The Ancient Coins of Northern Greece, II: Thrace — vol. II — 1912

THE ANCIENT COINS NORTH GREECE, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF F. IMHOOF-BLUMER PUBLISHED FROM THE KGL. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES VOLUME II. THRACY EDITED FROM FRIEDRICH MÜNZER AND MAX L. STRACK. BERLIN. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING BY. GEORG REIMER. I9I 2.

THE ANCIENT COINS FROM THRACY EDITED FROM FRIEDRICH MÜNZER AND MAX L. STRACK. FIRST PART, ISSUE I: THE COINS OF THE THRACIANS AND THE CITIES OF ABDERA, AINOS, ANCHIALOS WITH THE CONTRIBUTION OF H. VON FRITZE EDITED BY MAX L. STRACK. PLATE I—ΥΠΙ. BERLIN. PRINTING AND PUBLISHING BY GEORG REIMER. 1912.

D he second volume the ancient one Coins Northern Greece, from dem The first issue published here will cover the coins of Thrace. Around the To promote publication, it is divided into three parts. The preparatory work reach to him to the beginnings of the whole company take it back. At that time it is also for the northern Greek area, Dacia and Moesia, Thrace, Macedonia the material from the collections of Europe and collected from the literature. The main merit of this great renunciation Full work goes to B e h r e n d t Pick, himself in the foreword to the first half volume The first volume reports on the help he received. He is also the one who does this material brought together for Thrace for the first time and yet, as the later documentation taught work, with a confident eye already seen many times has. Addendums and corrections are then made up to the current year and the Evidence may well have doubled in them. By Fr i t z e and R e g l i n g I would like to mention here in particular the many hours of their travels and at home the fulfillment of my desiderata and the completion of the material turned. However, besides them, there are many directors and assistants of numismatics Cabinets and owners of private collections also support the company supported and always kindly responded to my many annoying inquiries information given. The richest increase in new things Material brought one Trip in the summer of 1905 that Münzer, Regling and I took to the Balkan countries and where we were particularly welcomed by the then director of the Sofia Museum seums D o b r u s k y have been supported. It is only this increase that has made a difference for the coin The nature of the cities of Thrace in Roman times provided sufficiently solid foundations, albeit the collection of Greek imperial coins Thracian coinage of the future will soon be proven to be incomplete. To the final valid one DESIGN des present catalogue have again from n Fr i t z e and regulation contributed a lot. The former has ground of the material thus brought together and made available to him the coin series from Abdera and Ainos chronologically according to stylistic features ordered, with regard to the order being more firmly established (Nomisma III 1-30 with 3 tables, IV 16-32 with 2 tables); he gives in the second chapters of the introductions to Abdera and Ainos of our issue (below pp. 19-25 and pp. 143-147) a short summary The ancient coins of Northern Greece II, i. b

FOREWORD summary of the results of his studies. My proposals are based on these studies arrangements of the coin series with changes, like the clarity des catalogue or my through historical Reasons related deviating View recommended. The deviations are marked where they are. friend reg- ling's contribution is less obvious - his name is only mentioned explicitly in a few cases called - but it is certainly no less large. I feel like he's great Thank you obliged. He was always available to help and advise me in a friendly manner Side by side, read through the arduous corrections and the best thing about them done; the index comes from him. The description generally corresponds to that used in coinage. principles taken. Refinements such as those presented by Gaebler and Regling on Pick have introduced, such as the reconstruction of the stamps, the exact location drawing of the individual coin descriptor, the indication whether the coin is whole, in The front or back of the print was given up again. The Er- In my opinion, the results are disproportionate to the effort put in. That's what's in the introductions, the discussions about political, trade policy, geographical and some other questions that came to mind, a wider space admitted been. Using coins to talk isn't for everyone bring, and the catalog is intended to serve wider circles than numismatists. The boards were manufactured by Fritze on behalf of the academy monitored. G i e s s en , December 15, 1911. Max L. Strack.

THRACIA. I century BC (around 88?) Head of the unbearded man D i o n y s o s after r. with one wreath from ivy leaves and fruits in long hair and a bandage the forehead. The hair is thicker Braid backwards over the ear taken and here in the knot summarized; two long Curls hang at the nape of the neck and down the neck ΗΡΑΚΛΕΟΥΣ r. 1 | ΙΩΤΗΡΟΣ 1.1 ΘΡΑΚΩΝ below Naked, unbearded man H e r a c l e s standing forward, head L, the front stretched R. on the standing one K e u l e supported, the lion's skin above the left, in the side lifted his arm. Sometimes it's over the left shoulder of the quiver interpreted. Vol. I. F. 1. (between Club and leg) M. Recessed field ILLUSTRATION (5) W eight: 16.35(5, hole) — 16.34(3.4) — 16.33(6) — 15.25(1) D eviction: Quiver not indicated 1. 2 (?) ι Berlin Cat. 98. 1 III 26 (Fox); mentioned by Friedlaender Zeitschr. f. Numbers 1, 295 and from v. Sallet ibid. 2, 74 — 2 Cluj — 3 London Head guide 95 Plate 53. 7 — 4 Paris Muret and Chabouillet Cat. of the monn. gauloises de la bibl. nat. (1889) n. 9668; de la Tour Atlas de monn. gauloises (1892) XLIX 9668 — 5 Sofia — || — 6 formerly Berlin (v Prokesh), Sold as a duplicate in 1876; v. Prokesch Num. Journal 2, 267 XII 5; 4, 185 VIII 1; mentioned by v. Sallet a. a. O. — 1 and 6 discussed by v. Sallet Magazine f. Numbers 3, 241 The inherently bad style varies between individual copies; 2 and 5 are better than 1. 3. 4. 6. One in style and inscribed 1st and r. completely barbaric piece of the kind with MI-IXA below is probably an example of a copy of the ΘΡΑΚΩΝ coin (Paris; 15.87 g. Muret and Chabouillet n. 9672; de la Tour L 9672, mentioned by v. Sallet Magazine f. Numbers 2.74). Image, font and weight as well as the entire factory correspond to the latest Uberaus rich tetradrachm embossing from Thasos, which also has a different style, from from reasonable work to completely raw technology finds. Only it says on that Thasian money Θ Α Σ Ι Ω Ν instead of Θ Ρ Α Κ Ω Ν . The letter M is also the same the main mass of the ΘΑΣΙΩΝ coinage is drawn, and that of the ΘΡΑΚΩΝ coinage 1* κ I head of Heracles, wreathed with wine Η Ρ Α Κ Λ Ε Ο Υ Σ Σ Ω Τ Η Ρ Ο Σ Τ Ρ Α Κ Ω Ν rank (?) Club between the lion's head and the dog's head head; an eagle Cat. Bentinck 2, 1009 “douteuse”. Probably definitely wrong. The ancient coins of Northern Greece II, 1. I

2 T H R A C I A occurs alone. — These coins from the Thasians enable an approximate dating, apart from the period generally given by the style of the last one and a half centuries B.C. BC There is only so much that can be gleaned from the literature that this is the case ΘΡΑΚΩΝ embossing not about a community a l l e r Thracian acts. There is not at this time. Or, where the Thracians once as a whole or in their Plural If they are united, they are under kings, and royal money counts for them 1). Of the cases but, where part of the Thracians in war or rebellion were proud of themselves with coins Embossed inscription Ο Ρ Α Κ Ω Ν have can, are like that many since then last third des II century BC Chr. 2) that a choice based on literature is impossible. To that comes, about the abundance of possibilities to multiply, that it is once at all does not need to be about war or rebellion coins, on the other hand, that such War coin does not necessarily indicate a war against Rome; They can do it too ΘΡΑΚΩΝ coins for one Tribe on the side of Rome against a common one enemy be shaped. From the ΘΑΣΙΩΝ coinage, the series can now be derived with S \ R o d e r g ^ j instead of M about on that Date 883). Three unedited ones Pieces with S\R (Leake, Gotha, Paris) are until now known; one of it (Paris) shows on the Vs. behind that head that District sign of amphaxitis /φν, whose Mint location Thessalonica is. You belong together with the strong ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΩΝ silver embossing, the the in argen financial needs located Roman state by Aesiilas and Sura after a fifty-year break in Macedonia 93-88. It is not impossible that the O ΡΑΚΩΝ coinage, its better Pieces that are equivalent in style to the Sura tetradrachms are also placed in this period is. Be it that the money was for some reason with the permission of the Quaestors was minted, be it, which is probably more likely, that the ΟΡΑΚΩΝ minting was a The answer to the Μ Α Κ Ε Δ Ο Ν Ω Ν - coinage is given by Mithradates Eupator Neos Dionysus, whose troops under Ariarathes had been in Thrace for a year since the end of 88 They dominated Macedonia and also owned the coinsmiths of Thessalonica had. The “Thracian money” would then be an enticement for the Pontic king his Thracian allies. That on it - by chance - was the head of Dionysus If there was room, Neos Dionysus would have recommended the coinage. The low Number of copies finally shows that there is only a small amount of money of this kind in circulation came; That would also probably fit with the year-long occupation. More than a fanfare it wasn't. ] ^ v. Sallet (Journal of Numbers 3, 241) thinks of the Thracian-Roman war 1 3 - 1 1 BC. BC, I but is only based - completely insufficiently - on an undated coin with the same images and the Caption K O T Y O C XAPAKTHÜP (Dresden copy from very bad style). A second suggestion of his gives the year 1 1 4 BC. BC 2) The Thracian-Roman Disputes are handled most clearly by G a e b l e r ZeitschT. f. Num. 23, 1 5 5 ff. on the occasion of the coinage of Macedonia as a province. 3) About Q. Bruttius Sura - rather Braetius, cf. Drum a n n - G r o e b e business Rome's 2 2 559 — legatus pro quaestore s. Gaebler a . a. O. 1 7 1 ; the same, The ancient coins of North Greece III I, 10.

ABDERA. Location etc § ι- From c. 545—c. 512 B.C. BC The location of the city of Abdera is only recently through rule fixed- laid'). Cape Bulustra, the Musserete west lish point on the Karagach Bosom, is considered the place where the Abderites lived in ancient times lived. Wall blocks and rubble from Bricks, pot shards and stone rubble mark that now with Fruit cultivated field as a former residential area place; the topographical information of the Olds leave little doubt that she is given the name τά "Αβδηρα2). It is as long as no excavations after- help, not exactly much, what the former The blossoming of the Greek city is remembered. And but it was big, like the catalog Coins forcefully teaches. Today it is in the almost flat coastal land cape to the east and south I story. from the sea, to the west from a swamp surrounded; to the north forms a low one chain of hills the border against the plain, through the north-west beyond an entrance Lowering a ridge to the Rhodope mountains move. It was the same in ancient times Cape almost of a water castle. From three The sea surrounded it on both sides, as well as to the east forming bays to the west, which are considered natural ports have good access in every wind drive and safe Anchorage offered. Today ends the significant river Karasu or Mesta, the Nestos (Mestos) the Greeks, several hours west of Chap; in ancient times he poured out safely further east, perhaps in one arm next to the Kap®). A place according to the spirit of the Greeks"), not dissimilar in his exposed lakeside location of the city of the Teier on the Ionian coast, also like this with one flat hilly hinterlands, ]) Rules Abdera, in Athens. message. 1887 12, 161. Here is also literature About the earlier Research indicated the location of the city. !) Άβδηρα at Hellanikos fr. 98 (FHG 1, 58), Herodotus I. 168; 6. 46; 7. 109 etc. — Άβδηρον occasionally with Ephoros fr. 72. — With the Romans later Abdera, -ae (Pliny 25. 52); further evidence see K. F. H e r m a n n Ges. Treatise. 93. u. — The Phoros lists IG I 226-240 give ΗΑΒΔΕΡΙΤΑΙ. The meaning of the name is obscure. Frequently is he out dem Phoenician explained (ζ. B. T o m a s c h e k seat area. Vienna. Academy 1893, 41) and then a Phoenician colony in front of the Greek adopted. The occurrence of the Called A b d e r a on the southern coast of Spain areas the Bastulo-Phoenicians (Φοινίκων χτίσμα Strabo 3. 157, cf. Plin. hist. nat. 3. 3), A p t e r a on Crete (about Phoenician on Crete see this Material at A s s m a n n Philologus 67, i6iff.), A p t e r a in Lycia seems to agree with this view To offer support, but it's a non liquet can't get out at the moment. 3) The general map of Central Europe 1: 200,000 Leaf Xanthi allows the rule-given conditions I can't see the writing so clearly. 4) See e.g. b. Sinope, Trapezius at B u r c h n e r The settlement of the coasts of Pontos Euxeinos 1885, pp. 56, 67. I*

4 T H R A C I A preferred over this due to the location river, the healthy water from the Bergen brought for the townspeople and the Access to the hinterland and further in the mountains of Perimdagh and Rhodope mediated. There is hardly a place that is as cheap as this in the surrounding area at the Find the coast. There were only one point Settlements located further to the west are in front of him out. The mountains rich in gold and silver the Orbelos and Pangaios lie in one at least not an insignificant distance, separated from Cape Bulustra the Nestos. Who is here? settled, came as a farmer and trader, not around mines to exploit. And that the later Abderites the intention of the first colonists have remained faithful, shows the land ownership the city, the in the mentioned several times in poor tradition will and probably not insignificant flat hinterland up to the high mountains '). But with the original In Abdera there is a clear intention not satisfied. The early money in his Richness shows that you can find something on the Cape Bulustra the natural treasures of the mountains west- lich from Nestos to make one's own understood. And factory, weight and picture this one money teaches further, that man In the year 376 the Triballers fell into the χώρα των 'Αβδηριτών and win big prey (Diodorus 15. 36) — in 188 draws Manlius per Abderitarum agrum (Livy 38. 41) — in the year 166 defend the Abderites in Rome την πάτριο[ν χώραν], which the Thracian king Kotys owned claims (D i t t e n b e r g e r Syll. 2 303). — The Nestos flows διά της 'Αβδηριτών (Pausanias 6. 5. 3). 2) The coin base the older ranks of Thasos (with satyr and girl) show Neapolis, "Eion", Lete, Aigai, Zaieleer, Tyntener, and here find yourself several times as images of centaurs and satyrs with Nymphs. — Abderas Embossing similar in this did in contrast to, as a competitor from Thasos'). The Thasier owned points on the opposite coast (Neapolis), and south around the Pangaios around to the west, to Eion, Lete, Aigai, went theirs relationships. This Inland, the area of the Edons to the north lich from Pangaios and the Bisalts beyond of Strymon, the Abderites moved into theirs Circles. The competition between the two cities is unmistakable. The later founding Judging by Abderas, one will be in you see the younger rival from the older sister the hinterland tried hard to catch. Triple is the tradition about the Founding of the city. The first one after that Heracles the colony founded to create inner on his Darling Abderos, these are the wild horses of Diomedes torn, can stay aside3). You belongs to the legend. And so far it's through no finds from the Mycenaean period given, one old ones city at Ch Bulustra is to be suspected, to which the Say could have started. It seems the area of Abdera as in general the Thracian coast from the first Greek schen, the Mycenaean colonization avoided to be, for reasons, which we yet not clear recognize *). With the Weight and shape are the coins of the Edons, Bisalt. — The Orreskii, Ichnai and Alexander of Macedonia switch from the latter group to the former. See B a b e l o n traité des mon- naies 2, ι Chap. 8, p. 1033 fg. 3) Include supporting documents P a u l y - W i s s o w a Real Encyclopedia s.v. Abdera. 4) Perhaps the current facts are misleading. The Thracian coast is one of the worst- known areas the old world. — The Phoenicians stick with that current status of the Research better except consideration, see page 3 Note 2.

A B D E R A S Wildness of Thracian tribes is the Appearance not explained, rather with that Opposite. The second tradition calls him Klazomenians Timesius as Ctistes and gives as the founding year 654 or 652 BC. Chr.1). But the founder of his deed was not glad. Thracians drove him away, and only Fate did him justice in that He later became a hero in the city enjoyed. This is the report of Herodotus2). • On the question of the historicity of this customer wear the coins nothing at. There is no reference in the coins pictures - the head of Apollo, which is approximately at the same time at the beginning of the fourth year hundred on coins from Klazomenai and Abdera appears while in Teos Completely missing, of course, proves nothing - and the times when famous men the past on the money represented, has the Abderitic character at all no longer experienced. The coins bear witness to this all the better the historicity of the third story about the creation of Abdera. The animals from Ionia, like that reported Herodotus, not willing like most Greeks on Asia Minor coast, that ') According to Plutarch mor. 96. 8 1 2 and Ailian var. hist. 12. 9 is called the Founder Timesias. — This Year of founding by Euscbios (ed. Sch ö n e 2, 86); about the difference see Β u s o 11 Greek. business 1, 463. s) Herodotus 1. 168. — For colonization the Teier see also [Skymnos] 665, Strabo 14. 644. 3) The one brought out again by Busolt Büd i n - g e r s c h c approach the Dethronement (approx 540 v. BC) is again from P r a s e k story the Medes and Persians I, 1906, 216 s rejected. 4) Herodotus 6. 8. - The inconsistency of the Herodotus A later historian has these stories - probably Ephorus - who Strabo follows in 14.644, to eliminate tried through Acceptance one return migration χρόνψ ύστερον, and this Ver- To bear a foreign yoke, that after the Croesus' dethronement (1. 546) ') them was imposed by the Persians out. All in total. They start colonizing Thrace's Abdera coast for the second time. With total emigration (έσβάντες πάντες ές τά πλοία) has Herodotus too much said; also had so much love of freedom the animals don't. Teos was not desolate, not even just the poor plebs let. Otherwise the animals wouldn't be available Naval Battle of Lade in 494 BC. BC seventeen ships, six times as many as the Phocaeans, their competitors in the open air urge to be happy, be able to pose4). But "Αβδηρα καλή Τηιων αποικίη 5) be- is right. The παρα'αημον of both Cities, the city coat of arms on the money the animal like the Abderite, the griffin, there to the right here with rare, only through few exceptions (either barbaric pieces or very late mintings) under- broken consequence turned to the left, proves it. A proof that has more force than the conclusion that can be drawn from the partial in favor of the embassy to Rome the Abderites can do in the year 1666). Abdera became a colony like that most Greek. You stood in The assumption of convenience has been believed in more recent times been; like that ζ. b. by K. F Hermann Total Treatise 98. 5) Strabo 14. 644. 6) Dittenberger Sylloge2 303. — About the city coat of arms s. P e r d r i z e t Bull. corr. hell. 20, 549 (others Literature Magazine f. Numbers 25, 4 1 2 ) and Uber theirs Use as coin images Mac d o n a l d coin types 60 fg. Whether the animals existed before 545 shaped, like H e a d (British museum catalogue, Greek coins, Ionia p. 309) and Babelon (traité II 117) accept or not, whatever is possible appears, is indifferent to the taking and Adoption of the Teic griffin as the city's coat of arms in Abdera.

6 THRACIA Relation of piety to the mother city was un- dependent on the rest and went their own ways. No danger from outside, not the Thracian and not the Persian, which became clear soon enough, has its own Particularism in favor of a federal government mitigated with neighboring towns. For The coins provide proof of both. The colonists came from old cultivated land, where coin already three age or even longer and was there. Around the mother city around, in the Greek cities, on Lydian royal court, perhaps also in It was shaped by its own walls. The colonists also benefit from this Means of transport in barbarian land yourself Benefit promised and soon after Founding money spent, probably with as first on the northern coast of the Aegean ian sea. If the oldest group Abderite coin with right before 512 v. BC is set, the lead thirteen different official names, which can still be detected in her now, and of course only a fraction of that once existing form, in the time soon after the founding1). But the Abderites transplanted that ') See below p. 21 v. F ritze's justification from the Style consideration. In the catalog are the unity ability to love a number of v. Fritze out pieces separated out for stylistic reasons (octa- drachmas, tetradrachms, didrachms, dragon- men, obolen) placed at the end (catalog p. 121 ff. a—s). I can join some piece among the octadrachmas and small parts no evidence of the correctness of the expulsion Convince. Same unusual Weight and the griffin speak too much in favor of one Allocation to Abdera (see especially p. 122 f with A, six balls and one cut), and the dragon men and obols are not allowed anywhere safe Style judgment to. This one Reasons are against the Means of transport not without change Teos to the new home. you change- ten the coin base and they dated your money significantly over the year. The former was certainly not a friend- act against the mother city. Up easy trade with her - and it concerns foreign traffic with the octadrachmas without question - there was no value in the colony®). The latter, the exact dating, the only in Cyzicus at this time "at all custom shows us the practical sense the colonists. They have it for her money throughout the entire period of minting preserved. We know not much of Abderas Politela. Council and people are according to the only late state decree, that we have3), the determining facts tors, an authority of the νομοφυλακες stands at that time and a priest is annual eponym. Was it always like this? For advice and people and guardians of the law we know nothing, for the dating they say yes Coins and call ourselves the god, dem this priest served. It was Apollo4), and after the priest of Apollo, who changed annually, was dated in Abdera. stylistic too much when examining style in moved into the background; are we like that? you know with the coin cutters that we are I can honestly say that no one ever has one created a slightly different type of griffin? 2) Abdera coins according to the “Phoenician style”, exalted at 1/36, the octadrachms to 29.55 ε (of which half 14.78 g), Teos according to »Aeginetic Foot« pieces weighing 11.46 g (Babelon traité IX 313). The more detailed information about the weights of the abderiti- table coins, see chap. below. IV of the introduction. 3) Resolution of the Abderites in honor of two Teiers from the year 166. Dittenberger Syll. 2,303. 4) namely probably the Pythian, like the many people on Γΐυθ- suggest.

A B D E R A 7 Den Proof for the position des Eponyms provide the beautiful coins with the standing Apollo, who is in the The bowl on the right, the one in the left arm holds a laurel tree and surrounds writing wear ΕΠΙ ΑΡΟΑΛΠΝΟΣ, ΕΓΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΑΚΤΟΣ. That's where the god stands place of his priest, death or otherwise a power prevented him from taking office act1). Only if, by the way, it is around Priest of Apollo acts, will the Mention of the god understandable here. And also the choice of the head of Apollo as of the permanent back type with alternating rare officials from the fourth century ab is best explained when approaching assumed that the official was the god's priest. Further proof of the age of the The coins in their form result in velvetness. The number the Priest names on them is so big that they only ever could have been in office for a year. For a shorter term of office, in itself possible lich, says nothing2). § 2. From c. 512—c. 478 B.C. BC The colony at Nestos has about one preserved their freedom for centuries. The ') Catalog n. 88 and 97. Καλλιβίναξ can of course also be a man's name. But the same representation position as on the coin with Απόλλων — es is probably the Cult statue — speaks for one names of gods des God's in senses U s e n e r s (Names of the Gods 1896 p. 122 fg.). And Apollon as To take a mortal's name becomes one not easy to decide, although on one Kercher Tombstone des fourth century v. BC 'Απόλλων Κυλιάνιος to read is. S. K i e s e s e r i t z k y and W a t z i nger Greek. grave reliefs from southern Russia 1909 n. 2 1 . The Er- supplement Απολλώνιος) Watzinger rejects now. In n. 397 ibid (around birth of Christ) Πίλλα χαί (olí) Άπ&λω χαίρετε is Άπόλλω probably short- form to 'Απολλώνιος. — The custom, the protective Become sons of the animals thirsting for freedom but what their fathers did through the heroic wanted to avoid the act of emigration: Persian subjects. Following Darius's mis- After the successful Scythian campaign, Megabazos stayed in Europe and subdued as a replacement for that Scythian land they sought in vain the Thracian South Coast until to Strymon hin3). So did Abdera to the king Subject to every city and every people the area there and remained so until after the Greek wars of freedom4). Into the vortex of the Ionian revolt it wasn't drawn. Persian rule was for he who Being a subject was bearable, quite bearable lich. The knowledge is also the cover rites in the period between 545-512 come. Of course, you paid taxes, and for the big Xerxes procession of the year 480 B.C. Abdera also has great burdens have to take on. An Abderite is it was with Herodotus, his compatriots advised to thank God that Xerxes did not Dine twice a day, otherwise be it over with them5). To ruin the contributions are not managed like that abundant and good money of time teaches, and Putting deity in place of the eponym is nothing unusual in Greek cities. The last compilation of the epigraphic Evidence finds join in W o o d w a r d annual of Brit, school at Athens 1907/08 p. 1 1 7 (lasos, Antandros, Priene, Miletus, Magnesia, Sparta). To that Byzantium can also be placed (P i c k Num. Zeitschr. 27, 27), Samothrace (CIL III Suppl. n. 7371) and now Abdera. H e a d Of course (Historia numorum 221) concludes especially from the large number of names, it couldn't care about the annual eponyms act. 3) Herodotus 5. 2 and 5. 10. *) Herodotus 8. 120; see page 8 of our introduction. 5) Herodotus 7. 108. - 7. 185. - 7. 120.

8 even the internal administration hardly works be changed, for which the coins again in theirs uninterrupted Follow and Steadiness speak. To at least not under Mardonios, who after the Ionian revolt brought tyranny everywhere replaced by democracies1). On the contrary! Abdera stood by himself the “servitude” is particularly good. In her what happened to their rivals, the Thasians, bad; slandered by the neighbors They had to abandon their ships in 491 deliver to Abdera®), and the sales thought is stirring that the Abderites were good neighbors who were there Thasians slandered for greater prosperity your cash register. One was so Persian, like one could, and remained so, over the un- necessary moment out. The awards, the golden one Dagger and the gold-worked tiara who gave the fleeing Xerxes to the city, as well as the appointment as royal Guests speak an eloquent language. Even more the boasting of the Abderites, Xerxes came to them first Escape felt safe and the Belt loosened3). It seems that theirs ') Herodotus 6. 43. The Carry coins otherwise for these questions don't matter. The Greek T y - As is well known, racers of the early days were everywhere being preferred to appearance and their power not announced to the world on the money. The recently known non-Athenian oboi of Hippias (B a b e l ο η Corolla numismatica in honor of Head, Oxford 1906, p. ι) with H I P forms - which Regling draws my attention to - No exception in that he was certainly the first to coin it is when Hippias returns after his expulsion Suzerainty of the Great King assumed: Ge- rulers of this kind mention their name, cf. the example of Themistocles in Magnesia. This by S e l t m a n Numerical chron. 1908, 278 with ab- image. published and related to Hippias Tetradrachmon with ΠΙ needs regarding its City the role of the capital in the Thracian Province des Persian Empire intended was. The freedom made such hopes, if they existed, an end. § 3 · From c. 478—c. 352 B.C. BC The freedom that the Abderites gave the The courage of others is due to them about four generations received ge- remained4). Of course not full freedom and not without occasional disturbances, like that the Abderites in general are quietistic seem to have been. After the Persians withdrew they are joined the Delian-Attic Sea League and have him, even in his later Form as an Attic empire, belonged to to the year 411. First with full, then with limited autonomy - a condition restriction, which, however, like the coins do not point to the coinage stretched —, always as a member of high performance5). Give of this performance the Attic phoros lists for the thirty Years from 454-425 BC BC a visual Authenticity and the reading of the name urgent the review. 2) Herodotus 6. 46. 3) Herodotus 8. 120. 4) Abdera became free as the Persian power in Thrace collapsed. The exact date is unknown. In 476 Eion falls. Presumably there is deras liberation earlier, otherwise the attack the Athenians against the Persian power moved here and there would not have been directed against the insignificant Eion. 5) Everything else is unknown to us. The limitation of autonomy comes from Thucydides 3. 10 (Speech from the year 428) ol ξύμμαχοι έδουλώίίησαν πλην ή[χών (Μυτιληναίων) και Xítuv. By the way one will do well, the δούλωαις here and elsewhere (ζ. B. Thuk. I. 98) as well as the άρχή (ζ. Β. Thuk. 5. 18. 7; 5. 47) or even the τυραννίς

A B D E R A 9 lish Figure 1), that colorful through these beautiful ones T e t r a d r a m s e r i e s this one times will. A b d e r a pays in the year 454 in cash money 12 Tal. 5100 Dr. in the years 452-50 15 “ 449 ' 4 » 445-436 15 “ 428-425 1 0 “ The numbers themselves don't teach much 2). I compare it with them the other Cities show her the big material blossom the city. You stands to Beginning on the first position under the 4 5 — 6 0 Federal cities, the, different in theirs TOTAL NUMBER, later to Thracian B e - be gathered together, and remains, after th a s o s ' P erformance in the year 4 4 6 around ten times as much, from n three up thirty T a l e n t e increased is, as two farther away Distinctive from most others®). From m completely Thracian P h o r o s pays her to (Thuk. 2. 63. ι ; 3. 37. 2) not too sharp to take, and you are not allowed to take any of the third half a hundred cities of waste, fighting and bloody Think submission. That the majority the BUndler into the dependent position without waste and further fight got, it is self- understandable. — Abdera's constant, not sub- broken Embossing in the last decades of the 5th century also proves that the R e i c h s m l i n z o r d n u n g Athens, the in the federal cities the embossing forbidden, at Nestos was not applied. See for that Athenian Ban Because Magazine f. Number 25, 52. fg. and 28, 356. ') The tribute lists of the allies are best now at P e d r o l i i tributi degli alleati d'Atene in Beloch's studi di storia antica 1, 101 (1891) and at L a r f e l d Manual of the Greek epic graphic 2, 24 (1902). — From the year 425, perhaps Already from 428 onwards the lists fail. The lower one border will determined, ever after man a Stone fragment (IG I 259) with Pedroli between 432-428 or with Larfeld in the year 425. It shows 10 talents as the tax amount on. — Abdera is probably one of the federal cities from the beginning of money paid. As Sea heroes Beginning ' / 7 - ' / β · And not only in Thrace is A b d e r a so far the majority ahead. In the r TOTALITY the 2 5 0 Cities in Rich stands her on fourth S t e l l e after A i g i n a , T h a s o s , P a r o s and B y z a n z 4 ), and The empire included many flourishing cities in the decades before the extinction p e l o p o n n e s i s h e n War. Was r the Tax pressure to hard, the Athens exercised? The little one S w w a n c u n g after uiiten in years 4 4 9 proves it definitely not 5). But no later than this year 4 2 8 the tribute will be taken away a u f J/3, from n 1 5 a u f 1 0 T a l e n t e reduced, just right where? m a n one Tension i n f o l g e d e s p e l o p o n n e s i c war should expect, and in the same time one falls strong weight reduction, like them Coins teach. It means a coin change - 6). H a t A b d e r a e t w a to blood tax yourself determined on S t e l l e one their residents never made themselves known and solvent allies must at Aristides' estimate of 460 talents from the beginning must have been among those paying money. а) Perhaps the offering is something like a tithe of state revenue. If Thasos 30 valley. pays and according to Herodotus (6. 46) 200 annually, in good years 300 valley. If it had income, it just paid a tenth. 3) Small cities like those of the Argilians and Sermylians pay an abnormally high sum at the beginning, are not taken into account. The high contribution There are some reasons here that are unknown to us. See the convenient overview, the B e l o c h Greek. story i, 402 due to the Pedrolian Lists exist. 5) Maybe the missing talent of the year is 449 in J. 447 paid in arrears, where also from other cities Additional payments have been made. At least finds The sum of one talent is paid here the enigmatic inscription Ε Σ · ιΟΛΛΗ ΑΒΔΕΡΙ, what makes Kirchhoff even more puzzling with έί [Ή]ίον(α) Άβδηριτέων describes. б) See chap. below. IV p. 40. — The success of the general tax increase in the Reich from the year 425, where the Phoroi commonly doubled and

IO T H R A C I A unaffordable property tax? It sees not like that. During the fighting in the Chalcidice and around Amphipolis occurs City does not stand out at all, and with the precise list of those providing maritime assistance Allies in the Sicilian experiment In this case her name is not mentioned1). Other reasons are decisive the tax discount, maybe for that too easier money: new colonies in the neighborhood made it more difficult Trade and the old neighbors in the country Honor your good neighbors pay extensively. Of course Thasos, the old competitor, was probably lagging behind the Siege and surrender the Years 465-463, but the Athenians®) sat stuck nearby and worse than this threatened these new competitors newly created ones Thracian Empire the city. The Odrysian Empire seemed one terrible danger at the beginning of the pelo- Ponnesian War to be. From Abdera to the mouth of the Danube, from Byzantium up to the upper Strymon their kings Sitalkes and Seuthes, and their influence extended further, such as the field Unfortunately, we see that Abdera has tripled no more; the tribute lists fail. Thucydides 7. 57. ') Athens' colonization activities around Ab- dera (Lemnos, Imbros, Chersonesus 447, amphi- polis after many unsuccessful attempts 437 v. BC) of course also has Abdera's trade subsequently influenced; There is no evidence provide. 3) The 1000 Talents gives Diodorus 1 2 . 5 0 . The Total is calculated from Thucydides' Information (2. 97): 400 talents of gold and silver, regular Phoros, as much precious metal as a gift - and without Gifts were not achieved Land - as well as carpets and other household items advice. But as you can see, she's doing the right thing. campaign against Macedonia in 429 showed. The king offered 150,000 men without effort and 1000 talents3) was his intake, twice the intake of the Attic Empire before the tax increase. That to the large sum Greek cities also contributed Thucydides4), and Abdera certainly was among them. Paid it as Thracian Subject or willing to serve after- cash, with the willingness, the dem for weaker people? The coins asks one in vain. No trace of a thra- kish suzerainty is noted on them bar, but Thracian rule could still existed like their time which is also not visible on the money Persian suzerainty. The rash the passage from Thucydides5) is verified rough. A second argument speaks for it6). Despite one becomes a complete incorporation of them Reject Abderas to the Odrysian Empire. Never would be at Athens in 428 either only paid one drachma if you was no longer autonomous at Nestos would be, and later there is no trace our extensive literature on the Capture of the flourishing Greek city Thucydides 2. 97. 5) Thucydides 2. 97 φόρος τε έχ πάσης της βαρβάρου *αί των Ελληνίδων πόλεων, δσον π ρ ο α ή ξ α ν έπΐ Σεύ&ου, δς δβτερον Σιτάλχου βασιλε6σας πλείστον δη έποίησε, τετρακοσίων ταλάντων άργυρίου μάλιστα δΰναμις etc. S t e u p Thucydides 4th ed. writes with D o b r é e δσωνπερ ήρξαν and assumes that Abdera belonged to the Odrysian Empire. 6) Thucydides 2. 97 when stating the size of the Odrysian Empire: ή άρχη. . . καθήχουσα άπό 'Αβδήρων πόλεως ές τόν Εδξεινον πο'ντον άπό Βυζαντίου ές Λαιαίους καΐ έπΐ τον Στρυμόνα. Now they are Laiaier to Thuk. 2. 96. 3 certainly subjects and consequently it would also be Byzantium and Ab- dera. But one would rather be an inconsistency in specifying the boundaries.

ABDERA I I by the barbarians, who do not go without see in the Greek world would have happened can. So Abdera is considered free for us at the moment the flowering of the Odrysian Empire. Free all- but only for annual severance pay money, for the sake of which even Athens in the first difficult years of the Pelopon Nesian war for degradation des Imperial tributes yourself decide had to1). It was small consolation for the Abderites, one of their own as Queen at the side of King Sitalces to know and her brother nympho- dorosa) can be seen flattered in Athens for the sake of his royal brother-in-law. The glory of the Odrysian Empire was short. As quickly as it blossomed, it sank so quickly she died3), and with her the disappeared Thracian fear of the Abderites. The partial People believed they were rich through their own efforts to be grown and to be protected to be able to do without the back. That's why one of the bold courage of the general imperial discontent followed and canceled Athens, than the power of the Attic before Syracuse Empire collapsed. The year of general collapse, 411 BC, as Thasos in the spring, then Byzantium, Kalchedon, Kyzikos, Selymbria fall away, will also be the right one for the Abderites ') The reduction of the Attic tribute is also at Ainos - here already in the year 439 - took place and although from 10 on 4 talents. Likewise in Maroneia between 436-428 from 10 to 3 talents. Also Ed. M e y e r History of antiquity 4 § 428 puts it in connection with strengthening of the Odrysian Empire. About the tetradrachm with the name of Nymphodoros and the on it subsequent Controversy see catalog n. 62. 3) Uber the Thracian Dynasts see Höc k Hermes 1891, 71 and 453; 1898, 626; Ed. Meyer History of Antiquity 4, 427; H U n e r w a d e l time you thought. You have had the courage. At the energy or the means of power to give him permanent success It was missing to help follow. Already In 408 Alcibiades succeeded in sent Thrasybulus, Thasos and the Thracian Cities again Athens to subdue. Among them is Abdera expressly mentioned4). But also this one Condition is not permanent. After the the war decisive Athenian Defeat at Aigospotamoi (405) occurs Abdera with the neighboring cities for savings Tanian party over to go back to a decade or probably at the latest after fifteen years of the Harmosten to recite the regiment5). We have Democritus") and his Compatriots survived the confusing times? It doesn't take much imagination to do it her us through hard Contributions on the part of bankrupt Athens after 408 and again on the part des overconfident Sparta oppressed after 405, through Constitutional changes of some like the other party frightened and in un- timely joy and timely sadness to introduce. But come to the imagination no messages to help. And also the coins fail for all details. If there really are allusions to events Research on the history of King Lysima chos of Thrace, 1900, introduction. 4) Xenophon Hellenica 1. 4. 9 - Diodorus 13. 72. 2. Here Abdera is mentioned: πόλις έν ταϊς δυνα- τωτάταις ουβα τ<5τε των έπΐ Θράκης. 5) Spartan rule on the Thracian Coast has after the Battle of Knidos (394) or at the latest after Thrasybul's train in the year 389 stopped. 6) There is a tetradrachm with the name of Democritus (cat. n. 73), The identity this one Eponyms with the philosopher is doubtful; s.y. Fr i t z e Nomisma III 24.

12 THRACIA nisses of external or internal politics are present on them, they are us incomprehensible. They only teach two things; fortunately two not small things. Once that the Abderite order hold understood in finance, also in the hardest times, and therefore not everything underneath and went over it. To others that twice a weight reduction the Coins pre- was taken in a very short time each other'). Off the year 376 comes from the next message about Abdera"). You shows the city in new trouble. Nordic barbarians, the Triballer, has hunger prompts a raid to the Abderite country. The vigilante the loot-laden escapees succeed to beat, but they are defeated a second idea. betrayal of them Allied Thracians seem to be the big one to have caused defeat in the almost the entire Abderite contingent falls. Only a crew belonging to the Athenian French general Chabrias places in the city, saves them from a siege the barbarians. !) For more details, see page 37 below. The so-called hybrids Stamps cat. n. 173 (and 174?), on which the city is named in place of the priest of Apollo and the fake, sub-aerate money from old times are, can in belong to this time; Conclusions are because of the chronological indeterminacy inadmissible. '*) Diodorus 15. 36. The episode is briefly described recently acts from S t r a z z u l l a di Cotys I etc., Klio 3, 325 and better by Höc k Clio 4, 268. 3) Dittenberger Sylloge 2 80; the literature in the Note 36. — Schol. Aristides Panath. 3. 275 white from one Cooperation the Maronites and Triballer against the Abderites to time des Chabrias and reconciled theirs "Kings" include others. The Schol. ibid 3. 282 lets the The horror was big enough, around Athens Federal cooperative be- to make it worth listening to. In the spring of 375 Abdera joins the blossoming second Attic sea alliance3) to help him until Loss of their independence in 352 to belong. It wasn't that anymore rich city of yore. We are missing free- Lich numerical evidence, such as that for the Time of the first sea alliance stood. But the increasingly poor one Characteristics of the last decades in which many a year without new big silver, some even without new silver The time has passed, speak clearly enough4). The time clearly announces itself, in the one from Abdera as from one Krähwinkel spoke5). The decline is not just the Consequence of the unique tribal defeat situation, as bad as it was for the city may be, does not originate alone from the evil times around the turn des fourth century. That man did not come free from the eternal tribute pay on two sides, was the main cause. And that is the situation Time of the Second Sea Confederation as good as at the end of the first. In the north the Chabrias Abdera and Maroneia reconcile. The Neighbor disputes are very conceivable. But the scholiastic wisdom is too suspect, as already R c h d a n t z vitae Iphicratis, Chabriae 63 out- leads, and that Actual in her will from Höck a. a. O. placed in the year 389. She is not used above. 4) Evidence see in the catalog n. 145-202 and the Tables p. 34 fg. There is big silver for them 38 years from 390-352 in only about 15 emissions. 5) [Demosthenes] 17. 23 (περί των προς Άλέξανδρον συνθηκών): ούτοι δ'οΐ νεόπλουτοι μόνοι χαταφρονείν υμάς υμών αότών άναγκάζουσι, τά μέν πείθοντες, τα δέ βιαζόμενοι, ώσπερ έν Άβδηρίταις ή Μαρώ- νείτοις, ά)Χ ουκ έν Άθηνοίοις πολιτευόμενοι.

A B D E R A 1 3 Thracians, about the total - uprisings settled - from 383-359 Kotys I. reigned powerfully and violently and that three sons, in the Nestos area around Abdera Berisades, followed, in the south of the Attic Sea League, both neighbors with Keywords like autonomous and free for the Greek cities were so generous, if only give them money for autonomy and freedom was paid1). They both happy too that was too much for Abdera too. The untenable Location has King Philip of Macedon came to an end ge- makes after he found them 3 56 by of Philippoi in the area the Edones, the old trading friends of the Abderites, and through Exploitation the there had made mines even more untenable. In the course of the conquests against the Thracian princes is also Abdera him become subject. Probably in the year 352. Yes know us not exactly, when and how. Of Greek cities Diodorus tells the story on the Hellespont 343, they would like to be in alliance with the king Philip kicked, who freed her from the eternal Thracian fear2). Probably possible, that Abdera equally gladly the ') Known is that συντάξεις, the polite one Um- writing for the hated φάρο;, in the second Attic Sea Confederation were paid, where according to the Foundation deed (Dittenberger2 80) for each member should be έλεύθερος καΐ αότόνομος, πολιτευόμενος πολιτείαν ή ν αν βούληται, μήτε φρουράν είαδεχόμενος μήτε άρχοντα υποδεχόμενος, μήτε φρον φ^ρων. — The Phoros to the Thracian princes is attested by IG II 5. 65 b, and since we Kotys mostly fight with the cities on the Chersonese, so is Abdera paid voluntarily. ') Diodorus 16. 71 διόπερ αί τών Ελλήνων πόλεις, άπολυθείααι τών φόβων, εις τήν συμμαχίαν τοΰ Φιλίππου προθυμότατα χατετάχθηααν. 3) The intake is reported by Polyainos 4.2.22 (Φίλιππος την 'Αβδηριτών xal Μαρωνιτών χαταλαβών έπαν^ει), without specifying the year. The editors write freedom that is too expensive sacrificed3). From no siege, no sacrifice joyful fight for the autonomy, how Olynthus and Byzantium fought him, directed the tradition at Abdera. As yourself the Battle for Olynthus played and as Philocrates peace mediated between Philip and Athens, there was Abdera Macedonian. That's it otherwise, we probably heard about the Abde- rites in our abundant springs. § 4. From c. 352—c. 281 B.C. BC The second loss of autonomy is clearly expressed in the coin beings. Of course, different than before was believed. King P h i l i p p II has not the Embossing A b d e r a s a Done at the end. It was just narrowed down them on the issue of small silver and low Copper for the domestic Market traffic. And to this ward from King made a double edition, Once that the city's silver in weight adapt to the imperial coinage, but a little undervalued, so that's it Soft image remained banned. Secondly, without necessity καταδρομών (sc. την χώραν) ; so that would fall the certificate completely gone. — Because of this Polyainos position set H ö c k Hermes 1891, 107, and Shepherd Demosthenes 1, 4 4 3 s the event in the year 353. The year 3 5 2 gives U. K a h r - city in its good chronological parts, otherwise missed Dissertation The Politics des Demosthenes (Berlin 1910). According to him (p. 51 fg.) was Philip from the beginning of 352 until the end of 351 in Thrace. Since the western principality of the Thracians probably in 352 by Philip was completely abolished - the eastern part falls It only came to him in 341 - and then already 352 and In the period that followed, Philip's moves always went against each other the cities further east and towards the eastern The approach will be to judge the royal Thracian kings do the right thing.

1 4 T H R A C I A that silver like copper as clear Signs of Heraclid sovereignty K e u l e next to dem Grabbing stretcher1). In the empire this was true for the future Griffin money no more, and away From then on there was no new tetradrachm Customer of Abdera since 352 BC BC for the world was the city on Nestos make- Donic and belonged after 341 BC. BC as a provincial town to Macedonian Province of Thrace'). But at home the griffin money continued as small coin, the smooth handling of the daily traffic ensuring. It is a new feature in the image of the king, this order of Abderite coinage after 352 B.C. BC can be seen. And, as always, he just makes the king greater, who vilifies his enemies and his older son in undeserved have cast shadows. With caution caring for the whole as well as the parts, This is how Philip II appears to us in the coin contrary to Abdera's order. Whether this coin order, in itself, of course- lich just a part of the general order des political relationship between Philip and Abdera, because of one thing Symmachy contract was made, like him the Greek cities on the Hellespont J) The evidence can be found below in chapter. IV, p. 33. s) That Abdera is counted as part of Thrace, teaches Strabo 7. 3 3 (331) είτα το Νέστου στόμα του διορίζον- τος Μακεδονίαν καί θράκην, ώς Φίλιππος καί Αλέξανδρος 6 τούτου παις διώριζον έν τοις κατ' α&τοίις χρόνοις; forget, η. 35· s) Diodorus 16. 7 1 ; see above p. 1 3 note 2. *) below chap. IV, p. 34. 5) [Callisthenes] 43. e) L Mü l l e r numismatique d'Alexandre le Grand suivie d'un appendice cont. les monn. de Phil. II. et III. pp. 379, 155, Plate X X V and VI for Philip II and Alexander; for Philip III. provides one unedited drachma with dem at- soon afterwards with Philipp completed*), stands there, and also remains unclear, how long this order remained in force. Dem today existing Coin holdings after to judge has Philip not, Alexander not until around 330 BC. BC, maybe he wasn't interested in her at all shakes4). We don't hear of any insurrection tion Abderas to regain the precarious autonomy unless one believe the Alexander novel written by proud defiance of the Abderites white5). This is the only way to complete permanent des image add, that Philip II, Alexander and Philip III. in Abdera Reichsgeld have shape let6). To the royal mint was the city with its tried and tested coins facilities above others. Lysimachus also struck his own coin in her"). The pseudo-autonomous one money On the other hand, for the city it seems to be an end to have made. The series of silver trioboles at least out Philips and Alexander's time is not a later one to follow up, for example, under Lysimachus could be shaped. Stay with copper it's doubtful, and depending on you a picture of this great man emerged throws, the decision will be made8). Sign of the griffin in the Berlin cabinet the Proof. ') L. Mü l l e r The coins of the Thracian king Lysimachus pp. 22, 54, plate IV. Lysimachus' shape stands in Dark. None Historian at the court of the Ptolemies or Seleucids was interested in reviving his memory. That he had his son killed and so his kingdom his power with his death on the battlefield Felde sank into ruins, his legacy is his cost. But that's already clear now the darkness that we in Lysimachus the con- most consistent successor of the later Alexander, of the autocrat. He wanted to be more consistent

A B D E R A 15 § 5· From 281-196 B.C. BC The battle from Korupedion in Year 281, with which the kingdom of Lysimachus fell into ruins, must for Abdera may have had meaning. As prey came the city with the whole δορίχτητος γεγενημένη βασιλεία to Seleucus. But he died when he saw the new wanted to step on blissful ground. His The murderer was not happy about his deed; in Ptolemy Keraunos fell in 279 against the Galatians. What was the result? for Abdera? If it was free, it became that Rich the Antigonids or the Seleucids incorporated, ward now the Greek city the booty of the Thracians North1) or even the Galatians around Tylis around? We have a clear insight today denied. One will believe in a supremacy, so small is the once thriving city been at that time may be. This nor as Antigonus, the territorial rule without urban special positions with the absolute Ruler at the top. Therefore he let the divine veneration of his person, more official than the other marshals, so he made sure that generous imperial coin (see Hünerwadel op. cit. 1 1 8 ; S t r a c k Rh. Mus. 55, 1635). It's not believable lich, that Abdera lost the small silver coinage, the copper stamping but kept or even completely sporadically once received permission for them. Lysimachus is suspended one with the other have, v. Fritze, of course, thinks and describes the Lysimachus differently. He has it several times pointed out (Corolla numismatica p. 5 1 ; No- misma I 8, IV 30) that “Diadochi and Epi- gonen full or limited coinage law own state cities, but also subjugated ones communities left.” Lysimachus be one from them. »He has like often in small- Asia, like that also here (on the Chersonese) the Hellenic cities their self-government leave, Absence of any silver coin, which is only sporadically radish yet occurring Copper money serve as evidence. But who was overlord? It's cover in the human age according to Korupedion the claims that Seleucids like anti- gonids raised in Thrace, only poorly with their real power. The Thracians in turn, are themselves hard pressed by those Celts around Tylis, who for their part only Loot from the cities, not the property of the cities aspired. After everything, what us know, has But it is also a m a k e d o n i c city apply; West of Hebros never applied Seleucid word. The similarity of the Poseidon's head on the money from Ab- dera with the Poseidon head of the winner coins of Antigonus Gonatas, which this after the battle near Kos (around 256) let him beat, serves as evidence for the five, decades of the third century. To at least for those who are similar seen as a political allusion2). about her the more securely it is to be tied to oneself." In This view is based on v. Fritze Nomisma III 27 then a small copper series (catalog n. 230-234) around 300 BC BC. It seems to me that for lysis macho' Asia Minor Possession and for the other Diadochi certainly correct Thesis on Lysimachus' Possession in Europe, d. h. on the Macedonian province of Thrace does not fit. That because of the style of the series in question v. Fritze in Lysimachus' time, also 20-30 Can be set years later, of course. ') About the Thracian Empire during this time see Nie s e Greek. story 2, 138, 570. — About that Celtic Empire around Tylis, the c. 278 to 212 BC BC existed, ibid p. 25, 384, 570. 2) Catalog n. 235. 236. — The similarity emphasized v. Fritze in Nomisma III 28. For this Copper with the head of Poseidon around 260-50 hitting is also serving the Counterstamp ili (eight-pointed star) as proof. The following Series namely, that of the Ptolemies, leads the star

ι6 T H R A C I A How long did it last? m a k e - d o n i s c h ? After newer view1), the on the based on literary sources, until to the year 167, until the fall of the make- Donic royalty. Probably fate will have been more varied be. Certainly, when King Philip V in Year 200 the great battle with Rome began, the city was in his hands and remained so throughout the war. Before and afterwards she wasn't. Before g e - if you heard the Ptolemy, afterward g a l t them as free. Deliver for the former the coins are proof of the latter can probably be done. There is one in the copper in our catalog Series of poorly preserved pieces with beards loose king heads 3). W e n put her dar? The Antigonids are eliminated. Before Philip V does not show his royal coin King's head and more royal than the king Even the Abderite won't been be. But the fifth Philip carried it Beard, which in turn has to do with ours images not to unite. And also has he only in the last period of his reign, in 185, the shelf of coinage, as it has emerged over time forms had, weakened through Ge- granting limited minting rights to the districts of his empire. That Abdera already thirty years earlier with this one It's a good gift, there's nothing wrong with that. The Seleucids are also eliminated; extended as far west as shown, never theirs Power. Like this stay the Ptolemies, the gentlemen των κατ Aîvov καΐ Μαρωνείαν και πορρώτερον ετι πόλεων, the Abdera's minting facilities more royal coin probably also used3). Short 200 in. ago big ones Wars of conquest against the child Epi- Phanes, who has held the Ptolemaic throne since 204 Philip V. the city itself recovered1). Until 19 7, until to Battle of Kynoskephalai she remained with him. The correct explanation was given by a Ptolemaic Svoronos, the Imhoof-Blumer by proof who supported Aegis on a piece. (The Lite temperature see in the catalog), v. Fritze certainly trusts the evidence is not correct. 3) S v o r o n o s τα νομίσματα του κράτους των Πτολε- μαίων S. σις' (tetradrachms). — The big Thracian colonial possession of the Ptolemies is about around 240 B.C. BC from them acquired. That Abdera didn't come into their hands sooner is, is not said. The evidence for this Possession (inscription from Adulis, Polybius 5. 34 etc.) are last used by Beloch Greek. Ge- layer 3, 2 ch. 14. See also down at Ainos. — The words in the Polybius passage'xal πορρώτερον ετι πόλεων* can be used when listing East after West yourself actually just on Abdera relate. 4) In the year 200, Maroneia is the first city, against which Philip draws (Livy 31. 16). There has to be dera already be Macedonian. Probably was they occasionally use it to take Thasos End of the raid of 202. as a symbol. — The little we get from the Time to know otherwise about Thrace is from Belocli Greek. Story 3, 2, 290 discussed in a moment like sneeze Greek. Story 2, 580 Abdera to Macedonia is counting. — In the negotiations the Romans and Antiochus III. in 194 the former claim: “avus paterque numquam usurpaverunt per suis, quas urbes proavus belli iure habit", Livy 34. 58. — The of B a b e l o n rois de Syrie Preface 37, 49 (and 55) mentioned Thracian mints of Seleucus I, Antiochus I (and II?) remain, like Beloch, correctly emphasized, better ignored. ') Beloch Greek. story 3, 2, 279, see also the Maps III and IV ; Sneeze Greek. story 3, 28 and 129 7. — However has K. F. Hermann Ges. Abhandig. 109 right that City treated as free. 2) Catalog n. 237. That despite the wings on his head a ruler shown is, is about it man agree. That there several are, teaches them Ver- diversity of facial features that are not due to technical nical inability can be attributed.

A B D E R A 1 7 § 6. From 196 B.C. BC—14 η. BC Abdera's position in the future depends on whether on the city of first Paragraph des peace treaty from the year 196 was applied, which Freedom for the “other Hellenes all” proclaimed in Asia as well as in Europe1). The few mentions of the city in the Sources interpret on that. The Roman commissioner Lucius Stertinius, the 196 still the north of the Aegean Sea traveled and Lemnos and Thasos and τάς èiù Θράκης πόλεις from obedience liberated against the Macedonian king Autonomy was also announced in Abdera have'). And if not then, then twelve years later the city became free, when Philip was humiliated again in the year 1843). And it came again Freedom is dear to the Abderites. In the war against Perseus theirs was also City - against all martial law - of one "loot-loving" Romans General Hortensius taken in 170 and plundered, and many became Abderites made a slave4). The consolation of that the Roman Senate wronged the general and the restoration of the per- personal freedom was lean enough for the injustice suffered. But like the dire adversity has its good in the future future have brought about. In the year 167 was Abdera among the three cities that are not were allocated to Macedonia prima, so remained free5); in the year 166 or Shortly thereafter it remained in Rome in the pro- cesses against King Kotys of Thrace the upper hand; the old ownership of land remained with him. It may be that these both cheap Senate decisions that Plaster for the from Hortensius ge- were struck wounds. Free was A b d e r a thus with short interruption since 196 and it has remained as far as one can be free could in the time of Roman ob- power and Roman rule6). The precariousness is expressed in his coin J) Polybius 18. 44 τους μέν άλλους Έλληνας πάντα; τούς τε κατά την Άσίαν xoà χατά την Εύρώπην έλευθέρους ύπάρχειν χαί ν<5μοις χρησθαι τοις ¡δίοις. ' ) Polybius 18. 48. — In pretty detailed handed down Controversy that followed Thracian Cities acts it yourself always around Ainos and Maroneia. From Abdera is never mentioned. This has man wrongly relying on sovereignty des Macedonian king interpreted this city. For Abdera as a free city speaks: 1) the Itinerar Uber Manlius' return home in 188 (Livy 38. 41 until § 10), 2) the decision of the Senate in years 170: bellum iniustum Abderitis illatum (Livy 43. 4), 3) the Eximation of Abdera, Ainos, Maroneia in 167 from Macedonia great (Livy 45. 29). — The itinerary goes German as far as the Macedonian border near Neapolis and therefore Abdera is free. If the words “hoc omne per Graecorum colonias pacatum iter fecit« still belonged to him, so would the autonomy explicitly secured. But with these words, The ancient coins of Northern Greece II, 1. § io, leads Livy a foolish one Intermediate piece About Thracian hostilities a (“reliquum iter inde per medios Thraecas this noctesque« etc.), and only with § 15 »Cn. Manlius per Macedoniam in Thessaliam exercise traduxit« takes he the itinerary summary again on. 3) Back then is expressly the whole Thracian Coast declared free, and there the Macedonian crews in Ainos and Maroneia called become, like that is Abdera already free, Livy 39. 29 and 33; Polybius 22. 15. 4) Livy 43.4. — According to Diodorus 30.6, King Eumenes is of Pergamum the Conqueror; an Abderite Python Plays the city into his hand for moderate wages. 5) Livy 45. 29. 6) Pliny hist. nat. 4. 42 “Abdera libera civitas”. — That the city took a compassionate part in this understands the wars that took place near them yourself. A scattered note in Granius Licinianus (p. 33 of the Bonn edition) teaches, for example, that Mithra dates Eupator once stationed troops there. 2

ι8 THRACIA Freedom is no longer enough. The last ones autonomous Copper emissions belong probably before the reorganization of the year 167. Was one too poor at Nestos to Abdera was able to mint his own silver nothing more than a village? The absence from your own coin it almost suggests and that the via Egnatia has no consideration took to the city supports the assumption. But the war contribution speaks for itself IOO000 denarii and 50000 maass Ge- grain, the Hortensius in the year 170 demanded, as well as against the argument with King Kotys for the land ownership of the City, as well as the decision from the council and people of the Abderites the year 166 *). With big words was one in the times of Greek powerlessness Of course, some people bring things to hand Greek city are resounding resolutions nothing but phrases, here the urban one indicates Bank, the budget item τά είς τάς πρεσβείας and the authority of the law guards probably on more than blindness. The Romans' word of power in the masses Macedonian to be issued Tetradrachms, then in the Thasian and Maronite large silver a Kurant created money for trade, the settlement deritical coin fairs remain cold let. § 7• From 14 AD – 161 AD The imperial era also appears in Ab- dera the embossing takes place again new. Unlike most Thracian cities are shaped here the first one and a half centuries, not in later times. From Tiberius, Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Traian, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius has until now coins found; it may be that also from the intervening governments yet which will be found. You will don't teach much like the existing ones don't do it. Just that you're loyal, loyal à tout prix, was at Nestos and Aspired to make things agreeable, they teach that way intrusive as well as delightful. That the head des governing Kaiser occupies the main page, stands up. But more loyal, as usual, and that's why the endings are more boring also the reverse of the coin with a head of the imperial family decorated, its determination thanks the clumsiness of Abderite coinage Unfortunately, Schneider rarely succeeds. Just when she is with Nike, the herald one Imperial victory yet more loyal be could, they took (on the half pieces) this instead of the second head. And about- They even have loyal dem in the transcription Emperor consecrated the coin as usual dedicates a statue or a temple. So at least it was the custom from Nero to Antoninus. ΝΕΡΩΝΙ ΚΑΑΥΔΙΩ AB- ΔΗΡΕΙΤΑΙ and similarly with the following Coins is the inscription. In the beginning under Tiberius and Claudius If you have the city coat of arms out of sheer loyalty there was no longer room and the faithful city guardian, the griffin, each because of the image of Augustus, the father and grandfather of the reigning emperors, had given way, at least in writing nor the coin is vindicated: ΤΙΒΕΡΙΩ ΣΕΒΑ2ΤΩ . . . It says ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΩΝ them. That hasn't happened since Nero is enough. The owner takes the place of the owner Dedicant. ') Dittenberger Sylloge2 303.

ABDERA 19 People in Abdera were loyal. Whether the Loyalty the fruit of imperial favor wore? Not in the long run. degree than the emperors, according to the coins des Judging by the rest of Thrace, look around the Thracian conditions more be- take care of, the Abdera imprinting stops. The world passed by the ancient Greek city over, the imperial favor as well. In the north the Egnatia ran via von West to East without touching them, and further east, up the Hebros The traffic went from Traianopolis from the sea to the Danube. It is probably enough that what Persians and Thracians, Macedonians and Romans did not cause Nestos to stand brought. The swamp surrounding Cape Bulustra will be in that one time to have begun to form; him to eliminate, has no emperor under- taken II. The chronology of the autonomous coinage of Abdera. By H. von Fritze. The dating of the coin series from Abdera is detailed elsewhere given and justified been (cf. Nomisma III, pp. 1-30). Here should under In relation to this, only briefly the results be summarized. In order not to lose clarity To affect the text, they are all on the preliminary study (Nomisma III, p. iff.) informative page and blackboard quotations without Note on the Place of publication just by adding a star marked draws. I. The silver embossing. The Abderite silver money draws characterized by the stability with which it during the entire issue period around 200 years a main type, the Grabbing, holding on. His picture adorns it Vs. of 14 of the 15 groups in which the total mass of silver can be divided and has passed to Rs. at X V. The guide, the to the group education8) is linked to the form of the plantain, the different posture and equipment des Grab and the !) Neither later. It would be time now where the political conditions make it possible this is where the spade would be placed. The prospects on finds that are of local interest for the Abderite town, are big enough here. 2) The following are those in the preliminary study (loc. cit.) chosen, adopted here group label with the numbers corresponding to them and table quotations from the present corpus fascicle compiled. I a : N. 2. 4. 5-7. 10. II. 13. 14, plate I, 2. 3 Ib: Ν. 3. 8.9. I2, plate I, 4 II a: Ν. 19. 21. 23. 25-29. 31-33. 35*43» T a f · h 5· 6. 8-11 IIb: Ν. so. 58. 59. 61-63, plate I, 7 III a: Ν. I5-i8. 20. 22. 24. 30. 31. 34, plate I, 12 Illb: Ν. 5i. 56. $7-8i, plate I, 13. 14 I V a : Ν. 44-49. 55. 6o, plate I, 15. 16 IVb: Ν. 64. 65. 69-72. 74-8o. 82-86. 102. 109. MI-113. 115-124, plate I, 17-27. II, 1-14 V: Ν. 54, plate II, 15 VI a: Ν. 52. 53. 53a, plate II, 16 V Ib : Ν. 66-68. 73· &7· 126. 127, plate II, 17-22 VII: Ν. 8ç. 9°· 9 2"98· ιοί. 103. 104. 107. ιο8. Ι25· 128-132, plate II, 23-38 VIII a: Ν. ιο6, plate II, 39 VlIIb: Ν. ios, plate II, 40 I X a : Ν. gì. 99- Ι 0 ° · ' H i Plate III, 1-4

20 THRACIA changing Design the Rs. on. Yes. Ib. IIa. IIIa show the written and pictureless, but quartered square incusum in a progressive the development. While in Ia there is one has an uneven surface whose bumps the two, yourself dividing lines intersecting at right angles be more or less hidden (cf. *S. 2f., *Plate. I, ι. 2), is the treatment of the group's younger pieces (*Plate 1,3) and in lb (*Plate I, 4) already more carefully in the leveling of the roughness, a be- strive to achieve similar success on the earliest copies of IIa Days occur (*Plate I, 5. 6), the later ones (*Plate I, 7. 11) as well as throughout IIIa (*Plate I, 17) a completely smoothed Rs. have. Here are the square and the Partition lines cleanly cut and quite visible (see *p. 12). In IIb. IIIb. IVa. V. VIa becomes a civil servant (*p. 3 fr., *Tablet I, 14. 18. 19. ?i; II, 5. 8) less common City name (cf. *Plate I, 16) around four sides of the reduced square arranges. The following series IVb and VP> use it Interior omitting the dividing lines Attaching embossed images (see *p. 4fif., *Tablet I, 22, 23; II, ι—4. 6. 7. 10. 12), during VII. VIII. IX. Xff. (cf. *p. 6ff., *Tablet II, 9. 13-23. 25-30) with exclusion from IXb. Xlb. Xllb. c. XlIIb. XIV (cf. *S. 7 ff., *Plate. II, 24. 31 ; III, I. 4-6) that Give up a square of lines around the whole thing IXb: N. Ilo, plate III, 5 Χ : Ν. 88. 135-138, Plate Ill, 6-9, Fig. Ν. 136 XI a: Ν. 139· Η 0 . T a f · HI, 10 Xlb: Ν. ι 4 ι XI«: Ν. 142-144. Plate III, 11 XII a: Ν. 145-159, plate III, 12. 13 Xllb: Ν. 161-165. 168-171 Field for displaying the type in to claim. This progression in the exit appearance is so characteristic that The first consequence of this is the pre- presence of parallel coinage results, since the thought is not taken into consideration, that whole groups ζ. B. with the written loose, quartered incusum with those Official names on the Rs. at the same time could be or else the latter Series that have the embossed image here. This fact doesn't change anything changed that ζ. B. before the final one Introduction of backside types such sporadic and to a certain extent prepared riding also already at the same time with occur in earlier stages (cf. *p. 4, Note 2; *S. 18 f., *Plate. I, 12. 13. 19). So- with we have the same thing on the whole To describe periods belonging to: 1) IIa and IIIa 2) IIb and IIIb 3) iy a. γ and VIa 4) VII. VIIIa-b. IXa.b (cf. Stemma1) *S. 10). Of course, the possibility remains ality open that within the same Epoch ζ. B. IIa begins earlier than IIIa etc., which is not always the case in detail will be determined with certainty. A second conclusion from the con- continuous development of the impact the Rs. is in relation to a number different archaic ones Silver stampings to derive, the hers coat of arms, the griffin, because of or on The reason for their connection with the Abderite supremacy XII e: N. 166. 167. 172 XIII: N. 173. 174 XIV: N. 203-213, plate III, 14. 15 X V: N. 214, plate III, 16 !) There is a printing error to be noted here, insofar as the Number to the left of VIII» not XI a· b, but IX»· b should be called. '

ABDERA 21 agreeing currency and the previously in ancient times not detectable elsewhere Nomináis, of the octadrachmon, Abdera assigned are (cf. *S. ioff., *Plate III, 19-30; here p. 121 ff., text cliché p. 120). The style consistently prohibits their placement in front of I and the still clumsy plank simultaneous or even later arrangement to II». But they are between I and IIa under no circumstances should it be inserted, simply because of that mentioned close connection between the two Series in the form of the incusum that those pieces with theirs completely deviating Hallmarks tear up would. Furthermore, the shape of the grasping is from Abdera certain Changes in the details of body formation thrown (cf. *S. ι ff.), whose at the relevant typical groups to be noticed cal modification by each of the above mentioned specimens one unfair- manufactured interruption suffer would (see *p. 12 f.). Such details are the ancient beak attachment, the comb, which is sometimes completely missing, sometimes as a spike and finally appears as a mane comb, further the curls running down the neck like spirals, as well as the initially smooth, then feathered wings and the own common Drawing the wing feathers; finally comes also the position des Grab into consideration. This closed one development of the griffin type, for the entire present silver embossing a. a. O. proven is, has none of them so far for the affiliation of those pieces to Abdera put forward Reasons have any meaning. It remains Of course there is the possibility that one or more other thrako-make Donic cities developed in ancient times the same heraldic animal, or that The coins lying on the side are the same Currency and of the octadrachmon as Served nominally. The series of in Archaic silver coins in question is therefore considered non-Abderitic for so long to accept, as compelling evidence for that Opposite is missing. What now, apart from the individual units its equipment the Attitude As far as the griffin is concerned, he is with few late exceptions always turn to 1., originally sitting with he- h o b e n e m r. Ahead (I. II. VI. VIIC IX; cf. «Plate. I, 1-16; II, 8. 10-12. 18. 20 —24). However, the griffin appears early on Added to this, up to the last occurs at the time of minting (III. IV. VII. XIc. XIIc. Xlllb; cf. *Plate. I, 17-23; II, 1-4. 6. 7. 9. 13-17; ΙΠ, I. 5). Finally he appears - the third main typus — lying (X. X I a · \ Xlla.b. χ π κ XIV. XV; cf. *Plate. II, 2 5 - 3 1 ; III, 2.3.6.7.) Sporadic find yourself deviating Positions, like that the standing one, which one that r. foreleg easily raises (V.; cf. *Plate. II, S) and the seated one, but both front legs on the floor supporting griffin (Vlllb; cf. plate II, 19).— Group I shows him in a massive, ancient a view that goes hand in hand with style and Factory its expression in the second Half of the VI. century B.C. BC as certain appears (cf. *p. i6f.). On it also indicates those in I b already smoother Surface treatment of the incusum, which in quite correspondingly ζ. B. also those with the ethnic group signed Bisalten have coins, the origin of which End of VI. century B.C. Attributed to Chr is (see *p. 15 f.). IIa and IIIa therefore offer far a difference compared to the previous going series, as the griffin there

22 THRACIA with the finest execution of the details its almost ornamental stylization de- should have a constructive effect. As an era of this simultaneous emissions one will Years approx. 500 - approx. 476 BC to view have (see *p. 16). The final limit is agrees with the beginning of the following the parallel embossings IIb and III1», the through the Arrangement des magistrate name on the Rs. around the four-part, small square of lines a datable new bring about. A comparative study Search for similarly equipped coins Alexander I of Macedon, whose with dem Royal names designated rows around 480 BC. BC. begin (cf. *p. 14 f.), resulted in similar style and the symmetrical distribution the Legend, as well as matching embossing technology. Since around the same time, um 476 B.C. BC, the liberation of Abdera took place found, it stands to reason the origin of IIl> and Ilb with this date in connection to bring bonding, even more so than that Mention of the officials at outstanding Probably due to a domestic political change upheaval (cf. *p. 16). The of gained from this fixed point upwards Dating IIa and purple into the first Quarter of the fifth century B.C. BC (see above). confirmed by the characteristic of this era common style of individual epithets (cf. *S. 17 f.). IIb and Illb come to an end about in time than on the coins Alexander I to find out the reverse types seem to begin, what in the last Period of his 454 B.C. BC concluding government happened. Another significant artistic one Progress characterizes groups IV a. V.Via. You take care of the equipment the Rs. of IIb. Ulb, however, go in the representation of grasping from dem decorative principle from now on reproduced naturalistically (see *p. 5). The same striving is expressed in the subsequent parallel coinages IVb and VIb. Series IVb shows in their older ones pieces the Grab yet big and massive, but smaller in the younger ones and more delicate (cf. *Plate 1,22 with *Plate II, 2). A major change is now occurring after some ephemeral precursors in IIa (cf. *p. i8f., *Plate I, 12. 13) and Illb (cf. *S. 4, note 2, *Plate. I, 19) constant in IVb, VIb and all following series, namely through the introduction of the coinage picture on the back, initially still inside half of the one surrounded by the official's name Line square (*Plate I, 22, 23; II, 1—4. 6. 7. 10. 12). The style of the back types of IVb and VIb can now be but the surprising development Hellenic art exercise to determine how they are in the short epoch between the completion of the Olympic and Par- thenon sculptures carried out (see *p. 19 f.). As a time when these groups developed is therefore approx. 450—approx. 430 B.C. BC put, and this is how we win for the edition of IV». V. Via about this Decennium 460-450 BC BC (see *p. 20). A release from the through that line square caused confinement the Depiction on the reverse shows VII (*Plate II, 9.13-17) and the overall simultaneous ones Series Villa, b (*Plate II, 18. 19) and IXa (*Plate II, 20-23). Had each other before sometimes wanted to help in such a way that one Parts of the figures extend beyond the square protrude into the writing strip let (*Plate II, 2. 3), the embossed image takes surrounded by the randomly arranged Legend, now the entire area,

A B D E R A 23 which only through the still sharp Incusum is limited. The back Types here so decisively betray one Influenced by the second flowering of the Pheidias art, indeed partly a - one would like to say direct – reference on figures from the Parthenon frieze that one finds the origin of these series in the last third of the fifth century B.C. to will have to look for (cf. *p. 2f.). While but the griffin of VII stylistically un- indirectly continues that of IVb and the from VIb and from VIII a b the art lerisch and technical freedom Time is displayed accordingly IX a·b(*Plate II. 20.22-24) an archaistic one Repetition the oldest types des Abdera's money. Proceed here but the stamp cutters are eclectic, in- to which she now this, now that, already long disappeared ones peculiarity the earliest equipment of the animal from make it appear new (see *p. 7). Group X (*Plate II, 25-28), which Grabbing lying down introduces yourself in style and furnishings of the Rs. closely to VII-IX connects, probably around 400 BC. BC at that time animals be (cf. *p. 21). The last Silver emissions X I — X V fill the first Half of the IV century BC BC to to Subjugation of Abdera by Philip II. of Macedonia (see *p. 22). The lying one Greif decorates all pieces (cf. *Plate II, 29. 30; III, 2. 3) as also parts (see *p. 8) individual series, while on other series of the the latter again the springing up front comes (cf. *Plate III, I. 5). A be- meaningful change is expressed at X I - X I V (*Plate II, 29-31; III, 1—6) in the stability of the current return side type, the head of Apollo, in contrast sentence regarding the previous change of coinage pictures. One can hardly doubt that this is a change in the city administration (see *p. 22). The head is on the big one Nominal, as in the Rs. type the immediately preceding groups VII to X, free in the field (*Plate II, 29. 30; III, 2. 3), on the other hand again on the small one within a line square (*Plate II, 31; III, ι. 4-6). That on the older copies of X I still extant cusum (*Plate II, 29. 30) soon disappears completely. The Main difference within of series XI-XIII is that Officials and city names take their places Exchange vs. and Rs. of the coins respectively. that (at XIII; *Plate III, 3) no at all Magistrate, however, the city on both Pages is mentioned (see *p. 22). In X I V (*Plate III, 6) the bottom line of the Vs. replaced by a club and you Notes abbreviated official designations in initial letters or monograms (see *p. 9). — X V (*Plate III, 14) finally In this respect, it falls out of the entire silver series out when the griffin missed the Rs. meadows is and a new type, the bearded head with bandage, which occupies Vs (see *p. 9). II. The copper stamping 1). Contrary the previous view, after the one Edition Abderitic Den in this one Chapter occurring, the analogous to the preliminary study (Nomisma III, p. 25 fr.), Group names here are the numbers and table quotations from the present fascicle set: 1: N. 133, plate III, 17

2 4 THRACIA Copper coins not before 400 and not after around 350 BC. took place (cf. Head, Hist, num., p. 221), can be demonstrate, that isolated Emissions already within the last decades the fifth century B.C. BC, others against it after approx. 300-200 BC BC are. The former consist of two series smaller pieces, whose one (1) both through the style, as well as through the official names (“Protes”) and the image of the Rs. as simultaneous with IVb determined (cf. *p. 25, *Plate III, 8). The other one (2) is because of the matching archaic treatment of the griffin to be connected with IX (cf. *p. 25, *Plate III, 9). Four more rows (3-6) become by types, style and magistrate names as parallel emissions of the silver groups XII—XIV characterized; they come from i.e. the first half of the fourth century BC. BC (cf. *pp. 25 f. 27, *Plate III, 10-13). N. 7 (here plate III, 26) is represented by types and Style as an accompaniment to X V gel.enn- draws. Apparently the same IV century B.C. 8-10 BC (here Plate III, 21, text cliché p. 103). This one Dating arises for 8 from the style and the still uncontracted form of Genitive pluralis (*p. 26; cf. *p. 9 below). Since the smallness of 9 and 10 is a precise stylistic assessment is not possible light, is in the absence of specification City name and given everything else here unknown types of Rs. their allocation to Abdera doubtful; yes do 2: N. 134, plate III, 18 3: N. 177-180, plate III, 19. 20 4: N. 181-184, plate III, 23 5: N. 215-228, plate III, 25 6: N. 187-195, plate III, 22 7: N. 229, plate III, 26 Factory and style at the turn of the 5th century. v. BC is perceived as the time of its creation Apparently (see *p. 26f.). The head of Hermes on the obverse of 11 finds an unmistakable stylistic ana- logon in certain coins of Sestos, whose dating is around 300 BC. BC founded could be (cf. *p.2j, *Plate III, 15. 16). — Two other emissions will be around the middle of the III. century B.C. Belong to Chr. One, (12; *Plate III, 14), does allow not sure the name of the Portrait head with wing diadem on the Vs., but the style determined binding with the chronological fixation of 13 the approach given above (cf. *S. 27 f.). — 13 (*Plate III, 17) shows the Vs. such a peculiar bearded one head that there is no conventional functional Art type to see means. We own his, probably original, Model in the Poseidon head of the knew, from Antigonus Gonatas true- apparently after the victory at Kos around 253 v. A tetradrachm struck in the 1st century BC the one sitting on the prow of a ship Apollo as a reverse image. Because the copy on the copper coin certainly not for long was created according to this character, so you win about the middle for them of the III. century B.C. BC as the origin time. The others, ins Grotesque out- species of the group are certain younger than 12 (see *p. 28). — The last one Abderitic Embossing provides series 14 (*Plate III, 18), whose style is hardly known 8: N. 196-198, plate III, 21 9: N. 199, Fig. I 10: Ν. 200. 20I, Fig. 2. 3 i l : Ν. 230-234, plate III, 32 12: Ν. 237, T a f · HI. 27-3' 13: Ν. 235· 236, plate III, 33 14: Ν. 238-240, plate III, 34

ABDERA 25 earlier dating, around 200 BC. to- lets, like the drawing, especially the Grab, compared to the ones just mentioned spoken by both rows, namely hers better pieces, proves (cf. *p. 29). The fixation of 11-14 in the epoch the Diadochi and Epigones is not only through stylistic, but also through to justify historical observations, because, as we know, the privilege of our own Coins were not uncommon at that time communities that are also subject to those in power being given, depending on one's own interest and behavior of cities. III. Image and name. City coat of arms and community name, Official sign and Be- give official name to the money of the Ab- derite the distinctive features. In another Emphasis as otherwise in Greek Common in cities, and not always in the same. The main sound is the griffin, the city coat of arms 1). From the beginning of the Embossing until to their extinction in second century BC provides he created the image for one side of the coin. For the front, as long as they are in the imprint clearly emerges as such lifts; later also occasionally for them Back. Around 400 BC Chr. comes with him his master, the god Apollo, in competition. For a while they have the two coins pages inside. Then for both of them together there was no more room than the Ptolemaic Irish kings claimed their place, the griffin prevailed. The god gave way to them, like he used to occasionally do to others, ancient gods of Olympus, Zeus and Hermes had given way. The griffin has made room for no one. Only the over- loyal Abderites of the imperial era the historical understanding. was meant for you the flattery more that comes through Coins with the heads of rulers the world and its relatives let, than the civic spirit that is in old half-millennial City coat of arms would have had it documented. They pulled the masters of the world to the local protection patron before; a practically tiny people imperial Abderites. The city coat of arms alone has this Money as legitimation for more than one Served for centuries. The name the Abderiten comes to him late, and long- sam and hesitantly to the side. Around 450 BC BC three officers try to catch him i) The capital on a series of coins forms the pedestal of the griffin (catalog n. 44, 47, i n ) , makes it likely that of high Pillar visible to all, the griffin guarded the city like the Lion of St. Mark in the Piazzetta of Venice, or, to approach ancient parallels that are freely are only documented by coins, like the eagle in Elis and Akragas (Cat. Greek coins Peloponnesus XIII ζ; Hill coins of ancient Sicily III 16 and p. 165). — The development of Griffin type gives the Abderite money v. Fritze Nomisma III 1 fg. About the griffin type in general cf. F u r t w ä n g l e r at Roscher, Lexicon of Greek and Roman Mythology s.v. Gryps and Prince and Ziegler in Pauly- Wissowas Realencycl. 7, 1902 ff.

26 T H R A C I A lead1), the innovation found no application sounded. Only around 425 BC BC friends one deals with the customs of others had long been common in places. Shy to- next, with interruptions and shortened — ΑΒΑ, ΑΒΔΗ, ΑΒΔΗΡΙ, only once AB- ΔΗΡΙΤΕΩΝ — the name occurs in last quarter of the fifth century. And, what is even more significant, the Font is small and hidden. The griffin still represents the community. Only from 400 BC about starting from there is a large and clear ΑΒΔΗΡΙΤΕΩΝ or later the changed language speaking ΑΒΔΗΡΙΤΩΝ') — a ver- change that occurred in the beginning of the fourth The beginning of the century and in its aftermath enforced. The earlier has official name and Official badge yourself place to create knowledge and for the heyday In the city they dominate the coin field. From the beginning, the name of the epony men of Apollonpriest - and around this it is as shown above3) — available and clearly visible ge- wrote next to the gripping, though in an abbreviation, occasionally already in this one early days accompanied by the civil servants brand. Then multiply in the second Period (c. 512-478) the symbols next to the name, and from 478 B.C. BC from, in the time of freedom, the official takes the previously ignored back side for Catalog n. 6j—63, Kallidamas, Nymphodoros, Pythinnes. 2) With the introduction des Community name on the small change you are in even less of a hurry had. The drachmas of the period 425-400 have him very much rare (Cat. n. 107-125), the Trioboles and the simultaneous copper never (Cat. his full name, while next to the griffin remains his mark. ΈπΙ τοΰ δείνα stands proudly and visibly written. The eponymous priests were also that's not enough. To the full name subsequently emerges on an equal footing creates the brand, and together they prevail for one half century (450-400) almost more the coin than that old city coat of arms and the community name. Only around 400 B.C. BC experienced the arrival massing des individual one back- instruction. His name, of course, which belongs to Dating serves, remains in the following the remaining half century completely written, very clearly. The Individual stamps but those priests give way the hers God's. Apollon laurel wreathed head will to the constant Back picture, and only occasionally, un- An official sign appears conspicuously there- next to. When the Macedonian king came in Abdera commanded, as since 352 BC. Be Sign, the club next to the griffin stood and so did the coin field, which was small in itself of the triobolon narrowed, there also had to be the official name in favor of the company I like restrictions let. Abbreviated only, in monogram it stands next to the community name the silver and copper of the time of 352-323 (?) B.C. BC or it is missing completely. n. 126-134). It is also missing on copper series from 390-352 BC. (Cat. n. 177— 179 and 185-195). This is already happening here (Cat. n. 181-184) ΑΒΔΗΡΙΤΩΝ next to ΑΒΔΗΡΙΤΕΩΝ on, while the silver on the older antique the tenth form of the name. 3) Above p. 7.

ABDERA 2 7 Small, consisting only of copper the imprint of the next centuries. The Ptolemaic Regiment (c. 240 - c. 200) has like the picture of Apollo, like that Name of his priest on the copper not permitted — a good one characters, that it comes with greater autonomy Empire lands the Ptolemies also not was far away. Otherwise the civil servant remains name next to dem Community names on the griffin picture. Only in the imperial era finally there is so little for the eponym Space like for the griffin; the imperial titles alone are allowed to decorate the coin ΑΒΔΗΡΕΙΤΑΙ. What does the overview teach? First of all, that man in Abdera exemplary clearly dated the whole for a long time until you become loyal suffocated. To others, that man in smarter way the sameness des Money as necessary for trading is, with the feeling of beauty and the restless mobility of the Greeks knew how to set harmony; the Abderites knew how to do it better than the Athenians made everything fresh and new and with meaning would also be pleasing. To third, that for the state constitution The city's coin doesn't spend anything. Abdera would be none Greek city, if not also in it oligarchy and democracy ') The eponym will always be the priest of Apollo. A change in the office that the eponym was not present among the Greeks before the imperial period usual. It's a strange misunderstanding, though man for Abdera out the more or less decorative position of the eponym name or from the different ways they introduced are (in the nominative or with EPI), which of course subject to fashion and in most periods occurs side by side, hints domestic political wanted to see dramatic upheavals. Reguli in in the most diverse Shades would have prevailed. Different in the beginning like under the Persian rule, different as Attic σύμμαχος and υπήκοος as for time the Lacedaemonian hegemony, different to another time it will too Abderite Politela have designed themselves. The coin doesn't say it1). And likewise little gives her us today's people customer from big ones events the external one or inner History of Abdera. That a laurel wreath or Laurel branch next to dem Griffin or the owl on its wing in the early days of freedom and Athenian Symmachy after 478 or that Nike point to happy days, like that the name of the community on instead of the eponym, inner turmoil shows3), is likely. But the approach meaning remains incomprehensible to us. To Historical studies carry abderitisclie coins nothing at all. This is what the picture and name are des officials in theirs Entirety for a Cultural image us even more. They show us A b d e r a a ls Greek city from Start to finish. In the end even from even purer Greek character than before first. D e m P e r s e r was r m a n subject, They paid money to the Thracian and searched to get along well with him3) — the city the years after Salamis and Plataai are one grotesque invention of an unhistorical head. 3) Catalog n. 47, 4», 45. 64, 173 ( and d 174?) ') Remember the role of the Abderite Nym- Phodoros at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War and on his sister, the Thracian queen was, above p. 11 (Thucydides 2. 29). Also that one β β ( ο ι λ ε ί ) ί ) Σ π ο ' χ η ς on a small one silver coin (2.39 g.), which shows the Abderite coin images, Griffin and Apollo's head, and the official's name ΕΓΙ NOVi'IHNlOY carries (4th century, Berlin

28 THRACIA stayed Greek, at least in theirs Tips. In the long series of annual There is no certain Thracian in eponyms. With names like Φίτταλος, Δεονΰς, Δεονοσδί, Νέστις? Gen. Νεβτιος probably comes from Thracian physical origin in question, but under certain circumstances stands so that the name is already in Teos was at home before1). The puzzling adhere to Σμορ and Σμορδοτορμο Καλ maybe one Persian — to Σμέρδις sounds the name - and impossible, although highly unlikely Because of priesthood, would be a Persian and Persian offspring in the II and III. coin period, d. h. at the time of Persian rule and briefly As can be proven here, it becomes - un- provable to us - epithets and name on everyone Coin together- belong 4), the annual official to the reader as clearly visible to the viewer have power. Now is the picture that is Cat. n. 113. 144), stood with Abdera in more than friendly neighborly relationships. More details about he is not known. This is the opinion of Solmsen, whom I asked for advice. s) On the way out, it is among the eponyms Strangers under a Greek name, one becomes hopefully not coming. This kind of thing belongs in the Hellenistic period. *) Cat. n. 13 (period 545-512) Δ heard next to Traube' also probably here if you use Δ Ε Ο Ν Υ Σ or ΔΙ- ΟΝΥΣΑΣ or the like as a name. — would be Cat. n. 96 / / / 0 Υ Σ [ Τ ] Ρ Α Τ 0 Σ cow as ΒΟΥΣΤΡΑ- later, certainly not. But also to- given that even in the highest circles the Abderites a few times a non- Greeks are advised to follow the Greek velvet character destroys its presence not2). The names associated with the Pictures teach more. They give important Illumination for the dark area the Greek Coat of arms customer, like no other city can offer it. Be- have known the relationships for a long time, those between some pictures and names exist. I give a list of the safe ones “talking guys” Abderas. Period 450-425 “ 425-400 “ 425-400 “ 425-400 “ 425-400 “J 425-400 “ 400-3903). the eponym has chosen to be his family coat of arms, his own for life led coat of arms or finally one just ad hoc chosen character? The following three lists provide that relevant material. To read Τ Ο Σ, this example would also come added. — Finally ΕΠΙ ΑΓΟΛΛΩΝΟΣ and ΕΠΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΑΚΤΟΣ with the statue of Apollo (Cat. n. 88 and 97) also of the same kind. The god, who stands here in place of his priest (see above p. 7), has his cult statue as a badge. 4) The evidence to the contrary would be in view of this above concordances those still in doubt to- push. So far, no one has claims, the epithet belongs to one others than the eponym, such as a mint official. Cat. n. 82 ΝΙΚΟΣΤΡΑΤΟΣ Warriors on the attack ,, “90 ΔΙΟΝΥΣΑΣ Head of Dionysus “ “ 91 and 133* ΕΥΑΓΩΝ Prize amphora “ “ 99 and 100 ΕΓΙ ΜΟΛΡΑΓΟΡΕΩ Dancing girl “ "104 ΓΥΟΩΝ Tripod " - 1 0 3 , ι πρώτης ( r r t ^ r , “ “H9fg. J l Head with laurel wreath » .. 137 (cf. 138) ΕΠΙ ΤΗΛΕΜΑΧΟΥ Fighting Heracles

ABDERA 29 I Same or corresponding picture for the same official '). (The pieces where large and small pieces show the later head of Apollo are omitted.) ΚΛΕΑΝΤΙΔΗΣ (5) Thrusting Bull (Tetr.) — Bull Head (Dra.) — Bull Head (Tri.)1) = Cat. n. 98, 114, 131. IIa. Different picture for the same official '). (The cases in which the symbol of the large pieces is missing on the parts are omitted.) ΑΝΑΞΙΔΙΚΟΣ (4) Hermes (Tetr.) — Goat's Head (Dra.) = Cat. n. 68, 109 ΕΧΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ (4) (F) Female head (Tetr.) — Line square (Dra.) = Cat. n. 77, HO ΗΡΟΦΑΝΗΣ (5) Grape (Tetr.) — Head of Hermes (Dra.) = Cat. n. 95, m ΜΟΛΠΑΓΟΡΗΣ (5) Dancing Girl (Tetr.) — Head of Dionysus (Dra.) == Cat. n. 99—ic», 115–117 ΠΡΩΤΗΣ (5) rider (Tetr.) — head with laurel wreath or three ears of grain (Dra.) — — Bull's head (Tri.) = Cat. n. 103, 119-123, 124, 129. IIb. Different picture with the same official name, but probably not same person 3). (The cases in which the symbol of the large pieces is missing on the partial pieces are omitted.) ΡΥΘΙΝΝΗΣ (3) insect (tetr.) - shell (tetr.) = Cat. n. 57, 63 ΑΝΑΞΕΙΓΟΑΙΣ (4) Dionysus (Tetr.) — Female Head (Tetr.) = Cat. n. 69, 70 ΜΕΑΑΝΙΠΠΟΣ (3, 4) Kantharos (Tetr.) — Head of Athena (Tetr.) = Cat. n. 55, 80 ΓΟΑΥΚΡΑΤΗΣ (4, 6) Billy Goat (Tetr.) — Artemis (Tetr.) = Cat. n. 84, 135-136 ΑΙΟΝΥΣΑΣ (4, 5) Horse (Tetr.) — Head of Dionysus (Tetr.) = Cat. n. 72, 90. (ΔΕΟΝΥΣΑΣ) III. The same picture with different officials 4). Standing Hermes ΑΝΑΕΙΔΙΚΟΣ (4) — ΙΗΝΩΝ (5)5) — ΦΙΑΑΙΟΣ (5)") = Cat. n. 68, 92, 125 The numbers in ( ) after the name indicate the Periods in which the pieces probably are shaped, ι = years 545-512; 2 = year 512-478; 3 = year 478-450; 4 == year 450— 425; 5 = year 425-400; 6 = year 400-390; 7 = year 390-352; 8 = year 352—323 Q) ~ T e t r . = tetradrachm; Dra. = drachma; Tri. = triobolone; K. = copper. *) In addition to the bull's head (Tri.) there is also a ram's head (Tri.) with this official name before = Cat. n. 132. J) About () and Tetr. Dra. Tri. see note 1. At individual examples may be the same here too person. Out of caution are the doubtful cases listed here. 4) About () and Tetr. Dra. Tri. see note I. 5) In addition, as a small additional symbol, Kantharos or vase. 6) In addition, as a small additional symbol, A s t r a g a l .

3 o T H R A C I A Standing Dionysus (in different versions) ΑΘΗΝΑΙΟΣ (4) — ΑΝΑΞΗΝΩΡ (4) — ΑΝΑΞΙΡΟΛΙΣ (4) = Cat. n. 65, 67, 69 Head of Hermes ΗΡΑΓΟΡΗΣ (5) — ΗΡΟΦΛΝΗΙ (5?)') — ΔΙΟΝΥΣΑΣ (9)') = Cat. n. 94, m , 230-232 Head of Athena ΜΕΑΑΝΙΡΡΟΣ (4) — ΑΡΧΑΓΟΡΗΣ (5) = Cat. n. 80, 89 Dolphin ΡΡΟΜΗΘΙΔΗΣ (4) — ΝΥΜΦΑΓΟΡΗΣ (5) = Cat. n. 85, 118 Scallop ΑΝΤΙ (2) — HPO (2) — ΙΡΡΩΝΑΞ (7) = Cat. n. 15, 22, 153 and 166 Kantharos ΜΕΛΑΝΙΡΡΟΣ (3) — ΣΜΟΡΔΟΤΟΡΜΟ KAA (3) — ΑΛΕΞΙΜΑΧΟΣ (4) — ΑΡΤΕΜΩΝ (4) — ΙΡΟΜΝΗΜΩΝ (5) — ΡΥΘΟΔΩΡΟΣ (7) = Cat. n. 55, 58, 66, 71, 1 1 2 — 1 1 3 , 157 Star * ΜΑΝΔΡΩΝΑΞ (3) — MHNO (8) - 206, 217, 224. The results are obvious. Isolated has same Eponyms the same for the different denominations Trademark applied (List I). More often has he - different brands for them (List IIa), isolated maybe also for same Nominal different Emissions (List IIb). Same Brands finally or, to put it more cautiously, Brands the same content and only stylistic and in minor matters different, are as Characteristics of different eponyms used (List III). Is there from coat of arms in our sense it's still allowed to talk about it at all a mark of ownership, that a man a lifetime or even a family constantly leads? It doesn't seem like that. The Abderites did not have family coats of arms and no personal coat of arms. Certainly, in case of doubt it remains the same still room. The family relationships drawings of the eponymous priests of Apollo Abdera is definitely unclear to us. priest families are known in Greece enough, and good and well is therefore possible, Next to it as a small addition H e r m e s - s t a b . 2) Next to it as a small symbol is M. ΕΡΜΟ (8)') — ft ΦΙΑΙ (8) = Cat. η. 54, that eponyms with the same images, the officiate at different times, a family milie belong. So Melanippos and Archagoras, the one with Athena's head coin, or Zeno and Philaeus, theirs Image of the strangely drawn standing Hermes is, and with them a second small epithet — Kantharos and Astragalus - which Hermes almost uses as a fa- mily coat of arms to mark seems. However, if in the short time- space of a generation three times from different people same Image used sees4), over the course of around 50 years five, if not six different names next to the Kantharos reads, then the belief in family coat of arms was once again shaken badly. And if it turns out to be the rule, that same Eponym different Images are used for different purposes Types of money he spends, and that only once5) in the entire long minting period Abderas an eponym for them the same chooses characters, and even there it is not consistent quent, then the conclusion is right: 3) There is also ΦΙ as a small symbol. 4) Athenaios, Anaxenor, Anaxipolis with the standing one Dionysus. 5) Kleantides with the bull and bull's head.

ABDERA 31 the Abderites had no coats of arms. The Images we see are momentary images, arbitrary for the moment of chosen for the individual. The pretentious fashion, these pictures to clear the entire back surface, didn't hold up. The head of Apollo city god κατ έξοχη ν, and isolated the Heads of Hermes and Poseidon displace the instantaneous images of the Apollonians priests or pushed them to inconspicuous bare secondary signs, as in the was the custom in most other cities. Just about fifty years, as stated above the vanity of the eponyms the one whole Coin side taken on its own1). This is how does not reflect the long minting period same type treasure. For that — and that Replacement is full - you will do so without hesitation an overview of the existing images from some cult statues and A b deras allowed. First of all, those of Apollo and Hermes, their heads on the funds guarantee a cult. The often mentioned coins with ΕΠΙ ΑΓΟΛΑΩΝΟΣ and ΕΠΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΑΚΤΟΣ"), who refer to the god himself as Eponymos Exhibit his servant - who knows what reason! — name, show a and the same picture. A p o l l o n with short Hair (as the head alone shows) stands naked in a calm position, the Chlamys 1) That occasionally a whole coin page was left to the official is known. Lampsakos' fourth year gold coins hundred give the most accurate analogy (see the Compilation from Soon in Journ. internat, d'archéol num. 5, 1902 p. 5ff. Plates I—III); also the staters from Melos (Jameson Revue numism. 1909 p. 188 ff. Plate V. VI) and Peparethos (Wroth Journ. hell. stud. 27, 1907 p. 90fr. Plate IV) both from the 6th - 5th centuries. century. In Cyzicus and the Phocaean Hects presses even the official has the city's coat of arms with his badge thrown over the shoulder, in the front holding a bowl with his outstretched right hand, the left arm around one slim Laurel tree placed (or this one in left arm). — The coins further from three different eponyms, the Ana- xidikos, Zeno and Philaeus3) show this Hermes, consistent up to the Details — naked, with soft flat, Petasos deepened in the middle in quiet attitude, the chlamys over the right shoulder tied; it holds, quite unceremoniously usual, in the lowered right hand Caduceus in horizontal Location and holds out his left hand. Is there that one? It's too bold to conclude that in these pictures we rather the cult statues of the Abderi Have Apollo and Hermes before us? Many other pictures are taken a statuesque one impression. So the both in yourself again different Pictures of Artemis with the bow (or Bow and arrow) in the left, branch (or wreath) in the right, towards her Side of the deer4), these are the two variants the Kalathisko dancer, who famously is closely related to the Berlin reliefs®). If now with the former of these two Artemis pictures the addition of a base the adoption of a cult statue as the As a role model, it is a warning the dancer hauntingly, not in everyone down to the epithet. Something similar is the case with the to observe lesbian hustle and bustle. Elsewhere has the official only has freedom, the constant type to vary as desired (Tarent, Metaponto). The Junkers in Rome did it worst. I owe the receipts to Regling. s) Catalog n. 88 and 97. *) Catalog n. 68, 92, 125. The coin of Heragores, Cat. n. 94, shows the head of this Hermes alone. *) Catalog n. 135 and 136. 6) Catalog n. 99-100. Cf. K e k u l é Greek Sculpture2 p. 140.

32 THRACIA Create a template from the large one To assume art is to assume a cult statue see. Just a brand of eponyms still leads to the same conclusion as in Apollo and Hermes: the ancient one Dionysus statue with large kantharos and Christmas trees'). Shortly after a others have Anaxenor and Athenaeus chose this strange image, however both times in different opinions, and the more common choice of Dionysus head, grape or can- tharos from other eponyms shows that the ancient Thracian god in this Greek - The city had admirers like everywhere else. It will can't be a mistake if you take the derit this statue of Dionysus thinking approaching in worship. IV. Coin bases and coin types. B efore m e The four below Tables give the weights of the octadrachms and tetradrachms (I), the two so-called emergency tetradrachms (II), the drachmas (III) and the small nominal (IV) after the Periods des catalogue. The fifth T a b e l l e (V) summarizes the weights of these four in middleweight together. To explain them, the following is required: way to notice: 1. Assuming that the varieties until to the Drachmas including (I—III) al pezzo, the small pieces (IV) al marco are coined for the former only the maximum weight the different Mint Master - Emissions, for the latter all known weights invoiced. The maximum weight and the minimum weight under the maximum are given weight in brackets ( ). first digits for comparison attached to avoid exceptions Weight to be identified. 2. Limiting periods ractions. generally leans on v. Fritzes Suggestions") under summary individual stylistic subdivisions larger groups that require clarity bility of the catalog and tables demanded. The not insignificant decreases deviations in detail based mostly on the utilization of the number the eponym names for the chrono logy, which v. Fritze in his approaches not included in the bill. pre- was exposed to the fact that everyone official name represents a year. This is disputed3), but may be given the outstanding position of the name and coat of arms of the officials that you then even to 'reguli' has to do want, can hardly be doubted. The The table below is intended to make it quicker Overview of the different time periods approaches serve and there are in the number of Eponyms the explanation of most Deviations from v. Fritze's approaches. All times are not absolute. *) Catalog η. 65 and 67. 2) Nomisma III 1 • see above p. 7 note 2. 30; in this fascicle p. 19 fg.

33 V. Fritze's approaches Catalog number of known Eponyms I (Group Ia, Ib) soon after 543-500 I 545-512 i) (33 years) 13 11 ( “ IIa, purple) 500-476 II 512-478') (34..) 20 III ( “ IIb, Illb, IVa, V, Via) 476—450'') III 478-450 (28. ) 17 IV ( “ IV b, VIb) 450-430 IV 450-425 (25 , ) 23 V ( “ VII, Villa, b, IXa, b, X) 430-400') v 425-400 (25 ) 20 I V I 400-390 (10 » ) 3 ) 7 VI ( “ XI a, b, c —XV) 400—350') ¿ VII 390—352 ») (38 » ) 28 [Villa, b 352—323 (0 (29 » ) 21 T he A sset the last one P e - r i o d e ( 3 5 2 — 3 2 3 ? ) needs one execute licheren justification, there the Suspension urban influence by Philip II all of him dependent cities today- to light as safe Fact applies4). You supports itself next to the eponym number the Peculiarities the following Series (Silver and copper), the out the Abderi-autonomous Embossing out inexplicable, taking into account make- Donic suzerainty are fully explainable (Catalogue n. 2 0 3 — 2 2 7 ) : Vs. Official name (abbreviated or Mon.), Griffon on club, sometimes pickled. Rs. Α Β Δ Η Ρ Ι Τ Ε Ω Ν around line square, in it Head of this A p o l l o n ( ? ) Silver (1.61 g) and copper. What's new and striking about this series is the constant same color Club, located in Abderas 200 year old Embossing only here on the front next to the city coat of arms finds6). And it's new the weight of 1.61 g, which, to date old types of money in the city measured, either as triobolone one only there- standing increase (before 1.41g) be- indicates7), or as Tetrobolone another in Abdera completely unknown type of money represents. Both innovations, however, the club as Names and weight, find yours Explanation i n the r m a k e d o - n i s c h e n sovereignty. The club on the money of the Heraclids is known enough; later it actually forms that ') For the year 478 see introduction p. 8 note 4. The number of eponyms pushes the beginning of the II. Period over the year 500 BC. up, and there is the beginning of Persian rule in Years 512 BC BC the closest and natural regular appointment. — In the year 545, Abdera becomes new colonized, each subsequent year can be used as a beginning chosen. 2) The small groups IVa, V, Via with together 7 official names become Nomisma III 20 and above P. 22 is dated even more precisely to around 460-450. ä) The group of period VI of the catalogue lifts As the tables show (below p. 34fg.), from the others due to their weight. You corresponds to v. Fritze's groups Χ, XI a—c. 4) For the year 352 see introduction p. 13. . The ancient coins of Northern Greece II, I. 5) B r a n d i s Coins, measures and weights in Near East 1866 p. 251; Poole Catalog of Greek coins, the Tauric Chersonese passim; H e a d Catalog Macedonia passim and Historia nu- morum 170 (overview of coinage); v. Fr i t z e Nomisma III 22 ; G a e b l e r The ancient coins Northern Greece III 1 p. 1, among others. m. Only L Mü l l e r (on the yourself Brandis stranger Wisely called) holds Numismatique d'Alexandre le Grand 57 note 6 the coinage of urban Kurants (silver and copper) among the Macedonian Kings for probable. 6) Other new releases like the monograms appear, but of course prove nothing. 7) Abdera's money otherwise consistently shows the well-known one Tendency to become lighter. 3

34 THRACIA Macedonian national coat of arms 1), and that Weight the trioboles of 1.61 g stays behind that the trioboles King Philips (l.8l g) a little back in- follow one very understandable down- reduction to the detriment of the vassal city. Den Proof finally the right one That of Philip II provides further dating. newly founded, and how to believed only city with minting privileges Philippoi. Here too the reference to the Sovereignty of the Heraclids and although here, where no sensitivity the input To protect residents was sovereignty yet clearer expressed in dem Head of Heracles covering the entire front takes. And also the same here Weight reduction to the disadvantage of city money s). If you take the eponyms add to the evidence starting with 20 or 2 1 Name of v. Fritze given time frame explodes, a doubt arises the accuracy of the dating is no longer possible permitted be. The end Of course that one urban character under Macedonian Reign remains undetermined. Until the Alexander's time is enough eponyms years3). Whether the failed uprisings in Thrace and the European one Greece around 330 BC BC, the temporal the stronger emergence of the absolute Alexander's regiment are the same, or whether first be T o d 3 2 3 or one more later event the end of the silver embossing brought about has, is with the cannot be decided using current means. Compare Weight tables d e s Silver 4). I Weights of the Octadrachms and Tetradrachms. Periods number of Eponyms 5) Maximum weight Minimum weight of the maximum weights Middleweight from the Maximum weights I 545-- 5 1 2 II (I3)a) 30.10 (29.92) 28.56 (29.02) 29.55 (11 maximum weight) II 512--478 19 (20) b) 15.40 (15.18) 14.57 (14.67) 14.88 (19 maximum weight) III 478-- 4 5 ° 17 (17) 15.34 (15.10) 2.30 p.m. (2.55 p.m.) 14.88 (17 maximum weight) IV 45°-- 4 2 5 18 (2I)C) 14.80 (14.60) 1 3 - 9 0 (13-90) 14.22 (18 maximum weight) V 425-400 14 (I7)d) 12.86 (12.80) 12.07 (12.21) 12.53 (14 maximum weight) VI 400-- 3 9 0 5 (5) 11.41 (11.30) 11.20 (11.21) 11.28 (5 maximum weight) VII 390 - 3 5 2 ΙΟ (I2)i) 10.35 (10-30) 9.61 (10.00) 10.11 (10 maximum weight) J) Head Historia numorum 193 fg. ; Catalog Mace donia 165, 172, 175; L. Müller a. a. O. 339 XXIII; Gaebler a. a. O. the boards. 2) Catalog Macedonia p. 96: drachma 3.09 g; Triobol 1.55 g (means of 3 specimens) - Be- The one on the copper also deserves attention Philippoi like Abdera more often occurring Ear of wheat as a pickling. s) The individual pieces made of copper, which v. Fritze too to the last period before 352 BC. Dated and the the eponym number would multiply (catalog n. 196-202), are not taken into account. Now that the coinage is among the great makers Don kings for Abdera is proven, is the Period of accommodation for them longer. 4) These tables are available after completion of the manual scripts for the coin catalog put together; while of the print are a large number of individual weighted in the catalog, which are no longer used here in the tables become could. You would get the results hardly move. 5) During the compilation some numbers had to be people are turned off, partly because of their weight was not known, partly because the weight was clear has been altered by any circumstances or falls completely out of the environment. An in- pulling these isolated coins would faked the picture. The ones in brackets - The added numbers in this series denote the

ABDERA 35 I I . The weight of the measurements, perhaps slightly N o t - T e t r a d r a c h m e 1 ) . Periods Number of eponyms Maximum weight Minimum weight middleweight all copies IV 450-425 (time?) VII 390-352 (time?) I I 6.29 (6.26) 6.51 (6.42) 5.83 (6.02) 6.37 6.08 (8 exp.) 6.43 (3 exp.) III. Weights of the dragons. Periods Number of eponyms Maximum weight Minimum weight among the Maximum weights Middleweight6). the maximum weights 545—512 ? 3-as 3-59 3.02 (3 exp.)]2) 512-478 6 (6)3) 3·57(3·53) 4) 3-35 (3 4θ 4) 3.46 (6 max weight) 478-450 I (1)3) 3·3° 3-OI 3.17 (3 exp.) 1450—400 5) II (11)3) 3.0I (2.85)*) 2.65 (2.66)4) 2.82 (11 max weight) 400-390 4 (4)3) 2.83 (2-83)4) 2.78 (2.79)4) 2.81 (4 maximum weight) 390-352 II (11)3) 2.60 (2.6ο)4) 2.48 (2.52)4) 2.56 (11 maximum weight) v II III IV I V I VI VII In general, eponyms that are present every time. — Specifically, the following are omitted: a) Cat. n. 9 poor condition. 2 6 , 6 6 g — Cat. n. II Weight unknown = b) Cat. n. 34 bad Receive 12.6 7g = c) Cat. n. 64 (ΑΒΔΗΡΙΤΕΩΝ Nike) 14.03 g suspected; but the weight is absolutely right for them Series — Cat. n. 77 (ΕΧΕΚΡΑΤΗΣ female head) In terms of weight, 12.85 S belongs in the next one Series — Cat. n. 85 (ΠΡΟΜΗΘΙΔΗΣ dolphin) 13.23 g weight to isolated, forms the over- go to the next row, cf. there n. 89; that The piece also has other peculiarities, see catalogue = d) Cat. n. 89 (ΑΡΧΑΓΟΡΗΣ head of Athena) 13.43 S belongs to the previous one in terms of weight Series, cf. n. 85 — Cat. n. 92 (ΕΠΙ Ι Η Ν Ω Ν Ο Σ Hermes, Bz. Vase) 10.65 g, abnormally low, cf. n. 97 — Cat. n. 97 (ΕΠΙ ΚΑΛΛΙΑΝΑΚΤΟΣ Apollon) 11.39 g belongs to η. 92 the weight after in the following period = e) Cat. η. 152 (ΕΠΙ ΕΥΡΗΣΙΠΠΟΥ Head of Apollo) 10.04 g, Hole — Cat. n. 157 (ΕΠΙ ΠΥΘΟΔΩΡΟΥ head of Apollo) 10.15 Si hole. ') The two »Didrachma emissions« Cat. n. 87 ΕΠ OPXAMO, cat.n.159 ΕΠΙ Ε Ρ Μ Ο Σ Τ Ρ Α Τ Ο Υ cause difficulties. Didrachms are on otherwise alien to Abderite money, and in the time in which they are based on the style criteria y. Fritzes distributed and ranked are, form her hers weight because of first right one anomaly. Based on the weight, they both fit best in the fifth period. You can understand it the But emissions as emergency money, as reduced money Tetradrachms, including the miserable one for n. 159 Style advises, so of course you can have it anywhere weight because of queuing. Barbaric aftermath Seeing imprints in them is forbidden for n. 87 the style and for both species the eponym names, which only occur on them for those in consideration coming times. 2) v. Fritze has Nomisma III 11 fg. the first period all parts agreed. They stand the Uniformity because of therefore in Appendix des catalog (p. 123 ff. 1—q). The above seem to me pieces (m) as well as the smaller pieces (table IV) to belong to Abdera and therefore they are listed here. From a division to different Different eponyms can be used in the absence of writing of course not to be mentioned. 3) For the numbers in brackets see Table I *Note 5. 4) Uber the bracketed Numbers see pre- remark p. 32, first paragraph. 5) The drachmas and trioboles of IV and V. Period cannot be determined by style separate cleanly according to weight; they are therefore summarized here as in the catalog. — The under ΠΡΩΤΗΣ standing different Types are referred to here as belonging to an eponym counted. 6) Resulting from all specimens as middleweights yourself: I 3.62 (3 exp.) — II 3.22 (42 exp.) — 3*

3 6 THRACIA IV. Weights of the trios and obols. Periods Number of eponyms Maximum weight Minimum weight among the Maximum weights middleweight all copies5) L1 S4S—5'2 ? 0.68 (0.61)3) 0.42 (0.46) 3) o-SS (20 £xp.)]1) II 5 1 2 - 4 7 8 3(?) (3(?))a) 1.85 (i.68)3) '•59 1.55 (24 exp.) I I I 478-450 — — — — IV1 v J 450-400 5 15)3) 1.75 (i.7o)3) 1.39 (1.44)3) 1-41 (64 exp·)4) Villa 352—323(f) 7 (10)») 1.75 (1.70)3) 1.46 (1.50)3) 1.61 (14 exp.) VHIb at 323(f) « ( 0 ' ) 1.28 Ι.ΙΟ 1.21 (3 exp.) v. Summary. Weights of the various nominal values are average By 6) . Periods Octadr. Tetradr. Nottetradr. Drachm. Triob. Obolen ι 545—512 II 512-478 III 478-450 IV 450-425 V 425-400 VI 400-390 v and 390-352 VIIIa 352-323 W Vlllb at 323(f) 29.55 (30.10)9) 14.88 (15.40)9) 14.88 (15.34)9) 14.22 (14.80)9) 12.53 (12.86)9) 11.28 (11.41)9) OK. i i (10.35)9) 6.08 7) (1)8) à.4S')m 3.62I) 3·46 3·'7 (O8) I 2.82ι 2.81 2.56 1-55 1.41 1.61 1.21 (I)8) OSS') — Κ — Κ(ϊ) — κ — κ — κ What do the weight tables teach? Silver stamping? Abdera limits himself to a few types of money; usually two, sometimes three. Their importance has changed over time reversed; their coin base is changed several times by the state, not only as a whole, but also within the Parts. And according to the changed Significance in the Abderite monetary system first has this type of money, then that type of money Currency determined. Embossed and embossed Changes are finally happening in Abdera - with an exception10) — only for the ili 3.17 (3 Exp.) — IV, V 2.6ο (ι 3ο Exp.) - VI 2.60 (70 exp.) — VII 2.44 (123 exp.) i) See note 2 of Table III. ') See note 5 of Table I. Left out are here at the Period Vlll·» (352—323 Ì) the Catalog numbers 205, 209, 210 due to missing Weight indication or poor condition. 3) About the numbers in brackets, see the first one Paragraph of the introduction to this chapter, p. 32. 4) See note 5 of Table III. 6) Calculate the middleweight only from the Maximum weights of the individual series, analogous to this Procedure for big money, that's how it happens, of course slightly higher, as follows: 0.55(1) — 1.71 (II) - 1.54 (IV, V) - 1.63 (Villa - 1.21 (Vlllb). 6) The average weights of the large pieces and Drachmas are from the maximum weights the relevant rows, of the sections from all of them known weights, see the Preliminary remark of this chapter, p. 32. 7) Horizontal numbers mean uncertain allocation, see Table II Note 1 and Table III Note 2. 8)(|) = low embossing; for more details see relevant tables. 9)The bracketed Numbers at the octa- drachmas and Tetradrachms mean that respective maximum weight of the relevant row. 10) When changing the coin weight of the tetra drachmas from 14.22 g to 12.53 g; see below p. 40.

ABDERA 37 foreign trade and with consideration for this one; the internal market, the needs of daily life, are of little importance Influence on the design of money, in such a way to a large extent also trade money will have served them. Not all of these conclusions are read easily from the tables; From the certain the path leads to doubt- adhere. First, there is the type and quantity the types of money and the change of them Meaning that is clear in the tables Eyes kick. At the beginning, from 545-450 v. BC, they teach, determines the major money (octadrachms and tetradrachms) the embossing, and a little too light small change issued (drachma, tri- obolon, obolos?) — rarely at all and issued in small quantities long - is an addition of the capital money. At the end, after 352 B.C. BC, are, just the other way around, the big pieces completely disappeared, and the section (Triobolone) alone controls the plan. And in the middle, in the hundred years from 450-352 BC BC, the two stand Varieties next to each other, the big money up to around 400 BC The small coin Number of emissions still greatly exceeded appropriate, but no longer their coin base determining, while in the time of 400-352 B.C. The two of them were alone coined varieties of tetradrachms and Drachmas, approximately in number of emissions equal, meticulously precise in their weights agree with each other. ') The drachma of around 3 '/4 g is not minted) but can be calculated from the weight of the half drachma of 1.61 g. — The occasional late one Triobolone from 1.21 g (cat. n. 214) is here not included. It is also clear from the tables different weight levels for the large money on the one hand, for the small change on the other on the side. The tetradrachm is from around 15 g to 14V4—127a—Ii V4—10 g; at the drachma from round 3'/2g to 23/4—2 Va—[3 7J g1). The difference between the beginning and the end is at Large money almost 5 g, a third of the original original weight and in straight Line, steadily descending, they follow each other individual stages, almost a model providing an example for everyone everywhere Theorem 2) to be proven in coinage is that Time reduces the weight of the coin. The difference in small change against is also almost one third of the original weight and In general, here too it is continuous Weight loss can be observed but the last stage, in the year 352 BC. BC, bends the line upwards, the money becomes heavier. Finally, it is clear that the most important thing is To emphasize the point again Difference of relations between the types of money. In tolerable harmony There are large pieces and parts in the first century of coinage (545-450 v. BC)3), in full harmony from 400-352 v. Chr.4), on the other hand in the Middle Period between 450-400 B.C. BC there is dissonance. So excellent in this one last period drachma and Triobolon with each other correct (2.82 g: 1.41 g), so bad is correct tetradrachm and small change in the Period νοη°45θ—425 B.C. (14.22 g: 2.82 g), see R e g l i n g s Discussions in Clio 6, 512. 3) 14.88g: 3, 4 6g: 1.55g. 4) a) 11.28 g: 2.81 g. b) 10.11g: 2.56g.

38 T H R A C I A and also between 425-400 ν. is the relation 12.53g: 2>82g nothing less than good. It is not easy, but clear, in what way and for what purpose the changes in coin weights were made, and what type of money they were had a leadership role. A widespread view wants in The changes “are very gradual and only unusually progressive ones Weight reduction within it Systems ')«. She does it deras citizens to Abderites in modern sense and underpins their financial management a very unusually large, per- manent sloppiness. Very wrongly. The theorist's question ποιον και πότε τίμιον ή ευωνον ποιητέον xò νόμισμαJ) has the City of Nestos' greatest interest counteracted. The trade gave her that Guideline. She has love for him Due to the state, the coin base has been changed several times changes and the small piece, the drachma, growing influence in the choice of Coin base cleared. The following table makes this easier Insight: Currency table rush. I. around 545 BC BC beginning the embossing after Phoenician weight system (increased by 1/36) II. around 450 BC. BC Introduction of the Persian foot for small money III. around 425 BC BC degradation of the tetradrachm weight from i4*/4 on I21/, g IV. around 400 BC. BC Introduction of the Persian foot also for the Tetra - dragon V. around 390 BC BC degradation des common coin weight on the Height des international eastern small change K u r a n t s VI. 352 B.C. BC adaptation on that Weight the Macedonian King's coin 3). Provides the evidence in detail the Summary table (V) the coin weights; We are responsible for the motives rely on guesswork. Undoubtedly, also from the Ver- defend the »gradually weight “reduction” is the beginning of the coinage according to the so-called »Phoenician Ge- weight system«. Since the average weight of the large pieces (29.55 g resp. 14.88 g) not insignificant over the estimated my norm (14.55 g) goes beyond that with one of the usual increases - probably around Y36 = 14.96g — add4). ') v. Fritze Nomisma III 30 note 1 ; Head Historia number 231. *) [Aristotle] Econom. II 1345. 3) Only one of these five state interventions is available Weight change opposite, the without Contribute des State takes place be should. This is the slight reduction in weight of the tetradrachmon from 14.88 to 14.22 g around 450 BC. BC 4) The numbers are slightly larger on C.F. Lehmanns research into joint version of the weight system in the magazine. for Numismatics 27, taken from 1908, tables 13 and 16.

A B D E R A 39 The parts, insofar as they exist at all, come are shaped on the same footing. But they are too useful and pious state coffers spent too easily; the State power ensures their purchasing power. It's obvious, the weight reduction the drachma to 2.82 g with the same, only the state's desire for profit was more strongly emphasized to explain and the Match of this weight with the »Persian« drachma weight to be considered a coincidence. Then it would be at the top of the currency table adopted introduction of Persian Feet for small change around 450 BC. BC (II) a fantasy and the significant one Role that the small change in the money being attributed to the Abderites, evaporated into nothingness. Alone, not The obvious is always the right thing. The good order of the parts 450 B.C. BC —• Drachma and Triobolon in full harmony of 2.82 g: 1.41 g — closes the door to chance, closes guarantees the state introduction of the personal s i c m i n z f u s s 1 ) for this monetary varieties. Randomly, through slow weight- reduction of the “inside money” in favor of the state treasury, the dragon would probably have weight of 2.82 g can arise, but never the full one that lasts for a long time Agreement between drachma and half drachma. And about des Random The greatest force is the exact match mood in Weight the penultimate Drachma group8) (2.81 g) with that of Drachmas that precede it. From the small increase in weight the first Tetradrachms (14.88 g) opposite the previous octadrachms 29.55 g (14.78 g) is nothing to conclude; from the small return stay of these numbers behind the standard 14.96 g of course nothing. It is the most significant step the Abderi state in the monetary question done has. One took the un- convenience of a double money - s y s t e m s around 4 5 0 B.C. BC on itself3) and endured her fifty years. Of course the disharmony that exists between the and change now existed, was not worse or just a little worse than before, and the existence of two after various coin base beaten Types of money are in the history of coins nothing unheard of. Certainly be- there was a compulsory course for dragons in Abdera men and half drachmas, so that actually neuter the monetary transactions, so far he at all in the daily life of Be- The meaning was to move without strong friction handled. But why did Abdera hit him? way? There is only one option, but a sufficient explanation provided by the changing trading interests. One did from what had previously been of little importance Small change around 450 BC a trade - coin and took through its expression on Persian foot consideration for new ones Trade routes, without the old ones, that Big money went to be seen as extended clarify. People made contact with areas where the Persian foot was valid, relationships, without neglecting the old ones. And •if you see how in the following- time around 400 BC The Persian foot was also introduced for large money, This will give the Abderites a wide area Haeberlin a. a. O. P. 15 Table 12. 2) Catalog n. 1 4 1 — 1 4 4 (Pausanias, Archelaus, Phanes, Charmes) from the years 400-390 BC. BC S) Phoenician, or “Aeginetic,” large money and “Persian” small change stands next to each other.

4° T H R A C I A do not deny a commercial perspective. They recognized the ways early on, which their trade would take, and laid carefully that tax around, marriage a changed trading world a sudden forced a dangerous change of course. Around 400 BC BC was from S t a a t the monetary unit again manufactured through Adaptation des tetradrachm in weight to that of drachmas, i.e. h. through complete transition to Persian schen W eigh t s y s t e m 1 ) . Also there holds the popular explanation of gradual lichen Shortage (from 12'/, g on ii'/ 4 g) not stitch. The order of the Small change since 450 BC already speaks decisively against it, and to excess Abdera stands with the currency change for big money not at this time alone. Around 400 BC BC bring the be- neighbors coin places, the royal Coin of Macedonia and the from Maroneia her tetradrachmon on 11'/ 4 g '), and this weight corresponds exactly dem of the Persian silver stater. This can't be a coincidence, it's deliberate State action. Of course, why the elector Changes in Macedonia, Abdera and Maroneia became popular just then, see us not. Just that Abderas Reasons not only from 400 BC. date, shows the Persian foot of the small change. Maybe his approach is also for them determining two others been. — In Phoenician Currency (round 15g) ') No. IV of the currency table, above p. 38. *) On this joint coin campaign by Macedonia, Abderas and Maroneias also points to Head Historia numorum 194 there. Likewise Re g l i η g collection Warren η. 625. 3) Ν. I l l of the currency table above p. 38. — The small Weight reduction around 450 BC of I think 14.88 to 14.22 g, as before said, were the first tetradrachms minted; around 400 BC In 200 BC they weighed on state orders only 11 1/4 g, as much as a Persian shear Silver stater. It is the jump not done all at once. Go ahead — around 425 v. BC - one other state reduction, the that Ge- weight of BIG money on Ί2 1/, g determined 3). So clearly the fact, like that un- The motive of this state capture is clear griifes. The thought that Abdera has himself in terms of trade policy to the states with aegis net currency connected, lies at 12 '/, g close, and the Designation “Minted on an Aeginetic basis” is then also on the relevant tetradrachms applied4). But how did that happen back then? to the Attic Empire belonging city to be the only one in Thrace and Macedonia doniens coast your big money on one foot hit to let whose Ver- distribution area primarily in the south, in Greece up to Thessaly, lay? Did you have trade connections? tied, the Athens and be Rich ignored that were so significant that about relationships with neighbors shaft came loose? Disregarded like that the commercial imperative of consistency, that a short time after the introduction of the Persian foot for the change now also experiment with the big money currency mentioned, and how the close future showed, experimented wrong? for not from States arranged. That but when jumping from 14V4 to 12'/•_· g, i.e. h. at a silver difference of 1*/4-2 g at close proximity each other lying embossing, not from all- there can be talk of gradual sinking, needs no discussion. 4) Catalog of Greek coins, the Tauric Chersonese p. 69.

A B D E R A 41 Probably not. The abderiti actual coin weight of the tetradrachmon from 12'/3 g in the period 425-400 BC. It just happens to be the Aeginetic norm same. Non-trade policy motives but rather inner misery here State driven to deteriorate coins at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, when the Thracian Empire was in its prime. Man suggested perhaps because of of double Tributes to Athens and the Odrysian princes instead of 25 tetradrachms about 28 from the Mine silver and helped it empty State coffers. Around 390 BC BC becomes the Persian Coin base abandoned. The tetradrachm decreases from 111/4 g to around 10 g, the Drachma from 2*/4 to around 21/, g. The full harmony between both varieties ensures the state Command this reduction '), the smaller coin gives the explanation. All over the eastern neighborhood, on the Chersonese and in Ainos, in Parion, Lampsakos, Kios, Calchedon, Byzantium, Mesembria, Apollonia on the Pontus one in the first half of the 4th century lots of money from 2'/2 and 11/+ g2). It was downright a international3) Kurant small coin. to join in, trade dictated. And they closed on, like that would be holding on on that own drachma weight, the '/« grams Silver contained more than that of the inter- national drachmas, an incomprehensible one Folly been. Den Tippers and The business would be too much to wobble l) No. V of the currency table, above p. 38. s) I owe most of the information to Regling, who in the 2nd fascicle of Apollonia the evidence for the individual bring cities will. For Ainos s. below in the introduction to this city chap. IV. would have been relieved, and Abdera would have had the damage. His drachmas would have been equal to the others in traffic and because of their greater value would be her from find people dem been handed over to the melting pot. So went Abdera's eastern trade because of the weight of his drachmas down, and consequently that also sank Tetradrachmon, that in itself no longer was issued so frequently by n1/« to 10 g. May the evil times come to an end derit the rapid exchange of currencies made it easier - the state treasury pro- fit not insignificantly at the Ge- weight reduction by ι '/4 g silver for each tetradrachm—the determining one The cause here was around 390 BC. like as early as 400 BC. The small change, that in the impoverished state more and played more of the main role. The last government change of the coin weight falls in or out the year 352 BC Chr.4). She wasn't more voluntary and not from trade recommended. On King Philip II's orders Abdera suited it, now likes it more dependently Federal or preferred subject The commune was his money Macedonian King's Coin on. There- Triobols were once minted poor weight 1.61 g alone allowed) ; the big money up to the drachma down delivered the royal coin fair. Instead of “gradually reducing weight” rung« sudden change, usually under 3) The Word sounds in the Duodec states something pompous, but justified. 4) No. V I of the currency table, above p. 38. 5) The Macedonian triobolone weighs 1.81 g; cf. above p. 34.

42 T H R A C I A Currency exchange, i.e. h. instead of permanent Schlendrian's clever statesmanship - that's what it means now the image of the Abderite coinage order. The trade proved to be at the changes as the main motive. You can feel his work even further. When coining began soon after the founding of the state, it happened for the foreign Trade and for him alone'). But even later the inner one has market, the small trade of the daily Life until the middle of the 5th century of money hardly needed —• the required Ring embossing of the pieces teaches it without further ado2) — and until around 400 B.C. BC, until the emergence of stronger ones Copper embossing, it has the smallest needs without money regulated3). With Fifty pfennig pieces - that is for at least the purchasing power of the Triobolon, and there were no smaller pieces of silver - as the smallest coin today is none Housekeeping is possible, let alone in the 5th century B.C. BC, where this sum even in Athens for many thousands whole day's earnings. The *) If you take v. Fritze's atheization of drachmas and obols of the first period (Nomisma III p. 1 1 fg.), then, in modern terms, the gold piece the smallest coin. But even if you the three drachmas and some twenty obols, which are still available (cat. p. 124 m-o), considered Abderitic and belongs to the first period writes as I think is correct, suffers the above Set only small losses. 2) From 4 7 8 - 4 5 0 there are 3 (three) drachmas of one Natural economy plays a role in the lives of the people derites play a much larger role than that many numbers of the catalog and the rich coin tablets suggest. First the stronger copper embossing since dem fourth century made money the Means of transport also for the poor man and daily life. And again is the cessation of the minting of the triobolone pieces and the expression of drachmas as the smallest silver coin since 400 BC. BC a hint that the silver money too not intended for internal traffic at that time was hit. To promote trade, the Ab- derite started minting the money and always arranged anew. To one It does not have a trade or monetary union brought. The Greek par- ticularism too powerful in him too. But if also a particularist of genuine Greek meal and grain, light The Abderite came into the world with his eyes looks; a shield citizen in world traffic he wasn't. This is what the above teaches Chapter. officials (Cat. n. 60), from 5 1 2 — 4 7 8 is the Embossing of the parts stronger, but also not significant. Certainly is with dem circumstances to expect that small unsightly pieces that are for the lover has no value, is worth less collected and observed. Your entire or It does not explain the almost complete absence. 3) The small copper from the period between 4 2 5 - 4 0 0 v. BC (cat. n. 1 3 3 - 1 3 4 ) changes the above representation. position nothing.

ABDERA. Gold is not minted. Individual incorrectly assigned or fake pieces can be found at the end of the catalog p. 125 f. α—γ. I. Period c. 545-512 BC Silver. Phoenician currency in increase by Y3G. O c t a d r a c h m e n (n. 2-14). For the more precise chronological sequence of these pieces, see introduction p. 20; just a view- Bare wing indicates more recent times. — Octadrachms and tetradrachms of this period, their affiliation about Abdera is doubted, as is that dubious little ones For parts see below in the appendix of the catalog p. 121 ff. a-s. Reach for 1. sitting, the round ones unfeathered wing raised, the tongue from the wide open net, equipped with a nose knob Beak stretched, the r. front paw raised. Under this one Official name (abbreviated) and isolated epithet. floor line. Pearl circle. Deep square with uneven floor, through a raised line cross-divided likewise ΑΡΤΙ \ likewise; Vol. double, the lower one pearled; Nose knob and pkr. not visible ILLUSTRATION W eight: 29.83 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 434 X I ; Nomisma III Plate I 3 A modern cast of this piece (23.70 g) from Lischin, cat. 1 plate I. ÂPK S, e b e n so just like that, only one wing, the r. Front paw in the top joint bent. Pkr. and Vol. not visible W eight: 29.40 Petersburg Hermitage The piece cannot be combined with n. 10.

44 THRACIA T A X a e b e n so e b en s o , vol. double, the lower one pearled Weight: 29.92 Berlin Cat. 98. 2 (with 29.97 g); Prokesch Num. Journal 4, 186. 1 VIII 2; the same revue numism. i860, 266 XII 1; Babelon traité 1756 EP\ e b e n so e b en s o , vol. not visible Weight: 2 9 , 0 2 ( 1 ) — 28.70(2) Deviations: Lkr. instead of Pkr. maybe at 2, unclear at 1 ι London Cat. 229. ι ß; Borrell Num. chron. 3, 103. 1 — || — 2 deer 12. Cat. 144 IV, where the letters are incorrectly labeled “vine leaf (?)” = Benson cat. 1909, 447 XV The London piece appears to have been minted on an older, unrecognizable coin. Ϊ Α Θ e b e n so e b en s o , vol. not visible ILLUSTRATION Weight: 29.54 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 433 XI; Greenwell num. chron. 1880, 3 I 3 [Imhoof-Blumer Monnaies grecques p. 107]; Nomisma III Plate I ι O is an adjunct and does not belong to the name, cf. Imhoof a. a. O. The first, only half The pronounced letter is probably Ξ. M \ e b e n s o , Pkr. not visible, Vol. unclear Weight: 28.56 Deer 13. Cat. 509 VII (Rhusopulos) e b e n so e b e n so ΠΕΡΙ \ just like that, just a n Wings. Vol. double, the lower one pearled Weight: 29.73 (χ) — 28.85(2) Deviations: Bdl. unclear 1 ι Brussels (de Hirsch); Bompois Cat. 562 III; Dupré cat. 176 Revue numism. 1905, 462. 1 IX 5; Babelon traité 1758 LVI 4 2 Paris Dieudonne

ABDERA 45 9 S. 28 1 0 S. 3 2 1 1 S. 29 12 S. 29 Plate I, 4 13 S. 29 j\ e b e n so Same thing, maybe just one wing. Vol. and Pkr. not visible “Weight: 26.66 London Cat. 65. 1 ; Babelon traité 1757 The piece, poorly preserved, has a deep One thing: on the front. This The first character is declared by Babelon to be a Β, so he reads Bl. But it is written in the margins: that it will be more like half an Í, from which you can also see the beginning of the third Believes you can see the line. The size of the letters otherwise appearing in this series, for the < is much too small for Β, also speaks for Z. IPX\ e b e n so just like that, triple Bdl., the medium pearled Weight: 29.50 London Cat. 228. ία Fig.; Borrell Num. chron. 3, 103.2; Babelon traité 1760 X? \ e b en s o , vol. not visible In trade 1905 e b e n so IIIIII (leftover letters) \ and i. F. right · (under the wing) Same thing, just one wing. Vol. ILLUSTRATION OF VS. (2) Weight: 30.10(2) — 2 9 , 5 2 ( 1 ) Deviations: Bdl. unclear 2 ι Berlin (Lübbecke); Bunbury Cat. 560; Nomisma III Plate I 4 — 2 Paris (de Luynes) Babelon traité 1753 LVI 2 (mistaken as 29.65 g) - » ; left next to it hanging e b e n so Grape with stem the same, three-fold volume, the middle lere pearled. O b Lkr. or Pkr. cannot be decided Weight: 29.84(2) — 29.66 (1) Deviations: Bdl. not visible 1 ι Berlin Cat. 98. 1 III 27; Friedlaender and many more Sallet The Royal Coin Cabinet (1873) l8 8> (1877) 283; v. Sallet coins and medals (1898) p. 7 illustration; Nomisma III plate I 2 — II — 2 deer 13. Cat. 508 VII (Rhusopulos) = Benson cat. 446 XV. Both pieces included Babelon traité 1755, text illustration. from ι

4 6 THRACIA Hanging grape with stem; no writing likewise, double volumes, the lower one pearled. Pkr. not visible. Weight: 29.63(1) — 29.52(2) ι Sutzo — II — 2 Hirsch 21. Cat. 837 X (Weber) likewise, the reason is dotted IL period c. 512-478 BC Silver. Phoenician currency in increase by t/36. Tetradrachms (A) n. 15-34, drachms (B) n. 35-40, trioboles (C) n. 41-43. A T e t r a d r ach m e n . I reach for 1. jumping up with upward curved forefeet, the pointed feather wing (oblique upwards) raised, the tongue in opened, with recently nasal knobbed beak visible cash. I. F. Official name (ab- shortened) and isolated at- sign. Pkr., often Bdl. (to- pearled for a while). That is isolated Wings without feathers II griffin after 1. sitting, the round Feather wings erected, the tongue in opened, with recently Nose knob provided Beak visible, the r. front paw raised. I.F. civil servants name (abbreviated) and often epithets sign. Pkr., mostly Bdl., signed pearls. The wing is isolated without feathers ΑΝΤΙ above —* like I [Gryphon jumping up] ; i. F.r. underm Wings Scallop after 1. Weight: 14.82 (i) — 14.40 (2, injured) ι Berlin — 2 Tübingen The recessed square has slightly uneven ground. Deepened square through er- hate line cross quartered, flat and even. likewise likewise

ABDERA 47 APTE above —• e b e n so like I [Gryphon jumping up]; without epithet W eight: 14.92(2) — 14.48' (i, hole) I Berlin Cat. 100.23 (Fox); Loscombe Cat. (1855) 240 — 2 London Cat. 229. ΐ γ Fig.; Borrell Num. chron. 3, 104. 3; Cadalvène Recueil 5. ι I ι AΔΑ|Μ top right Ν e b e n so like I [Gryphon jumping up]; without epithet Weight: 14.57 London Cat. 229. ι δ ; Borrell Num. chron. 3, 104. 4 ΔΕΟ r. t, read from the outside e b e n so like II [sitting griffin]; i. Q. 1. below Rooster 1. Weight: 15.18 (3) — 14-99 C1) — 14.92 (4) — 14.85 00 — 14.80 (5) Deviations: Δ Ε Ο 1. from outside 1 — cock, slightly smaller, to the right. 2.4 — Square slightly uneven 1. 3 ι Berlin Cat. 99.5 (Fox); Loscombe cat. (1855) 239 — 2 Brussels Bompois cat. 563; Dupre Cat. 177; Nomisma III Plate I 9 Vs. — 3 Hunter Macdonald Cat. 382. ι XXVI 1 ; Combe descr. 319. 3 LVII 16 (Teos) — || — 4 deer 13th cat. (Rhusopulos) 510 VII = Bourgey Cat. May 1910, 51 I — 5 Hirsch 13. Cat. (Rhusopulos) 511 ΗΓΗ below 1. — like I [Gryphon jumping up]; i. F above, unbearded head r.; no volume Weight: 14.64 Allatini cat. 1904, 193 IV H|P|AK above ^ like II [sitting griffin]; bottom left Grasshopper r. (after below swept) ILLUSTRATION (2) Weight: 14.98 (2) — 14.94 C1) — 1 4 , 2 1 (4) e b e n so e b e n so 14.93 (3) — 14.68 (5) — 14.52 (6)

48 THRACIA D evictions: HPAK without interruption, top right. starting 5; H|PAH above and right 2. 6 — the grasshopper 1. turned upwards 2, r. turned upwards ι — no volumes 3. 5. 6 ι Athens Cat. 122. 877a — 2. 3. 4 Berlin Cat. 99. 10-12; 2 Friedlanders and many more Sallet The Royal Coin cabinet (1873) 195, (1877) 293; 4 Prokesh Num. Magazine 4, 187. 7; Memoir the Vienna Acad. (1859) 9, 302. 2 I 1; now sold as a duplicate: Hess Kat. March 12, 1906, 49 I — 5 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 436 XI Vs. — 6 London Cat. 65. 2; Gardner types of greek coins XVI 10; probably this copy Borrell Num. chron. 3, 104. S from his collection HP]0 above likewise like I [Gryphon jumping up]; overm Greif i. F. · , under him comb- shell (downward) Weight: 14.71 (1) — 14.66 (2) — 14.55 (4) — i3.4° (3) D evictions: · not mentioned, additional symbol undetermined 4 — 2 and 3 are same stamp ι Bunbury Cat. 562; Whittall Cat. (1884) 256 — 2 Hunter Macdonald Cat. 383. 3 XXVI 2; Combe descr. 319. 2 LVII 15 (Teos) [Mionnet i, 364. 3 Abdera] — 3 Weber Hamburg Deer 21. Cat. 838 X — || — 4 Northwick Cat. 482 HP|0|K i^s likewise like II [sitting griffin]; i. Q. 1. below Negro head after 1. Weight: 14.80 (2) — 14.55 (0 ι Berlin Cat. 99. 9; Prokesch Num. Journal 4, 186. 4 (incorrect HPO and helmet instead of Negro head) — 2 Paris (de Luynes) Nomisma III Plate I 10 Vs. E|PI "Ν above likewise ΙΑ Λ left like I [Gryphon jumping up]; i. Q.1. below bowl with foot and two handles. Vol. not pearled ILLUSTRATION OF VS. (4) Weight: 15.03(4) — 14.94(3) — 14.92(1.6) — 14.61 (2, damaged) ι. 2 Berlin Cat. 101. 25 and 26; 2 Prokesh Num. Journal 4, 187. 9; now available as a duplicate says: Hess cat. March 12, 1906, 50 I; maybe this copy then Egger 15. Cat. 307 (14.60g) — 3-4 London; 3 Cat. 66, 8; 4 Carfrae cat. 1894, '3° v 19; Montagu Cat. 1896, 273 V — II — 5 Gréau Cat. 1017 — 6 Egger 15. Cat. 308 (“Head of the griffin damaged") [Η]ΡΟΔ Reach for 1. sitting, the r. front paw raised. Pkr. Square, quartered by a line cross Weight: 14.60 Bompois Cat. 565 The name is well read and the coin belongs to n. 22 or 23

ABDERA 49 25 p. 29 ΜΕΓΑ 1. S, like II [sitting griffin]; without addition sign W eight: 14.67 likewise Berlin Cat. 99. 1 3 ; Prokesh Nutn. Magazine 4, 187. 8 26 p. 27 ΜΕΙΔΙ 1. \ like II [sitting griffin]; without addition sign and without volume. likewise Weight: 14.81 (2) — 14.15 (1) ι Copenhagen — 2 London Cat. 65. 3 27 p. 26 Γ Α Γ above like II [Gryphon sitting] ; i. Q. 1. below Turtle downwards Weight: 14.65 Berlin likewise 28 p. 26 ΡΡΩ 1. J like II [Gryphon sitting] ; i. Q. 1. below Calf's head r. Weight: 14.70 (2) — 14.26 (1) likewise, surface uneven ι London - 2 deer 13th cat. (Rhusopulos) 512 VII = Hirsch 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 64 I (misread PHO). — 1. 2 from the same stamps. 29 pp. 29-26 <[M|OP above ^ like II [sitting griffin]; without volume; i. F. 1. little dancing one below Satyr n. front, head 1st, the right raised likewise Weight: 15.17 (2) — 14.94 (4) — 14.78 (ι) — 14.71 (7) — — 14.85 (3) — 14.84 (8) — 14.81 (2 a. 5) 14.65 (9) — 1 4 , 4 2 (6) DEVIATIONS: £|MOP 3. 5. 6. 9; indefinite 10 ι Berlin Cat. 100. 14 III 28; Prokesch Num. Journal 4. 186. ς VIII 4 — 2 Rerlin Cat. 100. 15; Friedlaender and many more Sallet The Royal Coin Cabinet (1877) 294 — 2 a earlier Berlin (Lübbecke), now sold as a doublet: Hirsch 26. Cat. 123 VI — 3 Copenhagen — 4.5 London; 4 cat. 65. 4 illustrations; Head guide 25 plates 12. ι ; Head hist. num. 218 illustrations; Head and Svoronos lot. νομ. Plate Ι Γ 8 ; Macdonald coin types (1905) I 12; Nomisma III Plate I 11; 5 Cat. 66. 5 — 6 Paris — 7 Weber-London — || — 8 Bunbury Cat. 561 V = Allatini Cat. 1904, 192 IV — 9 Prowe Cat. 457 IV — 10 Subhi; Sotheby cat. (February 20th) February 1878) 13. — ι. 2. 3 Vs. from the same stamp. The ancient coins of Northern Greece II, ι. 4

50 THRACIA 30 p. 2 7 31 p. 26 Plate I, 5 32 p. 25 33 p. 27 34 p. 25 ι Berlin Cat. loo. 24; Prokesch Num. Journal 4, 186. 6 VIII 5; Nomisma III plate I 17 — 2 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 435 — 3 London Cat. 66. 7 ΤΕΛΕ 1. likewise like II [Gryphon sitting]; but with u n e f i e d r t e m Wings and double band, the upper one pearled. No symbol ILLUSTRATION OF VS. (1) W eight: 15.40(2) — 15.05(1) ι Berlin Cat. 100. 16 (Fox); Cat. Borreil 1862, 65; Nomisma III Plate I 5 — 2 Haag ΤΕΛΕ 1. \ likewise like II [sitting griffin]; with spring - wings; P a l m e t t e under the body. Vol. simple, pearled Weight: 14.68 Berlin; Cat. Kosloff 364; Nomisma III plate I 6 ΦΙΤΤΑΛΟ 1. likewise like II [Gryphon sitting]; without addition sign and without Bdl., but with Lkr. and Pkr. Weight: 14.88 London Cat. 66. 6 The writing is not entirely certain due to embossing. IIIIIIII 1- Ν (blurred) e b e n so like I [Gryphon jumping up]; i. F.r. under the wing Bdl.(?) Weight: 12.67 Vienna The letter tracks lead approximately to ΗΓΗ. 34* p. 22 Greif r. sitting, with round unfeathered Wings, 1st front paw raised. Below a stork-like bird with raised 1st foot. Pellerin Peuples 1, 1763, 191 XXXIII 3 This tetradrachm belongs to Teos. likewise

ABDERA 51 Β. Drachmas. The parts all belong to type II of this series (sitting griffin); the Wing is sometimes feathered, sometimes unfeathered. AFT 1. \ e b e n so like II [sitting griffin]; with spring wings; without symbols, tongue not visible Illustration of the vs. (3) Weight: 3.46(2) — 3.36(3) — 2.96 (i, damaged) ι Berlin Cat. 98.4 — 2 London Cat. 66. 9 — 3 Paris ; Nomisma III Plate I 8 Vs. — || — 4 Allatini cat. 1904, 208 A|E|0 above e b e n so like II [sitting griffin]; the wing unfeathered; tongue visible, no symbol Illustration of the vs. (4) Weight: 3.53 (3) — 3.52 (4) — 3-43 ("") — 3-4* (8) — 3.35 (22b) — 3.34 (6) — 3.33 (“• «”) — 3.3i ('4) — 3.29 (2) — 3.27 (5) — 3.26 (25) — 3.25 (ι. 13. 26) — 3.20 (15.18) — 3.19 (19) — 3.18 (9 23) — 3.16 (7) — 3.11 (16) — 3.05 (17) — 2.75 (io) — 2.69 (20) — 2.38 (Ii) Deviations: ΔΕΟ above r. >1 3. 9. 10. 15. 16 — Δ|Εθ r\ 2. 4. 5. 6. 11. 13 14. 22. 22a b. 25. 26 — indefinite 17-19. 21. 23. 24 — supposedly ΔΙΟ 2θ — Vol. often unclear 1-5 Berlin Cat. 99. 6-8 and new acquisitions; 2 Cat. n. 7, now sold as a duplicate: Hess cat. March 12, 1906, 51; then Josh. Hamburg cat. June 1908, 401 — 6 Brussels — 7 Copenhagen — 8. 9 London Cat. 66. 11 and 12 — 10 Munich — 11. 12 Paris (12 de Luynes) — 13 Rollin and Feuardent — 14 Sofia — 15 Tübingen — 16 Weber London — Κ — 17 Allatini cat. 1904, 208 — 18 Bompois cat. 564 — 19. 20 Borreil Numerical chron. 3, 104. 7 and 8 inaccurate. The second, 20, is said to be in the Brit. Mus. be, but is a coin of this weight no longer exists there, probably discarded as a duplicate; 19 = 9} — 21 Greau Cat. 1018 — 22 Hirsch 13th Cat. (Rhusopulos) 513 VII — 22a Hirsch 18. Cat. 2306 Plate 33; Nomisma III Plate I 7 — 22b Hirsch 21st Cat. (Weber) 839 X — 23 Montagu Cat. 1897, 156 - 24 Prokesch Num. Journal 4, 187. 10 (hole) — 25 Hirsch 29. Cat. 137 — 26 Merzbacher Cat. 1910, 288 ΗΓΗ 1. \ like II [sitting griffin]; the wing unfeathered; double Bdl., the upper pearled, no mark. just like that, uneven ΔΕΟ i. F.r. Quadratum incusum, divided into four. Griffin 1. sitting, r. Front paw raised. I. F. 1. Wolf head r.(?) Weight 3.26 Hirsch 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 65 The wolf's head is probably an oxide stain or something similar, and the piece belongs to n. 36. 4*

5 2 THRACIA Weight: 3 , 5 7 (3) — 3 , 2 4 (4) — 3 , I 9 ( 0 — 3>ι6 (5) — 3.05 (2) — 3.04 (6) Deviations: Bdl. simple, pearled 1 . 6 - supposedly two wings 1 . 6 ι Athens Cat. 122. 877 β — 2. 3 Berlin Cat. 100. 18 and new acquisition — 4 London Cat. 66. 13 — 5 Paris (de Luynes) — 6 Rollin and Feuardent H P O 1. S. e b e n so like II [sitting griffin]; with spring - wing Weight: 3 , 4 1 ( 3 ) · — 3 - 2 8 ( 2 ) — 3 , 1 0 ( 1 ) — 2 , 9 5 (ia. 4) — 2 , 8 1 (5) I Berlin - ι a former Berlin cat. 100. 19, with inaccurate weight (2.66 g) and the incorrect Reading φΗι now sold as a duplicate: Hess Cat. March 12, 1906, 52 — 2 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 437 XI Vs. — 3 London Cat. 66. 10 — || — 4 Borrel Numerical chron. 3, 104. 6 from the “Bank of England”, sold: Sotheby Cat. February 13, 1878, 20-5 Hirsch 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 65 The obverse of l and 3, perhaps also 2, are identical. Τ Ε Λ Ε 1. S, e b e n so like II [Gripping sitting]; the Wings unfeathered, probably not one Pkr. Weight: 3 , 4 5 ( 4 ) — 3 , 3 6 ( 5 ) — 3. 3 2 ( 2 ) — 3 , 3 0 ( 1 ) — 3 , 1 5 ( 6 ) — 3,oo (3) Deviations: Bdl. not visible 2-4 ι Athens Cat. 122. 877 γ — 2. 3 Berlin Cat. 100. 17 and new acquisition — 4 Macdonald Hunter Cat. 383. 4; Combe descr. 319/4 (Teos) — 5 Weber-London — || — 6 Lishin cat. 11 v H f 1. e b e n so like II [Gryphon sitting]; the Wings unfeathered. Vol. and Pkr. not visible Weight: 3, 3 5 Berlin The first letter cannot be read: the name remains unclear. C T r i o b o l e n . About these small denominations with types on both sides as precursors of the large equal for similar nominals see above p. 20 and Nomisma III 18. G r e i f after 1. sit z e n d , the round one unfeathered wings erected, the tongue is wide open K n o f provided beak view- bar, the r. Before the act raised. B d l . g e p e r l t (usually not visible) Image in deeper Square The coin with ΦΗ 1. \ (like II) Berlin Cat. 100. 19 see at n. 38, ia.

ABDERA 53 41 p. 12 Plate I, io e b e n so Lion's head skin forward in the ver- deep square ILLUSTRATION (3) W eight: 1.68(1) — 1.60(7.10) — 1.58(8) — 1.54(4) — i.53 (6) — 1.52(3) — 1.50(11) — 1.46(2) — i.43(9) — i.4i(5) I. 2 Berlin; 1 Nomisma III Plate I 12 — 3 Imhoof 1907 — 4. 5 London Num. chron. 1900, 279. 8 XIII 8 — 6 Paris (de Luynes) — 7 Six, now in the Hague — 8 Sofia — || — 9 Hirsch 17th cat. 628 — 10 Hirsch 25th cat. (Philipsen) 70 — 11 Lischin 8 I 42 p. 12 Plates I, II e b e n so head with neck one i n e s R i n d e s after r. in the recessed square ILLUSTRATION (6) Weight: 1.59(2) — i.57 (6) — 1.56(0 — i.53(5)— 1.50(13.4) — i.49(3) ι Berlin — La Hague — 2. 3 Copenhagen — 4 Munich — 5 Paris (de Luynes) — 6 Philipses; Deer 25. Cat. 69; Nomisma III Plate I 13 — || — Maybe went here hearing 7 Allatini cat. 1904, 209 (2.10 gl) without specifying whether the cow's head is 1st or r. 43 e b e n so just like that, but after 1., neck with S x3 pearled finishing line Weight: 2.00 (4a) — 1.85(2) — 1.74(4) — 1.70(1) — 1.58 (3a) — 1.53 (5) — 1.42 (3) — 1.36(6) I. 2 Berlin; 2 Cat. 103. 42 — 3 Copenhagen — 3a Odessa — II — 4 Bompois Cat. 566 — 4a Hirsch 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 69 — 5. 6 Lischin Cat. 9 and 10 III. Period c. 478-450 BC Silver. Phoenician currency in increase by y36. Tetradrachms (A) n. 44-59 and 61-63, drachmas (B) n. 60. A T e t r a d r ach m e n . I reach for 1. jumping up with upward curved forefeet, the peaks Feather wings (mostly obliquely upwards), beak raised with and without nosepiece partly open with tongue, partly firmly closed. One or two supplements sign. Vol. Pkr. Official name with ΕΠΙ a weak sublime quartered line square. The whole thing in recessed square

5 4 THRACIA II griffin after 1. sitting, the likewise round feather wings erected, the one with a short nose knob seen beak slightly open, in which sometimes the tongue is visible, the r. Front paw raised. Under this one sign. Vol. Pkr. III (n. 54 only). Griffin. after 1. likewise standing, the pointed feather wings horizontal, the short knobless one Beak with tongue slightly open net, the right front paw a little raised. A Names. Pkr. Profiled section line like I [Gryphon springing up], but see below; Stain: under the front laurel wreath at the bottom bound. The griffin's hind feet stand on one Doric Capital Weight: 14.30 Berlin; Nomisma III Plate I 20 Vs. The piece differs somewhat in style from the others and is one of the youngest of these period. The griffin still has the old spiked camra, but has a beak without a knob completely closed; the forefeet are not bent upwards, but are stretched forward Wing tip points slightly downwards. The name seems safe. The weight is one the lowest in the series. ΕΠί Β|Λ|ΟίΎΟ|<: ΕΓΙ [Δ]|ΕΟ|ΚΥ]|ΔΟ< the inner square dotted likeI[Gryphon jumping up]; Beiz, (above on the horizontal wing here): Owl e nachl. sitting in peace, head forward. No volume Beak of the grasping tightly closed Weight: 14.92 (1) — 14.87 (2) ι London; Montagu cat. 1896, 274 (read ΛΕΟΝΙΔΟΣ); Montagu number chron. 1892, 27 II 10 — [I — 2 Allatini Cat. 1904, 201 About the name see Kretschmer Introduction to the history of the Greek language 241 2.

ABDERA 55 likeI[Gryphon Jumping Up]; Bit.: above EP ΕΡ|ΜΟΚΡ|ΑΤΙ|ΔΕΩ Pointed amphora 1. Beak light open, without knob; no tongue ILLUSTRATION OF VS. (4) Weight: 14.92(1) — 14.85(4) — 14.83(3) — 14.81(5) — 14.75 (2) — 14.68(6) D evictions: Between the pearls of the Pkr. thin slices 4 I Berlin — 2 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 439 — 3 London Cat. 229. 230 illustrations; Borrell Num. chron. 3, 105. 13 — 4 Warren at Lewes Regling Warren Collection 438 — || — 5 Allatini cat. 1904, 198 like I [Gryphon jumping up]; Stain: ι) ΕΓ ΕΡ|ΜθΚΡ|ΑΤΙ|ΔΕΩ underm Wings Pointed amphora r.; 2) a laurel under the body twig 1. beak closed, without knob; tongue visible; the Hind feet rest on a decorated capital at the bottom Position of Pkr. occurs Weight: 14.87(1) — 14.68(2) ι Weber-London — [| — 2 Egger cat. 1909, 300 x like I [Gryphon jumping up]; Bit.: EP Η|ΓΗ|<ΙΡ|ΡΟ ι) above naked ones male Figure 1. floating, in the foreground stretched R. and in the on L. placed on the body, one each holding wreath; 2) under the Body laurel branch 1. Wings horizontal, beak closed, without knob Weight: 14.97(3) — 14.90(4.5) — 14.83(2) — 14.18 (i, rubbed) Deviations: Beak slightly open 1. 4 ι Berlin Cat. 101. 33 III 29; Prokesch Num. Journal 4, 188. 13 — 2 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 441 XI Vs.; Greenwell num. chron. 1893, 87 VII 12 — 3 Seitmann — || — 4 Allatini cat. 1904, 199 IV — 5 Sotheby cat. April 26, 1907, 2 I 2 (the statement there that the copy comes from auction 1904, 199 - i.e. Allatini - is wrong, as the illustrations show) like I [Gryphon jumping up]; without addition EP Η|ΓΗ|<ΙΡ|ΡΟ characters ; Wings horizontal, beak bel slightly open, without tongue Weight: 14.81 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 440 “There was probably a now indistinct symbol at the bottom” (Reg.)

5 6 THRACIA like II [sitting griffin]; B e i z . : i. Q.1. EP Η | Ρ 0 | Δ 0 | Τ 0 below H en n e 1. Beak des Grip with knob slightly open, without tongue Weight: 15.05(6) — 14.98(3) — 14.95 O) — 14.94(4) — 14.84(7) — I4.52(S) — 14.15(0 — 14.12(8) 1-3 Berlin Cat. ι ο ί . 27-29; one of which is mentioned by v. Sallet Magazine for number 1881, 108. 3 Prokesh Num. Journal 4, 187. 12¡ ι now sold as a duplicate! Hess Cat. 12·. March 1906, 55 — 4 London cat. 67. 21 — 5. 6 Paris (6 de Luynes) — ]| — 7 Allatini cat. 1904, 196 IV — 8 Hirsch 17. Cat. 629 — 9 Sestini mus. Hedervar. 4, 42. 2 I add. 15, probably one of the Paris pieces A small mark above the griffin's wing was caused by a stamp injury. Opposite of 2. 5. 6. 7 same stamp; the line cross of the reverse of these pieces has been completely rubbed away. like I [Gryphon jumping up]; Bit.: EP Ι|ΡΡΩ|ΝΟ|< above unbearded Head f with short hair 1. Beak with knob wide open, tongue visible Weight: 14.82 (2) — 14.75 (1) — 14.74 (4) — 12.65 (3rd poor condition) Deviations: E P ΙΠ|ΓΩ|ΝΟ|£ 3 — Vol. double, the lower one pearled 2. 4; around- swept the pearled Bdl. top 1 1-3 Berlin; ι Cat. 102. 34; 2 Nomisma III Plate I 18 — 4 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 442 XI Vs. Regling sees the head as a pan head, the “horn” (only visible on 4) seems to me but a stamping error. wiell [sitting griffin]; without symbols. KAA|H<|IK|P: Beak very short, open; two pointed, downward-swept feather wing. Pkr. with thin slices between the Pearls. Vol. un- clearly Weight: 14.80 Copenhagen One of the youngest pieces from this group. like II [Gryphon sitting]; without at- characters; a sharp, down s swept feather wing; apparently without tongue. Pkr. ILLUSTRATION OF THE VS. W eight: 14.86 Hirsch 21st cat. (Weber) 841 X; Nomisma III plate II 8 EPI K|AAH(Xjl]KPA|[T]EO<:

ABDERA 57 like II [Gryphon sitting] ; without any markings; d e n round Feather wings a u f - dished out; tongue visible, Vol. unclear Weight: 1 4 , 8 0 Hirsch 29. Cat. 139 V ΕΠΙ K|AAHΕΓΙ ΜΑΙΝΔΡΩΙΝΑΚΙΤΟί: like III [Gryphon standing]; pickle i. F. 1. eight bright S t e r n with points between d e n Rays. Schnabel easily opened, tongue visible ILLUSTRATION (2) Weight: 15.02(2) — 1 4 , 7 2 ( 1 ) ι Berlin Imhoof-Blumer Monnaies grecques 38. 3 C ι ; Imhoof and Keller animal and plant pictures 67 XI 25 ; There is a cast of this piece (12.87 g) London: Gardner Num. chron. 1886, 249 XI 1; formerly Whittall cat. 1884, 258 — ¡| — 2 deer 13th cat. (Rhusopulos) 516 VII; Nomisma III plate II 5 This stand-alone piece belongs to the end of the period. like I [Gryphon jumping up]; Beiz, above ΕΓΙ Μ|ΕΛΑ|ΝΙΠ|ΠΟ i. F. K a n t h a r o s s t e h e n d . Schnabel slightly opened, without anything K n o f Weight: 15.00(2) — 14.91 (3) — 14.90(5) — 14.83(4) — 14.77 (6) — 1 4 , 7 5 ( 0 Deviations: ΕΠΙ | ΜΕΛΑ|ΝΙΡ|ΠΟ 2. 4. 6, ΕΓΙ | ΜΕΛ|ΑΝΐ|ΡΡΟ 3, division indeterminate 5 - very long claws, no vol. 2 ι Berlin — 2 Paris Choiseul-Gouffier (1809) 2 XVI 2; Sestini lett. 9 (1806) 74; Mionnet I, 365. 5; Image. Suppl. 2 V i ; Blanchet Monn. grecq. 1894 T a f · 1 1 1 2 Vs·,' Nomisma III Plate I 21 — 3 Weber-London — || — 4 Hirsch 21st cat. (Weber) 842 X; Le musée 5, 304 Image, the obverse — 5 Allatini cat. 1904, 200 — 6 Montagu 2nd cat. 1897, 155 II There is a Becker false stamp (division as in 2; cf. Pinder The Becker stamp schen false coins 1843 p. 38), the copy of which is in Prokesch Num. Zeitschr. 4 l 188. 14 (14.82 g) is a discount (Berlin, with the wrong people); are probably wrong also the coins in Budapest (9.68 g, division like 1) and at Dumersan cat. Allier P. VII [Friedlaender directory of Greek counterfeit coins 1883 p. 19]. like I [Gryphon jumping up]; pickle i. F. ΕΠΙ Ν|Ε<Τ|ΙΟί: 1. below P h a l l u s r., from above ge- see. Beautifully worth the knob wide open, tongue visible. No volume. Weight: 1 5 , 3 4 ( 4 ) — 1 4 , 9 3 ( 3 ) — 14.89(5) — 14.85(6) — 1 4 , 8 4 ( 7 ) — 1 4 , 6 1 ( 1 ) — 1 3 , 8 5 ( 2 ) Deviations: EPI NE|£T|lO|£ 4. 5 — division indefinite 7

58 THRACIA ι. 2 Berlin; I Cat. 102. 35 III 30; 2 (Imhoot) now sold as a duplicate: Hess Kat. March 12, 1906, 57 - 3. 4 London cat. 68, 24 illustrations and 25 - 5 Weber-London; probably = Allatini Cat. 1904, 197 IV == Bunbury Cat. 565, formerly Wigan — || — 6 cat. Bompois 568 — 7 Loscombe cat. 1855, 238 The phallus has often been misunderstood and referred to as a pomegranate; the right experience clarification was given by v. Sallet in the Berlin catalog. The piece seems to be of a dry style to be the youngest in this series. like I [Gripping jumping up]; pickle ΕΠΙ P[VOIN|NE|n winged under the body Insect 1. upwards. Beak of the griffin opened with a large knob, tongue visible ILLUSTRATION Weight: 14.55 Berlin The unusual official name returns below n. 63; Here O is probably just an error liable instead of Θ. w i e l l [sitting griffin]; pickle i.F.l.below ΕΓΙ <ΜΟ|ΡΔΟΤ|ΟΡΜΟ|ΚΑΛ Kantharos, obliquely 1. upwards. Beak opened. Double volume ILLUSTRATION (5) W eight: 15.07(3) — 15.04(5) — 15.00(12) — 14.96(11) — 14.95(103) — 14.93 (7) — 14.90 (6. 8. 9) — 14.88 (I) — 14.87 O IO) — 14.83 (4) D evictions: EPI £Μ|0ΡΔ0]Τ0ΡΜ|0ΚΑΛ loa — The Bdl. consists of lined up semicircles with a dot in each i. 8. 9 — Vs. stamp- same as 2. 3, same as 5. 6. 7 ; Rev. same stamp 1. 2. 3 and probably also 4. 5. 6. 7. 9 1-4 Berlin; 1-3 Cat. 101. 30-32; ι now sold as a duplicate: Hess cat. March 12, 1906, 56I; then Josh. Hamburg cat. June 1908, 400 II; 3 Prokesh Num. Journal 4, 187. il VIII 6; 4 (Löbbecke) now sold as a duplicate: Hirsch 26. Cat. 125 VI — 5 Brussels — 6 London Cat. 67. 22 — 7 formerly Imhoof, not in Berlin; Imhoof and Keller animal and plant pictures 67 XI 24 Vs. — 8 Six — 9 Vienna — || — 10 Allatini Cat. 1904, 195 = Bunbury Cat. 564 V — 10a Hirsch 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 68 I — n Leake European Greece S. I — 12 Cat. Prowe 458 IV = Dureflé Cat. (Feuardent 1910) 271 VII The name is not yet explained. Friedlaender (to Friedlaender and v. Sallet Das Kgl. Münzkabinet (1877) 294 and in the Berlin catalog) assumed two Thracian names Σμιίρδοτος and Όρμοχαλ ..., ν. Sallet Σμορδότορμοί, son of Καλ..., cf. Κβλλιδάμας η. 6ι. like II [sitting griffin]; pickle i. F. l. ΕΠΙ Φ|ΙΤΤ|ΑΛ|0 below Scarabs with i t Ball behind yourself r. obliquely downwards. Gryphon's beak wide open net, tongue visible W eight: 15.06(1) — 14.97(3) — 14.53 0) I Berlin (Löbbecke); Cat. Whittall 1884, 257; Imhoof and Keller animal and plant pictures 45 VII 12 Vs.; Nomisma III Plate I 14 — 2 Copenhagen — 3 London Cat. 67. 23 images; Macdonald coin types I 13

ABDERA 59 Β. Drachmas. like I [Gryphon jumping up]; without addition EP Η|ΓΗ|<ΙΡ|ΡΟ sign. Wings horizontal, beak slightly open, without tongue ILLUSTRATION OF VS. (l) Weight: 3.30(1) — 3.20(2) — 3.01 (3) ι Berlin Imhoof and Keller animal and plant pictures 67 XI 26 Vs. — 2 Munich — 3 Naples Santangelo cat. 9919. The pieces appear to have the same stamp on both sides. Deviations Stylistically to III. Period of coins belonging to. Tetradrachms. ΑΒΔ|ΗΡ|ΙΤΕ|ΩΝ by a weak have it quartered LINES - q u a d r a t ; the whole thing in the past deep square 23 31) — - 14.90 (4. ΚΑ|ΛΛ]ΙΔΑ|ΜΑ< O similar to II: Griffin after 1. sitting, the round feather wing erect, tongue open net beak with knob visible, the r. Front paw raised. Pkr. Under the feet: fish 1. Weight: 15.10(14-32) — 15.05(11) — 14.97(43. 13 · 16, 14.96 (10/8/19) — 14.95 C1) — i4i94 (4b. 9) — 14.92 (3) 21.30) — 14.89(5) — 14.88(2) — 14.87(15) — 14.86(18) — 14.85(6) — 14.84(33) — 14.82 (7 29) — 14.80 (12) — 14.75 (28 34) Deviations: ΚΑ|Λ|ΛΙΔ|ΑΜΑ O u , i L F. 1. 3. 4b. 9. 12. 14. 17. 18 (without Z). 19. 25. 27.29 — κα|λ|λιδ|αμαϊ: 4 — κιαλλιδα|μαϊ: 6.30.34.35 1-4. 4a. 4b Berlin; 1-4 Cat. 102. 36-39; 2 Pinder The ancient coins (1851) n. 1941 2; 3 Prokesh Num. Journal 4, 188. 15; 4 Friedlaender and v. Sallet The Royal Coin box (1873) 196, (1877) 295; 4a (Imhoof) now sold as a duplicate: Hess Cat. March 12, 1906, 54 I; 4b (Lübbecke) now sold as a duplicate: Hirsch 26. Cat. 124 VI — 5 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 443; Borrell cat. 1852, 13; Loscombe Cat. 1855, 236 — 6 Brussels (Duchastel); Nomisma III Plate I 16 — 7 Brussels (de Hirsch) — 8 Leake European Greece S.I ; Babington cat. of a selection from Colonel Leakes Greek coins exhibited in the Fitzwilliam museum, Cambridge 1867 — 9. 10 London; 9 Cat. 67. 19 illustrations; Numerical chron. 1861 VI 3; 10 Cat. 67. 20 — 1 1 . 12 Paris (11 de Luynes) — 13 Sofia — 14 Weber-London •— |] — 15 Allatini cat. 1904, 194 = Hirsch 25. Cat. 67 I — 16 Ashburnham cat. 1895, 95 — 17 Balmanno cat. 1898, 67 II — 18 Billoin Cat. 1886, 287 = Bompois Cat. 1882, 567 III — 19 Ward Greek coins and their parents cities 1902, 413 X; Bunbury Cat. 563 — 20 Bush Cat. 1902, 56 1 — 21 Carfrae Cat. 1894, 131 VI I — 22 Dupré cat. 178 — 23 Sotheby cat. May 1900, 237 V — 24 Gréau Cat. 1016 — 25 deer 2nd cat. 120 I — 26 deer 5th cat. 96 V — 27 deer 6th cat. 319 VI — 28 Hirsch 13th cat. (Rhusopulos) 515 VII — 29 Hirsch 21st cat. (Weber) 840 (not in their auction catalog from 1859) — 32 Prowe Cat. 459 IV — 33 Sotheby Cat. April 26, 1907, 3 I 3 — 34 commercially available in 1890 (plaster cast available) — 35 Bourgey Cat. Dec. 1909, 87 II

T H R A C I A Α|ΒΔ[ΗΡΙ||ΤΕΩΝ Ο ΕΓΙ Ν|ΥΜΦ|ΟΑΩ|ΡΟ like II [sitting griffin]; no addition likewise sign. Beak with pommel light open, no tongue. Vol. W eight: 14.73 (0 — 14.67 (2) ι London Wroth Num. chron. 1900, 278. 7 XIII 7 — 2 Munich v. Sallet Magazine f. Number 8 (l88i) 106 illustration A Nymphodoros, Son of Pythes, brother-in-law of the Odrysian king Sitalkes, from Abdera takes place in the beginning of the Peloponnesian War plays a role (Her. 7. 1 3 7 ; Thuk. 2. 29); v. Sallet refers on him and dates this type of coin around 430 BC. BC; see against it v. Fritze Nomisma III 23. EPI Π|νΘ|ΙΝΝ|ΕΩ likewise ΑΒΔΗΡΙ||Τ|ΕΩΝ r i like II [sitting griffin]; Bit.: under the r. Front paw Mushroom. Beak with knob wide open; Tongue visible. No volume Weight: 14.57 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Warren Collection 444 X I Vs.; Greenwell Num. chron. 1897, 273. 1 XIII 1; Nomisma III Plate I 15 Vs. I.T. Period c. 450-425 B.C. BC Silver. Phoenician currency with slightly reduced weight for large money, and p e r s i c h e Currency for small change. T e t r a d r a c h m e n (A) n. 64-86, D i d r a c h m e n (or not - t e t r a d r a c h m e n ?) (B) n. 87, D r a c m e n n. 107-125 p a s s i m , T r i o b o l e n n. 126-132 p a s s i m . The dragons and T r i o b o l e n are with the end of the following period v e r - one thing and standing at the end of the fifth period. The unification took place in interest the catalog for the sake of a more convenient overview, and because not all pieces are without a doubt be assigned to this or the following group. By referral on the spot The affiliation is noted where possible. A T e t r a d r ach m e n . I reach for 1. jumping up with Official name (once name of the bent open or horizontal Abderites) around a line square forefeet, the pointed feathers (•), in which an image. This wing easily downwards lowered, Whole in recessed square. Beak usually without a tongue little opened. s Name or name once the Other than that (abbreviated). Short volume, no pkr.

A B D E R A 6 I 64 p. 25 65 p. 24 Plate II, 4 66 pp. 24-22 Plate II, 19 67 p. 22 Plate II, 17 II Griffin after 1. sitting, the e b e n so pointed feather wings downwards ge- returns, beak usually without tongue slightly open, the r. front paw almost horizontally stretched. Short JBdl. Pkr. like I [Gryphon jumping up]; Vol. not ΑΒΔ|ΗΡΙ|ΤΕ|ΩΝ visible Nike 1. running, upper body n. front, in the lowered one pre- stretched R. Kranz, in the lowered, stretched-back L. shining branch W eight: 14.03 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 446 X I Rs. The work is worse than usual, the authenticity of the piece is questioned by v. Fritze argued, Nomisma III p. 4 note 3. like I [Gryphon jumping up] Α:Θ|ΗΝ(ΑΙ|0< Bearded Dion ysos with naked chest in long robe 1. standing, in the advanced R. Kantharos, in the left arm Fir trees. head and Tree tops protrude above the line square beyond ILLUSTRATION OF THE R s . (1) W eight: 14.06(2) — 13.90(1) I Berlin Imhoof-Blumer Monnaies grecques 3 8 . 4 C 2 Rs. ; Nomisma III Plate II 3 Rs. — 2 London ΕΓΙ Α|ΛΕ|ΞΙΜ|ΑΧΟ ' Kantharos with large handles like II [sitting griffin]; with visible tongue ILLUSTRATION the Rs. (2) W eight: 14.23 (2) — 13.97 (3) — 13.80(1) DEVIATION: Ε Π Ι Α | Λ Ε | Ϊ Ι Μ Α | ΧΟ' Ι. 3, separation not noted 4 ι Copenhagen — 2 London — || — 3 deer 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 72 I — 4 Subhi; Sotheby cat. February 20, 1878, 1 4 like II [sitting griffin]; beak ΑΝΑ|ΞΗ|ΝΩ|Ρ closed Bearded Dion ysos with naked Chest forward in long robe standing, head 1., in the pre- stretched R. K a n t h a r os , the L. on the fir tree ILLUSTRATION

THRACIA Weight: 14.60 Berlin Cat. 105. 62 IV 33 (Fox); this copy earlier Tôchon Mionnet p. 2, 206. 2; Sestini più musei 23. ι V I; Friedlaender and many more Sallet the royal military cabinet (1877) 297; Nomisma III plate II 10 like II [Gryphon sitting]; under the r. Front paw Ephesus (\). The second wing is indicated Vol. formed as a segment line ΑΝΑ|ΞΙ|ΔΙ|ΚΟ<: H e r m e s r. standing with wide Petasos and Chlamys above the 1st shoulder, in the row down lowered hermesis rod, whose upper end the chlamys at their r. upper corner away from the body. The L. is stretched forward, probably without it subject IMAGE of Rs. (1) Weight: 14.13 (1) — 13.65 (2) ι London cat. 230. 28a ill.; Borreil Num. chron. 3, 105. 1 1 ; Nomisma III Plate II 12 Rs. — I — 2 Lishin Cat. 13 For this see the part below n. 109. like I [Gryphon jumping up] Α:Ν|ΑΞΙ|ΓΟΛ|Ι< . Bearded D i o n y s o s with wreath in hair and bare chest in long robe 1. standing, in the stretched out R. bowl, the L. into the side braced. line square surmounted by the picture ILLUSTRATION OF R. (4.) Weight: 14.25 (4) — 14.20(2) — 13.97 (5) — 13.82 (3) — 13.73 (O D evictions: ΑΝ|ΑΞΐ|ΡΟΛ|Ι£ without point 1. 4 — The line square above open ι — Dionysus with his head protruding beyond the square of the line I. 3, with head and shell edge 4. 5 ι Berlin Cat. 105. 61 IV 32; Friedlaender and many more Sallet the Royal Mint Cabinet (1873) 197, (1877) 296 — 2 London — 3. 4 Paris; 3 Pellerin Peuples 1763, 1 XXXIII 6; Mionnet ι, 365. 6 XLIX 1 ; Nomisma III plate II 2; 4 de Luynes choix 1840, IX 1 — || — 5 Hirsch 13th cat. (Rhusopulos) 519 VII = Hirsch 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 73 I like I [Gryphon jumping up] ΑΛΙΑ|ΞΙ|ΓΟΛ|Ι< Female Head f 1. with ribbon in behind recorded and hair tied twice IMAGE of Rs. (1) W eight: 13.90 (1) — 13.88 (2) ι Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 447 XI Rs. ; Nomisma III Plate I 23 Rs. — 2 Paris Mionnet 1, 365. 2 XLIX 2; Sestini lettere 9 (1806) 74 The Rs. 1. 2 are probably the same stamp.

ABDERA 6 3 like I [Gryphon jumping up]; tail tucked under the stomach. Vol. double, the upper thicker (as Thought capital?) ΑΡ1ΤΕ|ΜΠΝ|Φ Kantharos on a high footing ILLUSTRATION OF THE Rs. Weight: 14.51 Macdonald Hunter Cat. 383. 5 X X V I 3; Combe descr. 320. 11 LVII 19 (Teos) [Mionnet I, 364. 4 (Abdera)]; Macdonald coin types I 14 AEO|NV|Í:A|<: Horse 1. walking, the r. front lifting foot like I [Gripping jumping up]; tongue visible, tail under the belly clamped. Vol. just imperfect pronounced ILLUSTRATION Weight: 14.12 Odessa University Nomisma III Plate I 22 This piece is one of the earliest in this series. like II [sitting griffin]; no Pkr. EPI |ΔΗΜΟ|ΚΡΙ|ΤΟ L i e r with seven strings ILLUSTRATION OF THE R s . (1) W eight: 14.20 (1) — 13.96 (3) — 13.88 (5) — 13.82 (2) — 13.80 (4) — 1 3 . 6 5 (6, hole) Deviations: Tongue visible 1-3, maybe 6; otherwise not noted I. 2 Berlin; 1 cat. 104. 58; Prokesch Num. Journal 4, 188. 16 VIII 7 (the draftsman has the edge of a plugged hole through a dotted circle above the pair of wings of the griffin indicated); 2 Cat. 104. 57 (Fox); Ivanoff cat. 1863, October 2nd [Boutkowski diet. 119. 2072]; v. Sallet Magazine f. Number 3, 49 — 3 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Warren Collection 445 XI Rs. — 4 Paris — 5 Vienna — || — 6 Morel (plaster cast available) The possibility that the philosopher is mentioned here is discussed by v. Sallet and Regling on taken, from v. Fritze Nomisma III 24 is only approved to a very limited extent. The latter gives in Nomisma the rest of the literature discusses the question and treats it in detail. like I [Gryphon jumping up] E|KA|T|A|IO|< ' Eagle 1. flying, the wings behind spread out above and below (wings point over the line square outstanding) 14.17(4) — 14.15 (6) — 13.87 (3) — 13.70(5) IMAGE of Rs. (4) Weight: 14.22(2) - — 13.60(1) DEVIATIONS: E:KA|TA|liOlC ' 3. 6 — EKA|TA|IO|í: ' 1 - E|KA|TA|I0|C ' 4 — The eagle flies diagonally to 1. down 2. 4. 5, to 1. up (wings in Square) 1 — not exactly described 7 I. 2 Berlin; 2 from Lübbecke, from Kosloff cat. 365 — 3 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Warren Collection 448 X I Rs. ; Greenwell num. chron. 1890, 29 III 21 — 4 Brussels — 5 Paris (de Luynes) — 6 Vienna — || — 7 Cat. Margaritis (1874) 2 Similar pieces with the same name see n. 75 and 76.

64 THRACIÁ 75 p. 22 Plate I, 24 76 p. 26 Plate I, 25 77 p. 23 Plate II, 7 78 p. 24 Plate II, 6 79 p. 23 Plate I, 19 like II [Gripping sitting]; under the Front paw E p h e u b l a t t (\). The wing is very high and slanted lowered. District (?) >|0I|AT|A>I3 A d l e r diagonally after r. above flying (wings squared) ILLUSTRATION OF THE Rs. Weight: 11.45 Vienna Eckhel num. vet. 53 IV 15; Cat. 64. 2 [Mionnet 1, 365.9] Probably a barbaric imitation, if only because of the weight. like I [Gryphon jumping up]; Pkr. ILLUSTRATION OF THE Rs. W eight: 13.93 (Locl1) Athens Cat. 122. 878 ill. like I [Gryphon jumping up] ; Pkr. Vol. questionable EKA|TA|IO|< A d l e r r. calm sitting with ge- closed wings EXE|KP|AT|H< Female head with Stephane; the hair at the back in the knot summarized ILLUSTRATION OF THE Rs. Weight: 12.85 London Nomisma III Plate II 4 Rs. The head is larger than usual, the execution finer; the weight is bad in this series (but cf. e.g. n. 78.4). The piece is probably one of the youngest of these period. The same name on a drachma below n. 110, but where the Rs. is different. like I [Gryphon jumping up] ΗΓΗ<[ΑΓ|ΟΡΗ|< ' Youthful head 1., the hair lured IMAGE of Rs. (2) Weight: 14.80(6) — 14.36(2) — 14.00(9) — 13.98(7) — 13.85(1) - 13.83(3) — 13.80(8) — 13.73(5) — 13.70(10) — 12.85(4) ι Berlin Imhoof-Blumer Monnaies grecques 39. 5 — 2 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Warren Collection 449 XI Rs; Greenwell num. chron. 1890, 29 — 3 Copenhagen — 4.5 London; 4 Cat. 69. 29 with improved by Greenwell Num. chron. 1890, 29 — 6 Petersburg — 7 Weber London — || — 8 Bunbury Cat. 566 — 9 in trade 1897; Plaster cast available — 10 Hirsch 29. Cat. 142 V like I [Gryphon jumping up] ILLUSTRATION OF THE Rs. Weight: 14.08 Weber London e n 0|PA<|V0|< · W i d d e r r. walking; in front of him ear of ears upright with four panicles

A B D E R A 6 5 like I [Gryphon jumping up] ; Vol. wider and irregular after below jagged ILLUSTRATION OF THE Rs. Weight: 13.95 ΜΕΛ|ΑΝ|ΙΓΡ|0£ Head f the Athens in Attic Helmet with bush r., the helmet cauldron decorated with a branch London Cat. 68. 27 Fig.; Vaux Num. chron. i86l, 106 VI 3 (mistaken there 12.53g); Nomisma III Plate II 1 Rs. ΕΓΙ Μ | 0 Λ Γ | Α Δ | 0 < Unbearded (?), very small head with short hair 1. like the previous one period [Gripping jumping up]; under the stomach S e e - cancer Wing grasping obliquely upwards, Beak with knob, tongue visible. Section line. Pkr. ILLUSTRATION Weight: 14.56 London Cat. 68. 26 illustrations; Imhoof and Keller Animal and Plant Pictures 50 VIII 9 Vs.; No- misma III plate I 19 One of the earliest pieces of this period. The vs. is still exactly that of the previous time, the head of the Rs. is still very small; it seems like a first attempt to put a picture instead of the quartered inner square. The development is similar occurred on the tetradrachms of Syracuse, where only recently known Become an example with a bare square (from Sallet and Regling Antike Münzen (1909) p. I i above) the variety with the small head in the middle of it follows (ibid. below), that then bigger and bigger will and finally occupies the full space of the Rs. Segesta and Olynth also offer parallels. like I [Gryphon jumping up] ILLUSTRATION OF THE Rs. Weight: 14.02 London Cat. 69. 28 NIK|0Ρ indistinct, the copy is probably identical to that by Borrell Num. Chron.· 3, 104. 9 (with Γ Ο Λ Υ Α Ν Η Τ Ο Σ ) published piece from his possession. The ancient coins of Northern Greece II, 1. 5

66 T H R A C I A 84 p. 25 Plate I, 20 85 p. 25 Plate I, 27 86 p. 24 Plate I, 22 87 p. 19 Plate II, 21 like I [Gryphon jumping up] POAY|KP|ATH|ΡΡ0|ΜΗ|ΘΙΔ|Η< between two line squares D e l p h i n r. downwards like I [Gryphon jumping up], but underneath Belly pickle. Grasshopper 1. ILLUSTRATION OF THE REF. (2) Weight: 13.90(2) — 13.40(1) ι Berlin Cat. 102. 40; Prokesh Num. Magazine 4, 188. 17 IX 8 Cat. 145 V = Deer 2 1 . Cat. (Weber) 845 Head and neck of a cow 1. — 2 deer 12. b. D i d r a c h m o n (N o t t e t r a d r a c h m o n Ì) EP 0|PX|AM|0 O around a line square, with lions in it. standing. Vol. This Whole in deepened square ΑΒΔΗ|ΡΙΤ|ΕΩΝ C G r e i f after 1. sitting, the peaks Feather wings downwards ge- returns, beak closed, the r. Before the act raised. ab- section line, Lkr. ILLUSTRATION (6) Weight: 6.29(4) — 6.26(6) — 6.09(1) — 6.07 (7) — 6.06(3) — 6.05 (2. 9) — 6.02 (8) — 5.83 (5) Deviations: ΑΒΔ|ΗΡΙ|ΤΕΩΝ, Beak slightly open, only one wing, probably no volume 2 — Lkr. questionable 4. 5. 8 I. 2 Berlin; 2 Cat. 107. 70; Prokesch Num. Journal 4, 190. 26 — 3 Boston museum of fine arts Regling Collection Warren 453 X I Rs. — 4. 5 London Cat. 70. 36 and 37 — 6 Paris Choiseul-Gouffier 2, X V I 1 2 ; Miomiet I, 365. 11 X L Ï X 4; probably = Sestini Jett. 7 (1805), 10 I 15 — 7 Hirsch 25. Cat. (Philipsen) 75 I = Bunbury Cat. 570 = Allatini cat. 1904, 209 - 8 Sofia - y - 9 Hirsch 12. Cat. 149 V = Hirsch 21st cat. (Weber) 846 X I The emission, so far only from this period, would be due to weight and because of the Font on the front fits better to the next period. She was put here because of the Rs., which of course, although slightly different, best suits this series. Ver- The piece probably belongs to the border of both periods. The name also at n. 179. The dragons and trios end this period at the end of the following Period. See the preliminary remarks on the fourth period.