfly between its claws. Aureus from the Durmia family. —Gotha. Youthful head with Tänie r. KR MATPAoY. boar protome r.; over the trunk biting fly. Drachma of King Patraos of Paionia. — Imhoof Collection. Europe (?) r. sitting on the plane tree, her right hand on the person sitting next to her Eagle, the left leaning on a scepter, the tip of which is an eagle ends. R Taurus r., about to defend himself from a biting fly. Didrachm of Gortyna. — Imhoof Collection. Biting flies: above a cow suckling her calf: Dyrrachion. over a horse: Erythrai in Ionia. Cicada., R AOE. Amphora and palm branch. Bronze coin from Athens. — Imhoof Collection. Naked male figure right, holding a laurel branch in his raised right hand holding, in front of her noble deer right; behind it cicada. BR KAYFONIATAN. Noble deer r. standing. Nomos of Kaulonia. — Arolsen Museum. horse]., the r. Licking forefoot: cicada above. R AARISAEOW and sandal in a recessed square. Drachma of Larissa in Thessaly. — Brit. Museum. . Head of Athena 1; behind it cicada. RK 9. Pegasus r. flying. Silver Stater of Corinth. — Naples Museum.

48 Plate VI. 36. MEZZANION. Hare jumping to the right; including cicada. R Multierbiga in step r.; above Nike r.; in the bay leaf section with berries (Plate II No. 30). Tetradrachmon of Messana. — Imhoof Collection. Cicada: as type: Aes grave of or Often as an accompaniment: HE .Akragas, Tauromenion, Abdera, Maroneia, Amphipolis, Arhreieie Tenedos, Nagidos et al. ae Br 37. Female head right; behind 3. | $ R ear of wheat between META and grasshopper. Nomos of Metapontion. — Imhoof Collection. 38. Female head with Oil wreath 1st; on the neck section the artist name ARIZTSSZEZ R ear of wheat between hay ski area and META. Nomos of Metapontion. —taktudE collection 39. WOIMA3233M. Jumping hare to the right; including grasshopper: Grape. BR Multierbiga r.; above Nike r.; in the fish section. 40. Head of Salus r.; including SALVS and D. en” R D. SILANVS jü F. Vietoria with palm branch and flagellum in a r. e Biga; including grasshopper. 97 Denarius of the Junia family. — Imhoof Collection. Other grasshoppers: 3. Tatel I No’ 31V No.29 V No. 16; VII No. 13. as type: ae b EN on the back of a bull: Asi..... in Lucania. as an accompaniment: Caine in Sicily, Himera, Ambrakia and others. 41. Head of Persephone over the forehead Ear 1. ever R ear of wheat between META and a praying mantis, mantis religious Nomos of Metapontion. — Löbbecke Collection 42. Front part of a lion skin from the front. R Scorpion in recessed square. > Indeterminate silver coin. — Brit. Museum. 43. Scorpio. BR Delphin ı r. across in a recessed square. and 18). — Museum a 44. BAZIAIEZA IOTATTH GINAAEAPOZ. Bust portrait of a BR KOMMATHNLN. Scorpion in a laurel wreath. R Bronze coin of the Iotape of Commagene. — Imhoo Collection:

46. Plate VII. 49 Scorpio and star. KR Plate XI No. 1. Bronze coin from Kommagene. — Imhoof Collection. MENSOR S.C. Bust of Libertas right; behind it cap and »IIl. R L. FARSVLEI. Warrior r. in a biga, on which a man in the Toga is about to rise; among the horses Scorpio. Denarius of the Farsuleia family. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on denarii of the Aemilia and Plautia families. Other types of Scorpions are listed in Imhoof, Monnaies greeques p. 469. in the Zodiacus see Leo. as an attribute of Africa: Hadrian. Plate VII. Crustaceans and Gephalopods. AKRAC Linkshin standing eagle ZOTMA in in stones he. R Telphusa fluviatilis, freshwater crab, beautifully marked, with dotted Shield. Tetradrachmon of Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. This crab is in central and lower Italy, Sielien, Greece and Asia Minor common. Tatal IV No. 28, R Telphusa fluviatilis; including floral ornaments. Tetradrachmon of Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. Plate IV No. 31. RK Telphusa fluviatilis, in one scissors a worm or eel-like animal holding; including mussel and octopus, Copper Hemiltron from Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. Bearded head of Heracles l., covered with lion skin. R KNIoN PIAIZKOZ. Crab, probably Telphusa, but then bad drawn: 1. indefinite symbol above; below club. Pearl square. Tetradrachmon from Kos. — In trade. Head of Amphitrite l., with a crab as a helmet-like headgear; behind it snake. KR BPETTIQRN. Crab. Brettier bronze coin. — Imhoof Collection. Female head right. in an oil wreath. BR ear of wheat between MET. and crayfish. Nomos of Metapontion. — Imhoof Collection. Crayfish holding a mussel between its claws. BR Female head with cecryphalos ]. in a recessed square. Silver coin from Astakos in Bithynia. — Imhoof Collection. Imhoof and Keller, animal and plant pictures, 7

50 Plate VII. 8. Female head to the right. R&MPI. Lobster, caduceus above. Bronze coin of Priapus in Mysia. — Imhoof Collection. 9. Greif l., including a crab specifically according to Fritsch: Callianassa or Ascia or Gebia. BR youth head l. in a slightly recessed square around which the inscription EMI MOAMAAOZ. The whole thing in a recessed square. Tetradrachmon of Abdera. — Brit. Museum. 10. Head of Roma right; behind it X. RK ROMA. Diana in one Biga r.; including shrimp (according to Fritsch and von Martens) Palaemon, Greek xopic. Denarius of the Roman Republic. — Brit. Museum. 1l. KATANAIQN. Head of Apollo 1st; before that bell ring; behind it shrimp, specifically probably Penaeus - more correctly spelled Peneus, of which several species, notably the larger one, P. caramote in Italy and A lot is eaten in the south of France. RK Quadriga r. galloping past the Meta; above Nike r., den holding a victory wreath and a tablet with the artist name EYAIN; in the crab section. Tetradrachmon of Katana. Löbbecke Collection. 12th EP. Head of Athena r.; behind it shrimp: Peneus (from Martens) or Palaemon (Fritsch). R monogram from AN under the r. flying Pegasos. Silver stater from Anaktorion. — Brit. Museum. 15. Two eagles l. tearing a hare apart (similar to Plate IV No. 29). KR AKPA. Crab, with Gorgoneion on the shield; 1. cereal grain; r. Grasshopper; below shrimp, specifically Sieyonia sculpta M. Edw., which also comes onto the market in Naples. The Palaemon, on which You might be tempted to think in a different way curved, not so S-shaped (E. v. Martens). According to Fritsch, a pandalus. Drachma of Akragas. — Palermo Museum. The Gorgoneion is a fantastic redesign of the recessed lines the dorsal shield of the crabs, which in reality belongs to the genera Corystes and Dorippe look even more like a human face than at Telphusa. 14. Bearded head of Heracles with lion skin right; in front of him ZOAONVTINVON. R shrimp, specifically Palaemon (according to Fritsch) between “Kafara” in Punic script and three ounce balls. Bronze Triassic from Solus in Sieilien. — Imhoof Collection. Other types of cancer: 1) Crabs see Table VII No. 2, 3, 4, 8, 29; XII No. 34; XIII No. 4. besides as type: Brettier, Croton, Terina, Ambrakia, Priapus,. Telos et al. ES

was you 16. L0: 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Plate VII. 51 between the feet of Heracles fighting the Hydra: Phaistos (Plate XI No. 39). next to a Carian Zeus: Mylasa. Crab Claws: Akragas. Crab claws as a Thalassa headdress: Pautalia, Korykos, Laodicea in Phrygia. Crab claws as the headdress of the river god: Tomis. as a symbol: Ambrakia, (Palaemon according to Fritsch), skepticism, etc. in the zodiac see Leo. | 2) other crabs: Astakos in Akarnania, Apollonia on Ryndakos, Hera- kleia Trachinia, among others 3) Shrimp as an accompaniment still in Taras, Panormos (here according to Fritsch especially Pandalus Narval on a didrachm) and others. ZASAT. Taras on the dolphin right, holding an octopus in his right hand. Ornate circle. RK Plate XI No. 34. Nomos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Dreifuss between O99 and Ähre. RK Octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Diobolon of Croton. — Imhoof Collection. ZVRA. Female head with Tänie r. RK Octopus., Silver litra from Syracuse. — Imhoof Collection. Gorgoneion with bandage from the front. RK Octopus, Didrachmon of Populonia in Etruria. — Brit. Museum. Cow r., with the r. Hind feet scratching his head; including €. RK octopus in recessed square. Didrachm of Eretria. — Imhoof Collection. Plate II No. 38. R octopus in recessed square. Didrachm of Eretria. — Weber Collection in Hamburg. DAarRSLV No’21, R octopus; l. next to it 3. Recessed square. Tetradrachmon of Eretria. — Brit. Museum. Same type r.; below &. RK Octopus; l. next to it 9. Recessed square. Didrachm of Eretria. — Imhoof Collection. Octopuses as a type: Croton, Alontinon, Messana, Dikaia in Chalkidike and others. as an accompaniment: Taras, Poseidonia, Croton, Argos Amphilochikon and others. Ordinary ones creeping land or tree snail with bowl, as an accompaniment Marks on denarii of the Papia family (Babelon II 8. 281 No. 33). there:

52° 23. 24. 25. 26. 28. 29. 0. 3l. & No + , Y A he THEREFORE Plate VII. sepia; 1. next to 9. BR Four triangular ar Didrachmon of Koresia on Keos. — Museum Berlin. Sepia; r. next to it PO and fish. KR Similar depressions. Hemidrachm from Koresia. — Imhoof Collection. Two naked wrestlers. RK Sepia in an ornate and recessed square. Undetermined Asia Minor. Drachma. — Brit. Museum. AKPAFTANTINON. Adler l. on a hare; l. in the field cicada. R Telphusa fluviatilis, well marked; ee Scylla r. into a shell namely Tritonium nodiferum, trumpet snail, bucinum of the old, “ blowing; six balls in the field. ee ee Pronse Henilihren of Akragas. — Imhoof Collection. en: On Plate III No. 9: Young man (Hermes) riding on a goat. and blowing into a shell. Between two olive branches, head of Segesta with Tänie from the front, something]. Be R MOIAT3373. dog ]1.; above Gorgoneion; ]1. mussel n Silver litra from Segesta. — Imhoof Collection. | Female head with Sphendone 1. R ear between mussel (Aporrhais) and META. Nomos of Metapontion. — Löbbecke Collection. Archaic female head with a broad neck. in a maturity. | RK 2ZAIAT. Taras r. on the dolphin; including mussel, Tritonium nodi- IM ferum it seems. Nomos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Aphrodite with veil right; including ZN. Bar R TAPAZ. Young rider right, wreathing his horse; behind him round shield; under the horse Prrptaeu (Mu brandari), 'very clearly, and =. = Golistaize of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Similar as a type: Kimolis. Female head with Sphendone 3 (Tritonium nodiferum) and between the legs yx a . Didrachm of Eryx. — Brit. Museum. | Similar: a RR above the Bi Be R In a depression eared owl r. with flail > via the ping @ Plate V No. 22). Recessed square. 'Silver Stater of Tyre(?). — Tmhoof Collection, 4 en A

34. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. Plate VII. 53 IMP. C.P.LIC. GALLIENVS. Bust of Gallienus with laurel wreath and garb r. & COL. TVRO METR. Tree between Ambrosian Cliffs; represent- under dog, sniffing a mussel, Murex trunculus; with reference to the well-known legend of the invention of purple. Bronze coin from Tire (see Eckhel III 391). - Vienna. cockle, cardium, or some type of oyster. RK star with three rays in a recessed square. Obolos of Corcyra. — Imhoof Collection. . MEZZANION. rabbit r.; including cockle, cardium, or pecten, Scallop, for which the latter lacks ears. BR MEZZANA. Messana r. in a mule biga; in the section two dolphins. Tetradrachmon of Messana. — Imhoof Collection. Mussel (Pecten). KR Dolphin ].; above, owl 1st; including FHP. Silver Obolos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Mussel (Pecten). R&Dolphin 1st; above Thyrsos; including AA. Silver Obolos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Other scallops see Plate XI No. 34; Zankle, Syracuse, Dikaia in Chalcidice, Abdera, Leukas and others, also Aes grave. On Siculo-Punic tetradrachms a woman's head with a shell as head- covering. Female head right. R WOIAMYNM. Cereal grain over a mussel, Mitylus gallopro- vinecialis. Nomos of Kyme in Campania. — Imhoof Collection. Female head 1. B Same inscription. Mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis, excellent drawn; above sea monsters. Nomos of Kyme. — Arolsen Museum. See also Plate II No. 9; VI No. 20; VII No. 5; X No. 37; XII No. 2; XIII No. 2 and 29. Similar: Phistelia. Female head right. R bull with human face 1st; above 7° (Sis); in the tell mussel section, Tellina. Hemidrachm from Panormos. — Imhoof Collection. Similarly under the quadriga of a tetradrachm by Selinus. . Apollo's head from the front. KR TYPNH. Pen shell, Pinna nobilis. Bronze coin from Gryneion or Gyrneion in Aiolis. — Imhoof collection.

54 42. 43. 44. Plate IX. Head of Segesta with Tänie r. R AT33132. Dog standing to the right; above sea urchin. Silver litra from Segesta. — Imhoof Collection. Sitting griffin right; in front of him T and sea urchin. R Four-part recessed square. Silver coin of Teos. — Imhoof Collection. =ZYPA in front of Athena's head |. R Umbrella jellyfish between two dolphins. Copper litra from Syracuse. — Imhoof Collection. Plate IX. Plant. Nike head with a wreath of upright leaves r.; on the neck- section NIKA. KR ear of Hordeum hexastichon (six-row barley) between META and pear. Nomos of Metapontion. — Imhoof Collection. ANTQNEINOC AYFT. Bust of Antoninus Pius, with laurel and Garment r. : KR ETTKAAYPIDWN. Shepherd 1., little Asclepius was killed by a goat suckles discovering; in front of this a cypress tree; behind the shepherd a tree. Bronze coin from Epidaurus. — Imhoof Collection. Bust of Geta and inscription. R ATTOAAWNI—K

Plate IX. 2 55 Oak branch with acorn: Romano-Campanian noun. Acorn: Laos, Mantineia, Aes grave; as a symbol: Laos, Abakainon in Sicily (in front of a pig), Psophis in Arcadia (Plate VI No. 47) and others. 7. Head of the youthful Dionysus wreathed with ivy, right; behind it NAZIQN. KR Naked Silen slightly to the left on the ground sitting, in the right hand Kantharos, about the l. Kneel the hanging wineskin and over the 1st shoulder holding an ivy branch; in front of him a plant, which "seems to be identical to that of No. 9. Tetradrachmon from Naxos in Sicily. — Naples Museum. 8. Boiotic Shield. R Amphora between E—E, surrounded by an ivy wreath. Didrachm of Thebai. — Brit. Museum. Ephen: Plant: Naxos on Sieilien; Mende. Wreath: see Plate VI No. 36; as a border on the reverse often, rarely on the main page, such as B. on a stater of Ambrakia around that Head of Athena; as a headdress of Dionysus, Seilenos, Pan, Apollo Kissios (Alabanda) et al. \ Branch as decoration of Amphora or Kantharos: Thebai, Naxos (island), Syme et al; as a symbol: Leukas et al. Leaf as type: undetermined Sicilian location, Orthosia in Caria; as a supplement see Plate IV No. 13, 18 and otherwise very frequently. 9th and 10th Eppich sheet. RK Recessed Square. Didrachms by Selinus, — Imhoof Collection. 11. Eppichblatt. X blossom. Silver litra from Selinus. — Imhoof Collection. Similar literature by Eryx. 12. Eppichblatt (Apium graveolens L.). R& Eppichblatt in an ornate recessed square. Didrachmon of Selinus. — Imhoof Collection. As an inscription on Plate VI No. 8. 13th and 14th Head of the juvenile Horned Pan from the front. BR IAYMION. Fig leaf. Slightly recessed square. Drachma of Idyma in Caria. — Munich and British Museum. The fig leaf is also the coin design of Kameiros on Rodos. 15. Al. Head of Athena 1; behind it a cone of Pinus halepensis L., Aleppo ear. R Pegasus flying to the left; including 9. Silver Stater of Corinth. — Imhoof Collection.

56 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. Plate IX. Aries standing to the left; under the head 71. RX pine cones of Abies cephalonica L. between two branches in one recessed square. Hemidrachm from Paleis on Cephallenia. — Brit. Museum. Protome of a lion r. RK goat r. before a fir tree, the tips of its branches she gets rid of. Deepened square. Silver stater from Antandros in Mysia. —Paris. Apollo naked, 1st hunting with the bow in the 1st hand and a stone in the right; A dog jumping next to him and fir trees on both sides. R938Y3A3. Artemis, clothed in the chiton, r. take an arrow wryly sending; next to her deer. Pearl square. Didrachmon of Eleuthernai on Crete. —Paris. AITNWAION. Silenus head wreathed with ivy, right; including Scarabaeus. BR Zeus with knotted scepter and winged lightning bolt, r. on an armchair seated, over which a lion or panther skin hangs; in front of him Eagle r. on the top of a fir tree. Tetradrachmon of Katana-Aitnai. — Collection of Deer. ATTAPAIQN. Head of Artemis with Stephane r.; in front of him in smaller Font MYeoA(QPoY). RK MPTOAIOIKOZ. Armored and helmeted warrior 1. standing, the right raised, on l. Arm spear and shield with star; in front of him a pine tree, Didrachmon from Aptera on Crete. —Paris. Bust of Commodus r., with inscription. R C. L. I. COR. Melikertes on the dolphin r. lying; in the background the pine tree. In the field r. Wreath and palm branch. Bronze coin from Corinth. — Brit. Museum. Protome of Pegasus with a horn behind the wing, 1. BR Pine(?) between Z<—K in a line square. Bronze coin of Skepticism. — Imhoof Collection. Similar with <&—-K—H and lightning in field 1. Imhoof Collection. About this tree see Imhoof, Monnaies grecques 8. 267. We also see a pine tree on the summit of Mount Viaros: Prostanna in Pisidia. Wreath of pine branches: Corinth. Head of the youthful Dionysus with a wreath of ivy, 1st, three-quarters from the front; r. in the field of KAN. | BR ear of barley (Hordeum hexastichon); 1. on the sheet snake and including pl; r. META. Nomos of Metapontion. — Santangelo Museum in Naples. Similar ears of corn: Plate II No. 7; V No. 16; VL No. 24.3%, 38.4% vv No.»6, 28;; IX" Ne 135,299 xı No. 28; also a gate ER Bei- characters very common. “re ut Ban oh Ya

Plate IX. 57 25. Beardless head with Tänie 1. R Reaper right, cutting ears of grain with his sickle. Indefinite electron coin. — Paris. Similar representation on anepigraphic bronze coins of later period and Bronzes from Pautalia and Alexandreia in Egypt. 26. Head of Demeter with wreath of wheat and veil 1.; behind it Pflwo, R AEONTINDN. Gearbe. Bronze coin from Leontion in Sieilien. — Imhoof Collection. 27. Quadriga rushing to the right; above Nike, crowning the horses. KR WMOWITMOFN. Lion head r. between four barley grains. Tetradrachmon of Leontion. — Imhoof Collection. Similar to Plate I No. 4. 28. Wheat grain of Triticum turgidum L. between E—P. BR Recessed square divided into five parts. Obolos of Orchomenos in Boeotia. — Imhoof Collection. 29. Protome of a 1st jumping horse. BR MEOV. A spikelets of awnless winter wheat with its covering husks. Recessed square. Dracehme of Methydrion in Thessaly. — Imhoof Collection. 30. Similar with ZKO. Drachma of Scotussa in Thessaly. — Imhoof Collection. Cereals: Grains see Plate I No. 4; III No. 13; VIIIL.No. 13, 38 and other more common Type and symbols. Half of a grain: Orchomenos in Boeotia. five grains arranged like rays of a star: Metapontion. Ears of grain as a symbol see Plate I No. 36; VI No. 37; XII No. 29. Ears of grain, three: Eryx, Segesta, Abdera, Laodikeia in Phrygia, Kaisareia and others. four and five, or sheaves: Neokaisareia, Nysa, Blaundos, Phila- delpheia, Apamea and others. Wreath of wheat, often e.g. B. Eleusis, Hermione, Kios. Ears of wheat as an attribute of Demeter, Kore, Triptolemos, Tyche, Ge. Bull striding on an ear of grain: Gela, Kalchedon. Ears of grain in Modius: Eresos et al., Rome. Ears of wheat and poppies see Poppy 8. 58. 31. Pomegranate with two leaves. K Recessed square decorated with three small rings. Silver stater from Melos. - Berlin. 32. IXN—AM. Pomegranate. R Four recessed triangles; in two of the same MA. Silver stater from Melos. —Paris. 33. Pomegranate with two leaves. BR MA under a ram's head 1. Hemistater of Melos. — Imhoof Collection. “Imhoof and Keller, animal and plant pictures. 8

58 34. 37. 38. A 41. 36. Plate IX. Pomegranate, with a small branch on top. KR head of Athena with an oil wreath r. in a recessed square. Silver stater from Side in Pamphylia. — Florence. NICA. Head of Nike with Sphendone r. R METATONTION. ear of barley (Hordeum hexastichon); 1. next to it Pomegranate. Nomos of Metapontion. — Imhoof Collection. Pomegranate: as a symbol: Terina, Thrac. Chersonese, Thasos, Argos. as an attribute of Hera: Argos. LEOWTINON. Apollo head with laurel wreath right; underneath. jumping lion; top 1st and r. one bay leaf each. R quadriga in step r.; above it Nike, the charioteer craned in Section r. jumping lion. Tetradrachmon of Leontion. — Brit. Museum. NAZIQN. Apollo head with laurel wreath; Behind it, bay leaf with fruit. R& Silenus, 1. sitting on the ground, the Kantharos in the raised right hand, the Thyrsos in the left; l. next to it Herm; r. ivy plant.e On the ground the stage name MPOKAHZ. | Didrachmon of Naxos in Sicily. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Augustus with oak wreath, 1. R CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Two laurel trees. Denarius of Augustus (see Dio LIIL 16). — Imhoof Collection. Laurel: Leaves, branches (Plate III No. 34; IV No. 32), little trees, wreaths (Plate XI No. 3) extremely common, boxing books as symbols and Ken of the we and Zeus. ear of wheat; r. Torch. R ear of barley; r. poppy plant. Nomos of Metapontion. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Athena 1st; behind it E and poppy head. BR left-wing flying Pegasos; including 9. Silver Stater of Corinth. — Imhoof Collection. IMP. AOMIT. AVG. GERMAN. COS. XI. Bust of Domitia right, with ears of corn wreathed. R$. C Bundle of four ears of Spelt, Triticum spelta L., and three poppy heads. Roman bronze coin. — Imhoof Collection. Poppy: between ears of corn: Elaia et al. in one basket: Byzantium, Elaea and others. in one mode: Eresos et al.

42. 43. 44. 45. panel X, 09 as a symbol: Metapontion, Thrac. Chersonese and others Cult image of Demeter between poppies and ears of wheat: Iulia-Gordos, Maionia, Sardinia. Youthful head with Persian cap and laurel wreath right. R AMAZTPIENN. Female deity enthroned to the left with Stephanos, Nike on the right and the scepter in the left; in front of her myrtle bud if not rather a berry of Osyris alba L., an ın Shrubs very common in Mediterranean countries. Silver stater from Amastris in Paphlagonia. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Athena r. . BR AOHNAINN. Owl on an olive tree. Bronze coin from Athens. — Löbbecke Collection. IMP. CAESAR TRAIAN. HADRIANVS AVG. Bust of the emperor with Laurel wreath, armor and robe, r. Rk P.M. TR.P. COS. Ill. Minerva l. standing in front of an olive tree; in between Rabbit r. Aureus of Hadrian. - Munich. Lion head from the front. KR-PH. Olive branch. Hemidrachm of region. — Imhoof Collection. Olive tree: with an owl or snake often in Athena types. between Athena and Poseidon: Athens, Med. of M. Aurelius. Olive branch as a symbol, Plate V No. 17, 18, 19 and Oil wreath as edging panel V No. 30, both common. Table-X. . Head and neck of a cow r. BR KAPY. Two palm trees; A club is leaning against one of them. Diobolon of Karystos on Euboia. — Imhoof Collection. Protome of a bridled horse r., wreathed by Nike; in front of the head cereal grain; below in Punic font “Kart Chadasat’” (Neustadt Carthage). RK date palm with fruits. Sieulo-Punic tetradrachm. — Imhoof Collection. Similarly, with “‘Machanat’ (camp) on either side of the palm tree. Imhoof Collection. Leftward jumping horse wreathed by Nike. B “Machanat’ (‘camp’) in Punic script. Date palm. Sieulo-Punic tetradrachm. — Imhoof Collection. Corinthian helmet on a round shield. R KAMA-—Jl. Dwarf palm, Chamaerops humilis L. with leaves and Flower spadix between two cnemids. Didraehmon of Kamarina in Sicily. — Florence and Imhoof Collection. 8*

60 10. 198 13. 14. Plate X Palm trees: Ri see Plate I No. 8; II No. 13, 36 and Imhoof, Monnaies greeques p. 267. Palm branch with fruit bunch: Himera. Palm branch as an attribute of Nike, with and without tania, very common. as an attribute of the Dioscuri: Brettier, Eucratides and others. in play urns: ordinary. over a horse: Epictetus, Punic in Hispania and others. above a rooster: Dardanus, Ephesus. Head of Apollo from the front, slightly to the right. inclined. i R POAION. Rose between two grapes. Recessed Vieree Tetradrachmon of Rodos. — Imhoof Collection. | Similar; the rose with a bud; in field I and el, ee Imhoof. | Helios head from the front, right. inclined. BR Open rose from the front between P—-O, KPITOKAHZ and one Drachma of Rodos. — Collection a. Head of Athena r.; behind rose, BR left-wing flying Pegasos; including 9. Silver Stater of Corinth. — Imhoof Collection. Kythnos, Aphrodisias, Megiste, Kasos, Soloi, Kibyra and others. As additional symbols: Praisos, Nagidos, Tarsos, Antiochos III et al. Open rose seen from below: Roda in Hispania. ” Aphrodite smelling a rose: Cilicia, see Imhoof, Monn. a Plate G, 15. KPICMEINA CEBACTH, Bust portrait of Orispina right m The further definition of the branch is up to not set par Bronze coin from Attaia in Mysia. — Imhoof Collection. RK Panel V No. 2: Tetradrachmon of Cyrene. — Brit. Museum. Silphium plant between two Silphium fruits, S RıTareliX Ne 3% ee Tetradrachmon of Cyrene. —Paris. i Head of Ammon r. R KYPANA. Silphium plant with roots. Silver Stater of Cyrene. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Ammon with Tänie 1st; behind it a laurel branch. R OTAITZ2YBEIN. RN with Schöfsling on the War: Bılberbuue} of Cyrene. — Imhoof Collection. 4

15. Plate X 61 The plant Silphium see also Plate II No. 5; III No. 1, 2,4,5;, VI No. 35. The fruit see Plate II No. 2; III No. 2. As a symbol: Metapontion, Ptolemy in Cyrene. The Silphion depicted on these coins is different from that at Dioskorides mentioned ciApıov Mndıxöv, which the Ferula asa foetida L. is; The mysterious Silphion from Cyrenaice has not yet returned to this day found. Some consider it identical to Smyrnium olusatrum L. See also L. Müller, Numismatique de l'Afrique I 104-109, Suppl. (1874) 18. AVTO. KAICAP ANTQNINOC. Head of Antoninus Pius with laurel wreath r. BR CENFENRN. Two large Storax trees on an elongated base pots or borders; before each an altar; 1. a flash, r. a club. Bronze coin from Selge. — Imhoof Collection. About the storax on the coins of Selge see Imhoof, Monnaies greeques P. 541 — 345. 16. Bearded head of Heracles, wreathed with storax leaves, r.; behind it, club. EGG. 18. 20. 21. 2». 23. BR ZENATENN. Artemis, carrying a torch in both hands, r. rushing; xor your IA. Hemistater of Selge in Pisidia. — Imhoof Collection. Bust of the bearded Heracles from the front, wreathed with storax leaves and the club over the r. Shoulder. KR ZE. Front part of a deer looking back r. Bronze coin from Selge. — Imhoof Collection. Bust of Heracles as before. R ZEATENN between club and a storax tree in a pot. Silver coin from Selge. — Brit. Museum. Horse jumping to the left; grapes on top. RK MAPQNITENN. Vine in a line square. Gold coin from Maroneia in Thrace. —Paris. AION

62 24. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 'Plate X. Weinstock see also Plate II No. 27; also: Pautalia, King Saratakos, Eury- menai in Thessaly, Histiaia, Daicaln) Berytos and others. = Branch with two grapes: Meliboia, Hr) Knidos, Nagidos (as attribute 5 of Dionysus) among others. x Grape see Table II No. 1; VII Nos. 28 and 39; X No. 6, XII No. 8 ° and 9. Extremely common as a type, symbol and attribute of the slide. Grape leaf as an accompaniment: Leukas et al. Vine wreath as a border: Ariarathes IX or X of Cappadocia. Rebenkranz as I Kydonia, Histiaia. supported; behind Be R TEPZICON? Ankle player 1st; behind it plant with N u Scroll. The plant cannot be recognized. | Ä Silver stater from Tarsus. - Berlin. en On the silver staters from Nagidos is written in front of the en. Aphrodite Rose with blossom and buds. Se Head of Athena r.; behind it flower with leaves on the stem. BR left-wing flying Pegasos; including A. Silver stater from Ambrakia. — Collection Six. Eagle ], tearing apart a snake. BR Dreifuls between Weinblatt (?) and PPO. Plate IV No. 32. R tripod between leaf and oPO, Nomos of Croton. — Imhoof Collection. Apollo head 1. | | RK TPIH and plant (laurel branch?) in line square. Imhoof Collection. Similar with TPIE. Imhoof Collection. Similar to Bi the head r. and TPIH. Alexander tetradrachm with plant in front of Zeun. Imhoof Collection. Eagle Head ]; underneath leaf. # R Winged Lightning between F—A in a wreath. Oholaa of Elis. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on the Didrachmon Plate IV No. 35. Head of Alena r.; behind it lily, talc candidum, and A. R Pegasus flying to the right; including A. & Silver stater from Leukas. — Brit. museum, a RR

34. 36. 31. 38. 39. 4. 41. panel X, 63 Head of Athena r.; behind lily. BR left-wing flying Pegasos; including 9. Silver Stater of Corinth. — Imhoof Collection. The latter is similar as a type on bronze coins from Bienos on Crete, An- Tiochos VII and others . Pegasus flying to the left; including 9. Pc trident between a flower and A. Bronze coin from Corinth. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Apollo with laurel wreath 1st; in front of him a branch of a plant. BR ZTIA. Front part of a 1st walking bull with a bearded human face. Hemidrachm from Stiela in Sieilien. — Brit. Museum and collection. Imhoof. Archaic female head with band r. R KV—-3M. Aquatic plant over a seashell. Nomos of Kyme in Campania. — Brit. Museum.

64 43. 1. 2. Head of Augustus with oak wreath, r. 3. 4. Chimaira with dragon head at the end of the tail, crouching 1. Ki A 5. Tal Au No. 20. Plate VI No. 45. Plate XI CVNKAHTOC. Bust of the Senate with Tänie r. R % A®BPOAEICIIENN. Tree, myrrh(?), in a lattice frame; 1. a Man wearing a Phrygian cap, holding a double ax in his raised right hand swinging; 1. another who appears to be fleeing. ö Bronze coin of Aphrodeisias in Caria. — Imhoof Collection. Otherwise the following also occur: Nope indeterminate trees Plate III No. 14; IV No. 20; V No. 3; VII No. 33; X No. 10 and often in depictions of river and mountain gods, Pace Re Sacrificial scenes etc. w. > indeterminate flowers: Plate VII No. 23; XIII No. 12, 27. indeterminate sheets: Plate II No. 41; VII No. 2; XI No. 27. TaAIBlEXT. Fabulous animals and hybrid creatures. Are excluded Pan and related deities of the Dionysian circle, winged figures with right human body (Nike, Eros, Talos, Gorgons, Phoenician Kronos etc fully or partially completed Metanorhkosee Je Zeus as Su snake, etc.). KR Capricornus and star. Bronze coin from Kommagene. — Imhoof Collection. BR AVGVSTVS. Capricornus with cornucopia, ball and rudder, r r. Denarius of Augustus. — TnhosE Collection | Emperor Augastus believed in astrological relationships between. si the constellation of Capricornus. - IMP. CAESAR. Head of Augustus. Bi BR AVGVSTVS. Caprieornus with cornucopia right, head back The whole thing is framed by a laurel wreath. HE Asia Minor Cistophore. — Imhoof Collection. | The Capricornus has been a common coin type in Rome since Augustus, the Co 0 Greek cities, the kings of the Bosporus, from Commagene, | tanien et al. | In the Zodiaeus see Leo. R smooth. Silver coin from The — Brit. Museum. See Keller, Animals of Classical Age. 42 fi. which the dose bites through; with da L Vardkofelt she appears broken end of Sn, including 9. Hemistater of Corinth. - Berlin.

Plate X 65 6. Chimaira r.; including ZE. BR In an oil wreath r. flying pigeon; behind it arch. Didrachm of Sikyon. — Imhoof Collection. 7. Chimaira r., including 33. BR Same as the previous one, without symbol. Didrachm of Sikyon. — Imhoof Collection. Chimaira: Plate XIINr 21. elsewhere in Cyzicus and undetermined cities in Asia Minor. Protome: Sikyon. 8. AVT.K.T. AIN. AAP. ANTWNINOC CEB. Head of Antoninus Pius r. BR L. TETAPTOY. Heracles, with the lion skin over the back, ' hits the echidna with the club in his raised right hand go, which has grabbed the opponent by the first hand and the left in front of hers chest holds. Bronze coin from Alexandria in Egypt. — Imhoof Collection. Similar depictions on coins from Perinthos and Argos. 9. Protome of a winged lion on the left. PR Hahnenkopf 1., recessed embossed. Asia Minor electronhects. — Brit. Museum. The same type in Lycia. 10. Antipodally united protomes of a winged lion and one ge- winged horse (Pegasus or hippocamp). BR Quadruple split recessed square. Indeterminate didrachm from Asia Minor. — Imhoof Collection. Winged Lion: see below: Lion, horned and winged, Plate XII Nos. 5 and 7. sitting: Cyprus? (Rev. Num. 1883, t. VII 10.) 11. Winged Dog |. standing on a tuna and looking back. BR Quadruple split recessed square. Electronhectus of Cyzicus. - Munich. 12. Ship prora, partly from the front part of a winged fox or Wolfes 1st formed. Including tuna. BR Quadruple split recessed square. Electron stater from Kyzikos. — Imhoof Collection. 13. Protome of a winged deer |. on a round shield. PR Duoquetra with W on it and vague Lycian inscription. Deepened square. Lycian silver coin. — Brit. Museum. 14. Protome of a winged bull to the right. BR Protome of a deer r. in decorated border and recessed square. Indeterminate silver coin from Asia Minor. — Imhoof Collection. Imhoof and Keller, animal and plant pictures, 9

66 16. 19: 19. ID X) Plate XI. Protome of a winged bull l.; including tuna. KR Quadruple divided recessed square. Electron stater from Kyzikos. — Greenwell Collection in Durham. The same type in Lycia. Protome of a winged boar r. RK Quadruple divided recessed square. Silver coin from Klazomenai. — Imhoof Collection. Similar in Kyzikos, Samos, Lalysos, Lycia. Naked warrior with a pointed helmet, 1st, the r. Knees on the floor, in the Holding the spear on the right and protecting himself with the shield in the left. Between the legs T ROPONTA. Protome of a winged boar r. Silver coin of the satrap Orontas. — Imhoof Collection. ANTQNIOC FOPAIANOC CEBATOC (see above). Bust of Gordianus III with ray crown and robe right; /\ stamped on the neck. BR CEAEYKERN TDN TIPOC KAAYK. Athena on foot, with spear and Shield r. fighting against a giant, whose exalted right hand holds a stone and its l. Arm covered in clothing. Bronze coin from Seleucia in Cilicia. — Imhoof Collection. Likewise in Sebaste (Elaiusa) under Commodus. About the depictions of giants on coins, see Ztschr. £. Number XII p. 134 ff. Plate IV Nos. 9-16. ACISCVLVS. Jupiter's head right; behind it hammer. Laurel border. BR VALERIVS. A giant from the front, with fin-like hands. Denarius of the Valeria family. — Imhoof Collection. Opposite Max. Mayer, giants and titans in the ancient world. legend and art, 1887 p. 408 and Babelon, Monnaies de la Rep. Rome. II 520 seems to be the case Friedländer, Ztschr. f. Num. IX 1882 8. 7 the correct description give to have. The fins on the abdomen and the hanging from the wet Dripping head hair matches the extremities of the arms. . Head of Athena r. R FHPAKAEIQN. Glaucus with helmet, spear and shield right. Bronze coin of Heraclea in Lucania. — Imhoof Collection. Head of Athena r. R Glaukos r., a rudder in his right hand; underneath shell. Silver obolo from Alliba in Samnium(?). —Parma. Glaucus r., holding the trident downwards in the raised right hand the extended left dolphin. BR KA under Delphin r. Bronze coin from Karystos on Euboia. — Athens and collection Imhoof. See Plate XIII Nos. 23-31, possibly also Glaukos pictures. Grab 1. over a tuna. PR Quadruple split recessed square. Electron stater from Kyzikos. — Former. Bompois collection.

24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 0. Plate XI. 67 Griffin sitting on the left with his head raised r. front paw; before him Kantharos. BR Small square divided into four, around which is the inscription EMI zMO — PAOT—-OPMO-—CAN. The whole thing in a recessed square. Tetradrachmon of Abdera. — Imhoof Collection. griffin striding left; in front of him a star. B Same as the previous one with EPI MA — NAPQ—NAK— TOZ. Tetradrachmon of Abdera. — Imhoof Collection. Griffin 1. jumping up. BR Like the previous ones with ER H— FH—- zINM— NO. Drachma of Abdera. — Imhoof Collection. Griffin sitting to the right with raised first front paw; a sheet in front of him and above IHT. BR Quadruple split recessed square. Silver stater from Teos. — Imhoof Collection. Bearded head of Pan wreathed with ivy, facing left. BR MAN. Horned griffin with spear in its throat, ]. walking on an ear of grain. Gold stater from Pantikapaion. — Imhoof Collection. Baal 1. sitting, grapes and eagle in his right hand, Scepter in the left; behind it 173592 (Baal-Gazor) in Aramaic script. RK Greif l. lunging at a fallow deer; including NYIM8 (Ariorat). _ Hemistater of the satrap Ariarathes in Gaziura (Cappadocia). — Athens. Similar on silver coins of Bogos II of Mauritania. Head of the Tuno Sospita right, covered with goat skin; behind it hammer. R L. PAPI. Griffin jumping to the right; including a hammer. Denarius of the Papia family. — Imhoof Collection. Griffin: see Table VII No. 12; VIII No. 9, 43. standing: Mallos (?), Bogos II of Mauritania. jumping: Caine in Sieilien, Taurian Chersonese, Ambrakia. lying: Abdera, Assos. Protomes: Pantikapaion, Cyzicus, Phokaia, Teos, Lycia. Head: Phokaia, Teos, Kasos, Roman Aes grave. Wing: Pantikapaion. with Apollo on his back: Cyzicus, Alexandreia Troas. with Antinous on his back: Calchedon. two griffins rising to Apollo: Athens. Two griffins as Apollo's team: Aureliopolis in Lydia. with wheel under the front paw and as a symbol of nemesis: often in Asia Minor and Egypt. as helmet decoration: very common. as a shield decoration: Opus. 9*

Mn # n 7 7 ur r > 7 I eo , hi Mr u be u DR 68 31. 32. 39. 34. 36. a7. 38. Board XT. Medusa head with four wings, from the front. BR Harpyia with four wings r. in a recessed square. Indefinite drachma from Asia Minor he Monnaies grecques p. 160). — Imhoof Collection. Plate II No. 43. R hippocamp to the right. A Silver coin from an undetermined Etruscan city. — Brit. Museum. Similar, wingless and without filler, on copper hemilitars from Akragas; mi the forefeet on tetradrachms from Messana et al. ae ZYPA. Head of Athena with Corinthian helmet, r. R Winged hippocamp |. Copper Triassic from Syracuse. — Imhoof Collection. hanging reins. Plate VII No. 15 DISTANT R2AIAT. hippocamp ; including mussel (Pecten). Nomos of Taras. — Imhoof Collection. Bearded archer with a winged hippocamp; below | and dolphin r. RK Plate V No. 22. Silver coin from Tyre? — Copenhagen. Head of Achilles with helmet, ]; including A. 6 KR BAZINAENZ MYPPoY. On an unwinged hippocampi = Seated Thetis with a veil, holding the shield with her right hand. Didrachmon of King Pyrros. — Imhoof Collection. Similarly, with Amphitrite on the hippocamp, Plate VII No. 25; No bronze coins from Larisa Kremaste yet. Amphitrite's head seen from the back, to the right; behind it s front H. as | R@. CREPER. M.F. ROCVS. Poseidon, the trident a pair of unwinged hippocampi r.; above C Denarius of the Crepereia family. — Imhoof Collection. Similar on bronze coins from Corinth, Teion, Kyme, Berytos' The hippocamp is a very good type, also as a pro; Poseidon riding on a hippocampus: Cyzicus. Bug Hippocampe at the feet of the Leukothea: Corinth. ee as a helmet ornament: Thurioi et al. AA. Heracles, bearded, 1. sitting on a rock, holding a sword he right hand, the club in his left. R TR. Hydra. Vertified square. Indeterminate (Thessalian?) silver coin. — In trade.