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Zeitschrift für Numismatik, vol. 26 — 1908
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MAGAZINE NUMISMATICS PUBLISHED BY H. DRESSEL uno J. MENADIER. TWENTY-SIXTH VOLUME. BERLIN WEIDMANN'S BOOKSHOP. 1908.
THE J. PAUL GETTY MUSEUM LIBRARY
Contents of the twenty-sixth volume. Antiquity. Hammer, J., The fineness of Greek and Roman coins . Haeberlin, E. J., A false Campanian bar along with other falsis Papen, v., The Games of Hierapolis Haeberlin, E. J., The youngest Etruscan and the oldest Vörnina gold embossing (Plate Er. inside: Sundwall, J., On a new aitical he Avovvoros-Anuöorgaros . Löbbecke, A., A find of Achaean federal coins Regling, K., Roman denarius find from Lengowo Middle Ages and modern times. Menadier, J., The Saxon pennies . 3 Schröder, E., About the people from the Brandenburg region; “Throat pan riedenahugk, F., The Lubnice find (Plate II) { Weinmeister, P., he of the County of Holstein-"Sohaneniune (Plate ITI—VII) . necrologist, Friedrich Hultsch . . Solone Ambrosoli Hans Riggauer Julius Erbstein A. Luzhin v. Ebengreuth M. Kirmis
SEAmbrosoles a ee Nope 22208 PR Tarzan a SE Lee 208 G2 Macdonalde 8 20 0. aa en a A ER RSS 11 Be De Re. 220 Mr Rualar a nope DR NE Stat 223 A Bogistar 0 une. 2482 Bibliography of numismatic literature from 1905 and 1906 Negotiations of the Numismatic Society in Berlin 1907, R 0N
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. A contribution to ancient coinage history. List of the main works used, which analyzes and Give samples for specific gravity. Akerman, Catalogue of novel coins; Analyzes quoted at Mommsen, p. 756 ff. Bibra, E., 1) The bronzes and copper alloys the old one and oldest Peoples, Erlangen 1869; quoted under “copper alloys”. 2) About old iron and silver finds, Nuremberg 1873; quoted under “Silver Finds”. Blanchet, Trait & des monnaies gauloises I—II, Paris 1905, Göbel, On the influence of chemistry on the determination of Peoples of ancient times, Erlangen 1842; quoted in Sabatier (8th d.). Grueber, Roman bronze coinage from B. C. 45—3, in numbers chron. 1904; $. 244 — table of analyses. Höpfer, Histoire de la chimie, Paris 1843; quoted by Sabatier. Hussey, Essay on the ancient weights and money, Oxford 1836. Imhoof-Blumer, Monnaies grecques, Amsterdam 1883, 8. 472 ff. Letronne, Consid6rations gön6rales sur l’&valuation des mon- naies grecques et romaines, Paris 1817. Philipp's analyses, quoted in Bibra, copper alloys. smoke, Berlin leaves, III, pp. 295-308. Magazine for Numismatics 1874, 8. 32#. Sabatier, Production de Por, de l’argent et du cuivre, Peters- Burg 1850. Journal of Numismatics, XXYI. 1
y) J Hammer: Schiassi, Del ritrovamento di medallion — fatto a Cadriano Bologna 1820; quoted in Mommsen, p. 756. Willers, Italian bronze bars, Vienna. N. Z. 1905, 8. 1ff. Specific gravity studies. British Museum, Catalog Ionia and Lydia (Head). Hofmann, Vienna number. Magazine XVI and XVII Hultsch, magazine. f£ Number XI, 8. 161-169. My own investigations in the Berlin collection are with a precision scale employed, which ones yet a Tenths of a milligram showed exactly. The same was given to me by the local company Mentz (Chausseestrasse) willingly to provided, and I feel obliged you too at this point to thank likewise Mr cand. math. beer for his kind support during the weighings. Present Work has as its object fineness of ancient coins. The author is well aware, that he on this many times still dark areas not with of experience of the technician can talk, and neither can he promises himself, from the limited number of people he knows investigations that have taken place a complete picture of the thousand years of history of ancient coinage metals. But I would also like a clear summary of the scattered material the numismatist desired be, around on it own observations to compare and further- supply. For correct assessment the task given it is well indicated, some about the chemical and technical Knowledge of antiquity in relation to the metallurgical industry to send out; closes on it yourself a quick comparison with the state of current metallurgical science and with the principles, which have become decisive in the current coinage regulations ” } i { 4 ; }
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 53 Are, because only if we know what the ancients did in detail salary their coins could achieve and wanted to be we present the results collected here right, d. h. after that the benchmark of their time. We know about the extraction and purification of gold from the ancient writers, that the same, like today, primarily won in two ways became: the one By far the most productive process was washing out the gold containing Earth, which through weathering from quartz rock detached either powerful camps in front of it forms (so-called placer deposits) or through the mountain streams as sand into the plain is carried along. Next to these gold pannings (xovoorkvoıe) became everywhere also the underground mining operated (xgvowgvysie, aurifodinae). About the numerous gold mining sites in ancient times Literature often gives us fabulous, oriental ones imagination decorated Reports. In extreme East connected the rich gold mines of India and its gold-bearing Rivers (namely Ganges) the Herodotic Fable of the gold-digging ants). From the gold mines near Caballa in Armenia, of the same in Carmania longitudinally of the Persian Gulf and of the gold streams of the latter Landes tells us Strabo®). Also Arabia Felix and those on The island of Panchaia in the Red Sea lies on the east side of the same are by the ancient geographers Agatharchides and Strabo°) celebrated for their wealth in gold and silver mines, and the merchants from Saba and Reema bring to Ezekiel (27:22) their gold to buy to Tyre). In Asia Minor were yet in the age of Xenophon the 1) Herod. III, 102#f.; Plin. n.h. XXXIII, 21. 2) XI, 14.9 and XV, 2, 14. 3) Cf. Diodorus III, 45. 4) Diodorus III, 47 also speaks about the profitable trade of the Sabaeans to India. 18
4 J Hammer: Precious mines in Astyra near Abydos exploited?!). Than rich Goldlanders were particularly Lydia and Phrygia out- draws: who doesn't know the legendary Midas, of the king Croesus's riches, the gold mines of Tmolos and Sipylus, the gold sands of Pactolos? On a very early acquaintance the Greeks with their gold panning operations on the Phasis River in the country the Kolcher (east side of the Black Sea). perhaps also the far-reaching legend of the Hellenes about Argonaut train to Conquest des golden WVliesses there. Since the beginning of the last century in the Urals and northern The gold panning operations were opened by the Altai are, has from the small smelting furnaces found here, weighing to Washing the gold sand, etc. m. turned out that the one there Mining to the earliest times goes back and on this one Points probably the country the Scythians have lain likes, where according to Herodotus' story the one-eyed Arimaspen stole the gold guarded by griffins'). Rich metal industry was native to Egypt and us are over here the locations where the gold was found in more detail. One, probably older source of supply was in Upper Egypt Area of Koptos (Kuft), where in Wadi Foachir an old one abandoned gold mine found became, that still today has no fewer than 1,300 workers' huts, therefore earlier must have been very important). From the time of the new Empire, where Nubia had become an Egyptian province, We also have an inscription on the one near Redesieh desert temple’), that King Sety and his son Ramses II (around 1300 BC) a well in waterless Nubia (nubi- desert), on the way to the even more productive one 1) Hellen. IV, 8, 37. 2) Strabo XIV, 680 et al. 3) Herod. IV, 13; Stölzel, in Bolley, Handbook of Chem. technology, VII. Volume, Metallurgy, 1st half, February 8th (Braunschweig 1863/86). 4) Erman, Egypt and Egypt. Life in Antiquity II, p. 613/14. 5) Lepsius, Monuments from Egypt and Ethiopia III, 140 b. e e
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins, 5 Mines of Nubia have let dig. One of these mountain works were found again in the last century ''). After a seventeen day ride from the southern border of Egypt The two explorers met through the scorching mountain desert, Linant and Bonomi, at a place now called Eschuranib, on a system that is still completely preserved. Lead deep shafts into the mountain; Cisterns collect the water of the winter rains, and slanted stone tables stand by them, like those for washing of gold dust. There are around 300 stone huts in the valley, in each one still stands a granite hand mill, on the once the quartz grains ground up were. Today lies the site lonely and deserted, this Siberia of the Egyptian Pha- raonen, where them after Diodors?) more poignant, excellent with dem Findings more consistent Description theirs war prisoners, condemned criminal and slaves with theirs whole families have sent to them soon the heavy one to succumb to work and the terrible heat of these valleys. — Without the ruthless sacrifice of the workers, an intensive More serious exploitation of the mines with inadequate tools unthinkable. — In addition, the Egyptians already knew about it the gold-bearing rivers of Ethiopia (Blue Nile), where her theirs military Trains expanded and Trade relations chatted’). The Carthaginians procured yourself their gold from the coasts West Africa, like Herodotus') lets us close (Gold Coast - Upper reaches of Senegal and Dsholiba), and stood certainly also in exchange transactions with the peoples of Central Africa (Numidian mines)°). As for Europe, so must gold in Hellas earlier rare import item be. At least tells us 1) Erman H, p. 614f. 2) II, 11-14. 3) Babelon, Traite, p. 778. 4) IV, 195. 5) Babelon, Traite, pp. 787/88.
6 J Hammer: Herodotus'), that the Spartans used the precious metal for a golden statue from Croesus request have to; have to; likewise I have Hiero I of Syracuse for a golden tripod that he wanted to donate to Delphi, but for a long time he didn't have the necessary material was found until his emissaries managed to get there Corinthian Architeles to find something like this’). In ancient Rome restricted the lex Oppia still had gold jewelry in 215 a matron to half an ounce'). For later times But I just need to remind you of a few names that are in connection with the vast riches, which as a result of the Subjugation of Asia and Egypt migrated to Europe'), also the western civilized states an unexpected amount of noble Metals brought in: the mines of Pangaion in Thrace and the opposite island of Thasos, the lead silver mines of Laurion in Attica, the precious mines of Euboea, Siphnos, Seri- phos, Cyprus. 1) 169: 2) Theopompus b. Athenaeus VI, p. 232 A. 3) Livy 34.1. 4) Some examples of oriental wealth: To decorate the Solomon's Temple, precious metals were used in lavish abundance. turns; the royal books announce in national pride exaggeration, in In the days of Solomon there was an abundance of silver in Jerusalem on stones (I, B. of Kings 7, 10, 21 and 27). Rawlinson deciphered on the Nimrod's palaces in Nineveh an inscription according to which around 750 BC. BC King Phuluk the King Marika from Damascus defeated and him one War compensation of 20 talents of gold and 2,300 talents of silver killed; to Babylon. System (Hultsch, p. 409) 1 valley. G. = 10 Tal. syllable. to 6048 M scored, This amounts to a total of over 15 million. M (cf. Bibra, Silver finds, p. 27), According to Pliny (n.h. XXXII, 15) captured Cyrus at of defeat his Asian rival except the golden gift barrels etc. 24,000 gold and 500,000 gold. silver; Diodorus (XVII, 71) lets Alexander d. Gr. in the castle of Persepolis a gold and silver treasure of 120,000 valleys. find, for which Strabo (XVII, 66) adds 40,000 tal. from the treasure of Susa. From the ancient Egyptian illustrations and Inscriptions the daremaster experienced we, among others, that under Dhutmose III (15th century BC) an official one big pile of electron ent- receives, which, if we can believe the inscriptions otherwise, 36,392 Utes, i.e. 3311.672 kg, i.e. weighs approx. 66 hundredweight (Erman II, 615/16),
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins, " The gold and silver extraction proved even more productive, which Carthaginians and Romans on the Iberian Peninsula drove. The gold wealth of Lusitania, Galleacia, Asturias is by Strabo and Pliny often considered very large wrote, and both the gold pannings of the Duero and Taio the yield of the Roman mines leave in the Pyrenees develop a completely regulated hut construction. Next to these mines in Spain were the gold mines in the Cévennes and other parts of Gaul (Gallia aurifera) already known to Strabo. In northern Italy led the bed of the Po and its tributaries gold-bearing sand, and were gold camps in the land of the Victumuli (near Vercellae) were exploited. The country the Taurisci (nearby from Aquileia) and Noreia in the land of the Celtic peoples the Carni were Gold production headquarters in the Eastern Alps; also found numerous in the Roman-Dacian countries (Transylvania). excellently exploited gold mines. But about that can I open? more in-depth compilations in literature, namely on Blümners Technology IV refer, which pp. 12-28 the ancient sites gold mining, 8. 30—38 ones of silver and 8. 57-67 that of copper). The Romans also later had numerous deaths in Germany Lead and silver mines have opened, whose old buildings yourself e.g. in Wiesloch near Heidelberg, in the Lahn Valley at Holzappel and Ems, in the Sieg and Aggertale near Engelskirchen, in Mar- church in Alsace, in the Eifel near Kall and Kommern found have’). On a denarius of Charles the Elder. Gr. is found the legend METAL GERMAN, who introduced us to German silver indicates pits.°) Diodorus (V, 211) praises the occurrence of Gold in the Rhine and the Danube, and actually was during 1) See also Babelon, Traite, pp. 773-806. 2) Stötzel II, p. 1053. 3) Van the Chijs, De cheer up the Franconian and Dutch Dutch landsche Vorsten, Harlem 1866, 8. 131, Pl. XI, No. 35; E Gariel, les monn. Royals of France sous la race Carolingienne, Rhinestones 1884, II, pp. 124-125.
8 J Hammer: of the Middle Ages right up to modern times from the sands of the Rhine, Danube, Isar, Inn, Salzach and others. Rivers Won gold. The annual yield of Rhine gold in Baden was lowest in 1813 at 2,450 southern guilders, and highest 1831 with 18,500 guilders; in 1856 it was 3945 G. (Grahm-Ottos Lehrb. der inorg. Chemie, 2nd ed., IV, 2. Blanchet, Trait& des monn. nag. I, p. 30). Mr. Director Menadier had Kindness to draw my attention to a medal from 1764 to make, which is minted from Rhine silver, which is a secondary product of the gold found here and this too expressed through its legend: V/. Bust portrait of Elector Carl Theodor to the right, including A. S. R/. You fulgent littora Rheni. View from Mannheim. Section: Ex argento auri Rhen. socio 1764. Ar. 23mm'). Purification of gold. About the procedure, through which one in the gold panning the pure metal from the Goldsand won, we have little news. every- if necessary same very been simple and imperfect and is still at a loss today up to 50 °/, ver- bound. The work was often done by women and old people or otherwise useless workers?) and passed in it, that one the coarser gold-free parts of the sand of to wash away the gold-containing and thus concentrate the gold searched. Here are the most varied over time Paths have been taken, from the simplest pumpkin shells the Nuba Negro until the introduction of hydraulic mining the soap warehouse in California’), where not just the water the work of washing, but in powerful rays against the mountain walls thrown — also the mechanical one Zer- the destruction of the gold-bearing mountain masses. 1) 8th auction catalog by J. Hamburger, Frankfurt (1906): Max Ritter von Wilmersdörffer coin and medal collection 2nd series no. 4462. 2) So Posidonius (in Athens. VI, p. 233 D) from the Celtic gold laundries. 3) Stölzel II, p. 1348/51.
R E 1% % i | j The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 9 Only we ourselves will become the most productive of modern businesses do not claim it exclusively as an invention of the new era may, since the Romans in Spain had similar great established waterworks are known'). According to ancient beliefs, the gold obtained in this way was pure and needed no more of purification in the fire'). Although Even today, river gold is still considered the purest, but it is not absolutely pure, but always contains an if also small part of silver, e.g. B. at Rheingold (to 0.934 gold) — 0.066 silver). This worked with the old gold coins this small silver alloy as an unconscious deterioration with. Much more complicated was the cleaning process in which Gold that was obtained in actual mining. Agathar chides') and after him Diodorus describe to us the process for Upper Egypt as follows: initially were the gold ores washed, then in a five-day continuous fire merged, by mixing lead according to certain conditions, salt, a little tin and barley bran added. The beige Mixed sulfur metals and earthy components separated in the form of scoria (scoria) and stone that remains Gold silver alloy but became exposed to renewed fire sets, whereby the silver is converted into chlorine by the sodium chlorine (salt). silver was bound and more or less pure gold which was given the name aurum obryzum. The cleaning procedure itself was referred to as obrussa. In Spain they took according to Strabo other additions to the Dissolving the gold ores, namely two parts salt, three parts Mysi (probably iron vitriol), two parts of another not more salt to be determined and one part clay. Here 1) Pliny, n.h. XXX, 21. 2) Blümner IV, p. 111. 3) Bonn yearbooks d. V.v. Friends of Antiquity LXXXVI (1888), 8.70. 4) Agath., who in the 2nd century B.C. lived, left behind an incoming one Description from the gold mines the Ptolemies in Upper Egypt. His report, that we only in the excerpt of Photius (Müller, Geogr. 'Gr. Min., 8. 124, cp. 24 sqq.), adds Diodorus III, 11 ff.
10 J Hammer: chlorine silver is formed, which melts and from the brick dust absorbed will, while not the gold attacked will. This is the first use of mineral additives Sabatier') as a great advance in ancient chemistry. The old people already had a second cleaning agent the separation of gold and silver by mercury, the so-called amalgamation, known’), which procedure still now Silver cleaning is applied and results from 999 - 1000 thousandths of fineness). The process already described that develops in gold is also to bind silver with chlorine or sulfur and thereby pure gold to produce, is in modern times in a way perfected been, that today in this way yet large sums of gold value are won, which earlier alloyed with silver had to go into circulation at the silver value. All until Years 1830 shaped Silver coins included small amounts of gold. It was worth it not yourself, or understood It is not possible to get less than 3 grams of gold from one kilogram of silver divorce, what on one Attic tetradrachm from approx. 16 gr silver would account for approximately a gold addition of 0.048 grams. In fact, the slags from the Laurion mines contain silver today still regularly 0.43-0.55 °/, gold'); a tetradrachm Alexander D. Gr. from 15 gr in the analysis 0.045 gr, another from 17 gr = 0.068 gr, finally one third from 15.5 grams even 0.0775 grams of gold?). Recently, these traces of gold can be detected using sulfur acid down to 0.4 grams in a kilogram of silver with advantage separated (i.e. in an Att. tetradrachm 0.0064 gr). electrolytically even smaller traces'), 1) Production de !’or, p. 45. 2) Pliny, n.h. XXXIII, 32. 3) Stölzel II, p. 1229. 4) Christomanos, Journ. intern. d’arch. num. 1905, 8. 115 ff. 5) Imhoof-Blumer, Monn. Gr., 8. 472 ff., No. 25, 24, 23. 6) Stölzel II, p. 1329 f., 1401. S OR. OR EDE SEN
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 11 Cleaning the silver. finds silver himself in his Natural ores most often contain sulfur, less often others Metals bound. The net recovery is essentially still same as among the ancients, viz the divorce in the fire by means of an addition of lead or lead ores, what about us Polybius') reported some things (applicable to Spain). Up This approach almost always succeeds one for the ordinary Uses des Silvers completely usable, almost to produce a pure product (997-999 thousandths fine)'). That one but in the oldest times focus on the her- provision of pure silver not yet understood that way and that Abort was only gradually perfected, show analysis ]ysen of old silver finds; like that is the silver found in Mycenae The finds made are very impure and contain other things besides gold. timon and copper’). Yourself the Athenians must use their silver containing lead ores from Laurion initially very incomplete have melted, as we learn from Strabo'). He reports namely, that one in his time, where the lauric mines were already considered exhausted, the old slag heaps again smelted on silver, there the ancestors that's not enough could have. Finally are the same about 40 years ago again the object a larger metallurgical company acquisition (for silver extraction) by a French company become a society. The driving procedure discussed allowed Until the beginning of the 19th century, at most such lead materials can still be processed with advantage, the silver content of which is not lower about 0.03 °/, descended?). Smaller amounts of silver had to be used generally left in the bin, hence the small quantities ties Silvers in the ancient bronze coins, especially in those that are alloyed with a larger amount of lead. 1) In an excerpt from Strabo III, 148. 2) Stölzel II, pp. 1183 and 1197. 3) Blumner, $. 151, note 3. 4) IX, 1, 23. 5) Stölzel II, p. 1141.
12 J Hammer: Extraction and purification of copper. About the Way in which the 3rd coin metal was mined in ancient times us just isolated news; yes seems the same the to have been similar to today: one easy preparation the ores by roasting, throbbing, Grind and washing, then repeated remelting with the addition of lead, which after Pliny the aes regulare resulted'), one pretty poor ones Purity, as copper is still technically treated today still incoming metallurgical knowledge required (Sabatier, 8058). As is well known is the copper of the old ones mostly in the Alloy has been used: Gold has so far only been used in the bronze finds from Suessula; where through analysis Silver was detected acts it always around small Quantities that appear as accidental admixtures (presumably from lead here, apart of it, that different copper ores yourself lead silver), considered become have to. One has against that The copper was intentionally mixed with tin (bronze) to make it harder and more useful for many purposes to make; later alloyed you can also do it with lead, or finally granted him according to Dios corides and Pliny through treatment with cadmia (calamine— Silica zinc candle) has a beautiful golden yellow color: this gives you the brassy alloys of Roman imperial coins er- begets, without that of course the zinc already as a metal for would have known each other'), It seems to have only been discovered by Paracelsus to have been. Let's ask briefly about the means that the elderly can use Checking the fineness of their precious metals was available. Apart from that from that of Archimedes discovered sample specific weight, which ones us still busy later, is probably the oldest, which has become a proverb, the means des 1) n.h. 34, 20. 2) Stölzel I, p. 608.
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 13 fire (ößov&e, obryza or obrussa)'). This comes after the reports of the old ones the touchstone, ß«o«vos, because of his Origin from the Tmolos lapis Ilydius (coticula)’) called. About the procedure it's just us superficial taught. Theophrastus (lap. 46),. which one Pliny followed (n.h. 33, 43), talks about that one the nature of the gold Brushing or rubbing on the test stone (black basalt) see, and that in his time (Alexander the Great) people believed by means of the designated stone not only the fineness of the gold and silver resulting from refining, but that too smallest Addition of copper’), with which one that Metal is alloyed, for example, to be able to determine(?). The sample through acids (Nitric acid with a little salt acid), as is commonly used now, is not used by the ancients mentioned’). A procedure, that already in ancient times was practiced and often for fraudulent purposes had to serve, is still mentioned. The gold colors is easy and takes when mixed with Silver a tone into the white, with copper into the red on. Where hence government (cf. later Carthago) or Counterfeiters more heavily alloyed gold coins put into circulation for real ones wanted, they resorted to so-called cementation: one pickled maybe the pieces by one them in a mixture of table salt, drained Iron vitriol and Brick dust to 1) Blümner, 8. 131. Pliny (n. h. 33.44) describes this to us for silver So process: silver pieces become on a glowing one iron plate placed. If the silver remains clear and white, so it is pure; it takes reddish coloring on, so it is inferior; and that which becomes black is good nothing. 2) Plin. n.h. 33, 48. 3) Ridgeway, How the Greeks the subtlety of gold and silver could determine coins, Num. Chron. 1895, 104ff., calculated according to the The quoted passage in Theophrastus shows the admixture that can still be seen in the stater from copper to ?/,, obolos = !/,, drachma or !ıs Stater (z0.9n at Theophrastus). 4) Blümner, 8. 138.
14 J Hammer: heated by a faint red glow, whereby the resulting chlorine silver melts and yourself into the brick dust pulls, the surface the coin but the appearance clean gold receives. Maybe you like it her too in a solution of table salt, alum and Saltpeter has been eradicated (Hofmann, W. Num. Z. XVIL p. 55). This process of boiling out was more common in silver money applied. Although an alloy shows those under 50 a Copper still contains the white color’); but where is that? unclean Addition half exceeds, e.g. B. in the later one Roman imperial times, where the color was greatly changed would be, one took for white boiling his refuge. When purchasing heat the silver-copper-lead alloys oxidized imagine swaying the copper and lead. By now the low- containing coins glowed and the resulting oxide layer diluted sulfuric acid could man the coins a beautiful one white surface grant. Through the stamp was hit then the fine silver foam on the surface imprinted and formed a short-term silver plating, which, of course, soon wore off in circulation'). Despite the ancients' modest technical knowledge, according to which we ensure a chemically pure expression of your coins We can't expect that we will become Greeks like Romans the recognition don't fail can, that them in theirs have shaped admirably pure grain in good times, a lot pure, than all modern coinage prescribe it - In the main they obviously wanted to have an absolutely pure impression. Of course is the one for coin technology and the most possible Reducing wear and tear is such an important question whether the noble metals should be minted pure or alloyed, to this day not finally solved. Gold and silver show in their physical 1) Stölzel IL, 1074. 2) See also Schrötter, Das preuss. Coinage in the 18th century, Coin history Part I, p. 11/12. E) Bi i Hi 3 {
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 15 kalische behavior no great hardness and strength'); at The use of pure metals would therefore have to increase the sharpness of the embossed disappear more quickly because of the shifting of the soft Divide the reliefs of the punch into the mass would. On the other hand, both precious metals can be used in all ratios any with the significant harder Copper to- melt together, in particular the alloys of gold with copper it is not only harder, but also easier to melt than the pure metal. This is what copper alloys are now like to coins and jewelry preferred. The hardness should go to Stölzel 7 parts gold to 1 part copper (0.875:0.125) largest be’). Another result was previously Cavendish and Hatchett came, which at the end of the 18th century carried out investigations on behalf of the English government’°). They want to have found 18 karat gold, i.e. 0.750 fine, harder than finer alloys. But they recommended their government the ''/, alloy, because them much easier is embossed and also when rubbing similar pieces together should show lower losses than other alloys 0.750 and whole fine. This mixing ratio from ""/ı = 916.66 thousandths. is adopted in England and Portugal, while the other states with consideration to the decimal system use the ratio 0.900 f. According to the experiments, the greatest hardness of silver is from Karmarsch'), for the alloy with approximately 68.8 °/, Silver and of the silver-rich mixtures with 16.66 °/, Copper. The latter ratio was at the old German Species thalers, convention guilders and almost also the crown talern available. Of more recent coinage own same approximately the silver coins of Turkey = 83%/,, the states 1) Pure silver is between gold and copper in terms of hardness; 4.5:% 2) IH, p. 1335. 3) Philosophical Transactions 1802, p. 42 ff. 4) Stölzel II, p. 1074 f.
16 J Hammer: des Latin Coin Confederation — 83'/,°/, (excluded the Five franc pieces - 90 °/,), Sweden and Norway - 80 °/,. Against is in Germany, Russia and the United States for all silver money, at least in Austria for that Guilder piece (for the Mariatheresientaler and the smaller No. minale only 83'/, °/,) an alloy with 90 °/, decisively been. Still finer also shapes here Portugal = 91?/; %,, England = 92'/,°/, and the Netherlands —= 94'/,’%/,. (The other German coins: ten- and five-penny pieces out 25°/ nickel and 75°/, copper; the copper coins out 95°/, copper, 4°/, tin and 1°/, zinc.) Correspond yourself now but hardness of the coin metal and Resilience against wear and tear? Hoffmann already has it in his “Doctrine of Money” (Berlin 1838): “It is heavy, a durable reason for the alloying of the coins to specify”, and experienced coin technicians such as Grote (Münzstud. 7th vol.) and Ernst (Vienna. Num. Z. 1884). just in the Alloy with copper the main one Cause the ab- usage. Exact findings are as far as I can find in the literature could not be overlooked, has not been done recently; the The last one I found listed Soetbeer in Dinglers Polytechn. Journal 252 (1884). Afterwards could ours Double crowns (7.96495 gr) about 50 years, our crowns (3.98245 gr) about 25 years remain in circulation before they fall below the passable weight (from 7.9251 or 3.9625 gr) sink down!), If we think that the old ducats (0.979 to 0.986 fine), which if also to a much lesser extent, than modern transport brings with it, but on the other hand rolled for much longer, now are almost completely important, we must not underestimate this departure. appreciate®). — Through the alloy is it although possible, 1) Annual wear and tear is for one Double crown 0.0904 =1/., per mille, for a crown 0.2026 =!/, per mille. 2) From moving in regularly less important gold coins should the German Empire an annual edition of 120,000 meters (Soetbeer ibid).
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 17 sharper coin images and edges to achieve, which the cut make the coin more difficult but the metal loss will be thereby increased, that when rubbing together the harder one and therefore more brittle mass easily particles fall off during the soft, elastic mass of pure metal gives in and when printing within itself pulls itself together. (Same became through me the gentlemen Oberwardein Brinkman and Mint Master Waterer the royal coin in Berlin confirmed, whom I would also like to thank at this point for their information). Fineness of ancient gold and electron coins. & 7]. Asia Minor and Greece. All antiquity is of it went out, gold and Silver pure to coin. But at the difficulty and Costliness of the cleaning process could special that Gold will probably not be pronounced differently in the beginning, as it trade brought (electron)'). With smaller amounts of silver in the old gold coins is about it the decision in one individual impossible, whether natural or intentional alloy is present. In Lydia must already very early a perfected one Cleaning processes may have been known: Pollux (Onom. III, 87 and VII, 98) praises twice the “Gygeads” because of their finesse salary, at the same time with the dareixes and the gold of Croesus. I do believe that Pollux has a mix-up here Gyges-Statere with those he also praised, us too preserved gold coins of Croesus. From the Coin material can we assume that towards Croesus 1) Serious, art of coins from the oldest times, Vienna. N.Z. 1880, 27 fi. Journal of Numismatics, XXVL )
18 J Hammer: the one before usual electron imprinting first pure gold and brought out silver. And as we look at the preciousness of the Material no chemical analysis have to confirm, like that may be the information given by Head (Num. Chron. 1887, p. 304). search for specific weight provides the proof: the same resulted from a Croisostater from 8.05 grams even an over- valuable specific gravity of 20.09. Also the most popular and widespread coin of the East, the Dareikos of the Persian kings, owed his support love for excellent grain, in which he brought out became. Already Herodotus'!) boasts him as x0v00v xadagwzarov. Modern analysis has shown that its metal is only 3% base alloy?); Head (loc. cit.) even found 98.8 °/, Fine gold. The Philipps gold staters and Alexander of Macedon are also characterized by admirably pure grain. Samples only yielded about 0.003 alloy silver’). As already mentioned, was the first Lydian coinage those in electron and was based on the naturally occurring Metal such as that found in the sands of Pactolos and the quartz songs of Tmolos and Sipylus. This electron, that as a result its significant silver additionally had a whitish color and was therefore considered white gold (Asvxög xovoog) was called, will be straight in older times often mentioned. It circulated already in ancient Egypt as Valuable metal in bags and rings, or became vases and others objects processed'). It played further one role in the Homeric poems (although there too the Amber “jasxzeov” called is). Probably you have yourself to the Homeric time in Greece yet not at all 1) IV, 166. 2) Letronne, Considerations sur les monnaies, p. 108. 3) Hussey, essay p. 109. 4) Lepsius, The metals in the Egyptian inscriptions. Treatises the Berl. Acad. 1871, p. 43/9; 116.
Se EEE The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. i9 understood that Gold and silver to divorce, and that's why this silver containing gold next to Reingold and -silver as special precious metal processed). One analyzed by Percy Gold plate contained?): 73.11°/, gold; 23.37 °/, silver; 2.22 °/, copper; 0.35 °/, lead; 0.24 °/, iron. But Percy notices that the sample he was analyzing probably not a natural electron, but an artificial cial alloy be because the content occurring here on Copper and lead is much larger than ever found naturally electron occurs. Even according to Hofmann’) it must be used as a characteristic Signs of artificial alloy apply if the copper content in the finer ones alloys 2°), of the whole, in the silver-rich mixtures a tenth of silver exceeds. Anyway are the gold things from Mycenae throughout not out pure gold, but made of a metal, that one obtained when silver-containing gold ores are directly melted and processed further without first being chemically cleaned to subjugate what one was not yet capable of!). So showed a golden vessel from Mycenae: 89.4 °/, gold; 8.5 °/, silver; 0.6 °), copper'). From Lydia the electron coins have now been transported to the sea Ionian ports flowed, which also on her part the new and were happy to accept a convenient type of coin, and thus became the main medium of exchange of the Levant. Apart from this center of Electron imprinting encountered us one such in a larger area caught in Sicily and Carthage, in Campania, among the Gauls and British, in the rainbow bowls the Celts, the Bosporan royal coins. It used to be assumed that too in Thrace, Macedonia, Boeotia, Euboea, Corinth, Aegina, 1) Blümner, IV, 161. 2) Schliemann, Mykenae p. 418. 3) Vienna. N. Z. XVL p. 42f. 4) Ledebur, Metallurgie II, p. 71. I%*
30 J Hammer: Athens, Sikyon, Corcyra and others. Cities have been coined electron but we have now completely abandoned it'). To gain insight into the mixing ratios of the electrons coins to win and at the same time the important value ratio of these coins opposite the rest circulating Approximately determine money to be able to would be it of high Values to have a larger number of chemical analyzes. But in order not to destroy the rare and valuable coins In more recent times, with the help of Archimedi- The chemical principle of specific weights determines the composition of electron coins to determine. The kick-off to this gave Hofmann in his “Contributions to the History of Ancient Literature” ments” (Wiener num. Zeitschr., XVI [1884], pp. 1-57) and “new contributions” (XVII, 1ff.), approximately at the same time also Hultsch “approximate Determination the Mixing ratios some electron coins” (Zeitschr. f. Num. XI, 1884, p. 161ff.). Because the specific weights of the individual metals known are: Gold 19.28, Silver 10.48; (Lead 11.4); Copper 8.9; (Zin 7.2), like that is it after the instructions given by Hofmann instructions are no longer difficult, the approximate ones metallic components one Electron coin to determine. Of course can at this one type of investigation just two metals, Gold and silver are to be taken as a basis and must be any other additions are not taken into account. After all, the results obtained in this way have their value: is the specific gravity difference between gold and silver 8.8 - that between silver and copper only 1.6; thus can the percentages for gold don't shift too much while the quantities of silver and copper are more significant 1) Rev. num. 1895, p. 1f. Based on two newly discovered pseudonyms phisms Weil (Z. £. Num. 25, 8.58) gives Athens a share in the Electron imprinting, when it occurred in the 1st Att. The Maritime Confederation gave all its allies the coin forbidden by law, but concluded special treaties with Cyzicus, des content, that this city belongs to the Athenians those to lead their foreign ones Had to mint the “gold coins” necessary for the war.
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins, 21 Fluctuations allow. For example, Hofmann found as specific Weight an electron coin from Panormos — 14,348, which on an alloy from 59.07%/, gold and 40.93 °/, silver close read. The Analysis resulted then: 59.8%/, gold; 38.05 °/, silver; 2.06 °/, copper, so not completely one percent Gold more. Even where the copper additive, such as in a lesbian Hectares, rising to 11.6 °/, would the specific Weight only about 4'/, °/, too little gold can be seen'). A bigger one There was a difference between the specific weight and that actual findings of the only Cyzican founder analyzed (Mysia catalog, p. 22 No. 28): Specific Gravity — 13.657 — theoretical: 51 °j, gold; 49%/, silver; Result of the analysis: 57.9%/, gold; 39°/, silver; 3.1 °/, copper. This results in different results probably doesn't have the copper contributed alone, but also other reasons, loose fasteners binding of metals, poor preservation, etc. Anyway but see we from this, that we in the following calculations tions must allow a certain amount of leeway in which The gold content can increase by 5-10 °/. Yes consider us first the results the sub- searches ons specific Weight. I share the same for Asia Minor into four groups a and lead underneath each first. the few chemical analyzes followed by the results of the court mans that appear in the British catalogues. Museum given and my own won in the local collection Re- results. 1. Group of indefinite coins; 2. Group of staters and hecticians from Kyzikos; 3. Group of hectares and parts of Lesbos; 4. Group of Hectes of Phocaea. 1) Hofmann, XVI, p. 29.
22 J Hammer: I. Indeterminate coins (with recessed square of the Rs.) Analysis of a twelfth – 1.15 gr. 43.8 °/, silver; 2.6 °/, copper. Specific Gravities: Lion's head: 53.6, gold; [Brandis, p. 258.] No. Type Rs. ineus. 1|Raised square SV) Lion head 3441 Suastica Heracles head with Lion skin 1. Front part of a winged horse |. Ram head 1. Lion head r. Rs. 2 elongated four- corner Similar Similar Similar Similar Front part of one Lions r. Rs. three deepened inclusions 2 lion heads 3 silphium flowers Dashed surface Raw sublime. square B.J.; Rs. Inc. with X g!.. 2,609 1,164 0.575 2.53 14,134 0.2642 4.7275 4,713 4,622 4,711 4,722 14,115 14,223 7,095 6,852 7,124 7,022 specific Weight 14,555 13,206 11,958 12,072 12,804 11,127 13,676 13.8 13.56 13.0 12.55 13.15 13.66 15.44 12.21 15.46 15.22 31 Literature Hofmann, W. N.Z. XVI, P. 32, No.1 ” n ” N N Cat. Lydia p.1f. No. “ Cat. Ionia p.1 no. ” 2 “aa NJ Ss egg O0 D ap m
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins, 23 _— specific | Weight By % Literature No.| Type Rs. incus. gr. 18 | Ornaments in the sublime square Ä 7,025 | 15.18 | 68 | Cat. Ionia, p.3 no. 6 19 | Quadruple divided four eck 4551| 1098| 0 0, 0. 90 | Rooster 1. 4.73 12.5 35 N tt, 21 | Seated Sphinx 14,059. | 1.08) 22 mn 2% 22\Half wing horse l. | 13,979 | 12.26 | 3] PRAY.) 23|Standing eagle r. 14,095 | 12.00 221 22, 5.03 } | 24 | Rooster r. 13,983 | 1.34 401 , 52 “2. | 25 | Eber r. 14,008 | mas i sa 0 9 36 | Jumping horse l. |13,943 | 11.54 | 20 to 3, “38 | 27 Front part of a bull | r. 14.02) 18 0 ı; | 28 | Front part of a wing. Ebers 14,085) 2.03. 39..20 2 2 29 | Lion's head 1. (oldest. style) 16,087 and 1430.20 2 002 30 | Chimera |. 16,866 | 13.62 | 51... 28 31 | Centaur 16,360 | 14.88 042 2.3 32 | Gorgonion 800 22, 0, well, 33 | Lumpy inlet | hit 2.87 13.47 | 4.0, 202 34 | Tetraskele 2,969 | 13.65 | 51 “8.14 “65 35| Flying eagle r. 1,434 | 14.11 0 to 2, 95 36| Wheel with 4 spokes 141) 4.8 0, , 37 Similar to 36 1,334 | 13.2 AB). 0 38 | Front part of a winged Ebers 14,085 | 1.93 3838| "Ali,) 1) The ones in Catal. Ionia allocations made to Clazomenae (No. 38), Ephesus (No. 39-41), Erythrae (No. 42), Miletus (No. 43-45), Smyrna (No. 46), Chios (No. 47), Samos (No. 48-50) are far too doubtful to make any conclusions from this
J Hammer: specific No. Type Rs. incus. gr. Weight Gold% Literature 39 |Hirsch r. ®avos &ui onua 14,028 | 12.58 36 | Cat. Ionia, “ 8.47 No.l 40 |Bee in lined square 4.615 | 11.2 14 |, ee 41 Similar 4,376 | 10.7 B.I 42 |Rosette-shaped ornaments| 7,066 | 15.57 ar smdlas 9 43 |Resting lion r. 13,958 | 12.83 | 40 | “P.183, 2 44 13,925 | 12.62 DON in BR DR N from | un 6.8307) 12.34 | 33 | “p.184, 4 46 |Lion head l. (very old) | 16,087 | 14.36 59 10.286 “4 47 |Sitting Sphinx r. 14,059 | 12.09 29.105030 48 |Lion's head front (old)| 8.64 | 14.2 1, 8,348. 49 A e 4,282 | 14 DI. ben 50 | Front part. Taurus r. head back applies 14,043 | 11.58 21 10:8, 849 98 Berlin collection. Origin: 51 |Head of Heracles l. 2.5013) 13.72 151.4 | Fox 52a * 2.5692| 12,795 |39.3 | Fox 52b a 2,496 | 13,298 |46.1 | Imhoof 53 |Female head m.Haubel.' 2.5678| 13,341 |46.35| Fox 54 2 1.345 | 10,491 | — | Knobelsdorff, ancient Fake? 55 |Gorgoneion 1.9337| 12.03 127.9 | Fox 56 | Lion head r. 15.9631| 14,823 |63.9 | Prokesh draw conclusions probably on the coinage of the individual cities. Ionia, $. 183 No. 1 (Miletus?) — dashed surface — is apart from the 2? percent Gold content by weight is 10.812 grams. Silver stater marked.
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 25 Type Rs. incus. Front part. Lions. Lion head with scar “ Half piece Half horse r. ” Bull head r. ”» » 2 ram heads Ram head |. Half a goat |. Rooster Half wing horse 1. Sphinx “ Hekte Griffin head r. Tetraskele Three impacts Small impact Dxl Similar [] divided into 7 triangles | gr. 4,715 4.6972 4.6911 4,679 4.6417 4,742 4.7323 4.7306 4.6994 4.1224 2,339 2.3458 2.3677 8,373 8.6048 2,589 13,1977 2.7791 4,2008 13.9152 13.8444 14.0067 13.9936 2,555 2.3926 2.7639 2,777 14.1625 17.5248 6.9654 7.0762 6.9811 specific Weight 12,882 13.98 13,477 13.86 13.35 13,472 12,209 13,736 13,366 13,688 13,857 10,885 11,049 12.25 12,837 13.52 12,361 15.12 15,421 12,449 12,497 12,508 12,406 14,718 13,472 14,948 14,322 12,885 16,056 14,338 15.35 15,226 Goldg 40.5 54.5 48.4 53.1 46.8 48.35 30.7 51.6 47 51 53.05 78 10.95 31.3 39.9 48.95 33 66.9 69.85 34.3 35.05 35.2 33.7 62.75 48.35 65.15 58.45 40.55 75.75 58.6 69.2 67.95 Collection of the Berlin. museum Fox Prokesh Imhoof Fox Imhoof Sparrow Goose eye Imhoof Prokesh Goose eye Prokesh Imhoof Prokesh N n Fox Imhoof Prokesh Imhoof ” Imhoof Prokesh Fox Fox
6 J Hammer: Be No. | Type Rs. incus gr. Glass, etc el, 10202 BERTERIE SA ERBACH NEO ESBEERARGEEN EIAIRERERERSBEN BERNER re 89 | Rosette-shaped ornament | 7.0192) 15.529 |70.9 | Imhoof 90 |lily-shaped increase | 4.2964| 14,495 | 60.35| Fox 91/2 round Increases 2.8409| 12,643 | 37.15| Prokesh 92 n S 2.8455| 13,113 |43.65| Fox 93 | Fibula-like increase | 2.7258| 14,286 |58.05| Prokesh 94| Square in relief 2.6497| 14,599 |61.5 | Imhoof 95|Winged Horse 1. 14,966 | 12,305 |32.49| Hofmann XVII, 8.7.00. 2D (Lampsa kos?) 96 lion heads. m. scar | 4.7092| 13,423 |48.04| “(Miletus?) No. 30. II. Group: Staters and Hects of Cyzicus. Analysis of a stater of 15,916 gr (= Cat. Mysia, p. 22, No. 28) 57.9 °/, gold; 39°/, silver; 3.1%, copper (specific gravity was 13.657). Specific Gravities: I. From literature. No. | Type 1 a $m Rs. incus | gr. specific Weight not Literature L—L—————————— boar]. Truant Satyr |. Pallas head 1st old style Head of Zeus Ammon r. Lion on tuna |. 2 tuna 15,939 16.0545 15.4535 16,026 15.8235 | 16,393 13,745 |52.04 52.25 38.48 38.44 48.06 13,762 12,713 12.71 13,425 14.32 |59 Hofmann XVI, p.32f. No.9 “ 10 ie “according to eE} “
a Te ET DEAD NOOO R.E no The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 97 IL. From the Berlin collection. A. The oldest staters in the Berlin Museum in terms of style No. 7-18. Type Rs. incus gr. specific Weight Gold% Collection of the Berlin. museum 20 21 2 tuna. [Green- well!), 161] 16.2038 Taras |. [9, pl.19]| 15.9588 Pallas head l. [25, II 1]| 16,154 ” Winged figure 1. with [26, IL 2]| 16.1005 Tuna [59] 16.0618 Goatee head Front part of the lion |. Lion head. [115, V 8 ] | crab. ] Fish head. [163, VI 26] | 16,1992 | | Prora. Helmet. Phobos. Kneeling. Heracles. Kneeling figure 1. with 2 tuna. Kneeling figure right. [Gr. 98, 1V 16]| 15,959 [78, II 31]| 16.1364 [109, V 4]| 16.0324 16.2308 [158, VI 20] 16.13 [170, VI 35 in, VI 36 16.1166 16.1085 13,633 12,894 12.48 12,643 13,787 11,886 13,197 13.2206 13,816 12,315 12.8156 13.7106 50.35 40.7 34.8 37.15 52.2 25.6 44.8 45.1 52.6 32.3 39.6 51.3 B. Middle group (No. 19-27). [Gr. 57, IIL7]| 16.1152 [Gr. 64, II 15]| 15.8872 [Gr. 87, IV 9]) 16.0506 12,039 12.1775 13,376 11,994 28.05 30.2 47.1 27.3 Berl. Museum , 7) “ Imhoof ” e] l) The numbers attached to the type in [ ]. include the numbering Greenwell, The Electrum Coinage of Cyzicus, Num. Chron. 1887, pp. 1ff.
26 27 Type Rs. incus Kneeling figure l. with Sword [Size 96.1V 22] Sphinx 1.[Gr.100.1V 29] Lioness 1.') [Gr. 106, IV 36] Lion 1. [Gr. 120, V 13] Lying ram 1. [Gr. 131, V 25] C. Recent in style Poseidon head[Gr. 5.15] Archer. [Gr. 18, 119] Sitting Apollo. lGr. 19 220] 2 eagles on the Omphalos [Gr. 22,123] Helios between. 2 horses [Gr. 23, 124] Pallas's head 1. [Gr. 28, 115] Pallas's head v. front [Gr. 29, 11 6] Cecrops’), |[6r.22] Dionysian head |. [Gr. 37, I1 14] = [Gr. 37] h [Gr. 37] 1) This piece has already been given by Hultsch: Z. f. N. XI, p. 163 No.1. 2) A second piece of this type is in the local collection (from Imhoof). not examined because heavily covered with soil. J Hammer: gr. 16.0004 16.2144 16.0719 16.0104 16.0749 16,093 15.9721 16.0587 16.0044 16.08 15,997 15.99 16,059 16.0672 16.0346 16.0168 specific Weight 11,551 13.4634 12,709 13.7474 13,057 Gold 20 48.2 38.1 51.75 42.9 Collection of the Berlin. museum Berl. Museum Group (28-57). 11,997 13,096 12,403 12,716 13.68 13,591 13.54 12,425 13,686 13,302 13,228 27.4 43.45 33.65 38.2 51.1 49.8 49.2 33.95 51.0 46.15 45.2 Fox Imhoof Prokesh Fox
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins, 29 Type Rs. incus Seated Dionysus). [Gr. 38] Satyr head [Size 40, 1118] bull, Front part with human head. [Gr. 51, 1131] Head r.mitphryg. Hat [Gr 56, 1115] Heracles head m. lion skin. [Gr. 62, III 13] Heracles and Iphicles. [Gr. 63, III 14] Seated Heracles. [Gr. 66, III 17] Ram sacrifice. [Gr. 71, III 22] Bearded head. [Gr. 81] Youthful head |. [Gr. 83, 1V5] Hoplitodrome. [Gr. 91, IV 14] Ross n. 1. [Gr.126, V20] Eagle flying.[Gr. 152] Adler, looking back. [Gr. 153] eggs, [Gr. 172, V137]| 15,853 15.8874 15.9682 16.0305 15.9931 15.9705 15.9581 16,076 16.0674 15.9159 15.8623 15.9586 16.0835 15,992 15,873 16.0508 15.9904 16.0438 15.9019 1) Likewise. Hultsch, 8. 163 No. 2, specific Weight 11.9465 13.38 12,706 12.91 12,612 12,14 11,889 11.3045 12,063 13.1806 12.77 12.3174 13,577 13,562 12,003 12,613 11.58 12,883 13.7106 Goldg 26.55 47.15 38.05 40.9 36.7 29.65 25.65 15.65 28.4 44.55 38.95 32.35 49.65 49.45 27.5 36.7 20.5 40.55 51.3 Collection of the Berlin. museum Fox Tmhoni Prokesh Imhoof at the Dubl,
30 J Hammer: D. Cyziken Hekten. Well | tr Mei | om | ehe, [your 58 | Heracles head l.m.helmet | 2.6235 | 13,747 |52.07| Hofmann XVI, 8.32 No.6 59 | Kneeling warrior right. | 2,622 | 13,218 |45.38 “ “ “11 60 kneelers Man |, Tuna in d. r. H.| 2.7345 | 13.46 \4851 “ “ “12 61/ Lion on tuna, 1.| 2.6145 | 13,015 142.67) “ “ “15 62 | Front part d. lions]. (twelfth) 1,462. 119,418 146.00) 5216 HofmannXVII, 63 |Sitting Lion |. 2.6325 | 13,707 |51.59 8.7 N0.27 64 Bearded head with hood. | 2.7146 | 12,745 138.94 “ “» » 28 Collection of the Berlin Museum. 65|Sedentary naked gesture with beard. [Gr. 11]| 2.6799 | 14,149 [56.5 66, R 2.05 plated! 67 | Athena head II. [Gr. 25]| 2.6322 | 13.7813)| 52.15 68 centaurs [Gr. 46] | 2.5983 | 13,618 150.15 69 |Nike r. [Size 53]| 2,653 | 13.5634| 49.5 70 | Winged female Gest.l. ongoing [Gr. 58] | 2.6326 | 13,1964| 44.8 71 | Heracles and Iphicles. [Gr. 63] | 2.6077 | 13,589 |49.8 72 ram sacrifices. [Gr. 71]| 2.7307 | 13,399 |47.4 73 Kneeling Perseus. [Gr. 74]| 2,657 | 12.8356 39.9 74 ” is 2.6402 | 13,751 '51.8 | Imhoof 75 Gorgonion |Gr. 75]| 2.6417 | 13,999 |54.75 76 | Kneeling naked bodies stalt 1. [Gr. 86] | 2.5973 | 12,826 39.75 Prokesh 77 5 2 Pi 2.5718 | 13.8194152.6 | sparrow
a a ee 2\2 0202 EEE EEE EEE NET DUCK RT LE LT EEEEEEREELCTET EEE ET R.E The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 1 specific Gold% Collection of the | Egg; ans eg | a | Weight Berlin. museum 78 | Kneeling naked bodies stalt 1. [Gr. 86 var.] | 2.6435 | 13.3644| 46.95| Fox ge r. [Gr. 88] | 2.6329 | 13.4125|47.6| Prokesh S.R sn, . 5 2.6972 | 13,677 |50.9 | Imhoof SE... l. [Gr. 90] | 2.6365 | 13,625 |50.25 82 | Harpy [Gr. 97]| 2.7107 | 13,178 |44.5 83 | Sphinx [Gr. 99]| 2,704 | 13.74 [51.65 84 | Leo, 1. [Gr. 105], 2.6275 | 13,866 | 53.2 ee [Gr. 108] | 2,607 | 13.2875|45.95 86 a: [Gr. 107] | 2.6395 | 13,344 |46.7 | Fox 87 RER = 2.6368 | 13,726 |51.5 | Prokesh 88 | Front part e. Lions. [Gr. 109] 2.5602 | 12.4523/ 34.4 | Imhoof 89 5 R 2.6096 | 13,074 |43.15| Fox 90 | Lion head v. in front. [Gr. 113]| 2.64 |13,147 1441| “ 9] @ Mn 2,747 | 13,175 |44.5 | Prokesh 92 yes 5 2.6335 | 13,606 49.75 Fox (to double) 93 » 1. [Gr.115]| 2.6104 | 13,144 44.1 94 | Taurus, 1. [Gr. 121] | 2.6416 | 13,708 |51.25 95 | Front part e. Taurus. (Gr. 125] | 2.4966 | 12.571 136.1 96, Front part e. jumping. horse [Gr. 128]| 2.6376 | 11,961 |26.8 97 | Kneeling goat. [Gr. 133]| 2,584 | 12,952 |41.5 98 | head e. Bockes, 1. [Gr. 134] | 2.6646 | 13,444 |48 99 | Boar, 1. [Gr. 135] | 2.6558 | 13,454 |48.1 100°. N 2.6642 | 12,766 [38.9 | Imhoof 101 |Dog, I. _[Gr. 138]| 2.6652 | 13,612 |50.1 | Prokesh 102 2.7512 ” ib) | 13,591 136.4 “
33 J Hammer: No Type Rs. incus gr. egg gold% en 103 | dog, 1. [Gr. 138] | 2.5855 | 13,976 |54.5 | Fox 104 5 u. 2.6936 | 13,006 |42.2 | Imh., (to Dubl.) 105 Front part e. dog. [Gr. 139]| 2.1836 | 9.8983| flat.| Imhoof 106 . N 2.6435 | 13,093 |43.4 | Prokesh 107 Winged dog. [Gr. 140] | 1.86 plated! 108 | Gripping. [Gr. 143], 2.5996 | 13,505 | 48.75 109 n [Gr. 145]| 2,566 | 13,052 [42.85 110 | Front part e. Hahns. [Gr. 155] | 2.7213 | 13.34 146.65 111 | Tuna. [Gr. 162] | 2.6904 | 15,338 | 69.05 112 , E 2.6741 | 13,616 |50.15| Imhoof 113 |Fish head. [Gr. 166] | 2.7016 | 13,665 |50.75 Even if you look at them superficially in all groups Each one has to deal with extremely changing percentages of the gold content Give up trying with regard to the fineness in the individual Periods set firm rules to want. The following one Compilation of the Berlin rehearsals may that still German show more clearly: group number of the pieces maximum salary Minimum salary through- cut With additional agreed. % plus for copper addition ee EEE ERS A (oldest) B (middle) C (youngest) D 12 staters I 9 30:75, 53 hectares 92.6%/,') 51.75%, 51.3% 69% 25.6, 20 9 15.65% 26.8 9, 42.2% 37.07% 38.31% 46.96 ?|, approx. 45-50 °/0; 40-45 euros; “40-45%/o; “50-55%. “ You can only do so much assume as sufficiently proven, that the oldest staters something better applied are, as the two younger groups who become very close. 1) Since we are here just keep an eye on the chronological sequence, like that let's see from! the higher sample with 59% in the Cat. Ionia, $.9 no. 40 from.
EEE NO TEEN NT HE EXCITED EEE EEE DUCK ET & The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 33 The greatest durability of the percentages and the best Korn wise decided the hustle and bustle, a perception, which differs in terms of the constancy of the numbers in the following Investigations lesbian and Phocaean Hekten still under can be made more correct. The number 21 Cycian hectares 15 u, 10 5 9 99 9 after included: — 57-50 ?/, gold == 49—45 9% — 44 00, —. like 0, Illustrated group: the hectares of Lesbos. Analyzes: No. 1 lion head - deepened. Kalbsk. — 2.52 gr 41.33 °/, gold; 51°/, silver; 7.67 °/, copper. No. 2 Apollo head — FEphebenkopf. — 2.53 gr 41.167 °), gold; 53.94 |, syllable; 4.893%/, copper. No. 3 Sappho head - lyre. 39.5 °/, gold; 48.9 °/, silver; 11.6%, copper. No. 1 and 2 in de Luynes, Rev. num. 1856, p. 89; No. 3 in Brandis, p. 258. 29 eb] “ —= 2.4 gr Specific Gravities: A. Hekten with indented image of the Rs. No. | Type Vs. Rs. further deepened gr. N Gold% hr. 1 |Gorgokopfv. Heracles front; head r. | 2.5785 | 12,709 |38.43| Hofmann XVI, No. 20 2 \lion head r. veal head r.| 2,482 | 12,525 135.77) "XVILS. 4, No.7 3 Br N 2.3555 | 12,911 |41.25| “XVI,No.47 4 a 2.5782 | 12,996 |42,41| "XVILS. 5, No. 8 Journal of Numismatics, XXVI, 3
54 J Hammer: No. | Type Vs. Rs. further deepened gr. en. Gold ae 5 | Front part. lion Taurus. head l.| 2.4545 | 12.93 143.06! HofmannX VII, p.5, no. 11 6 | Aries r. Taurus. l.| 2,704 | 13,511 fine “8.6, No. 20 Berlin collection: 7| Athena head Löwenk. r, v. front | 2.4998 | 11,536 |19.7 | Imhoof 8 Gorgon head Heracles v. front head r. | 2.4595 | 12.1186| 29.3 | Prokesh 9 \ “..|2%4772 | 12,374 |33.2 | Imhoof 10 . 3 2.5159 | 12.29 131.95] Fox 11 “ 2.4811 | 12,418 |33.85 12 = s 2.4605 | 12.4394| 34.2 | Prokesh, now to double ge- lays 13) Lion head veal | T head r.| 2.5787 | 12.64 137.1 14 r 2.5845 | 12,795 |39.3 | Smoke[=Z.£.N. XI, 8. 189 No. 3] 19 Y a 2.5439 | 12,713 38.15) Imhoof 16 “ “ 2.5266 | 12,825 |39.7 | Sparrow 17 , . 2.5226 | 13,043 |42.7 | Fox 18 n en 2.5121 | 12,739 |38.5 | Prokesh, now to double gel. 19 , veal head 1. | 2.5624 | 13,388 |47.25| Fox 20 y cock head 1. | 2.5525 | 13,178 44.5 | Imhoof 21 ns it 2.5306 | 12,729 |38.4 | Fox 22 | Half lion. “ 2.5792 | 12,496 |35 | Prokeshi |
REPRESENT NN EEE TEEN EEEETETERSETN EEE TEA EEE EEE EEE TFT TE: The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 85 en no | No. | Type Vs. Rs. further deepened gr. Bi Gold% en ee 0 23 | Half cock lion. head 1. | 2.5176 | 12,426 |34 Prokesh 24 k; " 2.55 12,451 |34.35 = 25 | Half lion Taurus 1. head r.| 2.5732 | 12,638 137.1 26 s “ 11! 2.5836 | 12,924 |41.1 | Prokesh 27 a af 2.5558 | 13,312 |46.3 | Fox 28 .: u. 2.5594 | 13,456 48.1 | Goose eye 29| Aries Heracles head r. head r. | 2.5402 | 12,039 |28.05 30 EEE A 2.5102 | 12,402 |33.6 | Prokesh 31 SE lion head l.| 2.5482 | 12.83 [39.8 | Fox 32 .. R 2.5087 | 12,419 |33.9 | Imhoof 33 ® “ r.| 2.4738 | 12,765 |38.9 | Prokesh 34 FR “ r.| 2.4617 | 12,683 |37.7 | Imhoof 35 is Bull head r. | 2.4789 | 12.26 [31.5 36 | Half afflicted Heracles Eber r. head r.| 2.5262 | 14.51 160.5 E 37 > lion head r. | 2.5361 | 11,671 |22 38 . = 2.5664 | 12.91 40.9 | Prokesh 39| Ram's head Lion.| 2.5355 | 13,427 |47.34| Hofmann XVI, No. 23') B. Hekten with a raised image of the Rs. 40 | Persephone- Thrusting. head r. Taurus 1.| 2.5523 | 12,499 |35.39| Hofmann XV], p.32f.No.18 1) The piece allocated by Hofmann Phokaia cannot go to this city belong, which only with quadr. inc, coined; probably the right place here have. ' 3%
56 J Hammer: No. | Type Vs. Type d. Rs. gr. A Gold% Literature 41| Apollo head. Sappho head | 2.5152 | 12,223 |31.24| Hofmann XVI, P.32£.N0.19 42| Zeus Am Eagle r. Mon tr. 2.5405: |:12,023:185,174| “3.2 5 21 43| Apollo head _Bull head r. () r. 2.5285 to 12.181: 180.59) ; “24 44 si Sappho head r.| 2,507 | 12,448 134.64 26 45 . x 2.5019 1,12,8502182.36, 4.1 5.27 46 Pe e 2.0695: 1°12,497,189,986 2, “28 47\Demeterk.r. Tripod | 2.5558 | 12,455 |34.74| “ 5» “29 48 “ 25 2.5530 | 12.4 33,022: 0,004,080 49 Y A 2.5687.112404.1585.32 ", u 231 50 | Front parts... Owl Bockes r. 2,502 112,474 |85.02) “ 5 "92 51 | Athena head lion skin | 2,524 | 12.41 134.00 “and 88 52|Head with horn - Sappho - chen and head Bind r. 2,545 :)) 12:80232.45| “88 53 | Dionysus, Satyı head head(?) r. v. front| 2.5122 | 12,493 13553 | “nm Al 54 Athena head Hermes | v. front head r..| 2.5445 | 12,541 186.01 “0,0, 2 55 | Persephone Thrusting. head r. Taurus 1.| 2.5385 1 12.512 |35.58| “1, “48 56| head with Hermes wall head r. crown r. 2,542 1 12,908 195.00... 0.28 57 | Hermes Panther head r. 1. (9) 35464 12,405 133.92) “ “ “#8
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 37 No. tr d.Vs. Type d.Rs. gr. Ki Gong Literature 58 | Front parts. Seated winged. Sphinx r. Lions |. 2,511 | 12,626 |37.24| Hofmann XVI, No. 46 59 | Bearded Head Sappho m. Helmr. headl.| 2.5058 | 12,216 |31.14| , p.39An.30 60 | ZeusAmmonr. Adlerr.| 2.5558 | 12,432 134.4 | “XVILS.4ft. No.1 61 ® 5 2,940: 4.12,483,135,16.,.. 2 62|Dionysus- Satyr head Head r.i2) “fw. front| 2.639 |13,588.150.11..,.., 2.3 63 | Athena head Hermesk.r. | 2.5505 | 12,504 135.46) “ u “4 64 | Persephone Thrusting. head r. Taurus 1.| 2.4582 | 12,451 |34.68| “ “ “5 65 | Hermes headr. Panther?| 2.3385 | 14,321 \58.76| “ » “6 66 | Front. e. lion Ebers r. head.r; | 2.4472 112,117 |296 | “ .", “98 67 * R 2.4553 112.265 13189, 0 68 | Aries head lion 1 headr.| 2,433 | 12,234 131.41) “ " . "12 69 Veiled. Tripod Frauenk.r. 2.3942 112,243 31.55) ... u “la 70 a n 2.5675 | 12,447 134.62] .,;, “.., 44 71 Pr ss 2,348 1:12.406 .134.01| “ ,..., 18 72 | Bearded. head Sappho m. helmet headl. 2,922 .1.12.37 13848) ,..,° 2.16 73 | Apollo head Demeter R head r. | 2.5245 | 12,355 33.23) “ “ou. 74 | Athenac. r. Euler. (K. v. front) | 2.5478 | 12,474 35.02] “ » “18 75 | Zeus head Satyr mask LE v. front | 2.9311 115,316 16919 “ “and... 19
38 J Hammer: No. | Typed. Vs, Typed. Rs. gr. Di \actag IE NE a 76 |Bearded Heracles | head r. head r.| 2.5478 | 12.44 134.2 | Prokesh | 77 I Nike | 2.5548 | 12,414 |33.8 | Fox | 78 i Top e. Snake r.| 2.5348 | 12,665 |37.45| Prokesh 1 79 N 2 2.9284 | 12,388 |33.4 | Fox 80 x : 2.54 11,908 |25.95| Imhoof 81 |Wreathed Mask head r. 2,529 | 12,477 |34.75| Prokesh » 82 |Head with Hermes | wall head r. crown r. 2.5344 | 12,522 |35.4 | Fox | 83 AR 2.4614 | 12,539 |35.65! Imhoof 84 | Persephone Attack. | head r. Taurus 1.| 2.5468 | 12,315 |32.3 | “ | 85 5 sn 2.5498 | 12,456 |34.45 | 86 r , 2.5209 | 11,818 |24.5 | Fox | 87 ” N 2.5655 | 12,485 |34.85| Prokesh | 88 he = 2.5466 | 12,435 |34.1 | Smoke, now close Dubl. placed N :89 | Demeter Tripod ' head r. 2.5266 | 12,502 |35.1 | Sparrow 90 e 1 2.5579 | 12,048 |28.2 | 91 . Ri 2.5322 | 12.68 137.7 | Prokesh 92a > 5, 2.5416 | 12,302 |32.1 |now to Dubl. j gel.[=Hultsch, 1 TONGUE % p. 163 no. 4] 92b 5 “ 2.56 12.56 186° ||, . 00.59 | 93 “ . 2.5406 | 12,333 |32.6 | Fox | 94 % r 2,526 | 12,376 |33.25| Imhoof 1) Dresden collection. |
ERROR EDIT DUCK ET TE SENT The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 39 No. |Typusd. Vs. Typed.Rs.| gr | Bi Gold a. 95 | Athena satrap head r. head r.| 2.4485 | 12,085 |28.75| Imhoof 96 .e head m. Stephanosr. | 2.4538 | 12,214 |30.8 |Prokesh 97 h E 2.5394 | 12,448 |34.3 | Fox 98 4 “ 2.5497 | 12,395 |33.5 | Prokesh 99 5 } 2.4715 | 12,097 |28.95| Imhoof 100 “2 Calf heads | 2.4813 | 12,057 |28.3 | Prokesh 101 ® \ 2.4243 | 11,837 |24.8 | Fox 102 “ \ 2.5043 | 12,318 \32,35|Imhoof, to Dubl. 103 s N 2.5385 | 12,036 |28 |Fox 104 2 N 2.4938 | 12,358 33 |Prokesh 105 5 Owl r.| 2.5472 | 12,431 |34.05| Imhoof 106 h, a 2.5052 | 12,414 |33.8 107 A \; 2.5206 | 12,405 |33.7 | Prokesh 108a F 2,544 | 12,428 |34 |Fox 108b 2 FR 2.59 12.4 34 |[Hultsch No. 6]') 109 |Athena head Hermes | v. front head r.| 2.5342 | 12.41 |33.75 110 = Br 2.5572 | 12,541 135.7 | Prokesh 111 5 "195102 | 12,263 |31.5 | Imhoof 112 | Bearded. Head Female Head | with helmet r. r. with | Schopf | 2.5076 | 12.12 129.3 |Fox 113 4 N 2.5496 | 11,642 |21.55| Prokesh 114 N N 2.5273 | 11.43 |17.9 |Imhoof 115 ? “ 2,549 | 12.44 |34.2 |Prokesch, too | | Dubl. 116 “ Helmet front | 2.5498 | 12,062 |28.4 | Prokesh J) Dresden collection.
J, Hammer: a EEnEEEEEEEERESEEEEEEEEREEEEEEEEREEEREEERESEEESERESESESRRENBERBENEFFFeREReTRe | specific En | Weight | Goldg Collection of the Berlin. museum | ———————————————— 40 No. |Typusd. Vs. Type d. Rs. 117 |Apollo head female head v. front r.m.Schopf 1:2.5366 118 | Apollo female head head r. r. ih. Sphendone | 2.5156 119 jr A 2.5504 120 “ 5; 2.5581 121 N 5 2.9625 122 “ 5 2.5528 123 ii 4 2.5763 124 + 5 2.5602 125 ss . 2.5237 126 Ä egg 2.4498 127 |Dionysus- Female head head r. r.m.ears | 2.5319 128 S “ 2.5349 129 5 female head r.m.Schopf | 2.5377 130 » s 2.9356 131 ” 5 2.5606 132 > Bull head r. | 2.5548 133 A Persephone head r. | 2.5284 134 | Apollo Female head head r. m. long. hair 2.4703 135 a n 2.49 136 A x 2.5003 137 Apollo Gorgonion head r 2.4755 138 a Bull head.| 2.5402 139 “.. Goat head.| 2,541 12.38 12,478 12,527 12,485 12,494 12,495 12,458 12,416 12,494 12,518 12,338 12,341 12,373 12,435 12,334 12,372 12,298 12,333 12,254 12,226 12,471 12,301 12,181 33.3 34.75 35.5 34.85 35 35 34.45 33.85 35 35.35 32.65 32.7 33.2 34.1 32.6 33.2 32.05 32.6 31.4 29.95 34.65 32.1 30.25 Imhoof Prokesh Imhoof Fox Knobelsdorff to double Fox, to Dubl. Prokesh Fox Prokesh Fox Knobelsdorff Prokesh Imhoof Prokesh Timhoof HE] Prokesh
nn CHAIN TREE TEA TINO The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 41 No. | Typed. Vs. Type d. Rs. gi Bi t Goldg | A 140 | Apollo 2 Aries head r. heads | 2.4705 | 12,415 |33.8 141 5 lyre | 2.5757 | 10,826 | 6.7' Prokesh 142 = » [2.9734 | 11,697 122.45) Rox 143 in “123,954 | 11,935 \26.4 | Imhoof 144 'Hermesk.r. Panther r. | 2.5466 | 12.04 |28.05| Fox 145 & R 2.9345 | 14937 2315 146 yW i£ 2.5324 | 12.45 134.35| Prokesh 147 ji i. 2.5437 | 12,318 | 32.35| Imhoof 148 'Dionysus- Satyr head head r. v. front| 2,551 | 12,319 |32.4 |Fox 149 e “ 2.9284 | 11.96 126.8 | “ 150 2 a 2.5222 12.48 134.8 | Imhoof 151 e " 2.9618 | 12,412 |33.8 | Fox 152 s n 2.5143 | 11,717 [22.8 | Prokesh 153 u Youthful. Panheadr.| 2.5474 | 12,224 |30.95| Imhoof 154. 1, & 2,547 | 12,352 132.9 155 “ "195231 | 12,314 132.3 | Fox 155a/ Ammon Head Eagle| 2.51 |11.88 |26 |Hultsch No. 7') Of the 158 pieces examined, 112 specimens were omitted on the local collection (i.e. about ?/, their possession of read- a few hectares). A comparison of the older pieces with a deeper review side and the younger one with raised embossing on both sides. gives first the general tabular compilation: | number | Maximum salary | Minimum salary | Average Older hectares 39 60.5 9 | 1970, | 8150, Younger ", 119 BEN, | 6.70% 33% 1) Dresden collection.
49 J Hammer: From this it can be concluded that that on Lesbos as well as in Cyzicus the older coins in slightly better grain, about 5°), plus, has been minted are. While but the samples the early times differ greatly in detail: 6 pieces —= 49—45 °/, gold 8 2, —44—40 “ “ 1.3, —= 39-55 5 » REN — 34—30 “ 9» Ie — 2925|, 5 2 — 24—20 “ :," can be seen in the later hectares a very surprising one Solidity of numbers. No less than 92 copies, i.e. over °/, all, have a fineness of 35-30 Gold. That will happen to us later safe clues for the Present knowledge of lesbian electron imprinting. First of all but let's leave it the investigations the one with Lesbos in closely related Phocaean coins. IV. Group: The Hecten of Phokaia (Recessed. Square). | SENSE ENG DITER TAI EA AR AR ee No. Iron d. Vs. Rs. incus gr. Be, con, Literature SD VARIETY EAN HORSE nRs AIRER, 1 | Sappho head]. 2.54 11.96 127.11) Hofmann XVI, No. 4 2 ii 2,551 | 11,654 |22.07| ", cd 3 | Ipheuscr. women's head l. 2.5040 | 12.26 131.51] ;, “25 4 f 2.5036 | 12,286 |32,21| “ see below 5 S.6N0.2 # 5 fe 255 9... M 6 n 2,550 | 10,388 |flat.| "XVI,"36 # 7 Athena Head |. 2.5895 112,245 15.0 |. .,,...,08 | 8 \ 2.5208 | 12,273 132.01) “xvm,,23 # 9 A 2.5456 4 11.256215.16| .., 2:10.04 W 10 2 seals 2.5752 112,889 140,261 “AN, “89
EEE TERBPSLET LL—— een u u EEE EEE a u TEEN EEE ERTERER ET EEEELDEREEBETTING The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 43 | F | spec, } “ . . . # t No. | Type d. Vs Rs. incus gr Weight Gold% Literature 11 | youth Heracles head r. 12|Omphal head 13 | Satyr head 9.5473 | 11,771 2.5558 2,552 12,326 12,536 24.08 32.81 35.98 Hofmann XVI, N0.40 “Anl, zr22 “XV,” 37 Collection of the Berlin Museum: 14 | Bull head 1. 15 | Front part e. Grab 16 | griffin head |. 17 | Lion head |. 18 “ 1, 19 > 1% 20 “ l. 21 | Hermes head 1. 22 s 23 | Pan head ]l. (like B.M. IV 27) 24 “ different 25 “ different again. (like B.M. IV 26) 26 . E 27 “ ” 28 Head of Dionysus 1. 29 | Silenus v. front 30 | Athena head left, att. Helmet a Griffin on the helmet br 2 “ 2) 9.5615 2.4786 2.5525 2,585 2.5538 2.5935 2.5721 2.4836 2.5379 2.5055 2,485 2.5558 2.5646 2.5592 2.5505 2.5035 2.5383 2.4919 2.5393 2.5518 13,618 12,543 13,797 13,506 14.02 13.6 13,306 11,671 12,557 11,846 12,394 12,335 11,743 12,351 11,935 12,183 11,962 12,263 12,161 12,257 50.15 35.7 52.35 48.75 55 49.95 46.2 Imhoof Prokesh Imhoof Prokesh Fox “ apparently. ans. Fake. Imhoof Prokesh Sparrow (Fan eye Fox Prokesh 2) Imhoof Fox
J Hammer: HH mCrLIL ner ESEL Or er raU re ne nerest ner ea Een Sraren nem &. Ar Bee Berner sr a U u me no No. | Type d. Vs. Rs, incus gr. in Gm a 34 | Athena head l.latt. helmet, Greifam Helmet | 2.5445 | 10,851 | 7.15) Dannenberg, now e.g. Dubl. 35 ® $ 2.5193 | 12,037 |28 Fox, j.z. Dubl. 36 h, R 2,532 |11,339 |16.25| Prokesh 37 “ Corinth. Helmet | 2,548 | 12,168 |30.05 38 IR \, 1 2.5484 | 12.9287.181.0 BOX 39 | Artemis head 1. 2.5802 | 12,417 \33.85| Imhoof 40 7 2.5396 | 12,352 |32.9 | smoke 41 | Omphale head |. 2.5604 | 12,298 |32.05 42 % 2.5562 | 11,683 |22.25| Fox 43 ® 2.5552 | 12,392 |33.5 | Prokesh 44 “ 2.5487 | 11,681 |22.2 | Imhoof, now to double 45 | female Head with long hair |]. 2.5286 | 11,706 |22.6 46 s 2.4998 | 12,266 31.6 | Fox 47 | female Head left, hair up born on the forehead 2.5483 | 12,437 |34.15| Prokesh 48 | female Head left, m. volume. in the hair 2.5548 | 12,426 |34 ., 49 | female Head I. m. Sphene done 2.5058 .1.12.95.: 192.85. “ 50 > ı 2.5135 | 12,412 |33.8 | Imhoof 51 similar, with earring | 2,547 | 12,388 |33.4 | Prokesh 52 female Headband with hair clip | 2.4392 | 11,097 |11.85| Fox, antique Fake 53 | Crowned head with Sphendone 2.5384 | 12,239 \31.15| Prokesh 54 $ 2,584 | 12,183 |30.3 | Imhoof 55 > 102 12,293 |32 Prokesh, now | to double e
EEE TEEN TE. well UNTIL En nn and The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 45 Collection of the No. | Type d. Vs. Rs. ineus| - gr. | a Bi Berlin Misäunis 56 | Corinthian helmet r. 2.6148 | 13.45 1|48.05| Imhoof 57) RR l. | 2,523 12,634 |37 98 ” l.| 2.5344 | 12.71 [38.1 € 59 ns l.| 2.5482 | 13,196 |44.75| Fox 60 ever 1. | 2.5604 | 13,063 |43 Prokesh Of the 59 hectares examined, Phocaias once again stands 31 pieces, i.e. i. over half, on one Fineness from 30-35 °/, gold. Maximum content of a specimen : 55.0 °/, gold Minimum salary ,, h Tea Average of the 59 hectares : 32.33, “ Man could couldn't find a better illustration to the knew Coin contract between Phocaia and Mytilene (on Lesbos) wish, as it the results our investigation are: here and there the majority of the samples move between 30 and 35 °/, gold, and the average grade of the Phocaean electron is only around ’/ °/, below which of the younger lesbians. The agreement mentioned is only in a fragment (around 400 BC) came to us, yes talks it's like that too yet clear enough. After the down!) quoted wording Both cities employed a common mint official official the completely appropriate name xsov&s, d. h. alloyer, led. The cities are thus openly saying that the electron 1) Michael, Recueil d’inscriptions Grecques, $. 4 No. 8... . zov de xEOVEVTa TO Kovoloy Ünodızov Euusvas Guporkoaıcı tals ToAleooı. dizaorals de Zuuevar we utv To Murilmvaı zeovayrı Tas doyals maloaıs rice To Mv- tılmvaı alas Toy alulocwv, To Boxcı di tals doyals nuloaıs tals To Bozaı rkkas 10V aiuloswy. Tav de dizav Euusvar, Achieve ze wvınvros LEENINı Lv EE unvveon. AL ÖE ze zaraygsdAı, To Kovolov xeoväv bdap£oreoov HElmv, Favaıaı lauıwoIw. al de ze anupuynı un HElov aussoornv, Tıuato To dıxaorngLov, ÖTtı Kon avrov naIVv n xardEusvon. 4 08 nölıs avaltıos to the alamıos korw. "Elegov Mvrı- Ayva&oı ngcode x.
46 J Hammer: of their coins was artificial, that furthermore the mixing conditions were precisely agreed upon, the senior official (xsov«s) had to adhere to it and towards both cities too responsible for his administration stayed. And after that wise principle that everyone is the best in his own case If a “coin fall” occurs in Mytilene, the guards should in this city, in one in Phocaia the officials there form the majority in the jury. Six months after expiry of his year in office the xsova@s to account be drawn, and it turned out that he did it on purpose the gold alloy had been “adulterated” (through embezzlement of gold), then he should be sentenced to death. Came the Court is convinced that that the error an independent was more obvious like that stood it at his discretion, the punishment, or to impose a fine. But the city in which the ver- going, shouldn't be held responsible for it, also no compensation that others have to pay. The Inscription adds, that after the decision by Go the first coinage (based on the agreement) in Mytilene happened. Need the clear wording we just add a few things add. With such a strong alloy, like they do here in the building was custom, lay of course for a dishonest official Seduction very close, to own advantage even further on to reduce the fineness, all the more so because the increase Set of copper was given a medium, darker as desired To produce coloring. On the other hand but were. the authorities able, the mix of their coins exactly to control and detect any deficit in gold. Hit the latter in all of them coins, then there was a coin crime, that in old age crime was punished with death. Was but the electron only applied inaccurately and the tolerance in the individual pieces exceeded too much'), then they were content with a lighter punishment for the xeova's negligence. 1) Unlike al marco, coinage was not possible in ancient times, E ae eee
MARRIED TE The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 47 Which alloy ratio may now be officially determined been be? The averages both coinages resulted 33°/, gold. . But that is not enough; already the reddish color, compared e.g. B. with the very strong paleness approximately the same- more substantive Electronic coins more indefinite origin, reveals in these hectares one considerable Addition of copper: the Analyzes showed 4.7%, 7.7%, 11.6%, i.e. average approx. 8% copper. According to the findings made with the Cyziken Stater Based on experience, we can charge approx. 7% more gold. We are thus obtained as the most likely fineness of the readable bit and phocaic electron: 40% gold. That's right the three analyzes correspond exactly: 41.33%; 41.16%; 39.5%; and This is further supported by the alloy of the lesbian billon coins, which also */. are fine (according to Lenormant, La monn. d. l’antig. I, 197; Wroth, Catal. Troas, Aeolis and Lesbos, P. LXIV; cf. the lesbian. Billon embossing, below p. 78). The copper content, which is used in the individual copies is divorced and therefore also the specific weights pushes, would probably at more precise Knowledge those won Results even more balance, and we have in Lesbos and Phokaia then a relatively very constant, uniformly regulated and carefully monitored stamping in an alloy, which was based on a natural electron, but which was artificial ') was regulated to 40% gold content. and that's why even the finest gold and silver come with fluctuations fineness. With strong alloys, the additional thing is that In the liquid mass the gold falls down due to its gravity and only with the most careful mixing and constant stirring a relatively uniform coin grain can be achieved. 1) See what was said earlier about natural and artificial copper additives Executed, p. 19. Give for careful expression and monitoring also evidence the extraordinarily constant weights, like her otherwise probably rare found in antiquity. Of the 60 hectares of Phocaia stand 53 to 2.6 to 2.5 gr and also the highest differences amount only 2.6148 and 2.4392 gr. The 39 hectares of Lesbos with one-sided embossing show 28 pieces, double-sided embossed 119 copies 100 pieces between 2.6 and 2.5 gr, and the highest differences here too are only 2,704 and 2.4545 gr, respectively. 2.639 and 2.3385 gr.
A8\ J Hammer: This raises the question of whether natural or artificial electricity tron, finally resolved for Lesbos and Phokaia, rises again, if we the both first groups, the un- get closer to certain coins and those of Cyzicus. In what condition finds yourself then the gold in the Nature? Hofmann!) were 110 analyses such dignified Gold is known, 42 of which are between 60 and 89%, the others 58 between Contained 91 and 99% pure gold. Bourringault?) found in 17 analyzes of the Vöröspatak gold in Transylvania: 2-35.07% silver; Rose in 23 different Varieties of the same origin: 0.16-38.74% silver; on average This results in approx. 80% fine gold, exactly the finding in this one Rainbow bowls embossed in the region (see below on page 65). According to the general opinion, Cyzicus has his needs of precious metal to one large part from the north, the Mines the Urals (see p. 4). Natural Gold from Mijask was after samples from Rose 0.8698 to 0.8925 fine; that of Yekaterinburg 0.921; from Novi Tagilsk 0.9012 — These are the places of Russian gold production in the Urals. Analyzes from other gold countries ''): Siberian gold, the purest, is 0.9934 fine (plus 0.0014 silver); Gold from Altai: 0.6101; Gold of Australia: 0.930—0.960; from California: 0.900—0.920; from Virginia: 0.6531 (including 0.3401 silver and 0.0014 copper)°); from Peru 0.470 and 0.8073; from Punta Arenas (Costarica): 0.9176 (+ 0.07466 silver)'); from Brazil: 0.940 and 0.9106’); from Guinea: 0.710—0.900; from Canada: 0.8841; from Senegal: 0.840 fine. Finally I want to point out a metal mixture, 1) Magazine f. Numbers XVI, 5. 42 note 34. 2) Bibra, copper coins, 8. 21. 3) Magazine f. Number XVL, 8. 30. 4) Partly cited in Babelon, Traite, p. 775; others at Hofmann, 8. 8.0, .8:. 30. 5) Annual reports on chemistry 1881, p. 1346. 6) Ibid. 8. 1347. 7) Ibid. 1882, 8. 1522. e
Te ET NET Ten SAVE EGGS TLEEEEETEER T D The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 49 which occurs in natural silver ores'). and the chemist is known as “Güldischer Silber”. The- finds the same are now in corridors and in the alluvial Lands in Mexico, Colombia, Siberia, to Kongsberg in Nor- because of, is pale yellow, supple and stretchy like gold and contains 28-84% gold. Let's keep these analyzes and samples specific weight together, like that stand some the indefinite Coins at a level that makes them the better ones achieve analytics; e.g. B.No. 14, 16-18, 42, 14-75, 82, 85, 87-89. A row the same is the same as the analysis from Altai 0.6101 and from Virginia 0.6531; e.g. No. 1.8229, 3l, 35/6, 46, 48/9, 56, 58, 60, 67, 80, 83, 86, 90, 93/4. If we want to add Peru with 0.470, this is how they can be done most of the results obtained, namely the Cyzikens of 45-55% fineness, understood as a natural electron 2. If finally at different the one from under me- were looking for indeterminate coins, e.g. B.No. 68-70, no. 73 and 77, her very pale appearance and the fineness that was subsequently noticed content equally teach, that they are closer to the silver as are related to gold (i.e. equal to the mentioned “golden Silver'), so they were fundamental for ancient people the color is still electron and were made in good faith also accepted as such. From all this we draw the conclusion: the oldest coinage only happened in electron, there you for the production of pure Gold still not was capable. Even after the difficult ities were overcome and the Lydian staters as well the Dareiks were minted in fine gold, held which are in 1) As noted earlier (p. 11), is silver in its natural state Occurrences are almost always associated with other metals, including gold. 2) It's me in this comparison just about doing the real thing occurrence the alloy ratios obtained in nature to be- show. Otherwise shares our comparison the defective, that every ver- the same is inherent, since we would have to start from conditions in Asia Minor, Journal of Numismatics, XXVI, 4
50 J Hammer: costumes of the coming trading cities of Asia Minor on that natural- electron and coins it — with the one made Exception of Phokaia and Lesbos - as they appear neither self-produced nor by away related. This Raw material was only used for the first part of the us above (pp. 9-10) subjected to the cleaning process described, so only the added ones base metals and earthy stock parts aborted, but the remaining gold-silver alloy no longer divorced. So understand we that ourselves Coins the same style and the same time one strong connection Difference of the alloy because its material is made from ores can come from different origins, i.e. different quality and the production one completely homogeneous chemical Mixing the old technology was not possible. This is why the chronology of each individual can also be used Coins do not matter from their fineness, and if we have seen the older pieces at Kyzikos and Lesbos On average, the coins are around 5% better, so that can be the case just his reason in finer raw material had have, as the better ores always do exploited first become. Only under the assumption of natural electron’) it is It is finally conceivable that the minting of our coins will extend into... the time of Philip and Alexander of Macedon continue could, without to general resistance and rejection to push. Reinach also rightly points out that when using artificial electron this speculation, or say us, this one huge fraud not through two years hundreds could have continued without being rubbed trading people like the Greeks were, exposed too become. On the other hand, if you only look at the natural electron 1) So, among other things, Sophocles (Antigone 1037) the “electron” of Sardis compared to the pure gold of India as two natural products. 2) L'histoire par les monnaies, Paris 1902, 8. 71/12. a
EEE EGGS ET UETETI TEA TEEN DEAD The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 51 Superficial cleaning at the coin, no one could come across the fact that you have to set a fixed value for once and for all started the same thing and assign it to a certain value ratio the others Types of money incorporated. As soon as man but in artificially helped in some way to make it more even To give mix and color, one immediately appears to be the one Suspicion excited to have. That's how it was according to the lexicographer Hesychius with the orasmoss Doxasis (Daxeireı) the performance associated that they were the worst gold. Just to be brief the question of the value relationship of Stripping gold, electron and silver went like we showed have, electron ahead of pure gold, so that was it too Attachment of electron to silver necessary earlier become, and this is now generally assumed to be 10:1'). When pure gold coinage subsequently came into being and you to Trimetallism passed over, you were forced, one through- to determine the average fineness of the natural electron, and the same was estimated at °/, (75%), an estimate that throughout antiquity?) common until the late Roman period was and us still at Servius®) to the Aeneid and Isidore') be- opposed. With that results for gold a value from */, des Electron and we have the Ver- ratio 13°/%:10:1. 1) Cf. the final one Treatment ours Question from Reinach, P’histoire par les monnaies, especially p. 45 ff. 2) It is very likely that in the coin industry reform, which is attributed to Croesus, in place of the initial The pure gold stater weighs 14.18 grams and is % lighter 10.67 gr should kick (Reinach, $.70). 3) 8,402. 4) origin. XVI, 24: electrum fit de tribus partibus auri et argenti una. Unde et nihil interest, natum sit a factum, 4%
59 ; J Hammer: Of course, the value of the electron is proportional high and approaches the gold, but actually they will Electron coins everywhere in literature as pieces of gold er- seems, although with the addition “by Cyzicus, Lampsacus, Phokaia').” | In the subsequent period became the currency des gold be- right and the electron aligned itself with it, whereby the Ratio 3:4 remained. If Head earlier?) the View pronounced, that in the 5th century the Cyzikens in Athens at 37 att. Drachmas had been taken, so he had that's certainly right, because back then stood gold in Athens Silver on 13'/,; -14:1°); So a Cyziken weighs 16 gr - 160 gr Silver, i.e. 36.7 att. Drachmas. And Six) invoked Head opposite with injustice on the message from Demosthenes'), that to his time the Cyzikens on the Bosphorus (to Panti- capaeum) worth 28 Attic drachmas. We know that through the enormous influence of gold, which resulted from the plunder of the Delphic temple treasures by the Phocians (356 BC) and by the opening the Mines at Pangaion flowed onto the market, the ratio des gold went down to 10:1 for silver. After our setup position, that the course of the electron — °/, of gold continued existed, the ratio of the electron must have been at that time Silver = 7.5:1 been be. After Demosthenes was 1 Cyziken of 16 gr = 28 drachmas of 4.36 gr = 122.08 gr silver; or electron to silver = 7.63:1, i.e. i. just a whole low agio of the electron. To the different places of Xenophon's Anabasis, which Reinach °) puts together, can be In my opinion, I'm just making assumptions and wanting to 1) Only the vita Severi Alexandri 25 leads them as a special metal where she says that this emperor has “electreos aliquantos* shaped. Yes Specimens of this species have not yet been found. 2) Num. Chron. 1876, p. 295. 3) Reinach, histoire, p. 48ff. 4) Num. Chron. 1877, 8. 171. 5) Pro Phorm, p. 914 ed. Reiske. 6) L’histoire, p. 66. e e
SAVE THIRD TUTEEN The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 53 us too with Reinach the general approach apply let, that around the year 400 on the north coast Asia Minor and in Thrace of the Cyzikens between 1-1'/, Dareiken = 20 to 30 It follows from this that it was calculated using medical symbols the relationship of electron to silver = 7-10.44:1. After Plato's dialogue Hipparchus was gold in Athens at the time: silver — 12:1’); That's 9:1 for electron, or about again the mean between 7 and 10.44. An interesting psephism the Olbiopolitans, about that beginning of the 4th century belonging, is in Hermes XIII, P. 373 published. For the Cyziken there is a compulsory rate set in local silver money. Unfortunately it's just the number turned out as to how much silver stater the same should apply (cf. Dittenberger, in the mentioned Magazine XVI, 189). Still can us here like in all other cases on- take into account that the electron coins abroad are not just “cash” course owned, depending on the respective fineness determined would have been“ ?); by what means would one even have it? want to determine in each individual case, as at that time it was still the sample the specific gravity was unknown? Rather, the business winn on this coin and the lack of a native Greek gold embossing on a large scale moved the cities, her electron to deep into 4th century down — Phocaia and "Lesbos®) until around 350, Kyzikos until 333 BC. When, of course, the excellent gold of Philip and Alexander appeared occurred, this had to happen soon the world market conquer, and for a coin in which natural inferiority and artificial falsification were equally to be feared, was now no more space available. 1) Reinach, a. a. O., p. 51. 2) Graf, Vienna. N.Z. 1903, 8. 23. 3) The lesbian sixths are dated differently: Six puts them in the period from 550-330; Head: 450—387; Wroth (Catal. Lesbos, $S. LXVI): 480-350. Ibid says Wroth for this, that the Phocaean sixth sure already been minted since the second half of the 6th century be. Just Lampsacus struck pure gold since 394,
J Hammer: 82. Gold and electron in western Europe. Since around 440 BC. Gold coins minted in Syracuse In their rehearsals they provide an honorable testament to their skill the worker both, than for the financial policy insight of the Syracusan rulers’). They yield to Hofmanns Investigations: No. Embossing gr. a. tg Literature Heracles head with 1.1648 | 18,283 |93.51| Hofmann XVII, Lion skin 1. P.16 No.7 1 | Small woman's head (Reinach, hist. | in round. Deepening , (440/20 BC) 2 | Similar “1.1497 | 18.074 |92.06| “8.16 No.8 3 | Similar "111653 | 18,379 |94.16| “P.17 No.9 j Pallaskopfl. ” 0.663 18,697 1906.29. “8.17 No.11l - | Gorgonion =», 8,709.35; p1.4,2) ephebe head]. 2.8976 | 18,614 |95.74| ,“P.15 No.4 5 kind horse r. = “ , 8, 79.5; (after 412) pl. 1.2) IEYZ EAEYOEPIOZ | 2.3085 | 16,834 |82.7 | “P.15No.5 Zeus head 1. (= » ;» 8. 80, 6; ö Leaping Pegasus]. 2 1 (344 BC) 7 Persephone head 1.3972 | 18,773 |96.79| "P.16 No.6 | Taurus (340/17) 8 | Similar (340/17) | 0.7232 | 17.87 190.61) “P.18No.12 (= “‘8.80 N0.10; pl. I, 15) 1) Hofmann, XVII, p. 23.
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 55 EEE specific Weight Gold 1 Literature ———————————————————— 10 1 a 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 en imprint or Mint lord. gr. Laurel wreathed man 4.3242 Head (Apollo?) Rs. Biga r. AKPA Adler a. Rocks 1. | 1,356 against snake applies. Rs. crab, including ZIAANOZ Agathocles (317/289): | 8.4554 youth head with Elephant skin r. Rs. Poultry. Pallas r., in front of her owl Agathocles: Pallask. | 5,676 Rs. Poultry. Lightning Hiketas (287/78): Per- | 4.2432 sephone head r. Rs. Nike in Biga “ Similar 4.2175 Hiero II (275/16): Per- | 4,266 sephone head r. Rs. Biga in the run “ Similar 4.2437 R S 4.2471 & 5 4.2314 n : | 4.2528 : hi 4.2749 Jerome (216/5): | 4,211 Persephonec. Rs. Be- flight Lightning, above MI | 19,076 18.88 18,796 19,198 ı 19,198 | 19,056 19,143 19,026 19,136 19,256 18,973 19,002 18,835 199.49 98.73! Hofmann XVI, P. 52 No.8 (= Reinach, $. 80, 8; pl. 1, 13) “everyone No. 10; coin from Agrigento; Mommsen, p. 133. 96.94 “ XVLH, p.18f. No.13 until 23 (= Reinach, $.80 No. 11) (Evans, N.0.1894, pl. VIII, 6) (= Reinach, p.80 No.12;pl.Il, 16) 97.48 99.49 (= #9 No. 14; IL, 17) 98.61 “ 99.15 =»: No. 17; I, 22) 98.41 . 99.13 is 99.86 98.08 2 98.26 \ 97.19 (= Reinach, 5.81 No. 19; pl. II, 23.)
56 J Hammer: This one through the entire Syracuse gold coin series continuous excellent grain stands just a group of opposite electron pieces, which ones in style, in the ver- similarity of the types and the weight ratio are close to each other. connect others. Their imprint can only be small Limited number of years have'). There are the pieces: 1) ZYPAKOZIQN Apollo head: Rev. ZQTEIPA head d. Artemis 6.7 gr — Reinach pl. I, 2) Head of Apollo; Back ZYPAKOZIRN tripod 3.55—3.63 gr — ", 1.8 3) Head of Apollo; Rs. ZYPAKOZIRN lyre 1.8-1.85 gr = “ 12. 4) nymph head; Back polyp 0.71—0.72 grams = = I, 10. Two analyzes of a half and a quarter stater from de Luynes?) have chemically proven the fineness: Half-stater (No. 2) 3.4 gr 58%, gold; 39.8 °/, silver; 2.2 °/, copper; Quarter stater (No. 3) 1.8 gr 63%/, gold; 34.8%/, silver; 2.2 °/, copper. The specific weights in Hofmann and Hultsch As with the electron in Asia Minor, there is a strong effect changing composition close: No. ee above No. 1-4 gr. a gold Literature 2 SIERERE OIERER TEN FOSRE LIE NO SIE NNRE SERLE SEBERE I EL N Sea 1 'No. 1 (Berlin) 6.56 12.16 |30 |Hultsch, | 2.£.N. XINo.8 Ze 6.4803 | 12,168 |30.39| Hofmann XVI, No. 7 30.2 3.7185 | 13,939 54.37| “ = A, 2 3,517 11,961 /27.13| - ", 320 1) See also Reinach, L’histoire par les monnaies, $. 87ff. 2) Rev. num. 1856, 89.
EEE TAXES LRNTN The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 57 No. | Embossed above No. 1-4 gr. a gong Literature 5 No. 2 (Berlin) 3.59 11.84 125 |Hultsch No. 9 Berne 3.63 13.69 |51 55 10 1-| .-:2 4 Dresden 3.58 13.6 50 € Be Ar 3.44 13.51 149 “ re 21,412 3,489 |, 13,948 | 54.47) Hofmann XVIl, No.1 (8.14) E02 3.4888 | 14.0 39.09: 513 “2 11 “2 3;:6265.:| 20,099.1:6,9310 77,003 1 1.845 | 14,502 |60.76| “, XVI,No.1l 13| “3 1.8002 | 14,852 164.49) "," u ."12 14| “3 1,747 14.17] 1098069. . u, 0.08 15| “4 0.7428 | 14,885 164.84 “ “14 Reinach sets the time of their influence (with Six, Holm and others)') into the government of Dion (357-354 BC) and looks in the same ones rightly a kind of emergency coin, to which the big costs of his campaign provided sufficient reason. The value relationship between gold and silver stood during of the 5th century in Syracuse to 15:1, was around the year 344 BC, like in Athens, fell to 12:1 but in Dion's time it was certainly calculated somewhat higher (between 15 and 12). With that arises for electron and silver the Calculation 10:1, and for a stater the exact equivalent value ung with 4 tetradrachms (80 liters)?). The smaller pieces, especially types 3 and 4, show already a darker color on the outside’), this also results in that chemical and the investigation on the specific gravity high content of approx. 65 ° /,, i.e. h. they are only about 10°/, about their metal value is applied. As with Kyzikos are also here 1) Anders Head, Coinage of Syracuse, P. 26, which describes them under Timoleon and the period of restoration of democracy. 2) Reinach, a. a. O., $. 81, 85, 87, 3) Ibid. p. 87.
58 J Hammer: the larger denominations much more irregular, partly right low (30% - once around 10%) were minted and circulated significantly above their real value. Man needs although the dissatisfaction the mercenary with Dion and her defection from his cause doesn't exactly work with this bad funds related to bring’), anyway grabbed Timoleons clever and noble politics again for output real gold back. Besides the only sporadic gold embossing Agrigento, We have Catana, Gela, Panormus (?), Tauromenium in Sicily the strong inflow Carthaginian gold. The To close the factory, these are the very common, fairly lich raw gold coins (with Persephone head, Rs. horse) rather to Carthage itself rather than to Panormus. ?) So long now Carthage in undisputed possession of his trading power was you should expect, that his coins are produced without alloy. They received their noble metal out dem Inside and from the west coast Africa, where the river gold usually found in a pure state. Actually show also specific samples the small and smallest nominal a very good fineness according to: spec. No. Literature gr. Weight gold % 1 'Hofmann XVI, No.5 | 1.8126 | 19,161 |98.38| Specific XV11,8.13 weight of the No. 3| 1.8815 | 18,973 |98.08| ducat gold 3 ; XVI, No. 6| 0.379 | 19,253 |99.84| of (98.6 °%,) 4 a XVII,No.4| 0.5249 | 18,782 |96.85]| —= 18,972. But with these excellent results the under- searches of the heavier pieces again in a strange way Contrast. None raises yourself to goodness. the aforementioned. 1) Holm, History of Sicily in Antiquity III, pp. 653/54. 2) Dannenberg, Coin Studies, 8. 56.
The fineness of the. Greek and Roman coins. 59 The analysis of a stater of 7.4643 gr shows: 59.8 /, gold in addition to 38.05%, silver and 2.06 ° /, copper. [Hofmann, XVI, p. 50/51.] Specific Gravities: No. Literature gr. a gold % ll En no « 1 |Hofmann XV], 8. 52 No; I |:7,635. 1:19.58E Y7.08 SER “2 | 7.5305 | 15.559 |7I,52 3 “= "3 | 7.4643 | 14.348 |59.8 4 sn “+ | 7.4385 | 13.135 | 44.28 h) r XV1, 8.12 No.1 | 7.3562 | 16,147 |76.9 6 s; "2 | 7.6087 | 14.306 |58.59 7 |\Hultsch XI, p. 64 No. 17 110.7 12.5 35 8 ; “18,181 14.35 159 There are striking differences between the large and small ones The further strangeness occurs in the pieces, even the heavy ones Coins all according to their appearance than made of the finest gold appear manufactured and you only see the true composition out the pale color worn coin edges and others raised places see can. That was the case, for example ana- lysed piece that Hofmann sawed through, the surface gold yellow, the interior brass yellow). This perception and that more, that generally gold and electron coins the- same guy wear, as well as that the imported gold usual for its origins will have been pure, puts it The end is near, that the Carthaginian government an electron not officially known about the minting and its artificial electronics tron coins through the cementation described in the introduction sought to give the appearance of pure gold. Because the savings 1) Hofmann, XVI, p. 55.
60 J Hammer: of precious metal is only cemented in the heavier coins was worthwhile and also gave the state treasury the profit it was looking for. brought, it seemed, from an alloy of the small ones Weights off and shaped only the big ones in a fineness of an average of 60 — 65 °/, gold (the eight specific sub- searches result on average exactly the result the chemical analysis, namely 59.6 °/, gold). The fact that this decrease in grain only occurred in 241 BC. BC can be dated, is not determined by Müller's observation?). probably made who says that he has used the test stones in the oldest gold coins until 241 a fineness from 932—98 °/, found. After what has been carried out is this one Sample of our pieces is worthless. Given the difficulty of the exact chronological classification of the Carthaginian coins must be determined it's a draw at all stay, whether they are worse off Pieces were always brought only at the time of the collapse belong to the Carthaginian power. Capua coined around 217 BC. Chr. Electron: Janus head, Rs. Jupiter in a four-horse team. The two at Hultsch’) recorded specimens included 29° each, gold (weight 2.77 gr and 2.84 gr — spec. Weight 12.08), are already through the time marked as an emergency coin and in any case significant issued above the metal value, not, as Lenormant°) believed, according to the conditions of the alloy. With the Gallic gold and silver coins one can successive deterioration of the precious metal and Blanchet') is not responsible for ensuring that in the future from the grain of coins a base for the chronological one Order of Gallic coins will win; all the more so 1) Num. de l’anc. Afr. II, 8. 131. DZEN:.XLS, 164: No: 13.0. 1a, 3) Mon. d. P’antig. I, 198. 4) Adr. Blanchet, Trait& des monn. Gauloises, Paris 1905, 1, p. 46.
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 61 because weight and content are also in direct and constant relation. drawing to each other stand'). The white gold and red gold (Gold + copper) of Gaul, namely the strong addition from Copper in the staters the Santones, Pictones and Armorici (1st half of the 1st century BC), is a hallmark of the Ver- if — the necessary consequence of the constant internal and external fights; but that alone is enough not to justify one such poor grain in Gallia aurifera. Blanchet writes the greater guilt the to strong exports of Gallic precious metals on the trade route). Analyzes out Gallic Coin finds show following Ratios: No. 1. pieces from the treasure from Ledringhem (north; Blanchet, Inventory of treasures in Traite, II, p. 584) are in 1852 been analyzed. Result: 45.6 °), gold; 35.2%/, silver; 19.2 °/, copper’). No.2. coins out the find of Pierregot (Somme, II, p. 594) resulted in: 50—50.4 °/, gold. One piece with “eye”, similar to those which one assigned to Treveri: 6.08 gr: 50.3 °/, gold; 24.5 °/, silver; 19.2 °/, copper'). No. 3, Small coins from the La Chaloire bridge find (Angers, I, p. 575): Sample a: 13.5 °/, gold; 30.5 °/, silver; 56 °/, copper Brobe b:30 ", “sd. on No. 4. The Poitiers find (1852 — Invent. II, p. 599) contained silver coins to be mentioned later of the Picton type (youth winged bust portrait; 1) Blanchet, Trait& I, pp. 68/69. 2) Ibid.], p. 36. 3) Ibid. I, p. 36. 4) Ibid. I, p. 37. 5) Ibid. I, 8. 38.
No.5. J Hammer: Rs. horse) also low gold coins (with one hand under the horse): Average weight: 6.082 gr: 30% gold; 10°, Silher; 60 °/, copper?). Higher grain showed gold bars out the find by Tayac (Gironde — Inventory II, 561) namely: 72%, gold?). A find of very bad electron coins is in the Rey. num. 1884, p. 381 described: 24 pieces, which after that Mint the Aulerci-Eburovici seemed to belong, resulted together with a piece of silver in the smelter an ingot of 9%, gold; 5°/, silver; the rest copper. Finally pieces from the Combree find (Döp. Maine et Loire, II, 576): Head with string of pearls around Back horse: 7°/, gold; 8°, silver; 85 °/, copper [Blanchet I, 38; IT, 576]. The specific gravity studies revealed that Changing mixing ratios corresponding to the previous ones: No. st. Weight Embossing Pierd ]1.; before that. 3, 4 balls above Biga r. Back. Head right. Biga with one wheel under the horse Horse, jumping, r. Rs. smooth Biga. Rs. Youth Head (Apollo?) \ Standing warrior? Very questionable whether here at all proper 1) Blanchet I, p. 39. . specific Goldg 1.52 |10,918 | 8.79 7.0051 | 11,119 |12.59 5.8659 | 13.042 |43.04 6.3381 | 14.784 [63.57 1.8882 | 14.144 [56.49 2.7512 | 18,998 |98.24 2) Blanchet ], 8. 37. Hofmann XVII Literature 9 8.40/41 No.l 9 ” a2
The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 63 I lead but these samples from Hofmann only the complete For the sake of consistency, the gold percentages may be accurate make absolutely no claim, because of the copper additive in this is much too strong. Also with the majority of British gold coins already the color on one strong Alloy close. In Num. Chron. 1861, p. 4 reports a discovery of 10 such coins listed, which ones from exceptionally bad metal — some are just copper, covered with gold plates. Ibid 1877, 8. 309 ff. is the Selsea find with around 280 pieces published, the ones after specific weights examined were. From them only one rises (Evans, ancient Brit. coins, 1864/90 — pl. B, 7) for specific Weights 16 = 175.6 °/, gold; other weights are: —————————————————————————— | nope Eu Type 5 He N wu 0 le Eee 15 Evans pl. E, 10 1.36 1,425 5 ” 1 “ M, 2 1,205 14.5 60.7 25 5 B, 14 1,296 28 | 2 R B, 8 6,016 14 55.08 1 5, E, 4 1.4336 5 * 5.9 4,992 |) 11 5.76 = 49 6 5 L, no. 11.3% 13. 1,296 1 n B, 8 6,216 13.2 45.14 6 x E, 3 0.712 11 en h. 42.47 3 n IM, 1 1,166 2 2 = M, 7 1.0045 |) 2 (Verica) | Num.Chr. 1877, pl. II, 10] 1,036 12.5 35 3 (Tincom mius) | Evans II, 12 5,312 12.5 39
64 J Hammer: The other 178 coins, those that are weighed fluctuate between 12 and 10 specific gravity, d.i. 28°), gold and mere trace; but here too I do not omit to point out the very relative value of these weighings, since in the British Coins likewise like in the Gallic copper in various is added in large quantities. The analyzes provide the proof some coins and bars out the latter Finds. The bars do show no coin image, but they certainly have it as money circulates. Ten No. 1-4 bars: Coin. |Coin. | Coins d. Tin-, M. v. commius, i decorated | smooth | Rod- | Evans | Evans Verica. Evans y ji a 0 Ian, 1a HLILA 11.5 1 Gold °/, 190.73 166.82 | 73.8 | 44.0 151.75 157.3 l47.37/48.55| 75.2 Silver '“ | 8.39 122.39 14.3 | 50.5 134.6 116.4 |12.91113.56| 7.6 Tin ,, 2.4 track | 1.15] — Copper “ | 0.8810.79 11.9 | 5.5|13.65123.9 |39.72|36.74| 17.2 Spec. weight 18.05 14.83 13.07 |13.23)10.88|10.64| 12.6 Spec. weight at pure Gold-silver | | ber - live- yaw 1506 114.7 12.31 | Striking is particularly the deterioration of the coins of Prince Tincommius, in those the copper additive up to 40°), increases. The fineness of the Celtic rainbow bowls is according to Hoffmann's 64 weighings!) generally quite good. With 30 pieces it was 90-100 °/,; 9 pieces = 80-89°/, gold; 12, , 70-79", To ee al, | cr) ” 1) Vienna. N. Magazine XVII, pp. 24-39. I can do so in detail on refer to this excellent compilation.
en EN D ag ARELT TFT DUCK EEE EEE DEE READ EEE EEE LEE TEA NE The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 65 7 pieces = 40-49°/, gold, including 2 under- ante} — 305.0, searches from Hultsch, Z. f. N. XI, p.164 No. 15/6. Average of the same: 80.45°/.. Let's keep the two that I know of next to it Analyzes - one from Hofmann: 7.5 grams = 69.2), gold: 22.8%), silver; 8°/, copper, the other by Voigt'): 2.61 gr. = 98.61°/), gold —, like that see we, that the Celtic tribes only purely natural electron?) used for coining, like they do from the Bohemian mines?), from the gold sand the Rhine, the Danube, the Inn, etc. exploited rivers. Further It follows from us that the natural electron (without intentional additives) has an average high fineness, over 80°, thus the metal of the Lesbian-Phocean coinage order around that Double exceeds. Pliny's middle approach at 80°), Gold content is hereby apt confirmed and ours too The assumption of artificial electrons for Asia Minor is once again supported. Finally meet us yet one considerable electron embossing in the Bosporan Empire on. During Rome otherwise jealous about the coinage law woke up in gold and it all Withdrew from vassals, he allowed the princes allied with him to do so coining on the Bosporus of gold coins, which however They regularly demonstrate their dependence on Rome carry the image of the emperor. As far as the fineness of this gold is concerned, yes product of the mines in the Urals, like that remained the same end of the 1st Christian. century at a consistently good altitude°); but from the 2nd century onwards it can be seen from the coins that have survived 1) S. Hofmann XVII, p. 39. 2) These barbaric peoples use a special refining process Of course not to think. 3) See the above (p. 48) given analyzes of gold types seven- vouch, 4) n.h. XXXIII, 80. 5) Babelon, Traite, pp. 358/59. Journal of Numismatics, XXVI, 5
66 J Hammer: a constant deterioration — from gold to miserable least billon and pursue to the mere bronze. Take a closer look the board of regents in Brit. M. Catalog Pontus based on the Stocks in the London Collection the individual stages as follows to: the gold embossing, which ones around 8 AD begins with the Aspurgian Achaemenids, continues with Cotys II (124-132(?) AD) in Elektron, is by Rhescuporis III from (212-219) very pale, transforms under Rhescuporis IV (234/5) in billions and under Rhescuporis V (240-276 AD) in bronze. The following analyzes reported by Köhne!) show the final stage of this coin deterioration: LLen—> gold % Silver % | Copper % He JUST LIVES. Ara TO 2, Rhescuporis III 223 AD | 29.28 101 8081 R aa “ 0.25 29.8 69.46 i VI26 “ 1.33 15.94 82.73 3 a 17.28 82.07 After that Year 268 AD is dwindling also the silver from these coins; one piece of bad silver from the The year 303 AD is occasionally mentioned’). Yes ends this evil Poranian minting of pseudo gold coins only occurred in the late 19th century. conclude Constantine the Great. Gr. 82. Gold content of Rome's coins. Apart from that from the initially natural, later many times alloyed Electron coins white in general neither the Greek still the Roman period of a fraudulent one Gold alloy. The rehearsals employed at the republican 1) Mus&e Kotschoubey II, 410£f. 2) Kotschoubey a. a. O., 3. 417; Mommsen, 8. 699. y aa a0 ea Kae ak eE
MARRIED LT TREO ZENE OEEETEIEENE TEA a re MIWENEREETTELTER EETIN ED SELFOTERE TREE SENG EN DENT IE NO The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 67 According to Letronne') gold yielded 0.993-0.995; — to Schiassi?) 0.998 — 0.902. Yourself in the coin confusion the imperial era was the Aureus never through stronger alloy affected ge- drawn, although from coins of Severus Alexander from electron the speech is (p. 52 note 1). After Darcet’) fluctuates the gold content of the coins between Augustus and Vespasianus from 0.998 to 0.991. After Vespasianus') the analysis showed: 0.938. This is opposed to about Rauch’s three brilliant results): Augustus 0.993; Titus 0.996; Verus 0.990. The coins of Constantin, Hono- rius and Justinian are still 0.980 fine'). Met for the first time us the ban on an alloy the Roman coin in Sulla's lex Cornelia de falsis, which just us now is in the form, like they the lawyers of the explained later imperial times and to the conditions at that time have applied’), A half a century later- gets Augustus in the lex Iulia peculatus the ban the ab- visible deterioration of the coin grain, which Ban particularly against the officials employed by the mint directed ®). Forbidden is it again by the Emperor Ta- citus (275/76 AD), which is any base alloy the coin metals declared as crimen capitale?). The same concern for cleanliness the gold coin occurs us in the law books of the Eastern Roman Empire. Become like this by Valentinian I and the later emperors issue relevant regulations, that all gold, its grain 1) Consid6rat. p. 84. 2) Mon. di Cadriano, p. 33. 3) in Letronne, p. 84. 4) Dureau de la Malle, economie politique des Romains, I, 17 and 41. 5): 2 N. 1874, 8.42, 6) H. Willers, Vienna. Number Z. 1898, p. 218. 7) Dig. XLVIIL, 10, 9. 8) Dig. XLVIII, 13, 1. 9) Vopiscus, vit, Tac, 9, 5*+
68 J Hammer: suspicious is, when making payments on the state treasury by entering melting can be checked should. The resulting fine gold mass was called obryza auri (aurum obryziatum, xovoiov OßovSov), the coins minted from it solidi obryziati with the control brand OB or OBR'). A shortcoming in weight or fineness salary had to When paying taxes, a premium (incrementum) is charged will give. The fineness of the post-Constantinian gold ingots, which for attestation in traffic with a crowd provided with state stamps are, according to analyzes by Ingots from around 370 AD 0.980°). Also with the Gallic solidus, the one in the name of Roman emperor was defeated in Gaul, but in Italy did not gain course, you are no longer inclined the reason his rejection with Mommsen°) in an impure metal, but in reduction its weight from "/» to !/u % to search for'). Considerable Differences from the given Analyzes Roman imperial coins show the specific Samples the Coins Roman types, which ones the barbarians reprinted have’): Coin of an Undetermined Emperor: 0.6432 “ from Caracalla and Geta: 0.8698 “ from Gallienus: 0.8925 “ from Diocletianus: 0.7397 “ by Constantinus Magnus (?): 0.871 “ from Constantine II: 0.691 1) H. Willers, The Roman bronze buckets by Hemmoor, Hanover 1901, 8. 227-231. 2) Th. Mommsen, Gold bars from Sirmium, Z. f. N. 1888, 8. 352 ff. 3) 8.781 and note 131. 4) E. Babelon, in Rev. Num. 1901, 8. 346. 5) Hofmann, Vienna. Number Z. 1885, 8. 42. e a a no no n
ae The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 69 Fineness of ancient silver coins. 84 Athens. Under the huge crowd Greek Silver coins On average we meet a commendably good grain. At Silver is indeed the loading Not so with base metal easily to recognize like gold, but we can here, in agreement with Hultsch'), send ahead, that the states, which ones best shaped have, without a doubt, completely come intended to strike pure silver. The following Investigation will show that it is usually only minor admixtures, which are certainly only a consequence of their incomplete come divorce proceedings were, especially also small Show quantities of gold in the alloy. In general, the quality of the Greek coins lasted, probably of the kings than the cities, long on’); and if after a saying of Solon, to us Demosthenes has preserved'), many Hellenic States his time “without concealment one silver money with addition from Lead and copper served have,” like this speaks an investigation of the coins of that time against: Solon can only use this to prevent the fraudulent issue of the plated coins have meant, those from earlier times are preserved. One in particular Athenian money enjoyed a good reputation. “Ours old silver coins” (the famous tetradrachms) and ours new gold, says Aristophanes'), when he talked about that 1) Metrol. 8. 232. 2) Eckhel, Proleg. p. XXV. 3) Adv. Timocr. 24, 214. 4) Frogs, verses 718-726. mollazıs y’ nuiv &dofev rn) molıs menovdevar Tavrov &s TE ıWv moluwv Tovs xahous TE zayaFous, &5 TE TaQyalov vowoua to) To xaıvov youolov. oVTE yüg Tovroıoıy ovoıw ov xexıßdmaeuuevors, MAL
70 J Hammer: complains about the bad copper money in circulation at the time'), “are not faked by alloy, but the most beautiful (=best) of all, properly pronounced and everywhere in Hellenes and Barbarians recognized.” The att maintained this world reputation. money even when the Romans spread their rule to the east. This is what the victorious Romans said in the contract with the Aetolians received war compensation in silver in 189 out, not that worse be as the Attic money?). And similar certain them in the contract with Antiochus, the imposed 12000 Talents have to in the best Attic money be paid’). The samples taken tell us the same thing: No. nominal time of | Silver Specifying the Embossing Literature ' Gold | 1 | Tetradrachm: oldest time ı 0.962 | 0.0002 | Hussey, 8.45 2 “ : old, less raw | 0.983 > 3 “ ; older coinage | 0.986 Hultsch, Metrol. 8. 233 4 ar } 0.933 Rauch, Z.f. N 1874, 8.32. 5 | Triobolone: old 2 gr 0.930 |0.003 | Imhoof Blumer, Mon. Gr. p. 472ff. No.34 6 I after Alex 7 other d. Gr. 0.958 \ Hultsch, Metrol. 0.948 i 8,233 xallloroıs ünavıwv, @s doxei, vouıouctav xal uovos OEIaS xoneicı al xerwdwvıoufvoıs Ev Te rois "EAANOı al Tois Bapßagoıoı ravrayov, yowues' obdev, alla Tovros Tols Hovngois yahrioıs KIES TE zul nEWNV xoneioı To xaxloTYp zoumenı. 1) Köhler, Z. f. N. XXI, 11. 2) Polybius 21, 32, 8. 3) Polybius 21, 45, 19.
EEE HETRNETSERGELLCH EL TEA The fineness of Greek and Roman coins. 71 tr No. Nominal time of | Silver Gold | Specifying the Literature Embossing En) 8 | Tetradr. 15.834 gr | 0.9552 | 0.0055 | Christomanos, 9 Io the time 15,558 ', | 0.954 | 0.0051 Journ. internal. 10 | ) Alexander's 15,615 ', | 0.9533 | 0.0019 d'arch. num. 1905, 8.115ff., No. H—IV') 11 | Tetradr.: young mint. | 0.919 | 0.0026 | Hussey, 8.45 12 | Obolos: not dated 0.65 gr | 0.9785 | 0.0005 | Bibra, silver finds, 8. 40 No.1 8, ": “07 “0980000025 , 8 14 04 “10.9755 | 0.0012 |, “14 15 | »Hemiobole 0.39', | 0.9802 | track Br van 16 0.35" | 0.9793 n. 3 29 Beul& owned 87 newer tetradrachms in his collection Style, all very worn and from lying on the ground for long periods of time. soil very damaged. The average sample showed: 0.966 silver; 0.002 gold; 0.032 alloy’). Let us see from one analysis by Hussey (No. 11): 0.919 from, the fineness of the others varies between 0.986 and 0.930 — certainly a very good result, that too smallest nominal value. 8 5. The rest of Greece, Lower Italy and Sicily. We add further analyzes of Greek city coins here added, where we the defective one such only a few specimens comprehensive compilation in the same city 1) The coins came from a find made at Sophikon became; There were also Alexander coins in it, 2) Mon. d'Athönes 8. 103.
72 J Hammer: admit in advance. As the investigations of the Att. Coins We have to prove this with the amount of money minted Expect a greater scope for fineness. The grain of coins from Aegina is to Hussey (8.60) 0.960 fine » Didrachm (Smoke No.7) 0.960 £. “ Obolos (Bibra No. 12) 0.9948 f. Corinth: Several staters (8.4 gr.; 8.5 gr.; 8.66 gr.) have after Hussey (p. 53) results in fineness levels that fluctuate between : 0.961 and 0.936 f£. 1 didrachm in Rauch (a.a. 0.): £0.953. No. Name of the city nominate or island Proof Silver of literature Gold | 1| Sicyon Triobolone 2gr | 0.960 Imhoof Blum. No. 35 2| Achaia?) drachma Female head 3.4 gr| 0.9438 | 0.0025 | Bibra, syllable. No.8 3 | Boater: drachma 4.5 gr| 0.951 |0.004 | Imhoof Blum. No. 33 4 | Phocis: Drachmas | 0.927 | 0.002 “Imhoof-Blum. 5 5 | 5 gr| 0.927 | 0.002 No. 31 and 32 6| Thessaly: drachma Larisa 5.2 gr| 0.958 | 0.0045 | Imh.-Blum. No.29 7| Thessaly: Triobolone Trika 2.5 gr| 0.913 |0.001 | Imh.-Blum.No.30 8 | Euboea: Triobolone Chalcis 3 gr| 0.963 Imh.-Blum. N 0.36 9|,"Histiaea Diobolon 2gr| 0.933 |0.002 | Imh.-Blum. N0.37 10 | Bithynia: Calchedon | 0.960 Lenormant I, | p. 190 11 | Thassos: Tetradrach. 15.5 gr 0.968 '0.003 | Imh.-Blum.No.21